i } ^MMiMiml:^'' ' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/digestofstatelawOOhoodrich / DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1915, No. 47 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION IN FORCE JANUARY 1. 1915 Compiled by WILLIAM R. HOOD with the assistance of STEPHEN B. WEEKS and A. SIDNEY FORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE I9I6 l.ft^ ^-^■T HI ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 60 CENTS PER COPY at ^- CONTENTS Page. Letter of transmittal 7 Introduction 9 Plan of classification 12 A. General administrative control and supervision of public education — 15 General 15 State boards 15 State officers— 43 State inspection of schools 68 County boards 69 County officers 85 District, township, and municipal boards and officers 115 School meetings; elections; qualifications of voters 181 Administrative units — districts, townships, municipalities, etc. ; formation ; division ; consolidation 191 B. State finance and support 270 General 270 State school lands 292 Permanent State school funds ; composition and investment 295 State taxation for school purposes 300 General apportionment of State school funds ; special State aid for elementary education 305 Special State aid for secondary education 317. C. Local (county, district, municipal) finance and support 318 General 318 Local (county, district, municipal) bonds and indebtedness 325 Local (county, district, municipal) taxation for school purposes— 339 Poll taxes, etc 352 D. Buildings and sites 354 General 354 State aid ; approval of plans 367 Decoration, care, sanitation; inspection; fire escapes 369 Prohibition districts 371 United States flag in schools 372 E. The examination and certification of teachers 373 Teachers ; general qualifications 373 Teachers' examinations and certificates, general 376 Teachers' examinations and certificates, special 431 Teachers' certificates: Validity, indorsement, registration, revoca- tion 432 Teachers' certificates : Recognition of normal school and college or university diplomas 433 Teachers' associations; reading circles 435 F. Teachers: Employment, contract, appointment, dismissal 436 General ; tenure ; duties ; etc 436 Salaries 444 Pensions ^ 447 317502 3 4 CONTENTS. G. Teachers: Professional training and education 465 University departments and schools of education 465 State normal schools 465 County and local normal and training schools 487 Teachers' institutes and summer schools 492 H. School population and attendance 504 General 504 School census 505 School year, month, day ; minimum term 510 School holidays 516 Place of attendance; consolidation of schools; transporation of pupils 518 Compulsory attendance; truancy; truant officers 527 Child labor 559 Separation of the races 585 I. School discipline 587 General 587 Corporal punishment 589 Suspension and expulsion 589 Fire drills 590 School fraternities 591 J. Health regulations 593 General 593 Physical examination and medical inspection 596 Vaccination 601 K. Textbooks and supplies 602 General 602 Free textbooks 603 Uniformity of textbooks 607 L. Subject matter of instruction 626 General; course of study 626 History, civics, and patriotism 633 Physical education 634 Physiology and hygiene ; alcohol ; narcotics ; other health instruc- tion 634 Moral and ethical education 637 Humane treatment of animals 637 Music 638 Drawing 638 Technical, manual, and industrial education 639 Agriculture 641 Days of special observance 644 Other special subjects 646 Sectarian instruction; Bible in the school 647 Modern languages 648 M. Special types of school 648 General 648 Kindergartens 648 Evening schools 651 Vacation schools, playgrounds, social centers 654 University and school extension"; public lectures 655 Farmers' institutes, etc 655 Private and endowed schools ; parochial schools 655 CONTENTS. 5 ^ Page. N. Secondary education : High schools and academies 655 General 655 High-school inspection 691 O. Technical, industrial, and vocational schools: Elementary and sec- ondary 692 General 692 Agricultural schools 702 Trade schools 709 Continuation schools 710 P. Higher educational institutions 711 General :_ 711 Finance; lands; support 715 State universities and colleges 716 Carnegie fund 741 Q. Professional and higher technical education 741 Teachers' colleges and normal schools 741 Agricultural colleges 741 United States grant 758 Mining schools 758 Military schools 761 Other technical and professional schools 762 R. Private and endowed higher institutions ; State control 767 Higher institutions 767 Corporations of an educational character 767 S. Libraries and museums 770 General 770 Public-school libraries 770 T. Education of special classes 784 General 784 Deaf and dumb ^ 784 Schools for the blind 801 Crippled and deformed 809 Feeble-minded 809 Tuberculous children 816 U. Welfare of dependents and delinquents 817 General . 817 Wrongs to children 817 Juvenile courts 819 Conduct of children 829 Truant, detention, reform schools, and schools for dependents 829 APPENDIXES. A. State constitutional provisions relating to public education 863 Alabama 863 Arizona 868 Arkansas 872 California 873 Colorado 875 Connecticut and Delaware 879 Florida 880 Georgia 882 6 CONTENTS. A. State constitutional provisions relating to public education — Contd. Page. Idaho 883 Illinois 886 Indiana 887 Iowa 888 Kansas 890 Kentucky 891 Louisiana 893 Maine 897 Maryland and Massachusetts 898 Michigan 899 Minnesota 901 Mississippi 903 Missouri 904 Montana 908 Nebraska 910 Nevada 912 New Hampshire and New Jersey 913 New Mexico 914 New York 917 North Carolina 918 North Dakota 920 Ohio 924 Oklahoma 925 Oregon 928 Pennsylvania 929 Rhode Island and South Carolina 930 South Dakota 933 Tennessee and Texas 938 Utah 941 "Vermont and Virginia 944 Washington 946 West Virginia 948 Wisconsin 950 Wyoming 952 B. Federal legislation affecting agricultural colleges and experiment sta- tions .- 956 C. Public-school systems in American Territories, districts, and insular possessions ^ 969 Index 975 LEHER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Washington^ Septemher 13^ 1915. Sir: There has long been great need of an accurate and compre- hensive compilation and digest of all the school laws of the several States, so arranged that students of school administration may easily find the law of any State on any subject and compare the laws of any two or more States. To meet this need I recommend that the manu- script transmitted herewith be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of Education. This manuscript has been prepared by Mr. William K. Hood, a member of the Bureau of Education, with the help of Dr. S. B. Weeks and Mr. A. S. Ford. , Respectfully submitted. P. P. Claxton, G orrmiissioner. The Secretary of the Interior. 7 EKRATA. Page 94, line 22: For " bears no " read "bears to." Page 98, under Minnesota, line 15: Between "may hold county" and "such, insti- tute" insert, "teachers' institutes in various parts of county not to exceed two days for each." Page 129, lines 14-16: For sentence beginning "Books and accounts," etc., read " Books and accounts of any trustee shall always be subject to inspection by county superintendent, auditor, or county commissioners." Page 166, under South Dakota: Omit line 8. Page 174, lines 10-13: For "take annual census," etc., read "take annual census of persons between 5 and 21 years old, of defective children of such ages, and of Indian children under white guardianship or who have severed tribal relationship." Page 206, Une 8: For "avoided" read "provided." Page 422, line 19: After "A person who has" omit "been." Page 533, line 23: For " Indian" read " Indiana." Page 728, under Missouri, line 5: For "two " read " three." Page 788, line 4: After " each year" insert "as case requires." Page 813, under North Dakota: Add " T (c), schools for the blind." Page 858, under Vermont, line 12: After " not less than " insert "10." S DIGEST OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. INTRODUCTION. Tliere has been recently an increased interest in educational legisla- tion. The school administrator and the student of educational sys- tems now turn for information and help to legal provisions as they turn to statistics or to the opinions of experienced schoolmen. And they often find in the law more that is definite and pointed than may be found in statistics or discussion. Legislation on most educational subjects has passed beyond the experimental stage. A particular law in a State may originally have been enacted years ago and may now be materially amended in the light of experience. The study of such a law proves of substantial benefit in a State which has had less experience with the operation of an enactment of its kind, and espe- cially in a State where no enactment of its kind has found its way to the statute books. Nor is an old law alone helpful. A new statute is not now enacted in the same haphazard way as formerly. The help of experts, legislative reference bureaus, educational associa- tions, and societies for the promotion of particular types of educa- tion is generally available and is often used with profit in drafting such statutes. Accompanied with this new interest in educational legislation have been increased demands upon the Bureau of Education for informa- tion regarding school laws. So numerous had requests for such in- formation become, and so much work of a fragmentary nature had been made necessary thereby, that it was decided to attempt to bring together in one volume a digest, or summary, of all general laws relating to public education. This bulletin is the result. It contains all laws in force January 1, 1915, relating to publicly supported edu- cation, excepting ordinary appropriations, legislation of local appli- cation, and special charters, as charters of cities. The enactments of 1915 are not included for the reason that much of the work of digest- ing was completed prior to December 31, 1914, and for the further reason that complete data for presenting a digest of these enactments will not be available for use in the bureau until late in the autumn of 1915. These enactments, as well as those of each succeeding year, will be published in a separate bulletin. In that way this digest, published 9 10 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. as of January 1, 1915, will become a landmark, and succeeding an- nual or biennial supplements will be published with a view to bring- ing the bureau's summary of educational legislation up to date. The preparation of a digest of this kind may be done with much labor and care, and yet the finished product will in all probabil- ity display palpable limitations. In the first place, the laws them- selves with which the compiler must work are far from perfect. They contain many inconsistencies and are sometimes even contradictory. In a prefatory note one State superintendent of schools says that, owing to contradictions in different enactments, only extracts from the more important educational legislation are included in the pamphlet of school laws which he publishes. In another State the compiler of the general code has omitted legislation relating to cer- tain institutions because of the want of authority to codify this legis- lation and eliminate confusion. When, as has been done in a few cases, each of the States writes a complete school code and enacts it into a single law, the contradictions and confusing provisions may be largely eliminated and the work of compiling a digest of school laws will be made easier and more nearly free from error. Another one of the limitations of a digest of this kind is due to general authoriza- tions found in many statutes. Where large discretionary powers are conferred by statute upon boards or officers, obviously conditions prevailing under such general authorizations will not appear in the digest. For example, agriculture may be taught in a State under authority of the State board of education to prescribe the course of study for the public schools, and the fact that it is taught will not appear in a work of this kind. A third limitation is the absence of special charters from the digest. Much instructive law may appear in these charters, but it would require a greater amount of time and space than has been at the disposal of the compiler of this digest to give them adequate treatment. The digest, however, should serve a useful purpose. For the person desiring merely a ready reference work showing what States have legal provisions relating to any particular educational subject, it should meet all requirements ; while to the more interested student it will give the main provisions of the law. Eeferences to sources might have been included, if it had not been for limitations of space. Approximately 13,000 pages of statutory law have been reduced to the compass of a few hundred pages here. Obviously the enormous number of references, which would have been added, if their inclu- sion had been thought advisable, would materially increase the size of the volume and the consequent cost of publication. The sources used in preparing the digest were the pamphlet school laws as published by each State; the code, or revised statutes, for subjects not appearing in the pamphlet school laws; and the acts INTRODUCTION. 11 of the sessions of the legislature held since the publication of the school laws or the Code. From these sources every general law relat- ing to public education or to a State educational institution should be derived. When all available law for the subjects treated had been summarized for a particular State, a typewritten copy of the summary, or digest, was sent to the department of education of that State for examination and criticism. All of the chief State school officers, except one,^ returned the manuscript with such corrections or suggestions as they thought proper. All suggestions made, except in a few cases where the matter of form of presentation was in- volved, were embodied in the digest. In compiling the digests the writer has had the assistance of two other persons.^ Since the compiling proper was completed much effort has been made to check against errors and omissions which may have escaped the compiler or the State department of education. In this effort use has been made of a large amount of data which had been previously collected regarding numerous subjects, as, for examples, child labor, free textbooks, uniform textbooks, medical inspection, and schoolhouse construction. Judicial decisions are reserved for a possible separate study at some future time. The plan of presentation is self-explanatory. The various items are classified and presented under an outline which begins with State administrative agencies and proceeds through the entire school sys- tem. The outline is, with the exception of a few modifications, the same as that used by Dr. Edward C. Elliott in some earlier legisla- tive bulletins of the Bureau of Education, entitled " State School Systems," and by James C. Boykin and the writer in a bulletin en- titled " Legislation and Judicial Decisions Relating to Education." 1 Superintendent of education of South Carolina. 2 Laws of States were compiled as follows : By Stephen B. Weeks — Kentucky, Mary- land, and Mississippi. By A. Sidney Ford — Louisiana, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. By Wm. R. Hood — all other States. PLAN OF CLASSIFICATION. A. General Administrative Control and Supervision of Elementary and Secondary Education. a. General. 6-1 State boards. 6-2 State officers. 6-3 State inspection of schools. c-1 County boards. c-2 County officers. d. District, township, and municipal boards and officers. e. School meetings; elections; qualifications for voters. /. Administrative units — Districts, townships, municipalities, etc.: formation ; divisions ; consolidation. B. State Finance and Support. a. General. ,6. State school lands. c. Permanent State school funds : Composition and investment. d. State taxation for school purposes. e. General apportionment of State school funds; special State aid for elementary education. /. Special State aid for secondary education. C. Local (County, District, Municipal) Finance and Support. a. General. 6. Local (county, district, municipal) bonds and indebtedness. c. Local (county, district, municipal) taxation for school purposes. d. Poll taxes, etc. D. Buildings and Sites. a. General. 6. State aid; approval of plans. c. Decoration; care; sanitation; inspection; fire escapes. d. Prohibition districts. e. United States flag in schools. B. Teachers in Elementary and Secondary Schools. a. Teachers: Qualifications, general; examination fees. 6. Teachers' examinations and certificates: General. c. Teachers' examinations and certificates : Special. d. Teachers' certificates: Validity; indorsement; registration; revo- cation. e. Teachers' certificates : Recognition of normal school and college or university diplomas. /. Teachers' associations; reading circles. F. Teachers: Employment; Contract; Appointment; Dismissal. a. General; tenure, duties, etc. 6. Teachers' salaries, c. Teachers' pensions. 12 PLAN OF CLASSIFICATION. 13 G. Teachers : Pbofessional Training and Education. a. University departments and schools of education. &. State normal schools. c. County and local normal and training schools. 4. Teachers' institutes and summer schools. H. School Population and Attendance. a. General. 6. School census. c. School year; month; day; minimum term. d. School holidays. e. Place of attendance; consolidation of schools; transportation of pupils. — /. Compulsory attendance; truancy; truant officers. ff. Child labor. h. Separation of the races. I. School Discipline. a. General. b. Corporal punishment. c. Suspension and expulsion. d. Fire drills. e. School fraternities. J. Health Regulations. a. General. "^ ft. Physical examination and medical inspection. c. Vaccination. K. Textbooks and Supplies. a. General. &. Free textbooks. c. Uniformity of textbooks. L. Subject Matter of Instruction. a. General; course of study. y^ 1). History, civics, and patriotism. c. Physical education. d. Physiology and hygiene; alcohol; narcotics; other health instruc- tion. €. Moral and ethical education. /. Humane treatment of animals. g. Music. ' h. Drawing. i. Technical, manual, and industrial education. y^ j. Agriculture. fc. Days of special observance. I. Other special subjects. m. Sectarian instruction; Bible in the schools. n. Modern languages. M. Special Types of School. a. General. h. Kindergartens. c. Evening schools. d. Vacation schools; playgrounds; social centers. e. University and school extension; public lectures. /. Farmers' institutes, etc. g. Private and endowed schools; parochial schoola 14 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. N. Secondary Education : High Schools and Academies. a. General. 6. High-school inspection. O. Technical, Industrial, and Vocational Schools : Elementary and Sec- ondary. a. General. &. Agriculture. c. Trade. d. Continuation. P. Higher Educational Institutions. a. General. [>. Finance; lands; support. c. State universities and colleges. d. Carnegie fund. Q. Professional and Higher Technical Education. a. Teachers' colleges and normal schools. T). Agricultural colleges. c. United States grant. d. Mining schools. e. Military schools. f. Other technical and professional. R. Private and Endowed Higher Institutions : State Control. a. Higher institutions. b. Corporations of an educational character. S. Libraries and Museums. a. General. b. Public-school libraries. T. Education of Special Classes. a. General. h. Deaf and dumb. c. Blind. d. Crippled and deformed. e. Feeble-minded. f. Tuberculous children. U. Welfare of Dependents and Delinquents. a. General. 6. Wrongs to children. c. Juvenile courts. d. Conduct of children. e. Truant, detention, reform schools, and schools for dependents. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF PUB- LIC EDUCATION. (a) General. See Appendix A. State constitutional provisions relating to public educa- tion. A (bl). State Boards. Alabama: See E (b), General certificates; G (b), State normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools. Arizona: State board of education shaU consist of governor, State superin- tendent, president of the university, principals of State normal schools, ex officio, and a city superintendent of schools, a principal of a high school, and a county superintendent to be appointed by the governor. Board shall meet at the call of the secretary (State superintendent) at least once in each quarter at State capitol. Powers and duties: To keep a record of its proceedings; adopt an official seal; adopt rules and regulations for government of public schools; devise plans for the increase and management of the State school fund; prescribe and enforce a uniform series of textbooks, series not to be changed during a period of five years ; prescribe course of study for common schools, fix qualifications for graduation from high schools, and prescribe entrance requirements for State normal schools and State university; have general charge of education of deaf, dumb, and blind ; issue teachers' life cer- tificates; revoke all certificates for cause; maintain States headquarters at National Education Association. See also A(b2), State officers; A (d) District boards and officers; E (b) General certificates; K (b), Free textbooks; L (i), Manual and industrial education; N (a). High schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Arkansas: A State board of education to be composed of the State superin- tendent and one member from each congressional district (seven districts) is created. Members from congressional districts shall be appointed by the governor ; term, seven years, one being appointed each year. Appointed mem- bers shall serve without compensation, but shall receive actual expenses when attending meetings. Board shall have the management and investment of the State common-school fund ; it shall at its annual meeting settle with the State treasurer all accounts of the common-school fund and shall ratify the appor- tionment of school funds by the State superintendent. Board may grant charters to institutions of learning and may revoke the same for failure to 15 16 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. maintain required standards. State superintendent, under the supervision of the State board of education, shall, on application of the holder of a first- grade county license, examine the papers submitted by said holder of a county license at county examination and said superintendent may issue a certificate of same grade to said holder, which certificate shall be valid in all counties. State superintendent, under the supervision of State board of edu- cation, may issue State or professional licenses based upon State teachers* certificates granted in other States, or based ux)on normal school diplomas or degrees from educational institutions, if examination passed or course of study pursued by applicant is found of required standard. Said superin- tendent, under supervision of State board, may for cause revoke any certifi- cate provided for under this act. Any county examiner or county superin- tendent may issue a county license based upon State teacher's certificate granted in another State, or based upon normal school diploma or degrees from educational institutions, if such license, diploma, or degree shall have been accredited by the State board of education. Other duties of hoard: To have general supervision of the public schools ; may, when called on to do so, pre- pare and distribute plans for schoolhouses ; provide courses of study for ele- mentary and high schools; make rules for the sanitary inspection of school- houses and for the examination of pupils for infectious diseases ; standardize public schools and prescribe requirements for accrediting graded and high schools. State board or State superintendent shall not prescribe any text- book to be used. State board shall keep a record of its proceedings and shall make a biennial report. See also N (a), High schools. California: State board of education shall consist of seven members appointed by the governor ; term, four years, two or one retiring each year ; no member shall hold any salaried educational position; State superintendent shall be secretary and executive officer. Board shall determine all questions of policy; superintendent shall execute rules of the board and direct work of assistant superintendents and other employees of the board. Regular meetings every three months and special meetings on petition of two mem- bers; majority necessary to valid action. Powers and duties: To adopt rules and regulations for government of all State-supported schools except the University of California ; issue subpoenas and compel attendance of wit- nesses ; adopt and use an official seal ; appoint three assistant State superin- tendents as commissioner of elementary schools, commissioner of secondary schools, commissioner of industrial and vocational education; study educa- tional conditions and conduct investigations and employ experts for such purpose ; require reports of school officers ; report biennially to the governor ; prescribe credentials upon which persons may be granted certificates to teach in high schools, provided such credentials equal graduation from the State university; consider credentials of persons having taught 20 months or more; grant life diplomas of four grades, viz, high school, grammar school, kindergarten-primary, and for special subjects; revoke or susi)end certificates for cause; have required printing done; have textbooks for ele- mentary schools printed by the State ; contract with publishers and authors for plates, maps, engravings, copyrights, etc., for use in publishing text- books; order State superintendent to give notice of books published and required to be used; enforce the uniform use of books adopted; supervise printing by State printer and receive bill of cost of printing books; fix the price of books, adding cost of plates, etc., and 10 per cent as overhead ex- pense. Orders for books shall be sent to State superintendent, who shall A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 17 order shipment; superintendent sliall keep account of receipts from sale of books and shall report to controller monthly ; money shall be paid to the credit of the "school textbook fund." State boar* shall fix amount paid for royalty, plates, etc., and payment shall be made quarterly to publishers and authors. Teachers shall send estimate of books required; on receiving order from State superintendent person in charge of warehouse shall ship books to district; books may be sold to private schools. Compensation of State board members, $15 per day while board is in session and actual trav- eling expenses. Within appropriation State board may appoint clerical assistants. In adopting books State board shall give preference to textbooks written, compiled, and published in California. See also F (c). Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; N (a). High schools; S (b). School libraries. Colorado: The State superintendent, the secretary of state, and the attorney general shall constitute the State board of education ; such board shall meet in December and at other times when deemed proper, and shall make rules for its own government and for the government of the public schools. State board may grant State diplomas to teachers of good moral character and eminent professional ability who have taught successfully for at least two years; such diploma shall supersede the necessity of any and all other examinations. Said board may grant a State diploma without examination to a person who has rendered eminent service in educational work for a period of not less than six years. Board shall grant State diploma without examination to person who has been teaching in a high school of the State for at least 45 months at the time of the passage of this act (1909). Board shall grant diplomas to graduates of standard Colorado colleges who have taught at least 24 months and who have taken professional training equiva- lent to at least one-sixth of a standard four-year college course. State diplomas shall be valid for five years, unless sooner revoked by State board, and at the end of said period may be renewed for an additional five years. At the end of second five-year period they may he renewed for life. Board may revoke a diploma for cause. The State board of examiners shall con- sist of the State superintendent and eight members appointed by the State board of education. Terms of appointive members four years, two being appointed each year. Said examiners shall examine all applicants for State diplomas who are required to be examined. Examination shall be in such subjects and on such terms as board of examiners shall determine. Board of education shall grant diplomas to such as pass satisfactory examination. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State school funds; E (b), General certificates; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Connecticut: The State board of education shall consist of seven members, not more than two of whom shall come from the same congressional district; governor and lieutenant governor shall be ex officio members; legislature shall at each biennial session elect one member whose term shall begin July 1 following and one member whose term shall begin July 1 of the year fol- lowing. Governor shall, during each regular session of the legislature and with the consent of the senate, appoint one member for a term of two years. Said board shall appoint a secretary and fix his duties and compensation; it may also hire necessary clerks. Said board shall have general supervision and control of the educational interests of the State, may direct what books shall be used in its schools, but shall not change books oftener than once in five years; shall prescribe forms of registers and blanks to be used by 8966"— 15 2 18 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. teachers and school officers ; shall keep informed as to the condition and prog- ress of the public schools; shall provide for holding meetings of teachers and school officers foi* promoting progress of the public schools, but expenses of such meetings shall not exceed $4,000 annually; shall report annually in January to the governor; shall prepare and distribute to schools an outline of questions and suggestions relating to citizenship; may, upon examination in such branches and on such terms as it may prescribe, grant certificates to teach in any public school in the State; shall prepare and furnish free of charge test cards for testing the eyesight of all pupils of the public schools. and principal or teacher of every school shall make such tests triennially; may appoint an agent to secure the observance of the school laws, and such agent shall report semiannually to the secretary. State board and local school authorities shall enforce the provisions of the child-labor law; State board may employ agents at not exceeding $5 per day and expenses to enforce child-labor and compulsory-attendance laws; State board shall keep account of money drawn and paid out for school libraries and philosophical apparatus. It may expend such sum as may be necessary to carry out its powers and duties. Secretary of board shall, when requested, examine cases of for- feiture of State funds by towns or districts, and may remit said forfeitures ; he shall annually in January report such forfeitures to the State controller. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; D (c), Schoolhouses, decorations, care, etc.; E (b). General certificates; G (b), State normal schools; G (c). County and local normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (a). Health, general; M (c), Evening schools; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Delaware: The State board of education shall consist of seven members ap- pointed by the governor; term, seven years, one being appointed each year; they shall receive no compensation other than expenses incurred in the performance of their duties; board may make all rules and regulations for the government of the schools that it deems necessary. Other powers of hoard: To prescribe textbooks to be used and make contracts for prices at which such books shall be furnished; regulate the public-school curricula; determine when and upon what conditions county superintendents shall issue certificates to teachers; prescribe rules for the sanitary equipment and inspection of school buildings, and take other action deemed necessary for the promotion of the moral and physical welfare of the children. Board may require teachers and school officers to furnish all needed information. Board shall hear and finally determine all appeals from county school com- missions and county superintendents. The rules and regulations of said board shall be followed by the State auditor in settling the accounts of school officers and by the State treasurer and trustees of the school fund in the apportionment of State appropriations to schools. The State commissioner of education shall be secretary of the State board, but shall have no vote nor voice in its proceedings. Absence from two consecutive meetings without good cause shall vacate the office of a member of board. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.. F (a). Teachers' con- tracts, duities, etc.; K (b). Free textbooks; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries. Florida: The State board of education shall consist of the governor, secretary of state, attorney general. State treasurer, and State superintendent of public instruction; governor shall be president and superintendent secre- A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 19 tary of said board. Duties: To take charge of all school lands; manage and provide for the safekeeping and expenditure of all State school funds; determine appeals referred to them by the State superintendent; remove any subordinate officer in the department for cause; keep in view the establish- ment of schools on a broad and liberal basis with the object of instruction in the higher branches not taught in the common schools; cooperate with the State superintendent in the management of the department of education. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; P (a), Higher institutions, general. Georgia: The State board of education shall consist of the governor, State superintendent of schools, and four persons appointed by governor with con- sent of the senate, three of whom shall be experienced educators with at least three years' experience as a teacher in Georgia. No person who is or has been connected with a schoolbook publishing concern shall be a member of said board. Term of appointive members, four years, two being appointed every two years. Governor shall be chairman. Regular meetings shall be held quarterly and special meetings may be called by governor or superin- tendent. Four appointees shall each receive $250 per annum and actual expenses in attending meetings. Duties of hoard: To make rules and regu- lations for the supervision of all schools of the State, provide course of study for common and high schools receiving State aid, hear and determine appeals from the State superintendent, determine necessary office force of State superintendent and fix their compensation within aggregate prescribed by law. Each county shall constitute a school district, and public-school funds shall be apportioned to counties by State board of education. Said board shall provide normal instruction in each county by institutes or otherwise. It may require attendance at such institutes. It shall provide for the examination and certification of teachers. Board shall constitute an advisory body to the State superintendent of schools. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers* certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; O (a), Industrial edu- cation, general; S (b), Public-school libraries. Idaho: The State board of education has general control of State university, normal schools. Academy of Idaho, industrial training school, school for the deaf and blind, and of the public schools of the State. Composition: Five members appointed by the governor and State superintendent ex officio. Term of one appointive member expires each year. Board of regents of the University of Idaho and trustees of other State educational institutions are abolished. Governor may remove appointive members for cause. Two meetings shall be held annually and president may call meetings; com- pensation, $100 each annually and necessary expenses. Powers and duties: To appoint a commissioner of education and assistants and specialists, who may be dismissed for cause by a two-thirds vote ; make rules and regulations and assign executive officers their functions; constitute a final court of ap- peal in educational controversies and perform legislative functions not in- consistent with law; shall prepare for legislature a budget of necessary expenditures; shall, through its executive officers, perform all duties pre- scribed by the school laws and make recommendations to the legislature as to changes in existing laws ; shall make recommendations to legislature as to needs of State institutions and supervise expenditure of funds for such institutions ; standardize limits of instruction in State institutions ; prescribe minimum course of study for the public schools; determine how textbooks 20 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall be adopted; determine whether textbooks shall be free; supervise State summer normal schools and teachers' institutes; establish or approve professional schools in accordance with law; have control of certification of teachers; direct State library commission; cooperate with State board of health in standardizing sanitary appliances, school furniture, etc., and make rules for medical inspection of schools; adopt system of reports for public schools; report annually to governor; encourage and promote vocational training; prescribe rules for the equipment and inspection of schoolhouses ; supervise county and city superintendents of schools; appoint examiners to grade papers of applicants for teachers' certificates; keep record of grades made by applicants for certificates; report to county superintendents grades made by applicants for county certificates; prescribe rules for teachers' institutes; may appoint such officers as deemed necessary; may classify high school as one-year, two-year, three-year, four-year, and fix standards for same. See also A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units, districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; N (a). High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b). Public- school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Illinois: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: The State board of education shall consist of the State superin- tendent, president of the State university, president of Purdue University, president of the State normal school, superintendents of schools of three largest cities of the State ; the governor shall appoint three citizens actively engaged in educational work in the State, at least one of whom shall be a county superintendent of schools, and three persons actively interested in, and of known sympathy with, vocational education, one of whom shall be a repre- sentative of employees and one of employers; terms of six appointive mem- bers, four years. State superintendent shall be president, and board shall elect one of its number secretary and treasurer. Said board may grant cer- tificates valid for life and in any of the schools of the State to persons who on examination show " eminent scholarship and professional ability " ; board shall hold stated meetings at which examinations for such certificates shall be held. Said board shall have general control of the entire system of exami- nation and certification of teachers. Teachers' licenses may be issued by the State board of education, the State superintendent, and the county superin- tendents. Members of the board, other than State superintendent, shall be entitled to $5 per day and 5 cents per mile traveled while engaged at their duties. See also A (c2), County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (b) Medical inspection; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools; N (b). High-school inspection; O (a). Industrial education, general; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Iowa: The State university, the college of agriculture and mechanic arts (includ- ing the agricultural experiment station), the State teachers' college at Cedar Falls, and the college for the blind at Vinton shall be governed by a State board of education consisting of nine members, not more than three of whom shall be alumni, of the above institutions. Poicers and duties: To elect a president from among their members and a secretary, treasurer, instructors, and other employees and fix their compensation ; make rules for the govern- A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 21 ment of said schools; control the property thereof; execute trusts and other obligations committed to said institutions; direct expenditure of appropria- tions to the institutions ; do other necessary and proper acts. Board shall be appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate; term, six years, three being appointed every two years. Boards of control of the university, the college of agriculture and mechanic arts, and the normal school are abol- ished. Said board of education shall appoint a finance committee of three members from outside of its membership. The board and finance committee shall be furnished with suitable offices at the seat of government and a busi- ness office shall be maintained at each of the three educational institutions. Members of board shall receive $7 per day and 2 cents per mile traveled for not exceeding 60 days in any one year; members of finance committee shall devote their entire time to their duties and shall each receive $3,500 per year and traveling expenses. The finance committee may loan the funds of the said institutions on approved real estate. State board of education shall report biennially to the governor and the legislature. See also A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded; IT (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Kansas: The University of Kansas, the State normal schools, the State agri- cultural college, the school for the deaf, and the school for the blind shall be governed by a State board of administration consisting of three members, not more than two of whom shall belong to the same political party; not more than one shall be an alumnus of any of the institutions controlled, and not more than one from the same congressional district. Governor shall ap- point members with consent of the senate; term, four years, one or two, as the case requires, being appointed every two years. Board shall elect a presi- dent from among its members and a secretary, not a member, and necessary clerks, bookkeepers, and stenographers. Boards of regents of university, agri- cultural college, and State normal schools shall cease to exist. Each member shall receive $3,500 per annum and necessary expenses. Board shall have the general administration of the institutions named, including the control of property, election of faculties, government of students, etc. Board shall report biennially to the legislature. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ; B (c), Permanent State school funds; C (b), I^cal bonds and indebtedness; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; G (b) State normal schools; G (c). County and local normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b). Kindergartens; N (a), High schools; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Kentucky: State superintendent, secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute State board of education ; it shall be a body politic and corporate ; shall take, hold, and dispose of property for schools, and the evidences of property held by the board shall be in the custody of the chairman. State superintendent shall be chairman, and with one other member may control its operations; meetings shall be called only in writing; board shall consti- tute a standing committee which shall prepare rules, by-laws, and regulations for government of common schools, prescribe regulations for teachers' libra- ries ; prepare lists of books for school libraries ; prescribe and publish a public graded course of study, specifying the order and proportion of each study. 22 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Kentucky Illiteracy Commission created by act; composed of five persons, men and women; including State superintendent, ex oflacio; governor shall appoint; two commissioners to be appointed biennially; commission is made a body corporate; secretary and treasurer shall give bond; shall establish permanent place of business. Powers: To make research, collect data and statistics; procure surveys; report regularly to legislature; interest persons and institutions in the disbursing of funds and endowments ; may receive and expend funds in general keeping with general purposes of act; shall adopt rules expedient for carrying on its business. Commission shall receive no pay, but expenses shall be paid out of funds received. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; T (e), Schools for the feeble- minded. Louisiana: The State board of education shall consist of governor, State super- intendent of education, attorney general, and one citizen from each congres- sional district, appointed by the governor; said board shall be a body cor- porate ; members shall be allowed traveling expenses and per diem, same as for members of legislature, for time said board is in session, to be paid out of current school fund; governor shall be ex officio president of said board and State superintendent secretary; State superintendent may appoint an assistant secretary. Said board shall hold annual meetings, and special meet- ings when called by governor ; may publish its proceedings ; shall prepare by- laws, rules, and regulations for government of public schools; shall direct branches to be taught and enforce uniformity of textbooks; may require reports from parish superintendents. Said board may employ high-school inspectors, rural inspectors, or other school inspectors, not to exceed three in number; may accept donations for educational purposes. Said board shall standardize high schools; departments of agriculture and home economics must have approval of said board. See also A (cl), County boards; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Maine: See G (b). State normal schools; T (c). Schools for the blind. Maryland: Educational matters affecting the State shall be intrusted to a State board of education; those affecting a county, to a board of county school commissioners ; those affecting a school district, to a board of district school trustees. Governor shall appoint six persons, at least two of whom shall be from the minority party, to serve as the State board of education; they shall serve six years and two shall be appointed every two years. These six members, with the governor and the State superintendent, shall constitute the State board of education ; the principals of the State normal schools shall be ex officio honorary members of the board, but with no vote. Governor shall appoint a board of county school commissioners for each county, " to be composed in the counties of Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Dorchester, Washington, and Montgomery, of six persons, and in each of the other counties of three persons " ; members shall hold office for six years ; biennial appointments ; minority party representation ; governor may remove. State board of education shall hold regular meetings in May, August, November, and February, and special meetings as occasion may require; office of the board shall be in Annapolis; members of board shall receive no salary, but their actual expenses and clerk hire shall be paid ; $3,000 appro- A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 2B priated for this purpose. Duties: Board shall cause the provisions of this act to be carried out ; institute legal proceedings ; enact by-laws which shall have the force of law; suspend or remove county superintendents; explain intent and meaning of the law; decide controversies; have general care and supervision of public-school interests; act as assistants and advisers of county board; issue circular letters; issue uniform blanks and require ac- counts to be made and returned in accord with these forms; examine candi- dates for county superintendent and give certificate of qualification; grant teachers of long experience and established reputation professional certifi- cates, valid until revoked; prescribe minimum requirements for the issuing of various academic, collegiate, professional, or university degrees, and modify such requirements from time to time, provided no educational insti- tution shall be required to comply with standard thus fixed until one year after the publication of said standard. " No public or private educational in- stitution shall issue any academic, collegiate, professional, or university de- gree without first having obtained the assent of the State board of education and the approval of said board of the conditions of scholarship, study, and residence upon which said degrees are issued." State board " may prepare and publish annually a list of approved colleges and universities and determine by by-laws the standards for said approval " ; members of State board shall be ex officio trustees of the State normal schools ; all schools and colleges and all normal school departments receiving State donations shall make a report each year of such matters and in such form as State board shall require ; reports shall be published. See also A (b2), State officers; B (a). General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; J (b). Medical inspection; O (a), Industrial education,. general; S (b), Public-school libraries. Massachusetts: The State board of education shall consist of nine persons, three of whom shall be annually appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, for terms of three years; the members of said board shall serve without compensation. Powers and duties: To investigate and aid in the introduction of industrial, agricultural, and household arts education; initiate and superintend the establishment and maintenance of schools for the aforesaid forms of education; supervise and approve such schools ; make annual report to legislature in reference to aforesaid forms of education, together with recommendations therefor; take and hold in trust for the State any grant or devise of land or gift or bequest of property made to it for educational purposes; have general management of State normal schools ; hold summer schools for teachers ; direct and supervise the education of deaf and blind children ; prescribe form of school census, of school regis- ters, and of returns to be made by school committees; annually make a de- tailed report to legislature; appoint a commissioner of education, two depu- ties, and such agents and assistants as are necessary. The records of the doings of the board shall be open to public inspection ; the incidental expenses of said board and the traveling and other expenses of members thereof in- curred in performance of official duties shall be paid by the State. The board may be allowed for salaries and expenses of its employees and for incidental expenses such sums as the legislature may appropriate. Board shall prepare blank forms of inquiry for statistics to be secured from private and other educational institutions; said forms shall conform to the requirements of the United States Bureau of Education. All private and other educational insti- tutions shall annually make reports to the State board. 24 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State school funds; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g), Child labor; J (b), Medical inspection; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; Q (b), Agricultural colleges ; R (b), Corporations of an educational character; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Michigan: The State board of education shall consist of four members, viz, State superintendent of public instruction, ex officio, and three members elected by the qualified electors at biennial elections; terms, six years, one being elected every two years. Said board shall have general supervision of the State normal college and the State normal schools. Said board shall be a body corporate. Said board shall continue the normal school at Ypsilanti ; there shall be provided in said school a course, including at least 20 weeks in professional training, designed to train teachers for rural and elementary graded schools; other necessary courses shall be established and a practice department shall be connected therewith. Upon completion of the prescribed course for the rural and elementary graded schools, student shall be entitled to a certificate issued by State board, which sTiall be valid in such schools for five years, but may be revoked for cause. Said board shall issue life certificates to graduates of four-year courses. Said board shall make regula- tions for the admission of pupils, but e;ich applicant shall sign a declaration to teach. Said board shall annually appoint a board of three visitors to visit said school and report on the same. Said board shall report to each session of the legislature. Board shall elect a treasurer, who shall give bond for not less than $40,000. The 25 sections of Salt Springs lands and donations of lands or other property for the purpose shall constitute the normal-school endowment fund; proceeds of sale of such lands shall constitute a perpetual fund and moneys appropriated for the benefit of the normal school shall be under the direction and control of said State board. Members of State board shall each receive $3 per day and expenses. Said board shall hold at least two meetings each year, at which they shall examine teachers and shall grant certificates to those of two years' successful experience and good moral char- acter and who on examination in required subjects shall be found to possess eminent scholarship and ability ; such certificates shall be valid for life ; said board may indorse life certificates granted in other States if granted on requirements equal to those of Michigan. Said board shall examine textbooks on physiology and hygiene, and such books must have board's approval. It shall distribute to the educational institutions of the State copper, iron, and other ores as required by law. See also A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind. Minnesota: State board of control shall consist of three members appointed by governor with consent of senate; term, six years; each member shall give bond for $25,000; members shall devote entire time to their duties; books of board shall be subject to examination by public examiner; office supplies shall be furnished board. Board shall employ an architect, a secretary, and other office help; shall have seal; shall make biennial reports to governor; traveling expenses shall be allowed in addition to salary. A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 25 See also B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; K (c). Uniformity of text- books; N (a), High schools; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; tJ (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Mississippi: Board of education created by constitution. Duties: Shall hold sessions at capital; shall decide appeals from decisions of county superin- tendents or State superintendent; all appeals shall be in writing; board's decision final ; board may remove county superintendents ; administer oaths ; compel witnesses; audit claims against common school fund; fix expenses of Stale superintendent's office; regulate all matters arising in the practical administration of the school system; may adopt a course of study and designate an arbor day; shall procure placards to be hung on the walls of public-school rooms setting forth the effects of alcohol and the means for the prevention and cure of tuberculosis. County superintendent shall have them placed on the walls. State board of examiners shall consist of three first-grade teachers ap- pointed by State superintendent. Duties: To aid State superintendent in pre- paring all examination questions; grade papers; hear and decide appeals; examine candidates for county superintendent. State board of examiners shall receive $5 from each applicant for professional license; $5 from each candidate for county superintendent; 50 cents from each applicant for State license ; term of service, four years. Any teacher holding a license may direct county superintendent to forward such license with proof that his examina- tion papers have been burned to State board of examiners and if they think that the teacher was properly graded they may transfer his license to any other county ; any teacher exempt from examination may forward his license to State board of examiners with proof that his examination papers were destroyed in burning of the courthouse and on payment of fee State board of examiners may issue State license. Governor shall be a member and ex officio president of the board of trustees having control and supervision of University of Mississippi, the agricultural and mechanical college, the industrial institute and college and the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College ; State superintendent shall be a member of said board ; it shall be known and designated as " the board of trustees of the University and Colleges of Mississippi ; " minute's and records shall be kept as now ; governor shall appoint seven trustees from State at large who, together with the governor and State superintendent, " shall constitute a board of trustees" for the university, the agricultural and mechanical col- lege, the industrial institute and college, and Alcorn Agricultural and Me- chanical College ; in addition to the above one trustee shall be appointed for the university; the seven trustees shall serve six years; two shall be ap- pointed biennially; board shall appoint one of their number who is a com- petent accountant, who shall check up personally all the affiairs and finances of each institution at least twice a year. See also A (c2), County officers; B (e). State aid for elementary educa- tion; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools. Missouri: The supervision of the public schools shall be vested in a State board of education. The State superintendent shall be president, and with the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general shall comi)Ose th« 26 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. board. Duties: To take general supervision of the entire educational inter- ests of the State; direct the investment of all moneys to be applied to the capital of any fund for educational purposes; see that all funds are so ap- plied according to law. Board shall investigate the disposition of funds arising from the sale of swamp lands and bring suit to recover funds applied contrary to law; it shall also ascertain what disposition has been made of State school funds drawn by the counties and how much thereof has been transferred to the townships, and shall bring suit for the recovery of such funds when diverted from their purpose; board may employ an attorney in each congressional district to prosecute suits. It shall report to each session of the legislature. See also B (c), Permanent State school funds; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; S (b). Public school libraries. Montana: State board of education shall consist of 11 ^members, of which number governor, State superintendent, and attorney general shall be ex oflScio members; eight members appointed by governor with consent of sen- ate; term, four years; governor its president; superintendent its secretary; regular meetings semiannual and special meetings may be held; no com- pensation, except traveling expenses. Powers and duties: To have general control and supervision of University of Montana, State normal college, agricultural college, State orphans' home, school of mines, school for the deaf and blind, and State reform school; prescribe standards of promotion to high-school department of all public schools and to accredit high schools maintaining required standard, but examinations of pupils shall be by county board of educational examiners; grant diplomas to graduates of State edu- cational institutions and may confer honorary degrees ; grant State diplomas valid for six years and grant life diplomas to teachers ; make annual report ; appoint instructors in county institutes; have, when not otherwise provided by law, control of all property of State educational institutions; have con- trol of receipts and disbursements of said institutions; appoint president and faculty of each institution and fix their compensation; confer upon executive board of each institution such authority, other than financial and the selection of employees, as may be expedient; confer upon faculty such authority, other than financial and the selection of employees, as may be expedient. There shall be an executive board of each institution to consist of president of each institution and two members appointed by governor with consent of State board ; term of appointive members, four years ; com- pensation, not exceeding $5 each per day and not exceeding $125 per year, besides reimbursement of actual expenses incurred in official work. State board of examiners shall have supervision and control of expenditures of all moneys appropriated or received for State educational institutions, except sums appropriated by acts of Congress. See also A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (k). Days of special observance; N (a). High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; Q (d). Mining schools. Nebraska: Public library commission shall be comjwsed of State librarian, State superintendent, the chancellor and the librarian of the University of Nebraska, and one person appointed by governor for a term of five years. The State board of charities and corrections shall be composed of the gov- ernor, commissioner of public lands and buildings, and State superintendent ; board shall appoint four advisory secretaries, not more than two of whom A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 27 shall belong to the same political party; it shall be duty of such board to inquire into conditions of institutions of charity and correction and to inspect the same. In every high school, city school, or metropolitan school the school authorities shall, upon written request made three months before opening of school by parents or guardians of 50 pupils above fourth grade, employ Instructors for the teaching of such a modern European language as may be designated in such request ; not more than five hours per week and not less than one period per day shall be devoted to such modern language in any elementary or grade school. Pauper children shall be provided with the same facilities for education as are other children; instruction shall be given such children in letters, business, and useful industries, and for the same there shall be appropriated annually out of general funds of State $2,500. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any place of business in- jurious to body, mind, or morals; it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to employ any child under 14 years old in any business what- ever during the hours when public schools are in session. The governor shall, with consent of two-thirds of senate, appoint three electors of the State, who shall constitute a board of commissioners of State institutions; one appointed every two years, term six years; not more than two members shall belong to the same political party, and no two when ap- pointed shall reside in same congressional district; each member shall take oath of office, and give bond in sum of $25,000 ; governor may suspend member for cause, but such suspension must be confirmed by senate to be made final ; each member shall devote entire time to office, and shall not be appointed to any State office nor to any appointive position in any State institution for one year after his term shall have expired; salary of each member shall be $3,000 per year and necessary expenses when traveling on official busi- ness, but traveling outside of State shall first be granted by board and approved by governor; board shall have official seal. Institutions con- trolled by board are: State school for the blind, State school for the deaf, State industrial schools. State institutions for feeble-minded youth, orthopedic hospital, soldiers' and sailors' home, women's industrial home, hospitals for insane, the tuberculosis hospital, the State penitentiary, and all charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions. Board shall prescribe rules and regula- tions for the conduct of said institutions ; shall appoint officers and employees of said institutions, fix their salaries, and require reports ; shall inspect said Institutions, and purchase supplies therefor. See also G (b). State normal schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (d), Schools for crippled and deformed; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Nevada: The State board of education shall consist of the governor, the State superintendent, and the president of the university; the governor shall be president, and the State superintendent the secretary; board shall meet at least twice a year. Powers and duties: To prescribe courses of study for public schools, courses in seventh and eighth grades to contain business forms and elementary bookkeeping and industrial work, and in high-school grades commercial and industrial work, but schools of first class may modify courses subject to approval of State board ; adopt books for district libraries, but dis- tricts of first class may make additional adoptions; revoke or suspend, for cause. State diplomas or State certificates; have printing, except that of text- books, done by State printer; adopt official seal; keep record of proceedings; designate some journal as official organ. 28 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See also A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. New Hampshire: The State Board of control for the supervision and adminis- tration of the New Hampshire State Hospital, the State industrial school, the New Hampshire School for Feeble-Minded, and the State sanatorium for consumptives, shall be composed of the governor, secretary of the State board of charities, the purchasing agent of said State board of control, and two persons appointed in rotation by governor, with advice of council, for term of four years; purchasing agent of said board shall be appointed by gov- ernor with advice of council, and shall receive annual salary of $3,000 and necessary expenses; other appointive members shall receive $8 per day for time actually spent in performance of official duties, and expenses; other members shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses. See also G (b), State normal schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: The general supervision and control of public instruction shall be vested in State board of education consisting of eight members, not more than four of same political party, and not more than one from same county, appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, one appointed each year to serve eight years ; said board shall meet in each month at times pre- scribed by their rules, meetings to be public; said board shall have control and management of State normal schools. State school for the deaf, Farnum preparatory school, and manual training and industrial school for colored youth. Powers of State hoard: To frame by-laws for their own government, and rules and regulations for enforcement of school laws ; prescribe rules for teachers' institutes; decide appeals from decisions of commissioner of educa- tion; prescribe rules for examination and certification of teachers; appoint inspector of buildings and an inspector of accounts ; prescribe system of boolc- keeping for districts; appoint, upon application, a supervising principal over schools in two or more districts; withdraw, for good cause, approval of any secondary school ; fix rates of tuition paid by one district to another, when dis- tricts can not agree ; compel production of school records and accounts ; com- pel attendance of witnesses. Said board shall receive no compensation, hut shall be allowed official expenses ; shall make annual report to legislature. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers ; A (f), Administrative units, districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; D (a). Build- ings and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and sum- mer schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (b). Medical inspection; L (i). Manual and industrial education; M (c), Evening schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; P (a), Higher institutions, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Mexico: A State board of education is created, to consist of seven mem- bers. It shall have the control, management, and direction of all public schools, under such regulations as may be provided by law. The governor and the State superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio members of said board, and the remaining five members shall be appointed by the gov- ernor, by and with the consent of the senate; board shall include the head of some State educational institution, a county superintendent of schools, and one other person actually connected with educational work. Members of said board shall receive 10 cents per mile (counting one way) and $2.50 per A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 29 day for attending meetings of said board. Powers: To grant, renew» and re- voke teachers' certificates; adopt a series of textbooks and a uniform course of study for the various public schools ; exercise general control over teachers* institutes and perform other duties provided by law. The appointive mem- bers of said board shall serve for four years. Said board may excuse persons from attending county institutes who are deemed already eminently qualified to teach; may issue a course of study for teachers' institutes. Board may issue teachers' professional certificates to persons whom it may deem quali- fied; and may revoke certificates of conductors and instructors of teachers' institutes, teachers' professional certificates, county teachers' certificates, and city teachers' certificates, for cause, after a full and fair hearing. State board may prescribe and adopt a course of study in industrial education, including domestic science, manual training, and agriculture; may include a course of study in industrial education in Institute Manual. State board may adopt a standard of eflJciency for business colleges and commercial de- partments of other schools, issue certificates of recognition to such schools, and issue permits to the same to solicit students. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a) Course of study; Q (f). Other technical and professional schools. New York: The corporation originally created under name of the " Regents of the University of the State of New York " is hereby continued under the name of the University of the State of New York; objects shall be to encourage and promote education, to visit and inspect its several institutions and de- partments, to distribute or administer for them funds appropriated by the State therefor or such as university may hold in trust, and to perform such other duties as may be intrusted to it. Said university shall be governed by a board of regents whose members shall at all times be three more than the number of judicial districts of State; regents shall be elected in same manner as United States senators, one each year ; no person shall at the same time be a regent and an officer of an institution of the university. The elective officers of the university shall be a chancellor and vice chancellor, to serve without salary, and such other officers as regents may determine ; no election, removal, or change of salary of an elective officer shall be made by less than six votes in favor thereof; each regent and each elective officer shall take oath of office; chancellor shall preside at meetings of regents and shall confer degrees authorized by regents ; vice chancellor may confer degrees in absence of chancellor, and senior regent present, in absence of vice chancellor. Regents may provide regular meetings, and the chancellor, or commissioner of edu- cation, or any five regents, may call special meetings; any regent who shall fail to attend three consecutive meetings without satisfactory excuse may be deemed to have resigned^ seven regents a quorum. Regents shall exer- cise legislative functions of educational system of State, and, except as to judicial functions of commissioner, establish rules for such system; but no enactment of regents shall modify the freedom of the governing body of any institution for training priests or clergymen. Regents may confer honorary degrees, and may establish examinations as basis for conferring diplomas, certificates, and degrees; shall establish examinations for graduation from secondary schools and of admission to college; may register domestic and foreign institutions in terms of New York standards ; may supervise entrance requirements to and the licensing and practicing of medicine, dentistry, 30 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. veterinary medicine, pharmacy and optometry, and the certification of nurses and public accountants; may provide educational extension facilities. State library and State museum shall be departments of the university. The in- stitutions of the university shall include all secondary and higher educational institutions which are now or may hereafter be incorporated in the State, and such other libraries, museums, institutions, schools, organizations, and agencies for education as may be admitted to or incorporated by the uni- versity ; regents may exclude any institution not complying with law. Every institution in the university shall be subject to visitation by the regents or their representatives, and shall make required reports. Regents may in- corporate any educational institution, any association for promotion of any department of knowledge, any association of educational workers, or other educational or cultural organization; may grant provisional charters. No institution shall confer degrees unless it shall have resources of at least $500,000 ; and no institution for higher education shall be Incorporated with- out suitable provision for equipment and maintenance. Regents may change the name or charter of any institution under their control. Regents may, upon dissolution of any educational institution subject to their visitation, where no trustee of such institution resides in the county where such insti- tution is located, direct proceedings. If any institution of the university shall discontinue its operations without good cause, its charter shall be sur- rendered to the regents. The trustees of any academy incorporated under laws of the State and having a capital stock may, and, upon written re- quest of holders of one-third of such stock, must call a meeting of stock- holders to determine question of surrendering charter of such academy; notice shall be given of such meeting; a majority vote shall be required for dissolution of such corporation; trustees of such academy shall become trustees of the creditors and stockholders of dissolved corporation. No indi- vidual, association, or corporation shall confer degrees or transact any busi- ness under name of university or college, unless chartered by the legislature or permitted by the regents. No person shall buy, sell, or illegally alter, give, issue, or obtain any diploma or certificate purporting to confer any degree, or misrepresent the completion of any course of study. It skall be unlawful to personate or attempt to personate another person in taking an examina- tion; to take or attempt to take an examination in name of another person; to procure another person to falsely personate him; to illegally have ex- amination papers in one's possession ; to sell or offer to sell examination papers; to use in any such examination any question papers, or secure or prepare answers to such questions prior to time set for examinations; to transmit to State education department answers prepared outside of period of examination; to otherwise secure or attempt to secure the record of hav- ing passed such examination in violation of university rules. Trustees of every corporation created by the regents, unless otherwise provided by law or by charter, may fix term of office and number of trustees, not to exceed 25, nor be less than five; elect executive committee of not less than five; meet when legally called ; fill vacancy in office of any trustee ; take and hold any gift, devise, grant, or bequest beyond their charter authorization when permitted by regents; control property of such institutions; aiDpoint and fix terms and compensation of officers and employees; confer degrees and cre- dentials as authorized by charter; make by-laws and rules proper for pur- poses of institution. Colleges may construct waterworks and sewer systems for their use. There shall be five State scholarships awarded each county annually for each assembly district therein; each scholarship shall entitle A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 31 holder to $100 for each of four years' attendance at an approved college in the State; scholarship fund shall consist of money appropriated by legislature for such puriiose and moneys received by gift or otherwise for such purpose; State treasurer shall keep separate account of such fund; regents shall make rules relative to such scholarships; commissioner of education shall cause to be prepared list of pupils eligible for such appointments; only pupils who possess college entrance diplomas shall be eligible for such appointments; lists of eligibles shall show average standing of pupils; said commissioner may, when a county hag no eligible pupil therein, ai)point a pupil from another part of State to scholarship of such county ; said commissioner shall prescribe form of application for said scholarships, and shall issue scholar- ship certificates to successful applicants ; scholarships may, for good cause, be revoked by regents; at no time shall there be more than 20 such scholarships for one assembly district, or more than 3,000 for entire State not including those supported by income of trust funds, gifts, devises, or bequests ; holders of scholarships may choose colleges which they may desire to attend, and select their courses of study, but no such scholarship shall include profes- sional instruction except as auxiliary work; holders of scholarships must attend some college in the State incorporated as a college under laws of State and the rules of the regents. The State education department shall be under legislative direction of the regents and executive direction of the commissioner of education; said department shall have management and supervision of all public schools and all educational work of the State, including university of the State; «aid department may be divided into divisions by concurrent action of regents and commissioner. Commissioner shall appoint, with approval of regents, assistant commissioners; may, with approval of regents, appoint all other officers and employees and fix their titles, duties, and salaries; may, with approval of regents, remove any appointive officer or employee; may, when regents are not in session, suspend, without salary, any appointive officer or employee, but for no longer than adjournment of succeeding meet- ing of regents. Regents and commissioner shall together adopt a seal. Com- missioner shall make annual report of education department, including the university, to the legislature; regents or commissioner may make other reports to the legislature; such reports may be printed as bulletins. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (c). Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; T. (d), Physiology and hygiene; L (j), Agri- culture; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind. North Carolina: State board of education shall consist of governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general. Such board is a body corporate; governor is president, superintendent is secretary; meeting as determined by majority or as called by president ; record of proceedings shall be kept. Board shall have control of " literary fund," make rules for government of public schools and for management of State educational fund. State treasurer shall keep account of literary fund and report to legislature; State board shall report to legislature manner in which such fund has been invested or applied. See also A (c2). County Officers; B (c), Permanent State school funds; E (b), Teachers' certificates; G (b), State normal schools; K (c), Uni- formity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools; 0(b), Agricultural schools; S (b), Public school libraries. 32 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. North Dakota: There is created a State board of education. Composition: President of State University, president of agricultural college, superintendent of public instruction, State inspector of graded and rural schools and State high-school inspector, ex officio, and a normal-school president, an industrial- school president, a county superintendent and a male citizen not connected with the educational system, each to be designated by the governor; term of appointive members, two years. No normal school or industrial school shall be represented on said board a second time until each normal school and each industrial school has been represented by its president. Members not receiving salaries from State, county, or State institution shall each receive $3 per day while employed; all members shall receive necessary expenses. Regular meetings shall be held bimonthly and special meetings may be called, but not more than 12 shall be held in one year. Said board shall succeed to the powers and duties of the State board of examiners, the State agri- cultural and training school board, and the State high-school board. Rules for the classification of rural, graded, and consolidated schools shall be made by the State board of education. Said board or its representatives or inspectors may visit and inspect any educational institution under the super- vision of the State and may require reports therefrom. See also A (b2), State officers; B '(e). State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; N (a), High schools; 0(b), Agricultural schools; T (c), Schools for the blind. Ohio: The State bureau of inspection and supervision may inspect and super- vise accounts and reports of all State offices, including every State educa- tional, benevolent, penal and reformatory institution, public institution, and the offices of each taxing district or public institution in the State. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units; districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: The State board of education shall consist of seven members, in- cluding the State superintendent of education, who shall be the president, and six members appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate; term, six years, two appointed every odd year; salary, $6 per day and expenses $3 per day while officially engaged; appointive members shall receive no additional salary for such service. Appointive members shall have same qualifications and be subject to same limitations as are required of members of State textbook commission; at least two of appointive mem- bers shall be practical schoolmen with at least four years of teaching expe- rience, two of which years shall have been spent in Oklahoma; president of "said board shall appoint a secretary, salary $2,0(X) per year, and a stenog- rapher, salary $1,200 per year. State board of education shall have control of following institutions: State university, university preparatory schools, State normal schools, Oklahoma industrial institute and college for girls, school of mines and metallurgy, school for deaf, school for blind, boys' train- ing school, orphans' home, institute for feeble-minded, colored agricultural and normal university, institute for the deaf, blind, and orphans' home for the colored; shall also perform duties originally belonging to textbook com- mission. Additional powers and duties: To have general supervision of pub- lic schools; formulate and adopt courses of study for common schools and normal institutes; arrange courses of study and adopt textbooks for higher educational institutions; formulate rules and regulations governing issuance of teachers' certificates; prepare examination questions for applicants for county and city certificates; examine applicants for State certificates and institute conductors' and instructors' certificates; prepare examination ques- A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 33 tions for graduates from eighth grade of common schools; classify and accredit high schools; formulate ami adopt courses for pupils' and teachers' reading circles ; make biennial report to governor and legislature ; upon appli- cation by commercial and business colleges, to formulate rules and regula- tions for governing such institutions. Any graduate of a State educational institution who has completed a course approved by State board of education as specifically designated for prep- aration for teaching may be granted a certificate by said board. Any per- son who shall willfully injure any school property shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $50, such fines to be paid into county common-school fund. Every board of education and school district board shall provide a flag for the public schools. Any person whose duty it is to provide such flag who fails so to do shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. No religious or sectarian doctrine shall be taught in the public schools, but the reading of the Holy- Scripture shall be permitted. State board of education shall visit and inspect, or cause to be visited and inspected at least twice a year, all pri- vate and public institutions of higher education. Before being allowed to teach, teachers shall file their certificates with the county superintendent or with the city superintendent in independent districts. Morality shall be taught in each and every public school. At least one-half hour each week in each public school shall be devoted to teaching kindness to and humane treat- ment of and protection to dumb animals. Vivisection shall not be permitted in any public school. The Friday following second Monday in March of each year shall be Arbor Day; said day shall be properly observed in public schools. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b), State normal school; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of text- books; L (j). Agriculture; N (a). High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; Q (d). Mining schools; Q (f). Other technical and professional schools; T (b). Schools for the deaf; T (c). Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Oregon: The governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruc- tion shall constitute a State board of education. Meetings shall be held semi- annually. Powers: To authorize use of textbooks adopted by the textbook commission; prepare a State course of study for grammar grade schools; prescribe rules and regulations for the government of the public schools ; have necessary printing done. It shall at least one year before an examination for county teachers' certificates indicate the sources from which at least 60 per cent of the questions in theory and practice shall be selected. The proceed- ings of said board shall be published and shall contain the names of successful applicants and certificates granted. See also (A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (c). Permanent State school funds; E (b), Teachers' certificates; F (a). Teachers* contracts, duties, etc.; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools; H (g). Child labor; K (c). Uniformity of text- books; N (a). High schools; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public school libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e). Schools for feeble- minded; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Pennsylvania: The State board of education shall consist of six members, appointed in rotation by the governor, one every year, term six years; three members shall always be educators of high standing connected with the 3060"— 15 3 34 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. public-school system; member shall serve without any compensation other than expenses incurred in performance of duties as such. State superin- tendent shall be ex officio a member of the State board and president thereof. Powers and duties of State hoard: To recommend needed school legislation; equalize through special appropriations, or otherwise, educational advantages throughout the State; inspect and require reports from schools and other institutions wholly or partly supported by the State, but a copy of report of such inspection shall be sent to the head of the institution inspected ; encour- age and promote agricultural education, manual training, domestic science, and such other vocational education as the State may require; prescribe i*ules and regulations for sanitary equipment and inspection of school buildings; take any other action necessary to promote the physical and moral welfare of school children; elect its officers annually, defining their duties; fix time of meetings; and make its own by-laws. Office of State board shall be in the State capitol, where all meetings shall be held except when otherwise decreed. The State board may employ such assistance and incur such expense as deemed necessary within the limits of the appropriations made for its use. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State school fund; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; G (b). State normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance; J (a), Health, general; O (a), Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: State board of education shall be composed of governor and lieutenant governor, ex officio, and one member from each county, except Providence County, which shall have two members ; members of board shall be divided into three classes, two members elected every two years by legis- lature to serve six years; governor shall be president and commissioner of public schools secretary of said board ; meetings shall be held quarterly and special meetings may be called by president or secretary. Powers and duties of hoard: To supervise and control public schools and other educational institutions established and maintained wholly or in part by State; elect commissioner of public schools; prescribe and cause to be enforced rules and regulations for carrying school laws into effect ; provide registers for schools and institutions; prepare blanks for reports to be made to said board; make annual report to the legislature ; provide for instruction at their homes of blind residents of State, sum of $3,000 per year to be annually appro- priated for such purpose; provide, in cooperation with Brown University, courses of instruction designed to prepare students for positions as superin- tendents of public schools and high-school teachers and principals and ap- point suitable persons to State scholarships to pursue such courses, $5,000 to be annually appropriated for such purpose. Said board may cause to be paid annually to each free public library a sum not exceeding $50 for first 500 volumes and $25 for each additional 500 volumes, the total for any library not to exceed $500 annually ; shall establish rules for such libraries ; may establish and maintain a system of traveling libraries, for which sum of $2,000 annually shall be appropriated. All payments herein authorized shall be made by State treasurer upon order of commissioner of public schools, approved by State board of education, to proper person in charge of library. Persons in charge of all schools, public or private, and all in- stitutions of learning shall make an annual report to State board of edu- cation. There shall be a State board of control and supply, consisting of five mem- bers appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; one appointed each year; term, five years. Said board shall elect one of its A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 35 members president and another secretary. Said officers shall each receive annual salary of $3,000, other members $2,000. Board shall be allowed $3,000 for clerical assistance and expenses. Each member of board shall give $5,000 bond. Said board shall purchase and make all contracts for purchase of supplies and materials, repairs, alterations and improvements, and expenses incurred in and about the following institutions: State reform school, State home and school for children, Rhode Island institute for the deaf, Rhode Island school for the feeble-minded, and certain other State institutions. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary edu- cation; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; U (c). Juvenile courts; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. South Carolina: The governor, the superintendent of education, and seven persons appointed by the governor shall constitute the State board of edu- cation. Term of appointive members, four years. Governor is chairman and superintendent is secretary. Meetings shall be held on call of the chairman or a majority of the members; majority, a quorum. Compensation of appoint- ive members, $4 per day and mileage for not exceeding 20 days in a year. Said board shall be an advisory body to the State superintendent and shall hear and detei-mine appeals from county boards of education. General pow- ers: To make rules for the gckvernment of the public schools; prescribe rules for the examination of teachers; prescribe standards of proficiency for teachers; prescribe the course of study for the public schools; adopt for not less than five years a uniform series of textbooks; make contracts with pub- lishers for furnishing the same, and require publishers to establish a deposi- tory in each county; grant State teachers' certificates and revoke them for cause; review, on appeal, an order revoking a county certificate; award scholarships created in State institutions by legislature. Scholarships pro- vided for the State university, Clemson Agricultural College, the Citadel, and the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College shall be awarded by said board on the recommendations of the faculties of such institutions or of committees appointed by the trustees thereof. Such recommendations shall be determined by competitive examinations. Those receiving scholarships in the university shall be required to take the regular teachers' normal course, and shall give their notes for funds received to be payable eight years after date, but to be canceled without payment when promissor has taught two years. At least one scholarship awarded to Winthrop College in each county shall be granted to a rural community. Fifty-one scholarships (one from each county and seven from the State at large) are created in Clemson Col-, lege; value, $100 each and free tuition. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (d). State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and col- leges; S (b). School libraries. South Dakota: The control of the educational institutions supported in whole or in part by the State shall be vested in a State board of regents of educa- tion consisting of five members appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for a term of six years ; none of said regents shall reside in the 36 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. counties in wliich State educational institutions are located. Two regular meetings shall be held annually and special meetings may be held; three regents constitute a quorum. Board shall be a body corporate, and as such shall have control of the property of said institutions, including the purchase of land, erection of buildings, etc. Said board is authorized to employ or dismiss the faculties and other employees of said institutions, determine the number and duties of such employees, and fix their compensation. For each institution board may determine departments, courses of study, textbooks, entrance requirements, etc. It shall fix tuition rates and may receive in any one of said institutions free of tuition two students appointed by each State senator and one by each representative ; orphans of veterans of the Spanish- American War shall be admitted to such institutions free of tuition. Regents shall not create or continue departments in duplication of each other except where necessary for the special work of any particular institution. Regents may confer scholastic honors and degrees. The agricultural experiment sta- tion shall be under the control of said regents ; regents shall 'encourage and provide for farmers' institutes; they shall have made a geological survey of the State and also a geological map of the State; they shall cause to be col- lected specimens of soils, rocks, minerals, and specimens of animal and vege- table life. State treasurer shall be treasurer of the regents of education. Regents shall have control of the expenditure of moneys appropriated for State educational institutions. Each regent shall receive $1,000 per annum and actual expenses when attending to duties. Regents may employ a secre- tary and stenographer. They shall report biennially to the governor. See also E (f). Teachers' associations, reading circles; G (b), State normal schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; Q (d). Mining schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Tennessee: Governor shall appoint a State board of education; term, six years, two being appointed biennially; governor and State superintendent shall be members ex oflicio; governor shall be president, and superintendent shall be secretary and treasurer. Duties of hoard: To report to legislature the oper- ations of the board and condition of normal schools, with recommendations for improvement of normal and public schools. Said board is authorized to establish one or more normal schools ; they may accept contributions from the Peabody Educational Fund or from other source. No pupil under 16 years old shall enter normal school, and all entering shall pass examination prescribed by State board; diplomas shall be granted to those completing the course, and such diploma shall entitle holder to teach anywhere in the State without further examination. White and colored normal schools shall be kept separate. State board shall make rules for examination of appli- ' cants for county superintendency. Other ditties: To apportion funds for equalizing school conditions, stimulating consolidation and transportation, and encouraging appointment of county school supervisors ; grade county high schools and exercise general control over the same; expend the fund for establishing school libraries. Public-school system shall be administered by State superintendent, State board of education, county superintendent, and county board of education. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (a). General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries. A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 37 Texas: Governor, secretary of state, and comptroller shall constitute State board of education; governor shall be president, and State superintendent secretary. Such board shall, on or before August 1, apportion on basis of school census State school fund to counties and cities, towns and districts constituting sepai*ate school organizations. Such board shall invest perma- nent State school fund; bonds may not be purchased unless they bear 3 per cent interest or more. Whenever any county or incorporated city, independent or common-school district, road precinct, drainage, irrigation, navigation, or levee district issues bonds, such bonds must be offered for sale to State board of education. Board may create school districts at eleemosynary institutions, and State superintendent shall appoint trustees for such district. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Utah: State board of education shall consist of State superintendent of public instruction, president of State university, president of agricultural college, ex officio, and two persons appointed by the governor for term of four years. Board shall have general control and supervision of the public-school system. Board shall also promote the establishment of libraries and gym- nasiums and may appoint and fix salary of secretary to work under direction of State superintendent. Compensation of members, $4 per diem -and ex- penses, but those drawing salary from State shall not receive per diem. Clerical assistance to extent of $250 per annum may be employed. Super- intendent shall be chairman and shall appoint another member secretary. See also A (c2). County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teaohers' pensions; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools. Vermont: State board of education shall consist of five members appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, in groups of two, two, and one ; one group appointed biennially to serve six years ; not more than three mem- bers shall be engaged in educational pursuits. Powers and duties: To elect chairman, vice chairman, and treasurer; hold four regular meetings annu- ally and necessary special meetings; establish regulations; require, as said board and State treasurer may designate, bond of treasurer; appoint and fix salary of superintendent of education, whose term of office shall be three years; inspect and report upon expenditures of State funds; make biennial report to legislature; employ inspectors, clerks, lecturers, and other officers, prescribe their duties; publish and distribute educational bulletins; fix allowance for expenses of superintendent's office. Each member of said board shall receive $4 and expenses for each day officially employed. Sum of $7,000 is annually appropriated, to be aijportioned by said board, for sum- mer schools for elementary teachers, educational meetings, agricultural in- struction, inspection of high schools, payment of services and expenses of said board, and for other purposes as board may direct; said board shall certify such apportionment to auditor of accounts; disbursement of such amounts for summer schools, educational meetings, and agricultural instruction shall be made by superintendent; for other pui*poses by said board. Said board shall, upon application of school boards of two or more towns for formation of a union for school supervision, give a hearing, and may order the school boards of such towns to elect a joint committee for said purpose; no union shall be formed except by vote of majority of school directors of towns 38 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. affected; State board shall prescribe qualifications of union sui^erintendents ; no such superintendent may be removed except by majority vote of joint committee, with approval of said board, and for good cause. See also A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (g), Child labor; J (b), Medical inspection; L (j), Agri- culture; N (a), High schools. Virginia: Composition of State hoard of education: Governor, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, and three experienced educators elected quadrennially by the senate from a list of eligibles consisting of one from each of the faculties and nominated by the respective boards of visitors or trustees of the University of Virginia, Virginia Military Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State Female Normal School at Farmville, School for the Deaf and Blind, and the College of William and Mary. The board thus constituted shall associate with itself two division superintendents, one from a county and one from a city, who shall be members but shall not participate in the appointment of school officers. Term of members elected by the senate, four years ; term of division superintendents, two years, but not longer than they hold the office of superintendent. State superintendent shall be president of the board. Meetings shall be held upon the call of the president or a ma- jority of the board ; majority a quorum. Said board shall recover money due the literary fund. Powers and duties of hoard: To divide the State into school divisions comprising not less than one county or city each, but no county or city shall be divided; appoint, subject to confirmation by the senate, a superintendent of schools for each division thus created and fix his compen- sation and duties ; prescribe the duties of the superintendent of public instruc- tion; approve the appointment of the necessary employees for the office of the superintendent and fix their compensation; adopt by-laws for its own government and rules and regulations for the conduct of the schools ; provide for the examination of teachers by a State board of examiners, and for the inspection of the schools ; select textbooks and educational appliances for the public schools, but no book shall be changed within four years of its adoption ; make with publishers for not exceeding seven years a contract or contracts to furnish books to the schools at a price not to exceed that for which books are sold elsewhere and to require a bond of each contracting publisher ; guard against unnecessary multiplication of schools; approve plans of State super- intendent for the conduct of summer normal schools and audit the accounts of such schools; decide appeals from State superintendent; order school election in county or district on any matter which may be legally referred to voters ; invest the capital and unappropriated income of the literary fund in bonds of the State, the United States, school districts, or railroad companies, secured by first mortgages having a market value of at least 90 cents on the dollar; audit all claims to be paid out of the literary fund; approve appor- tionment of school moneys to counties; determine contingent expenses of the office of State superintendent; punish division superintendent for neglect of duty or official misconduct; appoint a board of five directors to have the management of the State library (except the law library) ; regulate the ad- ministration of the public-school system and make recommendations relating thereto to the legislature; report to the legislature at each regular session; perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Necessary expenses of members, except members ex officio, shall be paid for the performance of official duties. A (bl). STATE BOAJiDS. 39 No school officer or teacher shall be personally Interested in any school contract or in the sale of schoolbooks or apparatus, but the State board of education may permit the author of a book or the inventor of apparatus to receive the benefits thereof; no school officer shall acquire at less than face value any evidence of indebtedness issued by any board of supervisors, com- mon council, or school board, Ench school officer shall deliver to his suc- cessor the records of his office. All penalties imposed by the school law shall be for the benefit of the literary fund. The circuit courts of counties and corporation courts of corporations shall have power to remove for cause the officers thereof. Each school officer shall take an oath to support the Con- stitutions of the United States and Virginia and to discharge faithfully the duties imposed upon him by law. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General state finance and sup- port; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (b), State aid, approval of plans; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (a), School population and attendance, general; H (c), School year, month, day; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (b), Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricul- tural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Washington: State board of education shall consist of superintendent of public instruction, president of University of Washington, president of State College of Washington, ex officio, principal of one of State normal schools, elected by the principals of the State normal schools, and three persons holding life diplomas issued under authority of this State and actively engaged in edu- cational work, appointed by governor, one of whom shall be superintendent of district of first class, one a county superintendent, one a principal of a fully accredited four-year high school ; term of appointed and elected mem- bers shall be two years. Superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio president of said board and shall represent said board in directing high-school inspection. Deputy superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio secretary of said board, but shall have no vote in its proceedings. Said board shall hold an annual meeting at the capital, and such special meetings as may be called by the superintendent of public instruction : mem- bers shall be reimbursed for official expenses, to be paid by State; members not under salary, who do special committee work, shall be paid $5 per day for time so employed. Powers and duties of said hoard: To approve pre- paratory requirements for entrance to University of Washington, State Col- lege of Washington, and State normal schools; approve courses for State normal schools, for department of education at University of Washington, and State college of Washington, and for all accredited normal training de- partments of higher institutions within the State ; investigate work required as a condition of entrance to and graduation from normal schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions of higher education; accredit higher institutions of this and other States whose graduates may receive teachers' certificates without examination except in State manual of Washington, but entrance and graduation requirements of colleges and universities when accredited must be equal to those of University of Washington and require- ments for normal schools shall be equal to advanced course of State normal schools of this State ; prepare accredited list of State life certificates and life diplomas issued in other States by examination upon which certificates may 40 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. be issued in this State without examination, except in Washington State manual, but requirements to obtain such certificates and diplomas shall be equal to requirements for life certificate in this State; accredit secondary- schools, but no private academy shall be placed on such list if secret socie- ties are allowed to exist among its students ; send an inspector, upon request, to examine the normal training course maintained by an institution of higher education, with purpose of accrediting such department; inspect all accred- ited normal training departments annually; prepare and prescribe course of study for common schools, and prescribe rules for general government of such schools ; prepare uniform series of questions to be used by county super- intendents in examination of teachers and determine rules for conducting same, and prepare examination questions for applicants for State elementary certificates and life diplomas; prepare answers to all examination questions prepared by the board ; prepare uniform questions for examination of pupils completing grammar-school course of study; hear and decide appeals as provided by law. Said board shall arrange such courses and enforce such regulations as will unify the work of the public-school system; shall adopt a seal. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (a). Certification of teachers, general; E (b) Teachers' certificates, general; E (d). Validity, Indorsement, revocation, etc.; G (b). State normal schools; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e), Schools for de- pendents and delinquents. West Virginia: State board of education shall consist of State superintendent of education and five other persons engaged In educational work, appointed by him, one from each congressional district and not more than three from same political party; one appointed each year; term, five years. Duties of board: To perform duties originally performed by State board of examiners; prescribe course of study for public schools, including district schools, pri- mary, graded, intermediate, and high schools; prescribe and publish branches in which applicants for primary teachers' and high-school teachers' certifi- cates shall be examined. Said board may, at request of State superintendent, assist In preparation of teachers' examination questions; shall receive $5 per day and expenses for each day officially employed, not to exceed 20 days each year, to be paid out of general school fund. Said board shall hold at least one examination each year in each congressional district for purpose of granting State professional certificates; said certificates shall be of first class, valid for 12 years, and second class, valid for 6 years; first-class cer- tificates are renewable without examination after 8 years' experience in teaching; second-class certificates shall be Issued upon examination in branches required under the uniform system, and. In addition, in not fewer than four other branches to be determined by board ; second-class certificates shall be issued upon application, without examination, to graduates of West Virginia University, of State Normal School of West Virginia and its branches, and of other schools of this State of equivalent grade when applicants have taught three years under a No. 1 uniform certificate, one of which years shall immediately precede application. Teachers who have taught four years under a second-class certificate shall be entitled to receive, without exami- nation, a first-class certificate at expiration of the second class. Said board may issue certificates to teachers from other States, if such teachers hold certificates or diplomas of equal value with those issued under this act, if such States likewise recognize those issued in this State. All certificates shall A (bl). STATE BOARDS. 41 be countersigned by State superintendent of free schools. Said professional certificates shall exempt holders from other teachers' examinations; shall be valid anywhere in State ; shall be equivalent to first-grade certificate granted under uniform examination system ; applicant for same shall pay fee of $5. Said board shall receive $5 per day for time oflicially engaged in conducting such examinations and 2 cents mileage, to be paid out of examination fees, and not to exceed amount of such fees. Said board shall make annual report to State superintendent relative to such examinations. State board of control shall be a corporate body consisting of three mem- bers chosen from two largest political bodies, not more than two to belong to dominant party, appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of senate; one member shall be appointed every two years, to serve six years; any member may be removed for good cause ; each member shall receive $5,000 per year and expenses when away from capital on official duty, but total of such expenses shall not exceed $3,000 in any year, except upon order of gov- ernor; said board shall be provided with an office and with clerical assist- ance ; members shall give entire time to duties of their office and shall not be eligible to any other lucrative office during term of service or for one year thereafter. Accounts of said board or board of regents or of any institution under such boards must be audited by State auditor. Board of control shall have full control of West Virginia Asylum, second hospital for the insane, West Virginia Hospital for Insane, West Virginia Penitentiary, West Vir- ginia Reform School, West Virginia Home for Girls, miners' hospitals, schools for deaf and blind, and such other institutions, except educational, as may be created by law ; said board shall have control of financial and business mat- ters of West Virginia University, preparatory branches of said university, State normal school and its branches, West Virginia Colored Institute, and Bluefield Colored Institute. When appropriations by legislature are insuffi- cient to meet expenses of conducting any of said institutions board of control shall certify such deficiency to the board of public works; said board of public works may direct payment of such deficiency as provided by law. Said board of control shall keep a careful record of business of institutions; shall visit each institution over which said board has full control at least once in each six months, and shall visit other institutions hereinbefore named when deemed advisable ; said board shall investigate conditions at said institutions ; some member of board shall visit each institution over which board has full control each month. Governor, by and with advice and consent of senate, shall appoint superintendents and a warden for institutions over which board of control has full control; superintendents and warden shall appoint sub- ordinates ; board of control shall fix salaries of subordinates ; board of control shall provide and equip living quarters at such institutions for such officers and employees as -said board may determine ; said board may adopt rules and regulations for said institutions. Board of control shall purchase supplies for all institutions hereinbefore named; shall advertise for bids for such sup- plies; shall award contracts to lowest responsible bidders; no member of said board shall have personal interest in any contract of any of said institutions. Said board shall submit plans of any proposed buildings to board of public works for approval. Said board of control shall make biennial report to gov- ernor. Board of control may receive any gift or devise of any property for aforesaid institutions. Board of control shall insure property of aforesaid institutions. The State board of regents shall be a corporate body consisting of five members, including State superintendent of free schools, and four members 42 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. appointed in rotation by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to serve four years; appointive members shall be chosen from the two largest political parties, and not more than three shall belong to the dominant party ; members may be removed for cause ; members, except State superintendent, shall receive $1,000 per year and official expenses ; said super- intendent shall receive no per diem, but shall receive expenses while serving as regent. Said regents shall have educational control over institutions here- inbefore named, except institutions under full control of State board of con- trol ; shall appoint presidents, professors, other teachers, and other employees of said institutions, and fix their salaries subject to confirmation of board of control. Board of regents shall, with consultation with faculties, prescribe courses of study and textbooks ; shall establish needed departments and fix tui- tion charges; shall meet with board of control when notified so to do; shall make annual report to governer. Board of control and board of regents shall make reports, as required, to State auditor. Each member of board of con- trol shall take oath of office, and shall file bond in sum of not less than $25,000. See also B (c). Permanent State school funds; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Ck)urse of study; O (a). Industrial education, general; P (c). State univer- sities and colleges; T (b). Schools for the deaf; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Wisconsin: State board of control of reformatory, charitable, and penal insti- tutions shall consist of five members, appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; term, five years; one member shall be a woman; not all of members shall belong to same political party; no two members shall be from same congressional district; members shall devote entire time to their duties ; board shall be a body corporate ; board shall hold monthly meetings; board shall make biennial report to governor; biennial examination shall be made of accounts of board by an audit company. Duties of said hoard: To maintain and govern State hospital for insane, northern hospital for insane. State prison, State reformatory, industrial school for boys. State school for blind. State school for deaf. State public school for dependent and neglected children, home for feeble-minded, and all other like institutions supported by the State; supervise and direct management of affairs of said institutions; preserve and care for property of said institu- tions; hold in trust property for benefit of said institutions; make by-laws, rules, and regulations; visit and inspect each institution monthly; employ and fix salaries of officers, teachers, and employees ; fix fees required. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b). State normal schools; O (a). Industrial educat^ion, general; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded. Wyoming: Governor, secretary of state, treasurer, and State superintendent shall constitute board of land commissioners and shall have direction, con- trol, lease, and disposal of school lands. Governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, and State superintendent shall constitute the State board of charities and reform; superinendent shall be secretary, and as such shall make biennial report to governor. See also B (b). Teachers' certificates, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (e). Schools for the feeble-minded; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. A (b2). STATE OFFICEES. 43 A (b2). State Officers. Alabama: Superintendent of education. — Term, four years; salary, $3,000; offi- cial bond, $15,000; elected by qualified voters. (See constitution.) May employ a chief clerlv, two bookkeepers, and a stenographer. Powers and duties: To supervise the educational interests of the State; require from school officers such reports as he may deem important ; remove for cause any school officer, except county superintendent; visit as far as practicable every county in the State; assist in organizing and conducting teachers' institutes; make provision in all public schools and colleges for instruction in physiology and hygiene; make provision for instruction in the constitutions of United States and Alabama; apjwrtion the public-school fund to counties; have printed and distributed all necessary blanks; pre- scribe a uniform system of keeping records and accounts; keep account with each township or district of funds accruing thereto; keep account of the capital of all sixteenth-section or other trust funds; preserve all bonds of school officers; employ attorneys to institute suits against defaulters to the educational fund; secure and disseminate information regarding public education in other States and countries; collect specimens of school books, apparatus, etc., when such may be had without cost; have school laws pub- lished and distribute the same to school officers; make an annual report to the governor. In case of vacancy in the office of superintendent, the governor shall ap- point for unexpired term. See also A (cl). County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (b), State school lands; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (b). State aid, approval of plans; E (b), General certificates; G (b), State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g), Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (d), Physiology and hygiene; N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Arizona: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, two years; salary, $3,000. Duties: To superintend the public schools; investigate any accounts of school money kept by State, county, or district officers ; apportion, subject to State board of education, all State school funds to counties on basis of number of persons 6 to 21 years old and to certify such apportionment to State auditor; prepare and furnish to school officers and teachers blank forms and registers; have printed and distributed course of study prescribed by State board of education; furnish record books for his own office and for those of State board of education. State board of examiners, and county superintendents; publish pamphlets in relation to the observance of Arbor Day, Flag Day, Washington's Birthday, and other school holidays, and also in relation to sanitation, school archi- tecture, and other subjects, as directed by State board of education; keep itemized account of traveling expenses, which shall not exceed $1,000 an- nually; make biennial financial and statistical report; have school laws printed every two years and supply school officers, teachers, and libraries with copies of the same ; hold annual meetings of county superintendents and allow such superintendents their actual expenses for attendance; appoint, when necessary, assistants to State board, of examiners; appoint an assistant 44 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. superintendent at a salary of $2,000, and employ such other assistants as State board of education may deem necessary. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; D (e). United States flag in schools; E (b), General cer- tificates; G (b), State normal schools; H (g), Child labor; L (k), Days of special observance; P (c), State universities and colleges. Arkansas: There shall be elected at each general election a State superin- tendent of public instruction; term, two years; salary, $2,500. Duties of State superintendent: To have general supervision of the public schools; keep official records, etc., at his office in the State capitol ; furnish to county examiners questions for the examination of teachers; furnish blanks, regis- ters, etc., to county examiners for use of school officers; prepare and furnish poll books for use at school elections; aid commissioners of the school fund in the administration of the same; make annual report to governor as to the condition of the schools and the school fund, which report shall be transmitted to the legislature; apportion annually to counties the State school funds on the basis of number of persons between 6 and 21 years old; have school laws published and distribute the same; give opinions as to construction of school laws. He may examine the State auditor's books to determine the safety of the school funds. Neither the State superintendent nor county examiner shall act as agent for any author, publisher, or book- seller. He may grant a State certificate, valid for life unless revoked, to any person who shall pass an examination in the branches required for county certificates and in algebra, geometry, physics, rhetoric, mental phil- osophy, history, Latin, Constitution of the United States and of Arkansas, natural history, and theory and practice of teaching. He may grant a professional license, valid in any county and for a period of six years, to applicant passing examination in studies required for a first-grade license and in algebra, plane geometry, general history, rhetoric, and civil govern- ment. Fees required of applicants: State license, $10; professional license, $3 ; such fees shall be used for defraying the expenses of examinations and for an institute fund and a library fund for superintendent's office. State super- intendent shall prepare a graded course of study for common-school districts. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. California: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters of tl;e State; term, four years; salary, $5,000. Powers and duties: To superintend schools; report biennially to the governor; make tab- ular statements of educational statistics ; apportion State school fund and fur- nish abstract of such apportionment to State controller and city and county school officers (apportionment shall be $250 for each teacher and the balance on basis of average attendance) ; draw his order on controller for amounts apportioned ; have school laws printed and furnish to school officers and libra- ries; furnish necessary blanks, etc., to officers and teachers; visit State- supported orphan asylums; visit schools of different counties ($1,800 allowed for traveling expenses) ; affix official seal to drafts, etc. ; have all valuable school reports and documents bound for his office; report total average attendance to controller ; deliver to his successor all the property, books, etc., of his office. He may call and hold annually a convention of city and county superintend- ents, whose duty it shall be to f^ttend. He shall distribute proposed consti- tutional amendments to colleges and high schools. A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 46 Commissioner of elementary schools — Duties: To visit elementary day and evening schools and investigate course of study ; enforce the use of State text- books and report to State board ; perform such other duties as State superin- tendent may direct. Commissioner of secondary schools — Duties: To visit and Investigate sec- ondary day and evening schools ; may recommend changes in courses of study ; investigate contracts with textbook companies; perform such other duties as State superintendent may direct. Commissioner of industrial and vocational education. — Duties: To visit State-supported schools in which vocational education is given or contem- plated ; may recommend changes to boards of control of such schools and re- port to State board; perform such other duties as State board may direct. Salary of assistant superintendents, $4,000 each. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Colorado: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, two years; salary, $3,000. Duties: To preserve in his office at the capitol all official papers transmitted to him by county officers; decide all points touching the construction of the school laws and his decisions shall be final until set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction or by subse- quent legislation; prepare or cause to be prepared lists of questions to be used by county superintendents in the quarterly examinations of teachers; have general supervision of county superintendents and the public schools; prepare and furnish to teachers and officers the necessary blank forms, regis- ters, etc., which shall be charged to counties at cost ; have school laws printed in pamphlet form and supply school officers, school libraries, and State libra- ries with a copy each; make biennial report to governor before each session of the legislature; visit annually all counties, if possible; apportion public- school income fund to counties on the basis of school population. He may employ an assistant librarian to have charge of State library under State librarian. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), General certificates; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a). High schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Connecticut: See A (bl). State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libra- ries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Delaware: The governor shall appoint a commissioner of education who shall hold office for a term of two years, or until his successor qualifies; salary, $2,000. He must have had at least five years' experience in teaching and must be a graduate of a reputable college or normal school. His duties shall be directed toward the betterment and standardization of the public schools. He shall be secretary of the State board of education. The State auditor shall annually settle the account of each school district. See also A (bl). State boards; B (e), State aid for elementary education. Florida: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, four years; salary, $3,600. Duties: To have school laws printed and distribute the same, with necessary blanks, etc., to school 46 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. officers and teachers; hold conventions of county superintendents and other school officers; assemble teachers in institutes and employ instructors there- for; apportion the interest on the common-school fund and the fund raised by the 1-mill State tax to counties in proportion to average attendance at school of children between 6 and 21 years old; make such apportionment as seems just when returns upon which apportionment should be made are de- fective or have not been received ; decide appeals arising under the law or refer the same to the State board of education ; prescribe rules for the man- agement of the department of education ; prepare questions for county exami- nations and distribute the same to county superintendents; hold written examinations for State certificates; may grant life certificates; may order county examinations at other times than prescribed by law; shall file and preserve certified copies of the monthly lists of persons who have paid their poll taxes. The State treasurer shall be treasurer of State school funds and the county treasurer shall be treasurer of county school funds. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b3), State inspection of schools; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses ; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g). Child labor; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. Georgia: A State superintendent of schools shall be elected by the qualified electors; term, two years; salary, $3,000. He shall be charged with the ad- ministration of the school laws and the superintendence of the common . schools. He shall prescribe forms and blanks for subordinate school officers and shall from time to time transmit to such officers instructions by which they shall be governed, subject to appeal to State board of education. He shall, as often as possible, visit the several counties for inspection of the schools and the promotion of education. He shall see that proper actions are brought against officers for misappropriation of the school funds or other cause. He shall make an annual statistical report to the legislature. He shall be entitled to expenses. He shall give an official bond for $10,000. As secretary and executive officer of State board of education he shall receive $1,000 per annum (included in $3,000 salary). He must be a man of good moral character, of high educational standing, and must have had at least three years' experience in teaching or be a graduate of a reputable college or normal school or have had five years' experience in supervision. He shall enforce school laws and regulations of State board of education and shall make recommendations to said board. He may suspend a county superin- tendent for cause, subject to approval of State board. With approval of said board, superintendent may appoint three school supervisors to act under superintendent in the general supervision of the schools and to instruct in teachers' institutes and grade papers of applicants for professional certifi- cates or State licenses; salary of each, not exceeding $2,000 per annum and traveling expenses. Superintendent shall, with approval of State board, appoint at a salary of $2,000 per annum an experienced bookkeeper to audit accounts of county superintendents, local school officers. State educational institutions, and all State-aided schools. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (c2). County officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (c), Evening schools. A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 47 Idaho: State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected biennially by qualified voters; no person shall be a candidate for such office who does not hold a State or life certificate and a diploma from an approved normal school or university and is engaged in educational work ; he shall take oath of office and give bond for $2,000 ; he shall have an office at the State capitol, where he shall keep all official records ; he shall summon county superintendents or city superintendents and district principals of judicial circuits to conferences at time and place fixed by him. General duties: To have school laws printed and furnish them to school officers and libraries and also furnish blanks, etc., to teachers ; visit such counties as need his attention ; conduct correspondence to secure educational information. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study; L (k), Days of special observance; S (b). Public-school libraries; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Illinois: A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified electors; term, four years; salary, $7,500. Duties: To have an office and keep records at the State capital ; preserve all documents coming into his hands as superintendent; supervise public schools; confer with experienced teachers as to the best manner of conducting schools; advise and assist county super- intendents ; act as ex officio member of the board of trustees of the Southern Normal University; make rules necessary to carry out the school laws; give advice to school officers regarding the school laws; hear and determine all controversies coming to him by appeal from county superintendents; grant certificates to qualified teachers and suspend State certificates for cause; visit and insjject such charitable institutions as are educational in their character; report biennially to the governor as to the condition of the schools. Powers of superintendent: To designate statistics required to be reported by school officers to county superintendent; authorize county super- intendents to procure necessary assistance in conducting teachers' examina- tions ; require county superintendents to furnish information for his biennial report; require reports from townships, cities, and districts; remit, for good reason, the school fund forfeited by any township which may have failed to make reports required by law; require the auditor of public accounts to withhold from the county superintendent the amount due his county from the State school fund, or the said superintendent for his com- pensation, until the said superintendent makes the required annual report to State superintendent; request rer)orts from every university, college, or other educational institution; require that common-school township or other school fund be withheld from any township, district, officer, or teacher until required reports are made. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Indiana: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters at a general election; term, two years; salary, $5,000. Duties: To superintend generally the business of the common schools and of the school funds; report biennially to the governor in years when the legislature does not meet and biennially to the legislature when it meets; visit each county at least once in his term and examine the auditor's books and records relative to the school fund; report unsafe investment or misuse 48 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of the school funds to the legislature ; exercise supervision over school funds and revenues. He may prepare and furnish to school oflScers forms and rules for making reports and blanks therefor; he shall prescribe forms of bookkeeping for county auditors and treasurers; he shall have school laws printed and distributed to school townships. He may countersign life cer- tificates of teachers from other States if the requirements for obtaining said certificates shall be equivalent to those for obtaining the same certificate in Indiana, and said certificates shall be valid in any of the schools of the State. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County ofllcers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; H (f), Compulsory at- tendance; J (a), Health, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (b). High-school inspection; O (a). Industrial education, general; P (c), State universities and colleges. Iowa: The governor shall, with the consent of two-thirds of the senate, appoint a superintendent of public instruction; term, four years; salary, $4,000. He shall be a graduate of an accredited university or college, or of a normal school having a four-year course above the high school and shall have had at least five years' experience as a teacher or superintendent. He shall have general supervision of the rural, graded, and high schools and such other State and public schools as are not under the control of the State board of education or board of control of State institutions. Duties: To ascertain the condition of schools under his supervision; publish and distribute informa- tion regarding education; promote interest in education, including agricul- tural, industrial, and commercial training; classify schools and formulate suitable courses of study therefor; prescribe reports to be made by school oflScers and furnish blanks therefor; furnish circulars relative to the ob- servance of special days; hear and determine appeals; report annually to auditor the number of persons of school age; make biennially a statistical report to the governor; publish a pamphlet showing plans for schoolhouses ; appoint county institutes to be held in each county not more than twice each year; prepare questions for the examination of teachers and of graduates of the eighth grade; preserve educational reports and keep a record of official acts; have school laws printed every four years. He may require reports from time to time from all public-school officers. He may appoint a deputy and shall appoint a chief clerk and not exceeding three inspectors of schools. Deputy shall receive $2,500 annually ; inspectors shall receive $2,000 each. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (j). Agriculture; N (a). High schools. Kansas: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by vote of the qualified electors ; term, two years ; salary, $2,500 ; he shall take oath and give bond in sum of $10,000. He shall, subject to law, have supervision and management of the public schools; he may appoint an assistant and a clerk. He shall semiannually apportion the income from permanent fund and annual State taxes to counties on the basis of the number of persons between 5 and 21 years old, and shall draw his order in favor of county treas- urers for the same when required reports have been made. He shall, at the request of the county superintendent and on a written statement of facts, give his opinion on all matters and controversies arising out of the interpretation of the school laws. He shall, not oftener than every two years, have school A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 49 laws published; he shall prepare and furnish to school officers all necessary forms and blanks ; he shall at least once in every two years visit every county in the State ; he shall, before each biennial session of the legislature, make a istatistical and financial report to the governor. See also A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, (etc.; B (c), Permanent State school funds; D (e), United States flag in schools; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g). Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; R (b). Corporations of an educational character. Kentucky: State superintendent of public instruction shall enter upon his duties in January after his election; shall give bond of at least $25,000; shall have salary of $2,500; office fixtures, etc., and three clerks. He shall appoint two professional educators, and these two with himself shall con- stitute a State board of examiners, who shall examine all applicants for certificates for county superintendent, for State diplomas, or State certifi- cates. This board shall prepare questions for examination of candidates for county superintendent and for teachers. State superintendent shall keep his office at seat of government ; devote all his time to his office ; make biennial reports to legislature and print same ; report on institutions for blind, deaf, and feeble-minded ; prepare blanks for reports, registers, certificates, etc. ; shall biennially collect, edit, and publish school laws and decisions bearing on same ; shall report county superintendents and others for neglect of duty ; on written request shall decide questions of difference or doubt touching administrative duties of officers and teachers, with appeal to State board of education allowed; shall appoint agents to take charge of gifts and dona- tions to common-school fund, who shall sell and dispose of same and pay proceeds into State treasury; said agent shall give bond, make settlement- ivith county court, and be liable for damages ; State superintendent " should Tisit various portions of State In the interests of the common schools"; $500 appropriated to cover this expense. Superintendent elected by vote of the people; term, four years. State superintendent is authorized to act as special State inspector and examiner of all schools receiving public funds; he shall take oath and give bond; receive annually $1,500 for this special duty; have power to appoint two assistants; have additional allowance for traveling and clerk hire; assistants must give bond. State superintendent, as special inspector, through cooperation of his assistants, shall inspect and examine into fiscal manage- ment of all school officials handling public funds; have access to records, issue process, compel attendance of witnesses and administer oaths; shall report violations of school law to State board of education. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (g), Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Louisiana: State superintendent shall be elected by qualified voters, of State j term, four years; salary, $5,000 per year. Powers and duties of supermr tendent: To make biennial report to legislature ; keep records subject to, in- spection by governor; have general supervision of parish school boards and of all common, high, and normal schools; he ex officio mewiber of l?o^rd of 3966"— 15 i 50 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. supervisors of State university and agricultural and mechanical college, State normal school, State industrial schools. State institute for deaf and dumb, State institute for blind, Southern University, and of all other insti- tutions of learning under control of State or aided in whole or in part by State; visit parishes and confer with parish superintendents; may appoint secretaries and clerks; report to State board of education any neglect of directors, superintendents, or teachers; hold annual conventions for parish superintendents and parish board members; give information required by school officers. Expenses of superintendent shall be allowed. Governor shall fill any vacancy in office of State superintendent. Attorney general shall give opinions relative to school laws when requested. All State boards and commissions and other public offices created by law, and all educational and eleemosynary institutions, including parish school boards, road and drainage districts, shall quarterly furnish fiscal statements and vouchers to supervisor of public accounts; said supervisor shall report findings to governor and to office investigated. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; J (b). Medical in- spection; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries. Maine : Governor, with consent of council, shall appoint a State superintendent of public schools; term, three years, or during pleasure of the executive. Duties: To have general supervision of all public schools; obtain and dissem- inate information about schools in other States and countries and give other useful educational information; hold State educational convention once a year; encourage formation of county teachers' associations, approve rules therefor, and supervise conduct of meetings; have printed important parts of proceedings of State teachers' conventions; have school laws printed biennially after adjournment of legislature, and issue circulars of informa- tion; prescribe studies for common schools, reserving to school committees the right to prescribe additional studies; furnish school officers of towns with proper blank books for keeping records ; assume control of free public schools established by gifts and bequests when such gifts and bequests are so con- ditioned; perform all duties imposed upon him by any charters granted by legislature; report annually to governor and council; prepare and furnish to town officers necessary blanks for making required firancial reports, which reports must be made or State funds shall be withheld; have printed blank forms for all other returns required and furnish them to towns ; notify towns whose returns are not received; ascertain on July 1 number of children 5 to 21 years old, and report to State treasurer. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c), Local taxa- tion; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (c). Teachers' pensions; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g). Child labor; L (i), Manual and industrial education; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; P (c). State universities and colleges. Maryland; Governor, with advice and consent of senate, shall appoint a super- intendent of public instruction, who shall serve four years ; shall be ex officio a member of the State board of education ; he may be removed ; shall have a salary fixed by State board not to exceed $3,000, with an allowance of $500 for traveling expenses and $1,000 for stationery, office fixtures, and supplies ; shall cause to be printed and distributed to public-school teachers a pamphlet A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 61 on observation of Arbor Day, a teachers' manual of institute work, the pro- ceedings of the Maryland State Teachers' Association, and other circulars; State board shall approve expenditures; State superintendent shall appoint a clerk, who shall act as clerk of the board and be paid a salary not to ex- ceed $1,200. Duties of superintendent: Shall inform himself and State board as to conditions of public schools throughout the State ; diffuse information ; receive and present to State board reports of various county boards; examine their statements of expenditures; indorse such normal-school diplomas from other States as he may think proper; arrange dates for teachers' meetings; assist county superintendent in preparation of program for county institute and attend same when possible and give instruction; conserve the interests and promote the efliciency of public schools and is the secretary of the board ; State sui^erinteudent shall, subject to confirmation by the board, appoint an assistant State superintendent, at Siilary of $2,000, who shall act for and in place of State superintendent in such branches of his office and field work as may be intrusted to him ; subject to removal by the State superintendent. ( State board provides in its by-laws that State superintendent shall inspect annually the high schools of the State, furnish a list of accredited high schools, with suggestions as to their improvement ; supervise and inspect work of the manual-training, agricultural, industrial, and commercial depart- ments of approved high schools; collect statistics. When secretary to State board of education is designated to act as treasurer he shall give bond, pay by check, and indicate source of each item of income. ) See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Massachusetts: The State board of education shall appoint a commissioner of education for a term of five years, and may fix his salary at a sum approved by the governor and council ; said commissioner may be removed from office by vote of six members of board. Duties and powers: To be executive officer of board ; supervise all educational work supported in whole or in part by the State; report on the same to the board; may, when authorized by board, approve bills for expenditures from appropriations and funds placed under the direction of the board ; collect and distribute information relative to pub- lic schools and the best system of studies and best method of instruction; visit different parts of the' State in interest of education; collect such school- books, apparatus, maps, and charts as may be obtained without cost; publish parts of annual report of board, the expense thereof to be paid out of con- tingent expenses of board and not to exceed $500 in any one year; attend teachers' meetings. The powers, duties, salaries, and terms of two deputy commissioners shall be as determined by the board. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State school funds; F (c). Teachers' pensions; Q (b). Agricul- tural colleges; T (c), Schools for the blind. Michigan: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at each biennial election; salary, $4,000. He shall have general supervision of in- struction in all public schools and in all State institutions that are educa- tional in their character. He shall be a graduate of a university, college, or normal school of good standing and shall have had at least five years* experience as a teacher or superintendent of schools. He shall be a mem- ber of all boards having control of instruction in State institutions, with 52 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the right to speak but not to vote. Duties: To visit State educational insti- tutions and meet with their governing bodies; direct the supervision of county normal training classes; require all boards of education to observe the laws relating to schools; examine and audit the records and accounts of any school district and require corrections thereof, require all school districts to provide educational facilities for all children resident therein for at least the statutory period ; malie annual report to the governor show- ing educational conditions of the State, including State institutions; appoint time and place for a teachers' institute and for institutes in the several counties and make rules for their management; request the governor to remove for cause any county commissioner of schools or member of the board of school examiners; remove from office for cause any member of any school board except of city school districts, but any person so removed may appeal to a court of competent jurisdiction; do all things necessary to promote the general welfare of the public schools. Said State superintendent may appoint at a salary of $2,500 annully a deputy superintendent who shall have same qualifications as State superintendent; he may also appoint an assistant superintendent at a salary of $1,800 annually; superintendent may remove either of said officers in his discretion. State superintendent may pre- pare and have printed rules governing township and district libraries; he shall prepare a course of study which shall be pursued in all the district schools, except in city school districts; with the cooperation of the State librarian, he shall prepare at least every two years lists of books suitable for township and district libraries and furnish copies of the same to township and district school officers, except for city school libraries and high-school libra- ries, and such officers shall select and purchase books from such lists for their respective libraries. He shall annually apportion the primary school interest fund to the several townships and cities in proportion to the number of chil- dren in each between 5 and 21 years old. In case of defective returns from any county, township, city, or district, superintendent may apportion fund on best evidence obtainable ; when any county, township, city, or district shall fail to receive its share of the fund, superintendent shall, upon satisfactory proof that said county, township, city, or district is entitled to the same, apportion such deficiency in his next apportionment. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (c), County and local normal school; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; O (b). Agricultural schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; R (b), Corporations of educational character; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Minnesota: Superintendent of education shall be appointed by the governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate, for term of four years; said superintendent shall appoint a deputy, who shall perform his duties when absent or disabled, and three other assistants, a rural school commissioner, and supervisor of school libraries, and may employ other necessary clerks and assistants and fix their compensation not to exceed appropriation there- for; superintendent and appointees shall receive necessary expenses for trav- eling and other incidental expenses incurred in performance of official duties, to be paid from contingent fund or from appropriation made for purpose. State superintendent shall exercise general supervision over public schools and public education agencies; prescribe rules for the several classes of public schools receiving special State aid ; classify and standardize rural and A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 53 Other public schools and prepare for them outlines asd suggestive courses of study; issue certificates to teachers and supervisors; confer with the various school oflSicials; make annual report to legislature through the governor in even-numbered years; prepare uniform system of records for public schools; require reports from county and other superintendents and pincipals of schools, teachers, school oflScers, and chief officers of public and other educa- tional institutions; establish a uniform system of accounting for public- school oflacers; prescribe rules and examine all plans and specifications for school buildings, which plans and specifications shall first be approved by him before contract is let ; make rules for sanitary regulation ; may condemn buildings and sites which are unfit or unsafe; shall proclaim annual " Minne- sota Day," which shall be observed by public schools with appropriate exer- cises. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; H (f), Compulsory at- tendance; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Mississippi: Superintendent of public education shall require annually, or oftener, detailed reports from county superintendents; shall prepare and furnish them blanks of all sorts and questions for examination of teachers; shall print school laws and forms; may meet county superintendents to accumulate facts, compare views, discuss principles, hear suggestions on qualifications of teachers, methods of instruction, textbooks, institutes, etc.; he shall on request of county superintendent give his opinion on any written statement of fact and shall advise them on welfare of schools. He shall keep his office in the capitol, give bond, and have a seal; he shall have general supervision of free public schools, and may prescribe rules and regulations; shall preserve in his office school documents, books, pamphlets, etc., for use of the office; shall apportion semiannually the common-school fund to the coun- ties and separate school districts according to the number of educable children and furnish the auditor with same; shall not act as agent for any author, publisher, or bookseller; shall print a biennial report with statistics of receipts and disbursements, pupils, etc., the condition of normal and higher institutions, of private institutions, and of general information ; the biennial report shall be for the two years " ending 30th day of June next preceding the legislative session " and shall be printed and distributed by December 1 fol- lowing. This provision applies to " each and every educational, eleemosynary, and other institutions supported in whole or in part by the State" except the insurance, treasury, and auditing departments. Superintendent elected by vote of the people ; term, four years ; salary, $2,500. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (b). State school lands; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; H (b). School census; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Missouri: A State superintendent of public schools shall be elected by the qualified voters at the general election; term, four years; salary, $3,000; gov- ernor shall fill vacancy by appointment until next general election. He shall give bond in the penal sum of $10,000. Powers and duties: To reside and keep his office at the seat of government; exercise supervision over the educa- tional funds of the State; may require of school officers copies of records which they are required to make and also other information relating to the funds and condition of schools ; shall cause school laws and necessary blanks 54 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. to be printed and distributed to each county for the use of school oflScers; shall have power to examine teachers and grant certificates and revoke the same for cause, but shall require no fee or receive no compensation therefor. He may appoint a chief clerk at a salary of $2,000 per annum. He shall report annually to the governor and to the legislature when in session; he shall in person or by deputy advise county officers on matters pertaining to the school law; he may visit and inspect schools and make suggestions relating thereto; he may visit and assist in teachers' and other educational meetings. Said superintendent may classify the public high schools. First class must maintain a four-year course in English, mathematics, science, and history for at least nine months each year, and must employ at least three approved teachers for their entire time; second class must maintain a three- year course for nine months each year and employ at least two teachers for their entire time; third class must maintain a two-year course for eight months and employ at least one teacher for entire time. All work completed in an accredited high school shall receive full credit for entrance and classifi- cation in any educational institution supported wholly or in part by the State. Superintendent shall in person or by deputy visit and inspect high schools for the purpose of classification. He shall not act as agent for textbooks, furniture, equipment, or supplies, and shall receive no gift or reward for his influence in the sale of the same. State educational institutions, except the school for the blind and the school for the deaf, shall report to the State superintendent and their reports shall be incorporated in the superintendent's annual report. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; C (a), Local finance and support, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (c). County and local normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Montana: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by quali- fied electors for term of four years; he shall have attained the age of 30, have resided in the State two years, and be the holder of a State certificate recognized by State board of education or be a graduate of some university, college, or normal school recognized by said board. Salary, $3,000 and traveling expenses not to exceed $2,000. General powers: To have general supervision of public schools; appoint a deputy at salary of $2,100; rural- school inspector at salary of $2,100; and two clerks at $1,200 each. Duties: To preserve books, reports, plans for schoolhouses, etc., which are of educa- tional interest; furnish to school officers all necessary registers, blanks, etc., and copies of school laws ; have school laws printed at least once in four years ; report biennially preceding session of legislature; have report printed and distributed to officers, libraries, etc. ; prepare or cause to be prepared a course of study for the public schools ; prepare, with approval of State board, rules for teachers' institutes and summer schools; prepare lists of instructors from which county superintendents shall select for institutes and summer schools; counsel with county superintendents and decide appeals from them; prepare, with approval of State board, all questions for examination of teachers; apportion State school fund among counties in proportion to number of children of school age; prepare lists of books suitable for school libraries and prescribe rules for the conduct of such libraries. State superin- tendent may issue temporary State teachers' certificates. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 56 certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; O (a). Industrial education, general; S (b). Public-school libraries. Nebraska: Books and papers of State superintendent shall at all times be sub- ject to examination by governor, or auditor, or a committee from either branch of legislature. State superintendent shall organize teachers' insti- tutes and attend as far as practicable such institutes; visit schools and advise with teachers and school officers; decide disputed points in school law; prescribe forms for reports and make regulations for proceedings; publish school laws; make annual report to governor; cause his report to be printed and distributed to members of legislature and to county and city superintendents and to State superintendents of other States; semi- annually apportion school funds ; may appoint a deputy State superintendent, who shall receive $1,800 per year. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (b), Free textbooks; N (a). High schools. Nevada: The superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the quali- fied electors of the State at the same time and in the same manner as the governor is elected; term, four years; salary, $3,600. Powers and duties: To visit each county at least once every year to conduct institutes, visit schools, and address public assemblies; apportion State funds; apportion county funds among districts; make biennial report to governor; prescribe rules and to prepare blank reports for schools; convene State teachers' insti- tute in even-numbered years, and five district institutes in odd-numbered years ; engage institute teachers and lecturers, institutes to continue not less than 4 nor more than 10 days; issue orders against State general fund for institute expenses, same not to be more than $500 for State and $250 for district institutes; require, except for good cause, attendance of teachers at institutes without loss of salary for time thus spent; call, with approval of county commissioners, county institutes, expenses of which shall not exceed $100, paid out of county general fund; call meetings of State board; require quarterly reports from deputy superintendents; have printing done at State printing office; arrange and supply blank forms and teachers' reg- isters; employ stenographic clerk at salary of $1,200 per year, payable out of State treasury ; serve as curator of State museum.. There shall be five educational supervision districts. State board of edu- cation shall appoint five deputy superintendents, who shall be residents in districts where appointed ; term, four years. Deputy superintendents shall devote entire time to supervision ; shall hold teacher's certificate of high-school grade ; shall have had no less than 45 months' experience in teaching, at least 20 months' in Nevada. Duties of each deputy superintendent: To visit each school in district at least twice a year; examine records and observe work of schools; advise with teachers; inspect buildings and equipment; confer with trustees and county officers as to needs of schools; hold teachers' meet- ings; assist at institutes; act as deputy examiner at teachers' examinations; be member of board of educational examiners; aid in preparing courses of study; attend meetings of State board; file with county auditors directories of bona fide teachers ; investigate protested school orders and instruct county auditors in reference thereto; suspend certificates of teachers failing to at- 56 STATE LAWS KELATTNG TO TUBLIC EDUCATION. tend institutes without satisfactory excuse; suspend certificates for cause; inspect records of school trustees; grade and classify schools; appoint dis- trict trustees when voters fail to elect. Compensation of each deputy super- intendent shall be $2,000 per year, paid out of the general State fund, as are salaries of other State officers; traveling expenses not to exceed $800 per year and office expenses not to exceed $350 per year shall be paid out of gen- eral State fund. State superintendent shall confer upon deputy superintend- ents such power to act in his name as he sees fit. The State board, upon recom- mendation by State superintendent, may remove any deputy superintendent for cause. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and sup- port; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (b), School census; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded. New Hampshire: State superintendent of public instruction shall have general supervision and control of educational interests of State; shall be ap- pointed by governor, with advice of the council, and may be dismissed at any time by governor and council; salary shall be fixed by governor and council, not to exceed $4,000 per year. State superintendent may appoint three deputies, at least one of whom shall be a woman; salary of each deputy shall be fixed by governor and council, not exceeding $2,500 annually and necessary traveling expenses. Deputies shall assist school officials in the introduction and development of vocational branches, in improvement of school buildings and equipment, the transportation of pupils, and other educational matters. State superintendent shall prescribe and distribute teachers' registers and report blanks; receive or distribute educational documents; receive reports of school boards; see that the law in reference to teaching physiology and hygiene is properly enforced; make a biennial report ; may, at close of each biennial session of the legislature, have com- piled and issued an edition of the school laws not exceeding 2,000 copies; visit and lecture upon educational subjects; organize, superintend, and hold at least one teachers' institute in each county each year; may appoint the principal of the State normal school or some other suitable person to hold any institute. State treasurer shall invest as a permanent institute fund proceeds of State lands; income thereof shall be set apart for support of teachers' institutes. Expenses of teachers' institutes, as paid by State superin- tendent out of institute fund, shall be annually audited by the governor and council. State superintendent shall make annual report of institutes and expenses thereof, and shall forward copy of same to chairman of every school board in State. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (e). School meetings, elec- tions, etc.; G (b). State normal schools; H (fK Compulsory attendance; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a). High schools. New Jersey: Commissioner of education shall be appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate; term five years, salary $10,000 per year; com- missioner shall be selected regardless of State of residence. Duties of com- missioner, with advice and consent of State board of education, shall be : To designate secretary of State board; to appoint, with advice and consent of State board, four assistant commissioners of education, salary of each to be $4,500 per year; to designate one of such assistants to act as supervisor A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 67 of secondary education, one to act as supervisor of elementary education, one to act as supervisor of industrial education, and one to hear controver- sies and disputes arising under school laws or the rules and regulations of State board or of commissioner of education ; to ascertain efficiency of public schools by tests and examination, or otherwise, and report findings to State board; to prescribe minimum course of study for elementary and secondary schools; to prescribe method of ascertaining what children are three years or more below normal ; to hold annual meetings of city and county superin- tendents; to direct withholding of funds from district that refuses or neg- lects to abide by school laws or rules; to report monthly to State board. Said commissioner shall be one of trustees of school fund. Said commissioner and each of his assistants may administer oaths and compel attendance of witnesses. Suitable office and expenses therefor shall be provided for said commissioner at State capitol. Said commissioner may appoint and fix salaries of employees of his office, salaries to be within limits set by legisla- ture. Additional duties of commissioner: To be secretary of State board and a member, ex officio, of all boards of examiners; supervise all schools receiving any part of State appropriation; instruct county and city superin- tendents as to their duties; decide, subject to appeal to State board, contro- versies and disputes arising under school law and rules of said board; keep record of official acts ; fill vacancy in office of county superintendent, subject to approval of State board; for good cause, withhold salaries of teachers and school officials; apportion Stat6 school fund to the several counties on basis of aggregate number of days' attendance of pupils during preceding year, and shall certify apportionment to county superintendents, county collectors, and to State comptroller; prepare and cause to be printed forms for school re- ports; make annual report to State board. Head of each public and of each private educational institution shall make annual report to said commis- sioner, but fiscal report shall not be required of private schools, and reports of private schools shall not be published. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; B (d). State taxation for school purposes; C (a). Local finance and support, general; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (d). School holidays; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; L (1), Other special sub- jects; M (c). Evening schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; T (c), Schools for the blind. New Mexico: State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected for term of four years ; shall be a citizen of the United States, at least 30 years old, resident of New Mexico at least five years, and a trained and experienced educator; salary of said superintendent shall be $3,000 per year. Powers and duties: To have general supervision of public education; visit State institu- tions and meet with boards of such institutions at .least once a year; have supervision over rural schools, acting through county superintendents; have such supervision over city, town, and village schools as shall be necessary in harmonizing and systematizing reports and in securing uniform operation of the public-school system; have supervision over the records and accounts of any school district; may suspend county superintendent and institute, or cause to be instituted, proceedings against county superintendents not possess- ing required qualifications; give opinion on school laws; visit each county for purpose of holding teachers' meetings, advising with school officials, and 58 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. awakening interest in the cause of education ; file official reports ; cause to be prepared in Englisli and Spanish blanks and forms; cause to be published copies of school laws ; prepare and furnish programs for Lincoln Day ; prepare a program for a uniform salute to the flag; publish annually a report of all schools in the State; be secretary of State board of education. Office of State superintendent shall be at the seat of government. State superintendent may issue temporary permits to teachers. State superintendent shall make appor- tionment of current school fund among the several counties pro rata according to the enumeration of children of school age in each county, and shall certify apportionment for each county to the State treasurer and auditor and to the treasurer and superintendent in each courTty, and said auditor shall draw his warrants on State treasurer in favor of county treasurers; such money shall become a part of the general school fund and shall be apportioned as other moneys in said fund. Whenever the income of a school district is not suffi- cient to maintain a school for the full term of five months, the State superin- tendent shall, upon evidence of such fact being presented by the county superin- tendent, make requisition upon the reserve school fund through the State auditor in favor of treasurer of said county for said district for amount necessary to maintain said school for five months; no more than $300 shall be expended per schoolroom for such purpose, a schoolroom to represent 50 children or fraction thereof. The State superintendent shall appoint a State director of industrial education and prescribe his duties. See also A (bl), ^tate boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a). General State finance iind support; E (b), Teach- ers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (d), School holidays; H (f), Compulsory attendance; P (c), State uni- versities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Q (d). Mining schools. New York: The commissioner of education shall be elected by a majority vote of the regents, salary $10,000 per year and $1,000 for expenses ; to serve dur- ing pleasure of the board of regents; said commissioner may be elected from within or without the State. Oeneral powers and duties: To be chief execu- tive officer of State system of education and of board of regents; have super- vision over all schools and institutions subject to the provisions of this act; be ex officio a trustee of Cornell University; be responsible for property in charge of regents, and for administration and discipline of offices and divi- sions of education department; annul, for cause, any certificate or diploma; keep record of all certificates and diplomas issued by State normal schools; prepare forms for reports and distribute same to school officers; administer oaths and take affidavits; furnish, by means of pictorial or graphic repre- sentations, additional facilities for instruction in certain subjects; have such other powers and duties as regents may determine. Said commissioner may, upon proof and for good cause, remove any school officer from office; may withhold from any city or district its share of public money for willfully dis- obeying law ; may institute legal proceedings to enforce education law. The schools of every union, free-school district and of every city shall be subject to the visitation and supervision of said commissioner. All school officers shall make such reports as said commissioner may require. Any person conceiving himself aggrieved may appeal or petition to commis- sioner of education, who shall examine and decide the same ; action of said commissioner shall be final and not subject to review by the courts. Such action may be taken in consequence of any action by school district meeting; by any school officer relative to forming or altering a district or in refusing to apportion school moneys ; by a supervisor in refusing to pay school moneys A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 69 to a district; by trustees of district in any official act; by trustees of any scliool library; by any other act of any school authorities. See also A (bl), State board;s,; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (a). Local finance and support, general; C (c), Local taxation; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State nor- mal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; H (h), Separation of the races; J (b). Medi- cal inspection; L (j), Agriculture; L (k). Days of special observance; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (b). Agricultural schools; Q (b). Agricul- tural colleges; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; S (b), Public- school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. North Carolina: Elected by qualified voters; term, four years; salary, $3,000. Powers and duties: Shall publish school law annually; shall send to each, school officer a circular enumerating his duties; shall have printed all forms necessary for carrying out the provisions of this chapter; may have educational bulletins issued and distributed; shall report biennially to governor; shall sign all requisitions on auditor for payment of school moneys; shall have general direction of the school system and enforcement of school law, all school officers being required to obey his instructions; shall see to enforcement of law creating a permanent loan fund for erection of schoolhouses. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers; C (a), Local finance and support, general; E (b), Teachers' certifi- cates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; O (b). Agricultural schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded. North Dakota: A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State; term, two years; salary, $3,000. He shall be a qualified voter, over 25 years old, and holder of a teacher's certificate of the highest grade issued in the State. He shall have supervision of the public schools and be a member of board of university and school lands and of normal-school board. He shall prepare and furnish records, blanks, etc., for school officers and teachers; shall furnish lists of books suitable for school libraries; shall prescribe a course of study for the common schools; shall advise county superintendents and school boards of independent dis- tricts; shall decide appeals from county superintendents; shall convene any or all county superintendents at time and place designated by hiih; shall prescribe rules and course of instruction for teachers' institutes and train- ing schools, and in consultation with county superintendents shall appoint conductors and assistants therefor; shall attend and assist in institutes when practicable. Further duties: To keep complete record of his official acts; provide and keep a seal; make a statistical and financial report in November preceding the biennial session of the legislature. There shall be printed 3,000 copies of such report. He shall publish the school laws every four years. He shall publish annually not exceeding 1,500 copies of the proceedings of the State educational association. He may appoint a deputy and an assistant. In all petitions and affidavits for the nomination of candidates for State superintendent and county superintendents no refer- ence shall be made to the party affiliation of candidates; at primary elec- 60 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tion such officers shall be voted for on a separate "nonpartisan school ballot." See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (b), Free textbooks. Ohio: There shall be a superintendent of public instruction, who shall be ap- pointed by the governor; term, four years; salary, $4,000 per year. No person who is interested financially or otherwise in any book-publishing or book-selling company shall be eligible for office of State superintendent. The said superintendent may employ necessary clerks, stenographers, and assistants for his office, and fix their compensation, with approval of governor. State superintendent shall give bond in sum of $5,000. Duties and powers: To give attendance at his office not less than 10 months each year, except when absent on official duty; visit each judicial district each year; superintend teachers' institutes; confer with boards of education and other school officers; visit schools and deliver educational lectures; collate school laws, and provide an appendix of forms for their execution, and dis- tribute the same for use of school officers; prescribe forms and regulations for reports, and transmit the same to school officers; issue a manual for arbor-day exercises, and transmit same to teachers; require annual reports of private schools; make annual report to the governor; have supervision over school funds of State; require copies of reports made by treasurers of counties, boards of education, clerks and treasurers of such boards, and other local school officers, and may require of such officers any other information relative to schools and school funds. In any case where fraudulent use of school funds is suspected, three taxpayers of the school district may make complaint in writing, verify it by affidavits of at least three such taxpayers, with the certificate of county auditor attached, and file such complaint with the State superintendent ; upon receipt of such complaint said superintendent shall appoint an examiner, who shall be sworn, to make Investigation of such complaint; the examiner shall have access to all papers relative to subject of investigation; upon completion of investigation, examiner shall file one copy of his report with clerk of court of common pleas of the county and transmit another copy to State superintendent ; examiner shall receive $5 for each day actually engaged in investigation and 5 cents mileage, the same to be paid from the county treasury; if complaint be sustained, the school district shall be taxed for such compensation. If it shall appear that fraudulent use of school moneys has been made, the judge of the county court of common pleas shall report the same to the grand jury ; the prose- cuting attorney of the county shall prosecute proceedings against the de- linquent officer or officers. Further duties: Appoints high-school inspectors, members of the State board of school examiners, and supervisors of agri- cultural education; approves applications for State aid to standardized schools and approves rules and regulations of the county board of school examiners; calls the high-school inspectors for conference; countersigns all State certificates; directs the writing of the county examination questions; furnishes the certificates of promotion to elementary-school graduates; fur- nishes placards for standardized schools; gives auditor of State abstract of enumeration of unmarried youth between the ages of 6 and 21; issues pro- visional certificates and renews professional certificates; maps out agri- cultural districts ; prescribes instructors for county normal schools ; receives A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 61 applications for county normal schools; receives reports of the county, city, and State boards of school examiners. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and sum- mer schools; L (e), Moral and ethical education; L (j), Agriculture; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: Educational interests of State shall be under control and manage- ment of State superintendent of public instruction; said superintendent shall give bond in sum of $5,000, and shall have office at seat of government. Said superintendent shall certify semiannual apportionment of income of State school fund and annual taxes for school purposes to county superin- tendents ; shall give written opinions relative to school laws upon request of school officials; shall, not more than once in two years, publish school laws, and shall prepare and distribute to county and city superintendents, who shall in turn distribute them to other school officials, all forms and blanks for educational purposes; shall make complete biennial report to governor pre- ceding each regular session of legislature; shall act upon any written com- plaint relative to immoral or illegal offenses committed by any instructor or school official. State superintendent shall be a male, not less than 30 years old, a citizen of United States, and a qualified elector of State for three years preceding his election; salary shall be $2,500 per year, and term of office four years. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (j), Agriculture. Oregon: A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at the general election; term, four years; salary, $3,000. Duties: To exercise general super- intendence of county and district school officers and of the public schools; visit annually, as far as practicable, every county in the State; visit and assist in county institutes; visit educational meetings outside the State when practicable; visit and inspect the principal schools of the State and keep statistics of the condition of the schools ; visit, when practicable, the chartered educational institutions of the State and secure statistical information there- from; distribute to county superintendents necessary blanks, registers, etc., for use of school officers and teachers; act as secretary of the State board of education and compile school laws ordered printed by said board; issue printed letters and circulars to school officers and teachers and to the general cause of education ; decide appeals from county superintendents arising under the school laws or rules and regulations of the State board of education, but he may submit questions so arising to said State board, and attorney general may be requested, and it shall be his duty, to give opinions ; cause to be held annually a State teachers' association; make out quarterly a statement of his traveling expenses, which shall not exceed $900 per annum. He shall biennially make a financial and statistical report to the legislature. The State superintendent may employ two assistants to travel throughout the State and promote instruction in agriculture, manual training, and home economics. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (c), County and local normal schools; G (d), Teach- 62 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; R (b), Corporations of educational character; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Pennsylvania: The superintendent of public instruction shall have supervision of all public schools. Further poivers and duties: Shall sign all orders on State treasurer for payment of State school funds to treasurers of school dis- tricts ; shall prepare and furnish blank forms and instructions for annual dis- trict and other reports; shall submit a full annual report to the legislature; shall give information to school officers and citizens relative to school laws and other school matters when requested; shall classify high schools; shall have charge of department of public instruction seal ; shall appoint two dep- uty superintendents of public instruction, one expert assistant each in agri- cultural education, industrial education, drawing, and four inspectors of high schools and other schools, together with such other employees as shall be pro- vided by law ; shall issue commissions to superintendents and assistant super- intendents of schools ; shall fill vacancies occurring in office of county super- intendent until next regular election, giving consideration to recommendations of county directors' associations in reference thereto ; shall prescribe mini- mum courses of study for public schools; shall prepare and furnish sample blank forms for school accounts and bonds; may give decisions and interpre- tations of school law, which shall be binding until reversed by proper judicial authority ; may administer oaths relative to affairs of his office ; may make valid for teaching in Pennsylvania permanent or life teachers' certificates from any other State ; may condemn any school property unfit for use, and to withhold and declare forfeited the annual appropriation for such school until such condition is remedied; may print at State expense his annual report. Salaries of State superintendent and of his appointees shall be as fixed by law, commensurate with the importance of duties and positions. Superinteud- ent shall be appointed by governor with consent of two-thirds of Senate ; term, four years. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (a), Health, general; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a). High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), State officers; T (e). Schools for feeble-minded. Rhode Island: A commissioner of public schools shall be annually elected by State board of education; in case of temporary absence or disability gov- ernor may appoint a person to act as commissioner. Powers and duties of commissioner: To employ clerical assistance, not to exceed in cost $1,750 per year, payable out of State treasury; apportion school funds to cities and towns ; shall visit and inspect schools of State and advise with school officers, teachers, and parents; under direction of State board of education, shall bring about uniformity of textbooks; assist in establishment of, and selection of books for, school libraries; prepare and distribute program of exercises for Arbor Day; make annual report to State board; prepare and furnish pro- gram of exercises for Grand Army Flag Day and for "Rhode Island Inde- pendence Day"; with approval of State board, appoint assistant commis- sioner of public schools. State board shall fix salaries of commissioner and assistant commissioner of schools; for such purpose $7,000 shall be annually appropriated. A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 63 Any person aggrieved by any decision or action of any school committee may appeal to commissioner of public schools, who shall decide the appeal without cost to the parties; no such aggrieved party shall, however, be denied any legal remedy; the commissioner of public schools may, and if requested shall, lay such appeal before a justice of the supreme court, whose decision shall be final ; said commissioner may prescribe rules for such cases so as to prevent appeals for trifling and frivolous causes. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary educa- tion; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; J (b). Medical inspection; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. South Carolina: A State superintendent of education shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, two years; salary, $1,900. Duties: To have supervi- sion over all the public-school funds: visit each county as often as practicable; secure, with the advice of the State board of education, uniformity of text- boolis ; forbid the use of sectarian or partisan books ; prepare and furnish to county superintendents necessary blanlis, etc., for school officials and teach- ers ; publish school laws of the State and furnish the same to county superin- tendents for distribution ; report annually to the governor, and all institutions of higher learning shall report annually to superintendent. A vacancy in the office of superintendent shall be filled by the governor with the consent of the senate. See also A (bl). State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (e). Military schools; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; R (b), Corporations of an educa- tional character; T (b), Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified electors; term, two years; salary, $1,800. He shall have the general supervision of the county schools and high schools and of city and county superintendents. Duties: To meet the county superintendents in con- vention at least once each year; inspect, in person or by assistant, all high schools and may accredit them to higher institutions; render opinions to county superintendents regarding the school law and determine appeals from county superintendents on revocation of teachers' certificates ; furnish blanks and forms to county superintendents; report biennially to the governor; attend teachers' institutes and prescribe rules for holding county normal insti- tutes ; prepare and send to county superintendents lists of institute conductors from which said superintendents must select; hold annually a meeting of institute conductors; hold at least twice each year examinations for State certificates and life diplomas; prepare all questions for the examination of teachers by the county superintendent. He may appoint a deputy. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (b). State aid, approval of plans; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; E (f). Teachers' associations, reading circles; L (i), Manual and industrial education. Tennessee: State superintendent shall be a person of literary and scientific attainments and of skill and experience in teaching. He shall be nominated by governor and confirmed by senate; term, two years; salary, $3,000. He shall be a member and secretary and treasurer of the State board of educa- tion ; he shall be a member of all other State educational bodies or associa- 64 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tions. Governor may remove superintendent for cause. Duties of superin- tendent: To collect and disseminate educational information; make tours of inspection of schools; suspend schools and hold teachers' meeting one day in a year; execute school laws and regulations; prepare and distribute blanks for use of oflicers and teachers; have school laws printed and furnish to school officers; appoint, at his discretion, persons in each county to inspect schools and report to him, but no compensation shall be allowed for such services; require county superintendents to report annually, and he may re- quire special reports ; appoint some one to make report when county superin- tendent fails to do so, and deduct expense from such superintendent's salary ; prescribe mode of examining and licensing teachers and their necessary qualifications; issue certificates to public-school teachers; report annually to comptroller the school census of each county ; make biennially a statistical report to governor. As secretary and treasurer of State board of educa- tion superintendent shall have supervision of the disbursement of all moneys appropriated for all normal schools and institute funds. As such secretary and treasurer he shall give bond for $10,000. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Texas: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by vote of the people; term, two years; salary, $2,500; appeal shall lie from superin- tendent to State board of education. General duties: To administer school laws and supervise public schools generally ; hear and determine appeals from subordinate school officers, which determination shall be final unless reversed by State board; prescribe forms and blanks for school officers and teachers and transmit to them instructions, which shall be binding; examine and approve all accounts against school fund. He shall visit different sections of the State to address meetings, etc., and legislature shall appropriate for his expenses; he shall have school laws printed; he shall make biennial re- port to State board, which report governor shall lay before legislature; he shall require reports from school officers and teachers; he shall prorate monthly the available school fund to counties, cities, towns, and separate school districts. Comptroller shall keep account of available State school fund from every source and shall give estimate annually to State board of education; he shall on first working day of each month report to State superintendent amount received during previous month ; he shall make to legislature an esti- mate of school fund likely to be received during next biennium. State treasurer shall receive and hold all available school moneys and keep account of same; he shall before each meeting of the legislature report to governor the condition of permanent and available school fund ; such funds shall not be used for payment of any warrant against any other fund.. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (b). School census; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Utah: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be chosen by qualified electors; term, four years; salary, $3,000. Qualifications: Must have been a resident of State for preceding five years, be over 30 years old, and hold a certificate of the highest grade issued in some State or be a graduate of some reputable university, college, or normal school. He may appoint ft A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 65 deputy to represent him at teachers' institutes, when himself unable to attend. Superintendent shall be charged with the administration of public instruc- tion in the State and with general superintendence of district schools and of school revenue. He shall apportion State district school fund to counties and to cities of first and second classes, but no apportionment shall be made to any county or city until report from the same has been received for the previous year, and no allowance shall be made for districts not having main- tained school 20 weeks in previous year. He shall furnish to proper officers blanks necessary for reports, also school registers, and shall have printed and furnished to such oflScers a summary of his opinions, and expenses shall be paid from school fund. He shall visit each county at least once a year. His decisions regarding school law shall be final until set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction or by subsequent legislation. He shall report bien- nially to governor before each session of the legislature, and shall furnish to United States Commissioner of Education such information as may be required by him. He may annually call a convention of county and city superintendents, which it shall be their duty to attend at the expense of their respective counties and cities. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County ofiicers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c). Teachers' pensions; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; P (c), State universities and colleges; U (e), Schools for dependents and delin- quents. Vermont: Superintendent of education shall be appointed by State board of education; term, three years; salary, $2,000. Said superintendent shall de- vote his entire time to duties of his office, shall be executive officer of said board, shall have care and custody of all records of said board, shall have general supervision of schools, and shall make reports and recommendations to said board. Said superintendent may arrange for and conduct a summer school for teachers, to cost not more than $25 per day for not to exceed 10 days in each county ; such school may be held for two or more counties, not to cost more than $50 per day. Said superintendent may hold educational meet- ings in the different towns of a county, not to exceed in cost $30 per day, and entire cost in county for same shall not in any year exceed amount paid for summer school in such county ; such expense shall be paid by the State. Sum of $200 shall be annually appropriated for employing speakers for State teachers' association or for publishing addresses and papers under direction of said superintendent. Said superintendent shall make biennial report to legislature; may annually issue circulars of educational information at ex- pense of State, cost not to exceed $400; may prepare course of study for ele- mentary schools as requisite for admission to high schools and academies, and distribute same to teachers and. school officers, to be a State charge. Superintendent of education shall prescribe forms for school records and for reports of teachers and school officers, and shall deliver the same to teachers and officers; teachers shall deliver school registers to school board at end of each term ; chairman of board shall draw order in favor of teacher for balance of salary upon approval of register ; chairman shall deliver such register to town or union superintendent, who 'shall add his report thereto and file same with town clerk. A clerk of a school board who knowingly makes a false statement relative to a teacher's certificate or teacher's register shall forfeit to town $100; town clerk shall make annual school report to 3966°— 15 5 66 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. superintendent of education; principals of academies shall make annual reports to sui>erintendent of education; town clerk shall receive for services rendered to schools 3 cents for each legal pupil in the town, to amount to not less than $3 nor more than $20. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c). Local taxation; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers* pensions; J (b), Medical inspection; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; Q (e). Military schools; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Virginia: A State superintendent of public instruction, an experienced edu- cator, shall be elected by the qualified voters ; term, four years ; salary, $3,500 ; traveling expenses of not to exceed $800 per annum shall be paid; vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term by the State board of education; he shall take oath of office and give bond for $10,000. He shall be a member of the board of visitors of the following institutions: University, Virginia Mili- tary Institute, Polytechnic Institute, Virginia Normal and Industrial Insti- tute, school for the deaf and blind, William and Mary College, and of State normal school board. He shall be president of the State board of education, which shall prescribe his duties. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and sup- port; (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; G (b). State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g), Child labor; I (e), School fraternities; J (a). Health, general; O (a). Industrial education, gen- eral; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Washington: Superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by qualified electors of State; term, four years; salary, $3,000 per year. Powers and duties: To have supervision over public schools; make biennial report relative to public schools to governor prior to session of legislature ; prepare and have printed blanks, forms, registers, courses of study, rules and regulations for common schools, teachers' examination questions, and such other blanks and books as are needed for discharge of duties of teachers and school officers, and distribute the same to county superintendents ; attend educational meet- ings, visit schools, consult school officers; submit statement of traveling ex- penses to State auditor ; cause school laws and school forms to be printed and distributed to county superintendents; act as ex officio president of State board of education ; hold, annually, a convention of county superintendents ; properly file papers, reports, and documents received from school officers ; keep on file a directory of boards of regents and trustees of State educational insti- tutions, of faculties of said institutions, and of teachers holding certificates; is3.ue certificates ; keep record of business of his office, and of meetings of State board of education ; decide points of law submitted by county superin- tendents; publish rulings and decisions, which decisions shall be final unless set aside by court of competent jurisdiction; administer oaths and affirma- tions; deliver to his successor records of his office; prepare a State manual of Washington; make certified copy of papers filed in his office and charge 15 cents per folio, proceeds to be paid into State general fund ; perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Said superintendent may appoint • one assistant superintendent of public instruction, who shall hold at least a first-grade certificate, a deputy superintendent of public instruction, who shall hold at least a first-grade certificate, and who shall also act as inspector of i A (b2). STATE OFFICERS. 67 schools; such clerical and other assistance as needed, when appropriations therefor have been made. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County- officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; B (e). State aid for elementary education; E (a). Certification of teachers, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; E (d), Validity, indorsement, revocation, etc.; G (b). State normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public- school libraries. West Virginia: State superintendent of free schools shall be elected by the l)eople; term, four years; salary, $4,000 per year. Said superintendent shall be of good moral character, temperate habits, literary acquirements, and skill and experience in art of teaching; shall receive expenses, not to exceed $500 per year; shall reside and keep his office at capital; shall provide seal. Duties: To supervise all county and city superintendents; see that school system is carried into effect; prescribe and prejmre forms and blanks and jtransmit same to county superintendents, who in turn shall distribute same to school officers and teachers; make biennial report to governor preceding session of legislature ; interpret school law at request of any school official or teacher, such interpretation to remain valid until overruled by proper court. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administra- tive units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; B (c). Permanent State school funds; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries. Wisconsin: No person shall be eligible to office of State superintendent of public instruction who has not had five years' experience in teaching or supervision of teaching, or who does not hold highest grade of certificate which State superintendent is empowered to issue. State superintendent may appoint an assistant superintendent, assistants and inspectors for rural schools, graded schools, industrial high schools, schools for deaf and blind, and for other schools; also clerks, stenographers, and other employees; may appoint persons to assist without pay other than for expenses in revising courses of study, in conducting annual conventions of superintendents, and in making investigations into needs and conditions of public schools. Said superintendent shall aid in establishment, maintenance, and control of school libraries. Said superintendent shall have general supervision over common schools. Duties: To ascertain conditions of public schools; stimulate interest in education; deliver addresses, distribute bulletins, and confer with school . officers, teachers, and parents; prohibit use of sectarian books and sectarian instruction in public schools ; advise as to selection of library books, and pre- pare and distribute approved list of such books; attend educational meet- ings, investigate systems of common schools in United States, and report thereon to State legislature; stimulate interest in individual and commercial education ; exercise supervision over county schools of agriculture and domes- tic science, manual training schools, county training schools for teachers, and day schools for the deaf; publish school laws; prescribe rules for manage- ment of school libraries; prepare school forms and blanks; prepare courses of study for ungraded. State graded, free high schools, and day schools for the deaf; prepare and distribute matter for observance of Arbor and Bird 68 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Day, and Memorial Day ; cause State printer to print all reports, pamphlets, and circulars of an educational nature ; examine and determine appeals made to him; collect educational works; purchase educational works and periodi- cals to cost not exceeding $250 per year ; apportion and distribute school-fund income; furnish copies of records; make report in each even-numbered year to governor; supervise teachers' institutes; hold at least one county super- intendents' convention annually; perform all other duties required by law. State superintendent shall have an office at the capitol ; may fix and prescribe a course of studies for commercial schools and colleges ; shall receive annual salary of $5,000 and traveling expenses. Said superintendent is elected by qualified electors; term, four years. See also A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State nor- mal schools; G (c), county and local normal schools; G (d), Teachers' in- stitutes and summer schools; H (b). School census; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; O (b). Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (d). Mining schools; R (b). Corporations of educational char- acter; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by vote of the people; term, four years; salary, $3,0(X) per annum. General duties: To file all reports and public documents transmitted to him and keep a record of official matters; have general supervision of district schools; furnish to school officers necessary blanks; make rules and regulations necessary to put school laws into effect. He shall annually apportion State school land Income fund to counties on basis of school population, and county shall distribute such fund pro rata to districts, but no State fund shall be distrib- uted to a district not maintaining a school at least three months. Attorney general shall be legal adviser of State superintendent and other State officers. Misdemeanor for a State officer to create expense in excess of con- tingent fund provided by law. Every fiscal officer of the State shall report annually to the governor; every officer other than fiscal shall report bi- enially to governor. Superintendent may appoint a deputy at a salary of $1,500 per annum. No public officer shall be interested in any contract upon which he may be called to act or vote. State treasurer shall receive and be custodian of any money accruing to public schools from the United States or other source or authority. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (b), Free textbooks; L (a), Course of study; P (c), State universities and colleges. A (b3). State Inspection of Schools. See also N (b), High-school inspection. California: See A (b2). State officers. Florida: Two rural school inspectors shall be appointed by the governor on nomination of superintendent of public instruction; such inspectors shall work under the direction of said superintendent; salary, $2,000 each and $1,250 annually is allowed each for traveling expenses. Georgia: See A (b2), State officers, A (CI). COUNTY BOARDS. 69 Indiana: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Iowa: See A (b2), State officers. Kentucky: See A (b2), State officers. Louisiana: See A (bl), State boards. Maine: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. Minnesota: See A (b2), State officers; N (a), High schools. Montana: See A (b2), State officers. Nevada: See A (b2), State officers. New Jersey: See A (b2), State officers. New York: See A (b2), State officers. North Dakota: See A (bl), State boards; B (e). State aid for elementary education. Ohio: See A (b2). State officers; L (j). Agriculture; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards; L (j), Agriculture. Rhode Island: See A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and offi- cers; C (c), Local taxation. Tennessee: See A (b2), State officers. Washington: See A (b2), State officers. Wisconsin: See A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education. A (el). County Boards. Alabama: Composition: County superintendent ex officio and four members elected at meeting of chairmen of district boards ; term, four years ; county superintendent is executive officer of board; no district trustee is eligible to membership ; not more than one teacher can be member. Vacancies in county boards filled by State superintendent; vacancies in district boards filled by county board. Powers and duties: To have entire control of public schools, except in inde- pendent districts ; make rules and regulations governing the schools ; acquire, hold, and convey school property; sue and make contracts. Compensation, $2 per diem each for not exceeding 10 days. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary educa- tion; C (c), Ix)cal taxation; D (b), State aid, approval of plans; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; M (a). Special types of school, general; N (a). High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. Arkansas: See K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. California: Except in a city and county, county board of education shall con- sist of county superintendent and four members appointed by county board of supervisors; majority of appointive members shall be experienced teachers holding not lower than grammar-school certificates ; supervisors shall annually appoint two members to hold office two years ; on failure of supervisor to ap- 70 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. point, county superintendent shall appoint; vacancies filled by supervisors; members shall qualify within 10 days ; board shall organize at first meeting after July 1, superintendent being secretary ; three shall be a quorum, but issuance of teacher's certificate or adoption of textbooks, etc., shall require at least three votes. Meetings held semiannually, but special meetings may be called by superintendent or on petition of three members ; business at special meetings, except granting certificates on credentials and renewing certificates, shall be as specified in the call. At semiannual meetings board shall examine appli- cants to teach, and all examination papers shall be kept for one year. For services members shall each receive $5 per day and traveling expenses ; inci- dental expenses and cost of printing shall be paid. Powers and duties: To make rules and regulations not inconsistent with law for their own govern- ment ; prescribe and enforce rules for the examination of applicants for ele- mentary and special certificates; grant (1) secondary school certificates, valid in the county; (2) elementary certificates, valid in the county; (3) kindergarten-primary certificates, valid in kindergartens of county; (4) spe- cial certificates, valid in the county for special subjects; grant permanent certificates to those possessing prescribed qualifications ; adopt books and ap- paratus for district-school libraries and books for supplementary use in ele- mentary schools; prescribe a course of study and a uniform series of text- books, except for cities having boards of education; revoke teachers' certifi- cates for cause; keep a record of their proceedings; issue diplomas to gradu- ates of elementary schools, except in cities having boards of education ; adopt an official seal ; have necessary printing done. County board may, on exaini- nation, grant certificates as follows: (1) Grammar-school certificates to those having passed examination in prescribed subjects; (2) certificates to teachers of special subjects. Examinations shall be in writing, and board shall ask such oral questions as shall determine fitness of applicant to teach. Board may without examination grant certificates as follows: (a) High-school cer- tificates to holders of credentials approved by State board, to holders of high- school certificates issued in other counties, and to holders of normal-school diplomas having credentials from State university; (6) grammar-school cer- tificates to holders of life diplomas or certificates from any approved State, to holders of California Normal School diplomas or approved normal-school diplomas of other States, to graduates of State university or Leland Stanford unior University with six months' normal training or eight months' experience, and to holders of certificates from other counties, to holders of diplomas from kindergarten department of a State normal school, ot holders of creden- tials from an approved kindergarten training school, and to holders of kin- dergarten certificates granted prior to July 1, 1901. Grammar-school certifi- cates may be granted to holders of primary certificates who shall pass exami- nation in additional subjects required for grammar certificates; all certifi- cates and diplomas shall continue in force for the term granted; county board may renew any certificate granted by them, and renewal shall be for same as original period. The holder of any certificate or State diploma hav- ing taught five years in the county may be granted a permanent certificate of the kind and grade held while teaching. No member of a county board shall prepare an applicant for examination, and no certificate shall be issued to an applicant so prepared. County board shall, on petition of a district-school board, establish in such district a post-graduate course above grammar grades. All teachers' certificates that are not permanent and that are not recommended for a shorter period shall be valid for six years. See also L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools. A (Cl). COUNTY BOARDS. 71 Connecticut: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Delaware: The supervision of the public schools of each county shall, subject to the State board of education, be vested in a county school commission in each county; said commission shall be appointed by the governor and shall consist of three members ; term, three years, one being appointed each year ; not more than two members shall be of the same political party. Meetings shall be held quarterly and special meetings may be held on call of two mem- bers. The county commission shall investigate the school system of the county, the methods of instruction and discipline, the performance of their duties by school officers and teachers, and the condition of school property; they shall visit schools and shall confer with the county superintendent con- cerning the methods and systems which he has adopted. Further duties: To report quarterly to the State board of education ; hear complaints concerning teachers, the county superintendent, or any other school officer and deter- mine the same, subject to appeal to the State board of education; act as sanitary commission over school property with full power to condemn a schoolhouse as unsafe or unhealthy, and upon the certificate of such con- demnation the trustee of the school fund (State treasurer) shall withhold from the district where such schoolhouse is situated its share of the State appropriation until necessary repair is made. Each member shall receive from the State treasury $5 per day for attending meetings, but not to exceed $75 a year, and 6 cents per mile traveled in visiting schools, but not to exceed $25 a year. The commission shall divide the county into districts for colored schools, and shall determine the time and place for holding the first meeting of district voters; in determining such districts the commission shall be limited to number of colored schools in existence; colored school districts shall share in the distribution of schools funds. Commission may change boundaries of colored school districts. The school commission may, on peti- tion of the owners of property affected, transfer a portion of one school dis- trict to another, or, on petition of 12 or more freeholders, may create a new district, but neither the new district nor a remaining old one shall contain fewer than 35 children over 5 years old; commission shall give notice of first meeting of qualified voters to be held in said new district ; a description of the boundaries shall be filed with the county clerk. Any real estate not belonging to a school district may be annexed to one by county com- mission and no petition shall be necessary. A union or consolidated district may be formed as follows: (1) Notice of a meeting shall be given In each district proposed to be united; (2) If two-thirds of voters at such meeting vote In favor of uniting, a committee of three shall be appointed to confer with committees from other districts and If reports of said committees are adopted by a two- thirds vote, districts shall be united; (3) a meeting of the united district shall be held and a school committee chosen. The power of taxation shall extend to the amount that could be lawfully raised by tax In the several districts composing the union. If acting separately. The union of districts shall not affect the account of the trustee of the school fund, but dividends of the Income of the fund shall be apportioned to the original dis- tricts as before the union. Each school district, of whatever kind, may take and hold ground for school purposes, may prosecute actions upon the bond of the treasurer or clerk, or for damages to school property or debt due district. Every male person having the right to vote for representative In the general assembly and residing in the district and having paid his school tax, and every female person over 21 years old and residing In the district and having paid school tax In the district, shall be qualified to vote at all school elections ; 72 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. no white person shall vote at a colored election and no colored person shall vote at a white election. Order of business of annual district meeting: (1) Appointment of a president and a secretary; (2) report of old committee of the district; (3) election by ballot of a member of the school committee to serve three years; (4) determination whether any sum above that required to be raised by law shall be raised and whether such additional amount shall be raised by tax or by subscription. Annual meetings may be ad- journed and the proceedings of an adjourned meeting may be the same, except as to tax, as if had at the original meeting; si^ecial meetings may be called by the school committee. The supervision and control of the public schools in each district shall, subject to the State board of education and the county school commissioners, be vested in a school committee for each district, which shall be composed of a clerk and two members elected for terms of three years. Powers and duties of school committee: To provide site and building which shall be near the center of the district and which, when once located, shall not be removed except by direction of the school voters; keep schoolhouse in repair, provide insurance, furniture, etc.; keep school open for at least 140 days each year; employ teachers and dismiss them for cause ; make rules for the government of the school ; receive money raised by the. district and expend the same ; provide for the collection of school taxes; provide free textbooks for pupils of the public schools; settle accounts of the district with the auditor, and report to annual meeting. Each school committee and each board of education in an incorporated dis- trict shall, when a teacher is employed, notify the county superintendent, giving name, address, and salary. Committees and boards of education shall see that the United States flag is displayed on or near each schoolhouse. Committees and boards of education shall see that physiology and hygiene are taught in the public schools. Committees and boards of education shall employ as teachers only holders of certificates issued by county superintend- ent, unless such person be a teacher of a special subject, as drawing, music, etc. Each committee and board of education shall make rules protecting the health of children and may provide for free vaccination. Boards of educa- tion of incorporated districts may admit to their higher departments pupils from other districts on such terms as said boards may determine, and the school committee of district where pupils reside may pay tuition. School committee in district for white persons shall make a tax assessment list for the district ; such list shall consist of the rates of persons of all the white male inhabitants over 21 years old, of the rates of the personal property of all white male inhabitants, of the rates of all assessable personal property in the district owned by any association or corporation, and of the " clear rental value " of all the assessable real estate in the district owned by white persons, associations, or corporations ; school committee shall fix the rates on personal property upon personal view thereof or upon other suflScient informa- tion, and shall not take the rates from the lists of the hundred (township). Sufficient tax shall be levied to raise in each district $100. All the provisions of the preceding section shall apply to colored districts, except that the word " colored " shall in regard to committees for colored schools be inserted in place of the word " white," and except, further, that the sum required to be raised shall be at least $50. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administra- tive units — districts, etc. Florida: A county board of public instruction consisting of three members, not more than one of whom shall reside in the same district, shall be elected bi- ennially by the qualified electors of the county. Said board shall be a body A (CI). COUNTY BOARDS. 73 corporate; it shall elect a chairman, and county superintendent shall be secre- tary; county treasurer shall be treasurer of board. The title to s.chool prop- erty of the county, except in special tax districts, shall be vested in said board. Duties: To acquire and hold all school property of the county, ex- cept property of special tax districts ; locate and maintain schools where they may be needed to accommodate all persons between 6 and 21 years old dur- ing not less than four months each year; appoint one supervisor for each school, whose duty shall be to supervise the work of the school and report to the county superintendent monthly; select a site for each school to con- tain not less than one-half acre in rural districts; provide schoolhouses, apparatus, etc., and establish schools of higher grades when required by patrons; employ and pay teachers for all schools, but schools shall not be located within 3 miles of each other, except for some local necessity; audit and pay all its accounts ; keep accurate accounts of all proceedings and oflScial acts, and also of all money handled, and report to State superintendent when required; prepare and file with the clerk of the circuit court an itemized monthly financial statement; perform all acts reasonable and necessary for the promotion of the educational interests of the county; hold regular meet- ings by arrangement with the State board of education and convene a special session when requested by county superintendent; prepare annually a state- ment of amount of money needed for next ensuing year (said statement to be expressed in mills, not less than 3 nor more than 7) for school pur- poses and furnish a copy of such statement to county assessor, who shall assess taxes accordingly; examine at least twice a year the records of the tax collector which relate to poll taxes and require prompt settlement for all poll taxes. No county board shall contract with one of its members except for a school site. Board shall divide county into three county school-board districts, so that each district shall have as nearly as practicable the same number of legal voters, and so that no election district shall be divided. Vacancies in the oflSce of county board shall be filled for the unexpired term by the State board of education. Each member shall receive for his services $4 per day and 10 cents per mile traveled. See also A (c2), County oflScers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; K (b). Free textbooks; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; P (a), Higher institutions, general. Georgia: The grand jury of each county (except counties under a local system) shall select from the citizens of the county five freeholders, who shall con- stitute a county board of education; term, four years; no person who is pecuniarily interested in the sale of schoolbooks shall be elected a member of said board or county school superintendent ; when a portion of any county is a local school system having a board of education of its own and having no dealings with the county board of education, members of said county board shall be selected from territory outside of said local system ; compen- sation $2 per day each for actual service. CJlerk of superior court shall certify names of members elected to State superintendent of schools; judge of superior court may remove a member for cause and may fill any vacancy until next meeting of grand jury. Board shall elect a member chairman and county school superintendent shall be secretary; majority a quorum; meet- ings monthly or quarterly. County board shall lay off county in subdistricts and shall establish in each one school for white and one school for colored pupils where the population of the two races is suflicient ; where more than '74 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. one school is demanded said board shall establish additional school or schools; said board is empowered to employ teachers. Each teacher shall file at expiration of school term a report with county school superintendent. County board may commission three citizens as trustees of a subdistrict; term, three years, one being appointed each year. Duties: To supervise school operations of subdistrict; visit school and make recommendations to county board, especially in the matter of choosing teachers, and it shall be the duty of county board to choose applicants recommended when qualified; report annually to county board. County board shall provide sites, school- houses, and equipment, and shall hold school property for the county ; it may dispose of unnecessary school property; it may receive gifts, bequests, and donations; it shall arrange for the separate instruction of the white and colored races, providing, as far as practicable, equal facilities. Board may define and regulate length of school term. Said board shall hear and deter- mine controversies arising under the school law, subject to appeal to the State superintendent of schools. No member of grand jury appointing county board shall be a member of said board; no two members shall be selected from the same militia district ; no member shall be selected from a local school system. County board may suspend county superintendent. Said board may consolidate two or more schools in the same subdistrict or in different subdistricts ; when schools are so consolidated county superin- tendent shall call an election of trustees for consolidated school from sub- district or subdistricts concerned, said election to be held in accordance with law; county board may also divide any subdistrict and provide for the elec- tion of trustees for each new subdistrict thus created; it may consolidate parts of subdistricts, add part of one to another, or change boundaries in any way when best interests of schools require change, but if as many as 10 patrons object to change the matter shall be determined by an election called in subdistrict or subdistricts concerned by county superintendent ; if a majority of qualified electors vote for consolidation, proposed change shall be made. Where two or more subdistricts have been consolidated, county board may provide transportation for pupils living more than 3 miles from school. See also A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and in- debtedness; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools; H (b) School census; J (c), Vaccination; M (c), Evening schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Idaho: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a). High schools. Illinois: It shall be the duty of the county board (of supervisors in counties under township government and of commissioners in counties not under township government) to provide office, furniture, and supplies for county superintendent; approve or reject the report of the county superintendent; audit the itemized bills of the county superintendent; authorize county superintendent to employ assistants; audit the county superintendent's ac- counts with townships. Powers of county "board: To approve the bond of the county superintendent; require him to execute a new bond when advisable; require him to make reports required by law and to remove him from office for failure to do so. County board shall fill vacancies in the office of county superintendent. See also A (c2), County officers; G (c), County and local normal schools. A (Cl). COUNTY BOARDS. 75 Indiana: County superintendent, trustees of townships, and the chairman of the trustees of each town and city shall .constitute the county board of education. Duties: To consider the needs of the schools and school property under their care. The care of township libraries shall be determined by said board. See also A (c2), County officers; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (a) Industrial education, general. Iowa: See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Kansas: See A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; N (a). High schools; U (c), Juvenile courts. Kentucky: See A (c2). County officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b). General certificates; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; S (b). Public- school libraries; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Louisiana: Parish (county) board of directors shall consist of members elected from wards of parish, one for each police juror; members divided into three groups, one group elected every two years, to serve six years; compensation of members, $3 per day and 5 cents mileage each way for attending meetings. Any qualified elector able to read and write and holding no public office, ex- cept notaries public and justices of peace, shall be eligible as directors. Vancancies filled by governor if for no longer than 12 months; otherwise by special election. Said boards shall be bodies corporate. Duties of parish (county) hoards: To elect parish superintendent for four years; remove such superintendent by a two-thirds vote of board for cause ; report to State board of education ; inspect schools and advise with trustees ; locate schools ; select teachers upon recommendation of parish superintendent, but board may select teachers without such recommendation by two-thirds vote of board; fix salaries of teachers ; enforce school laws ; hold regular meetings quarterly and special meetings when called ; with parish superintendent to divide parish into school districts. Board may acquire land, erect school buildings, and equip same. District attorney shall act as counsel for said board except in parish of Orleans, where city attorney shall so act. Board may, except in parish of Orleans, establish graded schools. Central or high schools may be established with approval of State board, cost of property to be no charge against school fund. Board may collect incidental fee of 50 cents for each child, no parent to pay more than $1.50. No child shall pay toll or fee for passage or conveyance over certain ferries, bridges, and roads while going to or from public schools. No school of less than 10 pupils shall be maintained. Public schools shall be free from religious control or influence. Boards of adjoining parishes may form joint districts, to belong to parish containing schoolhouse. When two districts adjoin, children in either may attend school most convenient. Orthography, reading, writing, drawing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, United States history, laws of health, includ- ing evil effects of alcohol and narcotics, shall be taught in every district. Such other branches shall be taught as may be prescribed by State board of education and the parish board. Instruction shall be given in all elementary and secondary schools in the principles of agriculture or horticulture and in home and farm economy. Elementary branches may be taught in the French language in French-speaking communities. No public school shall open later than 9 a. m. or close earlier than 3 p. m. ; but half-day sessions may be held when necessary. Kindergarten schools shall be exempt from this provision. 76 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Board may in parish of Orleans fix hours of school session. School week shall consist of five days. In each local district, except in parish of Orleans, patrons shall select a board of three auxiliary visiting trustees, having same qualifications as members of board of directors. Said trustees shall visit schools and make quarterly reports to parish board of directors. Parish board may create districts composed of an entire parish, a ward, two or more wards, parts of two or more wards, part of an existing school district, parts of two or more school districts, or any other portion of a parish; may order special elections for purpose of raising additional funds for public schools or to be authorized to issue bonds to build and equip schoolhouses. Parish board may call special election to provide for compulsory attendance of children in elementary and high schools. Such proposition shall carry by majority vote of those voting. Upon petition of one-fourth of electors, elec> tion shall be called to annul such compulsory attendance; but no such election shall be called within one year from time attendance was made com- pulsory. Regulations as to compulsory attendance shall apply to other schools as well as to public schools. Said board may accept donations for educational purposes. The attorney general in parish of Orleans and district attorney elsewhere shall ex officio and without compensation be attorneys and counsel for school boards; no school board shall employ extra counsel unless a real necessity exists therefor made to appear by a resolution thereof. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (a). General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. Maryland: Board of county school commissioners shall elect a person not a member who shall serve as secretary and treasurer and county school superin- tendent ; person thus selected shall enter upon his duties August 1 ; in coun- ties of more than 85 schools, board may appoint a clerk and fix his salary; board shall meet at least once in every school term and at other times if necessary; each commissioner shall receive $100. Board declared a body politic and corporate with usual powers ; all property heretofore vested in the public-school authorities now transferred to and vested in this board. Duties of hoard: Shall have general supervision of all schools in their respective counties; shall build, repair, and furnish schoolhouses; purchase and distribute textbooks; appoint assistant teachers; consolidate schools; arrange and pay for transportation of children; close schools; apportion State school tax and free-school fund primarily intended to pay salaries; provide schoolbooks and stationery ; if share of " any county should prove inadequate," county commissioners are required to levy and collect tax not to exceed 15 cents on the hundred, " unless the county commissioners shall approve and sanction an additional tax"; sums specially levied on any election or schoolhouse district shall be applied to purposes for which intended. County board shall appoint committee to divide county into " suitable school districts " ; no district shall contain greater area than 4 miles unless thinly settled; committee shall make accurate description of boundaries and may change the same; when necessary may employ a sur- veyor. Boards of Baltimore city and of the counties shall make annual reports to State board of education; they shall publish annually statement of receipts and disbursements, including textbooks and indebtedness. Gov- ernor may fill vacancies and board may declare such vacancies; no teacher in actual employment shall be county school commissioner. A (Cl). COUNTY BOAKDS. 77 (State board provides in its by-laws that county board may appoint an assistant superintendent if number teachers exceeds 175 ; tliat duties of county board include — to appoint principal of all high schools; reject or confirm appointments of principal teachers; appoint district-school trustees; prevent use of school property for other than school uses; give due notice to county commissioners of amount needed to keep schools open for 9 or 10 months, and amounts needed for schoolhouses ; select students for free scholarships and appoint alternates ; buy and sell school sites ; borrow money ; appoint instruc- tors in colored industrial schools; appoint grade supervisors and supervisors of colored schools if colored industrial school is maintained; make annual statement of cost of maintaining instruction in each high school.) See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County offi- cers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State- normal schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (h), Separation of the races; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a), High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; P (a). Higher institutions, general; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Michigan: See A (c2), County officers; G (c). County and local normal schools; O (b). Agricultural schools. Minnesota: See A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Bfississippi : The county school board shall consist of one member from each supervisor's district, appointed for four years; county superintendent may remove any member for cause; members shall take oath and receive $3 per day for actual service, not more than five days in one year; county superin- tendent shall be president; board shall define school-district boundaries out- side of separate school districts ; in districts with not more than one chartered institution board may locate public school there and conduct it as part of same; white and colored districts shall be separate; districts of each race shall embrace whole territory of county outside of separate school districts. County boards of supervisors may offer yearly prizes in money amounting to $50 to com clubs; county superintendents of education, with approval of county board of examiners, may appropriate $50 to be used in similar prizes. See also A (c2). County officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (b), State school lands; C (c). Local taxation; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (e). Consolida- tion of districts, etc.; K (a). Textbooks and supplies, general; N (a). High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. Missouri: See C (a). Local finance and support, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Montana: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; N (a). High schools. Nebraska: See N (a). High schools. Nevada: See G (c). County and local normal schools; N (a). High schools. New Jersey: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; O (a), Industrial edu- cation, general. 78 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. North Carolina: County board of education shall consist of three members appointed by legislature for terms of six years, one retiring every two years ; vacancy filled by two remaining members of board until next legislature; on failure of legislature to make appointment State board of education shall appoint. County board is body corporate. Such board and county superin- tendent may make rules governing conduct of teachers and pupils as to attendance and discipline ; it shall fix time of opening and closing schools, but all shall be opened and closed as nearly as practicable at same time. Build- ing of new schoolhouses shall be under control of and by contract with county board ; board shall pay not exceeding one-half of cost and school district shall pay other part, and on failure to do so shall suffer deduction of amount due from its share of regular apportionment; buildings shall be in accordance with plans approved by State superintendent. County board has general power in executing school law. On complaint of State superintendent, county board shall try county superintenent or a member of said board and may re- move him for cause, but appeal may be taken to State board; similarly on complaint of county superintendent a member of county board may be re- moved. County board may Investigate and pass ujpon the moral character of any teacher or applicant for teacher's certificate or for employment as teacher. County board shall fix boundaries of school districts ; no new school shall be established within 3 miles of a school already existing; no dis- trict shall have less than 65 children of school age, unless such district con- tains at least 12 square miles or is separated by dangerous natural barriers from a schoolhouse ; parts of two or more contiguous counties may be united by boards of counties affected ; county board may change boundaries of local tax districts; board may consolidate schools and pay for transportation of pupils. Board may accept donations and may sell school property. County board or trustees of incorporated or chartered district may acquire school site by gift, purchase, or condemnation; in case of condemnation not more than 2 acres may be taken; additions to sites may be taken in like manner, but condemnation shall not be for more than enough to make 3 acres. County board shall meet on first Monday in January, April, July, and October, and may hold called meetings; itemized statement of receipts and expenditures shall be published annually; in July board shall meet with county superin- tendent and treasurer and examine their reports. Members of board shall each receive $2 per diem and mileage as allowed to county commissioners. See also A (c2), County officers; C (a), Local finance and support, general; C (c), Local taxation; E (b). Teachers' certificates; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (f), Com- pulsory attendance; J (a). Health, general; N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. Ohio: Each county school district shall be under the supervision and control of a county board of education composed of five members, who shall be elected by the presidents of the various village and rural boards in such county school district; at least one member of county board shall be a resi- dent of a village district if such district is located in county district, and at least three members of county board shall be residents of rural districts, but not more than one member of county board shall reside in any one village or rural district within the county district. All school districts other than vil- lage and city school districts within a civil township shall be jointly entitled to one vote in the election of members of the county board ; term of members, five years, one being elected each year; presidents of the various boards within the county district shall be paid actual expenses while attending meet- A (Cl). COUNTY BOARDS. 79 ing for election of the county board, such expenses to be paid out of county treasury. The call for meetings to elect county board shall be issued by county superintendent ; the vote of a majority of the district presidents present shall be necessary to elect each member of the county board ; members of county board may or may not be members or officers of any village or rural school board. Each member of county board shall, within 10 days after receiving notice of his election, talie oath of office, otherwise the position to which he has been elected shall be considered vacant. Each county board shall meet at least every two months and shall organize by electing one of its members president and another vice president, to serve one year ; county superintend- ent shall act as secretary of county board ; the regular meetings of said board shall be held at office of the county superintendent; president of said board may call special meetings ; majority, a quorum ; members of county board and county superintendent shall be paid necessary expenses Incurred during at- tendance upon meetings of such board ; such expenses shall be paid from the county-board fund. The county board shall make a survey of its district ; shall arrange schools according to topography and population ; may change school- district lines and transfer territory from one rural or village district to another. No rural district containing less than 15 square miles shall be formed; the county surveyor shall assist the county board when his services are required. The county board shall publish, with advice of county superintendent, a minimum course of study, which shall be a guide to local boards in prescrib- ing courses of study for schools under their control ; county board may pub- lish different courses for village and rural districts. The county board shall divide the county district into supervision districts, the territory of each such district to be contiguous and compact; in forming such supervision districts consideration shall be given to the number of teachers employed, the amount of consolidation and centralization, condition of roads, and general topog- raphy ; the territory in such districts shall be as nearly equal as practicable, and the number of teachers employed in any one such district shall not be less than 20 nor more than 60; the county board shall, upon application of three-fourths of the presidents of the village and rural district boards of the county, redistrict the county into supervision districts. Each supervision district shall be under direction of a district superintendent; said superin- tendent shall be elected by the presidents of the village and rural boards within such district, except that when such supervision district contains three or less village or rural districts the boards of such districts, in joint session, shall elect such superintendent; the district superintendent shall be employed upon the nomination of the county superintendent, but, by a major- ity vote, the board electing the district superintendent may elect a district superintendent not so nominated. Any village or rural district or union of school districts for supervision purposes, which already employs a superin- tendent, shall, upon application to county board, be continued as a separate supervision district so long as the superintendent receives a salary of at least $1,000 and continues to give at least one-half of his time to supervision work ; any district containing fewer than 20 teachers, being isolated by reason of the existence of such supervision districts, shall be joined for supervision purposes to such supervision district. The first term of any district super- intendent shall be for no longer than one year; thereafter he may be re- elected in the same district for a term not to exceed three years. The com- pensation of the district superintendent shall be fixed by the same authority which appoints him; such compensation shall be paid out of county board of education fund; salary of such superintendent shall not be less than $1,000 80 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. per year, half of which salary, not to exceed $750, shall be paid by the State and half by the supervision district, except where the number of teachers in such district is fewer than 40, in which case amount paid by State shall be such proportion of half salary as the ratio of number of teachers is to 40; the half paid by supervision district shall be prorated among the village and rural districts on basis of number of teachers. Ck)unty board shall, at regular meeting, elect county superintendent for term not to exceed three years ; said superintendent shall be executive ofllcer of county board and shall attend all meetings with privilege of discussion but not of voting. Salary of county superintendent shall be fixed by county board at no less than $1,200 per year, and shall be paid out of county board of education fund ; half of such salary shall be paid by the State and balance by county district ; in no case shall the amount paid by the State exceed $1,000; county board may allow said superintendent not more than $300 per year for traveling expenses and clerical help ; the half of salary of county superintendent paid by county dis- trict shall be in proportion to number of teachers employed in each district therein. County board shall annually certify to county auditor number of teachers in the districts of the county district, number of district superin- tendents and their compensation, compensation of county superintendent, and amounts to be apportioned to each village or rural district for support of dis- trict and county superintendents; county auditor shall retain from the semi- annual apportionment of school funds the amount certified by county board for salaries of district and county superintendents, such amount to be known as the " County board of education fund." County board shall certify under oath to State auditor the amount due from State as its share of salaries of district and county superintendents. Only persons shall be eligible as county superintendents who shall have (1) five years' experience as superintendent and a high-school life certificate; or (2) six years' experience in teaching, two years' additional experience in supervision, and at least a three-year county high-school certificate; or (3) five years' experience as superintendent and a county high-school certificate, and also be a graduate from a recognized institution of college or university rank; or (4) five years' teaching expe- • rience with one year's professional training in school administration and supervision in a recognized school of college or university rank, and a high- school life certificate; or (5) five years' teaching experience with one year's professional training in school administration and supervision in a recognized school of college or university rank, and a county high-school certificate, and be a graduate from a recognized institution of college or university rank. Only such persons shall be eligible as district superintendents who shall have (1) three years' experience in school supervision and at least a county high- school certificate; or (2) four years' experience in teaching, one year's addi- tional experience in supervision or one year's training in supervision in an institution of college or university rank, and at least a county high-school certificate; or (3) three years' experience in teaching, graduation from a first-grade high school or its equivalent, and, in addition, two years' profes- sional training in a recognized institution of college or normal-school rank, and at least a county high-school certificate. County board shall certify the qualifications of each district and county superintendent to State superin- tendent. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools, Oklahoma: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. A (Cl). COUNTY BOARDS. 81 Oregon: There is created in every county having more than 60 school districts a county educational board, to consist of school superintendent as chairman and four members appointed by said superintendent for term of four years; compensation of appointive members, necessary expenses, not to exceed $25 each i)er annum ; members must be school voters and not holders of any other county oflfice, except county superintendency. Said county board shall divide the county into supervisory districts, excluding districts of the first class, but no such supervisory district shall contain fewer than 20 nor more than 50 districts; annually after the first such division said board may meet and subdivide the county; county superintendent shall be supervisor of one supervisory district. Duties of hoard: To employ for not less than 10 months supervisors, other than county superintendent, and fix compensation of each at between $100 and $120 per month; provide supervisor with necessary blanks, stationery, etc.; make rules and regulations governing supervisors not inconsistent with the rules of the State board ; act as advisory board to county superintendent. Supervisors shall be paid out of the general fund of the county. Duties of supervisors: To work under the direction of the county superintendent; devote their entire time to supervision in their respective districts when any of their schools are in session; enforce the course of study prescribed by State board of education ; report monthly to county school superintendent. Supervisor shall hold a teacher's certificate valid in the State and shall have taught at least nine months. See also A (c2). County oflScers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebted- ness; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a). High schools. Pennsylvania: See A (c2). County officers. South Carolina: The county board of education shall consist of the county superintendent and two members appointed by the State board of education for a term of two years. Said board shall examine all candidates to teach and shall issue certificates therefor; certificates valid for two years, but may be revoked for cause or renewed without examination ; such issuance, revoca- tion, and renewal of certificates shall be under regulation of State board of education ; no examination shall be required of graduates of approved institu- tions of higher learning ; appointive members of board shall receive $3 per day for not exceeding seven days, except in a few counties, where a longer period is allowed. Said board and district trustees shall see that the branches re- quired by law are taught in every public school ; physiology and hygiene with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics shall be taught. The board of education of each county shall annually levy on the tax- able property of the county a school tax of three mills on the dollar, and the sum thus raised shall be apportioned to districts by said board in proportion to the number of pupils enrolled therein ; enrollment shall not be counted until pupil has attended a day school at least 10 days or an evening school at least 20 evenings. Said board shall serve in an advisory capacity to county super- intendent and shall settle local controversies, subject to appeal to State boards of education. Said board shall regulate school terms within the county. It shall be lawful for any person between 6 and 21 years old to attend the public schools. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (d). State taxation for school pur- poses; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; N (a), High schools; S (b), School libraries. 3966"— 15 -6 ) 82 STAT^ LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. South Dakota: See A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Tennessee: In each county public schools shall be under control of county board of education and of a board of advisors in each district. County court shall divide county into five districts, and one member of county board shall be elected from each district, but each district shall be com- posed of whole civil dictricts, and vrhere county has fewer than five civil districts each such district shall constitute a school district, and a member of county board shall be elected from each school district and the remainder from the county at large. County superintendent shall be secretary of county board. Term of members, two years, each member being elected by qualified voters of his district, or some from districts and some from county at large if case requires ; any qualified voter who possesses a primary school education is eligible to membership of board; county superintendent shall fill vacancies. Duties of chairman: To preside over meetings, call special meetings, appoint committees, and sign warrants. Duties of secre- tary: To Issue warrants authorized by board; make quarterly report to county court; keep record of meetings of board and accounts of financial transactions; give bond as such secretary for $500. Duties of county hoard: To hold regular meetings quarterly; select teachers, fix their salaries, pro- vide buildings and furniture, fix all wages and incidental expenses, and control expenditure of public-school funds; run all schools as nearly as practicable the same length of time, but each school should maintain an average attendance of not less than 10; permit pupils to attend in other district than that of their residence when advisable ; receive monthly reports from teachers and order their salaries paid; visit schools of their respective districts not less than twice a year; act on appeal of pupils suspended by advisory board; dismiss teachers for cause; control and care for all school property. Each member shall report annually to county superintendent Each member shall receive not less than $1.50 nor more than $3 per day, as fixed by county court, for not exceeding 30 days in a year. A local " advisory board " of three members shall be elected biennially by qualified voters in each district. Duties of advisory 1)oard: To visit schools, see that buildings and grounds are in good repair, and that fuel, etc., are supplied; make to county board general recommendations and recommendations of teachers; report to county board annually, and oftener if required; require secretary to take school census annually; suspend and dismiss pupils sub- ject to appeal to county board ; issue order on county board for repairs and incidentals not to exceed $10. County superintendent shall fill vacancy in advisory board. This act shall not affect city systems operating imder special charters. (Five counties exempted from this act.) County court shall divide county into five districts, but each such district shall be composed of whole civil districts; qualified voters shall biennially elect a member of county board of education from each district, or if county has less than five civil districts, one shall be elected from each district and the remainder from county at large; members shall have at least a primary education and be qualified voters in district from which elected. Duties of chairman: To preside over meetings, appoint committees, etc.; call special meetings; sign warrants issued by board. Duties of secretary: To issue warrants authorized by county board; make quarterly report to county court; keep record of meetings of board and account of all transactions. Duties of county hoard: To hold regular meetings quarterly and such special A (Cl). COUNTY BOARDS. 83 meetings as chairman may call ; elect teachers and fix their salaries, provide buildings, fix all wages and incidental expenses, and control expenditure of public-school funds; run schools as nearly as practicable the same length of time, but minimum number of pupils shall not be less than 10; locate schools, and when advisable permit pupils to attend school in other districts than their own ; issue orders for warrant of teachers' salaries ; visit schools of their respective districts; determine appeals of pupils suspended by ad- visory board; dismiss teachers for cause; control all school property. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f), Com- pulsory attendance; N (a), High schools. Texas: See A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. ; C (c), Local taxation; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a). Course of study; N (a). High schools. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Virginia: The division superintendent of schools and the district school trus- tees of each county, including those of towns constituting separate districts, shall constitute the county school board ; said board shall be a body corporate and as such may sue and be sued, contract and be contracted with, and • acquire, hold, and convey property. One regular annual meeting shall be held in August and special meetings may be called by the president, who shall be the division superintendent. Board shall report annually to the State superintendent. Powers and duties: May order any district school board to pay each school trustee, except the clerk, not exceeding $10 in any one year to pay expenses in attending meetings ; shall prepare and submit annually in April to division superintendent an estimate of amount of money needed in the county for public schools and, after revising estimates of district boards for each district, shall file such estimates with said superintendent, who shall submit all estimates to the county board of supervisors; shall apportion the county school fund among the districts so as to secure a uniform term, but primary and grammar grades shall be maintained at least four months before any part of the fund may be devoted to schools of a higher grade. All money and property set aside for public-school purposes by grant, will, or otherwise shall be held, if for county purposes, by county school board, and, if for dis- trict purposes, by district school board. Any county, district, or city school board may sell or exchange public-school property on securing an order from the circuit court or the corporation or the hustings court ; said property when sold shall be sold to the highest bidder at public auction. County school board shall take steps and institute proceedings to compel school officers to settle their accounts. The school trustee electoral board in each county shall consist of the attorney for the Commonwealth, division superintendent of schools, and one resident voter appointed by the judge of the circuit court for a term of four years; superintendent shall be clerk and board shall elect a chairman. Said board shall appoint three district trustees for each of the several school districts of the county; term of such trustees, three years, one being ap- pointed each year; no person not able to read and write shall be appointed a trustee. Said electoral board may declare vacant the office of a trustee for failure to perform duty or for misconduct and may fill the vacancy. Clerk of board shall furnish State superintendent a list of trustees ap- pointed and shall notify trustees of their appointment. Said electoral board shall determine appeals from district trustees. Nothing in this act shall 84 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. interfere with tlie appointment of school trustees by city councils. No Fed- eral, State, or county officer shall be appointed a district trustee, but this provision shall not apply to any fourth-class postmaster, superintendent of the poor, commissioner in chancery, commissioner of accounts, or notary public; every trustee shall be a resident of the district for which appointed. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (b) Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and sum- mer schools; H (a), School population and attendance, general; O (b), Agricultural schools. Washington: County board of education of each county shall consist of five members, including county superintendent, who shall be ex officio chairman; other members shall be appointed by said superintendent to serve two years ; members shall hold a valid teacher's certificate and shall, with exception of said superintendent, receive $5 per day and expenses for time officially em- ployed. Powers and duties: To grade manuscripts of pupils who take State examination for eighth grade or grammar school certificates ; adopt textbooks for public schools of school districts of the second division; assist county superintendent in preparation of manuals, courses of study, rules and regula- tions for circulating libraries, and to perform such other duties as may be required; adopt rules and regulations for schools of county not inconsistent with code of public instruction or with rules of State board of education or superintendent of public instruction. See also A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools. Wisconsin : County board of education shall consist of five members, elected by qualified voters, one each year, to serve five years; the county board of education district shall include the entire county, except such parts as are located within a city having a board of education, a superintendent of schools, or other board vested with power to examine and license teachers, and in counties now having more than one superintendent district each such dis- trict shall constitute a county board of education district; electors of such city shall have no voice in electing county board of education. Any resident of county board district qualified to vote at school elections shall be eligible to membership on said board; said board shall fill vacancies in its number until next election ; said board shall hold semiannual meetings ; shall receive per diem as granted to county board of supervisors, but for no longer than 15 days per year, and traveling expenses. Powers and duties of county hoard : To appoint assistant superintendent ; appoint a clerk for county super- intendent; form, organize, or consolidate school districts; appoint and fix compensation of county board of examiners; each member shall visit schools for at least two days in the year ; make annual report to State superintendent and his assistants; fix salary of county superintendent, to be not less than $1,000 per year, excluding expenses; exercise all powers and privileges of county training school board; make annual fiscal report to county board of supervisors. State aid in sum of $500 shall be granted each county board each year. See also G (c). County and local normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of text- books; 0(b), Agricultural schools. Wyoming: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; K (b), Free text- books; S (b). Public-school libraries. A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 85 A ( c2 ) . County Officers. Alabama: County superintendent elected at November election by qualified voters ; term, four years ; begins October 1 succeeding election ; oath of office required; bond approved by State superintendent. Duties: To have office at county seat, where he shall be on first Saturday in each month; notify dis- tricts of amount of school funds apportioned by county board ; examine con- dition of sixteenth section and other school funds; make annual report to State superintendent; prepare teachers' pay roll for county school treasurer. May forfeit office for failure to make annual report ; books may be examined by State superintendent or by authorized agent; State superintendent fills vacancies; compensation, 4 per cent of moneys disbursed, but not exceeding $1,800. If county board employs superintendent for entire time, his compensa- tion shall be as fixed by such board, but not less than $1,000. Duties: To devote entire time to visiting and supervising schools; make suggestions to teachers ; call attention of school boards to needed improvements in buildings, equipment, etc. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c). Local taxation; D (b), State aid, ap- proval of plans; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b), Public- school libraries. Arizona: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county by the qualified electors thereof; term, two years. Duties: To apportion school moneys to districts ; draw his warrant, on the order of the trustees of any district, upon the county treasurer for all necessary expenses against the school fund of such district ; preside over teachers' institutes and 'secure lecturers therefor; enforce the course of study, the use of adopted textbooks, and the rules and regulations for examinations prescribed by the State board of examiners ; conduct examinations of applicants to teach ; distribute blanks, etc., which he may receive for the use of school officers; preserve all official documents and record all his official acts; fill vacancies in boards of school trustees ; make such reports as State superintendent may require ; notify dis- trict trustees of meeting to be held for purpose of inquiring into expediency of a change of textbooks by State board of education; visit and examine each school at least twice a year, but he need not visit schools employing supervising principals or city superintendents, and for visitation he shall receive traveling expenses; attend meetings called by State superintendent. He shall, when there is sufficient money in a district fund to maintain school eight months, employ a teacher and keep school open for such term if trustees fail to do so. He may, with consent of board of supervisors, appoint a deputy whose salary shall be fixed by supervisors. He may require trustees of a dis- trict to repair a schoolhouse or abate a nuisance and to provide suitable out- houses. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (d). State taxation for school pur- poses; E (b). General certificates; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (b). School census; K (b), Free textbooks; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; T (b), Schools for the deaf. ) 86 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Arkansas: County court shall biennially appoint in each county, not divided into two judicial districts, one county examiner, and in county divided into two districts said court may appoint one examiner for each such district. County superintendent. — ^A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county for a term of two years, but the question of whether a county superintendent shall be elected in any county shall first be submitted to the qualified electors, and majority must favor such election. County examiner shall hold office until superintendent is elected and qualified. County super- intendent shall be at least 25 years old, shall have taught in the county at least 24 months within the preceding five years, and shall hold a first-grade, professional, or State teacher's license. He shall hold quarterly examinations, using questions furnished by State superintendent, and grant licenses to those passing satisfactory examinations. Qualifications required: Third grade, valid for six months, examination in spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, arithmetic, geography, and United States history; second grade, valid for one year, examination in subjects required for third grade and in history of Arkansas, physiology, and theory and practice of teaching; first grade, valid for two years, examination in subjects required for second grade and in civil government and elementary algebra. At request of a district board, superintendent may issue a certificate to teach a special subject in such district. Duties of superintendent: To lieep accurate accounts with school districts ; keep a record of teachers and with dealers in school supplies, which supplies must have his approval ; furnish plans for the erection of new schoolhouses ; keep a record of amounts voted for various purposes in the several districts and sign warrants only for purposes for which money was voted at the last annual May meeting ; require monthly reports from teachers and term reports at the end of the term. Superintendent may cite any teacher to reexamination and may revoke license for cause. He shall assist in the use of adopted textbooks where county uniformity has been voted, and shall assist in district adoptions where county uniformity has not been voted; he shall prepare a course of study, following plans suggested by State superin- tendent ; he shall see that districts are supplied with necessary blanks, etc. ; he shall keep a record of district boundaries and also a record of his official acts ; he shall devote his entire time to his duties and shall visit each school at least once a year; he shall make an annual report to the Stte superin- tendent; he shall hold a five-day county institute in June. Compensation of county superintendent shall be the same as the county judge of his county, but shall not exceed $1,200 nor be less than $600; he shall also receive fees for examining teachers. All laws applicable to the office of county exam- iner not in conflict with this act shall be applicable to the office of county superintendent. A city having a school population of 5,000 or more shall be exempt from the provisions of the act creating the office of county superin- tendent ; school board in such city shall have control and shall determine the course of study and fix the qualifications of teachers; the superintendent of schools duly elected therein shall have the powers and duties of a county examiner within said city. (Twenty counties have county superintendents.) County examiner. — The county examiner, before taking office, shall stand examination prescribed for applicants for first-grade license; State superin- tendent shall hold, or cause to be held, such examination. County examiner shall receive salary as fixed by county judges, but shall not receive more than county treasurer receives from applicants for teachers' licenses. He shall hold quarterly examinations of teachers, using questions prepared by State superintendent. He may hold a private examination on request of directors A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 87 of district in which applicant proposes to teach. He shall grant certificates to applicants showing required qualifications. He may cite to reexamination any holder of a license, and may revoke such license for cause. Grades of licenses shall be as already described under " County superintendent." Exam- iner shall make annual report to the State superintendent; he shall number the school districts of the county in order and shall keep a record of the same. County court may allow expenses for postage, records, etc., but not to exceed $25 in any one year. See also A (b2), State officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of text- books. California: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, four years. Duties: To superintend schools of the county, ap- portion school moneys to districts, and may require county auditor to report amount of unapportioned funds on hand ; report districts having five or fewer pupils in attendance to county supervisors, who may declare district sus- pended or lapsed (district may be reestablished when eight in attendance is secured) ; apportion $550 to suspended district to be used in case of reestab- lishment; may ask that suspended districts be declared lapsed (suspended district may be merged with adjoining district; property of lapsed district shall be sold and proceeds given to district of which lapsed district becomes a part) ; on order of district school board, draw his requisition on county auditor for necessary expenses against the school fund of the district, and auditor on approving shall draw warrant in favor of claimant ; keep open to inspection a register of requisitions; visit and examine each school at least once a year; hold teachers' institutes, secure lecturers, report teachers for nonattendance ; enforce the use of course of study, the use of State text- books, rules for the examination of teachers; issue temporary teachers' cer- tificates; distribute blanks, etc., received for the use of school officers; keep in his office reports of State superintendent ; keep a record of his official acts and of the county board of education ; pass upon plans for schoolhouses except those in incorporated cities having school boards; appoint trustees to fill vacancies and trustees in new districts ; appoint a clerk and a janitor when trustees fail to do so; report to State superintendent as required by him; preserve reports of officers and teachers and deliver records, etc., to his successor; grade each school in July (no teacher holding certificate below grade fixed for school shall be employed to teach the same) ; approve con- tracts of districts with United States Government for the education of Indian children and receive and transmit funds for same to county treasurer; dis- approve orders from districts for want of funds in the treasury, but to indorse such orders for payment in future with interest ; give notice when funds be- come available that outstanding orders can be approved and paid; keep record of interest allowed on such orders and report the same to county treasurer and county auditor; he shall forfeit $1(X) for failure to so report; appoint teacher and keep school for six months when sufficient funds are available and trustees fail to do so. He may require trustees to repair build- ings, abate nuisances, etc., to cost not exceeding $50; may draw requisition for his necessary expenses allowed by law; may appoint a deputy, not to be paid out of the school fund (deputy's salary paid out of fund from which superintendent is paid). He shall make an annual statistical report to the State superintendent; keep transcript of boundaries of school districts, and when they are confiicting, board of supervisors shall correct them. He shall ) 88 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. receive actual and necessary traveling expenses, not exceeding $10 per dis- trict. If receiving $1,500 or more salary, he shall have no other vocation. See also A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary educa- tion; C (c). Local taxation; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a). High schools. Colorado: A county superintendent shall be elected biennially by the qualified electors of each county ; county commissioners shall fill vacancy. Salaries : Counties of first class, $2,800 ; second class, $2,000 ; third class, $1,200 ; fourth class, $1,100 ; fifth class, $800 ; sixth class, $500 ; seventh class, $100 ; in all counties except those of the first and second classes county commissioners may allow traveling expenses; commissioners shall furnish office and supplies at county seat. If superintendent is unable to perform duties, he may appoint a deputy; in counties of the first class superintendent, under direction of county commissioners, may appoint an assistant or deputy. Superintendent shall report annually to state superintendent as said superintendent may direct, and for failure to make such report he shall forfeit $100. Duties of county superintendent: To supervise schools generally; visit schools at least once in each quarter while they are in session ; examine accounts of district officers ; keep a record of his own official acts ; obey instructions and decisions of State superintendent; held county teachers' associations; publish annually a statement of the apportionment of school funds. County superintendents shall, except in districts of the first class, fill vacancy in office of district director; he shall ascertain boundaries of school districts and keep a record of the same, and may harmonize boundaries where conflicts exist. He shall examine annual school census lists to detect duplications and errors. District secretary shall annually ascertain the number of blind and deaf persons be- tween 4 and 22 years old, and superintendent shall report the same to super- intendent of the school for the deaf and blind. Superintendent shall make quarterly apportionment of the general school fund and may apportion at other times when there is sufficient money ; he shall certify the same to county treasurer, and shall notify district clerks of amount apportioned; apportion- ment shall be made on basis of school census. County treasurer shall keep a separate account with each district ; he shall place to credit of each district amount of money certified by county superintendent, and shall pay out the same on legally drawn warrants of districts, but if superintendent shall notify treasurer that any board of directors has not complied with the law, treasurer shall retain funds of said directors until further notice from superintendent. He shall render quarterly statements to district boards. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (a). Local finance and support, gen- eral; C (c), Local taxation; E (b). General certificates; G (d). Teachers' Institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a), High schools; P (c). State uni- versities and colleges; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Connecticut: See J (a), Health, general. Delaware: The general superintendence of the public schools of each county shall be vested in a county superintendent of schools; such superintendents shall be appointed by the governor ; term, two years ; salary, $1,200 each ; con- tingent fund, $300 annually. He must have had at least 20 months' experience as a teacher, must be a graduate of a reputable college or normal school, or A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 89 hold a certificate of the highest grade issued in the State, and must become and remain a resident of the county for which appointed. Duties: To advise with teachers and see that improved methods of teaching are introduced in the schools ; visit each school in the county at least once a year ; attend each stated meeting of the county school commission, and malie such reports as may be required; execute reasonable orders of the State board of education; make statistical report of the schools of the county. He may suspend or withdraw a teacher's certificate, subject to appeal to State board of education. When directed by State board, county superintendent shall prepare ques- tions for the examination of teachers and shall conduct an examination of all teachers in his county; he shall issue certificates to applicants passing ex- aminations. The sui^rintendent of each county shall hold at least once a year a teachers' institute of not less than three days' duration ; teachers shall be required to attend unless excused for good reason ; expenses not to exceed $150 for each county shall be paid out of the State treasury r a colored in- stitute shall be held in Kent County, for which the State shall pay $150. "Under the rules of the State board of education certificates are issued, without examination, to graduates of colleges on an approved list, upon ap- plication, if the applicant establishes proof of good character, successful teaching experience (if any), and has pursued study of pedagogy to include management, methods of teaching, psychology, history of education. Limited secondary certificates and elementary certificates are issued through county superintendents' examinations." — State commissioner of education. See also A (bl). State boards; A (cl), County boards; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor. Florida: A county superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified electors in each county; term, four years. Duties: To inspect county with a view to ascertaining proper places for location of schools ; visit each school at least once each term ; seek to increase interest in public educa- tion ; confer with district supervisors and see that they perform their duties, keeping them supplied with school laws, blanks, etc. ; select suitable persons as school supervisors; keep a record of the location of each school and of his expenses incurred in visiting schools ; furnish to State superintendent names and addresses of all county school officers ; decide questions and disputes when submitted to him and refer the same to county board of education ; guard the Interests of the county in its contracts and see that funds apportioned to or raised by county are devoted to proper purpose ; revoke or suspend teachers' certificates for cause and suspend those issued by other authority; forward, as secretary of county board, certified copies of tax collector's monthly lists of poll taxes to State superintendent of public instruction. Salaries of county superintendents shall be based on receipts of county for school purposes, ex- clusive of borrowed money, as follows : Less than $14,000, not less than $50 per month ; $14,000 to $20,000, not less than $75 ; $20,000 to $40,000 ; not less than $100 ; $40,000 to $70,000, not less than $125 ; $70,000 to $100,000, not less than $150 ; $100,000 to $120,000, not less than $175 ; $120,000 to $200,000, not less than $200. County treasurers shall be treasurers of the school funds of their respective counties. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (g), Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Georgia: A county superintendent of education shall be elected by the qualified electors of each county; term, four years. Duties: To enforce all regulations 90 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and Instructions of the State superintendent of schools and of county board of education according to law and regulations of State board of education; cooperate with State supervisors in the superintendence of county normals and institutes; visit each school under his supervision at least once every 60 days; superintend examination of applicants to teach; suspend any teacher for cause, but appeal shall lie to county board of education, thence to State superintendent, thence to State board of education, whose decision shall be final. Qualifications of county superintendent: Must have had at least three years experience in teaching, hold a first-grade license or diploma from a reputable college or normal school, or have had five years' experience in supervision of schools, or stand an examination before the State board, and must be a resident of the county and of good moral character. Each county superintendent shall receive out of State school funds a minimum salary of $450 per annum and $150 to pay expenses of visiting schools ; county board may allow additional salary. He may be removed for cause by county board of education or State superintendent of schools, subject to ap- peal to State board. He shall be the medium of communication between the State superintendent and subordinate school officers; shall be the agent of the county board in the purchase of furniture and supplies; shall see that none but prescribed textbooks are used; shall audit accounts of teachers and others before county board shall order the same paid; shall keep a record of his official acts and turn over all official documents to his suc- cessor. He shall report annually to the spring term of the grand jury and shall place his books before such jury for examination. County board of education shall fill vacancies in office of county superintendent. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl). County boards; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Idaho: There shall be elected biennially a county superintendent of schools; he shall take oath and give bond in penal sum of not less than $2,000 ; must be a qualified elector, over 25 years old, hold a State or life certificate, and have had at least two years' experience as a teacher, one of which must have been while holding not lower than a State certificate. Duties: To have charge and supervision of public schools, except those in class A independent dis- tricts; visit each school at least once a year and remain one-half day; per- form such other supervisory duties as State board of education may direct; organize teachers' meetings ; designate five days in a month to be at his office ; employ such assistants as the work of his office may require. County commis- sioners shall furnish superintendent with office, fixtures, blanks, etc. He may require district trustees to conform to rules of State board of education regarding sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses ; he shall keep a record of his official acts, preserve all reports, etc., and keep a register of teachers; he shall hold four regular examinations of teachers annually and give 15 days' notice prior to each; he shall report annually to State superintendent; he shall see that boundaries of districts are definitely described and report incorrect descrip- tions to county commissioners ; he shall appoint trustees for newly organized districts, except for independent districts. For failure to make report to State superintendent as required county superintendent shall forfeit $100. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), Gen- eral State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 91 schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; L (a), Course of study; L (k), Days of special observance; N (a), High schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Illinois: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in every counts in the State by the qualified electors thereof; term, four years. Said super- intendent shall report annually to the State superintendent; he shall report quarterly to county board regarding his acts as superintendent; he shall make an annual financial statement to the county board. He shall keep a record of all petitions for the sale of school lands, a complete record of such sales when made, and an account of all moneys received and paid out, and shall make an annual statement of the same to the county board, the state- ment of the fund of each township to be kept separate. When township trustees fail to give county superintendent the information required by this act, said superintendent shall employ a competent person to take the enu- meration and furnish the required information and the compensation of such person shall be paid out of the township fund and superintendent shall re- cover the same from said trustees and repay the township. It shall be his duty to approve and file bonds of township treasurers. He shall apportion the State school fund to townships according to the number of persons under 21 years old residing therein. Further duties: To execute a new official bond when required by county board; sell township-fund lands and perform all duties pertaining thereto; register applicants for normal school and uni- versity scholarships and hold examinations for the same; visit each public school in the county at least once a year ; direct teachers and school officers in the science and art of teaching and in regard to courses of study ; carry out instructions of state superintendent; conduct a teachers' institute and aid in the formation of teachers' meetings; examine at least annually the books of township treasurer and evidences of indebtedness held by them and report irregularities to township trustees; give notice of school election when treasurer or trustees fail to do so ; investigate and determine all mat- ters pertaining to district boundaries which may come to him by appeal from township trustees; preserve all polls of elections and reports of township treasurers and school trustees; hold meetings at least quarterly for the ex- amination of teachers; grant certificates to teachers and keep a record of certificates and teachers employed ; notify townships and districts of amounts of money apportioned to the same; keep in his office a map showing district boundaries; furnish township treasurers with lists of districts in their several townships. Powers of county superintendents: To require township trustees to make annual report; recommend to State superintendent the remission of the penalty for failure of trustees to report; renew teachers' certificates by indorsement; revoke a teachers' certificate for cause; direct manner of keeping township treasurer's accounts; bring suit against county collector for failure to pay the amount due on the auditor's warrant ; remove any school director for willful failure to perform his official duties; employ assistant or assistants, with the approval of the county board; define school- district boundaries where defects exist. In all school controversies the opinion of the county superintendent should be sought, but appeal may be taken to State superintendent. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; B (b), State school lands; C (a), Local finance and support, general; C (c). Local taxation; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. > 92 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Indiana: The township trustees of each county shall meet at the oflflce of the county auditor every four years on the first Monday in June and elect a county superintendent of schools. Such sui>eriuteudent may be impeached for immorality, incompetency, or neglect of duty or for acting as agent for textbooks, furniture, or supplies. No person shall be eligible to the office who has not been engaged in school work for at least 2 years out of the preceding 10 years and hold either a 3-year State license, a 60-months' license, a life or a professional license. Said superintendent shall be entitled to travel- ing expenses of not exceeding $100 annually. County commissioners may au- thorize the superintendent to appoint an assistant. Duties: To superintend schools of the county generally ; attend each township institute at least once each school year; visit schools; conduct teachers' institutes; determine con- troversies arising under the school law, but, except on local questions, appeal may be taken to State superintendent ; carry out the orders and instructions of the State board of education and the State superintendent. City schools having superintendents shall, on request -of the school boards thereof, be exempt from supervision by county superintendent. Said superintendent shall provide for examinations of candidates for graduation from the common schools, and those who pass successfully shall be entitled to enter any high school in the State ; he shall likewise hold examinations of candidates for graduation from township graded or town graded high schools not employing a superintendent. He shall have census of children of school age taken in any township when trustee fails to take the same ; he shall annually furnish to State superintendent a report of the enumeration of children of school age, but State superintendent may, on finding evidence of incorrect enumeration, require county superintendent to have a new enumeration made. County superintendent shall also make an annual statistical report to the State superintendent. He shall furnish to the county auditor the enumeration of school children which shall be the basis for the apportionment of the school revenue to townships, districts, etc. He shall recover from officers charged with handling interests, fines, forfeitures, licenses, and other claims due the school funds such fines, etc., for the school fund. He shall see that the full amount of interest on the school fund is paid and apportioned. Appeals to county superintendent shall be allowed from township trustees, and the de- cision of said superintendent shall be final on local matters. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; O (a). Industrial education, general. Iowa: A comity superintendent for each county shall be elected by a conven- tion of the representatives of each school township, city, town, or village independent district and independent consolidated district in the county;, each such corporation shall be entitled to one vote; convention shall be called by county auditor; term of superintendent, three years. Duties: To serve as the organ of communication between the State superintendent and local school officers; visit schools of the county at least once each year; file monthly statement of expenses with county auditor; hold annually a normal institute for teachers, which shall continue for not less than six days; keep an account of receipts and disbursements of the institute fund; make annual statistical report to the State superintendent; report number of children of school age to county auditor; report number of blind, deaf. A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 93 and feeble-minded children to principals of State schools for such children ; see to enforcement of school laws. He may hold a summer school for teachers of from four to six weeks' duration. Any person aggrieved by any decision of the board of directors of any school corporation may within 30 days appeal to the county superintendent by affidavit filed with said super- intendent; after notice to secretary of corporation from which appeal is taken said superintendent shall hear and determine the case, but appeal may in like manner be taken to State sui>erintendent, whose decision shall be final; neither State nor county superintendent may render judgment for money. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units- districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Kansas: A superintendent of schools shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county; term, two years. Qualifications: He shall hold a professional certificate, first-grade certificate, or a State certificate, or be a graduate of an accredited college or normal school and must have taught at least 18 months. General duties: To visit each school at least once a year for purpose of correcting deficiencies, advising teachers, noting condition of school property, and examining accounts and records of district officers; encourage the formation of teachers' associations and attend the same when possible; attend the normal held in his county and encourage teachers to attend; hold a public meeting in each school district at least once a year; keep his office open on Saturday of each week, and if receiving more than $600 per annum, keep office open when not absent on official duties; keep a record of his official acts; keep a record of each candidate for a teacher's certificate and of each certificate granted; keep a register of each teacher employed in his county, where employed, salary, certificate held, and dates of opening and closing school; keep a record of semiannual apportionment of State and county funds ; make quarterly statement to State superintendent of duties performed by himself ; obtain annually from county clerk and trans- mit to district clerks certified statement of property valuation of their respective districts. Superintendent shall apportion State and county funds to districts on basis of school population, but no district maintaining school for less than three months in last preceding year shall be entitled to such apportionment. He shall furnish to county clerk and to each assessor descriptions of district boundary lines; where record of boundary lines has been lost or an error has been made he shall reestablish such lines. He shall make to State superintendent an annual statistical report of all matters pertaining to the schools of the county. Compensation: In counties having less than 500 school population, exclusive of those in cities of the first and second classes, $3 per day for not exceeding 180 days in any year; 500 to 1.000 school population, $3 per day for not exceeding 200 days in any year; 1,000 to 1,500 school population, $750 per annum; more than 1,500 school population, $800 per annum and $20 additional for each 100 persons in excess of 1,500, but not to exceed $1,200 per annum; $1 additional shall be allowed for each teacher employed; in counties of from 50,000 to 90,000 population, salary shnll be $1,800 per annum. County commissioners may deduct $5 for each school not visited and observed for two hours. In counties having 125 to 200 teachers clerk hire to extent of $360 may be allowed; over 200 teachers, $400. Superintendent shall be allowed station- 94 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ery, postage, etc., and $1 as traveling expenses for each school visited. County superintendent shall fill vacancy in district school board until next annual meeting. County commissioners shall fill vacancy in office of county superintendent, and may appoint person from outside the county when qualified person is not available within the county. Superintendent may purchase and furnish to districts records, registers, etc. Superintendent may change boundaries of school districts after giving notice, but no new district shall have less than 15 persons of school age, and no district shall be reduced so that bonded indebtedness shall exceed 5 per cent of property valuation; person interested may appeal from action of county superin- tendent to county commissioners. Superintendent may organize districts within Indian reservation. When new district is formed such district shall be entitled to such proportion of value of school property as property valu- ation of new district bears to valuation of old. When a school district has become depopulated (has fewer than five voters and seven persons of school age) and has fioating indebtedness county commissioners shall levy tax on property of such district to pay such indebtedness ; after indebtedness is paid, county superintendent may disorganize depopulated district ; county superin- tendent may disorganize a partially depopulated district (one having fewer than 12 persons of school age), but partially depopulated district shall be entitled to such proportion of value of school property as property valuation of new district bears no valuation of old. When a school district has become depopulated and has floating indebtedness county commissioners shall levy tax on property of such district to pay such indebtedness ; after indebtedness is paid county superintendent may disorganize a partially depopulated dis- trict (one having fewer than 12 persons of school age), but partially de- populated district shall not be disorganized unless two-thirds of voters thereof shall so petition and unless approved by county commissioners; superintendent may with approval of county commissioners attach disorgan- ized district to adjacent district. Funds and property of disorganized dis- trict shall be applied to the payment of its debts, and any balance shall be credited to the district to which such disorganized territory is attached; territory disorganized shall not be liable for debts or contracts of district to which attached. District not maintaining school for three months for three consecutive years and not paying transportation of its pupils to other schools shall be annexed to adjoining districts. When sick or absent, county superintendent may employ a deputy. County superintendents are desig- nated as agents of State orphans' homes of their respective counties, and as such shall visit such homes and report to trustees on conditions, etc. Un- lawful for county superintendent to purchase school lands; he shall make complaint of trespass on school lands. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (c), Permanent State school funds; C (a). Local finance and support, general; D (c). Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses ; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. ; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools. Kentucky: There shall be a county superintendent in each county, of good moral character and ability; he shall possess a good English education and be competent to examine teachers; 24 years of age, a citizen of Kentucky. He shall hold from State board of examiners a State diploma or State cer- tificate, or their equivalent based on personal examination. This certificate shall not entitle holder to teach in the common schools; in counties embrac- A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 95 Ing cities of the first class only residents of the county outside of such city or town shall be eligible ; certain county ofiicers, school trustees, and teachers while teaching, ineligible; county sui^erintendent shall devote all his time to his office; shall be elected by qualified electors in school election In November and hold office for four years from the next January ; in case of controversy State superintendent shall have power to recognize; he shall give bond and be paid a salary of from $600 to $2,500. Duties: To report June 1 to State superintendent on school census of county and of each subdistrict and be individually responsible to teachers for losses from errors made by him ; shall base his reports on census report of the subdistrict trustee taken in April previous; report number and cost of textbooks needed by indigent children; county judge shall purchase these books and turn them over to county super- intendent for distribution, but total cost shall not exceed $100 per annum. Superintendent shall report additional facts when interests of schools de- . mand ; pay teachers on second Saturday in October for the months completed and thereafter monthly; provided that teacher who may violate his contract forfeits balance due. Any county superintendent willfully making false re- port to State superintendent shall be guilty of felony, suffer fine and Im- prisonment, or both, and be removed from office; all sums recovered from him shall be paid into the school fund. On or before August 1 county super- intendent shall settle with county judge and refund to State treasurer any part of county fund then on hand; county judge shall compel settlement if necessary ; if county superintendent willfully fails to pay out funds in hand, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine ; on or before August 1 he shall mail to State superintendent detailed report of county schools un- der penalty; shall keep detailed account of money received and disbursed, which shall be open to inspection; he may administer oath to trustee or teacher; attend in his office at county seat on second Saturday in each month and at other times when necessary; shall not buy teachers' claims for himself or others or act as agent for sale of textbooks under penalty; may suspend or remove school trustee; decide all questions of difference or doubt touching administrative duties of officers and teachers, subject to ap- peal to State superintendent. If county superintendent dies or vacates for any reason, county judge may appoint successor; county court may remove county superintendent, who, when leaving office for any reason, must deliver books, etc., to his successor and settle with county court within 10 days. He shall, in each county where a railroad or bridge is operated, furnish to the operating company the boundary of each graded or common school dis- trict through or into which said property is operated, and taxes le^aed against such company shall be paid to the superintendent for benefit of the district and apportioned between white and colored schools ; rate of tax levied on real estate shall be levied also on such railroad or bridge company. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). General certificates; G (b). State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; P (c). State universities and colleges; S (b), School libraries. Lonisiana: Board of directors of public schools of each parish (county) shall elect parish superintendent ; term, four years. Said superintendent shall not be otherwise employed, except that in counties having fewer than 30 white teachers he may act as high-school principal ; shall have executive ability, hold first-grade certificate, and shall have had at least three years' teaching experi- ence within preceding five years, or shall have served as parish superintendent for one year during preceding three years; shall be ex officio secretary of ) . 96 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. parish board of directors ; shall receive annual salary of not less than $600, to be fixed by said board; shall annually report to State superintendent; shall keep record of school business; may administer oath; shall maintain oflfice at parish seat ; shall make quarterly reports to parish board. Superintendent of public schools in every parish (parish of Orleans ex- cepted) shall be treasurer of school funds; said treasurer shall give bond at least equal to amount handled, school board to pay premium ; shall receive no pay as treasurer; shall deposit funds in banks designated by parish board; shall pay out money only on orders drawn by president and countersigned by secretary of parish board. Each school board shall annually adopt a budget of revenues and of expenditures; except in parish of Orleans expenditures shall not exceed 95 per cent of revenues. Treasurer shall be liable for any expenditure made beyond the budget. Surplus 5 per cent of revenues in parish of Orleans shall be applied to indebtedness of previous years. Every parish board shall annually take census of educable children ; not more than 3 cents shall be paid for enumeration of each such child. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (g), Child labor. Maryland: Shall be duty of county superintendent to examine candidates and give certificates to teach; certificates shall be numbered and registered; first-grade certificates shall embrace: Orthography, reading, writing, arith- metic, geography, United States history, English grammar, bookkeeping, algebra, natural philosophy, physiology, plane geometry (four books), gen- eral history, national and State constitutions, theory and practice of teach- ing, laws and hy-laws of public-school system of Maryland. Second-grade certificate shall embrace such of the above subjects as are in italics, algebra to quadratics, and history of Maryland ; " such a certificate held by a person who obtains a school within six months" shall not hold for longer than 6 months after acceptance, but county superintendent, if satisfied, may issue certificate for 5 years; if school is not obtained within 6 months, no new examination shall be required for 15 months ; male teachers shall be 19 years old; female, 18 years; county superintendent shall hold regular exami- nation for teachers; no fees for issuing certificates allowed. County super- intendent or his assistant shall visit schools in his county three, two, or one time each year, in proportion to number of schools; in counties where teachers exceed 175 county board may appoint an assistant county superin- tendent; board may appoint grade supervisor; where teachers exceed 150 one additional supervisor may be appointed and one for every additional 1(X) teachers; supervisors must have had five years' experience in elementary grades. As secretary and treasurer of county board, superintendent shall give bond and shall devote all his time to the schools; on or before January 15 he shall report to comptroller how many months schools have been kept open. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor. Michigan: At each annual meeting of the several boards of supervisors of the different counties the said several boards of supervisors shall appoint one examiner, who shall serve for a term of two years, and who shall have taught at least nine months and shall hold at least a second-grade certificate. There shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county a county com- A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 97 missioner of schools to hold office for four years. Qualifications of said com- missioner: Twelve months' experience as a teacher; graduation from a reputable college, university, or State normal school, or holding a State teacher's certificate or first-grade certificate, or incumbency in the office at the time of the passage of this act, or holding a second-grade certificate in coun- ties employing fewer than 50 teachers. The board of school examiners, which shall consist of said examiners and commissioner, shall hold at the county seat two examinations of teachers each year, and from such examinations certificates of all grades may be granted. No certificate shall be granted to any person who shall not have passed a satisfactory examination in orthography, reading, writing, grammar, geog- raphy, arthmetic, theory and art of teaching. United States history, civics, physiology and hygiene, school law, agriculture, and course of study prepared by the State superintendent. Any commissioner may, on request of the holder of a second-grade certificate, send the papers written by such person to the examiners of another county for examination and grading. Board of examiners may renew the certificate of any person having previously made a grade of 85 per cent and having taught continuously. An indorsed first-grade certificate may be renewed in the county where issued or where holder is teaching. State superintendent shall prepare questions for examinations and shall prescribe form of certificates. There shall be three grades of certificates : First grade valid for four years through- out the State and granted only to those who have taught at least one year; second grade valid for three years in the county where issued and granted only to those who have taught seven months ; third grade, class A, valid for three years in primary grades of county where issued and granted only to those who have taught at least three years in such grades; third grade, class B, valid for one year in any school in the county where issued. All exam- ination papers for first grade, together with certificate, shall be forwarded to State superintendent within 10 days after examination; any applicant may appeal to State superintendent from the gradings made by board of ex- aminers. The board of school examiners may for cause suspend any teacher's certificate issued by them; such suspension shall be only after a hearing granted, unless teacher shall fail to appear within a reasonable time after notice ; county commissioner of schools may temporarily suspend a certificate ; an aggrieved teacher may appeal from decision of commissioner or board of examiners to the probate court. Duties of county commissioner: To send notice of his assumption of office to State superintendent; keep record of official acts of board of examiners; receive institute fees and pay the same quarterly to county treasurer; keep a record of all certificates granted, sus- pended, or revoked; furnish annually to township clerks and district school officers lists of persons authorized to teach; visit schools at least once in each year, and may employ a clerk in county having 100 or more school- rooms; counsel with teachers and school boards regarding course of study and management of schools and inspect accounts and records when directed by State superintendent; promote the improvement of the schools and act as assistant conductor of institutes appointed by State superintendent; receive and verify the duplicate annual reports of township clerks and forward one copy of each to the State superintendent ; be subject to instruction and rules of the State superintendent; perform other duties required by law. Salary of county commissioners: Not less than $500 in any county having 50 school- rooms; more than 70 schoolrooms, $700; 100 schoolrooms, $1,000; 125 school- rooms, $1,200; 150 schoolrooms, $1,350; 175 schoolrooms, $1,500; over 300 3966°— 15 7 > 98 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. schoolrooms, $2,000. County examiners shall each receive $4 per day and expenses while employed. The necessary traveling expenses of the commis- sioner shall be paid. No State superintendent, institute instructor, county commissioner, or examiner shall act as agent for school furniture, textbooks, or apparatus. Board of supervisors of the county shall fill vacancy in office of commissioner. Incorporated cities employing a principal of a high school and a superintendent devoting at least one-third of his time to supervision may license their own teachers, subject to approval of the State superin- tendent; all licenses and certificates, by whatever authority issued, shall be granted only in accordance with such terms and conditions as shall be pre- scribed by the State superintendent. CJounty clerk shall receive all communications, blanks, and documents transmitted to him by State superintendent, and shall distribute the same as directed by said superintendent; he shall file the annual reports of the sev- eral school inspectors; he shall file notice from State superintendent of amounts apportioned to the several townships of his county and furnish a copy of the same to the county treasurer; the county treasurer shall apply for and receive funds due his county, and shall give notice of amount due each township to such township. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; N (a). High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. Minnesota: County superintendent, elected at general election, shall serve four years; may be removed by governor for cause. Duties and powers: To visit each school in county at least once in each term and instruct same, except those under immediate charge of a city or district superintendent; organize and conduct teachers' institutes ; encourage teachers' associations ; advise teachers and school boards as to best methods of instruction, most approved plans for building and equipping schoolhouses and ornamenting school grounds, and use by pupils ; stimulate school officers to proper discharge of duties ; re- ceive and file reports ; report to State superintendent ; call meetings of district officers of county to discuss school matters; keep record of examinations of candidates for teachers' certificates, and record of certificates of those teaching in his county ; make annual report to county auditor showing number of pupils enrolled In each district, and showing months each school was taught. County superintendent may appoint, at his own expense, a deputy superin- tendent for not more than 60 days in any one year; may hold county such Institute in any one year, or one annual county institute not to exceed five days, and require attendance of all teachers except those in high graded schools. Teachers in regular attendance at institutes shall receive full pay for time so spent. County commissioners shall allow personal expenses for county superintendents at institutes, not to exceed $50 in any one year. County board shall allow county superintendent actual and necessary traveling expenses. The salary of county superintendent shall be computed at rate of $15 per school until amount reaches $1,000; when amount thus computed is more than $1,000, rate shall be $12.50 per school up to $2,000, but in no case shall salary computed at $12.50 rate be less than $1,000. County board may fix salary of county superintendent at a sum higher than $2,000. The foregoing salary provision shall apply to all counties except those having a population of 150,000 or more, where salaries shall remain as now fixed by law, and except in counties where such salaries are fixed by special law. County board shall pay necessary office expenses of county superintend- A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 99 ent. In counties containing not less than 75 nor more than 124 schools, county superintendent may appoint one assistant for part time; in those containing 125 to 240 schools he shall appoint one assistant for entire time ; in those over 240 schools, two assistants for entire time. Assistant county superintendents, serving entire time, shall receive no less than $600 nor more than $1,500 per year; said assistants shall have had at least 18 months' experience in teach- ing and shall hold teachers' certificates equivalent to diplomas of a Minne- sota normal school, but where two assistants are employed, only one need meet these requirements ; assistants, at the time of appointment, may or may not be residents of counties where appointed. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (d). State taxation for school purposes; E (b), Teachers' certificates, gen- eral; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Mississippi: Duties of county su/perintendent : To employ teachers recommended by local trustees; examine reports and issue pay certificates; fix salaries of teachers and make contracts; enforce course of study as adopted by State board of education and uniform textbooks as adopted by county; enforce regulations on examination of teachers; visit schools; select and employ teachers when local trustees fail to do so; administer oaths; distribute laws and forms; preserve reports, books, etc., and deliver the same to his suc- cessor; make, on or before October 1, an annual report to board of super- visors and to mayor and board of aldermen in case of municipality consti- tuting a separate school district; keep proceedings of county school board; keep list of teachers examined, licensed, and employed; make annual report to State superintendent by October 20 under penalty of $50 and to board of education on demand; shall be at his office on Saturdays of each scholastic month, fined if absent without excuse; shall make monthly reports to the local authorities, and shall not have salary allowed till these are on file. Salary fixed at 5 per cent of total school fund received by county annually ; salary shall not exceed $1,200 nor fall below $720, but board of supervisors may fix salary between $1,200 and $1,800, and then superintendent shall de- vote his whole time to his office; separate school districts shall pay their proportionate part. County superintendent shall visit all schools in his county at least once during term; shall correct deficiencies in classification or call attention to same ; shall note condition of property, branches taught, and ability of teacher; penalty if he fails to visit schools; he shall settle disputes; may suspend teachers and trustees, and in conducting inquiries and trials shall have powers of justice of peace; he may revoke teacher's license for cause ; shall be in his office fourth Saturday in September in each year to receive certificates of election of trustees, furnish them blanks, etc. ; shall not speculate in teachers' warrants; may appoint deputy, who must haTe qualifications of a first-grade teacher and receive not less than 75 per cent of salary of county superintendent. County superintendent shall prepare on township blanks outline map showing sections and parts of sections em- braced in each school district outside of separate school districts and paste same in school register before delivering to teacher. Term of superintendent, four years; elected as other county officers after passing examination for first-grade license and on art of teaching given by State board of examiners under regulations of State board of education, either in his own county or at Jackson ; shall take oath, give bond, keep record of official acts, deliver rec- ords, etc., to successor ; shall not teach during his term of office. 100 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. County treasurer and treasurer of every municipality constituting a sepa- rate school district shall give additional bonds not less than amount of funds they are likely to handle ; treasurers of the Chickasaw cession counties shall give additional bonds also; these bonds shall be cumulative and treasurers shall be liable on their oflBcial bonds for all school funds; they shall make reports in January and June of moneys accruing to school funds and shall keep separate and distinct accounts of the various sources from which de- rived; they shall receive, pay out money, and make annual report of same, showing the sources, the disbursements for the several purposes, and the amount of school warrants unpaid; treasurer shall also make special report of receipts and disbursements of township funds; treasurers failing to make such reports shall be proceeded against in criminal action ; county treasurer shall on receipt pay over to treasurer of a municipality in his county which is a separate school district all money to which such district is entitled and treasurer of such district shall perform like duties as are devolved on county treasurers. See also A (bl), State boards; A(b2), State officers; A(cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (b). State school lands; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (b). Teachers' salaries; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (g). Child labor; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; Q (b), Agri- cultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries. Missouri: A county superintendent of public schools shall be elected in each and every county by the qualified voters at the annual school meetings; term, four years. Qualifications: At least 24 years old; citizen of the county; shall have taught or supervised schools during two of four years next preceding or spent two years next preceding in a normal school, and shall hold a diploma from a State normal school or from teachers' college of the university, a State certificate, or first-grade county certificate. Any vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term by the governor. Superintendent shall take oath of office and give bond for twice the amount of his salary. Powers and duties: To have general supervision over all the schools of his county, except in city, town, and village districts employing a superintendent who devotes at least one-half of his time to supervision ; visit each school under his supervision at least once each year; examine the classification of pupils, methods of instruction, discipline, etc., and make suggestions to teachers; shall examine school property and report on conditions to district board; shall examine teacher's register and district clerk's record and see that they are kept according to law ; shall furnish annually statements to district clerks showing the assessed valuation of their districts; shall receive and, if properly made, approve estimates and enumeration lists and turn them over to county clerk; shall see that all warrants are properly drawn. He shall hold not fewer than six public educational meetings each year, and it shall be the duty of directors and teachers to attend when it will not inter- fere with their school work. He shall adopt a course of study and plan for grading and require the same to be followed as nearly as practicable ; he shall inaugurate a system of final examination and graduation of pupils ; shall examine the records of the county in so far as they relate to school moneys ; shall attend the August term of the county court. The instruction of the State superintendent shall be his guide in interpreting the school law. He may organize a county teachers' association to be held for three days in the fall. He shall report annually to the State superintendent, and shall require A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS^. : 101 term report from each school. He shall dlstribirte to i('Jiool'(lfleic^r!Si blt^nks furnished by State superintendent. He shall not engage in teaching or other work to interfere with his supervisory duties; he shall spend five days each year attending conventions called by State superintendent or 20 days in State university or normal school, or as State superintendent may pre- scribe, in studying rural-school problems. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; (a), Local finance and support, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (e), Consolidation of dis- tricts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Montana: County superintendent may be of either sex; elected by qualified voters for term of two years. He shall give bond in sum fixed by county commissioners. Commissioners shall fill vacancy until next election. Duties: To carry out instructions of State superintendent; visit each public school at least once a year, to observe and advise teacher, consult with trustees, etc.; hold trustees' meetings from time to time; grant temporary teachers' certificates on proper credentials, but no person shall receive more than one such certificate; serve on county board of educational examiners; preside at teachers' institutes and select instructors therefor ; supervise school libraries ; act as truant officer in districts of third class; apportion school moneys to districts; notify county treasurer to withhold payment of teachers not hold- ing valid certificates; hear and determine appeals involving administration of school law, but appeal may be taken to State superintendent ; keep correct descriptions of boundaries of school districts ;" hear and pass upon petitions for the creation of new districts ; attach to districts contiguous territory not belonging to any district ; report to commissioner of labor and industry census of children under 21 years old taken by district clerk; make statistical re- port annually, before November 1, to State superintendent; keep his office open five days in the month. Superintendent in counties having 50 or more teachers may appoint a clerk ; in counties having fewer than 50 he may, with consent of commissioners, appoint a clerk. He shall be furnished an office and Stat ioneryii etc., not to exceed $200; traveling expenses not to exceed $300. On petition of 50 per cent of qualified voters engaged in agriculture, county commissioners may appropriate out of general fund $100 per month to pay part of salary and expenses of a county agricultural instructor; two or more counties may unite and appropriate aggregate of $100 per month for such purpose. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and sup- port; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a) Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. Nebraska: County superintendent shall be elected as other county officers are elected ; term, two years. No person shall be county superintendent who does not hold at least a first-grade county certificate at the time of his election, but this requirement shall not hold for counties with less than 1,000 inhab- itants. County commissioners shall fix compensation of county superin- tendents, but in counties of 15,000 or more school population salary shall not be less than $2,200 per year; in counties between 7,000 and 15,000 school population, not less than $1,800; between 6,000 and 7,000 school population, not less than $1,600 ; between 4,000 and 6,000 school population, not less than 102 stat:pi i.a^s eelating to public education. $1^400^ .l^i^eiBU 2j^ acS 4,000 school population, not less than $1,300 ; be- tween 2,000 and 2,600 school population, not less than $1,100 ; between 1,500 and 2,000 school population, not less than $1,000; in counties with less than 1,500 school population, not less than $5 per day when actually engaged, but no superintendent of this class shall receive more than $1,000 per year, and the number of days such superintendent is engaged shall be at least twice the number of districts in the county and one day for each precinct thereof for the examination of teachers. The county board may allow county super- intendent clerk hire and traveling expenses. Duties of the county superin- tendent: To visit each school of his county at least once a year, for the pur- pose of examining instruction therein and for advising with teachers and district boards ; note condition of school property and give advice in reference thereto; improve teachers through institutes and public lectures; consult with teachers and boards as to means to secure regular attendance of chil- dren ; distribute State course of study and all report blanks to teachers and school officials. County superintendent shall conduct examinations of ap- plicants for admission to the State normal school; questions for such ex-; aminations shall be prepared by State superintendent and faculty of the State normal school ; normal school shall pay expenses of such examination. County superintendent shall make required reports to State superintendent and shall conform to rules and instructions of said superintendent. County superintendent is authorized to administer oaths ; shall report annually to the superintendents of the institutes for the deaf and dumb and of the blind, respectively, a census of all deaf and dumb and blind children between the ages of 6 and 21 years. County board shall have power to fill any vacancy in office of county superintendent. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (a). Buildings and sites, gen- eral; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f). Compulsory attend- ance; N (a). High schools; T (b). Schools for the deaf. New Jersey: The commissioner of education shall, with advice and consent of State board of education, appoint county superintendents to devote entire time to office, to serve three years, and to receive annual salary of $3,000 each; county superintendents must hold highest teacher's certificate issued in the State, and shall have been residents of State for at least three years preceding appointment; each of said superintendents shall be allowed official expenses, not to exceed $350 annually. Powers of county superin- tendent: To administer oaths to teachers and school officers; issue orders on county collector in favor of school districts for school funds; exercise gen- eral supervision over schools of county, visit and examine schools, and advise with school officials ; appoint school boards for new school units and for any district failing to elect school board, to serve until next election. Said superintendent shall make annual report to commissioner of education. Superintendents, district clerks, and custodians of school moneys of the several school districts shall make annual reports to county superintendent; supervision shall, in any city school district, devolve upon city superintendent. County superintendent shall be provided with office at county seat, and shall be allowed a sum not exceeding $600 annually for clerical assistance. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and sup- port; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State aid for ele- A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 103 mentary education; C (a), Local finance and support, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (a). School population and attendance, general; H (d), School holidays; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; O (a). Industrial education, general; S (b), Public-school libraries. New Mexico: County superintendent shall be elected in each county at each general election; term, two years; candidate for such oflice shall be a person of culture and practical experience and learning in public-school branches, and of good moral character ; such qualifications to be passed on by the State board of education; in case no person having proper (Qualifications for said office shall be elected, the board of county commissioners shall appoint to said office a person with proper qualifications, the appointee to serve until a properly qualified person shall have been elected by the people. County superintendent shall take oath of office and shall give bond in sum of $2,000. Powers and duties: To have jurisdiction over all public schools in his county, except those in cities, and such schools, including city schools, shall make required reports to county and State superintendents; visit and supervise methods of instruction employed in the various schools; confer with school directors; enforce compliance with school laws; organize, disorganize, or change the boundaries of any school district, as provided by law ; hold teach- ers' meetings ; apportion State school funds, together with county school fund, to the several districts within his county in proportion to the number of children residing in each over 5 and under 21 years old, and shall certify such apportionment to the directors of the respective school districts and to the county treasurer; may set aside a reserve fund before apportionment shall have been made. The annual salary of the county superintendent in counties of 10 rooms or less, used at least three months in the year, shall be $300; 11 to 16 rooms, $600; 17 to 25 rooms, $800; 26 to 33 rooms, $1,000; 34 to 42 rooms, $1,200 ; in counties of 43 rooms or more, and in all counties of the first class, $1,500; but such salary shall not exceed one-third of the total tax levy of the county for general school purposes in any one year; said superintendent shall receive office expenses, which shall not exceed 4 per per cent of his salary ; salary of said superintendent shall be paid out of the general county school fund. County superintendent shall report all changes affecting districts to State superintendent, and shall annually make a report of facts concerning the schools of his county. County superintendent may renew first-grade county teachers' certificate once only without a formal examination, but no such renewal shall be made without the consent of the State superintendent. County superintendent shall examine books and accounts of district officers. County superintendent shall be ex officio a member of the county high-school board ; office shall be at county seat ; shall hold teachers' institutes; may issue temporary permits to persons to teach. Women possessing the qualifications of male electors shall be eligible to hold office of county school superintendent, school director, and member of a board of education. County superintendent shall see that all the children in his county of school age are vaccinated. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; 6 (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance; T (b), Schools for the deaf. 104 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. North Carolina: County board of education shall elect county superintendent of public instruction biennially ; such superintendent shall have had at least two years' experience in teaching or supervising within five years immediately preceding and shall be a "man of liberal education"; county board fills vacancy ; county having total school fund of not exceeding $15,000 may unite with another county and employ a superintendent for his entire time. Super- intendent need not be a resident of county for which elected. With consent of county board, two or more contiguous districts in any city or town may jointly employ a superintendent. Except with consent of State board of edu- cation, county superintendent may not teach while schools are in session. He shall be ex oflicio secretary of county board ; he shall hold at least once a year a teachers' meeting in each township ; he shall visit schools and advise teach- ers ; he may, with consent of majority of school committee, suspend a teacher for cause; he shall attend State and district associations of county superin- tendents and for such shall receive expenses and usual compensation; he shall distribute blanks, registers, etc., furnished by State superintendent; he shall make annual statistical report to State superintendent and may be removed from office for failure to do so ; he shall have enumerated and shall report number of deaf and blind children 6 to 21 years old to principals of deaf and blind schools. Salary of county superintendent shall be fixed by county board at not less than $3 per day while in service; board may fix annual salary at not exceeding 4 per cent of school funds disbursed ; county with school fund of over $15,000 may employ superintendent for his entire time, salary to be fixed by county board. County treasurer shall be treasurer of school fund; compensation, such as county board of education may determine, but not exceeding one-half per cent of receipts and 2 per cent of disbursements, except where such per cent will not exceed $250, in which case compensation may be 2i per cent of disburse- ments. (In three counties fixed salaries are provided.) He shall receive no commission on loans from the State. He shall keep detailed accounts with each township and district of receipts and disbursements and shall pay no orders unless properly signed by committee and county superintendent; he shall be at his office on last Saturday in each month. School treasurer of county, town, or city shall report annually to State superintendent; misde- meanor to fail to make reports as required. See also A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (g). Child labor; J (a). Health, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; O (b). Agricultural schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. North Dakota: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county; term, two years. Qualifications: Must be a graduate of some repu- table normal school or higher institution or hold at least a second-grade professional certificate, and must have had at least two years' successful experience in teaching, one in the State. He shall have general superintend' ence of the common schools of the .county, except those employing a citjy superintendent. He shall visit each school at least once each year to ob- serve its condition and advise the teacher, and shall keep a record of visits with a memorandum of teacher's ability. General duties: To carry intio effect all lawful instructions of State superintendent; distribute blanks to school officers and teachers ; hold teachers' meetings on Saturday, not oftener than once a month, if instructed by State superintendent, which meetings shall be attended by teachers; visit school officers as often as necessary to insure correct keeping of records; hold annual meetings of members and A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 105 clerks of school boards; prepare and furnish to several assessors of county maps of their respective districts; file annually with county auditor the names and addresses of persons elected president and clerk of each school board; apportion State tuition funds among school corporations of the county. He shall decide appeals from school boards, but appeal may be taken to State superintendent; in such controversies he may administer oaths. He shall see that teachers teach subjects required by law, and shall notify secretary of board of examiners if teacher fails to teach physiology and hygiene. He shall make annual statistical report to State superintend- ent; his salary for last month of year shall not be paid until such report is made. In a county having 50 or more schools he may appoint a deputy; in a county having 150 or more schools he shall be entitled to one deputy for each 100 schools or major, fraction thereof. He shall receive same salary as register of deeds, and in addition shall receive 10 cents per mile traveled when on official duty; county commissioners shall furnish him with necessary books, stationery, and postage. No county superintendent shall be engaged in any other occupation or profession during his term. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and sup- port; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c), Local taxation; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c). Teachers' pensions; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f). Compulsory education; J (b). Medical inspection; O (b). Agricultural schools. Ohio: See A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Oklahoma: There shall be a county superintendent of public instruction for each county, elected as other county officers; terms, two years; vacancy in such office shall be filled by county commissioners; said superintendent shall file bond in sum of $1,000; no person shall be eligible for said office unless possessing a county first-grade certificate or higher. Duties: To visit each school in the county once in each term of six months; make report to the district school board on condition of school property; examine accounts of school officials; encourage formation of teachers' association, and attend, when possible; attend teachers' training course; hold a public-school meeting in each district once a year ; shall keep a record of teachers, certificates issued, and other official matters; apportion school fimds among districts on basis of number of school children, making no such apportionment to any district maintaining a school for less than three months during preceding year ; draw his order on county treasurer in favor of school district for amount appor- tioned to such district; furnish each year a description of boundaries of school districts to county clerk and county assessor ; make a complete annual report to State superintendent; fill any district-board vacancy for unexpired term; audit annual reports of teachers and district clerks; purchase for districts needing the same year a set of school-district records, not to cost more than $4 per set, to be paid for out of district funds. Said superintendent shall divide county into school districts, changing the boundaries of such districts as interests of the people may require; no district shall be formed from other organized districts containing less than 9 square miles and an assessed valuation of less than $50,000, and fewer than eight persons between ages of 6 and 20 years ; no district having a bonded indebtedness shall be changed so that such indebtedness shall exceed 5 per cent of assessed valuation of such district ; no district shall contain less than 9 square miles ; no district 106 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall be changed except upon petition of one-third of electors to county super- intendent, but one-fourth of electors of district so changed may appeal to county commissioners from action of said sui)erintendent, and decision of county commissioners shall be final ; said superintendent shall keep a record of facts concerning school districts ; such provisions shall not be construed as affecting the formation of districts for white and colored children, but shall apply as if the district were to be formed from unorganized territory; said superintendent shall post notices of formation of new district in such district, and appoint a time and place for election of district officers. Said superin- tendent may. In counties of 15,000 to 25,000 population, with consent of county commissioners, expend not more than $200 per year for clerk hire; in counties 25,000 to 40,000 population, $400 ; in counties over 40,000 popula- tion, $600; but in counties between 15,000 and 25,000 population, containing at least 20 separate schools, $400 per year may be used for clerk hire if approved by county commissioners. Said superintendent shall be allowed actual traveling expenses, but same shall not be allowed for inspection of any school more than twice each year. Said superintendent shall audit outstand- ing indebtedness of any district prior to change of such district, and apportion the same to the districts now comprising territory of such district on the basis of assessed valuation of such districts. County superintendent may dispose of the property of a divided district, with consent of board retaining property of such district, and funds received from such sale shall be applied to debts of said district. In counties having a population of not over 18,000, annual salary of county superintendent shall be $1,200; 18,000 to 30,000, $1,400; 30,000 to 40,000, $1,600; over 40,000 population, $1,800. See also A (b2), State officrs; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (a), School population and attendance, general; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (g). Child labor; H (h), Separation of the races; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (j), Agriculture. Oregon: There shall be elected by the legal voters at the general election a county school superintendent; term, four years. Qualifications: Must have taught in the State at least nine months and must hold a first-grade county certificate, a State diploma, or a State certificate. He shall take the oath of office and shall deposit all fees received with the county treasurer. He shall visit the schools at least once a year and in addition to salary prescribed by law shall be entitled to traveling expenses, not to exceed $200 annually. Gen- eral duties: To work to arouse deeper interest in public schools; receive re- ports from districts and make an annual report to the State superintendent; hear and decide appeals from district officers and teachers, subject to appeal to State superintendent; enforce the course of study for county schools pre- scribed by law; keep an official record of all contracts with teachers; make special reports when required by State superintendent ; advise school directors as to the management of the schools, and approve plans for schoolhouses in third-class districts before such houses shall be erected ; use uniform records and blanks prepared and furnished by the State superintendent. He shall examine and may correct reports of district clerks, but appeal may be taken to the county district boundary board. He shall annually report to the State superintendent the name, age, and address of all deaf mutes and blind per- sons in the county who are between 5 and 25 years old. He shall require monthly reports from persons in charge of schools. He shall require teachers to register their certificates and file copies of their contracts in his office. He A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 107 shall attend annually the county superintendents' convention held by State superintendent. He may annually hold one or more school-board conventions, and delegate from each district shall receive $2 for one day of attendance each year. Vacancies in the office of the county superintendent shall be filled by county court for the unexpired term. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Pennsylvania: Every person elected county, district, or assistant county or district superintendent shall be of good moral character; shall hold either a diploma from a college approved by the College and University Council of Pennsylvania, diploma issued by a Pennsylvania normal school, or Penn- sylvania teacher's State certificate; shall have had successful experience as a teacher or superintendent within three years prior to election, but serving as either county, district, or assistant county or district superin- tendent shall be sufficient qualification for any of aforesaid offices. Every four years a county superintendent shall be elected in each county; school directors of each county shall meet in convention to elect; proceedings of said convention shall be certified to the State superintendent, who shall issue a commission to county superintendent-elect, unless valid objections shall be filed; every school director shall be paid $2 and mileage at rate of 3- cents per mile for attending said convention; county superintendent may be removed by State superintendent for cause; county superintendent shall be paid by the State, being $15 for each of the first 10 schools in county, and $5 for each additional school, but salary of county superintendent shall not be less than $1,500 or more than $2,000 per annum; convention of school directors may increase salary of county superintendent by voting increase from district school funds; salary of county superintendent shall be paid quarterly. Duties of county superintendent: To visit schools under his supervision ; note courses and methods ; give necessary directions in the art of teaching; report to board of directors; inspect school property. County commissioners shall provide quarters and supplies for county superintend- ent. Every county superintendent having 200 to 400 teachers under his supervision shall have one assistant ; 400 to 600 teachers, two assistants ; 600 to 800 teachers, three assistants; and for each additional 400 teachers, or fraction thereof, shall have an additional assistant; convention of school directors may authorize appointment of additional assistant superintendents. County superintendent shall nominate assistant superintendents to the five officers of the county school directors' association for confirmation; salaries of assistant superintendents shall be fixed by directors' convention, but at a minimum of $1,200 each per year; assistant superintendents shall perform such duties as may be required by county superintendents. State superin- tendent, and State inspector of high schools. Board of directors in districts of first and second class shall, and in third class may, elect district superin- tendents together with such assistant district superintendents as they may deem wise, and fix compensation of same; duties of district superintendents shall be similar to those of county superintendents. No county, district, or assistant county or district superintendent shall engage in teaching, unless it be done without any compensation therefor; said superintendents shall make annual reports to State superintendent. 108 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; N (a), High schools. South Carolina: A county superintendent shall be elected by the qualified electors in each county; term, four years, except in certain counties where it is two; the State board of education shall fill vacancies. He shall visit each school at least once each year to aid teachers and to note the char- acter of instruction, the condition of buildings, etc.; he shall encourage teachers' associations and conduct institutes. He shall apportion to school districts the money arising from tax on property as shown by the county treasurer's report, and shall certify such apportionment to treasurer, to- gether with poll tax belonging to each district. He shall make an annual financial and statistical report. County commissioners shall furnish super- intendent with office, furniture, etc. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: A superintendent of schools shall be elected at the general election in each county; term, two years; no superintendent shall be elected for more than two terms in succession; no person shall be elected to such office who does not hold a teacher's certificate of first grade or higher; vacancy shall be filled by county board of commissioners. In any county having more than 65 schools the superintendent may appoint a deputy or clerk. Salary of superintendent shall be in proportion to property valua- tion and population of the county, but no salary shall exceed $1,500, and in any county having less than $300,000 of property salary shall not exceed $200. Superintendent shall forfeit $10 for each school under his supervision which he fails to visit during the school year; he shall be allowed by the county actual expenses in attending State convention of superintendents and visiting schools and attending teachers' meetings in the county, but not to exceed $200 per annum in all. He shall have general superivision of the public schools, and in towns of less than 1,000 population he shall have direct supervision. He may conduct contests in agriculture, industrial arts, and home economics among the pupils of the schools under his supervision, and may hold an annual exhibit of products, and county commissioners may appropriate not exceeding $200 to pay expenses thereof. Other duties of superintendent: To visit the schools as often as possible and at least once a year, and may order needed repairs and changes made to school property when school board fails to make them; keep a record of his official acts; keep record of applicants for teachers' certificates and of certificates held; keep register of teachers employed in the county, with salaries paid, etc.; keep a record of apportionments of State and county funds and of statistical data needed to make reports to State superintendent; encourage teachers' meetings and institutes and seek to raise the standards of teaching; hold annually district teachers' institutes, comprising two or more districts ; en- courage formation of a teachers' reading circle, report participants to secre- tary of State teachers' reading circle, examine participants in the course, and forward papers to State board of managers of teachers' reading circle; hold annually between April and September a teachers' normal institute of not less than five days' duration, or hold joint institute with one or more other counties; hold annually a meeting of district school officers, for at- tending which each such oflicer shall receive $1.50 per day and 5 cents per mile traveled; meet with district school officers annually for the purpose of examining their records and accounts; conform to the instructions of A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 109 the State sujierintendent. He may for good cause close any school under his supervision. He shall annually report the enumeration of children of school age to the commissiouer of school and public lands, and such, enumeration shall be the basis of his apportionment of the county general school fund, which shall be made semiannually, in January and July. The county general fund shall consist of the income of the permanent school fund of the State as apportioned to counties, the tax of $1 on each elector, and certain fines. County superintendent shall report annually to the State sui^rintendent, and for failure to do so he shall forfeit $100; on failure of district officer to report as required by law superintendent shall visit such officer and obtain such report. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; E (f), Teachers' associations, reading circles; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor; K (c), Uni- formity of textbooks; L (i). Manual and industrial education; N (a). High schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. Tennessee: County court shall biennially, in January, elect a county superin- tendent ; salary fixed by said court ; he may be removed for cause. In Octo- ber preceding election candidates for super intendency shall stand examina- tion prescribed by State board of education. Women are eligible to this office. Duties of county superintendent: To supervise schools of county; visit and inspect schools; require district directors to make reports; act as secretary and be ex officio member of county high-school board; report to county trustee school census of each district; act as secretary of county board of education; report annually to State superintendent, and make such special reports as may be required; keep record of his official acts and of district boundaries; countersign warrants of district directors, except war- rants for teachers' salaries, and keep record of same. In counties of 30,000 population or more superintendent shall not be principal or teacher of public school during his term; he shall fill vacancies in county board of education and in district boards of directors; he shall set apart one day in November as "Arbor Day." County trustees shall keep separate accounts of State and county funds; he shall give bond for double the amount of money likely to come into his hands; compensation based on amount of funds hfindled; trustee shall keep public-school moneys separate from other moneys. No school officer or teacher shall have any pecuniary interest in supplying books, maps, apparatus, etc., to public schools. For failure to turn records over to successor school officer may forfeit $25 to $100. No school director or member of county board shall be a teacher or interested in a contract which his board may make. Penalties on county superintendent shall accrue to county school fund, and penalties on district directors shall accrue to district fund. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (cl). County boards; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Tepjhers' certifi- cates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools. Texas: Commissioners' court of each county having 3,000 school population or more shall provide for the election of a county superintendent of schools; term, two years; qualifications, must be of good moral character and the holder of first-grade or permanent certificate. On petition of 25 per cent of qualified voters in county having less than 3,000 school population, com- ) 110 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. missioners' court shall order election to determine whether county super- intendency shall be created; majority of qualified taxpaying voters shall determine. Powers and duties: To have general supervision of schools; visit schools four days in each week when possible; have authority over schools except in independent districts having 500 school population or more; hear and determine appeals subject to appeal to county board; hold, subject to approval of State superintendent, annual teachers' institute for five consecutive days, and may be removed for not doing so, but trustees of independent district having 500 school population or more may hold Institute; may cancel teacher's certificate for not attending. He shall keep record of teachers' attendance at institutes and summer normals and shall certify same on their certificates, and such teachers shall receive full pay for attendance. He shall apportion funds received from State to districts, not including independent districts, and income from county fund to all districts, said apportionment being based on school population. If trustees of districts fail to agree on distribution of funds among schools thereof or on length of term to be maintained, county superintendent shall determine such questions. All vouchers must be approved by county superintendent, also all contracts with teachers. Superintendent shall appoint a county board of examiners to consist of two white teachers who hold first-grade certificates. He shall perform such other duties and make such reports as State superintendent may prescribe. Salary : Counties of 2,000 school popu- lation or less, $900, if superintendent is employed; 2,000 to 3,000 school population, $1,100; 3,000 to 4,000 school population, $1,300; 4,000 to 5,000 school population, $1,400; more than 5,000 school population, $1,500; he shall also be allowed not exceeding $100 for stationery, printing, etc. In each county not having superintendent, county judge shall be ex oflBcio superintendent and shall receive such compensation for such service as county commissioners may fix, but not to exceed $600. County superin- tendent is ex oflScio secretary to board of county school trustees and execu- tive ofllcer of the board. He examines all plans and specifications for school buildings costing $400 or more erected in common-school districts, and issues permits for erection thereof. County treasurer shall be treasurer of school funds of common-school dis- tricts and of incorporated districts having less than 150 school population; in incorporated districts having 150 school population or more school treas- urer shall be person or corporation who gives satisfactory bond and offers best bid of interest on average daily balances ; no commission shall be paid for receiving and disbursing school funds. Treasurer shall keep a separate account with each school district; he shall pay out no part of school fund without the approval of county superintendent. Balances to credit of dis- tricts shall be carried over to succeeding year for benefit of such districts. School funds shall not be expended except for the following purposes: (1) State and county funds for teachers' and superintendents' salaries and fees for taking school census; (2) local district funds for same purposes as State and county funds and for other purposes, as supplies, janitors' pay, grounds, buildings, etc. All treasurers shall report on or before October 1 each year to State superintendent, who may call for vouchers and investi- gate correctness of report. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (c). Local taxation; E (b). Teach- ers' certificates, general; F (b), Teachers' salaries; H (b), School census; N (a), High schools. A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. Ill Utah: A superintendent of schools for eacli county shall be elected biennially by qualified voters, but voters in cities of first and second classes and in county school districts of the first class shall not be allowed to vote at elec- tion. Qualifications: He must be over 25 years old and have had at least three years' teaching experience; in addition, in counties of first to third classes, must hold a high-school life ftlploma ; in counties of fourth to twelfth classes, must hold life diploma not lower than grammar grade; in counties of thirteenth to fifteenth classes, must hold not lower than five-year State certificate. He shall have superintendence of all district schools except in cities of the first and second classes. He shall see that district boundaries are correctly described, and where they are found incorrect or confiicting he shall report to county commissioners, who shall change them as needed. He shall visit every school under his supervision at least twice a year, to observe instruction, etc. He shall decide controversies arising under the school laws. He shall report to State board of education the failure of teacher to teach branches required by law, and said board may revoke teach- er's certificate. He shall make statistical report annually to State superin- tendent, which report shall contain a list of persons between 5 and 30 years old too deaf or too blind to receive an education in the common schools. He may appoint a deputy. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and sup- port; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; N (a), High schools. Virginia: All school moneys to be disbursed in any county shall be received, kept, and disbursed by the county treasurer thereof. He shall receive and collect all taxes levied by the county board of supervisors. District funds shall be kept in separate accounts from those of the State and county. He shall make annually in December a report to division superintendent of schools showing amounts collected on account of State, county, and district funds and also amounts disbursed and balance on hand; he shall report an- nually for the August meeting to the county school board, and district clerks shall likewise report to said meeting. Neither treasurer nor his deputies shall deal in county warrants. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support. Washington: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county; term, two years; shall give bond in sum fixed by board of county commissioners ; may appoint a deputy ; in counties having more than 100 dis- tricts, with approval of county commissioners, may appoint clerical assist- ance. County commissioners shall fill any vacancy in office of county superin- tendent. A person to be eligible for office of county superintendent shall have taught at least two years of nine months each, and shall hold a first grade or higher certificate. Powers and duties of county superintendent: To exercise supervision over common schools and counsel with directors and teachers; distribute reports, laws, forms, circulars, and instructions; enforce adopted course of study and rules and regulations concerning teachers' examinations ; prepare, when necessary, course of study for districts of third class ; keep on file all records of business of his office ; administer oaths and affirmations to teachers and school officers; keep record of teachers' contracts and certifi- cates; make annual report to superintendent of public instruction; keep transcript of boundaries of districts; apportion school funds; grant tern- 112 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. porary certificates and conduct examination of teachers ; hold teachers' insti- tutes and other like meetings; hold, if advisable, annual directors' meetings at expense not to exceed $100, a county charge; suspend teachers for good cause; furnish registers and clerks' record books to districts, a district charge; pass upon plans and speciflcatijonts of all schoolhouses to be con- structed in districts of the third class^n the county; require reports of district oflBcers and teachers ; perform such other duties as may be required by law. Said superintendent shall keep his office open at least one day in each week. County commissioners shall provide an office and supplies for said superin- tendent. Said superintendent shall receive traveling expeflses incurred in performance of official duties. Duties of county auditors relative to third-class districts: To audit accounts of school districts ; countersign and register warrants of such districts ; cause school warrants to be registered in treasurer's office. He shall cause warrants of first and second class districts to be registered in office of county treasurer before delivery thereof to claimants. Said auditor shall make annual report to county superintendent. County treasurer of each county shall be ex officio treasurer of school dis- tricts. Duties: To receive school moneys and pay them out on legally drawn warrants ; certify to county superintendent and to county auditor, quarterly, amount of school funds in his possession subject to apportionment ; make an- nual fiscal report to county superintendent and to county auditor ; register all school warrants; make monthly fiscal report to secretary of each district of first class and to clerk of each district of second or third class ; remit moneys derived from sale of school registers and clerk's record books to State treas- urer, who shall place same to credit of general State fund. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (a). Certification of teachers, general; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general; E (c), Special certificates; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. ; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uni- formity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (e). Schools for the feeble-minded. West Virginia: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county by voters thereof; term, four years; said superintendent shall take oath of office and file bond ; a vacancy in office of county superintendent shall be filled until next general election by presidents of various district boards of education. County superintendent shall be a person of experience in teaching or supervising schools and shall hold a first-grade certificate or its equivalent. County superintendents shall receive annual compensation as follows: In counties having not more than 50 schools, $700; more than 50 schools and not more than 75 schools, $775; more than 75 schools and not more than 100 schools, $850; more than 100 schools and not more than 125 schools, $925 ; and for more than 125 schools, $2 for each additional school ; in addition • thereto county superintendent shall receive same compensation as assistants in conducting examinations, but total annual salary shall not exceed $1,500 ; county superintendent shall teach in no public or private school while schools of his county are in session. Said superintendent shall report annually to State superintendent number of schools he has visited; $2 shall be deducted from salary of county superintendent for each school not so visited; salary of county superintendent shall be paid out of general school A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. 113 fund. County superintendent shall visit each school within his county, not included in an independent district, at least once each year, shall inspect schools therein and advise with teachers ; shall examine buildings and equip- ment and advise with boards of education relative thereto; shall make needed reports to boards of education and to State superintendent; shall re- ceive and revise reports of secretaries of boards of education, and shall make annual report to State superintendent. County superintendent shall be ex officio county financial secretary. No county superintendent, member of a board of education, or trustee of any subdistrict shall be or become person- ally interested in any contract of a school district. County superintendent, as county financial secretary, shall receive annual compensation of $75; but in counties having more than 100 teachers he shall receive 75 cents per teacher. Sheriff of the county shall receive, collect, and disburse all school money for the county and districts and independent districts therein. Said sheriflC shall give bond in sum of double amount of school money to be handled by him ; shall keep accounts with boards of education of districts and independ- ent districts of money belonging to the teachers' fund, the building fund, or any other school fund ; shall pay out money upon orders signed by president and secretary of said boards, and upon order of county superintendent as provided by law; shall make annual settlement with board of education of each district and independent district, and also with county court for each such district. He shall annually settle with county financial secretary. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G(d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (b). School census; H (g), Child labor; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: Duties of county superintendent: To examine and license teachers; to visit and examine schools in his district at least once a year, advise teach- ers, and confer with school boards; direct any school board to make altera- tions and repairs, and to abate any nuisance, not to cost over $25 ; make an order in concurrence with chairman of town board relative to buildings unfit for school purposes; report condition of schools annually to county board of supervisors; receive school reports and transmit abstracts of same to State superintendent; organize and conduct at least one teachers' institute each year, and interpret school laws. County or district superintendent shall hold annually at least one school-board convention. County superintendent shall attend at least one convention of county superintendents annually ; necessary expenses shall be paid by county. No county or district superintendent shall hold any other lucrative position while schools are in session, except when his annual salary is less than $S00. County board shall allow county super- intendent over and above his salary actual and necessary traveling expenses. Said superintendent shall annually make report to county clerk relative to certification of teachers. Institute instructors shall receive no pay unless they hold institute certificates; no person who is engaged in manufacture of textbooks or school supplies, or is agent for same, or is interested in any teachers' agency, shall be employed as institute instructor. Each county and city superintendent of schools shall annually report deaf and blind children to the State school for the deaf and State school for the blind ; like reports shall be made to county board of supervisors or city board of education. To be eligible as county superintendent a person shall hold a county superin- tendent's certificate, or some higher certificate of qualifications, shall be of good moral character, and shall have taught for at least eight months in public schools. The teachers* county institute fund shall be under direction of 3966°— 15 8 114 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county or district superintendent in defraying expenses of institutes. In- stitute appropriation shall be distributed among counties on basis of number of teachers employed in territory under supervision of county or district superintendent, school term to be not less than seven months except for legal cause; county or district superintendent shall annually certify number of teachers to State superintendent. County and district superintendents shall keep account of expenditures for institute purposes. The county or district superintendent may, by and with consent of county board, appoint a deputy superintendent, if number of schools under supervision of said superintendent shall be not less than 100 ; said deputy shall hold a first-grade county certifi- cate or higher, and shall have taught in public schools for at least eight months. The judge of the circuit court may remove the county superin- tendent from office for good cause after a hearing. County board of educa- tion shall fix salary of county and of district superintendent, and allow necessary traveling expenses. The county board may divide county having over 15,000 inhabitants into two superintendent districts; each such district shall be governed by provisions of law applicable to counties, so far as same shall apply. County superintendent shall be elected by qualified electors; term, two years. Any county, excepting those in which county schools of agriculture are maintained, may, through the county board, establish and maintain an agricultural representative recommended by the dean of Wisconsin School of Agriculture. Duties of such representative: To advise with individuals relative to farming methods ; aid in development of agriculture and country- life conditions; offer courses of instruction; aid in formation of cooperative enterprises; promote business methods among farmers; aid in developing agricultural teaching in schools; and promote rural development generally. County may levy tax to partly pay such representative, such amount to be not less than $1,000 annually; such county shall receive $1,000 from State annually for such purpose; State aid shall be expended under direction of board of regents of State university; in year 1915 such work shall be organized in not to exceed 16 coimties. Said representatives shall be chosen by said board of regents ; said representative shall cooperate with the county training school board if there be one, otherwise with county superintendent. See also A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (b). School census; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. Wyoming: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected by qualified electors ; term, two years. Salary: County of first class, $900 ; second class, $750 ; third class, $600 ; fourth class, $500 ; necessary traveling expenses shall also be paid. Superintendent shall hold a teacher's certificate of first class or higher and shall not teach in any public school ; he shall be a resident of the county. Vacancy in office filled by board of county commissioners. General duties: To make annual report to State superintendent; distribute blanks transmitted by State superintendent; verify certificates of district clerks as to number of teachers employed. He shall annually apportion school fund to districts, including high-school districts, in proportion to number of teachers in district during preceding year. He shall have superintendence of public schools and shall visit each at least once in the term ; he may recom- mend incompetent teachers for dismissal. Should county superintendent fail to make reports as required by law, he shall forfeit $100. Superintendent * A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 115 shall hear and determine all appeals. In county of first, second, or third class, he may employ a deputy at $3 per day, but for not more than $150 annually. Classification of counties: First class, counties having an assessed valua- tion of more than $12,000,000; second class, $6,000,000 to $12,000,000; third class, less than $6,000,000. District clerks and high-school district clerks shall annually certify to county superintendent number of teachers employed in such district, but credit shall not be allowed for teacher having taught less than six mouths nor where average attendance is less than 6 per teacher in grade school or 10 per teacher in high school. No required number of pupils for rural school. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c), Local taxa- tion; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (b), School census; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (h), Separation of the races; K (b). Free textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools. A (d) . District, Township, and Municipal Boards and Officers. Alabama: Three trustees shall be elected by qualified electors in each district on first Saturday in July and quadrennially thereafter ; county superintendent shall give notice of election; trustees must be freeholders and householders who can read and write ; chairman of meeting shall certify result of election to county superintendent ; a qualified voter may within 10 days contest before county superintendent the results of election; trustees elected shall meet within 10 days and choose from their number a chairman and a secretary. Duties: To take school census; care for school property; nominate teachers to county board of education who, on approving, shall contract with teachers ; visit schools and make quarterly reports thereon to county superintendent; perform such other duties as required by county board. If trustees fail to nominate teacher, county board shall nominate and employ. A district having graded school for not less than eight months may elect five trustees and assume entire control of school, except that reports must be made to county superintendent. In municipalities board of education shall have full control of separate school district. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc; D (b). State aid, ap- proval of plans; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; H (b). School cen- sus; M (a). Special types of school, general; S (b), Public-school libraries. Arizona: Powers and duties of district trustees: To elect a president and a clerk from among their number; prescribe rules not inconsistent with law or the rules of the State board of education; segregate pupils of colored race from those of white races; control school property; provide equipment and supplies; rent, furnish, repair, and insure school property; build school- houses and purchase or sell sites, when directed by vote of the people; employ teachers and other necessary officers and fix their salaries, but no relative of a trustee shall be employed except by unanimous vote of the board; employ a city superintendent in districts having an average attend- ance of 500 or more (such superintendent may be employed by two or more districts having a combined average attendance of 500 or more) ; expel pupils for misconduct and exclude children under 6 years old; enforce course of 116 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PtJBLIC EDUCATION, Study and textbooks adopted by State board of education; appoint district librarians and enforce rules governing libraries; exclude from schools and school libraries literature of a sectarian or partisan character ; admit pupils from another district on the written permit of trustees of such district; appoint a school-census marshal annually; report annually to county super- intendent as prescribed by State superintendent; report directly to State superintendent when required ; visit and examine every school in the district. Board may call meeting of school electors for consultation regarding litiga- tion and for other purposes; on petition of 15 per cent of qualified electors such meeting must be called ; action of meeting regarding litigation is manda- tory on trustees, but in other matters such action is only advisory. Trustees may, and on petition of 15 per cent of school electors must, call an election to determine (1) location of schoolhouse, (2) purchase or sale of school site or schoolhouse, (3) whether transportation shall be provided for children resid- ing more than 1 mile from schoolhouse (if majority favor transportation, county board of supervisors shall levy a tax in said district to pay for the same), (4) whether bonds of the district shall be issued. Only bona fide property taxpayers in the district may vote on question of Issuing bonds. Amount of bonds, including existing indebtedness, shall not exceed 6 per cent of value of taxable property of district ; county supervisors shall levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund; interest shall not exceed 6 per cent per annum; supervisors shall determine time of payment of principal; bonds shall not be sold below par; supervisors, with consent of district trus- tees, shall invest sinking fund; on failure of supervisors to make tax levy, State board of equalization shall make it. District trustees must maintain school for not less than eight months in the year, and if funds are sufficient must maintain them for a longer term ; State and county school moneys shall be used exclusively for the payment of teachers' salaries. If, through failure of trustees to have census taken, district receives no apportionment of school funds, trustees shall be liable for amount which should have been appor- tioned. Duties of district clerk: To keep a record of proceedings of school board; keep itemized accounts of receipts and expenditures; discharge other duties prescribed by board. In districts having an average attendance of 500 or more board may employ a clerk at a salary of not exceeding $100 per annum ; in districts having a school population of 1,000 or more board may employ a clerk at a salary of not exceeding $900. See also A (c2), County officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; D (e). United States flag in schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; N (a), High schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. Arkansas: At each annual election held in common-school districts on the third Saturday in May the qualified electors shall elect one director for a term of three years; judges of election shall determine result and issue certificate ; when elected or appointed a director shall forfeit $10 for neglect- ing or refusing to serve; vacancy shall be filled at a special election by qualified voters, but if district fails to elect within 15 days, county court shall fill vacancy. Said directors shall establish separate schools for white and colored persons. They shall have charge of the school affairs of the district; shall have the care and custody of school property; shall purchase or lease such school site as may be designated by a majority of the legal voters; shall provide a schoolhouse with funds provided by the district for A (d). DISTBTCT BOARDS AKD OFFICEBB. 117 that purpose; shall hire only legally licensed teachers, and shall enter into written contract with them. School directors and trustees of public and agricultural schools shall not employ as teacher a person related to any one of them within the fourth degree, unless petitioned to do so by two- thirds of the patrons. Directors may use district funds for insuring school- houses. When authorized by a majority of electors, directors may expend from common-school fund not exceeding $25 for apparatus approved by State superintendent. In counties where textbook uniformity has not been voted, directors shall adopt a series of textbooks for a period of three years ; they shall see that physiology and hygiene shall be taught in the schools; they shall see that elementary agriculture and horticulture is taught; they shall visit the schools at least once each term; they shall annually submit estimates of expenses of the schools to the district; they shall draw war- rants on the county treasurer for the payment of district funds. If a site is to be selected or tax to be levied for a schoolhouse, directors shall, in the notice for annual meeting, state such fact. The clerk, who shall be one of the directors, shall keep a record of the proceedings of the annual meeting and shall make a financial statement to such meeting. Directors shall report to county clerk so much of the proceedings of the annual meeting as pertains to the election of officers and the levy of taxes; they shall make an annual statistical report to the county examiner (or county superintendent). Direc- tors may suspend from school any pupil for gross immorality, insubordina- tion, or for infectious diseases. County court may on petition of any person residing in a district transfer the children or wards of such person to an adjoining district for school purposes; such children shall be enumerated in the district to which transferred and the district taxes of parent or guardian shall be added to the revenues of the district to which children are trans- ferred; persons having children transferred shall have the right to vote in the district to which transfer is made. Directors shall close schools when teachers' examinations are held and during teachers' institutes. See also A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance. California: Except where otherwise provided, every district shall be controlled by three trustees; term, three years; vacancies occur under section 996, Political Code, or when people fail to elect ; when trustee resigns, resignation shall be sent to county superintendent; when new district is formed, old trustees residing therein shall continue in office; when joint districts are formed, trustees shall be appointed by county superintendents to hold until election in April. Boards of education in cities shall be elected under laws governing such cities, and their powers shall be as prescribed in such laws, except as otherwise provided in this chapter. Poicers and duties of school trustees and city J)oards: To make rules for their own government and transact business at regular and special meetings; control school property and pay all moneys received for school purposes to county treasurer; pur- chase furniture and apparatus; rent, furnish, repair, and insure school prop- erty ; grant use of schoolhouses for community purposes when not inconsistent with school purposes ; build schoolhouses or purchase or sell school lots when directed by vote of the district; make in the name of the district conveyance of property; employ principals of schools and, in case of city districts, super- intendents and assistants (supervising principals, superintendents, and assist- ants may be employed for term of four years) ; employ teachers, janitors, and other employees and fix salaries (no employee shall be employed for } 118 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. longer than one year, provided that after one year teachers shall be con- sidered reelected unless given notice to the contrary before June 10; school boards may pay teachers by calendar month in 12 installments) ; suspend or expel pupils for misconduct; exclude from schools children under 6 years old, except that they may be admitted to kindergartens at 4^ years old and to schools for deaf at 3 years old; enforce course of study and use of text- books prescribed by proper authority ; appoint librarians and make rules for libraries; exclude from schools and school libraries partisan and sectarian literature; keep a register of children applying to be admitted to school; admit children from other districts with consent of trustees of such districts ; report annually to county superintendent; report to State superintendent when required as to textbooks used ; visit every school at least once in each term ; call meetings to locate schoolhouse or for consideration of other dis- trict affairs; let all contracts involving expenditure of more than $200 to lowest bidder, except that musical instruments need not be so obtained, and old buildings may be repaired by day labor; give care to health of pupils, and where funds are sufficient to employ properly certified persons for such work ; provide transportation for pupils where advisable. School board shall provide United States flags for schoolhouses and for display in schoolrooms. Kindergartens may be established by any school board upon petition of parents of 25 or more children 4^ to 6 years old residing within a mile of an elementary school ; any school board may establish special classes for five or more deaf children 3 to 21 years old. School supplies shall be furnished and charges therefor paid out of county school fund. State and county funds shall be used only for the support of the schools for eight months; at end of year of eight months unexpended balances may be used for out- standing claims or carried to next year; if school is run less than eight months, such funds shall be reapportioned, except in case of good cause for closing school. All of State fund and at least one-half of county fund shall be used for paying teachers and may be used for payment of superintendents and supervising principals. School boards are liable as such for judgments against the district. School boards may establish health and development supervision, and for such purpose may employ examining staff of educators and physicians. Purposes of supervision: To correct defects of pupils and teachers (inspection annually) ; attend to all matters pertaining to school hygiene; make special study of retardation and deviation in pupils. Exam- iners who are educators shall hold life certificates, and medical examiners shall be licensed physicians; both shall hold "health and development cer- tificates." School boards shall enforce the provisions of the law prohibiting secret societies in the public schools by expulsion if necessary. After all obligations against it are discharged, building fund balance shall be trans- ferred to regular school fund. Poivers of school hoards in cities of fifth class: To establish kindergartens, elementary and evening schools; employ superintendent, teachers, janitors, etc., and fix their compensation; make and enforce rules and regulations; provide lights, water, and incur other incidental expenses; provide and furnish schoolhouses; acquire and hold in trust for the city real and per- sonal property; improve school lots; determine amount of taxes necessary to supplement State and county funds; make regulations for distribution of school moneys; discharge legal incumbrances; admit nonresident pupils and persons over 21 years old upon payment of tuition fee; prohibit children under 6 years old from attending school; establish grades, course of study, etc.; perform such other acts as may be necessary. A (d). DISTEICT BOARDS AND OFFICEES. 119 Taking of illegal fees by a school officer subjects offender to removal from office; trial before a court of competent jurisdiction required. Clerk. — District trustees shall annually in May elect one of their members clerk; if trustees fail to elect and in case of vacancy county superintendent shall appoint Duties of clerk: To call meetings of trustees at request of two members; keep record of proceedings and account of receipts and expendi- tures ; keep records and accounts open to inspection ; do such other duties as prescribed by trustees. He shall provide all school supplies provided for by law and have general care of school property, under direction of trustees. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (a), Certification of teachers, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (f), Compul- sory attendance; H (g), Child labor; I (a), Discipline, general; L (a). Course of study; N (a). High schools; S (b). School libraries. Colorado: District hoards. — Districts having a school population of 1,000 or more shall be districts of the first class ; those having 350 to 1,000 shall be districts of the second class; those having less than 350 shall be districts of the third class. In districts of the first class school board shall consist of five members ; term, six years, two or one, as the case requires, being elected every two years. In districts of the second and third classes, board shall consist of a president, a secretary, and a treasurer; term, three years, one being elected each year. After organization, school boards in districts of the first and second classes shall have all powers conferred by law on electors in districts of the third class. If a director fails to qualify within 20 days, county superintendent shall fill vacancy thereby created. In districts of the third class, board may at any time, and must when petitioned by 10 legal voters, call a meeting of qualified electors who shall include women on the same terms as men. Powers of electors at meetings: To appoint a chairman and a secretary in the absence of the regular officers; adjourn from time to time; fix site for schoolhouse; order tax for paying teachers, providing sites and buildings and school libraries, and for other contingent expenses; direct the sale of school property and the disposition of the proceeds thereof; trans- act generally business promoting the cause of education; make rules of order for the government of meetings. The president of the board shall pre- side at all meetings and sign all orders on county treasurer for the payment of district money. Duties of secretary: To keep a record of proceedings: countersign all warrants or orders; take annual census of persons 6 to 21 years old; keep account of school moneys; report annually to county super- intendent; report quarterly to school board and render a statement at any time required by such board. District treasurer shall countersign all war- rants or orders drawn on the county treasurer. Powers of school hoards: To employ teachers and other employees and fix their compensation and deter- mine the rate of tuition for nonresident pupils ; enforce rules and regulations of State superintendent, fix the course of study and adopt textbooks: pro- vide school furniture, etc. ; rent, repair, and insure schoolhouses ; build or remove schoolhouses or sell school lots when directed by vote of the people; hold all real and personal property in trust for the district; suspend or expel unruly pupils and exclude children under 6 years old; determine length of term over and above three months; furnish free textbooks for indigent pupils and for all pupils when authorized by a majority vote of the district; require all pupils to have suitable books; exclude from schools and school libraries all publications of an immoral or pernicious tendency; 120 STATte LAWS RELA'ni>rG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. require teachers to conform to the law ; make annual report to county superin- tendent as prescribed by State superintendent ; report directly to State super- intendent when required by him; permit pupils to attend a more accessible school in another district and to arrange for the payment of tuition. A pupil residing outside a high-school district may attend high school within the county or an adjoining county and the district of his residence shall pay tuition not to exceed the average cost per pupil in said high school. Boards shall publish annual reports. No officer charged with letting contracts shall be in any way interested in a contract, except in his official capacity. Appeals. — ^An aggrieved person may within 30 days appeal, in a matter of law or fact, from a decision or order of the district school board to county superintendent; any person or district board may likewise appeal from a decision or order of the county superintendent to the State board of education, whose decision shall be final, but neither the county superin- tendent nor the State board may render a judgment for money. See also A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; (c). Local taxation; D (e), United States flag in schools; E (b), General certificates; F (b), Teachers' salaries; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; I (e), School fraternities; N (a), High schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Connecticut: Town school officers. — ^Agents of the town deposit funds, high- school committees, school visitors, town school committees, and library direc- tors shall be voted for by ballot; other town officers shall be appointed by the selectmen; plurality vote shall elect officers; terms of officers, one year, unless otherwise provided by law. No person shall be ineligible as a member of a board of education, board of school visitors, town school committee, or district committee by reason of sex. Vacancies in elective offices may be filled by election in a legr;l town meeting, but until so filled selectmen may fill the same. Each town shall at its annual meeting elect a board of school visitors to consist of three, six, or nine members as such town may determine ; term, three years, one-third being elected every year, bnt when said board consists of three members all shall be elected at the same time for a term of three years ; vacancies shall be filled by remaining members until next town meeting; in towns holding biennial elections two-thirds of members may be elected at one time, as the case requires. In the election of school visitors no person shall vote for more than one-half the number to be elected, except when the number to be elected is three, five, seven, or nine, in which case two, three, four, or five, respectively, may be voted for ; persons receiving the highest number of votes shall be elected. School visitors shall annually choose from their number a chairman and from the citizens of the town a secretary; they shall prescribe rules for the management, classification, studies, and discipline of the schools; shall,* subject to State board of education, prescribe textbooks; make rules for the school libraries; approve plans for school- houses; superintend high and graded schools. The chairman of the l?oard of school visitors or of the school committee shall call a meeting of the board at least once every six months and may call other meetings. Secretary shall keep records, etc., and shall report annually to town meeting and to secre- tary of the State board of education; towns and districts from which such reports are not received shall forfeit 1 per cent of State apportionment for first week of delay, 2 per cent for two weeks, 3 per cent for three weeks, 5 per cent for four weeks, and 10 per cent for a longer delay. The school visitors, town school committed, or board of education shall annually assign A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OtFlCEES. 121 one or more of their number to visit the schools at least twice during each term and report on the condition of the same ; said member shall be the " act- ing school visitor." Said board may appoint a person not one of its members to be acting school visitor, or superintendent ; any town may fix the compen- sation of the acting school visitor or superintendent. Annual town meeting may fix compensation of secretary and other acting school visitors, but said officers shall receive at least $2 per day for each day employed. Said boards may examine and grant certificates to teachers for the schools of their respec- tive towns or districts; certificates for grades above the third shall cover physiology and hygiene ; certificates for special subjects may be granted. Any town, unless otherwise provided, may direct the school visitors to employ the teachers for all public schools of the town for such term as it may specify. No school visitor or member of a town school committee shall be employed as a teacher in the town; such employment vacates the office of visitor or committeeman. The selection of school library books and apparatus must have the approval of the school visitors. School boards shall annually make return to the comptroller the enumeration of children between 4 and 16 years old, showing the number in school, public or private, in September, and the number not in school, with their ages; no town shall receive State funds until such report is made. School visitors shall annually report to the selectmen; said visitors shall annually report to the secretary of the State board of education the names and post-office addresses of district com- mittees, and after school opens, the names, etc., of teachers. No board of school visitors, town school committee, or board of education shall change any textbooks, except by a two-thirds vote of all the members of said board, but additional readers may be adopted if furnished free to pupils. School boards may require children to be vaccinated before entering school; said boards may exclude children under 5 years old. All school officers shall preserve books and documents of permanent value and turn them over to their successors. School committee. — No town shall receive any money from the Stnte for any district unless the school therein has been kept for at least 36 weeks, but no school need be maintained in any district in which the average at- tendance for the preceding year was less than eight. In said schools shall be taught reading, spelling, writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, United States history, i^nd such other branches, including elementary science and manual training, as the school board may prescribe. Schools shall be open to all children over 5 years old without regard to race or color, but school board may admit children over 4 years old; kindergartens may be established for children over 3 years old. State board of education shall prepare an outline relating to the duties of citizenship, which shall be taught in the public schools. Town may direct school board to employ teachers for such terms as it mny specify; it may direct that a teacher of vocal and instrumental music be employed. Hygiene, including the effects of alcohol and narcotics, shall be taught in the public schools above the third grade, but this shall not apply to high schools; normal and training schools shall give instruction in this subject. Any town may direct the school board to purchase textbooks and supplies and loan the same to pupils free of charge; on petition of 20 voters, question of furnishing free textbooks shall be submitted to voters ; in towns not furnishing free textbooks, acting school visitor shall furnish books to pupils whose parents are unable to purchase them. Every town shall furnish by transportation or otherwise school accommodations, so that every child between 7 and 16 years old can attend 122 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOI^. school as required by law; on its failure to do so, parent or guardian or agent charged with the enforcement of the compulsory-attendance law may make complaint and school board shall grant a hearing; an aggrieved party may appeal to State board of education, which board may request the proper school officer to arrange to enable the parent or guardian to comply with the compulsory-attendance law, and if such officer does not take action within one month, there shall be a forfeiture of State money of $2.50 per week for each child thus deprived of schooling. Except when school districts have been abolished and a town school committee has been elected for the entire town, the selectmen shall have control of school property. The governor shall annually, in the spring, designate an arbor and bird day to be observed in the schools; he shall annually designate June 14 as flag day, and such day shall be observed in the public schools. The selectmen shall provide each school with a United States flag and shall arrange for its display on the schoolhouse grounds. At least five days' notice shall be given prior to any town meeting, annual or special, or to any meeting of a city, borough, school society, school district, or other public community. Superintendent. — School committee, board of school visitors, or board of education may choose a superintendent of schools, fix his salary, and pre- scribe his duties, which shall include those of the acting school visitor. Two or more towns together employing more than 30 and not more than 50 teachers may unite by vote of the school committee, school visitors, or board of education and employ a superintendent; such supervision district shall continue for a term of three years, at the expiration of which any town may withdraw; on proper certificates being made by secretaries of towns con- stituting supervision district, State shall pay one-half of superintendent's salary, but not exceeding $800 annually. Superintendent shall have had at least five years' experience as a teacher or superintendent or must hold a cer- tificate of approval by the State board of education. School board of any town employing more than 20 and not more than 30 teachers may employ a superintendent, who must hold a certificate of approval by State board, and State shall pay one-half of the salary of said superintendent, but not exceeding $800. Any town employing not more than 20 teachers may petition the State board of education and said board may appoint and fix the salary of a superintendent, whose duties shall include those of acting visitor for said town; State board shall pay the salary of said superintendent. Any town employing more than 20 teachers and in which there is no superin- tendent approved or appointed by the State board, the town meeting may vote to instruct its school board to choose a superintendent or request the appointment of a supervising agent. District committee. — The committee of every district shall give due notice of all meetings, may call special meetings, and shall call meetings on the written request of one-fifth or of 10 of the legal voters of the district. Duties: To provide suitable schoolrooms and furnish the same with fuel; visit the schools at least twice each term ; provide textbooks for indigent pupils ; expel pupils guilty of '* incorrigibly bad cnduct " ; give to the secretary of the board of school visitors notice of the opening and closing of the school term ; make return of the enumeration of children residing in the district on the first day of October each year; make annual statistical report to the secre- tary of the board of school visitors. See also A (bl). States boards; A (f) Administrative units — districts, etc.: B (a). General State finance and support; D (c), Schoolhouses, decoration, care, etc.; E (b), General certificates; G (c), County and local normal A (d). DISTEICT BOARDS AlTD OFFICERS. 123 schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (a), Health, general; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; S (b, Public-school libraries. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; K (b) Free textbooks. Florida: See A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; K (b). Free textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens. Georgia: See A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for ele- mentary education; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; H (g), Child labor; J (c), Vaccination; O (c), Trade schools. Idaho: Board of district trustees shall consist of three members, qualified electors ; term, three years, one retiring each year ; elected by qualified voters at annual school meeting. School meeting, except in independent districts, shall be on third Monday in April ; clerk shall post notice in three public places; election of trustees shall be by ballot. Annual meeting shall deter- mine if a special tax shall be levied not to exceed 5 mills on the dollar; amount of money to be raised shall be determined by ballot; only resident freeholders or heads of families shall vote on question of taxation; county commissioners shall levy a tax sufficient to raise amount determined by district meeting. Meeting shall determine length of school term, which shall not be less than five months in a district having less than 20 pupils of school age, less than six months in a district having 20 to 75 pupils, less than nine months in a district having over 75 pupils; State funds withheld if term is shorter than required by la'w. On failure of meeting to vote necessary tax, trustees may levy it. In addition to notice of meeting posted by clerk, county superintendent shall publish general notice in newspaper. Trustee shall qualify within 15 days after receiving notice of their election. Assessor shall assess and collect school taxes as other taxes, but separate accounts shall be kept. Board of trustees shall hold regular meetings quarterly and may hold special meetings. Dvties of trustees: To employ teachers who shall hold valid certificates; allow and order paid teachers' salaries; fix compensation of clerk ; determine nonresident tuition fees, but a graduate of the eighth grade may attend any high school in the county and county super- intendent shall transfer such pupil's proportion of school fund ; may discharge a teacher for cause; may not compel teacher to make up time spent attend- ing an institute; have charge of school property and hold real estate in trust; locate and build schoolhouse when directed by vote of the district. No trustee shall be pecuniarily interested in a contract made by the board. Trustees must furnish all necessaries, as fuel, janitor service, apparatus, etc. At least 3 per cent of moneys annually appropriated to district, other than independ- ent district, shall be applied to maintenance of a school library. Clerk of board shall keep record of transactions of district, which shall be open to county superintendent; trustees shall report annually to county superintend- ent; trustees shall determine case of disorderly pupil. Clerk shall enumerate children between 6 and 21 years old and report result to county superin- tendent. No trustee shall vote to elect a relative of his or his immediate family as a teacher. Trustees may employ an attorney. Trustees shall pro- vide flagpole and United States flag; they may determine whether pupils out- side the county may attend school within their district; they shall make annual report, which shall be posted in three public places; in independent districts report shall be published in nearest newspaper. Trustees may desig- 124 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PlTBLrC EDtTCATION. nate one of their number to attend a meeting called by county superintendent and may pay expenses of such member. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (f), Compul- sory attendance; H (g), Child labor; J (a), Health, general; L (a), Course of study; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a), High schools; S (b). Public-school lijjraries. Illinois: Trustees. — Each congressional township is created a township for school purposes ; when a fraction of a congressional township contains fewer than 200 persons under 21 years old the school trustees, on petition of a majority of the adult inhabitants of said fraction, may by agreemnt with the trustees of an adjacent township consolidate the territory, funds, and other property of said fraction with said adjacent township. The school business of a township shall be transacted by three trustees elected by the qualified voters; such township shall be a body corporate; where township contains three or more school districts no two trustees shall be elected from the same district; township treasurer shall give notice of election, or in case of his failure or the failure of the trustees county superintendent shall give such notice ; judges of election shall send poll book and certificate of election to county superintendent; terms of trustees, three years, one being elected each year. Trustees shall elect one of their number president; regular meetings shall be held semiannually and special meetings may be held. At regular meetings trustees shall apportion school funds to the several dis- tricts of the township in proportion to the number of persons under 21 years old. Trustees shall make an annual report to the county superintendent; any township from which such report is not made shall forfeit its portion of the distributive school fund for the next ensuing year; where township is divided by one or more county lines, separate statistical reports shall be made to superintendent of each county; at each semiannual meeting trustees shall examine the books and accounts of township treasurer or other township school officer; trustees may receive gifts fo." schools and libraries and shall be invested with all school property; they may on petition of a majority of the voters of the district sell unnecessary or unsuitable school sites and buildings; they may purchase real estate in satisfaction of a judgment or other indebtedness and may sell such real estate in the manner prescribed for the sale of the sixteenth section. In a newly organized town- ship trustees shall divide the same into convenient districts. They may divide a district into two or more districts when petitioned by a majority of the voters of the district; they may consolidate two or more districts when petitioned by a majority of the voters of each ; they may detach terri- tory and add it to an adjoining district when petitioned by a majority of the voters of each or by two-thirds of those residing in the territory de- scribed in the petition; they may create a new district from parts of two or more districts when petitioned by a majority of the voters of each dis- trict affected or by two-thirds of those residing within the territory described in the petition; they may create a new district by dividing the territory of an existing district when petitioned by two-thirds of the voters residing in the territory described in the petition. Changes may be made in boundaries of districts lying in two or more townships by concurrent action of the several boards of trustees of townships in which such district or districts lie, acting on petition as prescribed in the foregoing section. In school districts, whether operating under this act or a special charter, the request for a change of A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 125 boundaries may be submitted to the trustees by vote of the people instead of by petition. A majority of the voters of a district lying in two or more townships may secure the dissolution of such district by petition to the trustees of the several townships. If any school district shall for two con- secutive years fail to maintain a public school as required by law, the trustees of the township or townships shall attach such district to one or more ad- joining districts. Any city, township, or district in which schools are man- aged under a special act may vote of the qualified electors cease to operate under said special act and become a part of the township system ; on petition of 50 voters school board shall submit the question to an election and a majority vote shall determine; after such change an election shall be held to elect school directors or board of education of said district; petitioners or legal voters who oppose the change of boundaries of a district may appeal from the decision of the township trustees to the county superintendent, whose decision shall be final; if an appeal is taken from a district lying in two or more counties, such appeal shall be filed with the superintendent of one of said counties and the superintendents of all counties concerned shall meet and determine appeal. In case any territory shall be set off from a district having a bonded debt, the change not being petitioned by a majority of the voters of the district, such original district shall be liable for said bonded debt as if not divided. When the trustees of schools shall organize a new district, the clerk of such trustees shall call an election in such dis- trict to elect three school directors; term of directors three years, one being elected each year ; said directors shall elect one of their number presi- dent and one of their number clerk. When a new district has been formed from a part of a district or parts of two or more districts, the trustees of the township or townships concerned shall make a distribution of the funds in the hands of the treasurer, so that the old and new districts shall receive parts of such funds in proportion to the amount of taxes collected next pre- ceding such division from the taxable property in the territory composing the several districts. When a new district is formed the debts of the old districts shall first be deducted and the remaining property shall be appraised and each district concerned shall be entitled to its share of the value thereof. Treasurer and clerk. — Board of township trustees shall biennially elect a township treasurer, who shall be ex oflicio clerk of the board ; he shall keep a record of the proceedings of the board, which shall be open to inspection ; he shall give bond in a sum equal to twice the amount of money and effects to be handled ; he shall keep his accounts in the manner prescribed by the State superintendent, the county superintendent, or the township trustees; he shall be the only depository of township and district school funds and effects; he shall keep the principal of the township fund loaned at interest of not less than 4 nor more than 7 per cent; he shall annually render to the county superintendent a statement of the condition of the township fund ; he shall semiannually submit a statement to the township trustees; he shall, in April and July, report to each district or part of district in the township the condi- tion of the finances of such district or part of district; he shall pay out no funds of a district except on an order of the directors of said district. Board of education. — In all school districts organized under any special laws and maintaining schools under any general school laws, where there is no provision in said special laws for the election of boards of education, there shall be elected in each of said special school districts a board of education to consist of seven members; said election shall be held at the same time and in the same manner as now provided by general law for the election of boards 126 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of education in other cases ; said board shall have all the rights, powers, and duties of boards of education in cities and towns of 1,000 to 100,000 population. Board of directors. — In all districts having a population of less than 1,000 and not governed by special acts there shall be elected a board of directors to consist of three members ; any resident of the district over 21 years old able to read and write and not a treasurer or a township trustee shall be eligible to membership; term, three years, one being elected each year. Board shall elect one of its members president and one clerk ; it shall hold regular meet- ings as it may determine, and special meetings may be held on the call of the president or two members. Clerk shall keep a record of proceedings, which shall be open to inspection by township treasurer. Duties of directors: To make at annual election and to township treasurer a statement of receipts and expenditures ; report to county superintendent the names of teachers employed, with the beginning and end of their contracts ; provide for necessary revenue ; determine, in case of a district composed of parts of two or more townships, which township treasurer shall receive the taxes of the district; adopt and enforce rules for the government of the schools ; visit and inspect the schools ; appoint teachers and fix their salaries; direct what branches of study shall be taught and what textbooks shall be used, but books shall not be changed oftener than once in four years; maintain for at least six months a sufficient number of schools to accommodate all persons in the district between 6 and 21 years old ; provide textbooks for children whose parents are unable to buy them ; deliver to township treasurer on or before July 7 all teachers' salary schedules ; pay no public money to teacher not holding certificate or not having complied with the law ; have treasurer's report entered upon its records and post the same in public. Powers of "board: To provide necessary records; fix the clerk's compensation; dismiss a teacher for cause; assign pupils to schools and admit nonresident pupils and fix their tuition fees; suspend or expel dis- orderly pupils; provide that children under 12 years old shall not be kept in school more than four hours daily; appropriate school funds for the purchase of libraries and apparatus; sell unneeded personal property; grant special holidays; have control of school property and grant the use of schoolhouses for community purposes ; decide when a site or schoolhouse has become unsuit- able, unnecessary, or inconvenient; borrow money and issue bonds as pro- vided by law ; furnish each school with a United States flag ; establish classes of not fewer than 15 pupils for crippled children between 3 and 21 years old ; establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old when author- ized by vote of the district, but teacher must have kindergarten certificate. When there is no money in the treasury of the district to pay ordinary ex- penses, directors may issue warrants to extent of 75 per cent of taxes to be collected later. Directors shall pay teachers monthly. It shall not be lawful for directors to purchase or locate a school site or to purchase, build, or move a schoolhouse or to levy a tax to extend schools beyond nine months unless authorized by vote of the district. Boards of directors shall have the right of eminent domain in securing a school site, but no tract of land outside of an incorporated city or village or within 40 rods of the owner's residence shall be taken without the owner's consent. With written consent of a majority of the directors of each district, pupils may be transferred from one district to another ; when the number of pupils between 6 and 16 years old in a school becomes less than six the directors may transfer such pupils and pay for transportation. Cities of 1,000 to 100,000 population. — In all districts having a population of between 1,000 and 100,000 and not governed by special acts there shall be A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 127 elected a board ot education, to consist of a president, six members, and three additional members for every additional 10,000 inhabitants; but no board shall consist of more than 15 members. Incorporated cities and villages, except such as have control of schools by special acts, shall remain parts of the townships in which they are situated; president shall be elected an- nually, when other members are elected ; the election of boards of education shall be governed by the provisions relating to the election of boards of di- rectors in districts of less than 1,000 population; nominations for president and members of board shall be by petition of not less than 10 nor more than 50 legal voters. Board of education shall have same powers and duties and be subject to same limitations as boards of directors, and shall have follow- ing additional powers and duties: To establish and support free schools for not less than 6 nor more than 10 months each year; repair and furnish schoolhouses ; examine teachers supplemental to other examinations and employ teachers and fix their salaries; establish schools of different grades; buy or lease sites for schoolhouses, but such board may not purchase or locate a schoolhouse site or purchase or move a schoolhouse unless authorized to do so by majority of votes cast at an election on such question, except that if no locality receive a majority, said board may so act ; levy a tax to extend schools beyond 10 months in each year when so petitioned by a majority of the legal voters; employ a superintendent; divide the district into subdls- tricts ; dismiss any teacher for cause ; apportion pupils to the several schools ; appoint a secretary; prepare and publish an annual report and program of studies; request township trustees to convey any real estate or interest therein used for school purposes. Cities of over 100,000 population. — Boards of education in cities having over 100,000 population shall consist of 21 members, appointed by the mayor, with the consent of the council ; term, three years, seven being appointed each year; board shall appoint one of its members president, and shall appoint a secretary and other necessary employees. Board shall have power, with the concurrence of the city council, to erect or purchase schoolhouses and keep the same in re- pair; buy or lease sites for schoolhouses and exercise the right of eminent domain ; issue bonds for providing sites, buildings, etc., and provide for the pay- ment of the same. Powers of hoard: To furnish schools with furniture, ap- paratus, etc. ; maintain schools and supply from taxes the inadequacy of the school funds for the salaries of teachers; hire buildings or rooms; employ teachers and fix their salaries ; prescribe textbooks and the course of study ; divide the city into school districts and generally to control the schools; expel pupils for misconduct ; dismis a teacher for cause ; apportion pupils to schools ; lease school property and lend moneys belonging to the school fund ; grant the use of schoolhouses for community purposes. Duties of hoard: To control all the schools; examine and certificate teachers; visit the schools as often as once a month; make rules and regulations; determine how many and what class of teachers shall be employed ; have charge of school property ; provide fuel and other necessaries for schools; establish and maintain vacation schools and playgrounds; inquire into the progress of pupils; report to the city council, with recommendations; prepare and publish an annual report. Nne of the powers herein conferred shall be exercised except at a regular meet- ing. All real estate shall be held in trust by the city for the schools, and no sale of the same shall be made except by the city council upon request of the school board. All moneys raised by taxation for schools or received from the State school fund, or from any other source for school purposes, shall be held by the city treasurer for such purpose, subject to the order of 128 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the board of education, upon warrants countersigned by the mayor and city comptroller or city clerk. Board shall not add to expenditures any amount in excess of lawful receipts. Common council. — In all cases where by a general or special act the mem- bers of the common council of any city have been made ex oflBcio school directors or members of boards of education the said directors or members of the school board shall hereafter be appointed by the mayor, with the consent of the common council; said mayor shall nominate to council one member from each ward and one from the city at large, and when confirmed such persons appointed shall constitute the board of directors or board of education, as the case may be. Said board shall succeed to the rights, powers, and duties of the common council as ex officio board of education; such school board shall certify to city council the amount of money neces- sary to be raised by taxation for school purposes, and said council shall cause the same to be levied and collected. Any woman over 21 years old, who is otherwise qualified, may hold any office under the general or special school laws of this State. Any woman over 21 years old who is otherwise qualified under the law may vote at an election for school officers. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (b), State school lands; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; 0(c), Local taxation; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; N (a), High Schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Indiana: Township trustees. — Every township organized in any county is declared to be a school township. Women possessing qualifications prescribed for men shall be eligible to any office under the general or special school laws. The election of township trustee and assessor shall be on Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 1914, and every four years thereafter; said election shall be by ballot, in boxes separate from those of general elec- tion. The common council of each city and the board of trustees of each incorporated town shall at regular meetings elect three school trustees; term of trustees, three years, one being elected each year. One trustee shall be elected president, one secretary, and one treasurer. Trustees shall receive such compensation as said council or board of trustees may fix. This act, relative to the appointment of school trustees, shall be mandatory upon those incoporated towns wherein the school corporations have been abandoned; it shall not apply to cities of over 50,000 inhabitants. General duties : To have charge of schools of their respective townships, towns, and cities; employ teachers; establish a sufficient number of schools and provide necessary buUdings, furniture, etc. They may establish a graded high school or the trustees of two or more school corporations may unite and establish such a school ; any school trustee may, in lieu of establishing a high school for his township, transfer high-school pupils to another school corporation. When the taxable property of any township not having a high school shall exceed $600,000, and for two years there have been eight or more graduates of the elementary schools of said township, the trustee thereof may establish a high school ; when a majority of persons having charge of children of school age in such a township shall so petition, said trustee must establish such a school. Trustees of school corporations shall maintain school for at least six months in each year and shall authorize a tax levy for the same. Said trustees shall have charge of all school property of the corporation except the congressional township school lands, which lands shall be under the control of the trustees of the civil township (distinguished from school township). Each town- A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 129 ship and incorporated city or town is declared a municipal corporation for school purposes. Trustees shall keep a record of their proceedings and accounts of all school funds, distinguishing between " special school revenue V belonging to the township and " revenue for tuition," which is a State fund and must be used for tuition only. Trustees of any city or incorporated town shall pay over to the council or trustees of said city or town any surplus special school revenue to be used in paying indebtedness incurred for buildings and grounds. Trustees of incorporated towns and cities may employ a super- intendent of schools; they shall annually make to the county superintendent a statistical and financial report ; on failure of any trustee or trustees to make statistical or financial report or reiwrt of enumeration, county superintendent shall notify auditor, who shall withhold $25 from the next apportionment to said corporation. Trustee neglecting duty may forfeit $10 and when refusing or failing to serve after election shall forfeit $5. Books and accounts of any trustees shall call an election to determine the question of establishing a joint auditor, or county commissioners. School trustees of townships, towns, and cities shall annually take or cause to be taken an enumeration of all unmar- ried persons between 6 and 21 years old residing in the township, town, or city, but such persons'transferred to other corporations for school purposes shall not be enumerated and such persons transferred from other corpora- tions shall be enumerated ; enumeration shall be reported annually to county superintendent. When 25 legal voters of a town or city of the fifth class and 25 such voters of the township but residing outside of said town or city shall petition the trustees of said town or city and the township trustee, said trustees shall call an election to determine the question of establishing a joint graded school or a joint high school. Advisory hoard. — ^At the time of the election of township trustee the voters of the township shall elect an advisory board to consist of three freeholders and qualified voters ; term of members, four years. At its annual meeting said board shall consider the various estimates of township expenditures and may reject any of the same. When estimates are approved said board shall deter- mine and fix rates of taxation. Contracts let for schoolhouses, etc., must have the approval of said board. Trustees in, cities. — ^Any city having between 15.000 and 55,000 inhabitants is declared a school corporation separate and distinct from the civil corpora- tion, and board of school trustees shall be vested with the control of the common schools. General school laws not inconsistent herewith shall apply to said city. Trustees may borrow money and issue bonds to buy grounds and erect buildings for a high school and a manual-training school; bonds shall not exceed $125,000 in amount. Trustees shall levy a tax to create a sinking fund and pay interest on said bonds, but tax levy for all purposes except for tuition, library, and compulsory-education purposes shall not exceed 50 cents on each $100 and a poll of $1. Trustees in cities. — The government of the common schools in cities of be- tween 55,000 and 63,000 inhabitants shall be vested in a board of five school trustees; qualifications required of trustees similar to those of school com- missioners of cities of over 100,000 inhabitants ; compensation, $500 each per annum; elected from city at large by qualified voters; term, four years; each candidate shall be proposed in writing by not fewer than 200 legal voters. See also A (c2). County ofiicers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administration units— districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; D (e) United States flag in schools; F (a), Teachers' contracts, 3966°— 15 9 ) 130 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOIT. duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical inspection; K (c). Uniformity •of textbooks; M (d), Vacation schools, playgrounds, etc. ; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; S (b), Public-school libraries. Iowa: Board of directors shall meet annually and organize by electing one of its number president and a person not a member secretary. A treasurer shall be elected in like manner, except that in cities and towns treasurer shall be elected by vote of the people. Secretary and treasurer shall each give bond. Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of the board and of reports and shall countersign all warrants drawn by the president upon the county treasurer; he shall give notice of special meetings of voters; he shall annually register the name, sex, and age of every person between 5 and 21 years old residing in the corporation and also the name of the parent or guardian; he shall make an annual statistical report to the county superin- tendent ; he shall certify to board of supervisors the amount fixed by directors as needed for the contingent and teachers' fund and amount of schoolhouse tax fixed by voters. The treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the school corporation and shall pay the same out only ofi the order of the presi- dent countersigned by the secretary ; he shall keep a separate account of each fund and report to board when required. Vacancies in officers or members of school board shall be filled by the board. The board shall prescribe a course of study, make rules for the government of the schools, and have the care of the school property. Board may fix sites for schoolhouses, determine number of schools to be conducted, and fix length of term beyond that re- quired by law. Every school shall be free to all residents of the corporation who are between 5 and 21 years old and each school shall continue at least 24 weeks, unless county superintendent shall authorize a shorter term. Board may rent a room and employ a teacher when there are 10 children for whose accommodation there is no schoolhouse; when children reside at an unrea- sonable distance from their own school, board may contract with another corporation for their tuition ; when there will be any saving of expense board may pay for the transportation of pupils. Instruction shall be given in physiology and hygiene with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics upon the human system. Board may establish high schools or union graded schools and prescribe a course of study therefor sub- ject to the approval of the State superintendent; it may select a person to have general supervision of the schools of the district. Board may establish kindergartens to be paid for in the same manner as other grades and de- partments; kindergarten teachers must hold certificates granted upon ex- amination by county superintendent. Board shall carry into effect instruc- tions of annual meeting on matters subject to control of voters ; it shall elect and contract with teachers, but may permit subdirector to employ teacher for his subdistrict. Board shall not erect a schoolhouse without first securing county superintendent's approval of plans; it shall advertise for bids for the construction of any building costing more than $300. Board shall audit all claims against the corporation before they are paid ; it shall from time to time examine the books of the treasurer and shall report annually to the meeting of the voters showing receipts and expenditures; it shall publish prior to each annual meeting of voters a financial statement and estimate of amount of money needed for ensuing year; it shall provide for visiting the schools by one or more of its members. Board may dismiss a teacher or expel a pupil for cause; it may confer upon a teacher, principal, or super- intendent the authority to dismiss a pupil temporarily. The contingent A (d). DISTEICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 131 fund may be used for insuring buildings, apparatus, ordinary contingent expenses, and for free textboolis for indigent pupils. Board may authorize tlie director of each subdistrict to make contracts for the purchase of fuel, the repair and furnishing of schoolhouses, and other matters necessary for the good of the schools, but such contracts must have the approval of the president of the board. ' Each director shall annually make a list of the heads of families and of the number and sex of all persons of school age and shall report the same to the secretary of the school township. Board shall cause to be set out on each school site 12 or more shade trees if such trees are not already growing. Every teacher must have a certificate from an officer authorized to issue the same. Each teacher must keep a register of attendance of pupils and at the close of school must file the same in the office of the secretary. See also A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c). Local taxation; H (e). Con- solidation of districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; I (e). School fraternities; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b), Public-school libraries; U (b), Wrongs to children. Kansas: The officers of a school district shall be a director, clerk, and treas- urer ; term, three years, one being elected each year ; officer may be removed by court for neglect of duty and county superintendent shall fill vacancy. Director shall preside at all meetings and sign all orders; clerk shall keep record of meetings and draw all orders; clerk shall make to annual meeting a statistical report which shall be forwarded to county superintendent. Powers of 'board: To provide site and schoolhouse when directed by voters; sell school property when directed by voters; make rules for district library and appoint a librarian; have charge of school property and allow use of schoolhouse for community purposes; contract with qualified teachers, fix salaries, and in conjunction with county superintendent dismiss teachers for cause; no husband, wife, son, or daughter of a member of board shall be em- ployed as a teacher. Teacher shall keep record of enrol" ment, attendance, etc., and report same to district clerk at end of term. Board may suspend immoral or disorderly pupil, but such pupil may appeal to county superintendent. Board shall visit each school at least once a term. Board shall annually certify to county commissioners amount by them determined to be necessary to maintain schools, and said commissioners shall levy tax sufficient to raise such amount in the district, but not to exceed 4 i mills, unless a higher levy Is voted by qualified voters. In case judgment is obtained against any dis- trict, school board shaU levy a tax to pay the same. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administra- tive unit^ — districts, etc.; B (c), Permanent State school funds; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (e). United States flag in schools; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c). Teachers' pensions; H (e), Consolida- tion of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor; M (b). Kindergartens; M (c), Evening schools; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. Kentucky: Each city of the second class shall constitute a single school dis- trict and the government of school property therein shall be vested in a board of five trustees, known as the board of education. They shall be a body corporate and shall have corporate powers. (Their powers and duties are substantially the same as those given to the board of education of cities of the first class, changes being made here and there to adapt the law to the size of the city in which it is to be executed, but the changes are changes in 132 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. degree and not in general character, and many paragraphs of the two laws are the same. The more important changes are that in cities of the second class the business director performs also the duties of the secretary-treasurer ; funds on deposit in one bank instead of two ; the tax rate is fixed at 30 cents on the hundred dollars, which the general council may raise to 40 cents; school improvement bonds, not to exceed $250,000, may be voted.) Public schools in cities of the third class shall be maintained for children 6 to 20 years old under control of a board of education consisting of two trustees from each ward; they shall have the same qualifications as council- men ; shall be a body politic and corporate with the usual powers ; may sell school property and reinvest the same; select textboolis; prescribe courses of study ; hold examinations and determine qualifications of oflScers and teach- ers ; establish high schools ; fix grade of public schools and prescribe rules for transfer ; establish kindergartens and manual-training schools ; make reports ; ascertain amount of money necessary to maintain schools, and general council shall make necessary levy not to exceed 50 cents on the hundred dollars; shall provide separate schools for white and colored ; no member shall be interested in any contract or textbook ; the board shall elect its own treasurer ; it shall control school funds of the city, which shall be paid only on order of the board; it shall have the power to establish a public-school library out of any funds coming into its hands except those received from taxation; it shall have power to purchase textbooks for indigent children and to admit non- resident children to the schools and collect tuition fees. There shall be maintained in cities of the fourth class a system of public schools for children between 6 and 20 years old; rules and regulations gov- erning their establishment and conduct in cities of fourth class essentially same as in cities of third class, except that in matters pertaining to real estate board of education must have concurrence of the city council. Also, any city of tli^ fourth class shall constitute one common-school district and the State superintendent shall pay every year to the white board of educa- tion the amount per capita for each white child of pupil age, and in like man- ner to the colored board of education; any city of the fourth class may by ordnance separate its system of graded free schools into a graded free white common school and a graded free colored common school ; each shall be main- tained by its pro rata; no taxes raised from property or poll of any white person or corporation shall be used for support of colored schools ; nor shall tax or poll of any colored person be used for white schools ; city shall fix maximum of tax and poll; after systems have been established as here provided for they shall be maintained, managed, and controlled as provided for by gen- eral law; board of education for city shall convey property used for white pupils to board of trustees for graded free white common schools and property of colored schools to board of colored trustees ; either whites or colored may then vote on proposition to abolish the white or colored graded common school therein existing, each race to vote on its own schools only; board of council of city shall have power to collect tax of not exceeding 50 cents for maintenance of public schools or erection of public-school buildings; this limitation shall not apply where a bonded indebtedness has been incurred for construction, improvement, or acquisition of school buildings or property, and where such indebtedness has been incurred there may be levied, in addition, a tax sufficient to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (e) School meet- ings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b), Public-school libraries. A (d). DISTEICT BOARDS AOT) OFFICEBS. 133 Louisiana: Management of public schools of parish of Orleans, property thereof, course of study, and textbooks to be used therein shall be vested irf school board of said parish, to consist of five members divided into groups of three and two; one group elected every two years to serve four years; election of members shall be nonpartisan ; members shall be elected at large ; board shall be a body corporate ; vacancies for unexpired term of one year or less shall be filled by governor, others by special election ; secretary shall not be member of board. Board shall elect superintendent, term four years, and assistant superintendents, also other officers, clerks, and assistants; secretary of board shall make annual report to State superintendent. Other poioers, duties, and rights of hoard: To fix salaries of officers, teachers, and other em- ployes; keep expenses within school income; examine teachers; elect teachers in order of merit; hold monthly meetings; declare position of any member vacant for cause; may maintain evening schools; may maintain one or more normal schools ; expend not less than $2,000 annually for schoolbooks for cer- tain chaildren; make enumeration of educable children. Teachers now em- ployed shall be permanent employees, unless dismissed for good cause; new teachers shall be elected annually for three years, after which they shall become permanent employees; certificates shall be valid for five years, but teachers in service shall not be required to take future examinations. Super- intendent of said parish aid in organizing schools therein, in improving instruction, in examining teachers, in examination of pupils, and in other ways for welfare of schools ; shall make monthly report to parish board, and annual printed report to governor, State board, State supeintendent, and to common council of city of New Orleans. Treasurer of city of New Orleans shall ex officio be treasurer of parish board ; shall give bond in sum of $50,000 ; shall receive as school treasurer $1,500 per year. Common council of city of New Orleans shall annually make up budget of school expenses. See also A (cl), County boards; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (g), Child labor; Q (f). Other technical and profes- sional schools. Maine: School committee. — Every town shall at its annual meeting elect by ballot a superintending school committee of three members; no person is in- eligible on account of sex; term three years, one member retiring each year; by election by board vacancies may be filled until next annual meeting; no member shall be a public-school teacher in said town ; the provisions of this section relating to election of school committees shall not apply to special- chartered cities nor to towns, cities, and incorporated districts authorized by law to choose boards otherwise ; town failing to elect committee shall forfeit not less than $30 nor more than $200.; committee shall serve without pay unless otherwise voted by town ; town shall fix salary of superintendent, which shall not be less than $2 per day. School committee. — Management of schools shall devolve upon school com- mittee, which shall annually elect a superintendent who shall not be a mem- ber of committee ; superintendent may be dismissed for cause ; provision as to employment of superintendent shall not apply to cities nor to towns author- ized by law to choose superintendents otherwise. Duties of committee: To direct general course of instruction and select a uniform system of textbooks, no selection to be made for less than five years except by vote of the town ; make provision for instruction in physiology and hygiene; dismiss teachers for cause; expel disorderly pupil, if found necessary for "peace and useful- ness " of school ; exclude, if deemed expedient, persons not vaccinated ; > 184 STATE LAWS EELATITTG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. - prescribe tuition fees of persons in territory ceded to the United States; determine wliicli scliool eacli pupil sliall attend. Superintendent. — Superintendent's duties : He shall be secretary of school committee ; issue vouchers showing correctness of bills ; employ teachers, sub- ject to approval of school committee ; report annually to committee names and ages of persons between 5 and 21 years old; report annually to State super- intendent; have general supervision of the public schools. Any town failing to make report to State superintendent mny forfeit portion of State funds. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses; H (f), Compulsory attendance; -H (g). Child labor; I (e). School fraternities; J (a). Health, general; J (b), Medical inspection; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, gen- eral. Maryland: Board of district school trustees shall be composed of three per- sons; shall be appointed by county school commissioners; shall organize; when they appoint a principal teacher, he shall be ex officio secretary to the board of district trustees. Board of district school trustees shall have care of all houses and lands intended for school purposes, also furniture, appa- ratus, and other school property; they shall attend to all repairs; employ a principal teacher, subject to approval of county board; exercise a general supervision over their respective schools; shall provide suitable and con- venient water-closets, not less than two for each school when both sexes are In attendance, with separate means of access for each ; shall keep these " out- houses in clean, comfortable, and healthful condition." No schoolhouse shall be used for any other purpose than public-school purposes and school district meetings unless by consent of county board ; when 25 citizens of the district petition, it may be used for nonpartisan, civic, social, or recreational activities; when citizens of community are organized into "a nonpartisan, nonsectarian, nonexclusive association," they may have use of school build- ings; persons making such application shall be responsible; shall p'ace schoolhouse in as clean a condition as they found it. New districts may be formed provided they do not contain less than 35 voters; if members of board neglect or refuse to act, their places shall be declared vacant. See also A (cl). County boards; A (f), Compulsory attendance; H (b), School census; H (g). Child labor; P (a). Higher institutions, general. Massachusetts: School committee. — The town shall at its annual meeting or at a meeting held in the same month in which annual meeting occurs choose members of the school committee; said committee shall consist of any num- ber of persons divisible by 8 which the town has decided to elect, one-third thereof to be elected annually ; term, three years. If a town fails or neglects to choose such committee, an election at a subsequent meeting shall be valid. Women shall be eligible as overseers of the poor and members of school committee ; election of school committee shall be by ballot ; members of said committee shall be sworn ; in case of vacancy in school committee remaining members, together with selectmen of the town, shall fill such vacancy by ballot, and the person so elected or appointed shall serve until the next annual meeting or until another is chosen and qualified. Duties and powers of the school committee: To appoint a secretary, who shall keep a record of the proceedings of said committee; have charge of all public schools; make regulations governing evening schools; select and contract with teachers; examine teachers or accept in lieu of such examina- tion diplomas of graduates of the State normal schools. A certificate of qualification shall be filed by every public-school teacher with the proper A (d). DISTEICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 135 official of a city or town before such teacher shall receive any wages from such city or town. In every public school having an average of 50 pupils one or more female assistants shall be employed, unless the town votes otherwise. The school committee may dismiss any teacher, and he shall receive no compensation for services rendered after such dismissal. Said committee may elect a teacher who has served in the public schools of its city or town for not less than a year to serve as such at the pleasure of the committee. If there is no superintendent of schools, the school committee or one or more of its members shall visit all the public schools in its town once during the opening week and once during the closing two weeks of such schools, and also once a month. The school committee shall prescribe books and courses of study and exercises for the public schools. Such exercises may include calisthenics, gymnastics, and military drill; but no instructors shall be employed therefor except by a two-thirds vote of the committee. No pupil shall be required to take part in any military exercise when the same shall be opposed by the parents or guardian of such pupil or if injurious to the health of such pupil. The school committee shall, at the expense of the town, purchase textbooks and other school supplies and loan the same free of charge to public-school pupils. Upon vote of said committee pupils may purchase textbooks at cost and may, upon graduating from the grammar school and upon application to the school committee, be permitted to acquire the permanent ownership of such textbooks. A change of textbooks may be made by a two-thirds vote of the whole school committee, due notice of such intended change having been given. In union districts and towns which vote to authorize the school committee to receive compensation members of such committees shall receive $2.50 per day for time actually spent in performance of duties and such additional compensation as town may allow. No member of a school committee shall be eligible to any supervisory or teach- ing position over which he as committeeman has control. Superintendent. — The school committee of a city or town which is not within a union for the employment of a superintendent shall, at the expense of the city or town, employ a superintendent of schools; compensation of said superintendent shall not be less than $1.50 for each day of actual service. Two or more towns may, by a vote of each, form a district for purpose of employing a superintendent; such superintendent shall be annu- ally appointed by a joint committee composed of the chairman and secre- tary of the school committee of each of towns in said district, who shall determine the relative amount of service to be performed by him in each town, fix his salary, apportion the amount thereof to be paid by the sev- eral towns, and certify same to each town treasurer. The school committees of two or more towns, the valuation of each of which is less than $2,500,000, and the aggregate number of schools in all of which is not more than 50 nor less than 25, and the school committees of four or more towns the valuation of each of which does not exceed $2,500,000, without reference to the minimum limit in the aggregate number of schools aforesaid, shall form a union for purpose of employing a superintendent of schools; the school committees of such towns shall be a joint committee, but any committee consisting of more than three members shall be represented on the joint committee by its chairman and two members, chosen by said committee; said union shall not be dissolved except by vote of majority of towns con- stituting the same and the consent of the State board, nor shall it be dis- solved for the reason that the valuation of any one of the towns has in- creased so as to exceed $2,500,000, nor for the reason that the number of schools shall have increased beyond 50 or, in a union of less than four 136 STATE LAWS KELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. towns, shall have decreased below 25. The superintendent of a union shall be employed for a term of three years, and his salary shall not be reduced during his term; said superintendent must possess a certificate from the State board; said superintendent may be removed from office by a two- thirds vote of the full membership of the joint committee. When the chair- man and secretary of such joint committee certify to the auditor of accounts under oath that a union has been effected, that the towns, in addition to an amount equal to the average of the total amount paid or to the amount paid for each child by the several towns for schools during the three years then last preceding, unitedly have appropriated and raised by taxation not less than $750 for the support of a superintendent of schools, and that a superintendent has been employed for one year, a warrant shall, upon ap- proval of the certificate by the State board, be drawn upon the treasurer and receiver general for the payment of $1,250, three-fifths of which shall be paid for salary of superintendent and two-fifths of which shall be ap- portioned and distributed to the towns forming such union on the basis of the amount appropriated and expended for a superintendent in such towns for the preceding year, and shall be paid for salaries of teachers employed in the public schools therein ; there shall be annually appropriated by the State an amount sufficient to carry out these provisions. Towns whose valuation exceeds $2,500,000 may participate in a union in the same manner as towns of less valuation, except that State aid to such union shall be paid only to the towns of such less valuation and then in propor- tion to the amounts such towns paid for support of a superintendent dur- ing the preceding year; if the valuation of a town in a union shall increase so as to exceed $3,500,000, such increase shall have the same effect as if valuation of said town had exceeded $2,500,000 at time of formation of such union. The State board may form or readjust unions to include a town which is otherwise unable to comply with law; said board may allow the formation of union with less than 25 schools. The State board, in case of any union in which any part of superintendent's salary is paid by the State, shall determine the qualifications, by examination or otherwise, of candidates for position of superintendent of schools. Powers and duties of superintendent of schools: To supervise public schools under direction of school committee; be executive officer of school committee; keep records and make reports; recommend teachers to school committee; recommend textbooks and courses of study to school committee. Reports. — The commissioner of education shall send out school census forms, the school registers, forms for committee returns, the annual report of State board of education, and his own annual report as soon as they are ready for distribution, to the chairman of the school committee of every city and town, who shall deliver them to the several proper officials, and shall send to com- missioner list of private schools in the city or town and the names of their principals; the State board may annually expend for printing registers and forms such sums as shall be appropriated by the legislature, payable out of the State treasury. The school committee of each city and town shall annu- ally take a census of children between 5 and 7 years old, between 7 and 14 years old, between 14 and 16 years old, and of all minors over 16 years old who can not read and write simple English sentences; whoever, in control of such minor, withholds information from committee or makes a false state- ment relative thereto shall be fined not less than $50. The chairman of each school committee shall annually transmit to the commissioner of education a certificate containing the census, number of persons in average attendance the year preceding, receipts and expenditures, evidence of maintenance of A (d). DISTEICT BOAEDS AlH) OmCEIfS. 137 schools for proper length of time, and evidence of maintenance of high schools. School committees shall cause school registers to be kept in all public schools; said committees shall annually publish a report of their public schools. A town whose report does not reach the commissioner by- August 15 shall forfeit 10 per cent of income of school fund; if not by September 1, the town's share of said income shall be added to the principal of the school fund; a town or city whose report does not reach the commis- sioner by September 1 shall forfeit to school fund $200. A town which has forfeited any part of income of school fufid through failure of its school committee relative to reports may withhold the compensation of said com- mittee. The several teachers shall faithfully keep registers and return same to the school committee; no teacher shall receive salary for the last two weeks of school until the register, properly kept, is so returned. The school committee of the city of Boston may appoint one or more per- sons to represent the city at congresses, conventions, and at other meetings held to consider questions of concern to public schools; said committee may annually appropriate an amount not exceeding $1,000 for such purpose. See also A (bl), State boards; B (c), Permanent State school funds; C (c), Local taxation; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; D (e), United States flag in schools; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c). Teach- ers' pensions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor; J (a), Health, general; L (a). Course of Study; L (1), Other special subjects; M (c). Evening schools; M (d). Vacation schools, playgrounds, etc.; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (c), Trade schools; O (d). Continuation schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Michigan: District hoard. — At the first meeting in each district there shall be elected a moderator for three years; a director for two years; and a treasurer for one year; thereafter each such officer or his successor shall be elected for a term of three years. Said officers shall constitute the district board. Any qualififHi voter who owns property assessed in the district shall be eligible to hold any of said offices; no member of a district board shall be agent for school books or apparatus; no member of said board shall be personally interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with the district; within 10 days after election each officer shall file with the director his acceptance and a certificate that he is qualified to hold such office. Meetings of the board may be held after 24 hours' notice by either member. When directed by qualified voters, board shall provide sites and buildings and dispose of property. District board may vote necessary taxes for the regular running expenses of the school, which shall include furnishings, care of property, teachers' wages, water supply, premium of treasurer's bond, transportation of pupils, record books and blanks, and all necessary apparatus and ma- terials; taxes for services of district officers in districts having fewer than 50 children shall not exceed $25 in amount ; between 50 and 100 children, $50 ; amount to be determined by qualified voters. Board shall annually report to township clerk amount of taxes voted by electors and levied by board. Board shall apply all school moneys according to law ; no part of the primary- school fund (State fund) shall be used for any purpose except for teachers* wages and the tuition and transportation of pupils; no school money shall be used for sectarian purposes. Board shall make a financial report to each annual meeting. Board shall hire and contract with teachers holding legal certificates, which contract shall require keeping of records of attendance, etc. Board shall provide a water supply for pupils and shall have care of school property, except when district votes custody of the same to director; 138 STATE LAWS fiELATlIS^G TO PUBLIC EBtTCATtOlST. shall provide books for indigent children; shall open schoolhouses for public meetings unless otherwise directed by vote of the district. In addition to other subjects required, physioogy and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of narcotics and alcoholic drinks, shall be taught in the public schools; textbooks on such subject must first have the approval of the State board of education. Textbooks adopted by any school board shall not be changed within five years except by consent of a majority of the qualified voters; district board may furnish textbooks to indigent pupils. Board may expel disobedient pupils; misdemeanor to disturb a school. All persons resident in any school district and over 5 years old shall have an equal right to at- tend school therein ; no separate school or department shall be kept for any persons on account of race or color. School board may admit nonresident pupils on payment of tuition not to exceed 15 per cent more than average cost per pupil; children cared for by county shall be admitted to the nearest school on same terms as other nonresident pupils. Duties of moderator: To preside at meetings of district and of board; countersign all orders and warrants drawn by the director; cause action to be brought on treasurer's bond in case of breach; perform other duties required by law. Duties of director: To act as clerk of district and board ; give required notice of meet- ings; draw warrants on township treasurer for moneys due the district and orders for the disbursement of district funds; draw and sign contracts with teachers when directed by board; provide the necessary appendages for the schoolhouse and keep the same in good condition; keep account of expenses incurred by him, which account shall be audited by the moderator and treasurer ; present at each annual meeting an estimate of necessary expenses to be incurred by himself; preserve and file copies of all reports; perform any other duties required by law. It shall be the duty of school boards and boards of education to cause to be made annually in their respective dis- tricts or cities a census of all persons between 5 and 20 years old, except children in reformatories and prisons, children in charitable institutions who do not regularly attend school, Indians who do not attend school, and orphans in charitable institutions whose parents at the time of death did not reside in the city or district. Persons giving enumerators false infor- mation or enumerator making a careless or false enumeration shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The director shall annually make and deliver to the town- ship clerk to be delivered to the board of school inspectors a statistical re- port. Duties of treasurer: To give official bond in amount equal to money to come into his hands, but if voters at annual meeting shall designate a bank as depository, treasurer shall not be liable for funds deposited in said bank ; pay lawful orders of the director; keep account of sources from which moneys are received and persons to whom paid; report at the close of the year to district boards ; appear in all suits for or against the district, except when he is interested adversely to the district; settle with board at the close of his term ; perform other duties required by law. Boards in cities. — The board of education of every city of 250.000 or more which comprises a single school district shall consist of seven school inspec- tors elected at large by the qualified electors; term, six years, two or three as the case requires being elected every two years; names of nominees shall be placed on ballots separate from those for other officers and no party designation shall be used. The nomination and election of inspectors shall be conducted as nearly as possible as now provided by law for the nomi- nation and election of city officers in said cities. This act shall not take effect until approved by a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon. A (d). DISTEICT BOAEDS AKD OTTTCEBS. 13^ Township clerk. — ^The township clerk shall receive reports of school direc- tors and shall annually make a statistical report to the State superintendent through county commissioners of schools; where township is organized as a township district or a fractional township district the board of education thereof shall, in August, make such report; county commissioner of schools shall annually transmit to township clerks and secretaries of boards of educa- tion a complete list of legally qualified teachers of the county, and said clerks or secretaries shall compare the same with the list of the teachers em- ployed to ascertain if all employed are qualified ; district employing a teacher not qualified shall receive no part of the State fund. Township clerk shall make or cause to be made a map of his township, showing school-district boundaries. Township clerk shall annually make and deliver to the super- visor of the township a certified copy of all statements on file in his office of moneys proposed to be raised in each district or township district for school purposes. On receiving notice from the county treasurer of the amount of money apportioned to his township, clerk shall apportion the same to districts in accordance with the statement from the State superintendent; he shall also apportion to districts moneys raised by towaahip tax. Meeting of school officers. — Each county commissioner of schools shall at least once a year call a meeting of the school officers of his county; each director or secretary of each school board or board of education shall attend and other members of boards may attend. Each director, secretary, or one representative of the district shall receive $2 per day and actual traveling expenses while attending. Meeting is in charge of superintendent of public instruction or his representative. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b). Kindergartens; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Minnesota: Board of trustees. — The control of common and independent dis- tricts shall be vested in a board of trustees; term of office, three years. The school board of each common-school district shall consists of a chairman, a treasurer, and a clerk; compensation of trustees in districts containing 10 or more townships shall be fixed by the legal voters of such districts. School board of each independent district shall be composed of six directors, two elected each year; term, three years; vacancies shall be filled by remaining members until next annual meeting. A majority of board shall constitute a quorum, but no contract shall be made except at a meeting of the board, of which all members have had legal notice. The school board shall, when authorized by voters, acquire sites, construct and equip buik'ings, have the right of eminent domain (sites in cities, where practicable, shall contain one block; sites outside of cities, 2 acres); purchase, sell, and exchange school supplies; provide proper outhouses; improve school grounds, procure insurance on school property, and make repairs; when necessary, lease rooms for school purposes; employ and contract with teachers; provide for care of schoolhouses ; provide for payment of just school claims; adopt and provide free textbooks, when directed by a vote of the district; defray ex- penses of board, including $3 per day and mileage; prosecute and defend actions by or against district. School board may also provide for admission of nonresident pupils and those above school age and fix tuition of such pupils; alter, establish, or discontinue such grades of schools as they may deem expedient ; upon a petition of a majority of legal voters, authorize the 140 STATE LAWS EELATIKG TO PITBLTC EDtTCATIOH. use of schoolhouses for other purposes; provide transportation of pupils living more tlian one-half mile from schoolhouse; rules for protection of school property; acquire sites for agricultural schools. Members of boards in independent or consolidated districts shall be peace officers. No contract for labor or other expenditure shall be mace by board for amounts over $500 without advertising for bids. Boards may arrange for transfer of pupils to other districts. Boards of every common-school district shall submit to annual meeting an estimate of expenses for coming year for five months of school, or increased term, and tax shall be levied for the same. Special duties of independent district boarcis shall be to make rules for government of such boards and to provide tax levy for school purposes. Such boards may also establish and maintain evening schools for persons over 10 years old unable to attend day schools and receive State aid for same; establish kindergartens for children above 4 and under 6 years old; receive bequests for school purposes; remove for proper cause any member of board. The superintendent of schools in independent and special districts shall super- vise schools of such districts and make reports to State superintendent. Board shall fix compensation of school officials. Chairman of common-school district board shall not receive more than $8 per year; clerk shall keep full record of school affairs ; compensation of clerk shall be 2 per cent of funds disbursed by him, not to exceed $6 per year, unless otherwise voted by electors of district, but not to exceed $50 per year. Treasurer in common district shall issue interest-bearing orders for accounts, rate 6 per cent, for which school funds stall be found insufficient. Treasurer shall give bond in sum equal to twice the amount of money likely to pass through his hands in any one year. Treasurer in common-school district shall receive as compen- sation not more than $25 per year. In special districts board may appoint clerk, not a board member, and fix his compensation. State attorney general shall give opinions on school laws when requested by State superintendent. School boards may select depositories for school funds, but in such cases treasurer of board shall not be liable in case of bankruptcy of such deposi- tories. All interest on school funds deposited shall become property of dis- trict. The county board of education for unorganized territory in each county shall provide educational facilities for children in such territory; such board shall be composed, of chairman of board of county commissioners, county superintendent of schools, and county treasurer, ex officio; board may authorize clerk to county superintendent at $60 per month; chairman of board may receive for actual services no more than $400 per year ; treas- urer shall receive li per cent and clerk 1 per cent of cash disbursements; this section as to salaries shall not apply to counties having a population of more than 100,000; board shall meet at least once each month. Districts containing more than 10 townships shall publish proceedings of school boards. The State public examiner shall, at least once a year, examine accounts of districts containing 10 or more townships, districts paying cost of such examination. Each member of board in common-school districts having 10 or more townships shall receive as annual compensation $200 where such district contains 30 public schools, $400 where districts contain 31 but less than 61 public schools, $600 where district contains 61 but less than 91 public schools, $800 for districts containing over 91 schools. In districts maintaining less than 30 public schools and supporting a high school compensation of board members shall be fixed at annual meeting. In addition to salaries board, members shall be paid actual and necessary traveling expenses, but maximum shall be $150 for 30 schools or less, $300 A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 141 for 30 to 60 schools, $450 for 60 to 90 schools, $500 for more than 90 schools. A tax shall be levied, as other taxes are levied, for salaries and expenses of board members. Board of trustees. — Any board member who shall make any discrimination whatever in the case of any person entitled to admission to public schools on account of race, color, nationality, or social position shall forfeit to aggrevied person $50 for each offense. Any treasurer who shall use money applicable for teachers' wages for other purposes shall be personally liable to such teachers; any district making any discrimination in the classification of its pupils on the basis of race, color, social position, or nationality shall forfeit its share of apportioned school funds during the period of such discrimination. Any person accepting a position as board member and neglecting or refusing to serve shall forfeit for each offense $10; any school clerk failing to make any required report shall forfeit not less than $5 nor more than $50; any clerk who shall illegally draw an order, any officer who shall attest the same, and any treasurer who shall knowingly pay the same shall each forfeit to the district twice the amount of such order; clerk failing to keep accounts properly shall forfeit $10 for each offense ; any county auditor failing to make apportionment report to State superintendent shall forfeit $50 to county school fund; any county superintendent who fails to make reports to auditor and State superintendent shall forfeit for each offense $50. No person under 18 years old, and no minor in any school, college, or university, shall use to- bacco in any form in any public place; no person shall furnish tobacco to a minor, nor shall any persons allow such minors to smoke in their places of business. Any person who shall willfully injure school property shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and in addition to penalty of imprisonment may be required to pay treble damages for injury done. Any person who shal in- troduce upon, or have in his possession upon, or in any school ground or school building any alcoholic liquor, except for laboratory purposes, shall be guilty of a disdemeanor. The use of public drinking cups shall be unlawful. Miscellaneous. — The public examiner shall, at the request of the county commissioners and at least once in each year, examine the books and accounts of school officials, and report the same to the county auditor; county attorney shall examine such reports and take action against any officials violating the law; the examiners may employ assistant examiners at $5 per day and ex- penses; all school officials shall deliver to examiner books and accounts upon request In any city of 20,000 or more inhabitants, it shall be unlawful to use any basement for grade school purposes, but such basement may be used for domestic science, manual training, or physical culture. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (e), School meet- ings, elections, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; H (f), Com- pulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Mississippi: There shall be three trustees for each school district chosen for three years, one being selected each year; they shall be elected by school patrons except in separate school districts on first Saturday in May; county superintendent shall fill vacancies by appointment; trustees shall organize and elect teacher on or before July 15; if trustees fail to elect or teacher fails to qualify, county superintendent shall appoint ; trustees shall scrutinize list of educable children who attend school to see that no outsiders are in the list; enumeration reported to be a guide in fixing teacher's salary; trustees may suspend or expel pupils ; visit schools ; arbitrate disputes ; protect school property. 142 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Powers and duties of separate school district trustees: To prescribe and enforce rules; manage aad control school property; enforce course of study and use of textbooks ; appoint librarians and govern school libraries ; exclude from libraries publications sectarian, partisan, denominational, or immoral in character ; suspend or expel pupils ; visit schools and equalize terms ; furnish furniture; elect superintendents and principals and prescribe powers and duties; elect teachers, fix salaries, etc.; require records to be kept and make reports ; determine amounts required for support of public school and submit to proper authorities careful estimate of whole amount to be received from State and county and amount required from municipality for above purpose. Schools of such district shall be under five trustees to be elected in April by mayor and aldermen or in manner prescribed by board of mayor and aldermen ; term of office three years, two being chosen each year for two years and one in third year ; in unincorporated districts term of office shall be three years ; all trustees have power to exclude children of filthy or vicious habits or those suffering from contagious or infectious diseases; trustees shall not vote for persons as teachers who are related by blood or marriage or who are dependent on them. See also A (c2), County officers ; A (f ), Administrative units — districts, etc. ; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. ;.K (a), Textbooks and supplies, gen- eral; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Missouri: The board of directors shall have the care of school property and shall provide necessary apparatus and supplies; shall have janitorial work done at the expense of the district; shall not allow the schoolhouse used for religious, literary, or other purposes, or for the meeting of any farmer or labor organization, secret or otherwise, except when demanded by a majority of voters of the district. The board may make needful rules for the govern- ment of schools; may suspend a pupil for cause and admit nonresident pupils and fix tuition fees, but orphans, children bound as apprentices, chil- dren having only one living parent, and children whose parents do not con- tribute to their support may attend in any district in which they may have a permanent or temporary home. Any nonresident paying a school tax in a district may send his children to school in said district and shall receive on amount charged for tuition credit equal to tax paid. It shall be unlawful for any child to attend a public school while afflicted with, or likely to com- municate, a contagious or infectious disease; teacher or board of directors may require any child to be examined by a physician. Board shall contract with teachers; certificates of teachers shall be filed with the clerk of the district; neither party to such contract shall suspend or dismiss the school without the consent of the other party ; the board shall have no power to dismiss a teacher, but if teacher's certificate be revoked contract is annulled, or if teacher fails to comply with contract salary may be withheld. The board shall annually cause to be made an enumeration of all persons in the dis- trict between G and 20 years old; a census of blind and deaf children shall be taken separately; any district failing to make such enumeration shall forfeit its portion of the public funds for the ensuing year; any city of over 50,000 population may make such enumeration once in every four years; county clerks shall certify, respectively, to the superintendents of the school for the deaf and the school for the blind the names of deaf and blind persons enumerated. Board may provide gratuitous education for persons between 5 and 6 and over 20 years old, but none of the State public fund may be used for such purpose. The board of directors of each district shall annually forward to the county clerk an estimate of the amount of funds A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 143 necessary to sustain the schools for the time required by law, or when a longer term has been voted at the annual meeting, together with other amounts for buildings, bonds, etc. When a majority of the taxpaying voters of a district shall select a site for a schoolhouse, library, office, or playground, and shall authorize the purchase of the same, the board of education in any city, town, or consolidated district may acquire the same by condemnation proceedings. Separate schools shall be established for white and colored children, and no colored child shall attend a white common school or white child a colored school. When there are in any district 15 or more colored children the board of directors thereof shall maintain a school for said children, the length of term, advantages, and privileges of which shall be the same as for other schools; when the average attendance is less than 8 board may discon- tinue such school for 6 months; when 2 or more adjoining districts contain fewer than 25 colored children a joint colored "school may be maintained; when fewer than 15 colored children reside in any district they may attend another colored school of the county, and the board of directors of their dis- trict shall pay for their tuition. The board of any district may, or when petitioned by 5 taxpaying voters shall, submit to qualified electors the ques- tion of increasing the tax rate for maintaining schools; majority of taxpayers voting at election shall determine the rate within the limits prescribed by the constitution ; board may, or on petition of 10 taxpayers shall, submit to qual- ified electors the question of increasing the tax for buildings, sites, rep^rs, etc. ; two-thirds majority of taxpayers voting at election shall determine the rate within constitutional limits. Special school meetings for the transaction of business authorized by this chapter, and not restricted to the annual meeting or otherwise provided for, shall be called by the board on petition of a majority of the qualified voters of the district. School moneys shall be expended only for the purpose for which levied and collected. The income from State, county, and township funds shall be expended only for teachers' salaries. It is a misdemeanor for any person to enter any school to teach therein unless such person has executed the teacher's contract required by law, and is the lawful holder of a teacher's certificate; any director who shall encourage any person in such unlawful conduct shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The title of all school property shall vest in the district. The county superintendent shall annually call together the presidents of school boards and the clerks of school districts of the county for the con- sideration of school questions; said officers shall attend such conventions and shall be entitled to receive from their districts $1.50 per day and expenses, but for not exceeding two days. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; C (a). Local finance and support, general; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; K (b). Free textbooks; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (c), Evening schools; S (b), Public- school libraries. Montana: Trustees. — Number of trustees in districts of first class, seven; sec- ond class, five; third class, three. Annual election of trustees on first Satur- day in April. In districts of second and third classes, nominations for trus- tee shall be filed with clerk five days before election, and trustees shall be chosen by ballot of qualified electors. In districts of first class nominations for trustee shall be made at public meeting held at least 10 days before elec- tion and attended by at least 20 electors, and such nomination shall be certi- 144 STATE LAWS RELATTN-Q TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. fled to district clerk at least eight days before election; board of trustees shall call election to be held at least 30 days before time and clerk shall post notices at least 15 days beforehand. Term of oflace of trustee shall be three years, except as otherwise provided by law ; county superintendent shall fill va- cancies until next election ; trustee may be removed by court of competent juris- diction. When ofiice of clerk becomes vacant, trustees shall fill vacancy and no- tify county superintendent. Trustees shall be so elected that terms of a majority shall not expire in any one year. Expenses of election shall be paid out of school funds of district. Trustee of district of first class having population of 20,000 or more shall give bond for $10,000 and shall be entitled to $4 for each meet- ing attended, but not exceeding one meeting a week. Powers of trustees: To receive, hold, and convey property in the name of the district; establish a high school, employ principal and teachers therefor, etc.; close their school when for the best interests, and pay transportation and tuition fees of pupils to other districts; maintain schools outside of regular school hours; transfer school funds to pay tuition of pupils belonging in their district, but attending school in another ; call special election to determine question of issuing bonds. Duties of school hoards: To prescribe rules not inconsistent with law or those prescribed by State superintendent ; employ teachers and other employees and fix and order paid their wages; determine rate of tuition of nonresident pupils ; enforce rules of State superintendent ; provide schools with furniture and equipment ; acquire sites, build schoolhouses, etc., but in districts of third class such authority must be conferred by vote of district; suspend or expel disorderly pupils and exclude children under 6 years old when interest of school requires it ; provide books, clothing, and medical aid for indigent chil- dren ; require pupils to be furnished with suitable books ; make annual report to county superintendent; report to State superintendent when instructed by him ; determine what branches, in addition to those required by law, shall be taught, but county superintendent must approve in districts of third class; visit each school at least once in a term; provide separate and sanitary privies or outhouses for different sexes; cause American flag to be displayed. No member of a board shall have pecuniary interest in a contract made by board ; board shall advertise for bids on all contracts for $250 or more. Superintendent. — In districts of first and second classes, trustees may appoint a superintendent of schools for term of not exceeding three years; salary fixed by trustees. After second successive employment, he shall be deemed reemployed from term to term of three years, unless school board gives notice to contrary before February 1 of last year of employment. Superintendents must hold State certificate of highest grade from some State or be a graduate of a reputable university, college, or normal school and shall have taught at least five years. Clerk. — Duties of district clerk: To attend meetings of board and keep records. Keep accounts of receipts and expenditures ; take annually a census of children between 6 and 21 years old and a separate census of children under 6 years old; make annual financial report. See also A (c2), County officers; A (f) Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (b), Local bonds and indebted- ness; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; I (e). School fraternities; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b), Public-school libraries; U. (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Nebraska: District officers. — Voters shall elect a moderator, a director, and a treasurer, in rotation; term, three years. When new district is organized A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 146 and officers elected at any other time than at an annual meeting, intervening time until next annual election shall constitute first year in term of such officers. Within 10 days after their election, officers shall file written ac- ceptances with the director. Every district shall be deemed duly organized when any two of the officers elected at first meeting shall have filed accept- ances. In case a district shall fail to organize, county superintendent shall give notice and proceed to call organization meeting. In cases when county superintendent shall form districts and where no election for school officers shall be held ,county superintendent shall apiwint such officers, who shall file acceptances. Every district shall be considered duly organized when it shall have exercised franchises and privileges of district for one year. District officers appointed to fill vacancies shall hold office until beginning of next school year; officers elected at a special meeting shall serve for remainder of unexpired term. No person holding a district office shall be employed to teach in such district unless upon a petition signed by two-thirds of voters of district; contract of such officer shall be made by the other two. In case of disputed district accounts county superintendent shall adjudicate the same and shall apply to the courts if necessary. District hoard. — Moderator, director, and treasurer shall . constitute the district board, and two members shall constitute a quorum for transaction of business; two members may call a meeting, but all members shall have due notice of the same. Immediately after annual meeting, board shall certify tax levy to county clerk and county superintendent, who shair direct the collection of such tax levy. Board shall have general care of schools; cause pupils to be taught in such branches and classified in such grades as have been adopted by board with consent of county superintendent ; cause a record of pupils' progress to be kept; attend meetings called by county superintendent. Board may admit nonresident pupils, fix rate of tuition, and collect same in advance, but this does not apply to nonresident pupils specifically permitted to attend without charge; may suspend or expel any pupil for just cause, but suspension shall not extend beyond the close of the term. Board shall purchase or lease site for schoolhouse and shall build, hire, or purchase the schoolhouse out of funds provided for such purpose, and make sale of school property when lawfully directed to do so. District shall not build a stone or brick schoolhouse upon any site without having first obtained a title in fee to the same; and shall not build a frame schoolhouse on any site for which they have not a title in fee without the privilege of moving the same when lawfully directed by the voters of the district. Board shall apply all moneys in accordance with laws regulating the same, as directed by district, but no money apportioned to a district shall be used for any other purpose than that of teachers' salaries; and no part thereof shall be paid to any teacher who shall not have received a teacher's certifi- cate prior to commencement of his or her school. Board shall have care and custody of school property, except so far as the same shall be confided to custody of director ; shall fill any vacancy occurring in their number, but in case of failure to so fill a vacancy, voters at a special meeting shall do so. When by division of a district only one hoard member is left in the old district, county superintendent shall fill vacant offices, appointees to hold until their successors are elected. No school officer shall be a party to any school contract except in his official capacity as board member. Board shall maintain in sanitary manner at least two separate water-closets or privies for each school. The school board or school trustees of every district may set aside from general funds the sum of 10 cents for each census child, the ;°— 15 10 > 146 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. same to be known as district library fund, and such fund sball be invested by board or trustees in suitable library books. Board or trustees sball pro- vide for the care of school libraries and prescribe rules therefor; but such provisions for library shall be inoperative if board or trustees shall appro- priate $300 annually toward support of free public library. The moderator's powers and duties shall be to preside at all meetings; countersign all orders and warrants; administer oath to director and treas- urer of district. In case moderator is absent from meeting electors may choose a temporary moderator. If any jierson conducts himself in a dis- orderly manner at a district meeting he shall be ejected from such meeting ; a person so conducting himself and who refuses to leave meeting upon being so requested shall, on conviction, be fined $20. District treasurer shall give bond in sum of $500; said treasurer shall receive all money due his district from the county treasurer and pay the same out on the order of the director countersigned by the moderator; treasurer shall keep accurate account of funds received and disbursed and all vouchers therefor ; treasurer shall appear for or against the district when any action shall be brought by or against the district, except when he is interested adversely, whereupon director shall appear for district. The director shall be clerk of board; he shall keep a record of business of district ; he shall, with consent and advice of moderator and treasurer, or one of them, or under their direction if he shall not concur, execute written contracts with teachers and specify wages of such teachers; director shall make reports to county superintendent. Teachers' contracts made before the annual meeting in order to be legal must be signed by two board members whose terms of office do not expire with the school year in which such contract is luade ; no contract with a teacher shall be valid unless agreed to by all members of board or by two members who are not related within the fourth degree to such teacher. Within 10 days previous to annual meeting director of each district shall take a census of school children of his district ; in cities of the first and second classes 30 days shall be allowed for taking census. Director shall, with concurrence of moderator and treasurer, or either, provide necessary appendages for schoolhouse and other incidental expenses, and such accounts shall be audited by moderator and treasurer, and upon their order same shall be paid; shall present at each annual meet- ing an estimate of amounts to be expended during ensuing year for school expenses and officers' salaries, and submit a report of the previous year's school business, not no tax shall be voted at any special meeting; director shall give notice of all school meetings ; shall draw and sign all school orders. Director shall annually report to county superintendent number of children between 5 and 21 years old, and shall file a report within 10 days after annual meeting with county superintendent showing all required facts con- cerning the school or schools of the district. Director shall furnish to the annual meeting a statement of the aggregate assessed valuation of all property in the district and the amount of taxes to be collected on such property. See also A (b2), State officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebted- ness; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (b). Free textbooks; N (a), High schools. Nevada: Each board of trustees is hereby created a body corporate. School districts having 1,500 or more census children shall have five trustees; other districts, three ; for districts having 1,500 or more census children, two trus- tees for four years and one for two years shall be elected every two years ; in other districts, one for four years and one for two years; election inspectors A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 147 shall receive no compensation except that of $4 per day in districts of first class; only a resident of a district and one whose name appears upon registry list shall vote, but any citizen of United States residing in State six months and school district 30 days may be registered for such election ; trustees may have voting list prepared at cost of 5 cents per name ; candidates for trustee shall file names with county clerk; special elections may be held to supply vacancies on board of trustees, otherwise deputy superintendent shall supply vacancies. Board of trustees shall elect one member president and one secre- tary; secretary in districts of 300 to 1,000 school population may receive sal- ary not to exceed $10 per month, and in districts over 1,000 such children, $50 per month; secretary shall keep record of all school business. A majority vote of boards of trustees shall be necessary to transact business; boards shall meet at least once each month. Powers and duties of hoards of trustees: To buy or sell school property upon vote of electors of district, but in districts of less than 10 electors deputy superintendent shall first approve; build, equip, and repair schoolhouses upon vote of electors, but repairs in first-class dis- tricts may be made without such vote, and in other districts without such vote when amount is below $500; submit all building plans to deputy superin- tendent, whose approval shall be obtained for the same; change location of schools, but in districts of less than 10 electors deputy superintendent shall first approve ; call meetings of electors to vote on school matters ; manage and control school property, turning all school funds into county treasury to credit of their districts ; cause to be erected two separate suitable privies for each school ; prescribe and enforce rules ; insure school property ; employ and determine salaries of teachers, but there shall be no discrimination against female teachers; give orders on county auditors for teachers' salaries; pro- vide at least six months of free school ; extend term to eight months where feasible; administer all oaths pertaining to teachers, census marshals, and school trustees for any district, but city superintendents may administer oath to teachers in first-class districts; classify schools and to divide them into suitable departments; suspend or expel pupils with advice of teachers and deputy superintendent; enforce prescribed courses of study and textbooks; make, with approval of State superintendent, arrangements for the transfer of pupils ; visit every school in their district at least once in each term — this clause applying to every member ; make annual report to deputy superintendent ; enforce needful sanitary regulations. No trustee shall be pecuniarily inter- ested in any contract made by board of trustees. County boards in control of high schools shall have same powers as are given to district school trustees. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (c). County and local normal schools; H (b). School census; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; K (b). Free textbooks; N (a), High schools. New Hampshire: District hoard. — Board of every district shall provide schools that will give pupils as nearly equal advantages as may be practicable ; a por- tion of school money, not exceeding 25 per cent, may be used for conveying pupils to and from school. Board shall employ teachers, provide fuel, and shall make repairs not to exceed 5 per cent of school money ; teachers may be dismissed for cause, but not until after a fair hearing ; district shall be liable for full salary of any teacher dismissed contrary to law. Board may prescribe rules and regulations for conduct of schools ; shall prescribe study of physiol- ogy and hygiene, humane treatment of lower animals, Constitution of the United States and of State of New Hampshire, and may prescribe algebra, geometry, surveying, bookkeeping, philosophy, chemistry, natural history, and other suitable studies. Board shall purchase textbooks and other supplies and 148 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. loan the same free of charge to pupils ; books may be sold at cost to persons desiring to purchase them; a United States flag, to cost no more than $10, shall be purchased by board for each school. No sectarian or political booli shall be introduced into the public schools. Every teacher shall be furnished with a blank register, and board shall visit each school in district at least twice in each term. The State superintendent shall cause to be held, at such times and places as he may designate, examinations for teachers; examina- tions shall test professional as well as scholastic ability ; due notice shall be given of such examinations; a certificate shall be given to those passing required examinations; certificates shall be either probationary or perma- nent, and shall indicate grade of school in which holder may teach; State superintendent may issue without examination certificate to any person who has taught in the public schools of State for three years. A list of certified teachers shall be kept on file in office of State superintendent for information of school committees. A sum not exceeding $300 may be annually expended from institute fund for carrying out foregoing provisions. State superin- tendent and his deputy shall have authority to enforce attendance and child- labor laws, having for that purpose powers as truant officers; expenses in- curred thereby shall be paid as allowed and audited by governor and council. Teachers shall make entries in school register and return same to school board; $20 of teacher's salary shall be withheld until register shall be thus returned. Boards shall submit annual reports to State superintendent; fail- ure to comply herewith shall be punishable by fine of not more than $50. If any public officer willfully neglects his duties, he shall forfeit sum not exceed- ing $30. • Boards shall appoint truant officers ; same shall hold office for one year, but may be removed for cause. Selectmen shall annually assess tax to pay salaries of board and truant officers. Truant officers shall enforce law relating to truants and children of school age not attending school and with- out lawful occupation ; shall have authority to place in school children found employed contrary to law or violating compulsory attendance laws. In ab- sence of express contract, six hours shall constitute school day, five days a week, and four weeks a school month. Truant officers or agents shall an- nually in September take full census of children between 5 and 16 years old and report same to school boards. Teachers may attend institutes not exceed- ing one day in any term ; time so spent to be counted as service to district. Thanksgiving Day and Fast Day, Labor Day, Washington's Birthday, Memo- rial Day, Independence Day, New Year's Day, 12th day of October, and Christmas Day shall be legal holidays, and when falling on Sunday the fol- lowing day shall be observed as a holiday. School board shall have same superintendence over evening schools as over other schools. Superintendent. — ^A school district may require the school board to appoint a superintendent of schools, may prescribe his duties, fix his compensation, and raise money to pay such compensation. Two or more districts may, by a vote of each, form a district for purposes of employing a superintendent therein; such superintendent shall be appointed by a joint committee com- posed of boards of such districts, who shall determine relative amount of service to be devoted to each district by superintendent, and fix part of his salary to be paid by each district. Any district which shall unite with one or more districts to form a supervisory district, which shall employ as super- intendent at an annual salary a person holding a permanent State teachers' certificate, when same shall be certified to State treasurer, shall receive one- half its apportioned share of said salary from State; this provision for State aid shall not apply to cities. Supervisory districts of less than three towns A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AISTD OFFICERS. 149 shall employ not fewer than 20 nor more than 60 teachers. Any district may withdraw from a joint supervisory district at the expiration of the contract made with the superintendent of such joint district. See also A (b2), State officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxation; D (a). Build ings and sites, general; H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical in- spection; N (a), High schools; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: All boards of education of the various school districts of the State shall constitute a '* State federation of district boards of education " ; each such board shall annually select a member of said board as a delegate to said federation. Said federation may investigate subjects relating to education, and it shall encourage and aid movements for improvement of educational affairs in the State ; may establish by-laws ; district boards may pay expenses of delegates, and may appropriate annually sum not exceeding $10 each for dues to said federation. In each school district there shall be a custodian of school moneys. Said custodian shall pay out such moneys only on orders signed by president and district clerk or secretary of district board; shall keep record of sums re- ceived and disbursed; shall make annual fiscal report to district board and to county superintendent. The custodian of municipal funds, or the collector when designated by school board, shall be custodian of school funds; when- ever district shall contain more than one municipality, school board may appoint a person as custodian; schopl board shall fix compensation of said custodian; collector or treasurer of each municipality shall pay over to said custodian amounts levied and collected for school purposes; when there are no funds in treasury to pay orders, such orders shall bear legal rate of interest until funds become available; said custodian shall forfeit $10 for each day's delinquency in making required reports. Any person in public office who shall solicit or receive anything of value for his vote, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; any person officially connected with any institution supported wholly or in part by public funds, and having an interest in furnishing supplies or in making contracts for such institution, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; any person who shall bribe a public officer shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; any public official or public board making disbursements or incurring obligations in excess of appropriations shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Employees of boards of education receiving less than $1,200 annually shall be compensated for injuries received while in such service. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units— districts, etc.; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; C (a). Local finance and support, general; D (a). Buildings and sites, gen- eral; D (e). United States flag in schools; E (b), Teachers' certificates, gen- eral; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c). Teachers' pensions; G (b). State normal schools; H (a), School population and attendance, gen- eral; H (b). School census; H (d). School holidays; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (b). Medical inspection; K (b). Free textbooks; L (i). Manual and industrial education; M (b), Kindergartens; M (c). Evening schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Mexico: Rural-district boards. — Board of directors in each rural district shall be composed of three members elected by legal voters, one elected each year; term, three years; said board shall elect a chairman and a clerk from their own number ; two directors shall constitute a quorum ; in case of ) 150 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK. vacancy in board of directors, the county superintendent shall fill such vacancy until the next election. Directors shall have the care and keeping of school property, and are authorized to open the schoolhouses for the use of religious, political, literary, scientific, mechanical, agricultural, and industrial societies. Duties: To issue no warrants or certificates of indebtedness of the school dis- trict in excess of amount of levy for one year, but any order when presented to and not paid by treasurer shall draw 6 per cent interest per year; have general control of schools in their districts, subject to supervision of county superintendent; annually make census of unmarried persons between 5 and 21 years old and forward same to county superintendent. All resident un- married persons between 5 and 21 years old shall be entitled to attend the schools of their districts. The clerks of school boards shall annually make full reports to county superintendents. Any director who shall willfully re- fuse or fail to make any required report or perform the duties of his ofiice shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Clerk of said board shall receive $1.50 for each 100 names or fraction thereof of children enumerated; any enumerator making fake enumeration shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $50, such fine to be paid into school-district fund. School directors and boards of education shall annually make an estimate of amount of funds needed for their districts for ensuing year and certify the same to the county commissioners of their respective counties; said county commissioners shall levy a tax on the taxable property in each such district to produce the amount of the estimate ; in case county commissioners disapprove said estimate or directors fail to make the same, the county commissioners shall levy such tax as they may deem necessary for school purposes, but such levies in districts other than incorporated cities, towns, and villages shall not exceed 20 mills; county commissioners shall annually levy a county tax of 3 mills for a general county school fund. Any surplus in the sinking fund of a district may be used by the directors in building additional schoolhouses or enlarging present buildings. Directors shall have no interest in any school contract. Women possessing the qualifications required of male electors shall be eligible to hold office of school director. City boards. — The board of education in an incorporated city shall consist of five members elected at large, elected in groups of two and three in odd- numbered years. The election of said board shall conform to the laws ap- plicable to election of officers of incorporated cities, except that no registration shall be required. Boards of education in incorporated towns and villages shall consist of five members elected at large from such town or village in groups of two and three In odd-numbered years. Manner of holding such election shall be the same as in incorporated cities. Said board shall have control over schools and school property of said town or village, the terri- tory attached thereto for school purposes, and the school district of which said town or village before incorporation was a part. Such board shall have like powers and privileges and be subject to like duties and requirements as in- corporated cities. No member of school board shall be a member of council or town trustees; nor shall any member of council or town trustees be a member of the board of education. Board shall fill any vacancy which may occur in their body; but any vacancy occurring more than 10 days previous to the annual election and having an unexpired term of one year shall be filled at the first annual election thereafter. Duties of board: To elect their own officers, except the treasurer; make their own rules and regulations; organize and maintain a system of graded schools; establish a high school when educational interests of city demand the same; exercise sole control A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 151 over schools and school property. Board shall elect a clerk, who shall re- ceive such compensation as said board shall determine. Treasurer of city shall be ex officio treasurer of board of education. Said treasurer shall give bond and shall deposit school funds in some bank designated by board. Such bank shall give bond and shall pay interest on monthly average bal- ances. Said treasurer shall attend board meetings when so required, shall prepare monthly reports for board, and shall pay out school moneys only upon a warrant signed by president of board and countersigned by the clerk. Said treasurer shall receive from board for his services $50 per year. No board member shall receive any compensation for his services. Clerk shall keep account of proceedings of board and shall give bond in sum of $1,000. Board of education shall annually levy a tax for support of schools not to exceed 5 mills on the dollar of taxable property, which levy shall be ap- proved by the city council or town trustees; and when so approved the clerk of the board shall certify the same to the county clerk, who shall see to the collection of the same. Board shall hold monthly meetings and may hold special meetings ; shall make an annual report, which shall be published and copies thereof sent to county and State superintendents. No expendi- ture greater than $200 shall be made except by written contract, and no expenditure of more than $500 for erecting buildings or making improvements shall be made except by competitive bid. No sectarian doctrine shall be taught in the public schools. Public-school property shall be exempt from taxation. Board of education may issue, upon a vote of the people, bonds to purchase school sites or to erect school buildings or to fund any bonded indebtedness for school purposes of city and town. Such bonds shall run for not less than 20 nor more than 30 years, bear interest at rate of no more than 6 per cent per annum, and shall be sold at not less than par. Each such bond shall be for a sum not less than $50. A tax levy shall be made for paying interest on and creating a sinking fund for such bonds; but there shall be no levy for sinking fund until 10 years after the issue of such bonds if they be for 20 years and 20 years after the issue if they be for 30 years; and the levy in any one year shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar for such sinking fund, and the total levy in any one year shall not exceed 10 mills on the dollar for all purposes. The levy for interest on such bonds shall not exceed in any one year amount required to pay annual interest. Such bonds shall constitute a lien against school property. Clerk of board shall register bonds. Board members shall take oath of affirmation. School property shall not be transferred by school boards except upon the petition of a majority of electors of district. The title of unsold public lands in cities and towns shall be vested in the boards of education thereof and shall be used for public-school purposes. Such lands shall be sold at not less than the value set thereon by the board of appraisers appointed for the purpose. School boards shall be bodies corporate. Territory contiguous to a city or town may be attached thereto for school purposes upon a petition of a majority of electors of such territory and the approval of, said city or town. Such at- tached territory shall be subject to taxation for school purposes as is the city or town, and said territory shall be entitled to all of the school privileges of the city or town. No board member shall be interested in any school con- tract except in his official capacity. District superintendents in districts consisting of incorporated cities or towns shall be employed for a term not to exceed two years. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxation; D (e). United States flag in > 162 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. schools; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf. New York: Board of education. — The board of education of every city or union free-school district shall be a body corporate. In union free districts not coterminous with incorporated cities or villages there shall be elected by the district meeting not less than three nor more than nine trustees ; said trustees shall be divided into three classes, one class elected each year, to serve three years; said trustees shall constitute board of education of such district. In union free-school districts coterminous with incorporated cities or villages said trustees shall be elected by separate ballot at the charter elections. In union free districts not coterminous with incorporated cities or villages, and containing over 300 children of school age, the annual district meeting may by a majority vote set aside the Wednesday following such meeting as day for election of trustees, all qualified electors being eligible to vote ; in such elec- tions plurality vote shall elect. All disputes arising out of any district elec- tion shall be referred to commissioner of education, and his decision shall be final ; said commissioner may order a new election. The board of education in a new district where union free-school district containing two incorporated villages is divided shall consist of six members, elected in groups of two, one group each year; term three years. The number of members of board in a union free district coterminous with an incorporated city or village may be increased not to exceed nine or decreased to not fewer than three by a major- ity vote of the district, election for same to be called by board upon petition of at least 15 resident taxpayers; the number of board members in other union free districts may be increased not to exceed nine or decreased to not fewer than three by a majority vote of electors present and voting at an annual meeting, but due notice of such proposition shall be given, and board shall, upon petition of at least 15 voters of such district, include said proposi- tion in notice of annual meeting. Commissioner of education may. for good cause remove any board member from oflice. Powers and duties of 'boards of education in union free districts: To adopt rules and by-laws for their gov- ernment; establish rules and regulations for control of schools; prescribe course of study, regulate admission of pupils, and provide for transfers of pupils from one class to another ; prescribe and furnish textbooks ; make pro- vision for instruction in physiology and hygiene; purchase sites for school purposes and construct buildings thereon when so instructed by the district ; purchase furniture and apparatus for schools and purchase implements, sup- plies, and apparatus for agricultural, athletic, playground, and social-center purposes when authorized by the district; hire rooms for school purposes; insure school property ; have care and custody of school property ; sell or ex change school property when authorized by the district ; take and hold for use of schools any gift made therefor; establish in schools such departments as may be needed, and tuition fees for nonresident pupils; provide school sup- plies; appoint librarians; employ teachers and other employees for schools; fill any vacancy in said board until next annual election of trustees ; remove any member of their board for cause, but not until such member has been heard; provide suitable water-closets; borrow money in anticipation of taxes remaining uncollected and issue certificates therefor, to be paid within current fiscal year or within nine months thereafter, at rate of interest not to exceed 6 per cent; raise taxes for supplementing State appropriation for teachers' salaries; provide for medical inspection of schools. Board of education of each school district and of each city may maintain free night schools; may A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 153 provide free kindergartens for children between ages of 4 and 6 years. In any union district having 5,000 population or more, board may appoint a superintendent of schools, prescribe his duties, and fix his compensation. Said board shall meet at least once in each quarter; shall appoint one or more committees to visit and report on schools; all board meetings, except execu- tive sessions, shall be open to the public. No board shall incur a district liability in excess of district authorization, except when specially authorized by law so to do. A separate account shall be kept of moneys paid into the treasury of any city or village for use of public schools of such city or union free district coterminous ^\ath such village; such moneys shall be paid out only on drafts drawn by president of board, countersigned by secretary or clerk, and such drafts must first be authorized by the board ; school moneys in other union free districts shall be paid to school treasurers thereof and paid out as in aforesaid union free districts. Boards shall have powers and privileges of trustees in common-school districts which are not specifically provided herein and not inconsistent with provisions herein made. By a majority vote of electors a union free district may adopt an academy within such district as the academic department of such district, if consent of trus- tees of academy be gained; property of such academy may be leased by dis- trict; said board may, with approval of commissioner of education, contract with such academy for instruction of pupils of academic grade residing in district. If in any dissolved district there shall exist an academy so adopted, such academy shall, upon request of a majority of surviving resident former trustees or stockholders of such academy, be transferred to said trustees or stockholders. The board of education shall keep record of its proceedings, and shall annually, prior to annual meeting, publish the fiscal report of the district ; said board shall make reports, as required, to commissioner of educa- tion; said board shall present to annual meeting an estimate of expenses for schools for ensuing year. Board of education may, if inhabitants shall neglect or refuse to levy taxes as estimated for salaries of teachers and for contingent expenses, levy a tax for same; any dispute as to what shall constitute con- tingent expenses may be referred to commissioner of education, whose deci- sion shall be final. The corporate authorities of any incorporated city or vil- large shall levy a tax to raise the estimated amount for teachers' salaries and contingent expenses as certified by the board of education, and shall levy such other taxes for school purposes as may be required by law. Trustees. — The sole trustee or the trustees of a school district shall con- stitute a corporate board; the sole trustee of a district shall have same powers and duties as a board of three trustees; vacancies shall be filled by vote of the district. Powers and duties of trustees: To call needed special meetings; give due notice of meetings; make out tax list of every school district tax; purchase or lease school sites, and purchase, lease, or build schoolhouses as a district meeting may authorize; have the custody and safekeeping of school property ; insure school property ; employ teachers and other employees; establish rules for schools; prescribe course of studies; collect district taxes for school purposes; keep school property in good con- dition; establish sufficient number of schools; make full annual report to commissioner of education and to the district. Any trustee who shall will- fully fail to make required reports shall forfeit his office. Trustees shall not draw any order for salary of any teacher in excess of funds belonging to district. No trustee shall be interested in any contract which he makes in behalf of the district. Superintendent. — The territory formerly embraced in the school commis- sioner districts, outside of cities and of districts of 5.000 population or more > 154 STAtE LAWS EELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. which employ a superinteadent of schools, shall be organized and divided into supervisory districts ; no town shall be divided in the formation of such district; the territory of each such district shall be compact and con- tiguous; such districts shall contain as nearly the same extent of territory and number of school districts as practicable. In counties containing two or more supervisory districts, the school commissioners of commissioner districts and the supervisors of towns are directed to meet and form said supervisory districts. Two school directors shall be elected for each town at general election, elected in rotation, to serve five years; each such director shall take oath of office, and shall receive $2 per -day for each day's service and traveling expenses to be paid by town board. School directors of the towns composing a supervisory district shall elect the superintendent therefor; result of such election shall be certified to commissioner of education by the county clerk. To be eligible to office of district superintendent a person must be at least 21 years old, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the State, may or may not be a resident of the district, but must reside in the. county containing such district after his election, may be of either sex, shall possess a teaching certificate valid as a license to teach in the schools of the State, and shall pass an examination in supervision of courses in agriculture as prescribed by commissioner of education; said super- intendent shall take oath of office; term of office, five years. Salary of dis- trict superintendent shall be $1,200 per year, payable by the commissioner of education, and may be increased by vote of the supervisors of the towns composing such district, such increase to be raised by tax levy; the district superintendent shall be allowed expenses, not to exceed $300 per year on audit, paid by commissioner of education. For good cause, commissioner of education may remove any district superintendent. Said superintendent shall not be interested, except as author, in any book, or in any kind of school supplies, or in any school contract, or in any teachers' agency; nor shall he receive any favor for his influence. Said superintendent shall devote his entire time to duties of his office. Powers and duties of district super- intendent: To see that bounoaries of school districts are properly described in the official records; assemble teachers for conference; inspect and report on training classes; hold meetings of trustees and other school officers; direct trustees of any district to make needed alterations or repairs; examine and license teachers, and conduct such other examinations as com- missioner of education may direct; revoke, for good cause, any teacher's certificate; take affidavits and administer oaths; take and report to com- missioner of education under direction of said commissioner testimony in a case on appeal; perform such other duties as may be required by com- missioner of education. In addition to duties hereinbefore provided, said superintendent shall be subject to all the duties and responsibilities with which a school commissioner is charged by law. Appeals from acts of dis- trict superintendent may be taken to the commissioner of education. The board of supervisors is authorized to pay expenses incurred for printing and office supplies of district superintendents, to be a county charge. Trustees.— E^nQh school district shall have from one to three trustees, as the district determines, a clerk, a collector, and, if the district so determines, a treasurer ; a union free district shall have from three to nine trustees, as dis- trict shall determine ; every district officer must be able to read and write and must be a legal voter of district ; no school commissioner or supervisor shall be eligible to office of trustee or member of board of education, and no trustee or member of board of education and no trustee can hold office of district A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 156 clerk, collector, treasurer, or librarian; any officer removed from office shall not be eligible for any other office within period of one year ; not more than one member of a family shall be member of same school board ; in districts hav- ing three or more trustees, term of office shall be three years; having one trustee, term one year; term of office of all other officers shall be one year; all district officers shall be elected by ballot; district clerk shall notify per- sons of their election to school offices unless such persons are present at meeting; unless within five days after receiving such notice a person shall refuse such office, he shall be deemed to have accepted the same ; any trustee who absents himself from three successive meetings of the board without good excuse thereby vacates his office. Any person elected to a school district office and being qualified for same who shall refuse to serve shall forfeit $5; any such person who shall refuse to serve after accepting the office shall vacate such office and forfeit $10 ; the district superintendent may accept the resigna- tion of such officer, whereupon no penalty is imposed; forfeitures shall go to the school district. If a vacancy in office of trustee is not filled by election within 30 days, the district superintendent may fill the same; a vacancy in office of trustee of a union free district may be filled by special election called by commissioner of education ; . vacancies filled by election shall be for re- mainder of term; if filled by appointment, for time until regular election; trustees may fill vacancies in offices of clerk, collector, or treasurer. Duties of district clerk: To record proceedings of school meetings; give notice of all school meetings; notify school officers of their election; notify trustees of any resignations; attend meetings of trustees when notified. Duties of district treasurer: To be custodian of school funds ; give required bond ; pay out money only on order of trustees. Collector shall give bond and shall disburse teachers' fund when there is no treasurer. In every union free school district board of education may appoint one of their number, or some other qualified voter who is not a teacher, to act as clerk, at a salary fixed by annual meeting; board may fix such salary if meeting shall fail so to do; said board shall also appoint a treasurer and a collector in such districts where district is not coterminous with an incorporated village or city. The collector shall forfeit to the district any moneys not collected when such failure shall be due to his neglect. Duties of town clerks: To keep records of common schools; record certifi- cates of apportionment of school moneys; notify trustees of school districts of filing of such certificate; receive reports of school-district trustees and transmit such reports to commissioner of education; furnish to the super- intendent of the supervisory district names and addresses of the school-dis- trict officers as reported to him by district clerks; distribute to school trustees books, blanks, and circulars received from commissioner of educa- tion or district superintendent ; receive from the supervisor, and keep record of, account of receipts and disbursements of school moneys required to be submitted to town auditors, together with action of such auditors thereon, and send copy of same to commissioner of education ; record descriptions of school districts; act, when legally required, in erection or alteration of a school district; preserve records of dissolved districts; perform any other duty required under the law. The necessary expenses of a town clerk shall be a town charge. Duties of supervisors: To disburse teachers' fund upon order of trustees, but shall turn over such funds to the district treasurer when such official has been elected, or to bonded district collector when there shall be no treasurer; pay over school money to treasurer of union free district upon order of school board of such district; keep account of all moneys received 156 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and disbursed, and annually lay same before town board or board of town auditors ; make fiscal report to town clerk ; sue for and recover all penalties and forfeitures as required of bim by law; erect or alter a school district when legally required; take and bold gospel and school lots of their respec- tive towns; sell such lots when authorized by the town; invest proceeds of such sales in loans on unencumbered property of the value of double the amount loaned; purchase property so mortgaged upon a foreclosure and hold or convey the same; apply rents and profits of such property to sup- port of schools; render financial report of sales, loans, and rents of such lands to the town board annually. On division of any town, gospel and school lands shall be sold and proceeds apportioned between towns interested therein; proceeds of such sales shall be paid to supervisors of said towns; supervisors shall give bond in sum double the amount of such moneys held; if supervisor shall refuse to give such bond he shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor, and court may appoint some other person to keep such moneys in trust. Each supervisor shall annually make a report to the district super- intendent of schools of the supervisory district in which the town is situated. The supervisor of each town shall be paid a fee of 1 per cent on all school moneys paid out by him. •* See also A (b2), State officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (a). Local finance and support, general; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c). Local taxation; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; D (e), United States fiag in schools; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (b), School census; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance; H (g), Child labor; H (h). Separation of the races; J (b), Medical inspection; J (c), Vaccination; L (1), Other special subjects; O (a), Indus- trial education, general; S (b). Public-school libraries. North Carolina: County board of education shall appoint for each township a school committee of three persons ; term of members, three years, one being appointed each year ; vacancies filled by county board ; compensation, $1 per day each for not exceeding four days per annum. In lieu of a township com- mittee, county board may appoint a committee of three for each district school. Powers and duties of committee: To keep record of proceedings ; have care and custody of school property, with power to control same for school purposes ; report to county superintendent number and value of schoolhouses ; furnish teacher at opening of school a copy of census furnished county super- intendent ; report number of persons between 12 and 21 years old who can not read and write and also persons between 6 and 21 who are deaf or blind; report receipts and expenditures ; purchase supplies to value of not exceeding $25 for each school, but with approval of county board. Committee may con- tract with private school, conducted for at least six months and not sectarian or denominational, to give instruction in public-school studies to persons of school age, and may pay tuition out of public funds ; teacher must have first- grade certificate and must make reports required of other teachers; all chil- dren between 6 and 21 shall be admitted free, but charge may be made for the higher branches not prescribed by law for the common schools. Women shall be eligible to serve on committees for rural and graded schools, boards of trustees of State schools and colleges for women, and subtextbook commission. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; C (a), Local finance and support, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (f), Com- pulsory attendance. A (d). DISTKICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 157 North Dakota: Three school directors shall be elected for each common-school district; term, three years, one being elected each year. Treasurer shall be elected for two years. County superintendent shall give notice of and appoint election officers for first election in a new district. All qualified voters and all women over 21 years old who otherwise possess the qualifica- tions of male voters, may vote at school elections and hold school offices, but county superintendent must possess educational qualifications required by law. Clerk of the district shall notify officers elected and, within 10 days, shall send names of officers to county superintendent. School board shall annually elect one of its members president and a person not a member clerk. Regular meetings in January, April, July, and October ; special meetings on call of president or two members; majority a quorum; each member shall receive $8 per annum, less $2 for each regular meeting which he fails to attend; in a district maintaining a graded school of three or more departments board shall meet monthly and each member shall receive $1 for each regular meeting. Clerk shall receive not exceeding $50 per annum and additional pay for taking school census. District school treasurer shall give bond for at least twice the amount of funds to come into his hands ; he shall pay no warrant unless the same is signed by the president and coun- tersigned by the clerk; he shall receive not less than $5 nor more than $25 per annum. Powers and duties of common-school district hoards: To have control and management of schools and school property ; locate and maintain schools; make necessary repairs and furnish fuel and other supplies, which supplies must have approval of county superintendent; appropriate each year not less than $10 nor more than $25 for a school library. Board shall have control and care of school library and may appoint a librarian. Board shall employ all teachers of the district, and may dismiss them for cause; teachers shall be holders of valid certificates or permits to teach; holder of valid certificate shall receive not less than $45 per month. Board may admit pupils from other districts and from unorganized territory; it may send pupils to other districts and pay for their tuition and transportation. It may suspend or expel insubordinate or disobedient pupils. Subject to approval of county superintendent, board may determine what branches shall be taught in addition to those required by law. Board may levy a tax for school pur- poses of not exceeding 30 mills on the dollar. It may permit schoolhouses to be used for community pui-poses, but district shall be at no expense for the same, and no furniture fastened to the floor shall be removed. Board may, and when petitioned by one-third of the voters of the district shall, call an election to determine the question of selection, purchase, exchange, or sale of a school site or the erection, removal, or sale of a schoolhouse; a majority vote shall determine, but a two-thirds vote shall be necessary to remove a schoolhouse. When it is proposed to erect a schoolhouse in a com- mon-school district, school board shall consult with county superintendent and superintendent of health as to plans; State superintendent shall furnish plans for schoolhouses of one and two rooms. District board may acquire a school site of not less than 2 nor more than 5 acres, and when necessary may take the same by condemnation proceedings. On petition of parents or guardians of nine or more children residing 2^ miles or more from a school, district board shall provide a school for such children; but this provision shall not apply to districts consolidated as herein provided. District boards shall fix beginning and ending of school term, but no school shall be taught less than seven months; when for 10 days average attendance is less than four, board may discontinue school. The district board may, and when petitioned by one- third of the legal voters shall, call an election to determine ) 158 sta:i?e laws relating to public education. the question of paying transportation of pupils to schools already estab- lished, or of consolidating two or more schools and transporting children to a central school ; majority vote shall determine. If a majority of the patrons of a school averaging eight or more pupils in daily attendance for three months immediately preceding ^hall petition to continue school for an addi- tional time, board shall continue such school if funds are available. In any district containing four or more schools and having 60 or more children of school age, board may, and when petitioned by 10 or more voters shall, call an election to determine the question of establishing a high school; majority vote shall determine; voters shall also determine site and provide for building; term, not less than four months. Two or more districts may unite to establish a high school or graded school by vote of a majority of voters of each district; such school shall be controlled by the joint boards of the districts and maintained by the districts in proportion to property valuation. District board shall annually cause an enumeration to be made of all unmarried persons between 6 and 21 years old, and of all deaf, blind, and feeble-minded persons between 5 and 25 years old ; copies of enumeration of deaf, blind, and feeble-minded shall be furnished by county superintendent to superintendents of schools for deaf, blind, and feeble-minded, respectively. District clerk shall report annually to county superintendent. School money shall not be expended for the support of any school in which the English language is not the medium of instruction. Fire escapes shall be attached to each story above the first of all schoolhouses ; school boards shall plant trees and shrubs on school grounds. Where stock is permitted to run at large, a fence (not barbed wire) shall be built around the school grounds. In each city not organized under general law or under a special act the board of education shall consist of seven members elected at large; term, three years. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (g), Child labor; J (b). Medical inspection; K (b). Free textbooks; M (b). Kindergartens. Ohio : Board of education. — Every board member shall take oath of office. The board of each city, village, or rural district shall organize by electing one member president, one vice president, and a person who may or may not be a member of board shall be elected clerk ; president and vice president shall serve for term of one year, and the clerk for term not to exceed two years. Once each year all members of village and rural districts within any county district shall meet to discuss educational matters, such meeting to be called by county superintendent. Remaining members of a board may fill any vacancy by a majority vote. The board of each school district shall be a body corporate. Boards shall make rules and regulations for its government and government of its employees and the pupils. A special meeting of a board may be called by the president or clerk thereof or by any two mem- bers by serving written notice; majority, a quorum. Clerk shall keep a record of proceedings of board. A board may accept bequests, gifts, or endowments for school purposes. When a board decides to dispose of school property exceeding $3,000 in value the same shall be done by auction upon due notice, but such property may be sold to any municipality or trustees of school library in which such real estate is situated upon conditions as may be agreed upon. No board member shall have any pecuniary interest in any contract of the board. Exchanges for mutual benefit may be made by a municipal corporation and a school board of real estate. Property vested In A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 159 any school board shall be exempt from taxation and from sale on execution or other writ or order in the nature of an execution. Process in all suits against a school board shall be by summons, served by leaving a copy with president or clerk thereof. In city districts city solicitor shall be legal adviser and attorney of school board ; in county districts prosecuting attorney of county shall be legal adviser and attorney of school boards therein ; no additional compensation shall be allowed such officers for such services. City school hoards. — In city school districts containing less than 50,000 persons the school board shall consist of not less than three nor more than five members, elected at large by qualified electors; in such districts con- taining between 50,000 and 150,000 persons, not less than two nor more than seven members elected at large, and of not less than two nor more than 12 members elected from subdistricts by qualified electors of their respective sub- districts; in cities of 150,000 persons or more, not less than five nor more than seven members elected at large by qualified electors. Cities containing population of 50,000 to 150,000 shall be divided into a number of subdistricts equal to the number of members of school board to be elected from such sub- districts ; such subdistricts shall be as nearly equal in population as possible, and shall be composed of adjacent and compact territory as practicable. The term of office of members of city school boards shall be four years. If num- ber of members of city school board to be elected at large be even, one half thereof shall be elected in the year preceding and remaining half in the year following the calendar year divisible by four ; in such number be odd, one-half of the remainder, after diminishing the number by one, shall be elected in the year preceding, and the remaining number shall be elected in year fol- lowing the calendar year divisible by four; all members to be elected from odd-numbered subdistricts shall be elected at one and the same election, and all members from even-numbered subdistricts shall be elected at the alternate election. Electors residing in territory attached to any city for school pur- poses shall be entitled to vote in school elections of such city ; an elector re- siding in a city, but not in the city school district of such city, shall not be entitled to vote in said city school district. If a petition signed by 10 per cent of the electors in any district be filed with clerk of school board, asking that question of number of board members and organization of said board be sub- mitted to electors of the district, the school board of such district shall sub- mit such question to the electors thereof. Clerks. — The clerk of the board of education shall give bond; shall pre- pare annual financial statement and statistical report and transmit same to county auditor ; but in districts having a superintendent of schools statistical report shall be made by the superintendent; except in city districts, the clerk shall, prior to elections, post financial statement at polling places. County auditor shall furnish a suitable blank book to clerks for keeping ac- counts. Board of education of each district shall fix compensation of its clerk. When a depository has been provided for the school moneys of a dis- trict, as authorized by law, board shall dispense with a treasurer, and the clerk shall discharge duties of the treasurer. Records and reports. — Boards of education shall require all teachers and superintendents to keep school records in such manner that they may be en- abled to make required reports; said boards may require teachers and super- intendents to make special reports; said boards, in cities, shall publish an- nually a report of condition and administration of the schools, and include a financial statement. No teacher shall receive pay until he 'files required reports. 160 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (e), School meet- ings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c). Local taxation; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (b), School census; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; L (j). Agriculture; P (a), Higher institutions, general; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: District school board shall consist of a director, clerk, and member, elected annally in rotation, to serve three years; no person shall be eligible to serve on district board unless he can read and write the English lan- guage and shall be a legal voter of district; board officers shall take oath; every person elected on school board who shall neglect or refuse, without good cause, to qualify within 20 days, or neglects or refuses to perform his duty after qualifying, shall forfeit his office. Director shall preside at meetings, sign orders drawn by clerk, and appear for district in suits of district, unless otherwise ordered by voters. Clerk shall keep all records and post required notices, shall draw and countersign all warrants. Board shall prepare and submit report to annual meeting. Clerk shall report to county clerk and county assessor names of persons in district liable to pay taxes ; shall report name and address of district officer elected at annual meeting to county superintendent. Records of board shall be open to inspection of county superintendent and taxpayers of district. Board shall build, rent, or pur- chase schoolhouses, and purchase or lease site for same, by order of voters; shall have care of school property ; may admit nonresident pupils under cer- tain conditions. Board shall contract with teachers ; such teachers shall not be related to officers of the board; teachers must hold county certificates; teachers shall forfeit salaries when schoolhouse is destroyed and quarters can not be secured. Board shall provide school supplies. School property shall be exempt from taxation and forced sale. Teachers may suspend pupils for good cause, not to extend beyond current quarter of the term ; any pupil so suspended may appeal to board. Board shall furnish registers and report cards. Any member of board, or custodian of district funds, who shall violate any of provisions herein made, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; any fines thereby collected shall be paid into county common-school fund. Board shall levy a tax on district to pay any judgment obtained against the district. Any schoolhouse located on the property of any settler may be re- moved therefrom, but if settler shall convey 1 acre of such land, upon which schoolhouse is situated, to the district, said schoolhouse shall not be removed. Board may build, purchase, or rent school buildings by order of electors; a tax not to exceed 3 mills may be levied for rental ; an additional tax of 5 mills may be levied for building or purchase purposes if 3-mill levy is not sufficient to pay for same within period of 10 years. No member of board shall be interested in any contracts of such board. County treasurer shall be custodian of district school funds; public funds of any district shall be disbursed only in payment of legal warrants or orders, bonds, and interest coupons. County treasurer shall make annual report to district boards. When any district shall have outstanding warrants, and no fund to pay same, treasurer may pay same out of other district funds in amount not to exceed 50 per cent of total tax levy of district for fiscal year, but such warrants shall not be purchased for more than par and accrued interest. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units— districts, etc. ; C (a), Local finance and support, general ; C (c), Local taxation; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (e). Consolidation A (d). DISTKICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 161 Of districts, etc.; H (li), Separation of tlie races; I (e), School fraternities; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens. Oregon: District 'boards. — ^A meeting of a district scliool board may be called by one member serving at least 24 hours' notice on the other two members and the clerk. Duties of board: To authorize the clerk to call special meet- ings ; admit to school free all persons between 6 and 21 years old residing in the district and other persons on such terms as district may direct; visit schools from time to time, and may expel refractory pupils; suppress all secret societies in the school; audit claims against the district; furnish fuel, supplies, and apparatus, but not to exceed 15 per cent of the county and irreducible school funds appoitioned to the district shall be expended for this purpose. Said board may, and when petitioned by one-third of the voters of the district shall call a meeting to vote on the question of the selection, purchase, exchan£;e, or sale of a school site, or the erection, re- moval, or sale of a scho'^lhouse ; majority of the voters present and voting shall determine, except that two-thirds majority shall be necessary to remove a schoolhouse; when so authorized, board shall provide site, building, fur- niture, and equipment, and when authorized by district may levy a tax of not over 5 per cent of the taxable property or issue bonds as provided by law. When authorized by voters, board may issue evidences of indebtedness of not over 5 per cent of taxable property and may levy tax to pay principal and interest. No member of board shall have any pecuniary interest in the erection of schoolhouses, or heating, ventilating, furnishing, or repairing the same. Warrants shall be drawn only when authorized by vote of the dis- trict; board may authorize the payment of teachers' salaries at the end of each month. Any duty imposed upon the board as a body must be per- formed at a regular or special meeting. Board shall not contract with teacher who is related by blood or marriage within the third degree to any member thereof, unless all members so vote. Board shall have entire con- trol of the schools, but in districts of second and third classes the course of study prescribed by the State board of education shall be used and any such district failing or refusing to use said course shall forfeit 25 per cent of the county school fund. In order that pupils may be admitted, parents or guardians shall provide textbooks prescribed by law. When directed by the district, board shall loan textbooks to indigent pupils; or when not directed by district, board shall loan said books to indigent pupils if clerk reports that parents or guardians are unable to purchase such books. Any board may contract with the board of another district for the admission of pupils into the schools of such other district. Board may dismiss a teacher only for good cause and the material reason shall be spread upon the minutes; teacher dismissed may appeal to county superintendent and thence to the State superintendent; or for breach of contract either teacher or board shall have the ordinary legal remedies. Board may prevent the attendance of any teacher or pupil on account of any contagious disease and may prohibit the attendance of any unvaccinated child who has not had smallpox; board may exclude any vermin-infected or insanitary pupil and may require the city or county health officer to examine such pupils. It is a misdemeanor to deface or damage school property and directors shall prosecute such offenses. The board may, unless the district votes to the contrary, allow the use of the schoolhouse for community purposes, but no cost to the district shall be thus incurred ; no dancing shall be allowed, nor shall any furniture be removed. The school board may when authorized by vote of the district, establish and maintain kindergartens for children over 3966°— 15 ^11 162 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. 4 years old. The board shall, when directed by vote of the district, provide transportation for pupils residing 2 miles or more from the schoolhouse by the nearest traveled road, and may provide transportation for those living a shorter distance; in lieu of transportation board of pupils may be paid when the same may be had at expense equal to or less than the cost of transportation. When directed by vote of the district, school board shall suspend the school and arrange with another district for the instruction of pupils of such district and may pay for the transportation of pupils. Board shall provide each public schoolhouse with a United States flag. The direc- tors of any district of the second class may provide continuation evening schools. Clerks. — The district-school clerk shall give bond for at least double the amount of school moneys that shall come into his hands. He shall keep a record of all proceedings of the district and the board of directors. He shall report annually to the district, and a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the county superintendent. He shall take the annual census of persons be- tween 4 and 20 years old, together with names and addresses of parents or guardians. Within 10 days after taking such census he shall report the same to the county superintendent, who may make corrections, subject to appeal to the county district boundary board ; clerk shall also enumerate the name, age, and address of every deaf and blind person in the district. Clerk shall report annually to county clerk and to county superintendent the amount of tax levied for school purposes in his district; he shall transmit to county superin- tendent annually the names of district officers. He shall receive the school moneys apportioned to the district. In first and second class districts clerks shall receive pay as fixed by the board ; in third-class districts between $5 and $25 per annum. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (e). School meet- ings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units^-districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (b). Free textbooks; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High shools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Pennsylvania: School directors. — Public-school systems shall be administered by a board of school directors in each school district. In each district of first class, board of 15 directors shall be appointed by judges of court of common pleas, 5 appointed every two years, term six years ; in second class, 9 directors shall be elected at large by qualified voters, 3 elected every two years, term six years; in third class, 7 directors shall be elected at large, elected in rotation in groups of 2, 2, and 3, term six years ; in fourth class, 5 directors shall be elected at large, elected in rotation, in groups of 2, 2, and 1, term six years. Any citizen of good moral character, 21 years old or over, and resident of a district for one year, is eligible for position of director therein; but any person holding the office of mayor, chief burgess, county commissioner, district attorney, city, borough, or township treasurer, city councilman, township commissioner, road supervisor, tax collector, comp- troller, auditor, or constable shall not be eligible as a school director. In case of vacancy in board of directors of first-class district, position shall be filled by court of common pleas; in second, third, and fourth same shall be filled by a majority of remaining members, to serve until following municipal election, when successor shall be regularly elected for remainder of unex- pired term. Court of common pleas shall, upon petition of 10 or more resi- dent taxpayers, fill vacancies for unexpired terms if not filled within 30 days A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 163 by foregoing method of procedure. School directors shall serve without pay, except as otherwise provided, and shall take oath of office. Directors' assocHaUons. — The school directors, in every county having a county superintendent, shall be called together annually by county superin- tendent to consider subjects pertaining to the welfare of schools; county com- missioners shall provide a suitable place for such convention. Each school director shall receive $2 per day and mileage at rate of 3 cents for attending such convention, but not for more than two days. Convention shall elect a president, two vice presidents, a secretary, and a treasurer, these constituting executive committee. The school directors' association shall elect one of the county institute auditors. It shall be the duty of the county, district, and assistant county and district superintendent to attend said annual conventions, and they shall be members ex officio of the executive committee, but shall have no vote in selecting assistant county superintendents. County treasurer shall pay to treasurer of the association, out of county funds, expenses of such convention, but total shall not exceed $200 per year. Powers and duties. — Board of school directors shall establish, equip, and maintain in their respective districts a sufficient number of elementary public schools to educate all persons between 6 and 21 years old ; may establish, equip, and maintain following additional schools or departments for the edu- cation and recreation of persons residing in said districts, and such addi- tional schools shall be a part of the public-school system: High schools, manual training schools, vocational schools, domestic science schools, agri- cultural schools, evening schools, kindergartens, libraries, museums, reading rooms, gymnasiums, playgrounds, schools for blind, deaf and dumb, and men- tally deficient ; truant schools, parental schools, schools for adults and public lectures, but no pupil shall be refused admission to such additional schools on account of receiving training in other than public schools. Directors shall have authority to levy and collect taxes in addition to State appropriation, to establish, enlarge, equip, furnish, and maintain schools or departments herein provided, or to pay school indebtedness. The affirmative vote of a majority of all members of board of directors in every district, duly recorded, showing how each member voted, shall be required in order to take action on the following subjects : Fixing length of school terms ; adopting textbooks ; appointing or dismissing district superintendents, assistant district superin- tendents, associate superintendents, principals, and teachers; appointing tax collectors and other appointees ; assessing and levying taxes ; purchasing, sell- ing, or condemning land ; locating new buildings or changing the location of old buildings; dismissing a teacher after a hearing; creating or increasing any indebtedness ; adopting courses of study ; establishing additional schools or departments ; designating depositories for school funds ; entering into con- tracts of any kind where amount involved exceeds $100; fixing salaries of officers, teachers, or other appointees of board of school directors. Directors may adopt and enforce rules and regulations for management of school affairs and conduct of all of those connected with schools ; shall, in districts of first and second class, and may, in third and fourth, make rules regulating ath- letics and other student activities; shall visit and supervise schools, except in cases where supervisory officials are employed. In districts of first class the school year shall begin on the 1st day of Janu- ary.; in all others on first Monday of July. In districts of first class directors shall elect president and vice president from their number, and secretary who is not a member; shall elect city treasurer as school treasurer. In districts of second class secretary and treasurer shall not be members of board; in 164 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. third and fourth they may be members; same person shall not be secretary and treasurer of any board. Board may appoint solicitors and employees and fix their salaries. All boards shall meet at least once every two months. President shall issue orders on the treasurer for approved bills; in districts of first class boards may direct any member to approve bills; boards shall ap- prove all bills before they are paid. Secretary shall keep record of all board proceedings; shall prepare and sign orders on treasurer after board's ap- proval ; shall attest execution of deeds, contracts, and reports ; shall report to State board of education and to State superintendent; shall be custodian of all papers and records; shall lieep accounts with tax receivers and treasurer; shall give bond ; may receive compensation for services. Treasurer shall deposit funds in name of district and make monthly reports to secretary and to controller, if any; shall furnish bond; shall make annual settlement and board; shall receive compensation as board may determine, but in districts of second, third, and fourth classes no more than 2 per cent of amount paid out on orde rs. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administra- tive units — districts, etc.; G (a), Local finance and support, general; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), 'State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (b). Medical inspection; K (a). Textbooks and supplies, general; N (a), High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Rhode Island: Powers and duties of each school committee: To have care and control of public-school interests, subject to commissioner of public schools; choose a chairman and clerk; hold meetings quarterly; locate schoolhouses ; require instruction in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to effects of alcoholic liquors and narcotics; visit and inspect each school at least twice in each term ; make rules and regulations for conduct of schools, for introduction and use of textbooks and works of reference, for instruc- tion, and for courses of study, under direction of commissioner of public schools; select teachers, and elect superintendent in towns not united for employment of such superintendent, and draw orders for payment of same; submit. annual report to commissioner of public schools and to the town; purchase, at public expense, textbooks and supplies, to be loaned to pupils free of charge; purchase United States flag for each schoolhouse and cause same to be properly displayed; cause Grand Army flag day to be observed. Committees may arrange for transfer of pupils to other towns ; may reserve annually out of public funds a sum not exceeding $40 to defray expense of printing their annual report; may suspend pupils for cause. A change may be made in textbooks by vote of tw^o-thirds of whole school committee; in city of Providence, by majority of such committee, notice of same having been given. No change in any textbook shall be made oftener than once in three years, unless by consent of State board of education. Subject to rules of school committee, books removed from use may be distributed to pupils; textbooks may by purchase become property of pupils using them. Addi- tional powers and duties: To cause the annual school census to be taken; approve private schools for attendance of pupils subject to compulsory at- tendance law; provide high-school instruction; appoint truant officers; issue age and employment certificates; provide open-air schools; appoint school physicians and provide medical inspection. A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 165 No person shall be excluded from school on account of race or color, or for being over 15 years old, nor except by force of some general regulation applicable to all persons alike. Any school officer who violates any of the requirements of his office shall be fined not exceeding $500 or be imprisoned not exceeding six months. Any school receiving aid from the State, either by direct grant or exemption from taxation, shall be subject to inspection by any proper school official. No person shall keep any nuisance within 100 feet of any schoolhouse or of any inclosure of any school yard. In the cities of Providence and Cranston school committee shall have charge of all affairs of schools, except those of expenditures for school sites and improve- ment, repair and construction of schoolhouses, which shall be in charge of the city council. No school official shall have any pecuniary interest in the introduction of any book, map, or chart in the public schools ; no person shall offer any favor whatever to any such official as an inducement for his influ- ence. Tuition in town and city public schools is free to residents thereof; all public schools of the State, including State normal school, shall be open to children of soldiers and sailors of the State who died in the service of the United States during the Civil War, or were discharged from service on account of disease or wounds contracted in said service, without any cost or expense to such children when in school for taxes or other charges for pur- l>oses of public education. No person shall be permitted to attend any public school who does not possess a vaccination certificate or certificate from a reputable physician that vaccination is dangerous to such pupil. Every per- son violating any provision of this chapter shall be fined not exceeding $50 or be imprisoned not exceeding 30 days. Every person who shall hold office shall, upon leaving the same, deliver all records and moneys of such office to his successor, or if there be no successor, to the secretary of state; violation of this provision shall constitute a mis- demeanor. No person in public or private employ, or public official, shall corruptly accept or give, or obtain or agree to accept or give, or attempt to obtain for any other person or give, any gift or consideration for his favor or disfavor ; any violation of these provisions shall constitute a misdemeanor. No flags or emblems of foreign countries shall be displayed upon public buildings and schoolhouses, except upon public buildings as a mark of respect for some foreign visitor. See also A (hi). State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; H (e), Consolida- tion of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor; J (b). Medical inspection; N (a). High schools; S (b). Public-school libraries;' T (f). Tuberculous children. South Carolina: The county board of education shall appoint for each district three school trustees for a term of two years, but this provision shall not affect the manner of selection of trustees in special or graded school districts organized under special acts. In special districts having a population of not less than 5,000 and in which boards are not fixed by law qualified electors may elect a board of nine trustees ; term, six years, three being elected every two years. District trustees shall take the control of district schools, subject to the direction of county board. Trustees may sell school property with the consent of the county board. Each teacher shall report monthly to the board of trustees. Warrants drawn by boards of trustees shall not be paid without approval of county superintendent ; no trustee shall receive pay as a teacher. Powers and duties of the trustees: To provide schoolhouses and make the 166 STATE LAWS EELATDING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. same comfortatjle ; employ and discharge teachers and impose upon them examinations additional to those required for State or county certificate;, suspend or dismiss pupils; call meetings of the qualified electors of the dis- trict ; control and care for school property ; visit schools from time to time. See also A (cl), County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; N(a), High schools. South Dakota: The district school board shall consist of a chairman, a clerk, and a treasurer elected at the annual district meeting ; term, three years, one member being elected each year. Electors at annual meeting may instruct board as to branches to be taught in addition to those required by law, time of holding school, amount of tax levy, the repair and furnishing of school- house, the election or removal of a schoolhouse, or any other matter per- taining to the schools, and said board shall carry out such instructions, county superintendent. He shall annually take and file with the county super- Treasurer and secretary shall give bond ; county sui>erintendent shall institute suit for breach of the same. Board shall hold three regular meetings each year, and majority may call special meetings. On petition of five legal voters clerk shall call a special meeting of voters. Clerk shall report annually to county superintendent. He shall annually take and file with the county super- intendent a census of all persons in his district between 6 and 21 years old ; said superintendent may order a new census when the census reported by clerk is found insufiBcient, false, or fraudulent ; said superintendent shall annu- ally report the census of each district in his county to the commissioner of school and public lands, who shall apportion the school funds thereon. Dis- trict treasurer shall pay no warrant except when signed by clerk and coun- tersigned by chairman; warrants presented for payment when there is no money in the treasury shall bear 7 per cent interest until treasurer gives notice that he will pay the same. Compensation of officers: Chairman, $5 per annum; secretary, $5 for each school or department; treasurer, $5 for each school or department, but not exceeding $25 per annum. The school board shall have the general management of the schools and care and control of school property. On petition of persons in charge of seven or more children of school age residing not less than 3 miles from the nearest school, the school board shall provide a school for such children. Parents of children residing 2i miles or more from school shall receive for transportation of children a specified sum per day per pupil, said sum in- creasing as the distance increases, but this provision shall be only for actual attendance, and no money shall be expended under this section for the transportation of pupils having finished the eighth grade; district shall ex- ^ pend annually not exceeding $800 for this purpose. When children of school age reside in unorganized territory the county commissioners shall provide school accommodations for such children by paying for transportation and tuition or may pay for such children's board. District school board shall make necessary repairs and furnish fuel and supplies. Said board shall em- ploy teachers, and may dismiss a teacher for cause; in any school district containing one or more townships, except in a city, town, or village of more than 50 inhabitants, when three-fourths of the parents or guardians of children of school age petition for the employment of a particular teacher the board shall employ said teacher, but not at an increased salary and not unless teacher holds a valid certificate. Board may admit nonresident pupils and shall assign pupils within the district to schools. Board may close a school and combine it with another in the district, but three-fourths of the patrons thereof may appeal to county superintendent. Any party dissatisfied A (d). DISTKICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 167 with a decision of the school board may, on giving bond to cover costs, appeal to the circuit court, which shall adjudicate the cause, but appeal shall lie to supreme court. Board may make rules for the schools and suspend or expel a disorderly pupil. Snid board may levy a tax of not exceeding 20 mills on the dollar. A schoolhouse may be removed by a majority vote of the district, but in a district having only one schoolhouse a two-thirds majority shall be necessary, except to remove the house to the center of the district. If a district fails to levy a tax to run its schools at least six months, the county commissioners shall levy a tax in said district for such purpose. When directed by the voters the board shall provide a site and schoolhouse or re- move or sell the same. A district may acquire a school site of not exceed- ing 2 acres; such site may be acquired by condemnation proceedings; State may sell a site from the corner of a subdivision of common-school or en- dowment lands. County commissioners shall levy a tax of $1 on each elector in the county, which shall be distributed to school corporations on the basis of school population. District treasurer shall make annual settlement with the school board and shall transmit a statement to the county superintendent. Misdemeanor for any clerk or treasurer to make a false report or to- mutilate or destroy his records or accounts; misdemeanor for any district officer to fail to make required report. The clerk shall before July 20 each year certify the tax levied in his district to the county auditor. All moneys apportioned to the district by county superintendent, and all moneys received from district tax for tuition purposes, shall constitute the " tuition fund " ; moneys received from other sources shall constitute the " general fund." All reports and records of district officers and proceedings of the district meeting shall be subject to review by the county superintendent. All books, papers, etc., pertaining to the schools shall be open to inspection by the chairman of the board and by the State and county superintendents. District boards shall plant trees about the schoolhouse, and where stock runs at large a fence shall be built about the school grounds. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administra- tive units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; N (a), High schools; S, (b). Public- school libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Tennessee: In each civil district an "advisory board" shall be elected bi- ennially by qualified voters. Duties of advisory hoard: To visit schools, keep school property in repair, and see that fuel, etc., are supplied; make recom- mendations to county board as to teachers to be employed : report annually to county board; have secretary take school census annually, but in a city or town constituting a separate school system board of education shall have enumeration made; suspend and dismiss pupils subject to appeal to county board ; issue orders on county board for not exceeding $10. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Texas: Board of trustees of common-school district shtll be composed of three members elected by qualified voters; term, two years, one being elected one year and two the next year; trustee must have resided in district at least six months and must be able to read and write; county superintendent shall fill vacancies; county superintendent may institute proceedings in court to re- move trustee who, in his opinion, is not qualified. Board of trustees shall be a body corporate. Trustees shall have management" and control of schools; they may employ teachers and dismiss them, but dismissed teacher may ap- 168 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. peal to county and State superintendents. Duties of trustees: To determine number and location of schools and when they shall open and close; con- tract with teachers; approve teachers' vouchers and all other claims against the district, but no deficiency shall be created in school fund. Contracts with teachers must have' approval of county superintendent. When average attend- ance exceeds 35 trustees may employ assistant teacher and an additional teacher may be employed for every additional 35 pupils or fraction thereof greater than 15. In special tax districts trustees may increase salaries of teachers and the school age and may run schools longer than six months. Amount contracted to pay teacher shall be paid on check drawn by majority of trustees on county treasurer and approved by county superintendent. Board of trustees in towns and cities shall consist of seven members; three appointed one year and four the following year by city or town council, ^ but on petition of 25 per cent of qualified voters election shall be ordered by mayor to .determine whether said seven trustees shall be elected by vote of people; in other independent districts county judge shall order first election for seven trustees and thereafter trustees shall order such election. City or town voting special tax may prescribe additional studies and extend school age to 21 years, but State and county apportionment shall still be made on basis of census of children between 7 and 17. Trustees of city or town or independent district may elect a superintendent for not to exceed two years. School officers and teachers shall not be agents for or othei*wise interested in sale of textbooks. . See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (b), Teachers' sala- ries; H (b), School census; L (a), Course of study; M (b). Kindergartens. Utah: Except in cities of first and second classes, qualified voters shall elect three district trustees for terms of three years, one being elected annually ; one member shall be chairman, one secretary, and one treasurer. Trustees shall call elections to elect trustee, fix tax rate, and determine whether bonds shall be issued; voter shall be a taxpayer in district; vacancy shall be filled by remaining members, but if two vacancies occur at once county commission- ers shall fill them. Powers of school hoard. — To have control of district schools and care and control of school property ; may order tax not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar to be raised to pay current expenses and purchase textbooks; may establish school libraries and set aside 15 cents per capita of school popula- tion to purchase books and magazines, but this section shall not apply to cities of first and second classes ; shall keep school property in repair and fur- nish fuel and supplies; shall furnish and loan free of charge textbooks and supplies to all pupils, except to those of high schools ; shall employ teachers and may dismiss them for cause, but no contract with teacher shall extend beyond following 30th of June; may admit pupils from other districts and fix tuition charges or send resident i)upils to other districts ; may permit school- house to be used for other than school purposes when schools are not in session. When they deem it necessary, or when petitioned by one-fourth of the resident taxpayers, board shall call a meeting of voters to determine ques- tion of selection, jpurchase, exchange, or sale of a schoolhouse site or the erection, removal, purchase, exchange, or sale of a schoolhouse, or for pay- ment of teachers' salaries or for current expenses ; majority shall determine, but two-thirds vote shall be required for removal of schoolhouse. Except in cities of first and second classes, no schoolhouse or addition thereto costing A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 169 $1,000 or more shall be erected without approval of plans by commission com- posed of State sui^erintendent, secretary of State board of health, and an architect appointed by the governor. On petition of persons having charge of 15 or more children of school age residing 2 miles or more from school- house, board may organize and maintain a school for such children. Board shall determine when school shall open and close; when average attendance is less than 8 for 20 consecutive days, school may be discontinued. Board shall cause the clerk annually to take the census of all persons between 6 and 18 years of age and report to county superintendent. They shall cause shade trees to be set out on school grounds and shall keep outhouses in sanitary condition ; they shall make an annual financial report to district meeting and shall file said report and such other reports as State superintendent may require with county superintendent. All trustees of schools supported wholly or in part by the State shall include physiology and hygiene in courses given. In normal schools and in all public schools beginning with the eighth grade, a course of instruction in sanitation and the prevention of disease shall be given. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; J (b), Medical inspection; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a), High schools; U (c), Juvenile courts. Vermont: A town having 25 and less than 30 schools may, and a town having 30 or more public schools shall, employ a superintendent for his full time, except as hereinafter provided; a town employing a superintendent may be considered a union; an incorporated school district shall be considered a town for purposes of this chapter. Two or more neighboring towns having aggregate of not less than 25 nor more than 50 schools may form a union for employing a superintendent ; joint committee for such union shall con- sist of not more than three directors from each town. Duties of joint com- mittee^: To appoint its officers; hold annual meeting; adopt by-laws; elect superintendent of schools for one-year term, apportion his service among the towns on basis of number of schools, fix his salary and apportion same among towns on basis of their grand lists (property valuation) and certify such apportionments to town treasurers. Towns forming such union shall have no other superintendent of schools. Such union shall not be dissolved because number of schools shall fall below 25, nor within period of three years, except by two-thirds vote of all school directors forming such union; and shall not be dissolved at expiration of three years except by ma^'ority vote of all such directors. Towns forming a union, and raising at least $1,250 annually for salary of superintendent of such union, shall receive $1,000 from the State, such amount to be apportioned among the towns on basis of their grand lists; a further sum equal to one-half of superintend- ent's salary above $1,250 and not exceeding $1,800 shall in like manner be appropriated and apportioned to such towns, the same not to exceed $300; town treasurer shall place such sums to credit of school funds. If the superintendent of a town, which individually constitutes a union, spends part time in teaching, the town shall receive from the State a part of $1,000 proportionate to that spent in supervision, such amount not to exceed $500. Union superintendents elected by joint committees shall devote entire time to supervision, shall hold, or shall have held, a first-grade certificate or its equivalent, shall have taught at least 50 weeks, shall be or become a resident of one of -towns of the union; may be removed from office for cause. Duties 170 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Of union superintendent: To conduct teachers' examinations under direction of superintendent of education; meet annually with said superintendent; make reports to said superintendent when required and make annual report to directors of the towns of the union; direct work of pupils and teachers; advise with school boards in regard to employment of teachers; prescribe purchase of school books and supplies and supervise their distribu- tion; dismiss teacliers for cause; perform other duties pertaining to his office. The annual meeting of union superintendents shall be considered a summer school if in session for no less than five consecutive days; expenses of meeting and traveling expenses of said superintendents shall be allowed by State. By a majority vote of school directors of all towns forming a union, union may be dissolved if towns join unions already formed or unite . in forming new unions; by a like vote one or more towns may be released from union if such towns join other unions or unite in forming unions; remaining towns shall continue in existence as a union if number of schools does not fall below 25, and towns may be added to unions if number of schools shall not exceed 50. Any five or more towns having less than 25 schools may organize a union for supervision purposes. A town or union superintendent shall annually certify to superintendent of education facts relative to teachers. Board of school directors of a town or incorporated school district not in a union shall annually appoint and fix compensation of a superintendent of schools and certify such action to town clerk. Such superintendent shall serve for one year; may be removed for good cause. Duties: To visit schools at least once each term, note method of instruction and government, and advise with teachers; inspect school property, supplies, apparatus, and books, and report condition of same to school board; may dismiss teachers for good cause ; submit annual report to school board, and such report may be printed by said board at expense of town. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administra- tive units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; D (e), United States flag in schools; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (c). County and local normal schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; I (e), School fraternities; J (b), Medical inspection; K (b), Free textbooks; L (a), Course of study; M (b), Kindergartens; M (c). Evening schools; N (a). High schools; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Virginia: Division superintendent. — ^The State board of education shall every four years, subject to confirmation by the senate, appoint a superintendent of schools for each county or city or county and city created a school division by said board; no officer of a city, town, or county shall be eligible to the office of division superintendent of schools of such city, town, or county, or the clerk of the school board thereof, but this provision shall not apply to towns of less than 1,000 inhabitants. Salary, $40 for each 1,000 inhabitants of the division up to 10,000 ; $25 for each additional 1,000 inhabitants up to 30,000; $15 for each 1,000 inhabitants above 30,000; these amounts shall be paid by the State, but local authorities may supplement them; in no case shall pay of superintendent from State funds be less than $200. The powers and duties of division superintendents shall be as prescribed by State board of education. Powers and duties of district hoards of school trustees: (1) To enforce the school laws and make rules for the government of the schools; (2) employ teachers and dismiss them, subject to appeal to the county trustee electoral board, but no teacher employed shall be the brother, sister, wife, son, or A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 171 daughter of any member of the board; (3) suspend or expel pupils for cause; (4) provide textbooks for indigent children; (5) see that school census is taken; (6) hold regular meetings as prescribed by the State board of educa- tion; (7) call meetings of the people; (8) make annual estimate to county school board of amount of money needed in the district during the next year for schoolhouses, textbooks, appliances, and other necessary expenses; (9) provide schoolhouses, furniture, and appliances, and control the same; (10) visit the schools from time to time; (11) provide for the pay of teachers and other necessary expenses, so far as the same are under the control of the district; (12) examine all claims against the district and pay the same when approved; (13) perform duties jDrescribed by the State board of educa- tion; (14) report on matters required by the division superintendent and make an annual report County, city, or district school boards may make appropriations to nonsectarian schools of manual, industrial, or technical training or to any school owned or controlled by such county, city, town, or district; said boards may provide for manual, industrial, or other special training in the public schools. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County oflacers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; D (b), State aid, approval of plans; D (c), Care, sanita- tion, etc., of schoolhouses; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (a). School population and attendance, general; H (b). School census; H (f), Compul- sory attendance; H (g), Child labor; J (a), Health, general; N (a), High schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Washington: Directors of school districts shall be elected at regular annual elections ; no person shall be eligible who can not read and write the English lauguage. Powers and duties of directors: To employ, for not more than one year, teachers, and fix, alter, allow, and order paid their salaries; enforce rules and regulations of superintendent of public instruction and State board o^ education; rent, repair, furnish, and insure schoolhouses, and employ janitors, laborers, and mechanics; see that schoolhouses and premises are kept in proper condition ; have control of school property ; suspend or expel pupils for cause; provide, when advisable, free textbooks and supplies to be loaned to pupils; require adopted books to be used in schools; authorize use of schoolhouse for proper public meetings; provide, when advisable, free transportation of pupils; establish and maintain evening schools; procure and display a Tnited States fiag upon schoolhouses. Judgments against a school district shall be paid out of proper school funds belonging to district. Directors of any district may admit adults and nonresident pupils to schools, and may charge tuition for such attendance. Directors may make by-laws not inconsistent with provisions of law. Directors of each district may buy or sell school property when directed by the district so to do; said directors, in name of the district, may transact all business for maintaining school and protecting interests of the district. Directors shall have no pecuniary interest in any contract of the district ; shall not contract any indebtedness in excess of income of district, unless authorized by a vote of electors of district. Directors shall take oath of office. District officers shall place their signa- tures on file with county auditor. Directors may condemn land for school site, not to exceed 5 acres in area ; shall in districts of third class, submit plans and specifications of proposed schoolhouses to county superintendent for his approval. ) 172 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Board of directors in districts of first class (cities of first and second classes) shall consist of five members, elected by qualified electors of tbe dis- trict, to serve three years; persons elected directors shall take oath of office within 10 days, othervk^ise oflfices shall be considered vacant; secretary of board of directors shall not be a member of said board; said board shall appoint and fix salary of secretary ; a majority vote of entire board shall be required to elect superintendent, teachers, and other employees of district. Secretary shall keep records of board meetings; may be directed to purchase school supplies and shall also act as superintendent of buildings; shall make such reports as board may require. Board shall meet monthly and may hold special meetings; meetings shall be public unless otherwise specified. Board may fill vacancies in its body, valid until next election. Board may compel attendance of its members; any member absent from four consecutive regular meetings of board, without valid excuse, shall thereby vacate his office. All school accounts shall be audited by auditing committee of board; no ex- penditure greater than .$300 shall be made except upon written contract after inviting competitive bids. Powers of board in addition to general powers dele- gated to all hoards of direetors: To employ city superintendent for term not exceeding three years, fix his duties and compensation, and dismiss him for cause ; prescribe course of studies not inconsistent with that prepared by State board of education; make necessary by-laws; adopt rules and regulations, and establish and maintain such special schools and departments as may be needed; employ, and for cause dismiss, teachers and janitors; determine time over and above eight months that school shall be taught; employ all officers and employees needed in administration of schools ; employ and fix compensa- tion of one or more assistant city superintendents and supervisors ; maintain shop and repair department; provide free textbooks and supplies to pupils when so ordered by vote of electors, or if free textbooks are not voted, supply same to indigent pupils; require pupils to be vaccinated, unless vaccination shall be injurious to children; require bonds of district officers; prohibit secret fraternities and sororities among students ; appoint a school physician. Said board shall annually cause a census to be taken of all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years. Said board may sell any school property no longer required for school purposes if same shall be less than $2,000 in value; if value exceeds $2,000, vote of district shall be required to make such sale. Board of directors shall annually submit to county commissioners an esti- mate, in addition to State and county funds, of funds to be raised by taxation for school purposes; such estimate shall include amounts required for support of schools, purchase of sites, erection and furnishing of schoolhouses, payment of interest on bonds, and creation of sinking fund for payment of indebted- ness, if any ; county commissioners shall levy and collect necessary funds, but for purchase of sites and erection of schoolhouses in" district of first class in cities having population of 50,000 or less, an amount not exceeding $50,000 may be so levied annually ; in cities having population greater than 50,000 and less than 100.000, a sum not exceeding $100,000 annually ; in cities of population of 100,000 to 200,000, a sum not exceeding $200,000 annually, and for every addi- tional 50,000 of population beyond 200,000 a further sum of $50,000 annually ; when any greater expenditure is required the question must be submitted to electors at election called for the purpose. The tax levied for school purposes in districts of first class shall not in any year exceed 1 per cent of assessed value of property, except by vote of the electors; no levy shall exceed 2 per cent of assessed taxable property. A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 173 Boards of directors of school districts of second class shall consist of three members, elected by ballot by electors; term, three years; vacancies in such board shall be filled by joint action of county superintendent and remaining members of board until next election; persons elected directors shall take oath of office within 10 days after election, otherwise such offices shall be deemed vacant ; clerk shall be elected by such board and may or may not be member of board. Regular meetings of said board shall be held monthly; special meetings may be called by chairman or any two members. Powers and duties of such hoard in addition to general powers and duties of hoards of directors: To provide such materials, supplies, apparatus, and libraries as may be required. Said board shall, annually, submit to county commis- sioners an estimate of funds needed for all school purposes, and said commis- sioners shall levy and collect such amount; such amount shall not exceed in any year 1 per cent of assessed taxable property of district, except by vote of electors; no tax, however, shall exceed in any year 2 per cent of assessed valuation; in case said board shall fail to make such estimate, county super- intendent shall so do. Said board shall build or remove schoolhouses, pur- chase or sell sites when directed by vote of district so to do ; but no school- house built on a site selected by majority of electors shall be removed except by ^^jro-thirds vote of electors, and no site upon which no schoolhouse has been built, selected by such majority, shall be changed except by such two- thirds vote. Said board shall elect a superintendent or principal, who shall hold a valid certificate; term may be one or two years as determined by board. In districts of second class minimum school term shall be six months. Boards of directors of districts of third class shall consist of three directors elected by ballot by electors of district; term, three years; county superin- tendent shall fill any vacancy on said board until next election; directors shall take oath of office within 10 days of election, otherwise office shall be deemed vacant; clerk of board shall be member thereof.... Regular meetings of board shall be held monthly, and special meetings may be called by chair- man or any two members of board. In addition to general powers and du- ties said board shall purchase materials, supplies, apparatus, and libraries as may be required for schools and which may be approved by county superin- tendent. In schools having more than one teacher, one of such teachers shall be designated as principal ; where there are two or more buildings, a superin- tendent shall be elected. Said board shall annually submit estimate of school expenses to county commissioners, who shall levy and collect the same; such levy shall not exceed 1 per cent of taxable property of district, except by vote of electors ; no levy, however, shall exceed 2 per cent of such assessed valuation; where directors fail to submit such estimate, county superintendent shall so do. Said board shall select sites and build school- houses when directed by vote of electors, but no schoolhouse built on a site selected by majority of electors shall be removed without a two-thirds vote of electors, and no site upon which no schoolhouse has been built, which has been selected by such majority, shall be changed except by such two-thirds vote. Said board shall submit plans and specifications of buildings to county superintendent for approval before constructing such buildings. Appeals. — Appeals from decision or order, or from failure to decide or order, by a board of school directors shall be taken to county superintendent ; appeals from decision or order, or failure to decide or order, of a county superintendent shall, when relating to territory or boundaries of a district or to adjustment of assets and liabilities of a district, be taken to county commissioners, but in other matters, to superintendent of public instruction. 174 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. except in matters of contract, which shall be taken to the proper court. Basis of appeal shall be an affidavit or affidavits of party aggrieved. Interested parties shall be notified. A proper hearing shall be given to parties inter- ested. In decisigns of appeal by superintendent of public instruction and by board of county commissioners, the decision or order shall be final unless set aside by court of competent jurisdiction. .Record shall be made of all appeals. In decisions of appeals relative to district boundaries, county auditors shall be notified. Clerk. — Duties of district clerk: To keep records of board of directors; keep accounts of receipts and expenditures of school money; take annual census and making reports, and such compensation for other services as such ages, and of Indian children under white guardianship or who have severed tribal relationship; make annual report to county superintendent; give notice of meetings and elections ; report to county superintendent name of teacher and length of school term ; make fiscal report to county treasurer each month. Said clerk shall receive $3 per day for time spent in taking census and malting reports, and such compensation for other services as directors may allow. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (e), School meet- ings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B ^0^, Gen- eral State finance and support; B (e). State aid for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; M (b), Kindergartens; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. West Virginia: Board of education. — In each district there shall be a board of education consisting of a president and two commissioners elected by voters thereof; one commissioner shall be elected every even year and president every four years. Any member of such board who shall be employed to teach in his district shall vacate his office ; vacancies in said board shall be filled by county superintendent until next general election ; every member of such board shall take oath of office; each such board shall be a body corporate. All property belonging to any such board shall be exempt from execution or other process and free from lien or distress for taxes or county levies. Property of every district shall be inspected at least once each year by president of such board, who shall make report of same to board of education ; board of education, with consent of county superintendent, shall sell any school prop- erty not needed for school puiiioses to highest responsible bidder after due notice of such proposed sale has been given. Duties of hoard of education: To have general control and supervision of schools and school interests, except as otherwise provided; determine location and number of schools; establish different classes of schools as needed ; determine number and boundaries of subdistricts. Any person aggrieved by action of such board relative to change of boundaries of or to increasing or diminishing number of subdistricts may, by petition signed by five other residents of subdistrict, appeal from decision of such board to county superintendent ; appeal may be made from decision of county superintendent to circuit court of county. Said board shall provide suitable schoolhouses, sites, fixtures, and apparatus for accommodation of pupils, but all apparatus must be purchased upon approval of county superin- tendent. Location and plan of schoolhouses must be submitted to and be approved by county superintendent; if board can not agree on such location A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 175 and plans, county superintendent shall select such location and plans. Said board or county superintendent may condemn land for school purposes, same not to exceed 2 acres in area. Said board shall cause sufficient number of schools to be taught in each subdistrict ; if trustees of such subdistrict fail to employ teachers, said board shall, upon complaint of three patrons of said subdistrict, employ such teachers. If at end of any month school attendance for that month has been less than 35 per cent of whole number of pupils enumerated in the subdistrict, board of education may dismiss the teacher and discontinue the school, and teacher shall not receive any further pay. Boards of education in adjoining districts may jointly provide schools for adjoining portions of such districts; costs of such schools shall be equitably borne by such districts; title of schoolhouses located in such unions shall be vested in board of education in whose district such schoolhouses are located; county lines shall be disregarded in formation of such unions. Persons enter- ing into contracts with said board for building or repairing schoolhouses, where price exceeds $50, shall execute bond. Any district or independent dis- trict may by a majority vote instruct its board of education to levy a tax for school purposes ; such tax for the building fund shall not exceed 12^ cents on $100 taxable property and for teachers' fund shall not exceed 25 cents on $100 of taxable property, but in any district which contains an incorporated city or town where a graded or high school is maintained, which is maintained longer than six months, an additional levy may be made to conduct schools for such term ; if in a city or independent district of less than 10,000 popula- tion a high school is maintained, or such high school is maintained in con- nection with one or more other districts, board may levy for support of such high school 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property; districts and inde- pendent districts having outstanding bonds may make levies sufficient to pay interest on same and to pay principal of bonds ; if the 25-cent levy for teachers' fund shall not be sufficient to pay minimum salaries for term of six months, State superintendent of free schools shall deposit with board of education of such district a sum from the general school fund to cover such deficiency, such sums to be deducted from general fund before per capita apportionment is made, total so used not to exceed $75,000 in any one year; if sufficient number of teachers at minimum salary can not be secured for district receiv- ing such aid, said superintendent may raise the salary minimum; If the 12i-cent levy for building fund of a district or independent district is not sufficient for current expenses, exclusive of purchase of land or erection of school buildings. State superintendent shall make requisition upon the State auditor for a sufficient sum out of general school fund, not to exceed $15,000 in any one year, for supplementing building fund of such districts. If maxi- mum levy hereinbefore named is not sufficient to* cover expenditures for cur- rent fiscal year in a school district, board of education may levy an additional tax, upon majority vote of electors, not to exceed 20 cents on the $100; the maximum levy may be voted by the electors for paying interest on and creat- ing sinking fund for bonds to be issued hereafter for school purposes; a " special debt levy," not to exceed 10 cents on the $100, may be levied t)y the board when "additional levy" can not conveniently be submitted to people to pay floating indebtedness. No board of education shall expend or contract to expend any money except as authorized by law or which can not be paid out of current funds, nor shall such board attempt to levy a tax at a greater rate than that specified by law; violation of any of such provisions shall be deemed a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not more than $500 or confine- ment in jail for not more than one year, or both ; board members shall jointly ) 176 STA'TE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and severally be liable for any such indebtedness unlawfully incurred. State tax commissioner shall prepare forms and instructions for making up school district tax levy statements. Board of education of any district or inde- pendent district may extend term of school beyond six months' minimum or shall, upon petition of 50 taxpayers of district, submit question of .such exten- sion to the voters of the district; question shall carry by a majority vote of electors. Regular meetings of boards of education may be held monthly and special meetings as boards may determine. Board members shall receive as compensation $2 per day for not exceeding 10 days for each commissioner and for not exceeding 15 days for each president in one year, one day of which must be spent in attending county teachers' institute. Suhdistrict trustees. — Board of education of each district shall appoint three trustees for each subdistrict, one each year, to serye three years ; two trustees shall constitute a quorum; any trustee nuiy be removed by said board for cause; vacancies in office of trusteee shall be filled by said board. Trustees shall appoint teachers for their schools, contract to be in writing, and teachers to hold valid certificates; no teacher shall be employed until he has filed with the trustee a duplicate certificate of his qualifications; no trustee shall employ any person as teacher who is related to him by blood or marriage; teachers may be removed by board of education for sufficient cause, and shall receive no further salary after such removal ; teachers shall not be allowed to teach on Saturdays and holidays; holidays shall be counted as days taught. Trustees shall visit schools within two weeks after opening and within two weeks of close, and at other times as they may see fit; they shall inspect schools and investigate affairs of the same; may purchase sup- plies for school and shall allow 50 cents per week for sweeping and making fires; may allow use of schoolhouse for public meetings, but such use shall not interfere with the public schools; shall furnish board of education an annual estimate of improvements and repairs needed; shall make annual report to said board ; shall annually submit account of their necessary expenses to secretary of said board, and same shall ,if correct, be paid out of building fund; trustees shall be subject to board of education. Pupils may, when found more convenient for them, be transferred to another sub- district or independent district upon approval of trustees or board of educa- tion of district to which transferred; enumeration shall stand as if no such transfer had been made; resident district shall pay to district receiving such child proportionate cost of instruction. Upon petition of 75 per cent of voters of a subdistrict board of education may abolish such subdistrict and consolidate its schools with schools of one or more other subdistricts and provide for transportation of pupils ; such transportation shall be n charge against district building fund. Persons between ages of 6 and 21 years, resident in a district, shall be entitled to attend free schools therein ; other persons may be admitted to such schools under regulations of trustees or board of education upon payment of tuition not to exceed $2.50 per month; tuition fees shall be paid in advance to the sheriff, who shall place same to credit of teachers' fund of district. White and colored pupils shall not be taught in same school or in same building, but board of education shall pro- vide one free school, or more if necessary, in any subdistrict containing 10 or more colored persons of school age and, if possible, in such district con- taining fewer than 10 such pupils; whenever any board of education shall fail to so provide for education of colored children, free-school fund of such district shall be divided between the two races on the basis of enumeration of school children of each race. A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 177 Superintendent. — Board of education may, and upon application of majority of taxpayers of the district shall, provide for district supervision of schools; for such purix)se board may employ a teacher, holding first-grade certificate, who shall devote entire work to supervision and shall have same powers and duties as city superintendents; said board may authorize principal of some graded school in district to supervise schools, to give at least half of his time to such work ; salary of such supervisor shall be determined by said board ; said supervisors shall make reports as may be required by State superintend- ent. Board of education may take charge of schools so supervised, appoint teachers therefor, and may require all such schools to begin on same date. Secretary. — Secretary of each district board shall take oath of oflSce, attend meetings of board, and keep records of affairs of board; shall post in public place abstract of proceedings of board and fiscal report of such district. Said secretary may administer oaths to teachers and school oflicers. County assessor shall annually certify value of taxable property to secretary of each district and aggregate of such property to county superintendent. Secretary shall certify levy, as made by district board for building fund and teachers' fund, to county superintendent and the proper assessor; said superintendent shall certify such levy to clerk of county court and the assessor, and shall certify such levy and property valuation of districts to State superintendent and State auditor; proper county oflicer shall prepare tax lists of teachers' fund and of building fund of taxes to be levied, and sheriff shall collect and account for same. Any officer who violates any provision of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of $20. Said secretary shall make annual report to county superintendent. Said secretary shall receive as compensation, in districts with less than 15 schools, $20 ; in districts with 15 and less than 25 schools, $35 ; in districts of more than 25 schools, $50 ; in addition to foregoing, $10 for his annual report, to be paid out of district building fund. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (e), United States flag in schools; H (b), School census; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; J (b). Medical inspec- tion; K (b). Free textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a). High schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. Wisconsin: Officers of the district shall be a director, treasurer, and clerk, elected one each year to serve three years. Whenever a petition signed by at least 12 voters of a district in which officers are elected by the people, and which contains in whole or in part an incorporated village or city of fourth class, is presented to clerk of such district requesting election of school dis- trict officers after manner of voting for other officers, such clerk shall give due notice of such election ; place of election shall be specified ; voting shall be by ballot. The director, treasurer, and clerk shall constitute the district board ; any two members may, by serving notice on the other member, call a meeting of said board ; board may fill any vacancy in their number. In joint district, clerk of town or village in which schoolhouse is located shall fill such vacancy; any i)erson when notified of his appointment shall be deemed to have accepted the same unless within five days he shall file a written refusal. If clerk, director, or treasurer shall be away from district 60 days his office shall be deemed vacant. When directed by electors, board shall purchase or lease school sites, build, hire, or purchase a school- house, or sell school property. Said board shall have custody of school property ; shall provide at least two separate water-closets for each of school- houses of district. School boards may grant use of school property for enter- 3966°— 15 12 178 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tainments and nonpartisan gatherings of citizens. Boards of school directors in cities of the first, second, or third classes may establish and maintain for children and adult persons, on school property, evening schools, vacation schools, reading rooms, library stations, debating clubs, gymnasiums, public playgrounds, public baths, and similar activities, without charge to residents ; may cooperate with cbmmissioners or boards having custody and manage- ment of parks, libraries, museums, and public buildings and grounds of what- ever sort in carrying on public educational and recreational activities. Upon a petition of 10 per cent of electors, question of providing such activities shall be submitted at next election of any liind, and, if receiving a majority of votes cast, said school board shall provide such activities ; estimates for such pur- poses shall be submitted to council of such city and tax levied for same, in any one year not to exceed two-tenths of 1 mill on the dollar of taxable prop- erty of such city ; such tax, before being levied, must be referred to electors for approval. Said school board may expend for such purposes any funds turned over to them by council for same. Boards of rural districts maintain- ing one or two departments may accept nonresident pupils at tuition rate not to exceed $1 per month ; in districts maintaining a State graded school and in districts maintaining a free high school, or equivalent, tuition shall not ex- ceed $1.75 per month for grades below high school. Such pupils shall not be received so as to cause enrollment in any one room to exceed 65 pupils. If a school child shall live more than 2 miles from school of his district and transportation is not furnished, and school in adjoining district is one-half mile or more nearer his home, he may attend nearer school, in which event district of his residence shall pay tuition. Board may purchase books for keeping record of business, and for certain school equipment, as may be ap- proved by State or county superintendent, not to exceed in cost $100 per year, and may furnish schoolbooks to indigent pupils. Every school board shall purchase a United States flag for each school and cause same to be properly displayed. If any district shall fail to vote a tax for school purposes, board shall cause such tax to be levied. All money received from school-fund income shall be used exclusively for teachers' salaries. Board shall contract with law- fully qualified teachers. Board may make rules for schools ; may suspend or expel pupils for sufficient cause. Duties of district director: To countersign all orders legally drawn by clerk upon treasurer of district; appear for district in actions brought by and against it when no other direction has been lawfully given at district meet- ing; cause an action to be prosecuted in name of district on treasurer's bond in case of any breach of any condition thereof. District treasurer shall file bond in sum of double the amount to be handled by him. Duties of treasurer: To receive school funds and pay same out only on order of clerk countersigned by director; keep record of fiscal business of district ; present fiscal report to annual meeting ; recover by legal process any school funds in hands of town treasurer when such funds are withheld from school district. Duties of district clerk: To report name and address of officers of district to town clerk and to town treasurer, or, if joint district, to clerk and treasurer of each town in which district is located ; record proceedings of district meet- ings; draw orders on treasurer for lawful debts of district; make record of all orders drawn on treasurer; furnish, at expense of district, for use of teachers, school registers, which must be returned to him' at end of term; notify any person of election or appointment to a district office; take and report the school census for his district at the close of the school year, June 30. A (d). DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 179 Toicn clerk's duties as to puNic instruction: To report to county superin- tendent his name and address and names and addresses of district clerics; record description of school districts ; keep map of town showing boundaries of districts; apportion school money. Town treasurer's duties: To apply for and receive school funds and pay same to district treasurers; pay to district clerks school-district taxes as levied and collected; annually report amount of funds to town clerk to be apportioned by said clerk; annually certify to district clerks amounts paid to district treasurers ; prosecute action on bond of county treasurer in case school funds are not properly paid over. Board of school directors in cities of first class of 150,000 population or more shall consist of 15 members elected from the city at large, 5 every two years, to serve six years. Vacancies in such board shall be filled by remain- ing members of board until next election. Candidates for members of said board shall be nominated at a primary election. Said board shall hold an- nual meetings. Any board meber may appoint a person to act in his place during his absence or inability. Majority of such members may dismiss a member for cause by a majority vote. A majority of members shall consti- tute a quorum. Regular meetings shall be held at least once a month. Board shall not incur any expense in excess of school Income. Potvers of hoard: To erect, purchase, hire, or lease buildings, improve or enlarge the same, and equip the same; advertise for bids for expenditures in excess of $500; establish and define district boundaries; appoint janitors; adopt textbooks, not to be changed within period of five years ; regulate system of instruction ; malie necessary by-laws, rules, and regulations; elect a superintendent of schools for term of three years; prescribe course of study; appoint a secre- tary of said board, to receive pay as fixed by board. Secretary of board shall take census, make list of teachers, and make reports as required. Said board may provide for organization and maintenance of high schools. Said board shall make annual fiscal report to common council ; shall report amounts needed for school purposes. Council may Jevy a tax on taxable property of the city not to exceed 2.7 mills on the dollar for support of schools and three- tenths of a mill for upkeep of school property. Such tax shall be in addition to the 10-mill tax provided for other city purposes. Said cities may, by vote of the people, borrow money and issue bonds ^or purpose of building new schoolhouses. Rate of interest on such bonds shall not exceed 4 per cent per year, and bonds shall run for nc longer than 20 years. Tax shall be levied to pay such interest and to redeem bonds. Bonded school indebtedness of such city shall not at any time exceed 1 per cent of total assessed valuation of property subject to taxation in s;ich city. Said board shall be governed by school laws of the State except as modified by this act ; shall make annual school report to the common council. Board members shall have no financial interest in school transactions. Council may make a loan, to create an in- surance fund. In any city of second, third, or fourth class organized and operating under special charter, upon petition of electors thereof equal to 30 per cent of num- ber voting for all candidates for State superintendent at preceding election, common council shall call election to decide question of electing at large a school board of seven members ; question shall carry by majority vote. Such board of seven members shall be divided into three groups, one group elected each year, to serve three years. School board in all cities, except of first class, may elect superintendent of schools for term not to exceed three years. Duties of superintendent: -To examine and license teachers, supervise administration of courses of ) 180 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION Study, have general supervision of professional work of schools, make re- ports and recommendations to school board. Said superintendent shall not engage in any other business; may be removed from office for cause; must have qualification^ required of principals of four-year free high high schools; shall not be a member of school board, nor act as chairman thereof; shall attend annually one convention held for superintendents, ex- penses to be allowed by school board. Miscellaneous. — ^Any person aggrieved by anything done by any school officer or board may appeal to State superintendent, whose decision shall be final until reversed. Every district clerk who shall willfully neglect to make annual report shall pay to district any loss sustained by such district as result of such neglect; every town clerk or county superintendent who shall neglect or refuse to make reports as required by law, shall pay loss and in- terest thereon resulting from such failure or neglect; every taxable inhabi- tant receiving notice, and every chairman of first district meeting who shall willfully neglect or refuse to perform duties as required by law, shall, respec- tively, forfeit sum of $5; every person elected board member who shall neglect or refuse to accept, or to serve after having accepted office, shall for- feit $10 ; every district officer who shall neglect or refuse to turn over records of office to his successor shall forfeit not exceeding $50. No person con- nected officially with public schools shall act as agent or solicitor for sale of textbooks or school supplies; violation of this provision is punishable by fine of not less than $50 nor more than $200 for each offense. Every dis- trict clerk who shall draw an illegal order, and every director who shall countersign such order, shall forfeit for each such order not less than $20 nor more than $100. Each member of any board refusing to carry into effect any decision of State superintendent shall forfeit sum of $50; every person whose duty it is to recover any forfeiture shall, if he neglects or refuses so to do, forfeit $20. Any school district officer may be removed from office by the county judge for willful neglect of duty, upon application of majority of voters of district or of any person aggrieved by such neglect. Women, 21 years old, or more, who have resided in any district, town, city, or county for one year preceding election, are eligible to offices of director, treasurer, and clerk of such district, member of board of education of such city, and county superintendent of such county. School boards may employ persons to deliver lectures on educational subjects and to provide for further educa- tion of adult persons; may purchase books and other things necessary for such lectures; no admission fees shall be charged at such lectures; said boards may provide appropriation for such lectures. Whenever the town- ship system shall be abolished in any town, town board of supervisors shall meet for purpose of creating suitable independent districts; no such district containing lesg than 15 children of school age shall be formed. The in- spector of rural schools, the inspectors of State graded schools, and the inspector of high schools shall also be made inspectors of public-school buildings. School boards shall, separately or jointly, provide for physical education of pupils. Moral and humane instruction shall be given in all public schools. School board of any city having care or custody of school funds may invest all or part of same in United States bonds at their market value. See also A (c2), County officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; (B (e). State aid for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxation; D (a), A (e). SCHOOL MEETINGS, ELECTIONS, VOTERS. 181 Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; II (b). School census; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; O (a), industrial education, general; O (c). Trade schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: District clerk shall draw all drafts and orders on district treasurer, and such drafts and orders shall be countersigned by director; clerk shall keep record of proceedings of board and report names of director and treasurer immediately after their election; he shall keep accounts of expenditures; he shall give 10 days' notice of all regular and special meetings. He shall an- nually report to county superintendent as follows: (1) Number of days at- tended by each pupil and aggregate attendance; (2) number of schools and branches taught in each; (3) pupils of each sex in each school; (4) teachers employed and salary of each; (5) number of days each was taught; (6) average cost per pupil; (7) books used; (8) number of volumes in school library; (9) aggregate amount paid teachers and sources from which de- rived; (10) number of schoolhouses and the cost of each; (11) amount raised in district for school purposes. For failure or refusal to turn books and records over to successor district clerk may be fined not exceeding $500. District treasurer shall publish report annually; teachers' fund shall be kept separate ; schoolhouse fund shall be derived only from taxe3 collected in the district and other school moneys shall go to the teachers' fund. All custodians of public moneys shall be required to give bond. See also A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; O (c). Local taxation; D (e), United States flag in schools; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (b). School census; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (h), Separation of the races; K (b), Free textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. A (e) . School Meetings; Elections; Qualifications of Voters. Alabama: See A (d), District boards and officers; C (c). Local taxation. Arizona: Annual school elections shall be held in March in each district to elect one trustee for a term of three years; district clerk shall give notice of election in at least three public places. Every citizen, male or female, over 21 years old and who is the parent or guardian of a minor child residing in the district or who has paid a tax, exclusive of poll, during preceding year, is eligible to election as trustee and shall be entitled to vote at district election. A poll and tally list furnished by State superintendent must be kept and re- turned to the board of trustees. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Arkansas: In common-school districts male residents over 21 years old who have resided in the district 30 days, the county six months, and the State one year, and who have paid their poll tax, shall hold the annual school meeting on the third Saturday in May. School meeting may, when five or more elec- tors are present, choose a chairman, adjourn from time to time, appoint a > 182 STAJ^E LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. clerk pro tempore, elect a director for next three years, designate a site for a schoolhouse, determine length of time during which school shall be taught more than three months, determine amount to be raised by district tax, which tax shall not exceed 7 mills on the dollar. In special or single school districts two directors shall be elected annually by ballot for a term of three years. The returns of the election shall be made to the county clerk, who shall de- clare the result of the votes for and against tax and shall certify the same to the county court, and rate so certified shall be levied by said court. Judges of election shall certify the election of school directors. Rural special school districts having the powers of districts in incorporated cities and towns may be formed and shall be bodies corporate; said district, when authorized by. a majority vote of its electors, may borrow money for a " building fund " and vote a tax to pay the same, but this shall not prevent the electors from voting for a building tax as now provided by law. County court shall ascertain amount of tax voted in any district by taking the highest rate for which a majority voted, and shall levy such rate in said district; said taxes shall be collected as other taxes and paid into the county treasury to the credit of the district. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. California: Election for trustees shall be held at schoolhouse on first Friday in April ; number of trustees, three, one elected each year, except where city boards are otherwise provided by law; in new districts, trustees shall be elected on first Friday in April for one, two, and three years, respectively; county superintendent fills vacancies ; trustees shall post notices in three public places indicating time of election; trustees shall appoint election officers; qualified electors shall be entitled to vote; vote by ballot; no electioneering permitted within 100 feet of polls; poll and ttlly list shall be kept and re- turned to trustees ; officers of election shall issue certificate of election to per- son elected; certificate and oath of office field with county superintendent. See also C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a), High schools. Colorado: School elections shall be held biennially in districts of the first class and annually In districts of the second and third classes on the first Monday in May; in districts of the first class polls shall be kept open from 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. and in other districts not less than three hours. Every elector qualified to vote at a general election and residing in the district shall be qualified to vote, but at elections held for voting on proposition to con- tract a debt for buildings or grounds only those who have paid a school tax the preceding year shall be entitled to vote. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; S (b), Public-school libraries. Connecticut: The presiding officer of any town or school meeting may have any disorderly person ejected from the meeting. Women whose names appear on the registry list of women voters shall be entitled to vote on school questions. Every woman over 21 years old who is a citizen of the State, has resided in the State one year and in the town six months, and can read the English language shall, when duly registered, be entitled to vote on matters relating to public schools and libraries. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units- districts, etc.; S (b), Public-school libraries. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards; S (b), Public-school libraries. A (e). SCHOOL MEETINGS, ELECTIONS, VOTERS. 183 Florida: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Georgia: See A (cl), County boards. Idaho: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; O (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a), Higli schools. Illinois: See A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a). High schools; U (e). Schools for dependents nnd delinquents. Indiana: The voters of a district shall meet annually in October to elect one of their number director of the school ; in case of failure to elect, township trustee shall appoint said director. All taxpayers, male and female, except married women and minors, who are listed as parents, guardians, or heads of families, and are attached to the district, shall be entitled to vote at dis- trict meetings. Voters at school meetings may hold other meetings on the call of the director or five voters. Powers of meeting: To determine what branches, in addition to those required by law, shall be taught ; fill vacancies in the office of director; direct repairs to schoolhouses ; petition township trustees regarding the removal, sale, or erection of a schoolhouse, but said trustee may use discretion as to the repair, removal, construction, etc., of a schoolhouse. Director shall have charge of school property; he shall visit the schools and may, subject to appeal to trustee, exclude a refractory pupil therefrom. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; S (b), Public-school libraries. Iowa: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools. Kentucky: Women possessing " the legal qualifications required of male voters in any common-school election who, in addition, are able to read and write " shall be qualified to vote for school trustees and school officers and are eligible to school offices; when registration of qualified voters is required, women who are qualified under this act shall be registered; separate ballots containing only the names of school officers or the questions relating to schools shall be furnished women voters. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: See B (a), General State finance and support. Maine: See A (d). District boards and officers. Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and officers. Michigan: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools. Minnesota: The annual meeting of all common and independent districts shall be held on the third Saturday in July; boards of education or trustees in special districts may fix time of their annual meeting; special meetings may be called in any district upon written request of five freeholders who are voters therein; county superintendent may call special meetings in districts 184 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. not containing five freeholders; when 21 years old and otherwise qualified, women may vote for school oflScers and members of library boards, and shall be eligible to hold any office pertaining to the management of schools or libraries. Powers of annual meetings shall be to elect chairman and clerk; adjourn from time to time; elect by ballot officers of district; select school sites and erect and equip schoolhouses thereon. In addition common- school districts may vote maintenance for schools and for all other purposes, appoint a librarian, improve school property, and provide free textbooks for schools. In any common- school district containing over 300 voters, in coun- ties having a population of more than 50,000 and less than 100,000, the school board may divide the district for the purpose of voting on matters where ballots are to be used. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and Indebtedness. Mississippi: See A (d), District boards and officers; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxation; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Missouri: See A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebted- ness; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (b), Free textbooks. Montana: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Nebraska: Annual school meeting of each district shall be held in June of each year ; officers shall take possession of offices to which elected on second Monday of July, and school year shall commence with that day. Special meetings may be called by the district board, or any one of them, upon the written request of any five voters by giving due notice of the same. Every person, male or female, who has resided in district 40 days, is 21 years old, and who owns property, assessed in his or her name at last annual assess- ment, or who has children of school age, shall be entitled to vote at any meeting or school election held in any district, but all voters in cities shall comply with registration laws thereof; any i)erson whose vote is challenged may be required to take oath of qualification ; false affirmation or false oath shall be perjury; in any meeting challenge to viva voce vote may be made; voters shall have power to adjourn meetings from time to time, to designate a site for a schoolhouse by a vote of two-thirds of those present, and change the same by a similar vote at any annual meeting, but where schoolhouse is located three-fourths of 1 mile from the center of such district the school- house site may be changed to a point nearer the center of the district by a majority vote of those present at any such meeting; in any district contain- ing more than 150 children of school age, and having board of six trustees, schoolhouse site may be changed at any meeting by a two-thirds vote of those present. When no site can be established by voters of a district, county superintendent shall fix the same, and his decision shall be final except that such decision may be changed by county superintendent on a written request of two-thirds of the qualified voters of district. Voters at any meeting may purchase or lease school sites; build, lease, or purchase schoolhouse; determine annual school expenditures; and levy tax for same. Trustees shall make estimate of all annual expenditures for maintenance prior to annual school meeting, but in districts with four or less school children A (e). SCHOOL MEETINGS, ELECTIONS, VOTERS. 185 amount levied shall not exceed $400 in any one year; and in districts having more than 4 but less than 16 school children levy shall not exceed $50 per child in addition to above; school board shall certify levies to county clerk, who shall certify same to county board, same to be collected as other taxes, but total school levy shall in no year exceed $3.50 on the $100 of taxable property. The clerls of any county, part of which is in a joint dis- trict, shall annually certify assessed valuation of such part to clerk of county in which is located schoolhouse of said joint district ; county board of county containing* schoolhouse of joint district shall annually certify to clerks of counties containing parts of said district the tax levy on such parts. Voters of district may at any meeting determine the number of mills, not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar, which shall be expended for constructing or leasing schoolhouses, but upon due notice by one-fourth of voters of district a tax to create a special fund for the erection of a schoolhouse in said district may be submitted to the voters at any school meeting, but such tax shall not exceed 10 mills on the dollar above the amount allowed by law for general school purposes, and that the total amount voted for the period of years shall not exceed 10 per cent of the assessed valuation of the school dis- trict; if majority of electors vote in favor of such tax school board shall issue warrants as needed, not to exceed 85 per cent of the amount raised by the levy, against the fund voted; such funds shall be expended under direction of district, or in absence of such direction, by the board of trustees; any remaining part of such fund may be transferred to any other fund of district. The length of school term in any one year shall not be less than four months in a district having less than 20 school children, nor less than eight months in districts having between 20 and 75 pupils, inclusive, nor less than nine months in districts having more than 75 pupils; but school shall be taught in every such district for at least nine months when same can be supported by a levy of 15 mills, when supported by apportionment from the State school fund, and for at least eight months when the same can be supported by a similar levy of 20 mills, supplemented as above. No district shall receive any part of State fund unless school shall have been taught required time, but in case schools are closed on account of epidemic of disease or • destruction of schoolhouse the same may draw its share of State apportionment; no district shall be deprived of its State apportion- ment when said district has raised and expended the maximum tax allowed by law and funds so raised are insufficient to maintain school for required time. Voters may, by a two-thirds vote, sell school property; may also prosecute or defend any proceeding in which the district may be a party. Where no levy is voted by district meeting, or where district votes to have no school, or where district has made no provision for school, county super- intendent shall make estimate of funds needed by such district and deliver such estimate to the county clerk, who shall levy necessary tax on such district, the same to be collected by the county treasurer. For the purpose of assisting those districts unable to provide seven months* school for the first eight grades, to maintain schools of such length the State treasurer shall pay to said districts requisite sums; but no State aid shall be given to any district failing to levy maximum tax and whose accounts have not been approved by county superintendent; no district containing less than 12 sections of land shall receive State aid; any district maintaining more than one rural school shall be entitled to State aid, but no district with more than one rural school shall receive State aid for any school maintained in 186 STAXk LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and for a division of territory less than 12 square miles, and no district formed after passage of this act containing less than 20 square miles shall receive such aid; State aid shall be applied only in payment of teachers' warrants for current year. Where districts of less than 12 sections have levied maximum tax State superintendent with consent of county superintend- ent may grant State aid^ to such districts in order to jnaintain seven months or pro rata of school; if such aid is insufficient it shall be divided pro rata among districts needing it ; such aid shall be known as " State aid to weak schools." State superintendent may award aid to districts containing less than 12 sections where topographical conditions make consolidation impos- sible. The total estimated expenditures necessary to maintain the school seven months shall be an amount not in excess of $385. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a), High schools. Nevada: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; O (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. New Hampshire: Every district shall hold annual meeting for electing officers and transacting other business; special meetings may be called at will of board, or by board when petitioned by 10 or more voters, or one-sixth of voters of district ; no village district or precinct or school district shall raise or appropriate money at any special meeting except by ballot, nor unless ballot cast at such election shall equal or exceed one-half the number of voters at the regular meeting preceding such special meeting. Voters shall be notified by the school board or by justice of the peace of the time and place of meetings ; purpose of meeting shall be stated in the warrant therefor when requested by 10 or more voters, or by one-sixth of voters of district; copies of notification for meetings shall be placed at certain public places. Clerk of district shall keep records of all meetings. Any person, male or female, qualified in all other respects except sex to vote in town affairs, may vote in school meetings if resident therein for three months preceding. In districts where 5 per cent of voters so petition, a check list of qualified voters shall be used at meetings. Penalty for illegal voting shall be a fine not exceeding $30 or imprisonment not exceeding three months. The officers of every school district, unless otherwise provided by law, shall be a moder- ator, a clerk, a board of three persons, a treasurer, and one or more audi- tors; a district maintaining a high school or uniting with another district to maintain one may have school board consisting of three, six, or nine mem- bers, as it shall determine by vote or by-law. No person shall be eligible for school office unless a voter ; no board member shall be treasurer, auditor, or teacher; moderator shall be chosen by ballot, by a plurality vote; clerk, school board, and treasurer by ballot, by a majority vote; officers shall be sworn. Board members elected in rotation annually; term, three years; all other officers shall be chosen for one year. Moderator shall have like powers and duties as a moderator of a town meeting ; clerk shall keep record of all school business, and shall certify names of board members to town clerk, failing to do which he shall be fined $20 ; treasurer shall furnish bond, keep records of receipts and expenditures, make annual report to district, and furnish statements to board when requested to do so; auditors shall examine records of treasurer and board and report on same to district. Board shall fill vacancies in the board, and all district offices except that of moderator, until next annual meeting ; upon failure of board to fill vacancies A (e). SCHOOL MEETINGS, tlLECTIOKS, VOTERS. 187 selectmen shall fill such vacancies. At annual meeting district shall fix sal- aries of board members and truant officers, and district clerk shall certify same to selectmen. Every town clerk shall report names and addresses of school board to State superintendent. See also C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; J (b), Medical inspection. New Jersey: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; F (b), Teachers' salaries; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. New Mexico: See A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a). Administrative units — districts, etc. New York: Whenever any school district shall be formed, or two or more common-school districts are consolidated, the district superintendent of schools shall appoint time and place for first district meeting and give notice of same to an inhabitant of such district, who shall notify other inhabitants of district. Clerk of each common-school district shall post notices of annual meeting at five conspicuous places in district; clerk of each union free dis- trict shall publish notice of such meeting in newspapers, but if there be no newspaper, shall post notice in at least 20 public places. The anual meet- ing of each school district shall be held on first Tuesday in May, but in union free districts not coterminous with an incorporated city or village and con- taining more than 300 children of school age such meeting may, by resolu- tion of board of education, be held on first Tuesday in August. Whenever time for holding annual meeting shall pass without such meeting a special meeting shall be called by the trustees or clerk of district for transacting business of annual meeting ; if trustees or clerk shall fail to call such meet- ing the district superintendent of supervisory district or commissioner of education may order some inhabitant of district to give notice of such special meeting. Special meetings may be called in common-school districts by trus- tees, but due notice (5f time and purposes of such meetings shall be given; special meetings may be called in union free districts by boards of education for purposes authorized by law ; the district superintendent may, if there be no clerk or trustees in district, call special meetings. Any inhabitant who shall neglect or refuse to serve notice of meeting when directed so to do shall forfeit $5 to the district. It shall be the duty of qualified voters to attend district meetings. A person shall be eligible to vote at district meetings if (1) a citizen of United States, (2) 21 years old, (3) a resident of district for 30 days, and possessing in addition one of following four qualifications — (a) owns or hires real property taxable for school purposes, (&) is parent of child who has attended school for at least eight weeks during year preceding, (c) has residing with him a child of school age as in "(6)," (d) owns per- sonal property $50 in excess of exemptions allowed on last preceding assess- ment roll ; no person shall be denied right to vote at any such meeting by reason of sex. Any person who shall willfully misrepresent himself as a voter at any school meeting, after being challenged, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor ; any person not qualified who shall vote at any school meeting shall forfeit $10 to common schools of the town. Legal voters at district meetings may by a majority vote appoint a chairman; appoint clerk pro tempore if necessary; adjourn from time to time; elect trustees, clerk, collector, and treasurer; fix bonds of collector andt reasurer; designate sites for school purposes ; vote taxes for school purposes ; authorize trustees to insure school property ; vote taxes to replace school moneys lost or embezzled ; vote taxes to satisfy judgments against district ; provide transportation of pupils trans- 188 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ferred to schools of another district or city and pay for same out of district quota. In all propositions arising at district meetings involving expenditure of money or levying of taxes, vote thereon shall be by ballot or by ayes and noes properly recorded. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; K (b), Free textbooks; O (a), Industrial education, general; S (b). Public-school libraries. North Carolina: See C (a). Local finance and support, general; C (c), Local taxation; O (b), Agricultural schools. North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b) Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Ohio: Elections for school-board members shall be held in November in odd- numbered years ; clerk of each board shall give due notice of school elections ; persons qualified to vote in other elections shall be entitled to vote in school elections; every woman over 21 years old, possessing residence requirements, shall be entitled to vote and to be voted for for membership on board of education and upon no other question. Nominations of candidates for board members shall be made by nominating papers signed in the aggregate for each candidate by not less than 25 qualified electors of the district, of either sex, in village and city districts by not less than 2 per cent of the electors voting at next preceding school election in such districts ; names of candidates shall be published. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oklahoma: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Oregon: The legal voters of each school district shall meet once every year and may hold special meetings; calls for meetings shall state objects and be signed by president of board and by clerk or by a majority of members of board ; director who has served longest 'shall be chairman of meeting. An- nual meeting shall be held on the third Monday in June. In districts of the first class one director shall be elected each year ; term, five years. In other districts one director shall be elected each year for a term of three years. District meeting may levy a tax and make appropriations for school purposes, but no tax shall be levied at a special meeting unless the call for such meeting shall have so stated. Qualifications of school voters: May be either male or female, must be over 21 years old, must have resided in the district 30 days or longer, and must be a taxpayer in the district; but for the purposes of this act any man who has resided in the State six months and has declared his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States may vote ; in a third- class district the head of a family who is otherwise a qualfied voter and has children of school age may vote. Districts of the first class may be sub- divided into voting wards. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units- districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; K (b). Free textbooks; N (a), High schools. Pennsylvania: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Rhode Island: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. A (e). SCHOOL MEETINGS, ELECTIONS, VOTERS. 189 South Carolina: See A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a), High schools. South Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; L (i), Manual and industrial education; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school li- braries. Tennessee: See A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers. Texas: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxation. Utah: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a), High schools. Vermont: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b), Local bonds and in- debtedness; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Washington: Election of district directors shall be held, except as otherwise provided, on first Saturday in March of each year; special elections shall be called and conducted in same manner as annual elections. District cleric shall give due notice of elections. Voting shall be by ballot. Every person, male or female, over 21 years old, who shall have resided in school district for 30 days immediately preceding election and in State for one year, and is otherwise, except as to sex, qualified to vote at any general election, shall be a legal voter at any school election ; registration for school elections shall not be required except in districts of first class. Persons having highest number of votes given for each office shall be declared elected, and clerk of election shall de- liver to each person so elected a certificate of election. Board of directors may, at its discretion, and shall upon petition of majority of legal voters of district, call special meetings for transaction of certain district business. Regular district election in each district of first class shall be held upon first Saturday of December of each year. Directors shall give due notice of such election. All elections shall be by official ballot. Voters must register. Board of directors shall canvass returns. See also A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebt- edness; N (a), High schools. West Virginia: All special school elections shall conform as nearly as practi- cable to law as to general elections. See also A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebt- edness; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: The annual district meeting in all school districts not containing in whole or in part an incorporated city or village shall be held on first Mon- day in June, unless that be a holiday, in which case held on following day ; district board shall, prior to district meeting, prepare a report to submit to meeting ; clerk shall give notice of district meeting. Special meetings shall be called by the clerk or other proper officer on written request of five legal voters of district to transact business, except election of officers and voting a tax to compensate clerk, but no more than one meeting to consider same sub- ject shall be held in any one year ; no tax or loan debt shall be voted at any special meeting unless three-fourths of voters have been notified, as required by law. Every resident elector of district may vote at any meeting if such 190 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. elector has resided in district 30 days preceding any meeting. Every woman who is a citizen of the State, 21 years old or upward (except paupers, persons under guardianship, and persons otherwise barred by constitutional provi- sion), who has resided in State one year and in election district 10 days next preceding school election, may vote at such election; separate ballot boxes shall be provided at all elections for use of women desiring to vote on school matters. Powers of ^voters at the annual school meeting: To appoint officers of the meeting ; adjourn from time to time ; choose a director, treasurer, and clerli ; designate site for schoolhouse ; vote tax for purchasing or leasing site, to build, hire, or purchase a schoolhouse and repair same, purchase supplies and equip schoolhouses ; vote tax for payment of teachers' wages ; authorize sale of school property no longer needed ; levy tax to pay fee to bonding com- pany for indemnifying district against loss; levy tax to discharge indebted- ness; vote annual tax not exceeding $75 for purchase of maps, blackboards, and apparatus; vote a tax not exceeding $100 annually for district library, except that district containing less than 200 school children shall vote not more than $50 for such purpose, and no district containing less than 250 popu- lation shall levy in any year a tax of more than $500 for any purposes except for school sites, schoolhouses, repairs, fuel, and appendages ; authorize district board to borrow money as provided by law ; authorize board to admit persons to school over 21 years old, and to admit nonresidents; authorize board to purchase textbooks for schools ; determine length of school term, which shall be not less than eight months ; provide for prosecution or defense of action in which district is a party ; vote tax to compensate treasurer and director ; alter or modify proceedings as occasion may require. Electors may at any meeting authorize board to suspend school and pay tuition of such pupils at other schools; may authorize board to arrange for transportation of pupils. No contract or agreement shall be made under this act that shall bind any district for more than three years. The total amount of school-district tax levied in any year in any district for building, hiring, or purchasing any school build- ing, and for maintenance of schools, including teachers' salaries and inci- dental expenses, shall not exceed 2 per cent of total assessed valuation of tax- able property in such district. In any district under supervision of county superintendent in which a high school or a graded school having more than two departments is maintained, annual meeting may levy tax for support of kindergartens for children between ages of 4 and 6 years. Board of education of any city of third or fourth class shall annually certify estimate of cost of kindergartens to city council. Every school district shall at time of annual meeting appoint three competent residents, w^ho are voters, to audit accounts of such district. When a one-room school shall enroll and have in attendance therein for a period of more than 20 days of any one school term 65 or more pupils, district shall provide for an additional room and an additional teacher for such school ; any district failing so to do shall forfeit its share of public money coming from the seven-tenths mill tax. See also A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary educa- tion; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a), High schools; O (c), Trade schools. Wyoming: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxa- tion; N (a), High schools. A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 191 A (f). Administrative units — Districts, Townships, Municipalities, etc.; Formation; Division; Consolidation. See also H (e), Consolidation of districts. Alabama: School districts. — County board of education may change bounda- ries of districts or create new districts upoii application and after giving due notice of a hearing to be held ; person or persons making application must pay cost of publication of notice; after such change in boundaries is made county superintendent shall file with judge of probate description of new boundaries created; each incorporated city or town shall be a separate district; change of county lines shall not affect district boundaries; county superintendents shall pay over funds due districts to district treasurer. TovmsJiips. — Township lines are abolished for school purposes, but the inhabitants of no township shall be deprived of the proceeds of sixteenth-sec- tion lands. Townships are incorporated by the name of " Township (No.), of range (No.)." Cities and toions. — Cities and towns shall have power to establish, main- tain, and regulate public schools. Board of education in cities of 6,000 popu- lation and over : Five members elected by city council ; ^ term, five years, one retiring each year; board shall elect a president and a vice president; a clerk, not member of the board, shall be elected; school property shall be held for the public schools and no sale shall be made except by council ; board may purchase furniture, apparatus, supplies, etc., and expend money for repairs, etc. ; board may erect buildings when sites are provided by council ; school board shall estimate amount of money needed for schools and city council shall appropriate from general city funds Amount deemed proper; such appro- priation, with State fund, poll taxes, proceeds of sale of property and bonds, shall be held by city treasurer as school fund; warrents against school fund shall be drawn by the clerk and countersigned by the president of the board and the city clerk; board shall order warrants by resolution. Poioers of hoard: To have full control of schools; establish, discontinue, or consolidate schools; prescribe courses of study; employ and dismiss superintendent, teachers, and other employees, and fix salaries; expel disobedient pupils. Board shall cause teachers to be examined and shall grant certificates ; grant diplomas to graduates of high schools; visit schools as often as once a month; enforce rules and regulations; inquire into performance of duties by teachers and superintendent; report annually to city council. Board shall employ a superintendent and fix his term and salary; superintendent shall give bond; he maj' be elected celrk of board; clerk shall keep accounts of moneys received and expended; superintendent shall see to taking of school census. School boards in cities and towns of 1,000 to 6,000 population, five members ; elected every two years by city council ; shall serve without com- pensation; one member shall be elected president and one secretary; board shall have same authority as boards in cities of 6,000 population or more. School boards in towns of less than 1,000 population : Five members elected by qualified voters; have same authority as city boards. City districts shall receive their proportion of State funds; paid by State superintendent to city superintendent and by him to city treasurer. The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to cities and towns in counties having a combined city and county school system, but any city may issue bonds for the purchase of sites and erection of schoolhouses ; city council 1 Appointed by commissioners in cities under commission form of government. 192 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall by ordinance provide for the issuance of bonds ; ^ proceeds shall be turned over to school board and shall be administered under its direction. Cities and towns may establish libraries either separately or in connection with public schools. See also A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and oflScers; B (e), State aid for elementary education. Arizona: On petition of parents or guardians of 10 children of school age, residents of the proposed district, a new school district may be formed; on petition of 15 per cent of parents or guardians in a district having 250 school- census children or more, a new district may be formed from part of old dis- trict. County superintendent shall annually file with board of supervisors a description of boundaries of districts; when 10 or more qualified school electors, resident of a district, petition county superintendent for a change of district boundaries, such superintendent shall notify board of supervisors, whose decision in the matter shall be final; on petition of a majority of the . electors residing in a subdivision of a city or town, which subdivision lies outside of the school district including such city or town, said subdivision shall be annexed to said district. When 15 per cent of the electors of each of two or more districts petition county superintendent for the consolidation of said districts, said superintendent shall call an election in said districts, and a majority vote in each district shall determine; if vote carries, county super- intendent shall call an election to elect three trustees ; term of trustees, three years, one being elected each year. All property and funds of constituent districts shall accrue to new district, and indebtedness shall devolve upon new district. No new district formed by subdivision of an old one shall be entitled to any share of the moiffeys belonging to old district until a school has actually been commenced in such new district ; unless school is started in new district within six months after issuance of order creating such district said order shall be of no effect. See also N (a). High schools. Arkansas: Common-school districts. — ^Each school district shall be a body cor- porate. The county court may form a new district on petition of a majority of the electors of the districts affected, but no new districts shall have fewer than 35 children of school age, and no old district shall be left with fewer than 35. Indebtedness or surplus funds of an old district shall be divided pro- portionately between old and new districts. School directors of two or more districts may, and on petition of 10 per cent of the qualified voters shall, submit to the qualified voters the question of consolidating said districts ; majority of voters of district shall determine. Board of directors of consolidated district shall consist of six members, elected by the qualified voters; term, three years, two being elected each year. Powers of directors: To purchase or lease school sites; provide school- houses, furniture, and apparatus; make necessary improvements; insure school property; hire necessary teachers, oflicers, and other employees; pro- vide sufficient graded-school accommodations; determine branches to be taught and textbooks to be used; admit pupils from other districts; procure for pupils living in the district the privilege of attending school in another district and pay the charges therefor; examine county treasurer's accounts with the district ; appoint a committee of three to visit schools ; sell any prop- erty belonging to the consolidated district or to a district merged into the consolidated district. Title to property of constituent districts shall vest in 1 Under constitution the issuance of bonds must be authorized by popular vote. A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 193 the consolidated district, whicti shall be a body corporate ; consolidated dis- trict shall pay the debts of constituent districts. Board of directors may, when authorized by a majority vote of the electors of the district, contract indebtedness for a "building fund" and levy tax voted by electors to pay said indebtedness. Funds to the credit of constituent districts shall be trans- ferred to consolidated district, and indebtedness of constituent districts shall be charged to consolidated district. Board may provide transportation for pupils. When a majority of the electors of any number of contiguous dis- tricts situated in two or more adjoining counties petition the county courts of said counties for the formation of a common-school district, a consolidated district, or a special or single school district, said courts shall order an elec- tion to determine the question; a majority vote in each district shall carry the election, but any district voting against the proposition shall not be in- cluded in the new district ; in the formation of such new district no district shall be reduced to fewer than 35 persons of school age. Boards of directors shall be elected according as the new district is a common school, consoli- dated, or special or single school district. For administration purposes the new district shall be considered a part of the county from which the greater portion was taken. The amount and kind of tax voted in said district shall be reported to the county clerk of each county in which any part of said dis- trict is located, in order that said tax may be levied and collected in each county. School property situated in new district shall vest in said new dis- trict. On petition of a majority of the electors of any school district such dis- trict may be dissolved by the county court. Common-school districts shall each have a board of three directors, elected for a term of three years, one each year. Common-school districts shall have no authority to borrow money nor to maintain a school of higher grade than the common-school course. An annual school meeting is held each year on the third Saturday in May, and the electors of the common-school district decide by vote all questions relating to change of school site, new school buildings, or the purchase or sale of school sites. Special school districts shall each have a board of six school directors, elected for a term of three years, two elected each year. Special district may be formed in towns and cities by a petition of 20 electors to the mayor, who shall call a special election for the formation of a special school district. Special school districts may be formed in any territory not in a town or city by petition to the county judge who is authorized to call election for the forma- tion of said special district. The board of six directors in special school dis- tricts have full charge of the school affairs ; may buy or sell school property, mortgage the same, or issue bonds for the purpose of erecting a new school building; may designate the branches to be taught, including high-school subjects. Cities and towns. — ^Any incorporated city or town and the territory an- nexed thereto for school purposes may be organized into a single school dis- trict. On petition of 20 or more voters of such city or town, the mayor shall call an election to determine question of organizing a single district and to elet six school directors; majority vote shall determine. Annually on the third Saturday in May thereafter an election shall be held to elect two directors, who shall hold office for three years. At such annual election elec- tors shall vote " for tax " or " against tax " and indicate the rate. The re- turns of the election shall be certified to the county clerk, who shall deliver a certificate of election to directors elected. Said clerk shall also certify to county court the tax voted. Board shall fill a vacancy in its membership 3960"— 15 13 194 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. until next annual election. Poioers of board: To provide sites and buildings and furnish the same ; improve grounds, provide necessary conveniences, and have property insured; hire teachers and employ a superintendent; provide books and apparatus for the school, books and stationery for the board, and registers and blanks for teachers; establish a sufficient number of primary, graded, and high schools ; determine branches to be taught and textbooks to be used; admit nonresident pupils on terms to be agreed upon; appoint a board of three examiners to examine applicants to teach in the schools of the district, but said applicants must hold State or county certificates; examine books of the county treasurer in so far as they relate to the funds of the dis- trict ; sell or exchange real and personal property. It shall be the duty of the board to order warrants drawn on the county treasurer, and the president and the secretary shall sign the same. The secretary shall keep records, make reports, enumerate children of school age, and perform such other duties as the board may direct. A school district organized under this act shall be a body corporate. Said districts shall be entitled to their proportion 6f the general school fund. The people in territory outside of an incorporated city or town may organize under the provisions of the act relating to cities and towns, except that a map showing boundaries of proposed district shall ac- company petition, and the county judge shall perform the duties imposed upon the mayor by this act. Special free-school districts may borrow money and issue evidence of indebtedness for the purpose of providing sites and buildings. See also A (c2). County officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc. California: School districts. — Every district shall be designated by name of district and county; trustees may sue and be sued and hold and convey property. Every city or incorporated town, except those of sixth class, shall be a separate school district governed by a board of education or board of trustees ; when city or town is incorporated, county supervisors may annex for school purposes part or all of school district from which such city or town was organized, on petition of a majority of the heads of families residing therein; additional territory may be annexed on similar petition; such an- nexed territory shall be a part of such city or town for school purposes, for the levy and collection of school taxes, the issuance of school bonds, etc. ; school board in such district, if it be also a high-school district and have an average elementary-school attendance of 800 or more, may employ a clerk at not exceeding $25 per month. New district may be formed only between October 1 and February 10; formed on petition, to county superintendent, of parents of at least 15 children 5 to 17 years old residing 2 miles or more from school ; requirement that petitioners reside 2 miles or more from school may be dispensed with if parents of 50 or more children 5 to 17 years old and residing in district having 200 or more in average attendance petition. Except when corrected by county supervisors, district boundaries shall be changed only between October 1 and February 10, and on petition of 10 heads of families in district affected; two or more elementary districts may be united at any time on petition of a majority of heads of families in each district affected. Joint districts (partly in one county and partly in another) may be formed similarly to other new districts; petition required to super- intendent of each county affected. Children in newly formed district may attend old school until following July. Where district is united with an- other, funds shall be transferred on requisition of county superintendent. Upon receipt of a petition, county superintendent shall publish notice of proposed change of boundaries and transmit petition with recommendation to A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 195 board of supervisors, who shall act on petition. A district divided by a new county line shall become a joint district. Board of supervisors may, upon petition and after notice given l)y cleric, change the name of a district ; after new district is ordered, school must be opened on or before the second Mon- day in September. County superintendent shall apportion to joint districts their proportion of school funds, based on average attendance; teacher in such district shall reiwrt to both county superintendents; textbooks used and rules governing school shall be those of the county in which schoolhouse is located; district trustees shall report to both county superintendents. A district, a portion of which is embraced in a city of 3,500 population or more, which may under the constitution frame its own charter, may by affirmative vote of the jieople be subject to control of such charter. Consolidations of school districts heretofore purporting to be city districts are ratified. Union districts. — Formation of union districts: Election called by county superintendent on petition of a majority of the heads of families in two or more contiguous districts desired to be united ; result of election shall be re- ported to county superintendent within five days. If a majority of voters in each district favor union, county superintendent shall direct district trus- tees to call meeting of voters to elect representatives, one from each district ; such representatives and county superintendent shall select a site or, failing to agree, shall call a meeting to determine upon a site or sites for union school or schools ; a plurality vote determines location. Union school district not all in the same county shall be a joint union district; formed similarly to union districts, except that county superintendent of each county affected takes part. Union of districts shall not take place before July 1; property of original districts may be disposed of by new board of trustees; original trustees become representatives of new joint union districts; representatives of union or joint union districts shall serve as trustees until their successors are chosen and qualified. Number of trustees, three, one elected each year in unions composed of three or more districts; c(»unty superintendent shall fill vacancy until next annual election. In unions composed of two districts, old trustees remain. Buildings may be leased for three years or may be erected by taxation or the issuance of bonds. No change of location of schoolhouse shall be made except on petition to county superintendent of two-thirds of heads of families in district. Powers and duties of trustees shall be such as now provided by law for school trustees, except as otherwise provided in this section; meetings shall be held as fixed by regulation of board, but at least as Often as once in three months; course of study and textbooks shall be as fixed by proper authority; trustees may contract for transportation of such pupils as seem to need it ; trustees may unite with other districts in employ- ing a supervising principal. On July 1 after formation of union, county super- intended shall transfer funds due original districts to union district. A dis- trict may be admitted to a union or joint union on petition to board of super- visors of a majority of the heads of families of such district and by agree- ment between trustees of districts concerned; a part of a district may be similarly admitted; a district may withdraw from a union in a similar man- ner. A union or joint union may be dissolved after three years on petition to county superintendent and after determination at an election called by him ; if question carries by two-thirds majority, county supervisors shall dis- solve district. If average attendance of a component district falls below five for a year, county supervisors shall lapse or suspend such component district. See also C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. 196 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Colorado: Each regularly organized school district shall constitute a body corporate. On petition of parents of at least 10 children of school age resid- ing within territory belonging to one or more old districts, the county super- intendent shall call a meeting of the qualified electors in said territory for the purpose of organizing a new district ; a majority of the qualified electors in unorganized territory may organize a district without such petition. At the meeting called by county superintendent a two-thirds majority shall be necessary to effect organization; no district shall be divided unless it con- tains more than 9 square miles or has an assessed valuation of more than $20,000 and 40 persons of school age, nor shall a district be divided if by doing so the remainder of the district shall be found to contain less than 20 persons of school age ; no city or town shall be divided and no district of the first class shall be divided except by a majority vote of the qualified electors thereof. Two or more contiguous districts may be united by a majority vote of the qualified electors of each, but when one or more of such districts shall have contracted bonded indebtedness said district alone shall be responsible therefor. On petition of a majority of the electors resident therein a portion of unorganized territory may be attached to a district by county superin- tendent ; in like manner a portion may be detached from one district and annexed to another. Joint districts composed of parts of two or more counties may be formed on petition to county superintendents of each county affected. When a new district is formed its organization shall be void if school is not begun within six months, unless time is extended to eight months by county superintendnt. When a district fails to maintain school and keep up its organization for one year, county superintendent may annul such district and annex it to one or more adjoining districts. The school boards of two or more adjoining districts may, and on petition of one-fourth of the qualified electors thereof must, submit to voters the question of form- ing a consolidated school district; majority vote shall determine. Such dis- trict shall have three directors, viz, a president, a secretary, and a treasurer ; term, three years, one being elected each year. Board shall provide a site and building ; they shall provide a graded course of study and may include a high-school course of not less than two years; they may provide transporta- tion for pupils residing more than 1 mile from the schoolhouse. Any school district may exercise the right of eminent domain in taking property for school site, but amount thus taken shall not exceed three acres in a district of the first class or one acre in other districts. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; N (a), High schools. Connecticut: Town management of schools. — Every town shall after July 15, 1909, assume and maintain the control of all the public schools within its limits. All business concerning the public schools shall be transacted in town meetings; the annual town meeting shall be the annual district meeting. At its annual meeting every town which has a board of school visitors shall elect 3, 6, 9, or 12 residents as a school committee; term, three years, one- third being elected each year; but if meeting shall decide upon only three members they shall all be elected annually. Said committee may fill vacancies in its membership until the next annual meeting. After the election of such school committee no more school visitors shall be elected and no more district committees, except in districts organized under special acts and in districts which retain their organization as hereinafter provided. Any town may at any time vote to make the number of its school committee either 3, 6, 9, or 12, and elect members accordingly, but in any town constituting a consolidated A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 197 district the committee shall remain the same and be elected in the same man- ner. Said committee shall in general have all the powers and duties of dis- trict committees and boards of school visitors, except when inconsistent with this act. They shall maintain schools of the different grades at such places and times as they may deem best and as shall give all the children as nearly equal advantages as practicable; shall have charge of schools heretofore organized; shall appoint a chairman and secretary; shall appoint one or more acting visitors or superintendent; shall have the care and management of school property ; shall determine conditions of admission to schools ; shall employ requisite qualified teachers, but shall make no contract for longer than one year; shall assign pupils to schools and make provision for every child of school age to attend during the period required by law; may provide transportation when the same seems reasonable; may arrange with an ad- joining town for the instruction of their pupils within such town ; shall make financial report to the annual town meeting and also a report of their doings and the condition of the schools. Town clerk and treasurer shall be clerk and treasurer of the schools. All property heretofore vested in the school dis- tricts shall hereafter be vested in the town. All obligations against districts shall remain in force against the town, except as hereinafter provided. In fixing tax rate to pay indebtedness of districts towns shall allow for property owned by each district and levy tax accordingly in said district. In the case of any school district the fractional parts of which belong to different towns the selectmen of such towns may by agi*eement appraise the property of said district and apportion the property and debts of said district between the towns ; when selectmen shall fail to agree, either town or any taxpayer of the district may apply to any judge of the superior court, who may appoint a committee to finally decide the matter. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any town which has within its limits any city, borough, or district organized under special act of the legislature, unless said town shall vote to abolish all districts. School districts. — Each town may form, unite, alter, and dissolve school districts and parts of districts within its limits; two or more towns may form districts of adjoining portions of their territory ; when a district is com- posed of parts of two or more towns, either of said towns may withdraw its part and unite it with an adjoining district in said town. Every school district shall be a body corporate. Poiccrs: To build, purchase, hire, and repair schoolhouses and equip and provide supplies for the same; establish schools of different grades; purchase school apparatus; establish and main- tain a school library ; employ teachers, except for such time as the town may direct the school visitors to employ them; pay the wages of teachers; levy taxes and borrow money for the foregoing purposes; make regulations not inconsistent with the regulations of the town. The selectmen of the town shall settle boundary lines of districts. When it is proposed to form, alter, unite, or dissolve any district or districts, notice of the proposition shall be given before the town is called upon to vote upon the same; any district aggrieved by the action or neglect of the town on the proposition may appeal to the superior court of the county, and boundaries fixed by said court shall remain, unless the town shall thereafter abolish all districts within its limits. A consolidated district shall own all the school property of the districts con- solidated; when a district is divided property shall be divided in proportion to the number of persons between 4 and 16 years old in the new districts; if after division districts can not agree upon a division of property or debts either may make complaint to the superior court and said court shall ) 198 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. make division as it may think proper. The schools of every district formed from parts of two or more towns shall be under the direction of the town in which the schoolhouse is located, unless the towns shall otherwise agree. When a district composed of parts of two or more towns shall become indebted by judgment the school committee or, if there be no committee, the selectmen of the town in which the schoolhouse is located, shall levy a tax in said dis- trict to pay such indebtedness. Every school district shall hold an annual meeting in June for the election of officers and for other business and shall hold special meetings when duly called. Notice of the time, place, and object of every district meeting shall be given at least five days before said meeting. The legal voters of a district shall be the legal voters of the town who have resided in the district for four months or longer. Whenever one-third of the legal voters present at a meeting shall request that the vote on any question be taken by ballot the chairman shall cause vote to be so taken. Upon the written request of 20 or more legal voters setting forth a resolution to be voted on the school committee shall call a special meeting of the district to vote by ballot upon said resolution. Each school district shall, unless otherwise provided by law, choose by ballot at the annual meet- ing a committee of not more than three persons, a clerk, a treasurer, and a collector, who shall hold their offices for a term of one year. Any district having 200 or more children between 4 and 16 years old may at any annual meeting elect a school committee of three members; term after first election, three years, one being elected each year ; a vacancy in such committee shall be filled by remaining members until next annual meeting. Clerk of district shall forward list of members elected to secretary of the school visitors of the town. Should a district meeting fail to elect all or any of its officers, or should a vacancy occur, except in districts having over 200 children between 4 and 16 years old, the school visitors of the town shall make necessary appointment or fill vacancy. District may require treasurer and collector to give bonds. In case any district shall refuse or neglect to employ a teacher and keep open a school the school visitors of the town may do so. No dis- trict shall be entitled to receive any money from the State or town unless it has a schoolhouse and outbuildings satisfactory to the board of school visitors. No district schoolhouse shall be built except according to a plan approved by the board of school visitors and by the building committee of the district, nor at an expense exceeding the sum which the district may appropriate. Any school district, by a two-thirds vote of those present and voting, may fix or change the site of a schoolhouse ; if a two-thirds vote can not be obtained the school visitors of an adjoining town may, when requested, fix such site. Persons not residing in a district may attend the schools therein with the consent of the committee of the district and the school visitors of the town. Any district may, by a two-thirds vote, allow its schoolhouse, when not in use for school purposes, to be used for other purposes. Any school district may take land for a school site or an addition thereto by condemnation proceedings before the superior court or a judge thereof ; ecclesiastical prop- erty and land used for burial purposes may not be so taken. School districts. — All debts or obligations of any school society heretofore existing which pertain to schools shall remain in force against the town or towns in which such society was situated; records of school societies shall be deposited and forever kept with the records of the towns in which such societies were situated. Property heretofore held for school purposes by school societies shall vest in the towns in which such societies were situated ; permanent funds of such societies shall be held in trust by said towns for A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 199 the territory embraced by the 'society. School societies organized under the act of 1855, which are not coextensive with the towns in which they are situated, shall be and remain school districts of the town. Such districts shall choose boards of education of six or nine members; term, three years, one-third of number being elected each year. Said board shall have all the powers and duties of district committees and shall also have the general superintendence of the schools and the management of school property. Said board shall lodge all securities with the district treasurer, unless the same shall have been intrusted to others by the grantor or by the general assembly; pay into the district treasury all moneys received for the support of the schools; determine the number and qualifications of teachers to be employed ; ascertain the expense of maintaining their schools during the pre- ceding year and report the same to a meeting of the voters in September; perform all lawful acts necessary to carry out the powers and duties con- ferred upon them. Special laws relating to particular societies or districts shall not be affected by this section. Said boards shall be possessed of all the powers and duties of school visitors in towns; shall report annually to the secretary of the State board of education and send their returns and certificates to the comptroller ; may appoint an acting school visitor for their district, and the authority of the school visitors of the town shall not ex- tend to said district. Said district shall receive its proportion of the State funds. Consolidation of districts. — Any town may abolish all the school districts and parts of districts within its limits and assume control of the public schools therein, subject to the requirements and restrictions of the law. Whenever a vote shall be tnl^en in reference to abolishing school districts or to reestablishing districts once consolidated, the same shall be by ballot at the annual town meeting and after due notice has been given; after town has voted to abolish districts a vote to reestablish the same may not be taken within five years. The selectmen of the town voting to consolidate shall determine the number of which the town school committee shall con- sist, which shall be either 3, 6, 9, or 12; every such town shall, at a special meeting called for the purpose, elect the school committee as determined by the selectmen ; term of members, three years, one-third bQjng elected at ench annual election. If the number of members of the committee is three, they shall be elected annually, unless the town shall vote to elect biennially. All business relating to the schools in such towns shall be transacted at town meetings; the town school committee shall have the powers and duties of high-school committees, district committees, and boards of school visitors. Duties: To see that public schools of the different grades are maintained for the time required by law; manage school property; examine, employ and dismiss teachers; lodge all securities with the town treasurer, unless the same shall have been intrusted to others by the grantor or by the legisla- ture; pay the town treasurer all money received; determine conditions of admission to the schools; designate school to be attended by each child, and they may arrange for children to attend in an adjacent town or district; fill vacancies in their own number until the next town meeting; ascertain annually the expense of running the schools and report the same to the town meeting ; perform all lawful acts required by the town or necessary to carry out the provisions of the law. Such towns shall assume the property and be responsible for the debts of the districts within their respective limits. When such town contains part of a district lying in two or more towns, the selectmen of the towns interested shall meet and apportion the property of 200 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. said district among its several parts, and oti the failure of said selectmen to agree, the same shall he determined by a judge of the superior court. In case any district in a town in which the districts have been consolidated had a permanent fund, said fund shall be kept by the school-fund treasurer and the town school committee shall apply the same for the benefit of the school or schools within or nearest to the limits of the said former district. Every such town shall be entitled to receive from the State for school libraries a sum not exceeding the aggregate amount which the former districts of the town might have received. When any part of a district lying in two or more towns shall be abolished, the selectmen of the town in which said part Is located shall notify the selectmen of other town or towns interested. Any abolished district may settle or close up its affairs; if any such district shall have become indebted, the selectmen of the town shall, on request of said district, pay the same and charge the amount to the district, to be repaid by taxation in said district; selectmen shall collect all claims in favor of said district and give it credit for the same. When any town has voted to re- establish its school districts, each of said districts shall pay the town for im- provements which the town has made on schoolhouse, furniture, etc. ; when such payment is made, town shall make good to the district school property and local funds formerly belonging to the district. When any town abandons the system of consolidated district, the school committee of said town shall remain the board of school visitors during the remainder of their terms. Towns shall have the same powers as districts in the taking of property for school purposes. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; B (c), Permanent State school funds; G (b), State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Delaware: The State board of education shall select graded schools in each county which children in districts not having graded schools may attend, and such graded schools shall then be free to all children of school age of the county or to such parts of the county as may be designated by the State board; no graded-school district shall be compelled to admit pupils to a de- partment when Said department is already full. County school commissioners may determine any dispute arising under this act. Not more than 250 pupils shall be admitted under this act to the graded schools of any one county. Graded schools shall be entitled to 20 cents a day for each child admitted under this act, and such amount shall be paid from the State treasury. Noth- ing in this act shall prevent the board of education of the city of Wilmington from refusing to receive nonresident pupils. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; S (b), Public-school libraries. Florida: Each county shall constitute a school unit; all subdivisions for school purposes shall be designated school districts; districts levying a school tax shall be special-tax school districts. On petition of one-fourth of the resi- dent tax-paying voters of any city, incorporated town, community, or other subdivision of the county, the county board of education shall order an elec- tion to be held therein to determine whether such subdivision shall become a special-tax district. Said election shall determine (1) whether a tax shall be levied, (2) who shall be trustees, (3) how many mills shall be levied; majority vote shall determine, except that the three persons receiving the highest number of votes shall be trustees. County board of education may A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 201 change boundaries designated in petition, but may not include territory not included in the petition. All resident qualified voters who pay taxes shall be entitled to vote at said election. Elections shall be held biennially in special-tax districts to choose trustees for ensuing two years and to fix num- ber of mills to be levied. School supervisor shall be superseded by trustees, whose powers shall be those of supervision and not of control. Any trutee may for neglect of duty be removed by county board of education; said county board shall fill vacancy in the office of district trustee. County board shall have control of special-tax district as other districts, except that teach- ers shall be chosen on nomination of district trustees ; but if the second nom- ination be rejected by county board, said board may proceed on its own mo- tion to select a teacher for said district ; trustees shall have the further right to say what proportion of the funds raised in the district shall be used for buildings, for teachers' salaries, etc. ; trustees shall annually before June 1 make an estimate of money needed to supplement funds received from county, including therein the millage levied in the district, and shall file copy of such estimate with county commissioners, with State comptroller, and with county board of education, but where there are no railroads or telegraph lines in such district no copy need be filed with State comptroller. County assessor shall assess and collector shall collect taxes in said district for the benefit of the schools thereof; State comptroller shall collect taxes on railroads and tele- graph lines for benefit of school districts. County board of education shall add amount of district funds set apart for teachers' salaries to amount re- ceived from State and county, and shall then determine amount to be paid teachers and length of term. The amount of district funds set apart for teach- ers' salaries shall not be subject to requisition by trustees for any other pur- pose; amounts set apart for other purposes shall be paid out on warrants of the county board. District trustees shall be a body corporate and may hold property and perform other corporate functions, but may not incur indebt- edness without consent of county board. Pupils residing outside of any special-tax district may attend school therein with the consent of trustees and county board, if pro rata share of cost is paid. Any special-tax district may be abolished or the limits thereof extended or contracted by a majority vote at an election called for that purpose by county board, but a district having outstanding indebtedness may not be abolished until the payment of such indebtedness is provided for. Georgia: The county board of education of each county shall lay off the county into school districts and define the boundaries thereof, but no district shall contain less than 16 square miles, unless natural barriers make neces- sary a smaller district, and no territory shall be included whose residents are more than 3 miles from school without written petition of the qualified electors therein. In counties having incorporated towns levying a local school tax and operating their own school system under special charter or act, county board may, with the consent of the municipal authorities of such towns, add territory thereto for school purposes, but districts thus created shall remain under control of the school board of the town. Within 90 days after county is so laid off, county board shall order an election of trustees in each district; term of trustees, three years, one being elected each year; in incorporated towns five trustees may be elected; term, three years, one or two being elected each year. Each trustee must have approval of county board; after such approval board shall meet and elect one of its members president and one secretary and treasurer. County board may for cause re- move a trustee on complaint of a majority of voters of district and cause 202 STATIE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. another trustee to be elected. Upon petition of one-rourth of the qualified voters of any county the ordinary thereof shall order an election on question of levying a county school tax; if two-thirds of those voting favor "local tax for public schools" the tax shall be levied as recommended by county board of education but not to exceed 5 mills on the dollar; if an incorporated town levying a special tax is included in such county, it shall not be subject to the provisions relating to county school tax without the consent of the municipal authorities of said town. Upon petition of one-fourth of the quali- fied voters of a school district the ordinary of the county shall order an elec- tion in such district on question of levying a special tax therein ; two-thirds of qualified electors voting shall be necessary to carry said election ; board of of district trustees shall determine amount of local tax to be raised, but not exceeding 5 mills on the dollar. In special-tax districts trustees shall make rules and regulations governing the schools and shall provide schoolhouses subject to approval of county board of education; they may fix salaries of teachers and tuition rates of nonresident pupils; they shall receive funds apportioned to district by county board of education. District secretary and treasurer may be allowed a commission of not exceeding 2^ per cent of local tax collected. Trustees shall make to county board a quarterly statement of receipts and expenditures and shall also report school population and other statistics to said board. No election on question of local taxation (county or district) shall be held oftener than once a year, but where county election fails, district election may be held sooner. An election for repealing local tax may be called in same manner as for establishing the same and two-thirds vote shall be required to effect repeal. Any city or town may, under authority of the legislature, organize a sys- tem of schools independent of the county system. By concurrent consent and action county boards of education of two or more adjoining counties may lay off a school district to be composed of parts of said two or more counties j such district shall be under supervision of county board of county in which schoolhouse is located. See also A (cl), County boards. Idaho: School districts. — Each regularly organized school district shall be a body corporate; board of county commissioners may on petition create a new district or change boundaries; a new district inay be created out of unorganized territory or by division of one district on petition of parents or guardians of 10 or more children ; in all other cases, except the union of districts, petition shall be signed by two-thirds of heads of families; two or more contiguous districts may be consolidated on petition of a majority of heads of familiesi in each such district. In consolidated districts boards of trustees may pay from public funds for transportation of pupils. Plans for consolidation of districts shall be submitted to State board of education for approval. No district of less than 9 square miles shall be divided except on approval of county superintendent and unanimous vote of county commis- sioners; no district containing fewer than 15 persons of school age shall be divided; no incorporated city or town district shall be divided. County superintendent may permit pupil living too far from school in home district to attend in another district, and home district shall transfer pupil's share of apportionment. County superintendent shall give notice of proposed change in a district, stating when commissioners will hear the matter. Joint dis- tricts composed of parts of two or more counties may be formed by pro- ceedings had in each county affected similar to those had for other districts. A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 203 A joint liigh-school district may be similarly formed. County superintendent shall apportion to each new district its just proportion of school fund. A district shall lapse if for a year it fails to maintain school four months or if it has an average attendance of less than five for three months. Independent districts. — District having taxable property of $150,000 or more may be organized as independent district; on petition of one-fifth of voters school board shall, if a greater number of voters do not object, order an election to determine question of organizing independent district ; majority vote determines, and board shall order district if majority favors; division of an independent district may be accomplished similarly by a majority vote; voters shall be heads of families and resident taxpayers; when new district is created taxable property of not less than $150,000 shall remain in old district; no incorporated city or town shall be divided; no district hav- ing bonded indebtedness shall be divided ; branch schools may be established. Independent district is a body corporate. Board of trustees shall consist of six members; county commissioners shall appoint first board, two of w^hose terms shall expire each year for three years ; thereafter two members elected each year by qualified voters; majority of board shall fill a vacancy for unex- pired term. No trustee shall have pecuniary interest in any contract of the board. Trustees shall fix pay of clerk, but no other school oflicer shall receive compensation ; regular meetings of trustees shall be held monthly and special meetings may be called. Powers and duties: To make by-laws for their own government and government of the schools; employ or discharge teachers and other employees ; fix nonresident tuition fees ; levy a special tax to supplement money apportioned by county superintendent for running schools nine months in the year, the total of said tax not to exceed 10 mills, except when 4 addi- tional mills may be levied for transportation of pupils; provide furniture, apparatus, etc. ; provide and insure schoolhouses and acquire sites ; expel unruly pupils from school and exclude children under 6 years old ; determine number and qualifications of teachers and whether school shall run longer than nine months, length of school day, etc. ; require pui)ils to be provided with proper books, etc. ; exclude sectarian books from schools and school libraries; protect morals and health of pupils; provide playgrounds and gymnasiums, issue bonds for same, and levy tax, which, taken with all others, shall not exceed 20 mills. When a district employs 20 or more teachers it shall be an independent district of class A. Board of such district shall have additional powers: To adopt a course of study other than State course; adopt textbooks and make contracts with publishers; employ a superintendent for a term not exceeding three years. Board of trustees may issue coupon bonds for paying outstanding bonded indebtedness; interest at not exceeding 6 per cent; term of bonds, 10 to 20 years; must not be sold below par. Board of trustees may by two-thirds vote call an election to determine question of issuing bonds for schoolhouses, etc. ; majority of two- thirds of electors necessary to carry; amount of bonds shall not exceed 5 per cent of property value. Board of trustees shall levy a tax sufficient to pay interest and create a sinking fund to pay bonds within 20 years. See also A (c2), County officers; N (a). High schools. Illinois: If any city, village, or incorporated town be annexed to another city, village, or incorporated town, the school property and liability for indebted- ness of any school district or township so annexed shall both pass to the city, village, or incorporated town to which such territory is annexed. If a part of such city, village, or incorporated town be so annexed, the indebtedness of the dismembered school district or township shall be divided between the remain- > 204 STAtE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ing dismembered part and the corporation to whicli the other part is annexed in proportion to the taxable property of the two dismembered parts; school property situated in the part annexed shall accrue to the city, village, or town to which annexed, but the remaining dismembered. part shall be entitled to pay for its pro rata share. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; F (c), Teachers' pensions; N (a), High schools; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Indiana: The government of the common schools in any city of over 100,000 inhabitants shall be vested in a board of five school commissioners; said commissioners shall be over 25 years old, residents of the city for at least three years past, and shall not be interested in any contract with or claim against the school city; they shall be elected by vote on separate ballot at the regular city election on the second Tuesday in October of odd-numbered years; term, four years, two or three as the case requires being elected every two years; election from the city at large; before being placed on ballot candidate shall be nominated by not fewer than 300 householders. Commissioners shall elect one of their number president and one vice presi- dent; city treasurer shall be treasurer of the board. Board shall hold one regular meeting each month and may hold special meetings. It shall divide all employees into classes and shall fix the same salary for all persons of the same class. Board may determine number of assistant superintendents, supervisors, teachers, and other employees and prescribe their duties and fix their compensation ; it shall prescribe rules for the control and maintenance of the public library. In 1913 and every four years thereafter the commission- ers shall elect a superintendent of schools, a business director, a secretary, a librarian, and a superintendent of buildings and grounds, who may be re- moved by a vote of three members. The business director shall execute the contracts of the board and otherwise be its business executive officer. The superintendent may appoint all principals, supervisors, assistants, and teachers authorized by the board, and board shall approve such appointments unless four members disagree. He may be required by the board to attend its meetings; he shall select and report to the board textbooks and appa- ratus to be used in all schools except high, normal, and manual-training schools ; he shall report textbooks and apparatus to be used in high, normal, and manual-training schools when the same have been adopted by the com- mittee prescribed by law. The librarian shall have charge of all libraries under the board and shall appoint the employees thereof. The secretary shall keep all records, documents, and proceedings of the board. The super- intendent of buildings shall have charge of the heating, ventilating, plumbing, and drainage of all school, library, and other buildings used or owned by the board and shall appoint all janitors, engineers, or other employees about buildings. Employees other than those appointed by the superin- tendent of schools, librarian, and superintendent of buildings shall be ai>- pointed by the business director. All appointments or discharges of em- ployees shall be reported to board, and each discharge must have approval of a majority of board. The city comptroller shall be auditor of the board and shall draw the warrants thereof w^hen ordered. Officers hereinbefore named shall report to board annually and oftener if directed. Mayor shall annually appoint one or more expert accountants to examine all school accounts. All contracts for over $200 shall be executed in writing by the director and approved by the board; purchase of supplies or materials amounting to over $200 shall be upon bids duly advertised for and accepted ; A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 205 improvement of a schoolhouse shall be upon bids advertised and accepted when the cost of the same exceeds $500. The board may issue bonds for not to exceed $800,000 to pay outstanding indebtedness at the time of the pas- sage of this act; said bonds shall be sold at or above par, shall bear not exceeding 4 per cent interest, and shall run for not exceeding 30 years from January 1, 1902. Board may levy annually, in addition to other taxes authorized by law, a special tax of 5 cents on each $100 for the purchase of sites and the erection and improvement of buildings ; in addition to all other taxes authorized by law and in addition to its special fund, the board may levy a tax of 27 cents on each $100 for paying interest and retiring out- standing indebtedness, but the total levies for all purposes shall not exceed 67 cents on each $100 of taxable property. The general school laws, when not inconsistent with this act, shall apply to the school system of said city. Board may issue bonds to provide sites and schoolhouses, said bonds not to bear exceeding 4 per cent, to be sold at or above par, and to mature as nearly as possible $50,000 each year beginning 32 years after; but amount of bonds issued in any year shall not exceed amount of bonded indebtedness retired in said year. Board may acquire real estate by condemnation pro- ceedings. Board shall levy a tax as a part of the maximum levy allowed by law to raise amount sufficient to pay the principal of indebtedness required by law to be paid in any year. Board may establish a system of industrial and manual training, and may levy a tax of not exceeding 5 cents on each $100 of taxable property to maintain the same. School taxes i)ermitted by law in said city: (1) not exceeding 4 cents on each $100 of taxable property for maintenance of libraries in connection with the public schools ( " library fund") ; (2) not exceeding 5 cents on each $100 for maintenance of manual training or vocational instruction ("manual-training fund"); (3) not exceeding 1 cent for maintenance of kindergartens ("kindergarten fund") ; (4) not exceeding 5 cents to be known as the "building and grounds fund"; (5) not exceeding 1 cent to be paid to "teachers' pension fund," (6) not exceeding 51 cents to be known as the " special fund " for the payment of general expenses. If levy of 5 cents known as " building and grounds fund " is insufficient to provide necessary buildings and grounds, board may issue bonds not to exceed $75,000 in amount in any one year. Board may con- tract with any well-equipped art association located in said city for the admission of teachers and pupils to instruction in fine and applied arts and may pay not exceeding $10,000 annually for such instruction. Board shall have all the powers of school boards under general laws and in addition thereto may establish and maintain public libraries and branches and own real estate therefor, provide for the examination of all persons applying for positions as teachers and certificate those qualified; acquire grounds and erect buildings for schools, libraries, and school administration purposes; employ superintendents, librarians, teachers, and other employees and dis- burse all school funds of said city ; maintain night schools and admit thereto adults and children over 14 years old. Board shall appoint one or more physicians to make medical inspection of all persons attending or employed in or about all public, private, and parochial schools; visiting nurses may be employed; for the purpose of medical inspection a tax of one-half cent on each $1(X) of taxable property may be levied. Whenever the school board of any city having over 200,000 inhabitants shall acquire by gift or dona- tions school property used for an industrial or trade school, said board shall maintain and operate said school and may levy a tax therefor of not exceed- ing 3 cents on each $100 of taxable property. The school corporation in 206 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. any city of over 100,000 inhabitants may issue bonds for building and equip- ping libraries; aggregate amount of bonds shall not exceed $500,000, shall not bear exceeding 4^ per cent interest, and shall not run exceeding 40 years. The school authorities of any school corporation may transfer a pupil to another school corporation when such pupil may be better accommodated therein and when requested to do so by person in charge of such pupil ; each pupil is entitled to a four-years' course in a commissioned high school and such high-school accommodation shall be avoided by transfer if necessary; corporation in which child resides shall pay tuition of transferred child, but not to exceed the per capita cost in said school or schools which transfers such child. On matters of transfers appeal may be taken to county superin- tendent, whose decision is final. Any child placed by proper legal authority in a custodial institution or orphans' home shall be entitled to instruction in the school or schools of the corporation in which said institution is located and the corporation from which said child came shall pay the tuition of said child, but such tuition shall not exceed $1.50 per month; this section shall not apply to children maintained in any institution not supported out of the State treasury. See also A (b2), State oflScers; D (a). Buildings arid sites, general; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (j). Agriculture; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. Iowa: When a new civil township is formed, the same shall constitute a school township. When by reason of natural obstacles any portion of the inhabi- tants of a school corporation can not with reasonable facility attend school in their own corporation, the county superintendent shall attach the part thus affected to an adjoining school corporation, if board of such adjoining cor- poration consents. Territory set off to an adjoining township or independent district may be restored to the corporation to which it formerly belonged by agreement of the boards of the corporations affected; said territory shall be so restored on application of two-thirds of the electors residing therein. By the concurrent action of the directors of contiguous corporations the boundary lines between the same may be changed, but no remaining corporation shall contain less than four sections of land; in like manner two corporations shall be united. When the boundary line between a school township and an independent city or town district is not also the line between the civil town- ships, said line may be changed by the concurrence of the boards of directors, but no 40-acre tract of land shall be divided ; the boundaries of a school town- ship or independent district may in like manner be extended to the limits of the civil township. On petition of 10 voters of any city, town, or village having 100 or more inhabitants, directors of corporation containing largest number of voters of said city, town, or village shall lay off the same as an independent district, and when petitioned by a majority of the voters of con- tiguous territory, said territory may be added ; directors shall call an election to vote for or against proposed district, and voters residing in contiguous territory may vote separately. Each school district shall be a body corporate. School corporations shall be " school townships " composed of subdistricts ; " independent school dis- trict " of city, town, or village ; " independent consolidated districts " ; "rural independent school district." Each corporation shall be controlled by a board of directors; term, three years in independent districts and one year in sub- districts of townships. An annual meeting of the voters of each corporation shall be held in March ; secretary of the board shall give notice of said meet- ing, specifying the number of directors to be elected and other business to be A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 207 transacted. Voters must be those qualified to vote at a general election, but on question of issuing bonds or increasing tax rate women may vote ; a school officer or member of the board may be of either sex. The voters at an annual meeting may (1) direct a change of textbooks; (2) dispose of school prop- erty; (3) determine added branches that shall be taught; (4) determine whether schoolhouses may be used for meetings of public interest; (5) direct the transfer of surplus in schoolhouse fund to teachers' or contingent fund; (6) authorize board to obtain roads for proper access to schoolhouses; (7) vote a tax of not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar for buildings, school libraries, and opening roads to schoolhouses. The directors may, and on the request of five voters of any rural independent district, or 10 voters of any school town- ship, or 25 voters of any city or town independent district having 5,000 popu- lation or less, or 50 voters of any city or town independent district having more than 5.000 population, shall provide In the notice for annual meeting for the submission of any question thereto. Voters at annual meeting may also vote on question of uniformity of textbooks; authorize the board to pur- chase textbooks to be loaned to pupils ; authorize the board to issue school build- ing bonds. Board may call a special meeting of the voters. Meetings in sub- districts shall not be held before 9 a. m. and shall not adjourn before 12 m. The board of directors of a school township shall consist of one member from each subdistrict, but where there is an even number of subdistricts an addi- tional member shall be elected at large; when township is not divided into subdistricts, a board of three shall be elected at large. A subdistrict meeting may vote a schoolhouse tax in excess of that voted by the township, but total amount of such tax levied shall not exceed 15 mills on the dollar. In any independent district being a city of the first class, the board shall consist of seven members; term, three years, two or three as the case requires being elected every year. In all other independent city, town, or village districts, and in all rural independent districts heretofore having six members, the board shall consist of five members; term, three years, two or one being elected each year. In all independent city, town, or village districts heretofore hav- ing three members, the board shall consist of five members. In all other rural independent districts the board shall consist of three members. In independ- ent city or town districts, candidates for school offices shall be nominated by petition of at least 10 qualified electors and election shall be nonpartisan. See also D (a), Buildings and sites, genei-al; H (e), Consolidation of dis- tricts, etc. Kansas: School districts. — Each school district shall be a body corporate. Superintendents* of counties in which teriitory lies may form joint districts of territory lying in two or more contiguous counties on application of five householders residing therein; such superintendents acting jointly may fix the boundaries of such district or may alter boundaries, but appeal may be taken to State superintendent on alteration of boundaries ; superintendent in county having largest portion of territory of joint district shall have super- vision and control of such district. Annual district meetings shall be held on the second Friday in April of each year; special meetings may be called by district board or on petition by 10 qualified voters; clerk shall give 10 days' notice of every annual or special meeting; both male and female per- sons over the age of 21 years shall be entitled to vote. Powers of district meeting: To elect chairman; adjourn from time to time; choose a director, clerk, and treasurer; designate site for schoolhouse; vote tax levy not ex- ceeding the limit to conduct schools, purchase sites, build schoolhouses, make . repairs, etc. ; authorize sale of property ; give direction to prosecution or > 208 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. defense of suits at law. Qualified voters may levy a tax of not exceeding 4^ mills ; higher levy may be made by three-fourths majority of those voting. School district shall maintain school for a term of not less than seven months ; in cities of first and second classes term shall not be less than eight months. When funds of district are insufficient to run schools for seven months, State shall pay three-fourths of difference between all available funds of district and amount necessary to run schools seven months, and remaining one-fourth of such difference shall be a charge against the county, but no aid shall be given a district until such district shall have raised an amount representing 4^ mills on the dollar of property valuation; county superintendents shall report to county commissioners, and to State superin- tendent amounts due each district under this act ; estimated annual expendi- tures of district receiving such aid shall not exceed $450; upon the failure of any district to provide a seven months' term as required in this act county superintendent shall make necessary tax levy and take other steps to provide a seven months' term. No new district shall be formed with property valua- tion of less than $100,000, and no territory shall be detached when old dis- trict would be left with valuation less than $100,000. District having a school population of fewer than 15 shall receive no aid under this act unless such district shall embrace 12 square miles or more ; when school population of district having less than 12 square miles falls below 15 no school shall be maintained therein unless such district can run school for seven months without State or county aid ; school board of district where school is discon- tinued shall send pupils to school in adjoining district and shall furnish transportation for those residing 2 miles or more from school; when dis- trict has levied 4^ mills and still has insufficient funds to pay tuition and transportation of pupils it shall be entitled to State and county aid not to exceed $75 ; a district having less than 12 square miles and a school popula- tion of fewer than 15, and maintaining school for not less than seven months, may receive not exceeding $50 State and county aid. In any district when number of pupils and distance of same from school warrants discontinu- ance of school, district may, with consent of county superintendent, vote to discontinue school and send pupils elsewhere, but district shall not pay exceeding $45 per month for expenses and tuition of all pupils so sent; school meeting may vote to send any part of its pupils elsewhere and pay not exceeding $4 per month each for tuition and expenses; children of property owner in an adjoining district may attend school in such adjoin- ing district without extra expense or tuition when such school is more convenient. Where pupils reside 2 or 3 miles from schpol, school beard may, and where distance is greater than 3 miles such board shall, allow parent or guardian not to exceed 15 cents a day for not exceeding 100 days in a year as compensation for conveying such pupils to and from school. District board may provide transportation for any pupil residing 2^ miles or more from school. Two-thirds vote necessary to change school- house site when value of house is $400 or more; when value is less than $400 majority vote is sufficient. School district or board of education of any city of the second class shall have right of eminent domain and may take property for school sites; original selection for school site may be as much as li acres; 2 acres of school lands may be purchased at $2 per acre for school site. When all the territory of a school district is annexed to a city of first or second class, school property of said district shall be transferred to board of education of said city. When a portion of a district is annexed to a city of the first or second class, amount due district board or city board A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 209 of education as case may be shall be apportioned by county superintendent: district board or city board receiving the school property shall assume the bonded indebtedness of the district. District schools. — In every district school there shall be taught spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, United States history, Kansas history, and such other branches as may be determined by district board. State board of education shall prepare a course of study for grades below high school; governor shall appoint four persons (two county superintendents and two other competent persons) to assist State board in preparing course of study; this provision as to course of study shall not apply to cities of first, second, or third class, but other dis- tricts shall use such course. Graduates of district schools or rural graded schools who have completed prescribed course of study shall, upon passing satisfactory examination, be granted a common-school diploma, which shall entitle them to enter any high school in the State. No person afflicted with any infectious or contagious disease shall be admitted to any public or private school. Union or graded districts. — Upon written application of five voters in each of two or more districts, clerks of such districts shall call a meeting to deter- mine whether a union of such districts shall be effected for the purpose of establishing a graded school for instruction in the higher branches; if a majority of voters of each district approve, such graded school district shall be established and board elected shall consist of director, clerk, and treasurer. Said union district may levy taxes, but shall be governed by law for levying and collecting district taxes ; bonds may be issued as provided by law for other districts. A single district may establish and maintain graded schools. Cities of first and second classes. — Board of education of each city of first or second class, except city having between 50,000 and 75,000 population in 1910, shall consist of six members elected by qualified voters of the city at large ; term, four years, three being elected every two years ; no member shall be at the same time a city commissioner or councilman ; vacancies for one or more years shall be filled at next election, but board may fill vacancies for shorter term. In cities having commission form of government school board and city commissioners shall be elected as nearly as practicable in the same manner. Board may remove its employees for cause. Fiscal year shall end June 30. Clerk of board shall attend all meetings and keep records thereof and shall keep financial accounts. Board shall elect a superintendent for term of one or two years, who shall, subject to board, have charge and con- trol of schools; such superintendent shall be holder of at least a three-year State certificate or be graduate of an accredited normal school, college, or university. Board shall appoint two competent persons who, with city super- intendent, shall constitute a teachers' examining committee; such committee shall examine all persons applying to teach in said city and issue certificates to those having required qualifications, but State three-year and life certifi- cates and diplomas and normal-school diplomas shall be recognized. Board is body corporate and shall have charge of school property; they may open school buildings for evening schools and social and civic purposes. Cities of first, second, and third classes. — School boards in cities of first and second classes and in districts containing cities of third class shall have right of eminent domain, and may take property for schoolhouse sites and playgrounds and additions thereto. In cities of second and third classes school funds shall be deposited in bank or banks approved by the school board, and daily balances shall bear not less than 2 per cent interest. 3966°— 15 14 210 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Cities of the first class.— All cities of more than 15,000 inhabitants shall be governed by the provisions of this act ; board of education may annex adjacent territory for school purposes when petitioned by a majority of the electors of such adjacent territory: Powers of hoard: To elect their own officers; make rules for government of the schools; organize separate schools for colored children, including high schools of Kansas City, but no discrimination shall be made in high schools elsewhere; control school property; maintain manual-training schools. Clerk shall give bond. City treasurer shall be treasurer of the board of education and shall give bond as required by board ; he shall deposit school moneys in bank approved by board of educa- tion. School-board members shall receive no compensation. Tax levy for the support of schools, including building and repair of school buildings, shall,- in cities of under 40,000 population, not exceed 6 mills on the dollar ; in cities of over 40,000 levy shall not exceed 5 mills for current purposes and 1 mill for buildings ; a higher levy may be made if authorized by qualified electors. Board of education shall make annual report, which shall be published in a newspaper or in pamphlet form. Expenditures in excess of $200 shall be made only on written contracts. No sectarian or religious doctrine shall be taught, but Scriptures may be read. When' necessary board of education shall, by two-thirds vote, determine amount needed for sites, buildings, addi- tions, or furnishings, and on receiving notice of such action mayor and city council shall order an election to vote bonds to the amount prayed for by the board; majority of those voting shall determine. Amount of bonds, in- cluding outstanding indebtedness, shall not exceed 1 per cent of taxable property, but in cities of over 70,000 population amount may equal 1.5 per cent of property valuation; bonds shall not bear more than 6 i)er cent in- terest; board of education shall include in their annual estimates of tax needed a sufficient amount to pay interest on bonds and create a sinking fund. Board of education may issue bonds to refund outstanding indebted- ness, but amount shall not exceed par value of outstanding bonds ; new bonds shall not run longer than 20 years and shall not bear exceeding 5. per cent interest. Cities of the second class. — ^All cities organized by law as cities of the sec- ond class and all cities having a population of over 2,000 and less than 15,000 shall be governed by the provisions of this act. Schools shall be conducted for not less than 8 nor exceeding 10 months, and shall be free to all persons over 5 and under 21 years old, but school board may, where accommodations are insufficient, exclude children between 5 and 7. On application of a majority of voters residing therein, adjacent territory may be annexed by school board for school purposes only; when a city of the third class be- comes a city of the second class adjacent territory belonging in school dis- trict with such city of third class shall remain a part of city of second class for school purposes, unless detached therefrom by county superintendent with consent of a majority of the voters thereof. Powers of hoard: To elect their own officers, except treasurer; make rules and regulations, sub- ject to provisions of this act; maintain graded schools and high school. Board of education shall annually levy a tax of not exceeding 6 mills for support of school; higher levy may be voted by qualified electors; in city having a floating indebtedness of $10,000 or more, an additional levy of 6 mills may be made until debt is paid; city having property valuation of less than $1,000,000 may levy not exceeding 9 mills ; property of both city and • territory attached for school purposes shall be subject to taxation. Board shall make annual report and publish in newspaper or in pamphlet form. No A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 211 contract in excess of $500 for buildings and improvements shall be let except to lowest responsible bidder. No sectarian doctrine shall be taught, but Bible may be read. On request of board of education mayor and city council shall order an election to determine question of issuing bonds for sites, buildings, etc. Said bonds shall not sell at lower than par value, shall bear not exceed- ing 5 per cent interest, shall run not longer than 20 years, and in amount shall not exceed 2i per cent of property valuation. School board may, with- out vote of the people, issue bonds to pay outstanding indebtedness existing at time of passage of this act, but issuance of such bonds must have approval of State superintendent and amount shall not exceed $5,000, one-half of 1 per cent of property valuation. Board shall levy a tax sufficient to pay interest and create a sinking fund. A city having a population of between 3,500 and 15,000 may levy an additional tax of not exceeding 2 mills for not over four years to build schoolhouse or erect an addition or additions, but no such house or addition shall cost exceeding $70,000. Board may expend not exceeding $2,000 to buy additional school grounds. Treasurer of the board of education in cities of the second class shall be elected by vote of the people for a term of two years. Cities of the third class. — Public schools in incorporated cities having a population of between 250 and 2.000, when not otherwise provided by law, shall be governed by the provisions applying to district schools or union or graded schools. No portion of a city of the third class shall be detached for school purposes. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; (a). Local finance and support, general; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Kentucky: County school district. — Every county shall compose one school district except where there is a city or town which maintains a separate sys- tem, then the remainder of the county outside of such city shall constitute a school district. County superintendent of schools, county judge, and county attorney shall divide each county school district into educational divisions as nearly equal as possible and shall subdivide these educational divisions into school subdistricts ; any graded school district that may exist and fulfill cer- tain conditions may retain its old boundaries; subdistricts shall not contain less than 25 white children ; per capita apportionment shall not be on basis of fewer than 50 white pupils, nor more than 100 such pupils for one teacher. Trustee in each subdistrict shall be elected by viva voce vote for two years. At same time and place election shall be held in same manner for visitor for colored schools of subdistrict ; so far as colored schools are concerned, duties of visitor same as those of subdistrict trustee, but this visitor shall not be a member of the division board. County superintendent shall be member of divi- sion board, but shall vote only in case of tie. County board of education may fill office of trustee temporarily. Duties of trustee: To personally supervise schools in his subdistrict ; report on their needs with recommendation ; make complete school census with a census of illiterate children of those who have completed common-school course and those attending school outside of dis- trict. County superintendent shall report these things to State superin- tendent. Subdistrict trustees shall nominate and recommend teachers for each school to division board ; teachers shall be elected for one year ; may be removed ; contracts must be in writing. The chairmen of the several educational division boards, together with county superintendent, shall constitute county board of education. It shall establish one or more high schools, provided no high school of first class ) 212 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. already exists ; it may contract with authorities of any city or town in estab- lishing high school for joint use of city or town and county ; contract shall be in writing and the expenses prorated ; first county high school shall be estab- lished at county seat, provided there is no first-class high school there already; a first-class high school shall maintain a four-year course; second class, three-year ; third class, two-year. County board of education shall levy tax not exceeding 20 cents on hundred and $1 on poll for school purposes; provided that no tax under this act shall be levied in cities or towns maintain- ing a first-class system of public schools. County superintendent shall act as treasurer of county board of education and shall give bond ; on petition of 10 legal voters division board of education shall submit question whether in any subdistrict tax not to exceed 25 cents on the hundred shall be levied for school purposes. County board of education may establish new subdistricts or change boundaries; it may buy or sell school property of all kinds; is vested with titles ; is empowered to assume old indebtedness ; it shall be a body politic and corporate with perpetual succession. County superintendent shall keep ac- count of receipts and disbursements and report annually to fiscal court. County board of education shall employ and fix salaries of teachers in high schools, prescribe course of study not below standard fixed by State board of education ; it shall meet on call, but shall not be paid for more than 12 days' service in one year; it is duty of each member to report in writing exact status of affairs of his educational division twice each year. County board has power to consolidate any two or more contiguous districts, white or col- ored, build schoolhouses for such consolidated schools, and employ teachers in same manner as for subdistricts ; subdistricts may be in two counties ; county board shall, when it deems wise, employ supervisors for rural schools, who shall assist in supervising, act as substitute teachers and as truant oflicers ; it shall have power to place in one fund State and county funds; school term shall be six months and State fund shall be used for teachers' salaries; no salary shall be less than $35 nor more than $70, except for high-school teach- ers; salaries shall be based on qualifications and attendance. County board may lay off boundary and submit question to voters within that boundary of a tax suflacient to provide for consolidation and transportation ; schoolhouses may be used w^hen school is not in session for lawful assemblies; county board shall assume legal indebtedness of old boards. Graded common schools. — The county judge, upon written petition of 10 legal voters in the justice's district, town, or city of fifth or sixth classes, shall make an order fixing boundary of any proposed graded common-school district as agreed on by the judge and petitioners; sheriff shall then hold election to take sense of the white voters in the said graded common-school district whether they will vote an annual tax of not more than 50 cents on the hundred dollars, or $1.50 on the poll, or both, for maintaining a graded common school, erecting buildings, etc. ; county board of education and county superintendent must approve proposed graded common-school dis- trict; boundaries may be changed on written petition; all graded common schools shall have authority to operate high school; graded common-school district may embrace parts of two counties ; if tax is voted, county judge shall cause certificate of examining board and names of the five trustees elected to be entered on his records and county superintendent and trustees shall organize a graded common school in the district in accord with the law. "The graded common-school districts when organized as aforesaid, as [are?] hereby incorporated"; management vested in five trustees, elected at A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UlTtTS : BlS'TRICfS, ETC. ^13 the time the tax is voted; trustees shall take oath of office, may adopt by- laws and rules for control and management of the graded common schools; they shall employ principal and teachers, suspend or dismiss them; pre- scribe branches of study other than those required by law and qualifications of superintendent, principal, and teachers; teachers in graded common schools, except in cities of first, second, third, and fourth classes, shall keep a register; the secretary of the board of trustees in cities of the first, second, third, and fourth classes shall report annually to State superintendent; all white children within school age residing in any graded common-school district shall have right of free admission ; residents of other districts and those over age may be admitted on payment of tuition ; treasurer elected by trustees shall give bond; county superintendent shall pay the graded com- mon-school district its pro rata of State and county funds after monthly and term reports have been filed; trustees shall provide funds for pur- chasing grounds and buildings and are empowered to order an election to decide whether they shall issue bonds of the graded common-school district for providing suitable grounds, buildings, etc. ; a two-thirds vote in favor is required; total tax rate for schools must not exceed 75 cents on the hundred. All rights and powers as to issuing bonds and levying taxes to pay interest and principal conferred by chapter 4, act of March 12, 1896, upon all graded common schools: maintained by any city of the fifth or sixth class or any town or school district organized under a special act of legislature are conferred by this act; trustees shall cause tax to be levied, not greater than amount voted, on property owned by any white person, company, or corporation; or poll tax on white male citizens; out of these collections trustees shall pay interest and provide sinking fund ; after July 1, 1914, any graded common school regularly voted and organized shall have power to levy tax not exceeding 50 cents on the hundred and $1.50 on the poll; title of all common-school and of all county seminary property in a graded common-school district shall be vested in its trustees, but when county seminary property is appropriated all pupils of county may attend at reduced rates ; if vote is against tax, question may be submitted again in two years; provisions of this act shall apply to such graded-school districts as may be applied for and organized by the colored people, and such districts and graded schools may be organized by them, the word "colored" being substituted for " white " wherever it has occurred. Provisions of this article shall not interfere with any graded common schools or schools maintained by cities of the fifth and six classes or any town or school district organized by virtue of a special act, unless said city, town, or district shall by majority vote accept its provisions; nor affect school systems of cities of first, second, third, or fourth class, but such cities may accept it by vote and then certain provisions apply ; trustees of graded schools maintained by taxation, where tax is not sufficient to pay for buildings, etc., may issue bonds and levy additional tax of 25 cents on the hundred under certain regulations; trustees may collect taxes and pay debts without issuing bonds; refunding bonds at reduced rate of Interest may be issued. The special-act schools of the State which do not levy as much as 50 cents on the hundred are now empowered to levy up to 50 cents for operating expenses; graded common schools and common-school districts may be consolidated and they may provide jointly expense of transportation. Kentucky: Cities of the first class. — Every city of the first class shall consti- tute a single school district, and the supervision and government of common schools, kindergartens, high schools, manual-training schools, and normal > 214 STAl-E LAWS RfiLATlKG TO PUBLIC :eDUCA110N. schools shalKte vested in a board of education of five members; it shall be a body corporate with corporate powers; shall have exclusive control of common schools, etc., appoint officers, agents, and employees; provide for special and standing committees and certify amount of money necessary for maintenance and improvement; purchase and condemn property; qualifica- tions of members of board of education enumerated; no pay; term of office four years; elected by secret ballot on separate sheet from all other ballots to be used in any election. When members of the board of education shall have been elected and shall have qualified and organized as provided it shall become the duty of the existing school board to surrender to the new board of education all school property, etc., provided that all rules and by-laws made by any existing school board shall continue in force until repealed or altered. Board of education shall, within 60 days after its organization, adopt rules and by-laws; it shall appoint a superintendent, a business direc- tor, a secretary and treasurer, and other officers, employees, and agents. Board shall elect superintendent for one year, and if he is reelected it shall be for four years. Superintendent may suspend any teacher or truant officer ; appointments and promotion shall be on the basis of merit; superintendent shall devote himself exclusively to duties of his office, exercise a general supervision, keep himself informed as to the progress of education in other cities, and make reports. Business director: Elected for one year, may be reelected for four years; he shall advertise for bids, purchase supplies, give bond for discharge of hi,s duties, appoint janitors and engineers. Board must advertise for supplies and award contract to lowest bidder. Board shall ap- point a secretary and treasurer, who shall give bond ; he shall exercise general supervision over fiscal affairs of schools, the collection of funds, disbursements of revenues; record proceedings of the board; at end of year make a full and comprehensive report of its financial afitairs; be the custodian of all securities, documents, title papers, books of records, and other papers. The board shall select two banks to receive school deposits and fiscal year shall end June 30. Board shall apportion its revenue to the different departments; it may borrow money. The general council shall levy 36 cents on each hundred dollars of property assessed for city purposes; school funds coming to the city from the State shall also be apportioned; city escheats shall vest in the board. At end of fiscal year books of the secretary- treasurer, business director, and other de- partments of expenditure shall be audited by expert accountants. Board shall have power to establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old, high schools, manual-training schools, and a normal school; schools for white and colored children shall be separate; qualifications for admission to the schools shall be fixed by board; no formula or religious belief shall be taught; pupils from beyond city limits shall pay tuition fees; board shall make annual reports to State superintendent and shall, every third year, take a school census; shall pulish an annual reiDort; willful violations of this act punishable by fine and imprisonment. No money shall be appropriated by the board except on affirmative vote of a majority of members; proceedings of the board shall be kept ; board shall prescribe branches to be taught and text- books to be used, which shall not be changed except by unanimous consent until formal notice, and then by two-thirds of members ; no fees or perquisites shall be received by secretary ; in investigations against officers and teachers board shall have power to summon witnesses and administer oaths; certifi- cates of teachers shall be void if holder receives no regular employment in five years; secretary of board shall employ census enumerators; their duties A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 215 minutely defined. School improvement bonds, not to exceed $1,000,000, may be issued to purchase sites and erect schoolhouses after question has been submitted to vote ; they shall not be sold for less than par, and any premium shall go into the sinking fund; general council shall levy annually tax levy sufficient to pay interest and create sinking fund. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; C (b), Local bonds; F (c). Teachers' pen- sions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; S (b), Public-school libraries. Louisiana: See A (cl). County boards; P (c), State universities and colleges. Maine: School districts. — School districts in all towns are abolished, except that districts organized with special powers by act of legislature shall retain such organization; said district shall annually submit to town school com- mittee estimate of amount required for maintenance of schools, other than high schools, and town committee shall allow amount sufficient to maintain schools for period equal to other schools of town. Any town at annual meet- ing or meeting called for that purpose may, on recommendation of school committee, determine number and location of schools; any school having too few pupils for " profitable maintenance " may be suspended by school com- mittee for one year and any school having average attendance of less than eight pupils shall be suspended unless town meeting votes to continue said school; superintendent shall procure transportation of pupils when school committee decides that distance of pupils' residence warrants, but committee may authorize payment of pupils' board instead. Cities and towns may take real estate not to exceed 3 acres for school and playground purposes, but no real estate may be taken within 50 feet of a dwelling house ; owner may ap- peal to county commissioners, whose determination shall be final ; legality of a tax to build, repair, or move a schoolhouse shall not be affected by any error in the designation or location thereof; plans of schoolhouse voted by town must have approval of school committee, who shall have charge of erection. Duties of towns. — Every town shall raise and expend annually for common schools, exclusive of corporate school funds. State funds, gifts, and for- feitures to use of schools, at least 80 cents for each inhabitant ; all towns in- corporated since 1788 not formerly parts of other towns, which fail to ac- count for permanent fund arising from sale of school lands, shall annually raise and expend $45 in addition to other amount required by law; unex- pended balances shall be credited to resources of following year, but this provision shall not apply to cities. When the governor and council have rea- son to believe that a town has failed to comply with the law relating to public schools they shall direct the State treasurer to withhold from such town such amount as they may deem expedient. Term of all schools in town shall as nearly as practicable be of same length; every town shall maintain schools for at least 26 weeks; failure to do so shall debar town from State school moneys. Adjoining towns may maintain union school; said school shall be under the management of school committee where schoolhouse is located. Towns shall expend State and town funds for teacher's wages and board, fuel, janitor's services, conveyance and tuition and board of pupils, and shall provide school books, apparatus, etc., for schools, including high schools ; they shall pay for repairs of buildings, insurance, maintenance of school yards and playgrounds out of sums raised in addition to amount required by law to be raised for common schools. Any parent or guardian may procure textbooks for exclusive use of his own children. When pupil loses, destroys, or injures a book parent shall be notified, and if he refuses to make good the loss the 216 STATS LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. valuje of book shall be included in his taxes. Any city or town may levy addi- tional tax for the support of evening schools for persons of any age ; any city or town may make provision for instruction in industrial or mechanical draw- ing to persons over 15 years old; any city or town may levy additional tax for support of manual-training schools. Superintending unions. — School committees of two or more towns having an aggregate of not less than 20 nor more than 50 schools may, when author- ized by vote of towns, unite to employ a superintendent; union must be ap- proved by State superintendent ; State superintendent may approve union hav- ing fewer than 20 or more than 50 schools; when first formed union must continue three years unless dissolved by two-thirds vote of joint committee, but after expiration of three-year term any town may vote to withdraw. School committees of united towns shall be joint committee of union; joint committee shall determine division of superintendent's time among towns and amount to be paid by each town ; such committee shall choose a superintend- ent for term not exceeding five years and shall fix his salary. Chairman and secretary of joint committee shall report facts relating to union, election of superintendent, etc., to State superintendent; on approval of union. State shall pay for salary of superintendent twice aggregate amount paid by towns, but not exceeding $800 to any union. To towns and cities having over 50 schools State shall pay three-fifths of cost of superintendence, but not to ex- ceed $800 to each town or city. Towns uniting to employ a superintendent shall each pay for his services in proportion to amount of service rendered it. State superintendent shall annually hold a conference of union superintend- ents for their instruction; $500 may be used to assist in paying expenses of superintendents living at remote distances. Union superintendents shall hold State certificate of superintendence grade; examination prescribed by State superintendent; no town shall receive aid under this act unless its expendi- ture shall be in addition to amount required for common-school purposes. Unorganized territory. — Plantations have same powers as towns for elect- ing school committees, superintendents, treasurers, and collectors and for raising school money. Moneys due plantations from State for schools shall be paid under same conditions as in case of towns and shall be expended under same restrictions. State superintendent shall cause children in un- organized townships to be enumerated and shall provide for schooling of said children by establishing school or sending them to adjoining town. If available school fund of township is insufllcient to run school 26 weeks, State shall pay remainder, but inhabitants must have been taxed at least 40 cents per capita. State superintendent may appoint agents for unorganized town- ships, who shall enumerate children, collect per capita tax, employ teacher, etc. Said agents may act as truant officers. State superintendent may sup- ply schoolbooks for such schools. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a). General State finance and support; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Maryland: See A (cl). County boards. Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and officers; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties etc.; H (e) Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (c), Trade schools; U (e), Schools for de- pendents and delinquents. Michigan: Common-school districts. — The township board of each township may divide the township into such number of districts as may seem necessary A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 21t and may regulate and alter tlie boundaries thereof; when any hoard shall form a new district, the clerk of said board shall give to a taxable in- habitant thereof a notice of such fonuation, describing the boundaries and specifying the time and plan of first meeting, and said inhabitant shall no- tify every qualified voter of such district and make return thereof to the chairman of the meeting to be by him delivered to the director chosen at such meeting. Whenever it shall be necessary or convenient to form a district from parts of two or more adjoining townships, the township boards or a majority of said boards may form such district; the annual reports of such district shall be made to the clerk of the township in which schoolhouse is situated. Any district shall be deemed duly organized when any two offi- cers elected at its first meeting shall file acceptance with the director, or dis- trict shall be deemed legally organized when it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for two years. Any district shall lose its organization as follows: (1) When there are not three or more per- sons therein qualified to hold district offices; (2) when such district shall fail to provide school privileges for the time required by law for two con- secutive years; in either of said cases, the township board, or joint board if district be fractional, shall declare such district dissolved, attach it to ad- joining district or districts, and make an equitable distribution of its property among the districts to which it is attached. Every school district shall be a body corporate; such district shall be represented by three officers, namely, a moderator, director, and assessor. Whenever the township board shall contemplate an alteration of the boundaries of a district, the township clerk shall give at least 10 days' notice. The township board may detach the property of any person or persons frt)m one district and attach it to another, but no land which has been taxed for building a schoolhouse shall be set off into another district for three years thereafter, except with the consent of the owner; no district shall be divided into two or more districts without the consent of the resident taxpayers thereof; no two or more districts shall be consolidated without such consent; when alterations of boundaries shall be made, township clerk shall, within 10 days, give notice to directors of dis- tricts affected. When a new district is formed in whole or in part from one or more districts possessed of a schoolhouse or other property, the township board shall make equitable settlement of property and debts between new .district and old district or districts from which formed; such settlement shall be made on the basis of the taxable property of the several parts of the former district or districts. Except when otherwise provided by special enactment, the annual meeting of a school district shall be held on the second Monday in July, but any district may vote to hold said meeting on the fourth Monday in July; special meetings may be called by the district board, and shall be called on request of five legal voters. Notice of annual or special meeting shall contain day, hour, and place and shall be given at least six days beforehand ; in case of special meeting to establish or change a school- house site, at least 10 days' notice shall be given. In all school elections every citizen over 21 years old, male or female, who owns property assessed for school purposes in district, or who is the parent or guardian of any child of school age in district, and who has resided in district for three months, shall be a qualified voter; on the question of voting taxes, every citizen over 21 years old, male or female, who owns property assessed for school purposes in district and who has resided in district for three months shall be a quali- fied voter. The presiding officer of a meeting may order any disorderly per- son removed, and any person willfully disturbing a meeting shall, on convic- S18 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tion, be fined not less than $2 nor more than $50. The qualified voters at any annual meeting or at an adjournment thereof, or at a special meeting law- fully called, except as hereinafter provided, shall have power (1) to appoint a chairman in the absence of the moderator and a temporary director in the absence of the director to keep a record of proceedings; (.2) select dis- trict officers; (3) select or change sites for schoolhouses ; (4) direct the pur- chase or lease of a site, the erection of a schoolhouse or enlarging the site ; (5) vote tax for sites and buildings, such tax not to exceed in the same year bonded indebtedness is incurred $250 in districts having fewer than 10 children of school age, nor $500 in districts having between 10 and 30 such children, nor $1,000 in districts having between 30 and 50 such children; (6) determine amount of tax to be levied for all school purposes; (7) authorize the sale of school property no longer needed; (8) give directions regarding any suit in which the district may be interested; (9) appoint a building committee; (10) determine, at first and annual meeting only, the length of school term ; (11) vote to discontinue the school for the ensuing year and send the children elsewhere, in which case the board may provide for the payment of tuition and transportation. In districts having 400 or more children of school age, school term shall not be less than nine months; between 30 and 400 such children, eight months; all other districts, not less than five months. Penalty for not maintaining school for required term, forfeiture of State funds. In any city school district the board of education may divide the district into election precincts. Graded school districts. — ^Any school district containing more than 100 children between 5 and 20 years old may by a majority vote of the qualified voters present at any annual or spe«ial meeting, organize a graded-school district. After such change shall have been voted, a board of education of five members shall be elected; term after first election, three years, two or one as the case requires being elected every year. Within 10 days mem- bers elected shall file their acceptance accompanied by a certificate of their eligibility ; vacancies shall be filled by remaining members except when three vacancies occur at the same time, in which case a special district meeting shall be called to fill them; board shall elect from among its number a president, a secretary, and a treasurer and these officers shall perform the duties prescribed by the general law for the moderator, director, and treasurer of the former district, except as hereinafter provided. Duties of board: To determine course of study and departments to be taught; estab- lish a high school when directed by vote of the district and fix qualifications for admission and tuition fees for nonresidents, but when students or parents or guardians pay taxes in such district such taxes shall be deducted from their nonresident tuition charges; audit and order paid the accounts of the secretary, but said secretary shall not expend exceeding $100 for repairs, appendages, etc., without the consent of the board; estimate and vote amount of tax necessary for teachers' wages, fuel, and incidental expenses, and for salaries of officers and servants when the electors fail to vote the same; employ, in cities and villages having six or more teachers, a super- intendent of schools, who shall hold at least a State life certificate or normal school diploma or have equivalent qualifications; employ and fix com- pensation of teachers on recommendation of superintendent, but such recom- mendation may be disregarded ; employ other necessary officers and servants and fix their duties and compensation; perform duties required of district boards. Duties of superintendent: To recommend teachers and suspend any teacher for cause pending action by the board; classify and control the promotion of pupils; recommend arrangement of the course of study and A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTHICTS, ETC. 210 textbooks to be used; report to board and to State superintendent annually and oftener if required; supervise and direct teachers; perform such other duties as the board may direct. No alteration shall be made in the boundaries of any graded-school district without the consent of a majority of the trustees of said district, but three or more taxpaying electors having children between 5 and 12 years old and residing 1^ miles or more from the schoolhouse may appeal from any action of the trustees with reference to the alteration of such district to the judge of probate, who may amend or set aside the action of the trustees. Two or more contiguous districts together, having 100 or more children between 5 and 20 years old, when separately voting to establish a graded district, may be united into such a district by the township board. On petition of 10 voters of a graded district made 20 days before an annual meeting, the trustees shall submit to such meeting the proposition to change from such graded district to one or more primary districts; two-thirds majority required to carry the proposition. Township school districts. — On petition of one-fourth of the qualified elec- tors of any organized township, the township board shall call an election to determine the question of organizing said township into a single school dis- trict; a majority electors voting at such election shall determine; in case there is one or more graded school districts having a population of 900 or less the qualified electors thereof may sign the petition, vote on the question, and become a part of such district ; qualified electors of a fractional district lying in two or more townships may vote on such question and become a part of such district ; the single township district thus organized shall assume con- trol of the schools and school property and become responsible for the debts of the original districts of the township. All cities organized as school dis- tricts and all graded school districts having more than 900 population shall be exempt from the provisions of this act, but if such district and the rest of the township shall respectively vote to make such district a part of the town- ship district, the State superintendent shall declare such district a part of the township district. Fractional districts may as a whole be a part of the township district in which the schoolhouse is located, or may be divided in conformity with township lines. The officers of said township district shall consist of a board of education of five members elected at large ; term, three years, one or two as the case requires being elected each year. In all school elections every citizen over 21 years old, male or female, who has resided in the district three months and who owns property assessed for school purposes in the district or who has children of school age in the district shall be enti- tled to vote, but on voting school taxes only those who own property in fee may vote. All trustees elected must within 10 days after election file their acceptance together with a certificate of their qualification to hold the office. Board shall elect from its membership a president, a secretary, and a treas- urer. Powers and duties of board: To fill vacancy in the office of trustee until the next annual district meeting; provide a site and schoolhouse; estimate amount necessary for site and buildings and report the same to the annual meeting; vote taxes for the running expenses of the schools, excluding sites and buildings, and including teachers' salaries; report annually to township clerk the taxes to be levied ; apply and pay school moneys in accordance with the provisions of the law ; have care and custody of school property and pro- vide suitable school privileges; specify the studies to be pursued in the schools; adopt textbooks for the township for periods of five years; prescribe rules and regulations for the government of the schools and provide textbooks for indigent pupils ; admit nonresident pupils and fix tuition fees ; make rules 220 STAl'E LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. regarding the school census ; fix length of school term, which shall not be less than five months; establish and maintain a district library; establish and maintain a high school or pay tuition of pupils going to such school else- where; authorize secretary to provide incidental apparatus for the schools; employ a superintendent of schools for the township when authorized by the qualified voters; employ and contract with qualified teachers; do all things necessary for the success of the schools. Duties of superintendent: To rec- ommend teachers and suspend them until board may take action ; classify and control the promotion of pupils ; recommend courses of study ; report to board and State superintendent annually and oftener if required; supervise teach- ers; perform such other duties as board may require. Duties of secretary: To act as clerk of meetings of district and of board ; give notice of meetings ; draw warrants on township treasurer for moneys coming to the district and orders on the district treasurer for moneys to be disbursed; draw and sign contracts with teachers and superintendent when directed by the board ; pur- chase necessary appendages and incidentals for school use; keep accounts; furnish annually to the board estimates of funds needed for the ensuing year; preserve copies of reports made to higher officials ; prepare annually a finan- cial and statistical report. Duties of treasurer: To execute an official bond in amount equal to the money to come into his hands ; have the care and cus- tody of school moneys; deposit, with consent of the board, school moneys in a bank ; pay all lawful orders of the secretary ; keep accounts ; make financial statement to district at end of the year ; appear in suits brought by or against the district, unless other provision is made by the qualified electors. The board shall annually estimate the amount of taxes necessary for buildings and sites and for payment of bonds if needed, and the qualified voters shall fix such tax and vote the same, but if voters do not or can not determine the amount of said tax, the board shall determine the same. District may by majority of votes cast vote bonds of the district; the period of any school bonds shall not exceed 15 years ; voters may vote a tax to pay interest and principal of bonds. Board shall at each annual meeting make a detailed financial and statistical statement. By a majority of those voting at any meet- ing the district may determine to furnish free textbooks to pupils; when directed by voters board shall purchose textbooks and furnish them at cost to pupils. Compensation of hoard: Treasurer, not exceeding $100; secretary, not exceeding $125; other members, $2 per day. No member of board shall be an agent for schoolbooks or apparatus, nor be personally interested in any contract with the district. Any person elected member of board and refusing or neglecting to accept, or having accepted, refusing or neglecting to perform his duties, shall on conviction be fined not less than $10 and may be removed from office. State superintendent may remove a member of board for cause. When any one township is divided into two or more townships, school prop- erty shall be divided in proportion to taxable property. Any 10 legal voters may appeal to the State superintendent of public instruction from board of education in the formation, location, or maintenance of any school or arrange- ment of any territory. Upper Peninsula. — On petition of a majority of the qualified electors of any organized township of the upper peninsula the township board of said township shall give notice that said township shall be organized as a single school district, which shall be subject to the general laws where not incon- sistent with this act. The board of education of such district may divide the same into subdistricts. Five trustees shall be elected as a board of edu- cation; term, three years, one or two being elected each year. Members of A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 221 board shall elect from among their number a president, secretary, and treas- urer. Said board shall hold regular quarterly meetings, and special meetings may be called by the president or two members. Said board shall be the board of school inspectors for said district and shall report to the clerk of the county and perform all duties heretofore performed by such inspectors. When petitioned by a majority of the parents or guardians of 10 or more children of contiguous territory living not less than 3 nor more than 8 miles from any schoolhouse said board shall provide school advantages for such children. Voters at each annual meeting shall determine amount of taxes to be levied for all school purposes; but if voters fail or neglect to fix tax, board shall fix the same. Not more than 3 mills on the dollar shall be levied in any one year for sites and buildings. The board shall make a financial and statistical report to the annual meeting and shall at the same time sub- mit an estimate of expenses for the ensuing year. When any township shall be divided into two or more townships an equitable division of assets and liabilities shall be made. County districts. — Whenever a change in or the establishment of the boundaries of a school district of any city is desired or becomes necessary such changes or establishment may be made by the joint action of the board of education of such district or the board of trustees of such city and the township board of the township in which the territory may be located, or the township boards if the territory affected is located in more than one township. When board of education or board of trustees shall vote in favor thereof notice shall be given to township board, and a joint meeting shall be held to fix such boundaries. Cities of fourth class. — Cities of the fourth class shall be school districts and as such bodies corporate; but this act shall not apply to such city wherein is a school district extending beyond the city limits. Board of education shall consist of six members elected by vote of the people; term, three years, two being elected each year. Polls at election of members of board shall be open from 9 a. m. to 8 p. m. Candidates shall be nominated by petition of 25 or more qualified electors. Whenever any five or more taxpaying electors having taxable property in any school district shall feel aggrieved by any action of a township board or joint boards with reference to the formation, division, or consolidation of said district they may, within 60 days, appeal to the county commissioner of schools and the circuit court commissioner, who shall constitute a board of api)eals in such cases. Justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction in all cases of assumpsit, debt, covenant, and trespass against school districts when the matter in controversy shall not exceed $100; no execution shall issue on any judgment against a school district, but the same shall be paid by taxes assessed by the township supervisor. See also A (b2), State officers; G (c). County and local normal schools. Minnesota: The State is divided into common, special, and independent school districts, each of which shall be a corporation. A new common or independ- ent district, not less than four sections in extent, and containing not less than 12 school children, may be created from other districts upon petition by a majority of freeholders of such territory. Such petition shall contain descrip- tion of territory of proposed district; number of residents therein; names and ages of school children therein, and the existing district in which each such child lives ; districts in which such territory lies and number of such children in each such district; reasons for formation of new district. Such 222 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. petition shall be submitted to county superintendent for his approval ; county board shall appoint time for hearing on petition and shall give due notice of such time. County board may, upon petition of any freeholder whose land lies not more than one-quarter section from any district therein, annex such land to said district together with any intervening unoccupied land. County auditor shall keep a plat of all school districts in his county. Any aggrieved person may appeal from the decision of the county board creating a school district, but in so doing shall give bond in sum of $100. By similar action as foregoing, boundaries of districts may be changed, or two or more districts consolidated, or one or more districts annexed to an existing district, but such change shall not leave the old district without at least one schoolhouse, nor shall such change affect the liabilities of the territory so changed upon any bond or other obligation. Upon petition by majority of voters to county commissioners any incorporated borough, village, or city of 7,000 or less inhabitants may change its school district limits to include lands wthin or without such borough, village, or city, but contiguous thereto. Whenever territory in two or more counties is affected by foregoing provisions, like proceedings shall be taken in all such counties. A common district may be changed to an independent district upon vote of electors therein. An inde- pendent district may be changed to a common district by vote of two-thirds of electors therein. Two or more districts of any kind may be consolidated ; to receive State aid as a consolidated school of class A or class B such district shaU contain not less than 18 sections, and as class C not less than 12 sec- tions; any existing district of at least the same area shall receive similar State aid, and any school districts otherwise qualified for aid as a class A school, whose schoolhouse is located within 1 mile of the State line or an impassable barrier, and which contains not less than 12 sections, shall receive class A aid in proportion to its area. To form a consolidated district a peti- tion signed by at least 25 per cent of resident freeholders of districts affected shall be submitted to the county superintendent ; consolidation shall be voted by electors of affected districts, at least 25 of such electors to be present. In like manner one or more school districts may be consolidated with a district in which is maintained a State high, graded, or semigraded school, but such consolidation' shall be effected solely by the vote of the rural school districts, but with the approval of the board of the district maintaining such school. For the purpose of promoting better conditions in rural schools, to encourage industrial training, including the elements of agriculture, manual training, and home economics, the board in a consolidated district is authorized to establish schools of two or more departments; provide transportation of pupils; expend a reasonable amount for room and board of pupils whose attendance can be more economically provided by such means ; acquire school sites of not less than 2 acres, and erect buildings thereon, when money has been voted therefor by the district ; submit to State superintendent plans of proposed sites and buildings. With respect to consolidated districts, State superintendent shall approve sites, buildings, and equipment ; prepare sugges- tive courses of study; prescribe qualifications for teachers; exercise general supervision over such schools together with supervisiors and county superin- tendent. Any district in which no school has been maintained for two years may be dissolved by county board and territory of such district annexed to another district. Any common-school district may be dissolved by the county board with the approval of the county superintendent and by petition signed by a majority of the freeholders of such district qualified to vote for school officers in said district Outstanding obligations of such dissolved district shall con- A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 223 tinue to be a charge against the property of the territory formerly included in such district. This act shall not apply to counties not having a county board of education. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State aid for elementary education; K (c), Uniformity of textboolis. Mississippi: School districts. — Regular school districts shall contain not less than 45 educable children of the race for which it is established, except when too great distance or impossible obstructions would debar from school; in such cases county school board may establish district of 15 children; said board may establish special districts in forlis or bends of streams for not less than 10 children ; whole number of such special districts in any county shall not exceed one-fifth of number of regular districts; adjacent parts of counties may be embraced in a district; each county must contract with teacher for proportionate part of salary ; in defining school boundaries board shall pay regard to larger watercourses ; in counties not laid off in townships school districts shall be defined by streams, etc. ; districts shall be so arranged as to place all children within reasonable distance of schoolhouse ; when less than five children attend in any district superintendent shall discontinue school at end of any scholastic month. Separate school districts. — Any municipality, by ordinance of mayor and aldermen, any unincorporated district with an assessed taxable valuation of not less than $200,000, or any unincorporated district of not less than 16 square miles may, by the county school board, on petition of a majority of the qualified electors, be declared a separate school district, but shall not be entitled to its rights and privileges unless a free public school be maintained therein for seven months in each scholastic year. For separate school dis- tricts having no municipal organization county board of supervisors, on peti- tion of majority of taxpayers, shall levy required tax; county tax collector shall Collect ; fund shall be disbursed by pay certificates on order of trustees, who shall be appointed by county superintendent ; children may attend school of a separate school district in their county, and the county during the winter term shall pay to separate school district an amount equal to the cost per child in the county public school. Any part of county adjoining a munici- pality which is a separate school district may be included in such district on petition; mayor and aldermen or supervisors of unincorporated separate school district shall annually levy tax for fuel and necessaries and levy such taxes as are necessary to maintain school after expiration of the four months' term provided by State ; they may also levy taxes for erection and repair of buildings and may issue bonds; separate school districts may make either or both of its schools graded schools ; these may be of two kinds, graded gram- mar school and graded high school ; in every graded school shall be a graded grammar school; graded high school shall be composed of pupils who have passed through grammar grades and passed an examination therein; four- year course; may fix tuition fees for high school and may prescribe other studies; allowed to introduce public-school music, drawing, and manual train- ing hito grammar-school grades; act of 1910 amends the code of 1906 so as to show the lands in separate school districts and the ad valorem tax thereon ; in separate school districts having no municipal organization, board of super- visors, on petition of majority of taxpayers, shall levy required tax ; assessor shall make a separate assessment; when district is created after assessor's roll has been made out, taxes shall be based on previous assessment; county superinteodent shall appoint trustees recommended by electors; if they fall 224 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. to recommend, then county superintendent shall make appointments; in sep- arate school districts having no municipal organization board of supervisors, on petition of majority of qualified electors, shall levy required tax; when amount has been fixed, it shall remain the same for each successive year unless changed by petition of majority of electors ; tax collector shall collect and deposit with county treasurer. Aldermen of any municipality consti- tuting a separate school district may release such parts of the district as lie outside of the corporate limits on petition of a majority of the resident free- holders of the territory to be released. See also A (d). District boards and officers; B (b), State school lands; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Missouri: Classification. — School districts having only three directors shall be known as " common-school districts " ; districts outside of incorporated cities, towns, and villages and having six directors, " consolidated school districts " ; districts having six directors and including an incorporated town or village or city of the fourth class, "' town school districts " ; districts including a city of the first, second, or third class, " city school districts." Common-school districts. — The common-school districts of each county shall be numbered consecutively beginning at the northeast corner of said county and shall be bodies corporate under the numbers and designation given them by the county court; such court shall not renumber districts oftener than once in 10 years. Unorganized territory containing 20 pupils or more of school age may be organized into a school district at a meeting called by three or more taxpayers and at which a majority of the qualified voters of the district vote to so organize. The directors of each common-school dis- trict shall be three in number, elected at the annual district meeting; term, three years, one being elected each year. Any unorganized territory con- taining fewer than 20 pupils of school age may be attached to an adjoining district on petition of a majority 'of the qualified voters of such territory or part thereof wishing to be attached ; on receipt of said petition, directors of such adjoining district, if a majority favor, shall attach such territory to their district. When it. is desired to form a new district of two or more entire districts or parts of the same, to divide one district to form two new districts, to divide one district and attach the territory thereof to adjoining districts, or to change the boundary lines of two or more districts, the clerk of each district affected shall, on iietition of 10 qualified voters of any district affected, give notice of an election to determine the question ; each district or part of a district affected shall vote separately, and a majority of the votes in each such unit shall be necessary to effect the proposed change; if one or more districts vote in favor of the change and one or more vote adversely, the matter may be referred to the county superintendent, who shall appoint four disinterested men to act with himself as a board of arbitration; the decision of said board shall be final ; if the districts affected lie in different counties, the superintendents of such counties shall jointly appoint such board of arbitration. No new district shall be formed and no old district shall be left so as to contain fewer than 20 pupils of school age, except that islands in navigable streams may be organized with fewer than 20. Whenever a new district shall be formed which shall include territory upon which taxes are levied to erect or aid in erecting buildings, or if there be an accumulation of money or other property from taxes in said territory, the boards of directors of districts affected shall meet and divide such money or property equitably ; if said boards can not agree, either district may appeal to the county super- intendent, who shall appoint four persons to act with himself as a board of A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 225 arbitration in the matter and amount awarded new district shall be paid by old district or districts ; for such purpose old district or districts may levy a tax which shall be used by new district for building purposes. When any district shall lie partly in two counties, on petition of a majority of the qualified voters of either part to divide the district along the county line, an election shall be held in such part, and if a majority of the votes cast shall favor division, the district shall be so divided and each part shall become a separate district; if the boards of directors can not agree upon a division of assets of the old district, the same shall be settled by arbitration as hereinbe- fore provided. Hereafter no district shall be formed of parts of two or more counties, unless the portion of the district sought to be joined across the county line is cut off from the district or districts in the same county by a running stream which can not easily be crossed by children. It shall be the duty of the voters of the newly created district to meet within 15 days after the for- mation of such district and organize as in the case of other new districts, but children thereof may attend old school until June 1 following. The an- nual meeting of each school district shall be held on the first Tuesday in April of each year. Powers of annual meeting: To organize by the election of a chairman and a secretary ; choose one director who shall serve for three years; fill vacancies for unexpired terms; determine by ballot the length of school term in excess of eight months and the tax rate, if any, in excess of 40 cents on $100; determine by majority vote whether the schoolhouse may be used during ensuing year for religious, literary, or other community pur- poses ; decide in favor or against any proposed change of boundaries ; direct the sale of school property no longer needed for such purpose and determine the application of the proceeds; designate by ballot their choice of a person to fill the ofllce of county superintendent of schools; determine by ballot the rate to be levied to provide site and building; determine, where no school site has been selected, the location thereof; change location of the school- house, but a majority vote of the resident taxpayers shall be necessary to remove schoolhouse nearer to center of district and two-thirds majority shall be necessary to remove the same farther from the center. Board of directors of every district shall continue the public school eight months in each year, but when any district has levied for school purposes (teacher and inciden- tals) the maximum levy provided by law and the funds so derived, together with the money on hand and the amount received from public funds, are In- suflicient to maintain such school for such period, paying the teacher or teachers a maximum salary of $40 per month, such district shall receive from the State a sum sufficient to make up the deficit; $45 per month may be paid second-grade teachers, and $50 first-grade teachers ; no district shall receive more than $100 as such aid in any one year. Any district applying for such aid shall show that it has an assessed valuation of $50,000 or less ; that it made a levy of 65 cents on $100, not more than 25 cents to be used for incidentals; that it maintained an average attendance of 15 or more, or 60 per cent of its last enumeration. Any district paying its teacher a salary greater than the maximum herein specified shall forfeit its right to any further State aid; no district having less than square miles of territory shall receive such aid under this act. Before making regular apportionment State superintendent shall set aside from the public funds a sum sufficient to make up deficits reported to him. The government and control of common- school district shall be composed of three citizens of the United States, resi- dent taxpayers; a qualified voter shall be any person allowed to vote for State and county officers and who shall have resided in the district for 30 SOee**— 15 15 ) 226 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. days. The board shall annually elect one of its number president and shall also elect a clerk, who shall receive no compensation until all required re- ports are made. Remaining directors shall fill a vacancy in the board until next annual district meeting, but should they fail to agree or should more than one vacancy occur, the county superintendent shall fill the same. When- ever any school district, as party of the first part, shall furnish a room or rooms suitable for a high school and will agree to seat, equip, heat, and keep in order said room or rooms, said district, together with three or more other districts as parties of the second part, may unite as a central high-school district ; the question of such union may be submitted to the districts severally at their annual meetings; if a majority in each district shall favor, the central high-school district shall be formed ; the directors of the several dis- tricts composing the union shall have the management and control of the high school ; not more than 20 per cent of the teachers' fund of the composite districts shall be set aside to pay teacher or teachers in the high school; such high-school teachers must be holders of first-grade county certificates or State certificates. Duties of district clerk: To keep records of district meetings and of proceedings of directors; make copies of papers relating to the business of the district; make annual financial and statistical report to county superintendent; procure necessary record books for his oflSce and registers for teachers; post all notices required by law or by the board. On the order of the board of directors the district clerk shall draw warrants on the county treasurer in favor of any party to whom the district has become legally indebted, whether for teachers' wages or for material or labor, and the said treasurer shall pay the same out of appropriate funds belonging to the district, but no warrant shall be drawn in favor of any teacher not hold- ing a lawful certificate or not having made required monthly and term reports. The county treasurer shall keep for each district a separate account for " teachers' fund," *' incidental fund," and " building fund." Directors may transfer from " incidental fund " amount necessary for ordinary repairs or from " building fund " to " incidental fund " any unexpended balance. On application of the directors of any district having surplus school funds, the county court shall loan such fund for the benefit of such district, but no school tax, other than for incidentals, shall be levied in such district during the time of such loan. City, totvn, and consolidated schools. — ^Any common-school district con- taining a city, town, or village, the plot of which has been filed in the county recorder's oflSce, or any district having 200 or more children of school age, may be organized into a town or city school district and as such shall be a body corporate; every extension of the limits of such city, town, or village shall have the effect of extending the limits of the school district. On peti- tion of 10 or more taxpaying voters the board of directors of a common- school district or consolidated district entitled to be organized under this act shall submit the proposition at an annual or special meeting after legal notice ; majority of votes cast shall determine. Board of directors shall con- sist of six members elected by the qualified voters; term, three years, two being elected every year ; a vacancy shall be filled by the remaining directors until the next annual meeting ; within four days after election members shall meet and elect a president and a vice president, and shall annually elect a a secretary and treasurer. When the demands of the district require more than one schoolhouse, the board shall divide the district into wards and provide a school for each; board may establish schools of higher than ele- mentary grade. Any town, city, or consolidated district may be disorganized and become a common-school district by a two-thirds vote of qualified electors A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 227 voting at a duly called meeting. The board of education of any town, city, or consolidated district shall have the duties of directors of common-school districts, and in addition thereto may establish separate libraries and parks and playgrounds for white and colored persons, and may annually expend therefor not exceeding $2,500 in cities having 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, not exceeding $500 in cities of 5,000 to 20,000, and not exceeding $250 in cities of 1,000 to 5,000; board may acquire sites therefor by purchase or condemnation. Board shall maintain school for not less than 8 nor more Z.^ than 10 months, except for physical training, when term may be 11 months ; tax rate shall not exceed 40 cents on $100 unless voted by the qualified electors. The treasurer shall give bond and shall be the custodian of moneys raised by taxation in the district and of moneys collected for liquidating ^ bonded indebtedness and interest thereon; moneys received by any county or township treasurer for any town, city, or consolidated district shall be paid over to the treasurer of such district; treasurer shall annually settle with the board, and when such settlement is approved by board he shall present the same to the clerk of the county court, whose certificate of cor- rectness shall discharge said treasurer from liability. The qualified voters of such town, city, or consolidated district shall vote by ballot on all ques- tions provided by law for submission to annual school meetings; polls shall be open from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. ; in cities of 1,000 to 100,000 population the school election shall be held at the same time and places as the election for municipal oflicers, but separate ballots shall be used. On petition of 10 voters of any district or part of a district adjoining a city, town, or village district an election shall be held in such district to determine the question of annexing such district to said city, town, or village district, and a majority vote shall determine; if board of city, town, or village district agrees, such adjoining district shall be annexed, but portion of district remaining must contain 30 children and $60,000 assessed valuation, or 30 children and 9 square miles of territory; if an entire district is annexed, its property shall pass to city, town, or village district; if only a part is annexed, remaining district shall retain all property. Whenever by the extension of the limits of any city, town, or villege a portion of an adjoining district has been in- cluded, the remaining part of such adjoining district may elect to become a part of such city, town, or village district, or may unite with an adjoining common-school district or part of a district. Three or more common-school districts, or a village district having fewer than 200 children, and two or more adjoining districts may consolidate for purposes of maintaining both primary schools and high schools. No member of any public-school board of any city, town, or village having less than 25,000 population shall hold any office or employment of profit while a member thereof, except the secretary and treasurer; secretary shall receive not exceeding $150 annually and treasurer $50. Said boards and boards of districts having graded schools shall pub- lish an annual report, either in a newspaper of the district or by posting in five public places. All school districts organized under special charter may elect to be governed under the general laws. The directors of any school district of any county having township organization may loan the sinking fund of such district. The board of education of any city or town district having between 5,000 and 100,000 inhabitants may by a two-thirds vote acquire sites for schoolhouses, libraries, offices, and public parks and play- grounds, and may by same vote sell school property. See also A (c2). County officers; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. 228 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Montana: Districts having a population of 8,000 or more shall be districts of first class; those having 1,000 to 8,000 shall be second class; those having less than 1,000 shall be third class. Number of trustees, first class, seven; second class, five; third class, three. Every legally constituted district shall be a body corporate. On petition of parents or guardians of at least 10 children 6 to 21 years old residing in proposed district, county superintendent shall hold a hearing to establish new district; if a majority of tax-paying freeholders residing in proposed district protest, district shall not be formed ; if no such protest is filed, county superintendent may establish new district, but three resident taxpayers may appeal from county superintendent to county commissioners, whose decision shall be final; new district shall have an assessed valuation of at least $10,000 and at least 10 census' children, and an assessed valuation of at least $15,000 must be left in old district When new district is formed trustees of old district shall continue In oflice in the district of their residence and county superintendent shall appoint sufficient members to make a full quota in both old and new. No money of old dis- trict shall be apportioned to new until school shall have been taught in the latter for at least one month; if school is not opened within eight months formation of new district is void. Funds of old district shall be apportioned between old and new in proportion to school census; sites, buildings, and furniture shall be property of district where situated. When any district has more than one schoolhouse, on petition of a majority of school electors residing in a portion of such district which has a schoolhouse to divide dis- trict district trustees may approve or deny petition and they shall report their decision to county superintendent; if approved by trustees, county superin- tendent may divide district; three resident taxpayers in old or new district may appeal from decision of trustees to county superintendent and from such superintendent to county commissioners. After such division, county commissioners shall apportion amount of Indebtedness not covered by sinking fund between old and new districts in proportion to value of school property in each; trustees of new district shall issue warrants bearing interest at 6 per cent for its share of indebtedness and county commissioners shall levy tax in such district to pay such principal and interest, or trustees of new district may issue bonds to pay such warrants. No territory included within limits of an incorporated city or town shall be included in any new district provided for in this act. Boundaries of a district may not be changed, ex- cept in forming new district, unless majority of resident freeholders residing In territory which it is proposed to change petition county superintendent. On petition of majority of resident freeholders of districts affected, county superintendent shall order an election to determine question of consolidation of such districts; majority vote determines; if vote carries, superintendent shall order formation of district and appoint three trustees to hold until first Saturday in April ; at regular election three trustees shall be chosen, one for one year, one for two years, one for three years ; property of original districts shall vest in consolidated district and indebtedness shall be assumed by such consolidated district. Joint districts lying partly in one county and partly in another may be formed similarly to other districts, except that petitions shall be filed with superintendent of each county affected. Se also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; N (a). High schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Nebraska: "School district" shall mean the territory under the jurisdiction of a single school board. Every district shall be a body corporate. Each county not already divided into school districts shall be divided by county A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 229 superintendent. New districts may be formed under following conditions only: County superintendent may create a new district from organized dis- tricts upon i)etition by one-third of voters of each district affected; county superintendent may change boundaries of any district upon petition by one- half of voters of each district affected, and may also annex to any district any unorganized territory upon petitions by one-half of voters of district and of territory affected; upon petition by any freeholder to a board consisting of county superintendent, county clerk, and county treasurer, the land of such freeholder may be set off from one district and attached to another, if it can be shown that a school child resides on such land, that such child is more than 2 miles from schoolhouse in his own district, and schoolhouse in adjoining district is one-half mile nearer; county superintendent shall not refuse to change boundary line of any district, or to organize a new district, or to annex unorganized territory to an existing district, when petitioned to do so by two-thirds of voters of each district or territory affected ; changes affecting cities shall be made upon petition of board of education of district or districts affected; two districts may be made from one upon petition by majority of voters in each district proposed; one district may be discon- tinued and its territory attached to adjoining districts upon petition by one- half of voters in each district affected ; " voters " shall mean those qualified to vote for school officers; no new district shall be formed between first Tues- day of April and first day of October, but this does not apply to change of boundaries nor to consolidation ; no new district shall contain less than four sections of land nor any district reduced below that area, unless it shall con- tain property assessed at not less than $15,000. When watercourses make it impracticable to form districts containing four sections, county superin- tendent may form districts with less than four sections without regard to valuation and may make other changes in districts on account of water- courses, but no child shall, as a result of such change, live more than 2i miles from nearest schoolhouse; county superintendent shall file in his office all i)etitions granted for change of boundaries or creation of new dis- tricts. Whenever a new district is created, county superintendent shall de- liver to a taxpayer of such district a written notice thereof, and said tax- payer shall notify voters of new district of time and place of school meeting ; said taxpayer shall certify such notification to county superintendent. New districts shall be entitled to proportionate share of proceeds of school prop- erty of old districts and shall share in the indebtedness of such districts made prior to the formation of such new district. County superintendent shall notify county clerk and county treasurer of all district changes. Whenever a district is dissatisfied with the division of school property, as made by the county superintendent, the matter may be referred to three disinterested per- sons, not residents of interested districts, one to be chosen by school board of each district and these to choose a third, and the decision of any two shall be final ; each arbitrator shall receive $2 per day for time thus employed, to be paid equally by districts. When persons living in two or more counties desire to form a district, the same may be authorized by superintendents of the affected counties. In case the number of voters in any district becomes less than three the county superintendent shall act as the third officer of such district. Any district having less than two voters may, upon petition of majority of adjoining districts, be annexed to such districts; any district which shall fail to maintain a school for two consecutive years shall be an- nexed to another district; county superintendent shall adjust the affairs of such dissolved districts, giving bond for same and filing report of same with court ; court may award to county superintendent compensation for such work. 230 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Districts containing three or less sections of land may petition county super- intendent, county clerk, and county treasurer to make necessary boundary changes. Any district containing more than 150 children between the ages of 5 and 21 years may elect a district board consisting of six trustees, if so determined by the majority of the voters at an annual election; two trustees shall be elected each year; term, three years. Within 10 days after election trustees shall file a written acceptance with director; trustees shall annually elect from their number a moderator, a director, and a treasurer, and may fill any vacancy in their number ; in case trustees fail to elect officers, county super- intendent shall appoint such officers from the members of board of trustees. Board of trustees shall have like powers and duties as district school boards ; tax levy for maintaining schools in such districts shall not exceed, in any one year, 35 mills on the dollar. The territory embraced within the incorporated limits of each incorporated city or village having a population of more than 1,500 inhabitants, including such adjacent territory as may be attached for school purposes, shaU con- stitute one school district; such district shall be a corporate body; but any territory not included in the corporate limits of any village or city and con- taining territory or children sufficient to constitute a school district may, by a majority vote of electors of such territory and a majority of board of education of such city or village, be, by the county superintendent, erected . into a separate district. Schools of such cities and villages shall be under the control of boards of education; shall be free to all children between ages of 5 and 21 years whose parents live within limits of such districts; shall be free to nonresident children who are allowed by law to attend the schools without charge. Board of education shall consist of six members, two elected each year, term three years; in cities of first class having 5,000 to 40,000 inhabitants, boards may consist of nine members, three elected each year, term three years; for any city of 40,000 to 100,000 inhabitants there shall be a board of six members, two elected every two years, term six years. Ballots for school elections of every nature shall be deposited in boxes specially prepared for that purpose and be received and returns made by the regular election board; returns for election of members shall be canvassed in same manner as in case of city officers; the returns for issuance of bonds, purchase of sites, and erection of buildings shall be made to and canvassed by board of education. All persons elected board members shall take oath of office. Meeting shall be held monthly, but si^ecial meetings may be held; meetings shall be open to public unless otherwise ordered. Boards shall have power to elect own officers and make their own rules, but no member, except secretary, shall receive compensation; secretary shall receive not more than $720 per annum, but such limit shall not apply to cities of from 40,000 to 100,000 inhabitants ; board shall elect a superintendent for term not to exceed three years and fix his salary. Secretary of board shall give bond in sum not less than $1,000 and shall take oath of office; city treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of district and shall make reports to board, and shall give required bond. Vacancies in board shall be filled by remaining members for period until next regular election. A majority of members shall constitute a quorum ; members may compel attendance of board sufficient for a quorum. All accounts shall be audited by secretary and approved by committee on claims; expenditures greater than $200 shall be voted by board; accounts shall be subject to examination of city auditor, who shall report the same to the city council. Board shall annually have census taken of children from 5 to 21 years old and report the same to the county superintendent. It shall A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 231 be unlawful for any board member to be interested in any school contract. No school property shall be sold except by vote of two-thirds of all board members. City districts may issue bonds and create sinking fund for the redemption of same. The aggregate of school tax, exclusive of school-bond taxes, shall in no year exceed 35 mills; bonds shall bear rate of interest not exceeding 6 per cent per annum; no bonds shall be issued nor the ques- tion of issue be submitted to the voters without consent of two-thirds of board members, and shall not be sold below par ; a majority vote of electors shall be necessary to issue bonds ; if bond election be submitted at a special election in cities over 25,000 population, it shall require to carry the same a two-thirds majority of the votes cast. All moneys set aside for sinliing fund shall be invested in the purchase and redemption of bonds of the school dis- trict, in bonds of county in which city is located, in State bonds, in United States bonds, or in bonds of city. Bonds may be purchased before maturity. AH taxes collected for school purposes shall be paid in money. Under following conditions school children may be transferred to an adjoin- ing district if such children reside more than 1^ miles from the schoolhouse in their own district and one-half mile nearer to schoolhouse in adjoining district : Application for transfer must be approved by county superintendent and board of adjoining district ; such children shall be enumerated for school purposes in said adjoining district; school taxes, except those for paying bonds or interest thereon, shall be paid to adjoining district; land, not ex- ceeding a quarter section, belonging to parents of such children, shall be taxed by adjoining district at same rate as other land therein. Children may retransfer to home districts. Parents of pupils transferred to an adjoin- ing district may vote in such district on all matters except that of issuing bonds. Board of education of a city or trustees of a high-school district, by a two-thirds vote of those present at any annual or special meeting, are em- powered to provide transportation of pupils to school when distance shall malie attendance impracticable otherwise. The trustees of a high-school dis- trict or a district-school board, when outhorized by two- thirds vote at any an- nual or special meeting, may contract with board of neighboring district for instruction of transferred pupil and provide transportation for the same ; dis- tricts providing instruction for their children in neighboring districts shall be considered as maintaining a school as required by law; teacher of such transferred pupils shall make a report of such children to the director of district from which transferred. It shall be unlawful for any public-school pupil to be a member of any school fraternity; nor shall any person enter school grounds or schoolhouses for the purpose of soliciting pupils to become members of such fraternities ; a pupil may be expelled for being a member of such fraternity, and any person may be fined for soliciting members for such organizations. See also B (e), State aid for elementary education; N (a). High schools. Nevada: Every village, town, or incorporated city shall constitute but one school district; districts employing 10 or more teachers shall be known as first class; others, second class. First-class districts may appoint city super- intendents, term one year, except after one year's service in such iwsition, when election may be made for four years; city superintendent may be re- moved for cause. County conmiissi oners may create new school districts upon petition of parents of five school children; said petition shall describe boundaries of proposed district, to conform to government survey lines when practicable: Siiid commissioners may create new districts from other dis- tricts upon vote of three-fifths of electors of districts affected ; an act creating 232 STATE LAWS BELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. a new district shall be void if school shall not commence in the same within 120 days after act creating same ; no district thus created shall exceed in size 16 miles square. Only one district shall be created or shall exist in any community containing no more than 20 census children, all of which reside within 3 miles of schoolhouse; districts existing in nonconformity with this provision shall be consolidated, and deputy superintendent shall locate school in such district. No district shall receive county funds unless it contains at least five census children, and no State funds unless three such children. A joint school district may be formed of parts of two or more counties upon petition signed by a majority of electors of territory affected. State superin- tendent shall appoint trustees of joint districts, and shall apportion funds to such districts as follows : In apportioning 60 per cent of county fund of any county, joint district shall receive the regular amount per census child resid- ing in that county; in apportioning 40 per cent of county fund he shall con- sider teacher as belonging in part to each county, part of which lies in joint school district, and the part belonging to any county will be in proportion to the number of census children in that county ; 30 per cent of the State fund shall be apportioned in like manner as the 60 per cent of the county fund, and 70 per cent of the State fund as the 40 per cent of the county fund. On the recommendation of deputy superintendent, trustees of contiguous districts may unite such districts and establish a union school, which shall be con- trolled by a joint board composed of the trustees of the combined districts; union districts may be dissolved by mutual consent, provided no indebteilness exists and due notice of such proposed dissolution shall hjive been given. Board of county commissioners, on the recommendation of the deputy superin- tendent, without formal petition, may enlarge districts to include five census children and to consolidate two or more districts; in such consolidated school deputy superintendent shall appoint trustees and determine location of schoolhouses. State superintendent shall semiannually set aside from the State fund before apportioning the same an emergency fund of $3,000, which shall be distributed, as far as needed, to those districts formed after the regular apportionment of State fund, and shall be apportioned to such dis- tricts on the basis of one teacher to every 50 census children or fraction thereof, and not more than $250 to any one teacher; such emergency fund shall be used only for teachers' salaries; only one apportionment shall be made to the same district; orders on emergency fund shall be approved by State board of education. County commissioners may transfer from the county general fund to the county school fund of any district in such county such sum of money as may be deemed necessary in addition to that provided by law. New Hampshire: Each town shall constitute a single district for school pur- poses, but districts organized by special acts of legislature may retain present organization ; " town " shall be held to mean district ; districts shall be corporations. Each district may determine upon what terms nonresident pupils may be admitted into its schools. Every district situate in two or more towns shall receive its proportion of all school funds from such towns. Any special school district may be dissolved by a majority vote of electors present and voting at a legal meeting and be united with the town district; own district shall take possession of school property of dissolved district and shall levy a tax on town district to pay for same; if dissolved district is formed of parts of two oi* more towns, an equitable apportionment of its assets and liabilities shall be made by a joint board of selectmen of towns affected; in case joint board makes no apportionment within 60 days, any A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 233 taxpayer within district may petition a judge of supreme court to appoint a referee for sucli purpose. The corporate powers of a district shall con- tinue for purpose of setting up its affairs and of holding, managing, and enjoying any property held by it in trust, notwithstanding its dissolution, but school board of town district shall act as agent in expending income of such trust property devoted to support of public schools; such trust income shall be used only to supplement the regular school funds; any justice of the peace may, upon application of three or more voters of dis- solved district, call a meeting thereof for transacting business in connec- tion with trust funds. If any special district shall vote to unite with town, and town shall vote to receive such district, the town shall support within such special district a high school of not less than 34 weeks per year if such special district has maintained a high school for the five years preced- ing; said high school shall be open to all qualified scholars of town. When it is desired to sever a part of any town therefrom and annex it to another town, any person interested may present a petition to the selectmen of the towns affected; to transfer such territory a majority of each board of selectmen shall vote therefor; upon proper proceedings such territory may be restored to town or district from which severed; annexation of territory under this act shall have same force and validity as if made by a special act of the legislature. Upon petition to selectmen of a town, and due notice given, parts of any district may be added to another district in same town upon majority vote of selectmen and of each of school boards interested. Any offender against such by-laws may be sentenced to pay a fine and to be committed to the industrial school; court or justice may remit such fine when offender is unable to pay it and may discharge him from industrial school if he has been committed there for nonpayment thereof; any such offender may give bond in sum of $25, conditioned to attend regularly some school in district and comply with regulations thereof, whereupon fine may be remitted. Any school district may, by vote or by law, establish and maintain a high school in which higher English branches and the Latin, Greek, and modern languages may be taught. Two or more adjoining dis- tricts in the same or different towns may jointly establish and maintain a high or other public school. Upon petition of 5 per cent of voters of any • city or town having more than 5,000 inhabitants, there shall be established and maintained therein evening schools for persons over 14 years of age; school board shall also superintend evening schools. Towns may establish, equip, and maintain public playgrounds. See also B (a). General State finance and support; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; N (a). High schools. New Jersey: School districts. — Each township, city, incorporated town, and borough shall be a separate school district. When a new district is created the board of such district in its corporate capacity shall become vested with title to all school property therein, shall assume indebtedness on such property, and shall receive proportionate share of assets of old dis- trict; whenever a municipality or part thereof shall be annexed to another municipality, indebtedness on school property situated in such transferr^ territory shall be assumed by municipality acquiring such territory. State appropriation and State school tax shall not be apportioned to any district which has not maintained a public school for at least nine months during preceding year, but commissioner of education may, for good cause, remit said penalty. 234 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Townships, incorporated towns, and boroughs. — Board of education in each township, incorporated town, and borough school district shall consist of nine members, except as hereinafter provided, three members to be chosen at each annual school meeting, to serve three years. If said board shall deem it for the best interests of the schools that number of board members be decreased, district clerk shall, when directed by said board, insert notice to such effect in call for annual meeting ; number of members may be reduced to five or three by vote of such meeting. Every male citizen of the United States having qualifications required for electors for the legislature shall be eligible to vote at school elections ; every female citizen of United States of age of 21 years or over possessing qualifications respecting residence required of male voters shall be eligible to vote at school elections on all questions except for members of board of education. A member of a board of education shall have been a citizen and resident of the district for at least three years immediately preceding his or her election, shall be able to read and write, and shall not be interested in any contract with nor claim against said board. Each board of education shall be a body corporate. The president or vice president of any such board who refuses to perform any duty imposed by law may be removed by a majority vote of all members of the board. Powers of board of education: To fill any vacancy in such board until next election ; employ and fix salaries of principals, teachers, janitors, mechanics, and labor- ers; make by-laws not inconsistent with provisions of law; purchase, sell, and improve school grounds and erect, lease, enlarge, improve, repair, or furnish school buildings, and borrow money therefor ; but any such act must be authorized by a vote of legal voters of district; take and condemn prop- erty for school purposes when authorized by vote of the district ; insure school property and hold property in trust for benefit of schools; enforce rules of , State board of education ; select textbooks ; in connection with county super- intendent, prescribe course of study; suspend or expel pupils from school; provide textbooks and supplies; call meetings of voters when interests of schools shall demand ; permit use of school property for educational meetings, public-library purposes, holding elections, and for social, civil, and recrea- tional purposes; make annual report to county superintendent. Said board may appoint and fix salary of a supervising principal, but such appointee shall hold either a State or first-grade county certificate ; no such appointment shall be made until authorized by county superintendent and approved by commissioner of education and State board of education ; salary of such super- visor shall be at least $1,000 per year; boards of education of two or more districts may unite in employing such supervisor. No teacher shall be appointed, dismissed, or transferred, nor amount of his salary fixed, and no school term shall be determined, nor course of study adopted or altered, nor textbooks adopted, except by majority vote of whole number of members of such board. Said board shall meet at least once in two months. Said board shall, by a majority vote of entire membership, appoint a district clerk, who may be a member of said board, and shall fix his salary. Such clerk shall execute a bond as required by board ; shall keep a record of business of said board. Any board member who shall fail to attend three consecutive ' meetings may be removed by said board. Boards of education in each county shall meet semiannually at places and times designated by county superin- tendent. The legal voters of each township, incorporated town, or borough may, by vote of majority of those present, raise by a special district tax money for school purposes. Legal voters of any incorporated school district may, at any annual meeting or special meeting called for such purpose, by vote A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 235 of majority of ballots cast, issue bonds to acquire land, erect or alter school buildings, and equip the same ; such bonds shall not run longer than 30 years, shall bear interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum, and must be sold not below par; voters may vote to renew such bonds; such bonds shall be a lien on the real estate situated in said district and the personal estates of inhabitants thereof, as well as the property of said district; a tax shall be levied to pay interest on such bonds and to redeem bonds as they mature; district clerk shall make annual report to commissioner of education relative to interest-bearing debt of such district; any notes lawfully issued by any board of education may be redeemed by issuance of bonds when such action is lawfully authorized. Two districts may consolidate by a majority vote of each district; board of education of each such district shall elect four of its members to serve on board of consolidated district, and the ninth member shall be chosen from the district employing the greater number of teachers; if board of any district so uniting with another district shall have only three board members, entire board shall be a part of board of consolidated dis- trict ; board of consolidated district shall be a corporate body. City districts. — In every city school district, except where the electors have voted otherwise as provided by law, and in every township, incorporated town, or borough school district accepting the provisions of this article, the board of education shall be appointed by the mayor or other chief executive officer; said board shaU consist of five members, except in districts contain- ing 45,000 inhabitants or upward, in which case board shall consist of nine members; in the case of boards of five members, one member shall be ap- pointed each year to serve five years, and in the case of nine members, three members shall be appointed each year to serve three years; a member of any such board shall have been a resident of district for at least three years immediately preceding appointment, and shall be able to read and write; any such member may, for failure to attend three consecutive meetings of board without good cause, be removed ; board members shall receive no com- pensation for their services; such board shall be a corporate body. Saidi board may condemn property for school purposes ; shall be vested with school property; shall have control of schools; and may appoint and fix salaries of a superintendent of schools, officers, and other employees, and shall make necessary rules; shall advertise for proposals for furnishing supplies and erecting or repairing school buildings, but supplies amounting to less than $250 and repairs amounting to less than $500 may be contracted for without so advertising; textbooks and kindergarten supplies may be purchased with- out so advertising; such board shall annually publish report relative to schools ; such board may borrow money not exceeding one-half of appropria- tion, and may issue notes for the same, notes to bear not exceeding 6 per cent interest. Secretary of such board shall keep record of business of the board; shall make monthly reports to the board. Superintendent of schools shall be appointed by a majority vote of all members of board ; shall receive salary as fixed by board; may be removed by majority vote of all members of board; shall have a seat in said board and right to speak on all educa- tional matters, but shall not have right to vote. Said board may, on nomina- tion of said superintendent, appoint assistant superintendents and fix their salaries. Duties of supervntendent of schools: To have general supervision over schools ; may appoint clerks in his office, but number of clerks and their salaries shall be fixed by board; make annual report to commissioner of education. No principal or teacher shall be appointed, transferred, or dis- missed, nor amount of his or her salary fixed, and no school term shall be 236 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. determined, nor shall any course of study be adopted or altered, nor text- books selected, except by majority vote of whole membership of board. Superintendent of schools may, with approval of president of board, suspend any assistant superintendent, principal, or teacher, but such suspension shall be reported to board for final disposition. Said board may appoint and fix salary of a business manager, who shall have a seat in said board but shall have no vote. Said business manager shall have charge and care of school buildings and other school property; shall cause plans and specifications of buildings to be drawn, same to be approved by board; shall supervise con- struction and repair of school buildings. In every city school district the board of education shall appoint two of its members and the common council or other like body shall appoint two of its members, and the four i)ersons so appointed, together with mayor of city, shall constitute board of estimate; secretary of board of education shall be secretary of board of estimate ; board of estimate shall annually make estimate of moneys required for school purposes; common council or other like body shall levy required amounts, but such levy in excess of three-fourths of 1 per cent shall not be made ex- cept with consent of said common council or like body ; these provisions shall not set aside restrictions placed on any city by its charter. When lands or buildings are needed for school purposes, board of education shall certify such needs to board of estimate ; board of estimate shall in turn certify such needs to the common council or other like body, who shall levy and collect necessary amount; money may be borrowed for such purposes and bonds issued therefor, bonds to run not exceeding 50 years and to bear interest not to exceed 5 per cent per year ; bonds shall be sold for not less than par ; such city shall levy a tax to pay such interest and to create a sinking fund for redemption of bonds; such bonds shall not exceed in amount 3 per cent of taxable property of such city, except with consent of common council or other like body, whereupon such maximum amount may be increased to 5 per cent of such property ; these provisions shall not remove any restrictions imposed upon any city by its charter. Whenever any township shall have accepted the provisions of this article the township committee shall be deemed to be a body to make appropriations of money raised by taxes, and the chairman of such committee shall be the executive ofllcer of the town- ship ; moneys raised by township for purposes herein provided shall not exceed three-fourths of 1 per cent, except with consent of such committee; money may be borrowed by such township and bonds issued therefor ; bonds shall run for no longer than 50 years, shall bear interest not to exceed 5 per cent per annum, and shall be sold not below par; a tax shall be levied to pay interest on bonds and to redeem such bonds. In every incorporated town school district having population of 10,000 or more which has not adopted provisions of this article, the mayor or other chief executive officer shall appoint a board of education of five members; one member appointed each year, to serve five years. See also S (b). Public-school libraries. New Mexico: Each school district shall be a body corporate. When a new district shall be formed in any county, the county superintendent shall, within 15 days thereafter, post a notice of the fact and call a meeting within such district for the election of school officers ; in case such officers are not elected, county superintendent shall appoint the same. The words "district" or " school district " shall include cities, towns, and villages, and districts out- side of such municipalities. The boundary lines of all districts shall be located A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 237 by the county surveyor of each county at the request of the county superin- tendent. Any district may tal^e and hold in its corporate name so much real estate as may be necessary for the location and construction of a schoolhouse, but such land when taken without the consent of the owner shall not exceed 1 acre ; such site must be situated on some public thoroughfare. Whenever it is desired to form a new district, a petition and statement of facts signed by a majority of the legal electors residing within the proposed district shall be presented to the county superintendent; said petition shall accurately describe the boundaries of such proposed district, and shall contain names and ages of school children residing therein. No district shall be created or divided unless there be at least 25 school children in the new district and at least 25 school children remaining in the district or each of the districts from which such district is taken, but a school board may maintain more than one school in its district. Upon receipt of such petition and statement by the county superintendent, he shall create such new district, and shall appoint three persons as a board of directors, who shall serve until next regular election. After dis- charging the indebtedness of old district that is chargeable to common-school fund, if any balance remains the county superintendent shall divide the same between the old district and the new in proportion to school children In each ; all other resources shall be divided by the county superintendent and county commissioners between the old district and the new in proportion to the assessed taxable property in each. County superintendent shall consolidate districts on the presentation of separate petitions signed by the majority of the electors residing in the respective districts affected; he shall also attach territory to a district on the presentation of separate petitions signed by the majority of electors residing in the districts affected. The territory of no dis- trict shall be so reduced as to make its bonded indebtedness exceed 4 per cent of its assessed valuation. Whenever the number of school children in a dis- trict has been reduced below 15 from causes over which the county superin- tendent has no control, and such conditions seem likely to remain permanent, said superintendent may disorganize such district and attach the territory to the district or districts adjacent thereto; such disorganized district shall remain responsible for any bonded indebtedness which it may have incurred. Appeal may be made from the decision of the county superintendent concern- ing the organization, disorganization, or change of any boundary line of a district to the board of county commissioners, and the decision of said board shall be final. The boundary lines and corners of all school districts shall be accurately located by the county surveyor, the cost of such proceedings to be paid by the county at no more than $50 per school district See also C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. New York: School districts. — ^All school districts formed by special laws or by general provisions are hereby continued. A district superintendent may organize a new school district out of territory of one or more districts in his supervisory district ; any outstanding indebtedness against any district so altered shall remain a charge against the territory which composed such district regardless of such change. The district superintendents of any two or more adjoining supervisory districts may form joint districts out of ad- joining parts of such supervisory districts. School districts shall be properly recorded and numbered. With the written consent of trustees, or of boards of education and trustees, the district superintendent may alter the boundaries of such districts. If trustees of any district affected refuse to consent to 238 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. alteration of boundary lines, the district superintendent may file with the town clerk his order making such alteration and shall hear objections to such alteration; the trustees of any district affected may request the supervisor and town clerk of the territory affected to be associated with the district superintendent ; appeal may be taken from decision of district superintendent and his associates. Joint districts may be altered or dissolved by vote of dis- trict superintendents having control of same. A district superintendent may, with consent of trustees of districts affected, dissolve one or more common- school districts and add their territory to that of a union free district if such union district is not coterminous with an incorporated village or city; may, with consent of boards of education of districts affected, dissolve a union free district and add its territory to that of an adjoining union free district ; may dissolve one or more districts and form a new district of their territory. Two or more common-school districts may be consolidated, or two or more union free districts may be consolidated, or common and union free dis- tricts may be consolidated, by a vote of the electors of districts affected ; such vote shall be taken after due notice and upon petition by two-thirds of voters of each district affected if such district shall contain fewer than 15 voters, and if it shall contain 15 or more voters, by petition of 10 or more such voters ; the district superintendent shall, when districts are consolidated, issue an order to that effect. A consolidated district shall receive the full quotas of public funds of the districts composing such consolidated districts just as though consolidation had not been effected ; such funds may be applied to payment of transportation of pupils, salaries of teachers, and maintenance of school. When any district is dissolved and annexed to adjoining districts or consolidated with one or more districts, the bonded indebtedness of such district shall become a charge against the enlarged district ; a tax shall be levied by such enlarged district to pay such bonds and interest thereon as same shall become due. Any dissolved district shall continue to exist in law for pur- pose of paying its just debts; records of dissolved districts shall be pre- served in the office of town clerks. When two or more districts shall be consolidated, the new district shall possess all property rights of annulled districts. When a district is divided into portions, which are annexed to other districts, the property of such district, after debts are paid, shall be divided among the taxpayers of such district in the ratio of their assess- ment; any school funds of such district shall be divided equitably among the districts containing the parts of such divided district. Upon the written request of 15 voters of any school district, the question of creating such dis- trict a union free district shall, upon due notice, be submitted to the voters of such district. Upon the petition of 15 voters of each of two or more ad- joining districts, the question of uniting such districts into a union free dis- trict shall be submitted, upon due notice, to the voters of such districts. Upon petition of at least 15 resident taxpayers of a union free district, such district having been established one year or more, the question of dissolution of such district and reorganization as one or more common-school districts shall be submitted to voters of such union district; if such dissolved union district shall have been formed by consolidation of two or more districts, the district superintendent may order the reestablishment of such districts; the property of such dissolved union district shall be equitably divided among districts resulting from such dissolution ; if the district superintendent shall not approve the proceedings in the dissolution of any union district, or other meeting shall be held for the purpose within three years from time of first meeting; said district superintendent shall, when he approves dissolution of such union free district, certify same to union district board of education, A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 239 who shall report same to commissioner of education. The property of every school district shall be exempt from taxation. Temporary school districts may be established outside of cities and union free districts for purpose of maintaining schools in camps and other places of temporary habitation; such temporary districts shall be established by the district superintendent of the supervisory district in which such camps or other places of temporary habitation are located ; the district quota for such district shall be $125; such money shall be used for teachers' salaries; each such district shall have a trustee appointed by the district superintendent, and such trustee shall appoint a district clerli and treasurer ; treasurer shall give bond ; schools in such districts shall be under supervision of the district superintendent, subject to rules and regulations of commissioner of educa- tion ; trustee shall employ teachers for schools of such district ; cost of main- taining schools in temporary districts, exclusive of public-schoQl moneys, shall be met by State appropriation where such camps exist for State public works, but such additional cost shall be met by the municipality where such camp exists for municipal public works. Commissioner of education shall make regulations for schools in temporary districts. Rural schools. — Commissioner of education may lay out in any territory, exclusive of a city, school districts convenient for attendance of pupils and of suitable size to be known as central rural school districts; instruction in schools of such districts shall be similar to that given in common schools and In high schools, including agriculture. Whenever 15 residents who are tax- payers shall petition, an election shall be held for purpose of determining the question of a central school ; such central districts shall have the customary district officers. Central districts shall have same powers and be subject to same limitations as union free districts. The central district shall receive from the State the amount of money on basis of attendance paid to common- school districts included therein. The commissioner of education may require transportation of children in such central districts, the same to be a charge against the district. Each district superintendent of a district adjoining any other State may, with approval of commissioner of education, set off by itself any neighborhood adjoining such State where it shall be more convenient to send children to school in such adjoining State. Contracts. — ^Any school district may by a majority vote of voters present and voting at any district meeting (1) contract for education of all its children in another district or city instead of maintaining a home school, or (2) contract for education of part of such children in some other district and maintain a home school. Any district so contracting to send all of its school children to another district (school to continue at least 160 days) shall receive apportionment of one district quota; if sending at least 12 children to another district and maintaining a home school, one teacher's quota in addition to district quota ; no district operating under contract system shall receive a greater apportionment than will pay total expense of tuition and transportation. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; C (a), Local finance and support, general; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; G (c). County and local normal school. North Carolina. See A (el), County . boards ; A (d), District boards and officers; C (a), Local finance and support, general. North Dakota: Common-school districts. — Each school district shall be a public corporation. Unorganized territory shall be organized into a school district by 240 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county commissioners on petition of one-third of the residents of such terri- tory having care of one or more children of school age, but such district shall consist of not less than one congressional township and shall have at least $12,000 of taxable property and at least 10 children of school age. If a por- tion of a school district having not more than 10 children of school age is separated from another portion by natural obstacles, county commissioners may annex such portion to an adjoining district ; whenever portions of a dis- trict lie in two or more civil townships, there may be created therefrom two or more school districts, following the boundary lines of congressional town- ships or lines of Government survey. If a town or village not organized as a special district is divided by a township line or county line, such town or village may be incorporated in a single district. In any county, if a town- ship having less than 15 persons of school age, by reason of irregular bound- ary lines, coijtains less than 12 square miles, it shall constitute a portion of an adjacent district. County commissioners and county superintendent may change boundaries of any district or consolidated districts if petitioned by a majority of voters. County commissioners and superintendent may organize a new district when petitioned by a majority of voters of districts affected and by three-fourths of voters in territory to be organized, but such new dis- trict must have at least $20,000 of taxable property and contain at least 12 children of school age. When a district is proposed to be organized or changed county superintendent shall give 30 days' notice before action is taken on the same. When a district lies in two or more counties action taken thereon shall be concurrent action of commissioners of counties affected. Independent districts. — Whehever one-eighth of the legal voters of any city organized for school purposes shall petition the mayor and council, said mayor and council shall submit to the legal voters of such city the question of constituting an independent district; a majority of votes cast shall determine. Board of education shall consist of one member from each ward and one additional member from the city at large when the number of wards is even or two additional members when the number of wards is odd; term, three years; overlapping tenure. Board shall be a body corporate; shall have control of school property and the public schools; members shall receive no compensation. Regular monthly meetings shall be held; special meetings may be called. Duties of hoard: To maintain necessary schools; provide books for indigent pupils, supplies, and fuel; see that ordinances of the city council relating to school property are observed; employ and pay a superintendent and teachers for terms not exceeding three years ; make rules and regulations for the government and instruction of pupils ; suggest to city council ordinances and regulations for the protection of school property; certify rate of district tax to county auditor; determine how many bonds shall be issued. Board shall levy a tax for sites, buildings, furniture, sup- plies, apparatus, janitors' wages, expenses of board, and teachers' salaries. Board may admit nonresident pupils and fix terms of admission. The amount of tax for teachers' salaries and contingent expenses shall be only such as is necessary to supplement State and county funds ; amount for sites and build- ings shall not exceed 20 mills on the dollar in any one year. Board may issue bonds not to exceed in amount, including other indebtedness, 5 per cent of property valuation, to bear not exceeding 5 per cent interest, and to run not exceeding 25 years. Board shall elect a secretary, who may or may not be a member of board ; city treasurer shall be school district treasurer. Any sink- ing fund may be invested in State bonds or United States bonds, deposited in an approved bank, or used to buy and cancel outstanding bonds. Person elected member of board of education shall forfeit $50 on refusing to serve. A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 241 Special districts. — ^Auy city or incorporated or plotted town oi^ village may be constituted a special school district ; ^ny city already organized for school purposes by special act nuiy by majority vote of electors accept the provisions of this article-; any such city, town, or village may alone constitute a special district or may include contiguous territory; in case contiguous territory is included, on petition of a majority of voters in such district, county superin- tendent shall call an election in territory proposed to be organized ; if proposal carries in both the city, town, or village and the territory outside thereof, the special district shall be constituted and county superintendent shall call an election for the choice of officers of such special district. Petition shall set forth the manner and terms of the division of property and indebtedness between proposed new si>ecial district and the remainder of the old district from which a part is to be taken, and when special district is formed division shall be made accordingly ; taxes shall be levied to pay bonded indebtedness. Board of education of a special district already organized may annex adja- cent territory on application a majority of the voters of said territory, or on application of two-thirds of such voters, if territory is more than 3 miles from the central school of special district; territory belonging to a special district and more than 3 miles from the central school thereof may be de- tached therefrom by county commissioners on petition of three-fourths of the voters residing therein. Each special district shall be a body corporate; school property of the district shall be vested in the board of education. When a petition signed by one-third of the voters of a city, incorporated or plotted town or village, or school district containing the same is presented to the council, commission, or board of trustees asking that the same be organized as a special school district, said civil authority shall order an election to determine the question; majority of votes cast shall determine. Board of education, five members ; term, three years, one or two as the case requires being elected each year ; compensation, $1.50 each for each meeting attended, but for not more than one meeting in each month. At the annual meeting in July a president shall be elected; also, a clerk not a member of the board. Powers and duties of hoard: To establish and maintain graded common schools for not less than 7 nor more than 10 months; establish high schools and such other schools as it may deem expedient ; provide school sites and buildings; provide apparatus, textbooks for pupils, furniture, ap- pendages, and fuel; have control of school proi)erty; employ teachers and dismiss them for cause ; employ, in its discretion, a superintendent of schools for not exceeding three years ; prescribe rules and regulations for the govern- ment and instruction of pupils; visit individually each school at least twice a year; make annual report; admit, in its discretion, nonresident pupils and fix their tuition fees; cause to be made annually an enumeration of children of school age. If boundaries of city, town, or village are same as boundaries of district, city treasurer shall be treasurer of board of educa- tion, otherwise a treasurer shall be elected by school district. Board of education shall annually determine the amount of school tax to be levied, not exceeding 30 mills on the dollar, and county auditor shall levy the same. A special district may become a part of the common-school district in which it is situated by a majority vote of the city, town, or village and of the common-school district. Board of education shall be elected from the district at large; a vacancy shall be filled by the board until next annual district meeting. A special district may issue bonds for the purpose of providing sites and buildings or funding outstanding indebtedness: such bonds shall bear not exceeding 5 per cent interest and shall not be sold below par ; a majority of 3960°— 15 10 242 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. votes cast at an election shall determine whether bonds shall be issued. Amount of bonds shall not exceed 5 per cent of property valuation of the district, including other debts. Board shall levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund; sinking fund may be invested in State or United States bonds, deposited in an approved bank, used to purchase the bonds of the district, or invested in first mortgages on farm lands in the State. Board may by a two-thirds vote issue bonds to refund outstanding bonds. See also B (a), General State finance and support. Ohio: Classification. — School districts shall be styled, respectively, city school districts, village school districts, rural school districts, and county school districts. Each city, together with territory attached to it for school pur- poses, and excluding territory within its corporate limits detached for school purposes, shall constitute a city school district. Each village, together with territory attached to it for school purposes, and excluding the territory within its corporate limits detached for school purposes, and having in district thus formed not less than $500,000 tax valuation, shall constitute a village school district ; if a village shall have a tax valuation of less than $500,000, the same shall not constitute a village school district, but the proposition to create such territory a village school district may be submitted to the electors of such territory upon the petition of 25 per cent of electors thereof to the board of education ; a village district containing less than 1,500 population may vote to dissolve and join any contiguous rural district upon the petition of 25 per cent of electors thereof to village board or on motion of village board without such petition, when approved by the county board ; the property of such dissolved district shall become vested in the board of education of rural district to which attached. Each county, exclusive of city districts and certain village districts and territory detached for school purposes, and including the territory attached to it for school purposes, shall constitute a county district; any village or rural district situated in more than one county shall become a part of the county school district in which the greatest part of the territory of such district is situated. The territory within a city, village, or rural district shall be contiguous, except where an island or islands form an integral part of the district. Upon the creation of a village, it shall thereby become a village school district, and the territory of the rural district originally containing such village, outside of said village, shall be attached to said village for school purposes, if such territory to be attached has an area less than 16 square miles. The board of education of any village district containing a village of 3,000 or more inhabitants may by a majority vote of the full membership thereof vote not to become a part of the county district; such village district shall be exempt from the supervision of the county school board. The board of education of a village district shall upon the petition of 100 or more electors of such district, or upon its own motion, may at any time have a census taken of population of such district; said census shall be taken by a person or persons appointed by the board, and such person or persons shall take oath ; census returns shall be made to clerk of board and the county auditor and superintendent of public instruction; if census shows population of 3,000 or more, and is approved by said superin- tendent, such district shall be exempt from supervision of the county board. Village districts which are exempted from supervision of county board are rendered ineligible to receive State aid for purposes of supervision, teachers' training courses, and for grading schools. The provisions of the law relating to settling the obligations of a village that has surrendered its corporate powers shall also apply to such village school district and board of education A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 243 thereof. When territory is annexed to a city or village, such territory thereby becomes a part of the city or village school district. When territory located within the corporate limits of a village is attached for school purposes to a district other than the village school district and the boards of education are unable to agree as to the transfer of such territory, the board of education of the village district may file a petition in the probate court for a settle- ment. Part of any county school district may be transferred to any adjoining county school district or city or village school districts by the mutual con- sent of the boards of education of districts affected ; to make such transfer the majority of each board shall pass a resolution to that effect. When territory is transferred from one school district to another an equitable division of funds and indebtedness shall be made by the probate court. Schools mid attendance. — Each school board shall establish a sufficient number of elementary schools to provide free education of youth of school age within the district under its control at such places as will be most convenient for attendance of the largest number thereof; every elementary day school shall continue not less than 32 nor more than 40 weeks in each school year. The school board in any city district may establish special elementary schools for school children afflicted with tuberculosis and may pay the transportation of such children to and from school out of school funds. Boards shall pre- scribe course of study, subject to approval of State superintendent of public instruction, in the following branches : Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English language, English grammar and composition, geography, histoiy of the United States (including civil government), physiology and hygiene; in- struction may be given in vocal music, drawing, elementary algebra, elements of agriculture, and other branches. The school board in any city district may establish and maintain a normal school, and also may establish and maintain summer or vacation schools, school gardens, and playgrounds. A high school is one of higher grade than an elementary school, in which instruction is given in the history of the United States and other countries, composition, rhetoric, English and American literature, algebra and geometry, natural science, political or natural science, ancient or modern foreign lan- guages, or both, commercial and industrial branches, or such of the branches named as the length of its curriculum makes possible, and such additional branches as board may determine. High schools shall be classified as schools of the first, second, and third grades ; high school of first grade shall be one covering period of not less than four years, of not less than 32 weeks each, in which not less than 16 courses shall be required for graduation ; second grade, not less than three years, of not less than 32 weeks each, 12 courses for grad- uation ; third grade, two years, of not less than 28 weeks each, 8 courses for graduation; a course of study shall consist of not less than four recitations per week throughout school year. School boards which maintain first-grade high schools in village or rural districts may establish normal departments in such schools for the training of teachers for village and rural schools; not more than three such normal schools shall be established in any one county school district, and not more than one such department shall be maintained in any village or rural district; at least one such school in each county shall be located in a rural district or in a village with less than 1,500 population, and not more than one such school shall be located in a village having a popula- tion of 1,500 or more; schools desiring such a department shall make applica- tion to the State superintendent, 'who shall designate schools to maintain such departments. Each high-school normal department shall offer at least a one- year course for training teachers; entrance requirements shall be fixed by State superintendent ; such departments shall not offer summer courses unless 244 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. practice departments are maintained in connection therewith; each normal department shall employ a director and such other instructors as the State superintendent may prescribe, to be employed on nomination of county super- intendent ; no director or instructor in such department shall be paid less than $75 per month; each normal department may maintain a practice division; each approved normal department shall receive an amount from the State, not to exceed $1,000 per year, for maintaining such department. There shall be established in the college of education of the Ohio State Uni- versity, and in each of the normal schools and colleges vrhich are maintained wholly or in part by State funds, a department of efficiency tests and survey; such departments at request of State superintendent shall assist him in work- ing out efficiency methods in school administration and in conducting coopera- tive school surveys. Each of the State normal schools, located at Athens, Oxford, Bowling Green, and Kent, may arrange with school boards of not more than six •noncentralized rural districts to maintain model one-room schools therein ; each normal school complying with this provision shall, sub- ject to approval of State superintendent, receive from the State $500 per year. Public schools of less grade than high schools shall be denominated as ele- mentary schools; course of study shall consist of not less than four recita- tions per week for entire school year. Every one-room school in any rural school district where school buildings are kept clean and in proper repair, yard clean, and separate screened privies maintained for each sex, shall be a rural elementary school of second grade. Each one-room rural school which shall fulfill following requirements shall be of first grade: Clean buildings and yards ; building in good repair ; separate screened privies for each sex or inside toilets ; maps of Ohio and United States ; library of at least 50 volumes ; 100 square feet of slate or composition blackboard, lower margin of not less than 12 lineal feet of which board shall be within 2 feet of floor; a system of heating, with ventilation — minimum, a jacketed stove; buildings hereafter constructed to have at least 1 acre of land for play; teacher with at least a three-year certificate ; agricultural apparatus worth at least $15. Each village or rural consolidated school with following requirements shall be deemed sec- ond grade: Clean building and yard; building in good repair; separate screened privies for each sex, or inside toilets; library of not less than 100 volumes; 100 square feet of slate or composition blackboard, lower margin of not less than 12 lineal feet of which board shall be within 2 feet of the floor: system of heating, with ventilation — ^minimum, a jacketed stove; buildings hereafter constructed to have at least 2 acres of land for play and agricul- tural experiment; at least two rooms and two teachers on full time, one of whom must have at least a three-year certificate-; one teacher to be employed 10 months each year, giving part time to agriculture or domestic science, or both; agricultural apparatus to value of at least $25; a case of not less than six maps, including a map of Ohio. To be of first grade, consolidated village or rural school shall have clean building and yard ; building in good repair ; separate screened privies for each sex, or inside toilets; a case of not less than six maps, including a map of Ohio ; library of not less than 150 volumes ; 100 square feet of slate or composition blackboard, the lower margin of not less than 12 lineal feet of which board shall be within 2 feet of floor ; a sys- tem of heating, with ventilation — minimum, a jacketed stove ; buildings here- after constructed to have at least 3 acres of land in connection, one for agri- culture and school-garden purposes; three rooms and three or more teachers on full time, one teacher to have at least a three-year certificate; a course in domestic science; two teachers to be employed 10 months each each ye.M*, one teaching agriculture during term and part of vacation, the other to teach do- A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 245 mestic science for same time ; agricultural and domestic-science apparatus to value of at least $100. Each district in which such schools are located shall receive for first-grade one-room rural school $25 per year special State aid; a second-grade consolidated school, $50; a first-grade consolidated school, $100; if appropriation be insufficient to meet these payments amount shall be prorated ; to receive such aid the district shall apply to county superintendent, who shall, if he approves application after inspection of school, certify same to State superintendent. Graduates of first-grade one-room schools and con- solidated schools shall be admitted after September 1, 1915, to any high school without examination. State superintendent shall furnish school boards metal placards indicating grades of such schools. A diploma must be granted by the school board to any person completing the curriculum in any high school ; a certificate shall be issued to each holder of a diploma; a holder of a diploma from a first-grade high school shall be entitled to a certificate of admission, without examination, to any college of the State, when holder thereof has completed college requirements in science and the languages; privately endowed institutions may require a higher standard for entrance than herein is provided; after September 1, 1915, holder of diploma from first-grade high school shall be entitled to admission, without examination, to the academic department of any college or university which is supported wholly or in part by the State. The clerk of school board maintaining a high gchool shall furnish to State superin- tendent facts concerning such high school ; State superintendent shall, upon receipt of such facts, classify such schools; no school shall be considered a high school unless so approved and classified by State superintendent. School board may establish one or more high schools. High schools, when established, shall »ot be discontinued under three years except by three- fourths vote of full membership of board. School boards shall provide sites, buildings, and equipment for such high school; may establish admis- sion requirements for such high schools. The school boards of two or more adjoining districts may, by a majority vote of full membership of each board, unite for high-school purposes; such joint high school shall be under control of a board consisting of two members from each school board creat- ing such joint district; funds for maintenance of joint high school shall be appropriated from the tuition or contingent funds, or both, of each district in proportion to the valuation of property in the respective districts. School board of any district where is located a college or university not conducted for profit may levy a district tax for such institution not in excess of 2 mills per year; in the event such levy is made all holders of diplomas granted by high school of such district shall be entitled to attend such college or uni- versity two years, free of tuition. The school board of any district in which is situated a children's home, orphans' asylum, or county infirmary shall establish separate public schools in such institutions; such schools shall be kept open for same length of time as public schools; if distributive share of public funds is not sufficient for such time, such homes and asylums or the county commissioners shall meet the deficiency ; the board of education of district in which such institution is located shall have charge of schools in such institution; the county commis- sioners shall provide rooms, books, and other supplies for said schools out of funds of such institutions; the school board shall, incur no expense in sup- porting such schools ; teachers employed in such schools must have a teacher's elementary certificate. Upon petition of parents or guardians of not less than 25 school children who are prevented from attending day school, the school board in any district 246 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall organize an evening scbool ; teachers for such schools must hold regu- larly issued teachers' certificates; board may discontinue such school when average attendance falls below 12; any person over 21 years old may be permitted to attend the evening school upon payment of tuition. The schools of each district shall be free to all youth between 6 and 21 years of age resident therein, and to children of same age who are inmates of a chil- dren's home therein ; but any child living apart from his parents or guardians, and who is self-supporting, shall be entitled to attend school in district where working; each board may admit upon such terms as it may prescribe. When a youth of school age or his parent owns property in a school district in which he does not reside, and he attends school in such district, the tax paid on such property shall be credited on his tuition. School boards may assign pupils to such schools in their districts as they may determine. No child shall be suspended from school by a superintendent or teacher except for such time as is necessary to convene the board, nor shall any child be expelled except by a two-thirds vote of board and after the parent or guardian has been given a hearing; no expulsion or suspension shall extend beyond the current school year. The school board may make and enforce rules and regulations for the vaccination of school children. Teachers in the public schools may dismiss their schools, without forfeiture of pay, on January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, Decem- ber 25, and Thanksgiving Day. Arbor Day shall be observed in public schools. School year shall begin on September 1 of each year ; school week shall con- sist of five days ; school month of four school weeks. Powers and duties of school hoard: To manage and control all public schools; appoint school officers and teachers and fix their salaries. Teachers shall be paid for all time schools are closed on account of an epidemic or public calamity. No person shall be appointed teacher for a term longer than four years; teachers in the actual employ of the board shall be considered before new teachers are chosen in their stead. Each and every board of education may appoint at least one school physician; districts may unite and employ such physician; such physician shall hold license to practice in the State; school nurses may be employed by school boards; school board may delegate authority herein provided for to the board of health or health officer ; school physicians may, upon examination of pupils, teachers, or janitors, and upon finding them afflicted with a communicable disease, send them from school, to be returned to school upon recovery. State superintendent and State board of health shall Jointly pass rules for medical inspection of schools. School physicians appointed for one year; salary fixed by school board; no member of school board shall be eligible for school physician. A city school board may elect a director of schools, to serve two years; said director shall have such powers and duties as may be determined by the board; said director shall keep a record of school business and report to board ; director shall receive for services not more than $5,000 per year. By a two-thirds vote the board may, for good cause, discharge the director, but not until he shall have been heard. Board may dismiss any teacher or other employee for cause, but only by a majority of the full board, and only after such teacher or other employee shall have been given a hearing. Each city school board shall appoint a superintendent of schools for a term not longer than five years; such superintendent may appoint, subject to approval by board, all teachers, and may suspend any teacher until board shall consider such suspension ; such board may by a three-fourths vote of full membership reemploy any teacher whom the superintendent refuses to appoint. The board A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 247 of any city district may set aside from tlie contingent fund 5 cents for each child enrolled in the public schools as a service fund for paying expenses of such members incurred in performance of their duties. The school board of each village and rural district shall employ teachers for the district for a term not longer than three years; no such teacher shall be chosen except upon the nomination of the supervision district superintendent except by a major- ity vote. Powers and duties of district superintendent: To visit schools, direct and assist teachers; 'classify and control promotions of pupils; spend not less than three-fourths of working time in actual classroom supervision; report to county superintendent annually; be executive oflficer of all school boards in his district ; teach in teachers' training courses at the request of the county board of education ; assemble teachers for conferences ; recommend textbooks and courses of study. The county superintendent shall cooperate with dis- trict superintendents in holding teachers' meetings ; shall hold monthly meet- ings with district superintendents; shall visit schools, and with advice of district superintendent shall outline schedule of school visitation for teachers of the county school dstrict ; shall have direct supervision over teacher-train- ing courses, and shall personally teach not less than 100 nor more than 200 periods in any one year; make required reports. Any county or district super- intendent who shall become interested financially in any book company shall be removed from oflSce. Teachers must exercise reasonable care in regard to school property, shall strive to guard health of pupils, give sufficient instruc- tion, and maintain good discipline; no teacher shall be required to do janitor work, except as mutually agreed by special contract and for compensation for the same. Any publisher, before offering for adoption or sale any textbook in the State, shall file sample and wholesale price of such book with the State superintendent. A commission consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruction shall fix the maximum price at which textbooks shall be sold, which price must not exceed 75 per cent of the wholesale list price thereof ; upon acceptance of such price by the publisher, a contract may be entered into between the textbook commission and such pub- lisher to offer such book or books for sale for five years; said commission shall annually furnish boards of education names and addresses of such pub- lishers and price lists of books ; if any publisher fails to comply with his con- tract he shall forfeit $500 to the State, to be recovered in an action brought by the attorney general of the State. Each school board, by a majority vote of full membership thereof, shall determine courses of study and adopt text- books for such district, such books to be adopted from the textbook commis- sion's list ; the clerk of the school board shall order textbooks required by such board and pay for same out of contingent funds ; textbooks shall be furnished school children at cost plus 10 per cent for handling same. When pupils move from one district to another the board of education of the district from which they remove, if requested, shall purchase at a fair price any usable textbooks then in the possession of such pupils. No superintendent, supervisor, or prin- cipal shall act as sales agent for any publisher. Physical training shall be included in branches taught in public schools of city districts and in all educational institutions supported wholly or in part by State funds ; normal schools shall give a regular course on physical educa- tion. Any school board may establish and maintain manual training, domestic science, and commercial departments; agriculture, industrial, vocational, and trade schools, nlso kindergartens, in connection with the public-school system, and may pay expenses of same out of public-school funds. Physiology and hygiene, with special attention to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics 248 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOIS. on the human system, in all schools supported wholly or in part by public funds; in all teachers' institutes, normal schools, and teachers' training classes, instruction in best methods of teaching such branch shall be given; no certificates shall be granted to any person to teach in any public school or in any educational institution supported by the State who does not pass exam- ination on such subject; State superintendent shall see that these provisions are enforced, and shall make annual report of such enforcement ; any school official or employee in any way concerned in the enforcement of these pro- visions who willfully refuses or neglects to enforce such provisions shall for- feit $25 to general county-school fund. Boards may provide for teaching the German language in the public schools as an auxiliary to the English lan- guage; all common branches' in the public schools must be taught in the English language. The school board in any village or rural district may suspend any of its schools, and in such village district may provide and in such rural district shall provide transportation for children attending such schools to a public school in the snrne or another district; the boards of all village and rural districts shall provide transportation for pupils who live more than 2 miles from school, and may provide transportation for those living less than 2 miles from school; when local boards refuse or neglect to provide such transportation, the county board of education shall provide the same and the cost thereof shall be charged against the local district. The board of any dis- trict may contract with the board of another district for admission of pupils into any school in such district, on terms agreed on by such boards; expense so incurred shall be paid by the district sending such pupils. Pupils in grades below high school who live more than 1^ miles from the school to which they are assigned, may attend a nearer school in such district or in another district; if such pupils attend school in another district, the district of their residence shall pay their tuition ; when the schools of a dis- trict are centralized or transportation provided, pupils shall attend schools to which assigned; a school averaging less than 12 pupils shall be sus- pended. Each board of education may furnish textbooks free to Indigent children or to all school children, the cost thereof to be paid out of the contingent fund ; such books shall be the property of the district. The high-school tuition of any pupil who resides in a rural district which does not maintain a high school shall be paid by such district ; such tuition shall be computed by the month, and shall not exceed the per capita cost of educating pupils in such high school, such cost to exclude permanent im- provements and repair ; district superintendents shall annually certify names of pupils prepared for high school to the county superintendent, and said county superintendent shall issue certificates of promotion to such pupils; such certificates shall be furnished by the State superintendent. A board of education providing a third-grade high school shall pay tuition of graduates from such school residing in the district at any first-grade high school two years or at a second-grade high school one year; should any student not prefer to attend such third-grade high school, the board shall pay his tuition at any first-gr:ide high school for four years, or at any second-grade high school for three years and a first-grade high school for one year. A board providing a second-grade high school shall pay tuition of its graduates residing in the district at any first-grade high school for one year, except in cases where said boni'fl is levying a maximum school tax and all funds accruing therefrom are necessary for support of schools in such district. Each board shall pay high- A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 249 school tuition of any pupil in its district wbo lives more than 4 miles from the high school of such district when such pupil attends high school in another district, or said board may in lieu thereof iwy transportation of such pupil to the high school in district in which pupil lives. The board of a rural district maintaining ceTitralized elementary schools and providing transportation for pupils, shall also provide transportation for graduates of such schools who attend the high school of such district. A board not main- taining a high school may euter into an agreement with one or more boards maintaining such school for the schooling of its high-school pupils ; such tui- tion shall be paid from either the tuition or contingent funds and board may levy, when necessary, a tax not to exceed 2 mills, in addition to all other school tax, for such purpose. The State superintendent shall appoint two public high-school inspectors, who are connected with no college or university, two such inspectors selected from the faculty of the college of education of Ohio State University, and one such inspector from each of the four State normal schools; inspectors appointed from said institutions shall be nomi- nated by the presidents of such institutions; the tvro inspectors connected with no college or university shall give their entire time to the Inspection of public high schools, and the other inspectors shall devote not more than half of their time to such inspection ; all such inspectors shall meet at the call of the State superintendent for the purpose of conference and direction. The high-school inspectors giving full time shall be paid an annual salary, to be fixed by the State superintendent with consent of the governor, and traveling expenses shall be allowed not to exceed $800 per year for each; half-time inspectors shall receive a compensation, to be determined by the State super- intendent, and each shall receive traveling expenses not to exceed $400 an- nually; said inspectors shall make reports to State superintendent regarding schools inspected, and to institutions which said inspectors represent. Rural schools. — In rural school districts, the board of education shall con- sist of five members elected at large at same time township officers are elected, term four years ; each member of such board, except in such district as contains less than 16 square miles, shall receive as compensation $2 for each regular meeting attended, but for not more than five meetings in any year; such compensation shall be paid from the contingent fund. A rural board may submit the question of centralization, and, upon the petition of not less than one-fourth of electors of such rural district, or upon order of county board of education, must submit such question to electors of the district at a general election or a special election called for the purpose; if election carries, district board shall proceed to centralize schools, and, if necessary, purchase sites and erect buildings thereon; centralization shall not be discontinued within three years, and then only by petition and election. On petition of one-fourth of electors of a rural school district, or by vote of majority of board, said board shall call an election to determine question of dissolving such district ; majority vote shall determine ; property of dissolved district shall vest in district to which annexed; dissolution shall not be complete until debts are provided for. Villages. — In village school districts, school board shall consist of five members elected at large at same time as municipal officers are elected, to serve four years. Electors, residing in territory attached to a village for school purposes, may vote for all school officers and on all school questions in said village. See also A (cl). County boards; A (d). District boards and officers; C (c), Local taxation; H (b), School census. 250 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Oklahoma: Common-school districts. — There shall be taught in every school district: Agriculture, orthography, reading, penmanship, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, geography, United States history and civics, arith- metic, and other branches determined by the State board of education; in- struction in such branches shall be given in the English language. School month shall consist of four weeks of five days each of six hours per day. Every school district shall be a body corporate. When a new district is formed from one or more districts possessing school property, county super- intendent shall make a levy upon district possessing such property an amount suflScient to give new district its share of such property. An annual school meeting of each district shall be held, the clerk to give notice of time and place; special meetings may be called by majority of district board, or by majority of voters of district. All persons, including females, residing in the district and possessing legal qualifications, may vote at any district meeting. School meeting may by Vote select schoolhouse site, not to be over one-half mile from center of district, and to dispose of school property no longer needed. Board of any district may maintain two or more school- houses if determined by a majority of legal voters. Electors of the district may determine .length of school term, which shall not be less than three months; if not so determined, district board shall fix such term. When schoolhouse is of more than $500 value, school site shall not be changed except by vote of at least three-fifths of electors of district The school district may purchase State land for schoolhouse site, the same to contain no more than 4 acres. Upon the petition of one-third of voters of any school district, district board shall call a meeting to relocate the schoolhouse; a two-thirds vote shall be necessary to relocate such schoolhouse. Joint districts. — ^A joint school district may be made of parts of two or more counties upon application by five householders residing in territory affected, to the superintendent of any county affected; superintendents of counties affected may meet and organize such district. Of all matters per- taining to such district, except that of changing the boundaries thereof, which may be appealed to State superintendent, the county superintendent of county containing the largest amount of such district shall have control. Independent districts. — Each city of the first class, and each incorporated town maintaining a four-year high school accredited by State university, shall constitute an independent district. Territory outside the limits of any city or town within an independent district may, upon petition of majority of electors of such territory to county superintendent, be added to or detached from such city or town for school purposes; such territory when so attached shall bear its share of school expense, and shall elect one member of board of education of such independent district ; such territory shall not be detached from any district so as to decrease the assessed valuation of such district by 5 per cent; aggrieved parties may appeal from action of county superin- tendent in changing boundaries herein provided for as in change of bound- aries of other districts. Public schools of each independent district shall be a body corporate, by name of *' board of education." City clerk shall provide a separate ballot box for school elections; school treasurer shall be elected by city at large ; term, two years. Boards of education in cities of first class shall be composed of one member from each ward and attached territory, nominated by wards, but elected biennially at large in two groups in rota- tion, to serve four years; members of board shall not be members of council, and members of council shall not be members of board; board in inde- pendent districts not cities of first class shall consist of three members, A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 251 elected by district at large at same time and in same manner as school-dis- trict officers. Cities of over 50,000 population shall elect two board members from each ward, if number of wards does not exceed five ; elected biennially in two groups in rotation, to serve four years. Board of education may fill any vacancy in that body. Powers of board: To elect its own officers, except the treasurer; to make rules and regulations; organize and maintain a system of graded schools; establish a high school when needed; have sole control over schools and school property of city. Clerk shall keep all accounts; shall give bond in sum of $1,000. Treasurer shall make monthly reports to board, keep financial report, submit books to board for examination when required, and give bond in sum designated by board. Board shall elect superintendent and teachers ; by three-fourths vote superintendent may be elected for period not to exceed three years; superintendent and two other competent persons appointed by board shall compose examining committee which shall pass on credentials of teachers and conduct teachers' examinations. Regular board meetings shall be held monthly; special meetings when required. Board shall make annual report to county superintendent. No expenditure in excess of $200 shall be made without written contract, and no expenditure for buildings or repairs shall be made except upon sealed proposals and to lowest responsible bidder. Board of education of city of first class may, by vote of electors, issue bonds for purchasing school sites, or for erecting or purchasing and equipping school buildings, or both, such bonds to be sold at par, bear no more than 5 per cent interest per year, and to run no longer than 25 years; an annual tax shall be levied to pay interest on such bonds and to create a sinking fund therefor, but bonded indebtedness shall not in the aggregate exceed 5 per cent of valuation of taxable property of such district. All persons, male or female, over age of 21 years, possessing other qualifications required by election law of State, may vote for school officers in cities of the first class. Sinking fund for redemption of bonds shall be invested in Oklahoma or United States bonds, or may be used for redemption of district bonds when such may be purchased at or below par. School fund and property of district is pledged to payment of interest and principal of bonds. Union graded schools. — Tlie inhabitants of two or more districts may unite for purpose of estab^lishing a union graded school in which instruction shall be given in higher branches; to form such union district, one-third of voters of each district affected shall apply to clerks of such districts, who shall call a meeting upon due notice of electors of such districts ; if measure shall carry, * meeting shall elect a director, a clerk, and a member for board of such union district; union district shall receive support from districts composing said union district in proportion to number of pupils attending union graded school from the several districts. Union district may levy taxes for school purposes. Clerk of union district shall report to county superintendent, whereupon county superintendent shall apportion funds to such district from the funds of districts composing the same. Electors of a union district, by a majority vote, may locate schoolhouse in such district. No expenditure over $200 shall be made except by written contract, and no expenditure over $500 for building purposes, except by competitive bids. See also A (c2), County officers; O (c). Local taxation; H (h). Separation of the races. Oregon: School districts. — Classification of districts: First class shall have 1,000 or more children of school age; second class, 200 to 1,000 such children; third class, fewer than 200. The county district boundary board may, on 252 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. petition of three legal voters of a proposed district, establish such district, or, on petition of three interested legal voters, may change or divide a dis- trict; no district shall be formed unless it has 10 or more children of school age and no district having fewer than six children shall continue to be legally organized. After the formation of any district the directors of districts affected shall equitably divide assets and liabilities, and in case of their fail- ure to agree a board of arbitration chosen by directors shall make such division; said board shall consist of three members and the county superin- tendent shall be ex officio a member. All school districts formed by the dis- trict boundary board shall be of contiguous territory. A district may be formed of adjacent territory lying in two or more counties. When a district is formed the qualified electors shall meet and elect a board of directors and a clerk and transact other business of a district. All school districts shall be bodies corporate. Two or more contiguous school districts may be con- solidated at their annual meetings after petition for a vote on the question in each ; such petition shall be signed in first class districts by at least 100 legal voters, in second class at least 50, and in third class at least 5; returns of election shall be forwarded to district boundary board which shall ascer- tain result ; if a majority of votes cast in each district are in favor of con- solidation, boundary board shall consolidate the districts. If consolidated district shall contain enough school population to constitute a district of the first class, five directors shall be elected; term, five years, one retiring each year. If consolidated district is of the second or third class, it shall have three directors; term, three years, one retiring each year. The consolidated district shall be subject to the same laws as other districts, except that for the first five years after consolidation the county superintendent shall appor- tion annually to such district as many times $50 as there were districts con- solidated. Districts shall not be entitled to their proportion of the county school fund unless they report to county superintendent within 15 days after their annual meeting and shall have maintained school at least six months. District boundaries. — The county superintendent and the county court, or the board of commissioners where tliis board is a separate body, shall con- stitute a board for laying off the county in convenient school districts. Said board shall make changes in district boundaries when petitioned to do so. In changing boundaries said board shall keep all the territory of an incor- porated city or village in one district, but territory outside of such incor- porated city or village may be included therewith. Board shall take action when petitioned by three or more legal voters interested in the proposed change. When any district fails to conduct a school according to law for two years, or for soch period does not contain at least six children of school age, said board shall take charge of moneys and school property of such dis- trict for three years, and if such district shall during said three years main- tain a school and contain at least six children of school age, said board shall surrender moneys and property to the directors thereof, otherwise such dis- trict shall be treated as other unorganized territory; in such case the net proceeds of property shall be turned into the county school fund or paid to district or districts to which such disorganized territory may be annexed. On request of the bonrd of directors of any school district said boundary board may take property for school purposes by condemnation proceedings and the cost of such property shall be paid by the district for which it is acquired. Districts of first class. — When the school population of any city or incor- porated town shall exceed 1.000, the district boundary board shall consolidate all districts and parts of districts in said city or town into one district of the A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE units: DISTRICTS, ETC. • 253 first class and the boundaries of such district shall conform to the boundaries of the city or town; when the boundaries of a city or town constituting a district of the first class are changed by law the boundaries of the school district shall be changed accordingly. Board of directors shall consist of five members; term, five years, one being elected each year. Board may elect a clerk, prescribe his duties, and fix his compensation. Duties of hoard: To employ a city superintendent and fix his term and compensation; employ teachers, janitors, etc., and fix their compensation; prescribe courses of study and make rules and regulations; choose textbooks needed in addition to those authorized by the State, and report choice to State board of educa- tion ; provide sites and buildings and furnish the same and sell property not required for school purposes; provide polling places and for the holding of school elections; make annual printed report to taxpayers; fix tuition rates for nonresident pupils ; provide and maintain a continuation evening school. Board may, on petition- of 100 or more legal voters provide that in one or more schools any modern language may be taught. Meetings shall be held as determined by board; majority a quorum. Any qualified voter, male or female, shall be eligible to the oflBce of director. Board may contract in- debtedness of not exceeding $100,000 in the aggregate, but cities of less than 75,000 population may not become indebted in excess of 5 per cent of prop- erty valuation. Board shall advertise for bids on supplies costing in excess of $500. Board shall have entire control of course of study. Laws relating to other districts shall apply to districts of the first class when not in confiict herewith. Districts with 20,000 persons. — The board of directors of every school dis- trict having 20,000 or more persons shall have power to appoint and remove all teachers, ofiicers, agents, and other employees and fix their compensation ; term " teachers " shall include supervisors, principals, and instructors. Teacher shall be probationary during first two years of employment, and may be dismissed at any time for cause or may be dropped at end of the year after two and one-half months' notice. Aftfer two years teachers shall be placed on list of " permanently employed teachers," and shall not be dis- missed except after written notice stating charges and after an opportunity of a hearing with witnesses, attorney, etc., if desired; when it is proposed to drop such a teacher at the end of the year at least two and one-half months' notice shall be given and teacher shall have the right to a hearing ; all com- plaints against such a teacher shall be in writing and open to inspection; testimony at hearings shall be given under oath. All general laws relating to school districts shall apply to districts hereunder, except when in confiict herewith. Districts with 20,000 children. — In every city having 20.000 or more chil- dren of school age the board of directors may establish and maintain ele- mentary, high, manual-training, vocational, trades, and evening schools, and schools for deaf and backward children; may fix days and hours when schools shall be in session; may admit to schools, in addition to those pro- vided for by law, such other persons as they may deem advisable; may pre- scribe textbooks and courses of study, but textbooks adopted shall not be changed within four years. Said board may provide trade schools in in- dustrial arts for dependent girls and may provide for the support, care, and maintenance of such girls for not exceeding two years; any girl between 14 and 18 years old who is ji dependent child within the meaning of the law shall be deemed a dependent girl for the purpose of this act; in cases where hardship may be prevented board may admit girls under 14 and over IS years 254 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. old ; board shall prescribe course of study and rules and regulations for such school. Board shall appoint a committee of not fewer than three nor more than five persons to pass upon the qualifications of applicants for admission to such school, but girls may be admitted by authority of the juvenile court. See also A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools. Pennsylvania: School districts. — Each city, incorporated tovni, borough, or township in the State, now existing or hereafter created, shall constitute a separate school district, and the several districts shall be, and hereby are, divided into four classes, as follows: District having population of 500,000 or more, first class; 30,000 to 500,000, second class; 5,000 to 30,000, third class; less than 5,000, fourth class. The United States census shall be used as population basis; after each United States census the State superintendent of public instruction shall canvass the same as to population of the several districts and shall make such reclassification of said districts as population may warrant; State superintendent shall issue certificates to districts so reclassified. Any changes in a district or its affairs shall take effect at the beginning of the school year following such changes. Where districts are divided or consolidated, a proper adjustment of their assets and liabilities shall be made by the districts resulting from such division or consolidation ; such adjustment shall be made by the boards of school directors of the districts affected ; if boards of directors can not agree upon such adjustment any one of said boards may appeal to court of common pleas, whereupon court shall appoint three disinterested taxpayers, who do not reside in afifected districts, as a committee to adjust said affairs; said committee shall report its findings to court of common pleas; in case objection is made to the decision of said commissioners, court shall settle the matter, its decision being final. In case a district so affected is situated in two or more counties, the court of the county containing the larger portion of such district shall have exclusive jurisdiction. Whenever a new district ip created by the creation of a new city, borough, township, or independent school district, the clerk of court or other proper person shall make a certified copy of decree or order for same and mail it to State superintendent. The majority of the taxable inhabitants of any contiguous territory in any district or districts may present their peti- tion to the court of common pleas of county wherein territory is situated, asking that such territory shall be established as an independent school dis- trict; in case parts of several districts are interested in the creation of an independent district, the petition shall be signed by a majority of taxpayers in each such part interested; court may grant such independent district; in such cases court shall make necessary adjustment of assets and liabilities; new district shall pay court costs incident to its creation. All school dis- tricts shall be and hereby are vested as bodies incorporate; by a majority vote of school directors any district may adopt a seal. Any school district may receive and hold any devise, bequest, grant, endowment, gift, or donation of any property, real, personal, or mixed, made to such district; the same may be properly invested for the use of the district. Joint schools. — Boards of directors of two or more adjoining districts may establish and maintain joint schools of any kind provided in this act; such schools shall be controlled jointly by the districts ; written agreement of terms shall be entered into by districts forming joint districts, and no change in such terms shall be made without the consent of districts entering into said agreement ; the several boards of directors shall meet jointly at least once a year to elect teachers and a treasurer for joint school. Treasurer shall re- A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 255 ceive as compensation no more than 2 per cent of the funds passing through his hands and shall give bond ; the several districts maintaining a joint school may appoint a joint school committee to control the affairs of such school. Districts of first class. — Board of school directors in districts of first class shall be known as " Boards of public education.*' Every school district of first class shall be divided into ward districts, coextensive with municipal wards; in each ward district seven school visitors shall be elected, four and three alternately, for term of four years; every resident of ward of good moral character and 21 years old shall be eligible for position of ward visitor ; ward visitor shall take oath of ofllce ; said visitors shall receive no compensation, but secretary of such board of visitors may be paid a maximum salary of $25 per year; board of visitors shall at least once in every three months inspect elementary schools, making recommendations and reports to board of public education. Board of education shall elect city controller as school controller; controller shall take oath of affirmation, and shall furnish bond to extent of $25,000; said controller shall be paid annual salary of $4,000 out of district school funds; clerks may be employed by the board of education to assist controller, and necessary supplies shall be furnished him ; controller shall approve all school orders on school treasurer ; shall have access to all school records of the district. All contracts made by school district of first class shall state therein on what item in annual estimate of school expenditures the same is based; no contract exceeding item of expenditure on which it is based shall be certified by controller; only so much of a contract extending over one year as shall be due shall be charged by the controller against the item in annual estimate of school expenditures; annual estimate of expenses shall be certified by the secretary of the board to the controller, who shall keep record of same; controller shall charge all orders against the proper items of estimate, and shall not overdraw on any estimate ; controller shall make monthly and annual reports to the board of education ; the annual report of controller may be published by the board. The board of public education shall annually appoint a super- intendent of schools, and may appoint a superintendent of buildings and a superintendent of supplies, and fix their salaries; superintendent of schools may be elected for a term of four years; associate and assistant superin- tendents may be appointed by board upon the nomination of the superintend- ent of schools. Board of education shall prescribe qualifications of prin- cipals and teachers; list of eligible principals and teachers shall be kept by the superintendent of schools; except in the case of certain supervisory positions, or in the transfer from one position to another, no person shall be appointed to a position in the public schools of districts of the first class unless the name of such person shall appear among the three highest on the eligible list. The superintendent of buildings shall be an engineer or archi- tect of good standing in his profession, and shall give needed security for the faithful performance of his duties; said superintendent may appoint assistants as the board may authorize; all plans for construction or repairs must be approved by said superintendent before submission of the same to the board; janitors shall discharge their duties under the direction of said superintendent. Board of school visitors shall have the right to appoint janitors for grammar and elementary schools. Superintendent of buildings may recommend appointment of janitors for other schools. Superintendent of supplies may appoint such assistants as board of education may authorize. The finances of every school district, in every department thereof, together with accounts of school treasurers, school depositories, teachers' retirement 256 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. funds, teachers' institute funds, and ail other funds belonging to or con- trolled by the district, shall be audited as follows: In districts of first class, by school controller; in second and third class, by two school auditors appointed by county court of common pleas; in fourth class, by borough or township auditors. Teachers' institute accounts shall be audited by three auditors, two elected by institute and one by county directors' association for county institutes, and by board of school directors for district Institutes. Accounts of directors' association shall be audited by county auditors or county controller. Auditors shall have power to issue subpoenas and compel I>roduction of all school records ; to administer oaths. See also B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (a), Local finance and support, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; J (b), Medical inspection; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: Every town shall establish and maintain a sufficient number of public schools for at least 30 weeks each year, at convenient places, under control of schcol committee, subject to supervision of commissioner of public schools. Any town may vote, in a meeting held for such purpose, to provide schoolhouses and equipment. Except when otherwise provided in special acts, the school committee of each town shall consist of three or more resi- dents of the town; members of said committee shall be divided into three classes, one class being elected for three years by town at annual meeting; town council shall fill any vacancy until next town meeting. School com- mittee of each town shall elect, prescribe duties of, and fix compensation of the superintendent of public schools of the towTi; two or more school com- mittees may, when aggregate number of schools shall not exceed 60, unite for purpose of employing such superintendent; such union shall not be dis- solved because number of schools shall have increased beyond 60, nor, for any reason, for period of three years from date of formation of such union, except by concurrent votes of committees of majority of towns constituting such union; upon certification to commissioner of public schools, by proper officials, of formation of such union, of salary of superintendent, and of proportionate part of such salary paid by each town, said commissioner shall draw Older on State treasurer in favor of each town for payment of one- half of proportional amount so certified; amount so paid to any union shall not exceed $750 per year. Any town employing a superintendent at annual salary of $1,500 or more, shall receive $750 annually from State as part payment of such salary. Town superintendents must hold a certificate of qualification from State board of education. Town treasurer shall keep account of all school moneys, and pay same out on order of school committee; said treasurer shall make annual report to school committee, and an annual financial report to commissioner of schools. He shall transfer poll taxes and dog taxes to school committee. Town clerk shall distribute school documents and blanks to proper persons. School committee of each town or city shall annually have census of children between ages of 5 and 15 years, inclusive, taken, and pay for such service out of public-school funds. Commissioner of public schools shall furnish census blanks. Any parent or guardian who shall refuse to give census information, or shall knowingly or willfully falsify such information, shall be fined not exceeding $20. Towns may, at any legal meeting, grant and vote such sums of money as they shall judge necessary for support of public schools, purchase of sites for and the building and repair of schoolhouses, and for establishing and maintaining school libraries. Electors qunlified to vote to impose a tax in any town or city may, by a majority vote at the annual meeting, appro- A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 257 priate a sum not exceeding 25 cents on each $100 of ratable property of such city or town, for year preceding, for foundation therein of a free public library; by a majority vote of said electors, an amount not exceeding 30 cents on each $1,000 may be annually appropriated by said city or town for support of said library. Every town not owning a free public library may, at the annual town meeting, vote not exceeding 30 cents on each $1,000 of taxable property for maintenance and increase of any free library therein. No town shall, without special statutory authority therefor, incur any debt in excess of 3 per cent of taxable property therein, including indebtedness of such town on April 10, 1878, but giving of new note or bond for a pre- existing debt, or for money borrowed or applied to payment of any pre- existing debt, is excepted from the provisions herein contained, and amount of any sinking fund shall be deducted in computing such indebtedness. No town shall assess its ratable pronert in any one year in excess of 1^ per cent of its ratable value, except for paying indebtedness of such, town or interest thereon, or for sinking funds, or for extraordinary repairs. Poll taxes shall be applied to support of public schools. South Carolina: County board of education shall divide county into conven- ient school districts of not less than 9 nor more than 49 square miles each, and may rearrange boundaries from time to time, but no new district nor con- solidated district shall be formed except on petition of one-third of the voters thereof; county boards of tw^o or more adjoining counties may form a dis- trict of parts of said counties ; .a city of 10,000 population or more shall be exempt from the limitation as to area. District shall be a body corporate. Districts are declared the divisions of the counties for taxation for all school purposes. A school district may, by a majority vote of the taxpaying electors, levy a school tax of not exceeding 8 mills on the dollar. A capitation tax on dogs shall be levied for school purposes. The superintendent of education of Charleston County shall have juris- diction over the schools and educational interests only outside of the city of Charleston. The school board of such city shall consist of six commissioners elected at general election by qualified voters, two commissioners appointed by the governor on recommendation of the trustees of the high school, and two appointed by the governor on recommendation of the trustees of the College of Charleston; term, two years. Powers and duties of said hoard: To discharge the same duties in the city which are required of trustees in the counties; determine studies and textbooks to be used; cause examina- tion to be made of teachers; employ and dismiss teachers; fill vacancies occurring in its membership; grant diplomas in the normal department which shall entitle holders to teach in the public schools; report annually to the State sui^erintendent ; have charge of school property. An annual school tax of 2 mills on the dollar shall be levied; the Charleston school district shall also receive its share of the constitutional school tax and of the poll tax. Said board shall select meritorious boys who are otherwise unable to secure a liberal education and pay their tuition in the Charleston High School ; such pupils so admitted shall, upon graduation, be entitled to honorary scholarships in the College of Charleston. For the further promotion of liberal education, said board may appoint beneficiaries of scholarships in the State University. Said board may establish a public school teachers' retire- ment fund. See also N (a). High Schools. 39G6°— 15 17 258 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. South Dakota: Comtnon-avhool districts. — ^Any scbool district containing one or more schools, except those governed by the provisions of the articles re- lating to cities and towns organized as independent districts, shall be com- mon-school districts; such district may choose a name and contract in and sue and be sued by such name. County commissioners shall divide each county into districts, following boundary lines of congressional townships, but two or more such townships may be united and each district must con- tain at least 10 children of school age. On petition of one-third of the qualified electors, the clerk of any district shall call an election to determine the question of dividing said district into two or more districts; if majority vote favors, county commissioners and county superintendent shall divide the district and apportion property and indebtedness among the new dis- tricts, but bonded indebtedness shall be paid by taxes levied in the original district. Upon petition of a majority of voters of a civil township, the county commissioners and superintendent shall organize such township into a school township district. Upon petition of two-thirds of the voter^Si of any ''.ongressional townshij) comprising part of a district containing more than one such congressional township, the commissioners and superintendent shall organize such township into a separate school district, but no such district shall be formed if remaining territory is left without reasonable school fa- cilities. Commissioners and superintendent may, when petitioned by 10 legal voters affected, change the boundaries of a district. The superintendent of the county wherein the schoolhouse is located shall have supervision of a district lying in two or more counties. Every school district shall be a body corporate. A tax is required to pay off any judgment that may be obtained against a district. Each county superintendent shall furnish the State su- perintendent a plat of his county showing boundaries and names of school district. Public schoolhouses outside of cities and towns may be used for public meetings and other community purposes, but without expense to the district. Independent districts. — ^Any city or town or unincorporated town or village having 100 inhabitants or more within a radius of 1 mile of the center may be organized as an independent school district. On petition of a majority of the voters within proposed district, county superintendent shall call au election therein to determine question of organizing an independent district; majority of voters shall govern in said election. Whenever a new corporation is organized the county superintendent, president of the board of education thus organized, and chairman of the school district superseded shall con- stitute a committee for the purpose of adjusting property interests, liabilities, bonds, or other forms of indebtedness between the new corporation and the district or districts superseded. Territory adjacent to an independent school district may be attached thereto, and territory belonging to an independent district may be attached to an adjacent common-school district by a com- mittee composed of the county superintendent, the president of the board of education of the independent district, and the chairman of the school dis- trict upon petition of a majority of the electors in territory to be affected, but territory more than 2 miles from the city or town limits shall not be at- tached, except upon unanimous petition of electors of such territory. If the remainder of the congressional township would be impracticable or incon- venient for school purposes after attachment of a part up to 2-mile limit, then said committee may, on petition of two-thirds of electors in township and two-thirds in independent district, make the boundaries of independent district conform to the boundaries of township; appeal may be taken from A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 259 the action of the committee to the circuit court. Board of education of an in- dependent district shall be a body corporate. Schools organized under this act shall be kept open not less than 6 nor more than 10 months in a year. The board of education shall consist of five members elected at large; term, three years, one or two, as the case requires, being elected each year. A treasurer shall also be elected for a term of three years. School ofl&cers shall be elected on petition of 20 or more electors; no partisan designation shall appear on the certificate of nomination or on the ballot; vacancies shall be filled by the board. Board shall annually elect a clerk, not a member of the board. Meetings shall be held monthly and special meetings may be held. Clerk shall make an annual report and a copy thereof shall be forwarded to the county superintendent; treasurer shall report monthly; board of edu- cation shall publish its annual report in a newspaper or by posting in three public places. Board may establish graded schools and a high school. Board shall annually levy a tax of not exceeding 25 mills on the dollar and certify the same to the county auditor, who shall place the same on the tax roll for the district. Independent districts, except cities of the first class, may, by a majority vote of the electors, issue bonds to bear not exceeding 7 per cent interest, to run not longer than 20 years, and to amount, including outstand- ing indebtedness, to not exceeding 5 per cent of property valuation; board shall levy a tax, in addition to regular taxes, to pay interest and create a sinking fund, but such levy in any one year shall not exceed 15 per cent oil the debt to be paid. No sectarian doctrine shall be taught in the public schools, but the Bible may be read without comment. In cities of the first and second classes board may elect a superintendent, not a member of the board, to serve during the pleasure of the board. Said superintendent and two competent persons appointed by the board shall constitute an examining committee; in cities of the first class such committees may examine teachers for their own schools and issue certificates valid therein. The superintend- ent or principal in all independent districts employing such officer, and in independent districts not employing such officer, the county superintendent shall examine all teachers employed except those holding a State certificate or diploma. Superintendent or principal must hold a first grade or State diploma. Examining committee in a city of the first class, or superintendent or principal in other independent district, may make additional requirements of teachers to test their ability to teach a particular grade or special subject. A teacher's county certificate may be indorsed. Special acts relating to in- dependent districts are not repealed, but all independent districts organized by special act or charter and containing an incorporated city, town, or village organized by special act or charter and subsequently organized under the general law for cities shall be reorganized under the general law for inde- pendent districts. See also L ( i ) , Manual and industrial education. , Tennessee: Nothing in this act shall be construed to interfere with school systems already established in cities and incorporated towns or to confiict with chartered rights, but such cities and towns shall receive their pro rata of school moneys. Said cities and towns may levy additional tax for sup- port of schools, but shall not exceed their lawful limit in making such addi- tional levy. Boards of mayor and aldermen in incorporated cities and towns may establish high schools; for purpose of erecting and furnishing buildings such board may use common-school fund; for estiiblishing and maintaining such high school said board may levy an additional tax, but such special tax, together with other municipal taxes, shall not exceed rate of taxation for 260 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. general purposes fixed by cbtirter limitatiou. Mayor and aldermen may ai>- point a board of education of not exceeding six members, which board shall control schools, employ teachers, make rales and ret^ulations. etc. Term of members, three years, two retiring aach year. Separate schools shall be pro- vided for white and colored children. Board of commissioners of taxing dis- trict of second class may establish and maintain public schools or such com- missioners may unite with school commissioners of civil district to maintain school in said taxing district. See A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Texas: Common-school districts. — County commissioners' court shall organize common-school districts and may reduce size of districts, change their bound- aries, or consolidate them, but no district shall have less than 9 square miles of area, and no district having bonded indebtedness shall have its area reduced ; in counties having a population of less than 10,000 no common-school district shall be constituted in such a way that its center shall be more than 4 miles from its farthest boundary; all districts shall be numbered. Independent districts. — On application of town or village authorizel by law to incorporate or having 200 inhabitants or more, county judge shall order an election to determine question of incorporating such town or village as an independent district for school purposes only; majority vote in such town or village shall decide, but territory incorporated shall not exceed 25 square miles in area ; such district shall receive its share of State and county school funds apportioned on basis of school population. When such town or village is incorporated for municipal purposes, school corporation may remain separate. When incorporation is determined by election, county judge shall order election in such district to elect seven trustees; term of trustees, two years, three being elected one year and four the next. Powers of hoard: To have general management and control of public schools, and they shall in general be vested with all ihe powers, rights, and duties regarding schools. Including taxation for school purposes that are no\^' conferred by law upon the council or board of aldermen of incorporated citits and towns. Inde- pendent districts heretofore created by special acts of legislature are placed under general law, except as to boundaries. Cities and towns. — Any city or town may acquire exclusive control of public schools within its limits; on petition of at least 50 qualified voters, mayor shall order an election to determine by majority vote whether city or town shall acquire exclusive control of public schools; such district shall receive its pro rata of State and county school funds and shall be subject to general school laws so far as they are applicable ; board of trustees shall constitute a body corporate and as such shall control all school property ; trustees may sell school property with consent of State board of education. School bonds may be issued by city or town council, but proceeds of sale must be turned over to school trustees. When authorized by two-thirds vote of property taxpayers, city or town council may levy annually not exceeding 50 cents on $100 ; after two years election may be held to discontinue tax if 50 tax-paying voters petition for such election ; if tax is voted, council shall make sufficient levy to run schools 10 months, but not to exceed 50 cents on $100, but where speci- fied rate is voted by people, council shall have no discretion in fixing rate; where rate is not specified by voters, rate which council shall levy shall be determined by school board; taxes collected shall be turned over to school board; city or town m^j extend its limits for school purposes only on petition of resident qualified voters of territory proposed to be annexed. A (i). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS I DISTRICTS, ETC. 261 County-line districts. — Commissiouers' courts of counties affected may create common- school districts to contain territory in two or more counties; said courts shall designate commissioners' court of some one of the counties having territory included in the district to control public schools in such "common county-line school district " ; such district shall not have area of less than 16 square miles; such districts shall have all the rights, powers, and privileges of other common-school districts and may levy special tax and issue bonds; school census shall be taken and reported to counties affected and apportion- ment of school funds shall be made accordingly. Independent districts con- taining territory of two or more counties may be organized similarly to other districts. Boundaries. — If district incorporated for school purposes only has less than 25 square miles, on petition of a majority of voters in contiguous territory, which added to district would not make more than 25 square miles, trustees of such district may annex such territory; county commissioners may, after notice to president of board of district, change boundaries of district incorpo- rated for school purposes only, but value of taxable property shall not be re- duced in district having outstanding bonds. County superintendent may consolidate district having fewer than 20 chil- dren of school age with another district ; on petition of parent or guardian he may transfer pupil from one district to another. Board of county school trustees may transfer high-school pupils residing in districts which do not maintain high schools to adjacent or convenient high schools. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County oflacers; A (d). District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; N (a), High schools. Utah: School districts. — Every school district or high-school district shall be a body corporate; each county and each city, unless divided by proper au- thority, shall constitute a school district; except in case of districts of first class, county commissioners may create new school districts on petition of those having care of at least 20 children of school age residing in territory or on recommendation of county superintendent; commissioners may change boundaries of, divide, and consolidate districts and apportion property and indebtedness and may order special taxes to accomplish adjustment; when new district is created commissioners shall appoint three trustees to hold until next regular election. Cities. — Every city of the first class (having 30,000 population or more) and every city of the second class (5,000 to 30.(XX) population) shall consti- tute a separate school district, and school therein shall be controlled by a board of education. In cities of first class board shall consist of 10 members, elected by qualified voters ; term, four years, one being elected from and by each of five wards every two years. In cities of second class, five members, one being elected from and by each ward ; term, five years, one elected each year. Board fills vacancy until next regular election. Board in cities of first class shall elect a president and a vice president from their number ; in second class, member having one year to serve shall be president and mem- ber having two years shall be vice president ; they shall also elect a secretary and a treasurer; no officer shall be removed except by two-thirds vote of board ; board may appoint other necessary officers ; they shall elect a super- intendent of schools, who shall hold office for two years. Members of board shall fix their own compensation at a sum not to exceed $100 per annum. Board shall annually have taken in each ward a census of all persons be- tween 6 and 18 years old and of every deaf or dumb person between 5 and 30 262 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. years old ; clerk of board shall make statement of such census and shall for- ward it to State suiDerintendent with such financial and statistical reports as State superintendent may require ; such superintendent shall apportion State funds to such city on basis of school census. Duties of clerk: To keep record of board meetings ; keep account of school moneys ; make annual finan- cial statement to board, which statement board shall have published in a newspaper having circulation in city. Board shall be a body corporate. Powers of hoard: To provide sites, buildings, etc.; establish and maintain kindergartens elementary schools, high schools, industrial and manual-train- ing schools, and school libraries; have general control of schools. Board shall supply and loan to pupils, except in high schools, all textbooks and sup- plies used by said pupils. Two-thirds vote of all members of board required to sell site or building. Upon the election and qualification of board of edu- cation trustees of districts formerly comprising such city shall convey all school property to said board. In every city of the first or second class super- intendent and two members appointed for one year by board of education ■ shall constitute a board of examiners of teachers ; examiners shall meet and examine teachers when authorized by board of education ; they may, subject to board of education and to State law, make rules for examination of teachers and fix standards of proficiency; they may prepare question. Certificates: (1) High school, valid for one year and renewable and author- izing holder to teach or serve as principal in any primary, grammar, or high school in city; (2) grammar grade, valid for one year and renewable and authorizing holder to teach in primary or grammar school or serve as principal of primary school; (3) primary grade, valid for one year and renewable and authorizing holder to teach in primary school. On report of examiners, board of education shall issue certificates. Board may renew certificates from year to year and may revoke them for cause. Chairman (superintendent) may grant temporary certificate until next regular exami- nation. Applicant to teach must be over 18 years old, of good moral charac- ter, and free from serious communicable disease. Applicants for primary and grammar grade certificates must on examination show practical knowledge of pedagogy and school management and proficiency in reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene. United States history, and other English branches prescribed by board of education. Applicant for high-school certificate must pass examination in subjects re- quired for grammar grade and, in addition, in civics, physical geography, ele- mentary physics, elementary algebra, botany, and other branches prescribed by board of education. Holders of normal diplomas and certificates issued by the University of Utah and holders of State diplomas or certificates shall be ex- empt from further examination during the validity of diploma or certificate held. Teachers of music, foreign languages, drawing, penmanship, kinder- garten, and physical culture shall be exempt from examination except in such subjects as pertain to branches proposed to be taught ; special certificates shall be issued only to applicants who pass examination in special subject and such other subjects as may discover applicant's fitness to teach. Board of education shall adopt textbooks to be used for a period of five years. On submission of estimate by board of education, county officers charged with levying and col- lecting taxes shall levy tax in cities of first and second classes for support of schools ; in cities of first class levy shall not exceed Qi mills on the dollar for maintenance and shall not exceed 21 mills additional for sites and buildings ; in cities of second class levy shall not exceed 10 mills for support; qualified voters mav vote ndditional tax for sites, buildings, and furnishings. Board of A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 263 education may, or shall when petitioned by a majority of resident taxpayers, call election to determine question of issuing bonds to provide plant or refund outstanding bonds; majority of qualified voters who pay property tax shall determine; amount of bonds with existing indebtedness shall not exceed 3 per cent of property valuation and shall not bear exceeding 5 per cent interest; tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund shall be levied. Board of educa- tion of city of first or second class, or two or more such cities cooperating, may establish a parental school. An habitual truant resident of city between 8 and 14 years old, or child between such ages, who wanders about without law- ful employment may be committed to such school for not exceeding the age of 14 years; neglected children and orphans under 16 years old may be com- mitted; district court of county shall have jurisdiction; parent or guardian shall pay cost of keeping child unless board determines otherwise; board may admit boy or girl residing within the State but outside the city ; board of edu- cation may employ a truant officer. County districts. — ^Any county having a school population of more than 2,000 may constitute a county school district of the first class, and in any county having more than one high-school district such high-school districts may become county school districts of the first class; on petition of a ma- jority of the qualified voters in county or high school district county com- missioners may order the organization of a county district, divide it into not less than five nor more than nine representative precincts, and appoint a board of education for such district to hold until regular elections. Board of education shall consist of one member elected by qualified voters of each representative precinct ; term of members, four years, those of odd-numbered precincts being elected at one biennial election and those of even numbered being elected at succeeding biennial election; board shall fill vacancy in its membership until next election. Board shall elect a president and a vice president, and shall also elect a secretary and a treasurer from registered voters; they may elect such other officers as are necessary to carry out the law. They shall elect for a term of two years a superintendent of schools, who shall hold not lower than a life diploma of grammar grade. Members shall each receive not exceeding $300 per annupa and traveling expenses of not exceeding $100, such compensation to be fixed by board. Board shall appoint persons in each representative precinct annually to take census of children between 6 and 18 years old; State superintendent shall apportion school funds to counties on basis of school population; auditor of county divided into county districts of first class shall apportion county funds to such districts and to cities of first class on basis of school population. Clerk of board of education shall keep record of proceedings, account of moneys, etc., and shall report annually to board. Powers of hoard: To have charge of school property, maintain kindergartens, elementary schools, high schools, and industrial and manual-training schools, and school libraries. Board shall supply and loan to all pupils, except in high schools, all textbooks and sup- plies, and may sell at cost books and supplies to pupils. School sites or buildings may not be sold except by two-thirds majority of board. On the election and qualification of a board of education of a county district of the first class trustees of districts formerly existing shall convey all school prop- erty to such board. Teachers in such districts shall hold certificates from State board of education and course of study prescribed by State board shall be used in such district. Board shall annually submit to county officers charged with assessing and collecting taxes an estimate of funds needed for school purposes, and such officers shall make sufficient levy to produce sum. 264 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Limit of levy for site, buildings, and maintenance of schools: District of $10,000,000 or more property valuation, not exceeding 10 mills on tlie dollar ; $8,000,000 to $10,000,000, not exceeding 12 mills ; $5,000,000 to $8,000,000, not exceeding 13^ mills; less than $5,000,000, not exceeding 15 mills. Board may submit to voters question of levying a special tax to provide site and buildings, and majority may determine to levy for one or more years a tax of not exceeding 2 per cent of property valuation. Board in its discretion may, and when petitioned by a majority of the resident taxpayers shall, call an election in each precinct to determine whether bonds for providing site and buildings or refunding indebtedness shall be issued ; voters at such elec- tion shall be property taxpnyers; amount of bonds, with existing indebtedness, shall not exceed 4 per cent of property valuation of district, and interest paid shall not exceed 5 per cent. In its annual estimate of tax needed, board shall include an amount sufficient to pay interest and create a sinking fund. Bonds issued shall be a lien on taxable property of the district. Board of education of any county district of the first class, or two or more such dis- tricts uniting, may establish parental school; any resident child between 8 and 14 years old who is an habitual truant or who wanders about without lawful employment may be committed to such school, and may be released in accordance with rules fixed by board of education ; neglected children and orphans under 16 years old may be committed, but when parent shows evi- dence of reform child may be returned to parent; district courts shall have jurisdiction; parent or guardian may be required to pay cost of keeping child; children not residents of district may be admitted on payment of expenses. When county district is organized and county contains only such district or districts and cities of first and second classes, former office of county superintendent is abolished. See also A (c2), County officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Vermont: Townships. — ^A town shall constitute a district for school purposes. Town clerk, in case offices of clerk and prudential committee are vacant in district, may call district meeting; such clerk or one of selectmen shall preside over meeting until moderator is elected. The voters in a specially incorporated district shall, not vote in town meetings on school matters. A town may vote to change time of holding annual school meeting, but same shall not be held prior to May 1 or later than June 30. The town shall provide and maintain suitable schoolhouses, and location and construction of same shall be under control of school directors. A town may raise tax on its grand list for purchase or rent of school sites or schoolhouses, or to build, repair, or furnish schoolhouses. In town districts of over 4,000 popu- lation school directors shall be voted for upon a separate ballot deposited in a separate ballot box. Women 21 years old shall have equal rights with men to vote on all school matters, and same right to hold school offices. A town shall have board of school directors consisting of three citizens of town, one elected at each annual meeting; term, three years; selectmen may temporarily fill vacancies in board of directors until election is had; directors shall be sworn and shall elect one of their number chairman. Duties of 'board of directors: To have care and management of school prop- erty and schools; determine number and location of schools; employ and fix compensation of teachers; examine and allow legitimate claims; desig- nate schools which shall be attended by the various pupils; make regula- tions. Each member of board shall be liable for unauthorized payments made by board. Said board shall submit estimate of school expenses to nnnual town meeting. Said board may purchase sites, erect schoolhouses, A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 265 or sell buildings or sites, when authorized by vote of town ; shall annually make report to town. Compensation of directors shall be determined by town. Said board shall appoint a clerk and fix his compensation; in absence of clerk, board shall perform his duties; said clerk shall keep record of proceedings of board and shall make reports to superintendent of education as required ; said clerk shall annually make school census and shall receive therefor 4 cents for each child of school age. If any person in control of a child between ages of 5 and 18 years refuses to give age of child, or falsely states same, he shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $20. Said clerk shall furnish census list to school board, teachers, and to superintendents of schools. The school board of a town shall submit fiscal report of preceding year to auditors of such town before such report is submitted to the tow^n clerk ; unless accounts are properly audited directors shall receive no compensation for their services. Incorporated towns and cities. — The selectmen of a town, on application of three voters in an adjoining unorganized town or gore, may divide such unorganized town or gore into school districts, and shall call meeting for organization of such districts; record of organization proceedings shall be filed with county clerk; such districts shall be bodies corporate; ofllcers of such district shall be a moderator, clerk, collector, treasurer, one or three auditors, and prudential committee of one or three persons, all being elected at annual meeting from legal voters of district; members of pruden- tial committee, when three in number, shall be elected for term of three years, one each year; district may vote to discontinue prudential committee. School law applicable to towns shall also apply in general to such districts. Vacancies In district officers shall be filled by district at special meeting. The moderator at a school meeting, the clerk, and members of prudential committee shall determine eligibility of persons to vote at school meetings. A person who fails to call a district meeting when required so to do shall forfeit to district $20 for each 10 days' neglect. If pupils of a district are provided with 28 weeks of school during a school year, district shall receive its share of public money, whether such instruction is furnished within or without the district. Whenever a child in an unorganized town or gore can not receive proper instruction therein, a tax may be levied in such territory for payment of tuition, transportation, or board of such child, but such expense shall not exceed $1,50 per week. t)istrict clerk shall, within 10 days after election, give notice thereof to town clerk, otherwise he shall receive no compensation for making returns to town clerk's office. A school district may elect town collector as district collector. A district may vote to increase or diminish its territory; when such action is taken by a district, a meeting of the voters in the town, exclusive of voters in such district, shall be called to decide the matter; a majority of voters present and voting shall be necessary to make such change in the boundaries of such district. An incorporated district, by a majority vote of voters present and voting at a legally called meeting, may be dissolved. A town district may become a part of an incorporated district by a majority vote of each district at legally called meetings; in case of such union, each dis- trict shall pay its indebtedness, except for repairs and new buildings, and shall deposit its records with town clerk. Virginia: School districts. — Each magisterial district shall constitute a sepa- rate school district unless the State board of education provides otherwise; a town of more than 500 inhabitants may, by the council thereof, be consti- tuted a single school district, and said council shall appoint a school board 266 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK. Of three members ; when a district thus formed includes territory outside the corporate limits of the town the school trustee electoral board shall appoint the school board therefor. Suddistricts.— In any county adopting the provisions of this act each district board shall divide its district into subdistricts for primary schools for white persons and subdistricts for primary schools for colored persons. Such subdistricts may be formed of parts of two or more districts or of two or more counties by agreement of the district boards interested; subdistrict thus formed shall be under the control of the district and county in which its schoolhouse is located. School directors of subdistrict may admit pupils from outside territory when tuition of such pupils is provided for; pupils from without the subdistrict may not attend school therein without permission of said directors. After approval of subdistricts by State superintendent, district board shall call a meeting in each subdistrict for the purpose of organization; any qualified voter who pays school taxes may vote at such meeting; at least one-fourth of persons entitled to vote shall be present at meeting; said meeting shall adopt by-laws for its government and for holding future meetings. Officers shall consist of three directors elected for term of one year; one director shall be chairman, one treasurer, and one clerk; said subdistrict board shall be a body corporate ; secretary of meeting shall report names of directors to district school board ; each director must be able to read and write. Annual subdistrict meetings shall be held in May, and special meetings may be held on call of directors or 10 legal voters; only white persons shall vote in meetings of subdistricts for white schools and only colored persons shall vote in meetings of colored subdistricts ; division superin- tendent may attend such meetings and take part in discussion. Unless the county and district taxes already levied aggregate 5 mills on the dollar, a subdistrict may levy a school tax, but the aggregate of county, district, and subdistrict taxes in said subdistrict shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar. Poivers and duties of suhdistrict directors: To make rules for the govern- ment of the school of the subdistrict; call general and special subdistrict meetings; contract with the teacher, with respect to the supplement which subdistrict may add to the salary of such teacher, and have charge of inci- dental expenditures with which subdistrict may supplement funds of district ; examine claims against subdistrict, and pay the same when approved; visit the school at least once a month; determine length of school term, in addi- tion to that authorized by other authorities; care for school property; report as required by division superintendent; perform duties prescribed by State board of education. This act shall not interfere with the duties of the division superintendent. It shall not apply to city and town separate school districts having more than one primary school, but such city or town may annex contiguous territory for school purposes with consent of school board of district affected. State board of education shall make rules for carrying this act into effect; misdemeanor to violate the provisions of this act; this act shall apply to those counties in which the county school board thereof shall adopt its provisions. Cities and towns. — For the purposes of this act cities having 10,000 or more population shall be cities of the first class; those having less than 10.000 shall be cities of the second class, but the provisions of the law shall be applicable to both unless the one or the other be specifically referred to. The school board of each city may, subject to approval of council, divide such city into school districts. Until such provision is made every city shall con- stitute a single district. In cities divided into wards each ward shall be a A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 267 school district. Each city of the second class shall constitute a single school district. There shall be but one superintendent of schools for each such city and the county in which it is located. The school trustees of each city shall be a body corporate. Said board shall have control of all school property within the city or town and of contiguous property without the city when the title to the same is vested either in said board or in the city. Board shall elect a clerk, who may or may not be one of its members. No mayor, member of council, or treasurer of a city may be division superintendent of schools thereof. The council of each city shall appoint three trustees for each school district therein ; term, three years, one being appointed each year ; duties as- signed by consolidated body. School board shall annually present to council an estimate of money needed to maintain schools. Council shall levy not exceeding 50 cents on $100. State funds shall be apportioned to cities sep- arately from counties. City treasurer shall be custodian of school fuuds. Division superintendent shall be paid from State funds, but city council may supplement his salary. Powers and duties of city school hoard: To enforce the school laws and make rules for the government of the schools; determine studies to be pursued, methods of teaching, and length of school term; employ and dismiss for cause teachers, who shall hold valid certifi- cates; suspend or expel pupils; decide what children are indigent and may receive free textbooks; establish high and normal schools; see that school census is taken ; hold regular meetings and determine when special meetings shall be held; call meetings of people; provide schoolhouses, equipment, etc., but all plans must have approval of division superintendent, who may con- demn unfit buildings ; visit schools from time to time ; control the school funds of the city and provide for the expenses of conducting the schools; examine all. claims against the board and pay the same when approved; submit to council a classified estimate of funds needed; perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the State board of education. The school boards of two adjacent districts may, with the approval of the State board of education, establish joint schools. See also A (bl). State boards; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; H (b), School census; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance. Washington: Kinds of districU. — ^Each county shall, for purposes of supervi- sion and administration, constitute one county-school district. Any school district containing a city of first or second class shall be a district of the first class ; any district containing a city of third or fourth class shall be a district of second class; all other districts shall be of third class; any dis- trict formed by consolidation of two or more districts shall be a consolidated district; any district composed of territory in two or more counties shall be a joint district; any district established for purpose of maintaining a high school by union of two or more contiguous districts in same county shall be a union high-school district. A school district shall be a body cor- porate. Each incorporated city shall be comprised in one school district and shall be under control of one board of directors. Any school district may purchase a schoolhouse site or sites of not less than 3 nor more than 10 acres each of any school lands of the State. Formation of districts. — A new district may be formed on written petition of five heads of families residing in proposed district; such petition shall describe boundaries of proposed district, shall give names of school children residing within such boundaries, and shall be made to county superintendent, who, upon hearing the same, after due notice to parties interested, may 268 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. establish sucli new district. No new district formed by the subdivision of an old district shall receive any public money until school has been taught th'erein for at least one month; action making a new district shall be void if school is not opened in such district within eight months of such action. When a new district is formed from one or more old districts it shall receive its share of school money to the credit of the one or more old districts. County superintendent shall, when a new district is formed, make an equitable adjustment of all assets and liabilities of districts affected; such decision shall be final, unless appealed from to board of county commissioners, whose de- cision shall be final. When new district is formed, county commissioners shall make levy on property therein to satisfy indebtedness that may exist against it. County superintendent shall certify formation of new districts to county board of commissioners. . Joint districts. — A joint district may be formed of two or more contiguous districts lying in two or more counties ; a petition shall be drawn as pre- scribed for formation of other districts and presented to county superin- tendents of counties affected; upon due notice said superintendents shall meet and act on such petition; said superintendents shall appoint directors for such joint district to serve until next election, when said district shall elect its directors. A vacancy in office of director of a joint district shall be filled by county superintendent of county in which officer vacating resided while serving. All transfers of territory to and from a joint district shall be made by mutual agreement and joint action of superintendents of counties af- fected. Superintendents affected by formation of a joint district shall keep a transcript of boundaries of such district. A map of all joint districts shall be filed with superintendent of public instruction. For purpose of apportionment of State school funds the joint district shall be considered as belonging to county in which schoolhouse is located ; county treasurers of counties affected shall pay other funds due such district to treasurer of county where school- house is located. County superintendents of counties affected shall hear testimony and adjust property and liabilities of districts forming a joint dis- trict ; their decision shall be final. County commissioners shall make levies on property of joint district to cover indebtedness. Reports from joint dis- tricts shnll be made to superintendent of each county affected. Alteration of l)oundaries. — When it is desired to transfer territory from one district to another or to enlarge boundaries of a district, a petition signed by majority of heads of families of territory to be so transferred must be presented to county superintendent, or in case there be no family resident in such territory, by board of directors of one of districts affected, setting forth boundaries of such territory, reason for transfer and number, of school children, if any, residing therein; for making such transfer, notice shall be given and hearing and appeal shall be same as in formation of new district ; county superintendent shall hear and adjust assets and liabilities; appeal may be made from his decision to board of county commissioners, whose de- cision shall be final. County commissioners shall make levies on property of such territory to satisfy any indebtedness of same. Extension of city limits. — Whenever an incorporated city shall extend its limits so as to include all or part of one or more districts, county superin- tendent shall declare territory sd added to be a part of the city school dis- trict ; if a schoolhouse is located in such added territory and such schoolhouse is most accessible schoolhouse for pupils for part of district left outside of territory so annexed, county superintendent may annex all or any part of such district to city district. County superintendent shall, as in other cases where district boundaries are altered, hear testimony, and adjust property A (f). ADMINISTEATIVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. 269 and liabilities of districts affected. Any district so altered sball retain its corporate existence for the purpose of paying its liabilities. Appeal may be made to board of county commissioners from decision of county superin- tendent. Miscellaneous. — If a district shall contain less than five school children or shall not have maintained at least required minimum term of school during year preceding, or in case of territory not a part of a district, or In which there are no school children, the county superintendent may, without petition, annex such territory to a contiguous district ; the property of any district so disorganized shall be holden for outstanding indebtedness of such district. In all cases of alteration of districts, county auditor shall certify the same to county assessor. No school district shall contain less than four sections of land, unless said district can support six months' school per year, but county superintendent may, upon petition of 80 per cent of all heads of families of a proposed district, and by and with consent of superintendent of public instruction, establish a district containing less than four sections of land. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a). General State finance and support; B (e), State aid for elementary edu- cation; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of text- books; N (a), High schools. West Virginia: Every magisterial district in each county shall be a school district, which shall be divided into such number of subdistricts as may be necessiiry for convenience of the free schools therein. See also B (a). General State finance and support; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: Town board may alter or unite existing districts or form new districts; territory of a district shall be contiguous; no district having out- standing indebtedness shall be altered so as to leave such indebtedness ex- ceeding 5 per cent of assessed valuation; town board shall make a written order describing territory affected by alteration, union or formation of dis- tricts and file same with town clerk, and shall in case of union or formation of districts direct some inhabitant of each such district to notify voters of time and place of district meeting ; if district is to be formed from adjoining towns, boards of such towns shall make joint written order; a district shall be deemed legally organized when any two district officers elected at first meeting have filed acceptances of offices, or when district has exercised priv- ileges of a district for two years; school district shall be a body corporate. When alteration of a district is contemplated, town board shall notify district clerks of districts affected of time and place of hearing; district clerks shall notify other members of boards; a district may be dissolved and its territory attached to other districts. In cases of alteration of districts, town board shall file notice thereof with town clerk and with clerks of districts affected. The chairman of the town, mayor of the city, or president of board of trus- tees of the village, in which schoolhouse of a joint district is situated, shall, upon application of at least two members of town board of any town contain- ing part of joint district, call joint meeting of town and municipal boards in- terested to determine matter of alteration of such joint district; any board may make aforesaid application when deemed advisable, and shall make such application upon petition of one-third of voters of town, or of two-thirds of voters of that part of town included in such joint district. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools; O (c), Trade schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. 270 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Wyoming: Boundary hoard. — County superintendent of schools and county commissioners shall constitute a " district boundary board " for laying off county into convenient school districts; such board may change boundaries of districts and shall do so when petitioned by majority of legal voters of districts affected ; it shall join to a contiguous district any district in vrhich no school has been maintained for 12 months, and may take similar action in case of district having fewer than eight pupils. Superintendent shall notify clerks of districts affected when new districts are formed or district lines are changed. A corporate city shall be included in one district, but board may annex contiguous territory thereto. Majority of voters in any district affected may appeal from decision of boundary board to State superintendent. School districts. — When a school district is formed, county superintendent shall give notice thereof and appoint time and place for district meeting, at which three trustees shall be elected by qualified voters; term of trustees, three years, one being elected each year. In districts having a population of 1,000 or more, number of trustees may be increased to six by majority of qualified voters. Each school district shall be a body corporate. Qualified electors, when assembled, shall have power to appoint a clairman and a secretary; determine number of schools and length of term; locate schools; vote such sum as may be deemed sufficient for school purposes; direct the sale or disposition of any school property; vote not exceeding $100 in any one year for district library; delegate all powers mentioned above, except voting or raising money, to board of trustees. In voting money, meeting shall designate objects and amount to be raised for each object. Voters on questions of taxation and issuance of bonds shall be property owners. Board of trustees shall make all contracts, etc., necessary to carry out vote of the district; members of board may administer oaths pertaining to school busi- ness; board may admit pupils from other districts and charge for tuition, and may suspend or expel disorderly pupils. Trustees shall advertise for bids on all contracts costing more than $200; they shall audit treasurer's accounts; they shall appoint a committee from their own number to visit schools of the district monthly; they shall, on request of five legal voters, call a special district meeting; they shall fill vacancy on board until next annual meeting. County superintendent and district trustees may determine whether a high school shall be established within the district, the number of teachers to be employed, and course of study to be pursued; they may erect for the purpose one or more schoolhouses. When county lines are changed, district separated from county to which it formerly belonged shall continue to belong to such county for school purposes until next school election. See also N (a), High schools. B. STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. (a) General. See also Appendix A — State constitutional provisions relating to public education. Alabama: Appropriations for puUic schools. — Six per cent interest on the proceeds of the sale of school lands ; 4 per cent on United States Government deposit of June 23, 1836 ; proceeds of lands given for school purposes ; sums that may accrue to the State as escheats; net amount of poll tax that may B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 271 be collected; proceeds of licenses required to be paid into the school fund; $500,000 annually, and an additional $100,000 if in the judgment of the governor the state of the treasury will permit. Arkansas: The common-school fund shall consist of the proceeds of lands granted by the United States; moneys and other property belonging to any fund for educational purposes; property accruing to the State by escheats, estrays, unclaimed dividends, or distributive shares of estates of deceased persons; 10 per cent of the net proceeds of the sale of State lands; grants, gifts, and devises not otherwise appropriated by said grant, gift, or devise. But the proceeds of the sale of the sixteenth section of land shall not be included in the common-school fund. The principal arising from the sale of the sixteenth section shall never be apportioned or used, but the income therefrom, together with $1 per capita from every male inhabitant over 21 years old and so much of the annual State revenues as may be set apart, shall be appropriated for maintaining a system of free public schools. The per capita tax levied in any single or special school district and the school tax levied by vote of the qualified electors of the district shall be collected by the county collector at the same time and place that the State taxes are collected and shall be paid to the treasurer of said district. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers. California: Collateral inheritance tax collected up to $250,000 shall be paid into State school fund. Colorado: General fund. — It shall be unlawful for any school board to use any part of the general school fund for school buildings or sites unless a portion of said fund remains after all expenses are paid for running the schools 10 months. A "permanent school emergency or call fund" is created and $20,000 is set apart from the general school income fund for said purpose; when on account of unavoidable misfortune a school district is in financial distress and the special tax and apportionment of school funds are insufficient to provide proper school facilities in said district the State superintendent may give the necessary aid to said district from the " permanent school emergency or call fund," such aid to be approved by the governor and attorney general. Connecticut: The committee of each school district, or the clerk, shall annu- ally in September enumerate every person belonging to said district over 4 and under 16 years old, together with names of parents or guardians, and shall return the same to the school visitors of the town ^ before September 25 ; returns shall show children in school and those not in school and the reasons for nonattendance ; also the names of employers where children are em- ployed ; the school visitors shall correct returns and lodge the same with the town treasurer; they shall also transmit to the State comptroller a cer- tificate of guch enumeration. In like manner each town school committee shall have enumeration made and returns filed. Any person having control of a child between 4 and 16 years old who shall refuse to give the enumerator the required information shall be fined $3. The comptroller shall after February 28 draw orders for the support of the common schools at the rate of $2.25 per child enumerated, and the State fund thus provided shall be distributed to towns in proportion to enumeration, but no money shall be distributed to any town which has not filed a certificate that schools have been kept for term required by law and that all moneys drawn from the State treasury have been expended only for teachers' wages. Every town having 1 Township. 272 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. a valuation of not exceeding $2,500,000 may receive annually from the State a sum- which will enable such town to expend annually $25 per pupil in aver- age attendance, but payments of principal and interest on indebtedness and the expense of new buildings, sites, and permanent improvements shall not be included in obtaining the cost per pupil. Such towns must have levied taxes as follows: Five hundred thousand dollars of valuation or less, 2J mills on the dollar; $500,000 to $1,000,000, 3 mills; $1,000,000 to $1,500,000, 3^ mills; $1,500,000 to $2,000,000, 4* mills; $2,000,000 to $2,500,000, 6 mills. Secretary of the board of school visitors or town school committee shall annually certify to the State board of education the average attendance and that the schools have been taught by qualified teachers for the time required by law, that the amount of tax required has been levied and expended for the schools, and that the amount received from the State has been expended for teachers' salaries only. Deduction shall be made for any district whicb has not kept its school according to law, and only the enumeration for the remaining portion of the town shall be taken into account. The income of the town deposit fund and of any other town fund for the support of the schools shall be paid annually into the town treasury for the schools; the income of any district shall be paid into the district treasury, but if such district shall cease to exist said fund shall be paid over to the school-fund treasurer of the town and the income thereof shall be expended for the school within or nearest to the former district to which it belonged. The school visitors and selectmen of any town which has not voted to consolidate its districts shall annually estimate the cost of running each school in the town and sh:ill notify the several district committees of the amounts so fixed.. The school year shall extend from July 15 to July 14 of following year. Any district of a town not consolidated may, by contributing an amount in excess of that estimated by the school visitors and selectmen, extend its term beyond that required by law. Teachers shall be paid at the end of each month unless otherwise ordered by the district at its annual meeting; selectmen shall at the close of each month draw an order for teachers' wages, including board, and for incidental expenses; if expenses of district exceed those fixed by the joint board of selectmen and visitors, said board shall decide whether such excess is necessary, and if found necessary town shall pay it, otherwise district shall pay it. At the close of the period for which teachers are paid school visitors shall report to selectmen as to whether schools have been kept according to law. No town which contains a city shall be required to expend annually for school purposes a greater sum than would be raised by a tax of 1 mill on the dollar, if said city is organized into one or more school dis- tricts by which a sum has been appropriated for the support of public schools during the year in which such tax would be payable sufficient, with the in- come derived from other sources, to pay the wages of teachers, cost of fuel and incidental expenses of the public schools of said district or districts for at least 36 weeks. Every town which shall refuse or neglect to provide public schools shall forfeit to the State a sum equal to the amount which it is required to raise. When the number of pupils in any district shall be so small as to render the maintenance of a separate school in said district inex- pedient the board of school visitors may unite the school of such district with the school of an adjoining district and may pay for the transportation of pupils out of the town treasury. School district shall pay expenditures incurred in addition to those provided for by the town. No district shall receive any money from the State or town unless said district shall report to school visitors as required by law. In all cases where a school has not B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 273 been kept according to law the secretary of the State board of education shall be the judge as to whether forfeiture therefor shall be set aside. See also A (bl), State boards. Delaware: The money appropriated by the legislature for the public schools and the income from the investment of the public-school fund shall consti- tute the school fund for the year. The State treasurer shall, while in office, be the trustee of the school fund and shall apportion such fund to counties and distribute each county's share to districts in proportion to number of teachers employed, but no discrimination shall be made between districts for white schools and districts for colored schools; such fund shall be used for the payment of teachers' salaries only, but no teacher not in an Incor- porated district shall receive exceeding $40 per month from the State fund. No school district shall be entitled to any part of the State school fund, unless such district shall levy the local tax required by law. The pro- visions of this act shall apply to incorporated districts when not incon- sistent with the acts incorporating such districts ; none of the provisions of this act shall affect the rights, privileges, and immunities of the city of Wil- mington. Georgia: The common-school fund shall consist of poll tax, special tax on shows and exhibitions, dividends on stock of the State in the bank of Georgia and Georgia Railroad & Banking Co., one-half of the proceeds of the rental or annual net earnings of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, gifts and bequests, proceeds of commutation tax for military services, taxes on domestic animals destructive to other property, any educational funds be- longing to the State (except university endowment), and such other funds as legislature may raise by taxation for educational purposes; said fund shall be kept separate from other funds and shall be used for school pur- poses only. (In lieu of the above a direct State appropriation of $2,550,000 is made.) Idaho: School fund shall consist of proceeds of school lands, other grants to State for school purposes, and moneys accruing from estates of deceased persons. Lands acquired by foreclosure on loans of school funds and those which escheat to the State shall be held as school lands. Tax for public schools in the several counties must be levied by county commissioners and must be collected in same manner as other taxes and paid into county treasury. All moneys from fines, forfeitures, or breaches of the penal laws shall be apportioned to school fund. County commissioners shall levy a county school tax of not less than 15 nor more than 50 cents on $100 of property ; governing authorities of cities, towns, districts, etc., authorized to levy taxes must, on or before third Monday of September, certify to county auditor the tax rate levied in city, town-, district, etc., and he shall file levies in offices of the assessor and the collector; all taxes of every city, town, district, etc., shall be collected, paid into county treasurer, and appor- tioned to such city, town, etc. One and one-half per cent of taxes col- lected from districts, etc., shall be set aside for current-expense fund to pay county officers for assessment, collection, etc. State school funds shall be apportioned by State superintendent to counties on basis of school census ; State superintendent shall certify to State auditor and to county superin- tendent and county treasurer amount apportioned to each county. County treasurer shall report quarterly to county superintendent amount of money on hand and superintendent shall apportion the same to districts. Superin- tendent shall apportion two-thirds of whole amount on basis of school 3966°— 15 IS 274 . STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. census, but no district shall be considered as having less than 25 children; 5 per cent of remainder shall be apportioned to high-school districts and consolidated districts doing high-school work on basis of number of teachers, but amount shall not exceed $300 annually for each teacher; 50 per cent of remainder shall be used for aiding weak districts to maintain minimum term; balance of whole amount shall be apportioned on basis of school census; no district which has not complied with this act shall share in the distribution. County treasurer shall keep a separate account with each dis- trict; superintendent shall notify treasurer of district's failure to comply with law and treasurer shall withhold funds; funds finally forfeited by district shall revert to county fund. Duties of county superintendent : To keep separate accounts with each district, place to credit of each district amount apportioned, countersign all warrants and orders and enter the same on his books, collect from proper officers fines, etc., which belong to school fund. County auditor shall draw warrants on order of clerk of dis- trict when such order is countersigned by chairman of district board and by county superintendent; in independent district clerk shall draw warrant, chairman shall countersign, and district treasurer shall honor it. Warrant may be drawn when funds are not available for immediate payment, but overdrafts shall not exceed prospective income of district; holder of such warrant may file it and receive 7 per cent interest ; in independent districts overdrafts shall not exceed 95 per cent of income. Illinois: The State common-school fund shall consist of the proceeds of a 2-mill State tax; the interest on the school fund proper, which fund is 3 per cent upon the sale of public lands, one- sixth part excepted ; and the interest on the surplus revenue distributed by act of Congress and made a part of the common-school fund by act of the legislature, March 4, 1837. The interest on the school fund proper and the surplus revenue shall be paid by the State an- nually at the rate of 6 per cent. The auditor of public accounts shall annually apportion the common-school fund to counties in proportion to the number of persons under 21 years old. County superintendent shall, under rules and regulations prescribed by State superintendent, apportion annually the prin- cipal of the county fund to townships and parts of townships on the basis of number of persons under 21 years old ; said principal of the county fund shall be added to the principal of the township fund; the interest, rents, issues, and profits arising from the principal of the county fund shall be distributed to the townships and parts of townships in the county as required by the provi- sions of this act ; the proceeds of the sale of the sixteenth section or of the sale of any real estate or other property taken on any judgment or debt due to the principal of the township fund and all other funds made a part of the princi- pal of the township fund shall forever constitute the principal of the township fund and no part thereof shall ever be distributed; the income of the town- ship fund shall be distributed as provided by this act. Indiana: The surplus revenue fund, funds heretofore appropriated to the common schools, the saline fund, bank-tax fund, proceeds of sale of county seminaries, fines, forfeitures, estates which escheat to the State, lands granted to the State when no special object is expressed in the grant, proceeds of sale of swamp lands, taxes on corporations for school purposes, and fund arising from the charter of the State bank shall constitute the " common-school fund." The proceeds of the sale of the congressional township school lands and the unsold congressional township school lands shall constitute the " con- gressional township school fund," which shall never be diminished in amount. The income from the congressional township school fund, together with State B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPOET. 275 taxes, income from liquor licenses, and unclaimed fees shall be called the ." school revenue for tuition," the whole of which is appropriated and shall be applied exclusively to furnishing tuition in the common schools. Moneys aris- ing from the sale of estray animals shall be transferred to the common-school fund of the county. County commissioners shall pay to the township from general county funds all deficits in interest on the common-school fund and the congressional towTiship school fund intrusted to their care. The county auditor shall keep for each township separate accounts of the common-school fund and the congressional township school fund. The custody of congres- sional township school lands shall be with the trustee of the civil township, who shall pay rents into county treasury. When county line divides any con- gressional township, the proper oflficer in the county in which school lands are situated shall control such lands and auditor of said county shall make settle- ment of the proceeds thereof between the parts of said township on the basis of enumeration of children. On petition of five legal voters, trustee shall call an election in the township to determine question of selling school lands and majority of votes cast shall determine the sale ; such sale shall be made by county auditor and county treasurer. When purchaser fails to pay interest on deferred payments, lands shall be forfeited and may be resold. At least one-fourth of purchase money shall be paid at time of purchase and the re- mainder shall be paid within 10 years. An election to determine sale of lands shall be unnecessary where a majority of the legal voters of the tovniship petition for such sale. The principal of common-school fund or congressional township school fund when paid into county treasury shall be loaned out at 6 per cent interest. County auditor shall advertise funds on hand and subject to loan. Funds shall be loaned preferably in the county to which they belong, but may be loaned elsewhere in the State. No loan shall be made for a longer term than five years ; amount loaned to any one person or company shall not exceed $4,000, nor 50 per cent of the value of security. When school funds accumulate to the amount of $1,000 or more and remain unloaned for one month or longer, county may borrow the same and pay interest at 6 per cent. Whenever more than $5,000 of either the common-school fund, the congres. sional township school fund, or the Indiana University endowment fund shall accumulate in any county the State auditor may transfer the same to any other county or counties having applications for loans beyond amounts avail- able for loaning. Principal of loan shall become due when borrower fails to pay interest; county auditor shall take necessary steps to collect on security. Where lands are taken on mortgage and auditor is unable to sell the same for a sum sufficient to pay the loan, county may buy said lands and pay the proper school fund for the same. See also A (b 2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers. Kentucky: School fund shall consist of (1) interest at 6 per cent on the State bond for $1,327,000; (2) dividends on 798 shares of stock of Bank of Ken- tucky owned by State; (3) interest at 6 per cent on $381,986.08 surplus due counties and remaining a perpetual obligation; (4) interest at 6 per cent on $606,641.03 received from United States under act of March 2, 1891; (5) an- nual tax of 26i cents on the hundred dollars of real and personal estate and corporate franchises; (6) such portions of the fines, forfeitures, and licenses as State common-school tax bears to all taxes other than those for agri- cultural and mechanical college. Auditor shall keep accounts of fund ; shall transfer credits to treasury monthly; allow no annual expenditures beyond revenue and see that no county overdraws. Net revenue of fund shall con- stitute sum to be distributed; county fees, etc., must be paid out of county 276 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. levy, not out of distributable revenue. State superintendent shall ascertain for year pro rata share of each pupil-child ; shall file said estimate and appor- tionment with auditor and report to each county the amount to which it is entitled. If pro rata of any county is not called for after the second school year it shall be covered into the treasury; subdistrict shall be entitled to carry balance from one year to next. State superintendent shall make out statement of surplus due each county; bond surplus in State treasury shall bear interest at 6 per cent. For each school year auditor shall distribute school funds due to each county superintendent and to each city, town, or village in a fixed proportion. When per capita distribution is between $4.75 and $5.35 schools shall be extended from six to seven months: when above $5.35 term shall be eight months. Se also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. liouisiana: Current school fund shall be used for support of public schools; interest on United States deposit fund shall be used for support of public schools, to be $28,795.14 annually ; fines imposed by the several district courts, and amounts collected on forfeited bonds in criminal cases, after deducting commissions, shall be applied to public schools. Parishes, wards, cities, towns, villages, school districts, drainage districts, road districts, and sub- drainage districts may levy special taxes and incur debts and issue bonds therefor, parish of Orleans and city of New Orleans excepted ; election must be called for such purposes ; indebtedness of any subdivision shall not exceed 10 per cent of assessed value of property ; such school bond elections shall be held under supervision and at expense of school boards; a majority vote in number of the property taxpayers shall be necessary to levy such tax or incur any such debt ; the governing authority of any such division shall levy taxes and incur indebtedness when lawfully authorized to do so ; bonds shall run for no longer than 40 years nor bear interest to exceed 5 per cent per annum; taxes shall be levied for purpose of paying interest on bonds and creating sinking fund for redemption thereof; poll tax shall be used for school purposes; lands appropriated by Congress for public schools may be sold upon a majority vote of electors of any township at an election held for such purpose; interest accruing from proceeds of sales of school lands may, by vote of electors, be paid annually to the township or district, otherwise interest shall be an accumulating fund to their credit until called for. Cer- tain lake beds shall be open to entry and sale for account of the State for school purposes ; proceeds from such sales shall be placed to credit of general school fund. Parish board may, by vote of electors, lease oil and mineral rights on sixteenth-section school lands. In all cases of lease of sixteenth- section school lands, or sale of timber thereon, or lease or sale of oil and mineral rights, cash payment, after paying expenses of election and making of sale and lease, shall be credited to account of current school fund of parish. Leases or sales of timber, oil, and mineral rights shall expire automatically after 10 years. Trespass on sixteenth- section land shall be deemed a mis- demeanor. School indemnity lands shall be sold by register of State land office, after due notice, for not less than $2.50 per acre. Price of seminary lands shall be fixed at $1.25 per acre. The proceeds of all lands granted by United States to this State for use or support of public schools, except six- teenth section in various townships of State specially reserved by Congress for use and benefit of people therein; all lands which may be granted or bequeathed to State for no other specific purpose which may be disposed of by the State, and 10 per cent of net proceeds of sales of public lands, and proceeds of estates of deceased persons to which State is entitled shall be B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 277 held by the State as a loan, to remain a perpetual fund by name of " free school fund," on which State shall pay an annual interest of 6 per cent; which interest, together with interest on United States deposit fund, with rents of unsold lands, except that of sixteenth sections, shall be appropriated for supiwrt of public schools; donations for support of public schools, and sums set aside by legislature, shall form part of fund, and shall be a loan on which the State shall pay an interest of 6 per cent per annum. Special sources of revenue are : Residue from sale of unclaimed merchandise in ware- houses; residue from sale of unclaimed freight in railroad warehouses; pro- ceeds from sale of " island other than marsh lands " ; from " land grants " other than sixteenth section ; from sale of " internal improvement " swamp indemnity lands and certificates; act 180 of 1902; all fines and forfeited bonds; fines for violation of laws relative to inquests, etc.; recision of town charters; donations; fees; inheritance tax; State appropriation for high and agricultural schools; special, school tax. Maine: Proceeds of lands appropriated for support of schools or of notes taken therefor and of other moneys appropriated for the same purpose shall by treasurer be kept separate and such sum shall constitute a permanent school fund; a sum equal to 6 per cent of such fund, one-half the sum re- ceived by State from franchises of savings banks, and one-half the sum assessed upon the deposits of trust and banking companies shall be annually appropriated to the support of the common schools and apportioned to the several towns according to number of children between 5 and 21 years old; immediately after apportionment treasurer shall notify each town of its proportion, which shall not be paid until returns are made nor until town pays State tax assessed. A tax of 1^ mills on the dollar shall annually be levied and shall be known as the mill tax for the support of the common schools ; this fund shall be apportioned to cities, towns, and " plantations " ac- cording to number of scholars therein in the preceding year. Unexpended balance of mill fund at end of fiscal year shall be added to i)ermanent school fund. A tax of li mills for common schools shall be levied and collected as other State taxes. One-third of such fund shall be apportioned according to number of scholars during preceding year in cities, towns, and plantations; remain- ing two-thirds shall be distributed according to valuation in cities, towns, and plantations. All moneys raised by towns for school purposes or appor- tioned by State shall be used for common schools. See also F (c), Teachers' pensions. Maryland: For 1915 and 1916 a tax of 17 cents on the hundred levied. There is appropriated for free schools, normal schools. State board, State superin- tendent and assistant, pensions, textbooks, and high schools, $1,450,000, " or whatever sum may be paid into the treasury on account of the tax for public schools" ; it shall be apportioned quarterly, October 1, January 1, March 15, June 15 ; " together with the further sum of $34,069.36," substituted for the interest on the surplus revenue and paid out of the public-school tax; also for interest on stocks standing to the credit of the free-school fund, donations to colleges, academies, and schools, $44,500; for the indigent blind, $33,000; treasurer shall pay to each county and to city of Baltimore its proportion of the free-school fund ; as soon as comptroller receives returns of amount of school tax levied he shall apportion whole levy in proportion to population 5 to 20 years. On January 1, March 15, June 15, and October 1 comptroller shall apportion amount of school tax received by treasurer in proportion to whole amount apportioned; he shall notify State board of education and 278 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county school boards, and treasurer shall pay within 10 days ; provided if in any county schools shall have been kept oj)en less than nine months or any white teacher has received less than $300, March installment shall be with- held ; provided Garrett County shall be obliged to keep its schools open seven and one-half months and pay its teachers a minimum of $250. Comptroller shall equalize as far as possible sums to be apportioned so as to distribute same amount on each day; comptroller shall apportion amount allowed on levy for insolvents. Treasurer shall pay annually $400 to the Anne Arundel County Academy. Massachusetts: All moneys raised by taxation for school purposes shall be expended only in public schools; such money shall never be appropriated to any religious sect for the maintenance, exclusively, of its own school. See also B (c), Permanent State school funds. Missouri: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers. Montana: An irreducible permanent school fund is created. County commis- sioners shall levy annual tax of 4 mills on the dollar for common schools; fines for violation of the law shall be paid into school fund unless otherwise specified by law; district trustees shall certify to county commissioners amount of special tax needed and such commissioners shall levy such special district tax not to exceed 10 mills; in districts of first and second classes trustees shall estimate sufficient amount to run schools nine months; ap- portionment of funds by county superintendent shall be based on number of children 6 to 21 years old ; when not needed for road purposes road funds of a district may, on order of county commissioners, be transferred to school fund; proceeds of sale of town lots sold under legislative acts relating to town sites shall be turned into county treasury to be used for school-build- ing purposes in the district where such town site is located, unless otherwise ordered by vote of qualified electors. Duties of county treasurer: To hold all school moneys and keep separate account for each district ; render to district trustees quarterly statemencs of warrants paid and moneys received; notify county superintendent of amount of money subject to apportionment ; pay all warrants when properly countersigned ; make annual report to county super- intendent. County assessor shall annually notify county superintendent of the assessed valuation of each district; clerk of district court shall report amount of fines to county superintendent; justice of the peace shall report to county superintendent whether he has imposed any fines. Nevada: All moneys accruing to this State from the sale of lands which have been or may be given for public-school purposes; all fines collected under penal laws; 2 per cent of gross proceeds of all toll roads and bridges, and all estates that may escheat to the State, shall constitute the State permanent school fund. All moneys derived from interest on permanent school fund, together with State school tax, shall constitute the State distributive school fund, and shall be apportioned semiannually among the several school dis- tricts of the State. County commissioners of each county shall levy annually a county school tax of no less than 2^ nor more than 5 mills on the dollar on taxable property ; a special school tax of 2i mills on the dollar on taxable property may be levied in any district by county commissioners, upon in- struction by trustees, when funds already apportioned shall be insufficient. Trustees may call elections to determine the advisability of levying taxes for additional school facilities. County school funds may be used to baild and equip schoolhouses, purchase libraries, pay teachers, or for contingent ex- penses. State comptroller shall keep account of State permanent school fund, B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 279 and shall make annual report of securities of such fund to State board ; State comptroller shall make annual report of State distributive fund to State super- intendent. State treasurer shall be legal custodian of permanent school fund securities. County treasurer shall receive and hold as deposit all school funds; make semiannual report to State superintendent; pay out school moneys on warrant of county auditor by order of trustees, but for buildings and repairs no amount over $500 shall be disbursed except with approval of State superintendent; make full annual report to State superintendent, fail- ing to do which he shall forfeit to county school fund $100 of his salary. Only in cases of taxes collected independently of regular taxes shall tax col- lector or treasurer receive any compensation for handling the same. County auditor shall make an annual report to State superintendent in reference to school funds. Trustees may order the issuance of interest-bearing warrants for current expenses whenever school funds are insufficient ; interest on such warrants shall not exceed 7 per cent; said warrants shall not exceed ex- penses for current year, and county commissioners shall levy a tax sufficient to pay the principal and interest on same within three years. Every officer of Nevada, State, civil, and military, except commissioners of deeds and notaries public, shall upon receipt of his commission pay the secretary of state $5, which, together with all other fees collected in the office of the secretary of state, shall constitute a part of the library fund; all money in excess of $5,000 of this fund shall be equally divided every year between the general fund of the State treasury and the general State school fund. The grantee of every public utility franchise shall annually pay into the school fund of every county where operating 2 per cent of the net profits of such public utility; the proceeds from the sale of any unclaimed animal shall be placed in the county school treasury; by a majority vote of taxpayers of a district the unexpended balance of road fund may be transferred to district school fund. See also K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. New Hampshire: All taxes collected by the State upon the deposits, stocks, and attending accumulations of depositors and stockholders of banks and similar corporations, who do not reside in the State, or whose residence is unknown, shall be known as the " literary fund." The State treasurer shall annually distribute the literary fund among the towns in proportion to number of pupils not less than 5 years of age who attended public schools not less than two weeks within that year; no unincorporated place shall receive its por- tion until a treasurer or school agent shall have been chosen therein. Liter- ary fund shall be assigned to districts as other school money, and shall be applied in maintenance of public schools for current year; one-fifth of same may be applied to purchase of supplies and apparatus; any person who shall apply such money to any other purpose shall refund to the State treasurer double the sum so misapplied. State aid, other than literary fund, shall not be given to towns having an equalized valuation of more than $9,500 per pupil of average attendance for the year preceding ; or whose population by last Federal census was more than 3,500; or whose schools have been main- tained less than an average of 30 weeks for year next preceding; or whose tax rate is less than $3.40 on $1,000 of equalized valuation. There shall annually be appropriated to towns not excluded by foregoing provisions State money as follows: To towns having equalized valuation per pupil of average attendance of less than $3,500, the sum of $1.75 per school week for every 25 pupils or major part thereof of average attendance for year next preceding; towns having equalized valuation per pupil of from $3,500 to 280 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. $4,500, $1.50 ; towns having equalized valuation per pupil of $4,500 to $5,500, $1.25; towns having equalized valuation per pupil of $5,500 to $7,000, $1 ; towns having equalized valuation per pupil of $7,000 to $9,500, 75 cents. When any district shall employ a graduate of a New Hampshire normal school, or normal school of another State of same grade, or persons holding a permanent New Hampshire State teacher's certificate, it shall receive fur- ther sum of $2 per week for every teacher so employed. Funds for district supervision and high-school tuition, provided by law, shall be set aside from State-aid fund before other appropriations shall be made. The sum of $95,100 shall constitute the annual State-aid fund; if this amount shall prove insufficient, then towns having the highest equalized valuation per pupil shall be omitted in order from such distribution ; all such money shall be expended under supervision of the governor and council. Towns whose rate of taxa- tion for school purposes in any year is $3.50 or more on $1,000, and whose average rate for all pui^poses for five years preceding is $16.50 or more on $1,000, shall receive a part of high-school tuition rebate as follows: If tax rate is from $16.50 to $17.49, one-tenth of tuition paid; if from $17.50 to $18.49, two-tenths; if from $18.50 to $19.49, three-tenths; if from $19.50 to $20.49, four-tenths; if from $20.50 to $21.49, five-tenths; if from $21.50 to $22.49, six-tenths; if from $22.50 to $23.49, seven-tenths; if from $23.50 to $24.49, eight-tenths; if from $24.50 to $25.49, nine-tenths; over $25.49, the whole of such tuition. New Jersey: The governor, attorney general, secretary of state, State comp- troller, State treasurer, and commissioner of education shall constitute a board of trustees of the fund for support of public schools arising from appropriations, gift, grant, bequest, or devise; secretary of state shall be secretary of such board; all riparian lands are appropriated for public schools; proceeds of sales and leases of such lands shall belong to said fund, but only interest thereon shall be part of income of school fund. Moneys belonging to the school fund shall be invested in bonds of the several school districts of the State, or in bonds of the United States, or of this State, or in bonds of certain cities, incorporated towns, townships, or bor- oughs of the State; income of said fund shall be used exclusively for sup- port of public schools, payment of salaries of county superintendents, and payment of premiums and accrued interest on bonds purchased by said board. State treasurer shall make annual report to legislature relative to said fund ; no compensation shall be paid to trustees for services rendered under pro- visions herein contained. Said board shall not invest any part of said fund in bonds secured by mortgage on lands, but may purchase land and premises exposed for sale under order or decree of court for payment of any mortgage Incumbrance thereon held by said board; said board shall not bid a higher price for such lands and premises than shall be sufficient to produce amount due upon said incumbrance and costs; real estate thus acquired shall be sold when advisable, and board may loan purchaser one-half amount of pur- chase money, same to be secured by bond and mortgage on the property. Sum of $200,000 shall be annually apportioned from income of school fund for support of public schools; if income shall not equal said sum, deficit shall be drawn fiom the State treasury. New Mexico: A uniform system of public schools sufficient for and open to all children of school age shall be established and maintained. All fines and forfeitures collected under general laws, the net proceeds of property that may come to the State by escheat, the rentals of all school lands granted to the State, the disposition of which is not otherwise provided for by the B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 281 terms of the grant or by act of Congress, and the income from the permanent school fund, shall constitute the current school fund of the State. The legis- lature shall provide for an annual tax for the maintenance of the public schools, the proceeds of such tax levy to be added to the current school fund. The said fund shall be distributed among the school districts of the State in proportion to the number of children of school age in each dis- trict. The legislature shall provide for the levy and collection of additional local taxes for school purposes. Before making the distribution there shall be taken from the current school fund a sufficient reserve to be distributed among school districts in which the proceeds of the local tax, when levied to the limit allowed by law, plus the regular quota of current school funds allotted to said district, shall not be sufficient to maintain school for the full period of five months, and this reserve fund shall be distributed among such districts to enable each district to hold school for the said period. The principal of the permanent school fund shall be invested in the bonds of the State or Territory of New Mexico, or of any county, city, town, board of education, or school district therein. All losses from such funds shall be reimbursed by the State. Board of county commissioners shall annually levy a tax of 1 mill on the dollar upon all taxable property, the proceeds whereof shall be added to the current frKJhool fund. Any tax collector who shall fail to turn over all school money collected by him within 30 days after the 10th of the month in which same is collected shall be summarily removed from office by the governor. Any balance remaining in the reserve fund at the end of the school year shall be set aside by the State treasurer to the credit of the " School building fund " ; any " weak " district may make application to the State superintendent and attorney general for part of said fund to be used in building and furnishing suitable schoolhouse; no more than $300 for building or completing any school building, nor more than $50 for furnishing any schoolroom, shall be allowed any such district, and district receiving such aid shall furnish in labor or money at least one-third of the cost of the construction or the furnishing of such school building; the site for such school building shall be provided by the directors of the district; plans and specifications for building or furnishing such school building shall be submitted to the State superintendent and attorney general for their approval; contracts for constructing or furnishing such school building shall be awarded upon the basis of competitive bids by the board of school directors acting in conjunction with the county superintendent; any district receiving such aid shall in each year when there is a surplus remaining in the district fund after expenses of maintaining five months' school shall have been paid, pay such surplus to the State treasurer, the same to be credited toward payment of funds so borrowed by the district for constructing or furnishing such school building. New York: The school moneys consist of three separate funds annually appro- priated by the legislature: (1) The appropriation for the support of common schools; (2) the appropriation for cities, academies, academic departments, and libraries; (3) the appropriation for training classes and schools; all apportioned by the commissioner of education. Appropriation for common, schools. — ^After setting aside a contingent fund of not more than $10,000 said commissioner shall apportion balance as fol- lows: (1) To each city and to each union district of 5,000 population or more which employs a superintendent of schools, $800, to be known as supervision quota; (2) to each district having assessed valuation of $20,000 or less, $200; (3) to each district having $20,000 to $40,000 assessed valuation, $175; (4) 282 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. to each district having $40,000 to $60,000, and to each Indian reservation, for each teacher employed for at least 165 days, $150; (5) to incorporated orphan asylums, except in city of New York, $125; (6) to each of remaining districts and cities, $125 (apportionment provided by subdivisions 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, to be known as district quotas) ; (7) to each such district, city, or orphan asylum for each additional qualified teacher and his successors, by whom schools are taught required time, $100, to be known as teacher's quota; (8) to school district maintaining school for less than 180 days, proportionate part of teacher's quota; (9) to each separate neighborhood, an amount upon basis of distribution; (10) errors or omissions in apportionment shall be corrected by said commissioner of education, and contingent fund shall be drawn on for such purposes. To each city and union free-school district for each gen- eral industrial school, trade school, part-time or continuation school, or even- ing vocational school maintained therein for 36 weeks during the school year and employing one teacher whose work is devoted exclusively to such school, and having an enrollment of at least 15 pupils and maintaining an organiza- tion and a course of study, and conducted in a manner approved by said commissioner, a sum equal to two-thirds of the salary paid to such teacher, but not exceeding $1,000. To each city, union free-school district, or common- school district, for each school of agriculture, mechanic arts, and homemaking maintained therein for 36 weeks during the school year, and employing one teacher whose work is devoted exclusively to such school, and having an enrollment of at least 15 pupils and maintaining an organization and course of study and conducted in a manner approved by commissioner, a sum equal to two-thirds of the salary paid to such teacher. Such teacher may be em- ployed for the entire year, and during the time that the said school is not open shall be engaged in performing such educational services as may be required by the board of education or trustees, under regulations adopted by the commissioner of education; where a contract is made with a teacher for the entire year, and such teacher is employed for such period as herein provided, the commissioner of education shall make an additional apportion- ment to such city or district of $200, but the total amount apportioned in each year on account of such teacher shall not exceed $1,000. Said com- missioner shall also make an additional apportionment to each city and union free-school district for each additional teacher employed exclusively in the schools mentioned in the preceding subdivisions of this section for 36 weeks during the school year a sum equal to one-third of the salary paid to each such additional teacher, but not exceeding $1,000 for each teacher. The said commissioner, in his discretion, may apportion to a district or city maintaining such schools or employing such teachers for a shorter time than 36 weeks, or for a less time than a regular school day, an amount pro rata to the time such schools are maintained or such teachers are em- ployed. This section shall not be construed to entitle manual-training high schools or other secondary schools maintaining manual-training departments to an apportionment of funds herein provided for. Any person employed as teacher as provided herein may serve as principal of the school in which the said industrial or trade school or course, or school or course of agri- culture, mechanic arts, and homemaking is maintained. Said commissioner may legalize time taught by teacher not legally qualified and authorize pay- ment of salary of such teacher. All moneys so apportioned, except the supervision quota, shall be used exclusively for payment of teachers' salaries. No supervision quota shall be allowed any city or district unless a superin- tendent shall be employed therein for his full time, and unless such city or B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. ^83 district shall contain at least 5,000 population; no district shall receive any portion of school moneys unless during the preceding year a public school shall have been maintained therein for at least 180 days, inclusive of legal holidays and exclusive of Saturdays, and taught by a legally qualified teacher ; no school shall be in session on a legal holiday, except general election day, Washington's Birthday, and 'Lincoln's Birthday; a deficiency not exceeding six days caused by attendance of teacher at teachers' conferences shall be excused ; in common-school districts school term shall begin on first Tuesday in September of each year. At least one-half of moneys apportioned shall be paid on or before March 1, and remaining part on or before May 15 in each year. The district superintendent of schools shall, on or before February 15 in each year, apportion the supervision, district, and teachers' quotas to the several districts within his supervisory district, and shall credit to the dis- tricts moneys received from fines and penalties and other sources belonging to such districts; said superintendent shall certify such apportionments to the county treasurer and to commissioner of education. The comptroller may withhold from any county its part of school fund until such county shall have raised by taxation all moneys required by law to be raised by such county. Every union free-school district and every city having an organized city system of schools shall, in all matters relating to school moneys, be regarded as a school district. Appropriation for cities, academies, academic departments, and libraries. — This apportionment shall also be made by commissioner of education: (1) To each city, union district, and nonsectarian academy, an academic- quota of $100 for each academic department maintained therein; (2) to each nonsecta- rian private academy an allowance equal to amount raised from local sources but not in excess of $250 annually for approved books, reproductions of stan- dard works of art, and apparatus; (3) to each city an allowance equal to amount raised from local sources not to exceed $18 and $2 additional for each licensed teacher employed, and $250 for each academic department maintained by it for approved books, reproductions of works of art and apparatus; (4) to each union free district maintaining an academic depart- ment an allowance equal to amount raised from local sources not to exceed $268 annually and $2 additional for each teacher employed for books, repro- ductions of works of art and apparatus; (5) to all other districts an allow- ance equal to amount raised from local sources not to exceed $18 annually and $2 additional for each licensed teacher employed for approved books, reproductions of works of art and apparatus; (6) to each city and union district maintaining an academic department, $20 per year for at least 32 weeks' instruction or proportionate amount if for eight weeks or more for each nonresident pupil attending such department from a district not main- taining such department; (7) after payment of allowances^erein provided, any balance shall be apportioned to cities, districts, and academies main- taining academic departments on basis of aggregate days' attendance of academic pupils therein; (8) before making such apportionments said com- missioner shall set aside sum to be devoted to purchase of books and ap- paratus as herein provided, and pay out same from time to time as he may see fit; (9) any city or institution shall, before receiving any portion of funds herein provided, submit report for preceding year to commissioner of education. Funds hereinbefore provided shall be paid to county treasurers, who shall pay the same to the proper oflicials of the city, district, or academy; county treasurers shall make annual reports to commissioner of education relative to such funds. When said commissioner makes any an- 284 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. nnal or general apportionment he shall certify the same to the proper county, city, and school officers. Appropriation for training classes and schools. — The commissioner of edu- cation shall apportion to each academy and union free district which has maintained an approved training class the sum of $700 annually ; the balance of money appropriated for such purposes shall be apportioned among the cities maintaining training schools on basis of aggregate attendance in such schools. The governor may receive for purposes of education in the Stare any gift of bonds, warrants, choses in action, or other obligations of any other State. The proceeds of all lands belonging to the State in the year 1823, except parts reserved or appropriated to public use, or ceded to the United States, shall belong to common-school fund. In case of diminution of capital belonging to common-school fund. United States deposit fund, or literature fund, suffi- cient funds shall be added to the capital thereof from the income of such funds to preserve the capital inviolate; $25,000 shall annually be added to capital of common-school fund from income of United States deposit fund. The comptroller shall annually transfer to the general fund the remainder of income of the common-school fund, United States fund, and literature fund, which, together with amounts raised by taxation or otherwise for edu- cational purposes, shall constitute the education fund. North Dakota: The proceeds arising from all fines and penalties for violations of law, the income from school lands, and the interest and income from the permanent school fund shall constitute the State tuition fund, which shall be apportioned to counties according to number of persons of school age. State auditor shall certify quarterly the amount of tuition fund to State superintendent, who shall apportion the same to counties on basis of last enumeration. Moneys arising from the permanent fund and from leasing school lands shall be kept as a separate item. All moneys apportioned by State superintendent shall constitute the " State tuition fund " ; all moneys received from district taxes, subscription, sale of property, or other sources shall constitute the "general fund"; tuition fund shall be used only for payment of teachers' salaries; if such fund is insufficient to pay teachers' salaries, general fund may be used for that purpose ; if a balance of tuition fund remains, it shall be transferred to the general fund. District treasurer shall keep one general account of all moneys received and disbursed and a separate account of each fund. Tuition fund may be withheld from district failing to make enumeration or to make reports as required by law, or whose treasurer fails to give bond. County superintendent may withhold tuition fund from any district failing to maintain school for six months during pre- ceding year or failing to provide school facilities ; he shall withhold such fund if school is not maintained five months. After receiving notice from State superintendent of State apportionment, county superintendent shall apportion tuition fund to districts on basis of number of persons between 6 and 21 years old. County treasurer shall keep separate accounts of all moneys received by him from State apportionment, county taxes, district taxes and other sources and shall credit himself with the same when paid to districts. Ohio: There shall annually be levied on the taxable property of the State for educational purposes, 0.055 of 1 mill on the dollar, the proceeds of which shall constitute the " State common-school fund," and for payment of interest on the trust-fund debt for school purposes, 0025 of 1 mill, such fund to be styled " the sinking fund." The State shall pay 6 per cent interest annually on proceeds of sales of " salt lands " and swamp lands granted by act of Con- B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 285 gress; money received from such sales shall contltute an irreducible debt of the State, and interest thereon shall be apportioned annually on same basis as the State common-school fund is apportioned ; such interest shall be appor- tioned to the several counties in proportion to the number of male inhabitants over 21 years old, and shall be distributed in the counties in same manner as common-school fund is distributed. Money which has been and may be paid into State treasury on account of sales of township lands granted by Con- gress for common schools, shall constitute the " common-school fund," of which State auditor shall be superintendent, and income of which shall be used exclusively for support of common schools. Common-school fund shall constitute an irreducible debt of State, on which it shall pay interest at rate of 6 per cent per year. When any grant or devise of land, or donation or be- quest of personal property, is made to State, or otherwise in trust for common- school fund, it shall become a part of such fund. The State auditor shall semiannually apportion the common-school fund to the several counties on the basis of the enumeration of youth therein; such enumeration data shall be furnished by State superintendent. If a township is situated in two or more counties, that part of income from common-school fund due such town- ship shall be paid to the county containing largest part of such township; but if uncertain which county contains such part, the interest due to such town- ship shall be paid to the oldest county. Each board of education shall annually fix rate of taxation to be levied for all school purposes, after the State funds are exhausted. Such levy shall be divided into (1) tuition funds; (2) building fund; (3) contingent fund; (4) bonds, interest, and sinking fund. A separate levy must be made for each fund. No person shall be employed to teach in any public school for less than $40 per month; when a school district has not suflScient money to pay its teachers the salaries provided by law for eight months of the year, after a maximum levy, three-fourths of which shall be for the tuition fund, then such district shall receive from the State treasurer suflScient money to make up the deficiency. Only districts shall be eligible to receive State aid which pay salaries as follows: (1) Elementary teachers without previous teaching experience in the State and with no professional training, $40 per month; (2) elementary teachers having at least six weeks' profes- sional training, $45 per month; (3) elementary teachers who have com- pleted the full two years' course in any normal school, teachers' college, college, or university approved by State superintendent, $55 per month; (4) high-school teachers, $70 per month. Whenever a board finds that it will have such deficit for current school year, such board shall make affidavit to county auditor, who shall certify same to the State auditor ; no district shall receive State aid unless the number of school children in such district is at least 20 times the number of teachers and schools are maintained at least 8 months. When a school district is situated in more than one county the board shall certify the tax levy for such district to the auditors of the several counties ; funds belonging to such district shall be paid to the treasurer of the county having the greatest tax valuation in such district. The State common-school funds shall be apportioned as follows: Each school district within the county shall receive $30 for each teacher employed in such district, and the balance of such funds shall be apportioned among the various districts on the basis of average daily attendance of pupils; the local school tax shall be paid to districts from which collected; income from common-school fund shall be apportioned on basis of $30 for each teacher and the balance on average attendance of pupils; all other school money in 286 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county treasury, not otherwise appropriated, sliall be apportioned in tlie same manner; county auditor shall certify apportionment to each school district clerk in his county ; amount received from the State common-school fund and the common-school fund shall be designated the "tuition fund" and shall be appropriated only for payment of superintendents and teachers. Board of education of any district shall provide for the deposit of moneys coming Into the hands of its treasurer, but no bank shall receive a deposit larger than its capital stock and in no event to exceed $300,000; in districts containing two or more banks such deposits shall be made in the bank or banks which offer highest rate of interest, which must be at least 2 per cent ; such banks shall give ample bonds; in school districts containing less than two banks boards may select other convenient banks as depositories. County commissioners are authorized to supply the deficiency occurring under certain conditions in the contingent fund of a district ; such expenditures shall be a charge against the school district for which money was paid. County auditor shall collect or cause to be collected moneys for support of common schools in his county and pay them to the county treasurer. In any district having a bonded indebtedness for the payment of which, with interest, no special tax levy has been made board shall annually set aside from its revenue not less than one-fortieth of such indebtedness, with sum sufficient for interest. Board of every district shall pro^^de a sinking fund for extinguishment of bonded indebtedness which shall be managed by a board of five electors appointed by the common pleas court of the county, ex- cept that in city or village districts the school board may be such commission ; such commission shall serve without compensation and shall give bond ; com- missioners shall invest sinking funds in certain bonds; bonds may be re- funded, extended, or renewed. Board of commissioners of sinking fund shall make annual reports to school board. When a school board issues bonds for any purpose such issue shall first be offered for sale to the board of commis- sioners of the sinking fund, who may buy the same at par. When, after payment of claims and expenses, there remains a balance of rents of school lands the trustees shall annually meet and divide the same among the school districts within the original township, on the basis of $30 per teacher, and the balance according to average daily attendance in the schools. The surplus of sheep-claims fund not transferred to any " society for the prevention of cruelty to children and animals" shall be paid into county board of education fund. South Carolina: See A (b2), State officers. Tennessee: Permanent school fund, $2,512,500, on which State shall pay interest at 6 per cent; to permanent fund shall be added proceeds of escheated property, of forfeitures to State, of lands sold and bought in for taxes, of personal effects of intestates dying without lawful heirs, and of donations to State for public schools unless otherwise directed by donors. Current school fund shall be income from permanent fund and such State appropriations as may be made. Poll tax of $1 shall be collected and re- tained in county where collected; a county school tax of li mills on the dollar shall be collected when State and county funds are insufficient to run schools for five months; county court shall levy additional tax to run schools for such term, and said court may, when authorized by vote of the people, levy tax to extend term, but such tax shall not exceed State tax; school funds shall be kept separate from other State and county funds. Funds unexpended in a district shall be credited to such district for suc- ceeding year. State funds shall be apportioned to counties and State and B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 287 county funds to districts on basis of school population. County trustee shall make settlement quarterly and also annually with county judge or chair- man of county court. County superintendent shall report quarterly to State superintendent account of school funds. County trustee shall make annual financial statement to county superintendent. On notice by county super- intendent, State superintendent shall employ attorney to recover school moneys lost or misappropriated. Misdemeanor for county superintendent or county trustee to fail or refuse to make reports required herein. A general education fund is created, which fund shall consist of one-third of gross revenue of the State; 61 per cent of such fund shall be apportioned to counties on basis of school population. Ten per cent of such fund shall be set aside for more nearly equalizing the common schools of the counties, for promoting industrial training, and for encouraging the consolidation of schools, with transportation of pupils. Before any county may receive any portion of this 10 per cent it must levy, including school tax but excluding high-school tax, a tax of 40 cents on $100 of property and also a poll tax of $2 and all privilege taxes ; where county employs an elementary-school super- visor or supervisor of industrial work approved by State superintendent. State board of education may pay half of salary of such supervisor; State board of education may appropriate to aid in paying for transportation of children residing more than 2i miles from school when such school has three or more teachers and approved building and equipment, but not more than one school in a county shall be thus aided until all counties are aided ; any por- tion of said 10 per cent not otherwise disposed of shall be used to equalize schools of the counties ; before any of said 10 per cent shall be appropriated, $33,600, or so much as may be necessary, shall be set aside to increase county superintendents' salaries, but not exceeding $350 from such fund shall be allowed to any one superintendent; not more than one-half of the amount apportioned to county under this section shall be paid until required reports are made. Eight per cent of general education fund shall be used as a high- school fund to encourage counties to establish and maintain county high schools; State board of education shall grade all high schools established under county high-school law, fix minimum course of study, and classify them as first, second, and third class ; no county shall receive more than one- fiftieth of total amount provided under this section, and no school shall re- ceive more than one-third as much as is received from other sources; all teachers in high schools receiving aid under this section shall be licensed under regulations of State board of education; State board may employ a high-school inspector; unexpended balance of said 8 per cent shall be ex- pended for industrial instruction and for equalizing term of high schools. One per cent of the general education fund shall be expended for establish- ment and maintenance of public-school libraries; when school patrons shall raise $10 or more for library, State shall pay equal amount, but not to ex- ceed $40 for any school ; State board of education may employ a director of library extension, who shall work under supervision of State superintendent ; State board of education shall prescribe rules for government of school libra- ries, furnish lists from which books shall be selected, etc. ; one-third of said 1 per cent shall be used for maintaining circulating libraries under direction of State library. Thirteen per cent of general education fund may be used for establishment and maintenance of normal schools; three such schools for training of white teachers and one normal and industrial school for training of colored persons shall be established ; principals and instructors ot white normal schools may be required to assist in conducting teachers' in- 288 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. stitutes; students entering must be at least 16 years old and have completed elementary school course; a certificate of graduation shall entitle holder to teach in public schools 4 years, and after having taught 15 months and passed examination prescribed by State board, holder may be granted a permanent license; State board of education shall locate and control normal schools; one-seventh of funds derived from said 13 per cent shall be used for colored normal and industrial schools and remaining six-sevenths shall be used for white normal schools. Seven per cent of general education fund is appropriated to University of Tennessee; 10 per cent of this amount, but not less than $10,000 annually, shall be used for agricultural and horticul- tural experiment station and model farm in west Tennessee and not less than $5,000 shall be used for agricultural experiments in middle Tennessee; not exceeding 5 per cent of said 7 per cent may be used to pay traveling expenses of students attending university; tuition in academic, engineering, agricultural, and educational departments of university shall be free to resi- dents of Tennessee. Texas: One-fourth of occupation taxes and $1 poll tax, interest on permanent school fund, proceeds of sale of land set apart for permanent school fund, proceeds of lease of school lands, and State tax not to exceed 20 cents oa $100 shall constitute available State school fund, which shall be apportioned to counties on basis of school population. State automatic tax board shall levy tax sufficient to produce each year $4 for each person of school age, but rate shall not exceed limit fixed by law. (Rate is now fixed at maxi- mum limit. Per capita apportionment this year is $8.) Utah: State treasurer shall receive all public-school moneys and pay them on warrant of auditor, ordered by State superintendent, to county treasurers and treasurers of boards of education. County commissioners shall annu- ally levy a county tax of not exceeding 4 mills on the dollar. County treas- urer shall hold school funds subject to order of county superintendent and shall pay them to district treasurers as apportioned; he shall report annu- ally to commissioners. Vermont: See A (bl), State boards. Virginia: The proceeds of glebe lands and church property held by the over- seers of any county, under the act of 1802, shall be devoted to such purposes as the qualified electors of the county may vote; all glebe lands and church property which iuay be voted for education in any county, corporation, or school district shall be vested in the school board thereof. " The literary fund" (State permanent school fund) shall consist of present literary funds, proceeds of lands donated by Congress, escheated property, waste and unappropriated lands, property forfeited to the State, all fines for offenses against the State (except where otherwise expressly provided), donations to said fund, and such appropriations for said fund as the legis- lature may make. Said funds shall be invested and managed by the State board of education; the principal thereof shall remain unimpaired, and income shall be used for the support of the public schools. Before No- vember 1 each year State auditor shall calculate the approximate amount of money to be available for public schools during the ensuing year and shall report 90 per cent of such amount to superintendent of public instruc- tion; said superintendent, under direction of State board of education, shall make out a distributive statement of amounts due the several counties and cities and shall furnish the same to auditor, who shall pay funds to county and city treasurers; if taxes are collected in excess of amount approxi- B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 289 mated, such excess shall likewise be distributed to counties and cities. Funds applicable annually to the establishment and maintenance of public schools shall consist of (1) annual interest on literary fund, appropriations by legis- lature, that portion of the capitation tax to be paid into the State treasury and not returnable to the counties, and such tax on property, not less than 1 mill nor more than 5 mills, as the legislature may from time to time determine, all these funds to be applied exclusively to the maintenance of primary and grammar schools; (2) county funds embracing such tax as may be levied, donations, and other funds set apart for district schools; (3) district tax and such dog tax as board of supervisors may set aside for school purposes, and any other funds that may be set aside for the district schools. The county board of supervisors shall annually, on the basis of estimate submitted by county school board, levy a county tax of not less tban 10 nor more than 40 cents on $100, and district taxes, as estimated by district boards, of not less than 15 nor more than 35 cents on $100; if supervisors fail to levy amounts estimated to be needed, they shall on peti- tion of county school board refer the matter of tax levy to the qualified voters of the county or district, as the case may be; but total county and district levy in any district shall not exceed 50 cents on $100; in towns constituting single school districts the council may levy the district tax; boards of supervisors may levy a less rate than herein provided with approval of the State board of education. County school boards shall make annually a statement of receipts and disbursements and shall publish the same. County board of supervisors shall make levies of school taxes to raise amount estimated by county school board, or so much thereof as super- visors may allow; supervisors shall likewise make levies of district school taxes. Where a district has outstanding bonds, supervisors shall levy a tax in said district to pay interest and principal of the same. Every owner of a male or spayed female dog shall annually pay a license tax of 50 cents on the same; on unspayed females a tax of $1 shall be paid; said tax shall be used to remunerate persons of the county who have domestic animals killed or injured by dogs; any balance remaining on hand at end of any year shall be appropriated to county school fund or road fund. Shares of stock issued by any bank located in any county or town may be taxed by said county or town. Planted oysters shall be taxed for State and county purposes. Logs or timber floating on streams and not recov- ered by owner shall be sold by sheriff at public auction and the proceeds thereof, after expenses are paid, shall be paid to county treasurer for the benefit of the school district in which finder of timber resides. Washington: The principal of common-school fund shall remain permanent and irreducible. Such fund shall consist of: Appropriations and donations by the State; donations and bequests by individuals for such purpose; pro- ceeds of property reverting to State by escheat or forfeiture; proceeds of property granted to State when purpose of grant is not specified or is uncer- tain; funds accumulated in State treasury for disbursement of which legal provision has not been made; proceeds of sales from property of school or State lands not granted for specific purposes, and moneys received from per- sons appropriating property from such lands other than specific grants, and all moneys other than rental recovered from persons trespassing on such lands; 5 per cent of proceeds of sale of public lands sold by United States subsequent to admission of State into the Union; principal of all funds re- ceived from sale of school lands ; such other funds as legislature may appro- 8966°— 15 19 290 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. priate. Any losses to said permanent fund or any other State educational fund shall be a permanent funded debt against the State; State shall pay 6 per cent annual interest on any such loss. Interest accruing on said per- manent fund, together with rentals and other revenues derived therefrom, and from lands and other property of common-school fund, shall be applied to current use of common schools; State board of equalization shall annually levy a tax which when added to income of permanent fund shall equal $10 for each child of school age in the State, but such tax shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar; such tax levy shall be certified to county auditors, and shall be collected and retained by county treasurers and paid out according to law ; county treasurers shall transmit excess to State treasurer, or receive amount of deficiency from such treasurer, as is necessary to give each county its share of such State funds. County commissioners of each county shall levy on taxable property of county such tax as will raise $10 for each child of school age therein ; such tax shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar ; such tax to be used for support and maintenance of public schools of county. County superintendent shall file with county auditor annually census of school children for each district in county. Two-thirds of county school fund shall be apportioned among districts on basis of attendance and remain- der on basis of number of teachers for preceding school year, and where a second or additional teacher is employed for less than eight months such district shall receive one-eighth of an apportionment for each teacher for each month she is actually employed. The " school-district fund," together with apportionment from " current State school fund " and " county fund," shall constitute the " general school fund " of each school district. Moneys received from certain fines, sales, penalties, and forfeitures, except as other- wise provided, shall be paid into current State school fund. Any person oflicially in charge of any examination questions who shall disclose the same shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $100 nor more than $500, to be placed to credit of State current school fund. If a county superintendent fails to make reports to sui^erintend- ent of public instruction, as required by law, he shall forfeit $50 from his salary. Any oflScer or person collecting or receiving fines, forfeitures, or other moneys belonging to school fund who fails to pay over same, as required by law, shall forfeit double such amount and interest thereon at rate of 5 per cent per month for period same has been withheld, to be paid into State current school fund. Public funds shall be withheld from any district not complying with law as to teaching of physiology and hygiene; any county superintendent who shall fail to enforce law as to teaching of physiology and hygiene shall be liable to penalty of $100, to be paid into State current school fund. If district clerk fails to make required reports, he shall forfeit $25 for every such failure; if district fails to receive its apportionment through neglect of said clerk, said clerk shall be liable for same, to be paid into general fund of district. Any school officer who fails to turn over records, papers, and balance of moneys to his successor shall be guilty of a misde- meanor, punishable by fine of not more than $100; any director who shall be a party to employment of a teacher not holding a legal certificate shall be liable to district for any loss sustained by district by such employment. Any teacher who willfully refuses or neglects to enforce course of study as required by law shall receive no salary until law is complied with. Any teacher who shall maltreat or abuse any pupil shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punish- able by fine of not more than $100, to be paid into State current school fund. B (a). GENERAL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. 291 Any teacher who fails to attend institutes, as required by law, unless for cause satisfactory to superintendent of public instruction, shall forfeit his certifi- cate, but teacher shall be heard. Any person who shall insult or abuse a teacher in presence of his school or on school premises shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100, to be paid into State current school fund. Any person who shall willfully disturb a school meeting shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine not to exceed $50, to be paid into State current school fund. Any teacher, principal, or superintendent who shall knowingly make false report of attendance of pupils, except when students are lawfully excused from attendance, shall forfeit his certificate for at least one year. Any pupil who shall willfully injure any school property shall be liable to suspension and punishment; parents or guardians shall be liable for such damages to be paid to school district. Any district using other than prescribed textbooks, or failing to comply with prescribed course of study, or issuing warrants to teachers not legally qualified shall forfeit 25 per cent of their school fund for that or the subsequent year, same to be paid into State general school fund. Any person who fraudulently votes or fraudulently enables another to vote shall be guilty of a felony. West Virginia: The proceeds of capitation tax, income of school fund, net proceeds of fines and forfeitures, moneys arising from sources provided In the constitution, and moneys paid into treasury for school purposes not otherwise appropriated shall be set apart for support of public schools, to be known as " the general school fund." Said general fund shall be appor- tioned among the counties on basis of school census. The salaries of State superintendent, county superintendents, and such other expenditures as may be required by law shall be deducted from such fund before same is appor- tioned. Board of public works shall transfer to such fund an amount from State fund to make same at least $750,000. Said board may transfer such an amount as will make general fund equal $1,000,000 if condition of State fund will justify it. State auditor shall annually ascertain amount of general school fund and shall certify same to State superintendent, who shall notify auditor and each county superintendent of apportionment. County superin- tendent shall apportion such fund to each district and independent school district according to the school census. Said district apportionment shall not be drawn by any district until lawful levies have been made in such district. Apportionment is made in two installments. Not less than 1 cent nor more than 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property shall be levied annually for State and State school purposes. Amount apportioned to distributable school fund from all sources shall not in any year be less than $750,000. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Wisconsin: See B (e). State aid for elementary education. Wyoming: Public moneys shall be deposited in a bank or banks approved by proper governing board, and such bank shall give bond or deposit securities as guaranty of trust and shall pay not less than 2 nor more than 4 per cent interest, as fixed by governing board, on daily balances. Ooverning hoard for deposits: For State, governor, treasurer, and secretary of state; for county, board of commissioners; for city, mayor, and council; for school district, board of trustees. 292 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. B (b) . State School Lands. See also Appendix A, State constitutional provisions relating to public edu- cation. Alabama: School lands are the sixteenth section in each township and other lands granted for school purposes; State superintendent is authorized to sell school lands; no lands, except indemnity lands, shall be sold except on petition of a majority of the qualified voters of the township or district; notes for payments must be secured by mortgage and kept by State super- intendent until payment is due ; sale may be either public or private, and not less than one-fourth of the purchase price must be paid in cash ; State super- intendent may reserve timber lots ; persons cutting or injuring trees shall pay $10 for each, which amount shall be credited to township or district ; super- intendent may employ agents for surveying, mapping, or platting school lands ; proceeds of sales shall be paid into State treasury and the credit of the State is pledged for the payment of interest thereon to township or district ; super- intendent may lease school lands; governor, superintendent, and attorney general shall constitute a board for the examination of titles to school lands and of claims of the State against illegal holders of such lands. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support. Arizona: Sections 16, 36, 2 and 32 of land in every township are reserved by act of Congress for the support of the common schools; where such sections are fractional, deficit shall be made up with lands elsewhere. Following are additional grants made by Congress : For university, 200,000 acres ; for school and asylums for the deaf, dumb, and blind, 100,000 acres ; for normal schools, 200,000 acres; for charitable, penal, and reformatory institutions, 100,000 acres; for agricultural and mechanical colleges, 150,000 acres; for military institutes, 100,000 acres ; for the payment of bonds of certain counties, 1,000,000 acres, but any unused remainder of said 1,000,000 acres shall be used for the benefit of the public schools. No part of the proceeds of lands herein granted shall be used for the support of any sectarian or denominational school, col- lege, or university. Five per cent of the proceeds of the sale of lands within the State by the United States, after expenses of sale are deducted, shall be paid to the State to be used as a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be used for the support of the common schools. Arkansas: On petition of a majority of the male inhabitants of a township the school lands, including the sixteenth section lands, thereof shall be sold; after appraisement by three disinterested parties, the county collector shall sell said lands to the highest bidder, but said lands shall not be sold for less than three-fourths of the appraised value nor for less than $1.25 per acre ; the county court may reject any sale. The proceeds of the sale of the six- teenth section lands shall be paid into the State treasury and shall by the State board of education be invested in bonds of the United States or of the State of Arkansas; the interest accruing on said investment shall be dis- tributed to counties to which it is due and county courts shall distribute the same to the proper townships. The county collector shall annually lease cul- tivated school lands; county judge may lease for a term of five years any wild and uncleared sixteenth section lands. See also B (a). General State finance and support. California: See B (c), Permanent State school funds. B (b). STATE SCHOOL LANDS. 293 Colorado: See B (c), Permanent State school funds. Florida: See A (bl), State boards. Idaho: See B (a), General State finance and support; G (b), State normal schools; N (a), High schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Illinois: Section 16 in every township and lands granted in lieu thereof shall be held as common school lands ; trustees of townships in which school lands remain unsold may rent or lease the same and collect rent therefor, but this section shall not apply to cities having over 100,000 inhabitants. Person tak- ing or destroying any tree on school lands shall be liable to school fund for $8 for each such tree. School lands may be sold on petition to county superin- tendent of two-thirds of the legal voters of the township, or, in township hav- ing 10,000 inhabitants or more, on petition of one-tenth of the legal voters, an election shall be held and a two-thirds vote shall determine ; township trus- tees shall subdivide land and appraise the same and county superintendent shall make the sale to highest bidder after advertising the same, but no lot shall be sold for a lower price than that fixed by township trustees. Pur- chasers shall pay or secure the payment of purchase money. See also A (c2). County officers; B (a). General State finance and sup- port. Indiana: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support. Iowa: See B (c), Permanent State school funds. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Louisiana: See B (a), General State finance and support. Maine: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; B (c), Permanent State school funds. Michigan: See A (bl), State boards. Mississippi: Board of supervisors of each county which has sixteenth section lands or lands taken in lieu thereof " reserved for the support of township schools " shall employ competent persons and take such action as may be necessary to ascertain true condition of title to each parcel. Board of super- visors shall, in every county where funds belonging to township have been paid into county treasury and mingled with other moneys, cause matter to be investigated and funds to be properly accredited to township; all such funds shall bear interest at 6 per cent from January 1, 1892 ; county shall not be liable for funds stolen, embezzled, or burned; board of supervisors shall institute necessary suits to establish and confirm title to each parcel and fix date of expiration of lease ; if any persons claim land in fee simple or upon any terms save that of lease with absolute reversion to State, or if title rest in parol, suit shall be instituted at once ; adverse possession for 25 years shall be prima facie evidence that law has been complied with ; none of such lands shall ever be sold, but they shall be leased ; those not in city, town, or village for not exceeding 15 years ; those in city, town, or village for not exceeding 25 years ; no timber shall be cut or used by lessee, except for fuel and necessary repairs and improvements; counties through boards of county supervisors, under general supervision of land commissioner, shall have jurisdiction and control; all funds shall be paid into county treasury and credited to proper township; treasurers shall keep separate account with each; such 294 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. funds shall not be expended except for education in township or for buildings or improvements on the land ; whole of rents may be expended, but only in- terest of other funds; board of supervisors may require additional bonds; board of supervisors authorized to sell timber of all sorts, wood, gravel, and acid iron earth ; lease lands for three years for turpentining and for one year for pasturage; funds received shall be credited to proper township, loaned out and interest used for township schools. Funds arising from any disposi- tion of sixteenth sections now on hand and all such as shall accrue and un- expended balances of rentals shall be loaned out for not more than five years at 6 per cent, secured by deed in trust on real estate ; borrower must furnish abstract of title ; if funds are loaned in any other way each oflBcer concerned shall be liable personally and on his bond; available township funds may be appropriated for building and repair of school houses, for furniture, supplies, other than books, for water, fuel, and salaries. Where children from adjoin- ing townships having available funds attend same school claims shall be apportioned according to the educable children; board of supervisors shall annually appoint three trustees for each township, and these trustees shall recommend the lawful purposes for which the available school funds ought to be appropriated and they shall be appropriated accordingly. County superin- tendent may lease sixteenth sections not in city, town, or village, by public or private contract; he shall take notes for rent and attend to their collec- tion ; county shall have the rights and remedies for collection of notes given to agricultural landlords. Where such lands are in any city, town, or village, board of supervisors shall appoint three appraisers who shall report actual rental value for 25 years ; circuit court on appeal may determine whether ap- praisal is reasonable ; it may hear proof and fix rental value by jury or other- wise ; the bona fide leaseholder shall have preference to take land for 25 years at annual rental so fixed ; if no person accept this lease county superintendent may lease for 1 year and renew from yea r to year up to 10 years ; if no per- son has then taken the lease like proceedings shall be had; all sixteenth sec- tion lands are presumed to be subject to lease unless the contrary be shown. Where a township is divided so that parts are situated in different counties, the county in which the sixteenth section lies shall have jurisdiction ; if the section is in several counties each county has jurisdiction over the part lying in it or the counties may cooperate; funds shall be accounted for in each county according to number of educable children in the part of the town- ship in it ; any county receiving or collecting funds belonging to another shall pay them over to county entitled thereto. Consent of inhabitants of a town- ship to the leasing of sixteenth sections shall be obtained; if they do not con- sent lands shall not be leased for longer than one year. Land commissioner shall ascertain townships entitled to participate in distribution of the 30,829.16 acres in Hancock County; he shall allot the lands ratably to the proper town- ships and they shall then be dealt with as other sixteenth sections; if any are found to be in Pearl River County they shall be likewise so allotted. Expenses shall be paid out of sixteenth section funds; if no funds, then out of county treasury. Any person by bill in chancery may have lease confirmed and quieted; should the court be of opinion that the complainant is entitled to relief it shall decree confirmation of the lease, but complainant must pay any balance due ; if it appears that the lease was illegal, court may have an ac- count stated of amounts paid in for the lease by the complainant and an account of the rents, issues, and profits arising from the land less the cost of any necessary permanent improvement and decree any excess to the complain- ant ; such decree shall be a lien until satisfied ; any excess in rents, issues, and B (C). PERMANENT STATE SCHOOL FUNDS. 296 profits shall be decreed against complainant. He shall in any case pay all court costs. Missouri: See C (a), Local finance and support, general. Nevada: See B (a), General State finance and support. New Hampshire: See A (b2), State officers. New Jersey: See B (a), General State finance and support. New Mexico: See A (d), District boards and oflScers; B (a), General State finance and support; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. New York: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (a). General State finance and support; C (a). Local finance and support. North Dakota: See A (b2), State oflicers; B (a), General State finance and support. Ohio: See B (a), General State finance and support Oklahoma: See H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Oregon: See B (c), Permanent State school funds; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Texas: See C (a), Local finance and support, general. Vermont: See N (a). High schools, Virginia: See B (a). General State finance and support. Washington: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support. Wyoming: See A (bl), State boards; P (c), State universities and colleges. B (c) . Permanent State School Funds; Composition and Investment. See also Appendix A: State constitutional provisions relating to public education. Alabama: See B (b), State school lands; B (e), State ai<3 for elementaiy education. Arizona: See B (b), State school lands. , Arkansas: See B (a). General State finance and support; B (b). State school lands. California: Whenever there is $10,000 in the treasury from the sale of school lands such fund shall be invested in the bonds of the State or United States, or of any county, road district, city and county, city, town, school district, or irrigation district within the State. Whenever local governing body issues bonds State board of control and State treasurer shall be notified of amount, etc. Colorado: Permanent funds arising from the sale of school lands remaining uninvested may be loaned at the direction of the State board of land com- missioners to the State military board; such fund shall be reimbursed from the military poll-tax fund. See also B (a), General State finance and support. Connecticut: The money received from the United States pursuant to the act of Congress of June 23, 1836, shall remain on deposit with the several towns. When a new town shall be created said fund shall be divided according to population between it and the towns from which it was formed. Every town shall keep its share as a trust for the State and shall expend the income 296 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. thereof for the support of the public schools. The town treasurer or such person as the town may appoint shall have the custody of the fund, and the management thereof shall be under such agents as the town may appoint. Florida: See A (bl), State boards. Georgia: See B (a), General State finance and support. Idaho: See B (a), General State finance and support. Illinois: See B (a), General State finance and support. Indiana: See A (b2), State officers; B (a), General State finance and support; B (e), State aid for elementary education. Iowa: The permanent school fund shall consist of 5 per cent of the net pro- ceeds of the sale of the public lands of the State which shall be apportioned to the counties, talking into consideration the amount of permanent school fund already in the hands of each county ; proceeds of the sale of the 500,000 acres of land granted by act of Congress September 4, 1841 ; the proceeds of estates escheated to the State; and the proceeds of the sale of the sixteenth section of each township or lands selected in lieu thereof. The proceeds of the sale of all lands and of all sums due from escheats shall be paid into the treasury of the county in which the lands or escheated estates are situ- ated or found. See also C (c), Local taxation. Kansas: State annual school fund shall consist of the income derived from interest and rents of the perpetual school fund; State treasurer shall hold all school funds, whether derived from perpetual fund or from annual taxes, subject to order of State superintendent. State superintendent, secretary of state, and attorney general shall consti- tute a board of commissioners for the management and investment of the State permanent school. State normal school, and State university funds; secretary of state shall be president, and superintendent secretary. Regular monthly meetings shall be held and special meetings may be called. Record of proceedings shall be kept; record of all bonds purchased shall be kept. The school-fund commissioners shall invest any moneys belonging to the per- manent school fund. State agricultural college, State normal, and State uni- versity funds in bonds of the United States, of the State, any municipality of the State,' school-district bonds, bonds of boards of education, and in warrants issued by State auditor and stamped by State treasurer " Not paid for want of funds " ; board shall not pay more than par nor more than market value at time of purchase. Board shall keep an accurate record of all funds in its care, and such record shall be kept in the office of the State superintendent and open to public inspection. State treasurer shall be treasurer of such funds and assets belonging thereto. Where money due any fund mentioned herein remains unpaid, attorney general shall proceed to collect the same by civil action. Municipal officers shall first offer their bonds for sale to said board of commissioners. Board may purchase bonds at par at a lower rate of In- terest than is stipulated thereon. Where person dies without heirs and intes- tate, county superintendent may, after three years after administration of estate, petition probate court to order sale of real estate and, after ascer- taining the truth of the statement set forth in said petition, said court shall order such sale, and such proceeds, less costs, shall be applied to common-school fund ; any .rightful heir may redeem within 21 years ; State superintendent and county superintendent, when they have knowledge of unclaimed estates, shall give notice of same to county attorney where estate is located and to the attorney general, and county attorney shall investigate. State auditor " B (C). PERMANENT STATE SCHOOL FUNDS. 297 shall prepare a register of all bonds pnrchiised by the school-fund commis- sioners. See also A (b2), State officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Kentucky: General assembly shall provide for efficient system of common schools ; the bond of the State issued in favor of the State board of education for $1,327,000 and the $79,800 of stock in the Bank of Kentucky held by the board of education shall be held for purpose of sustaining the common schools ; the interest and dividend of said fund shall be appropriated to com- mon schools; no sum shall be collected for education other than in the common schools until question has been submitted to legal voters; legislature shall make provision for payment of interest of the school fund ; each county shall be entitled to its pro rata ; the surplus now due the counties shall remain a perpetual obligation ; in distributing there shall be no distinction on account of race ; there shall be separate schools for each race ; the direct tax received from Congress shall be a part of the school fund ; no part of the school fund nor of any tax shall be used for any church or sectarian school ; provisions of law which require a secret ballot shall not apply to school elections ; " the tax rate of cities, towns, counties, taxing districts, and other municipalities, for other than school purposes, shall not at any time exceed " certain rates ; no county, city, town, taxing district, or other municipality may in any year exceed the income and revenue provided except by assent of two-thirds of voters thereof; no preference shall be given to any religious sect, society, or denomination. Legislature shall not pass local or special acts concerning management of common schools ; it shall by law fix minimum age when chil- dren may be employed. See also A (bl), State boards; B (a), General State finance and support. Louisiana: See B (a), General State finance and support. Maine: Money arising from the sale of timber and grass or from trespass on reserved lands shall become part of permanent school fund. See also B (a), General State finance and support. Maryland: See B (a), General State finance and support. Massachusetts: The present school fund of the State, such additions as may be made thereto and any money received by the State from the United States Government, the disposition of which is not otherwise provided for, shall con- stitute a permanent fund, to be called the " Massachusetts school fund " ; the principal thereof shall not be diminished. The commissioner of education and the treasurer and receiver general shall be commissioners, who shall in- vest and manage the fund and annually report to the legislature the condition and income thereof; premiums on securities purchased for said fund, not ex- ceeding $50,000 in any one year, may be paid from the State treasury; all investments shall be made with the approval of the governor and council. The income of State fund shall, without specific appropriation, be distributed to the public schools in following manner : Every town whose assessed valua- tion does not exceed $500,000 shall annually receive $500, but if its tax rate shall be $18 or more on $1,000 it shall receive $75 additional ; every such town whose valuation is between $500,000 and $1,000,000 shall receive $300; be- tween $1,000,000 and $2,000,000, $150 ; between $2,000,000 and $2,500,000, $75. The remainder of said income shall be distributed to towns of not more than $2,500,000 valuation, and whose annual tax for the support of public schools is not less than one-sixth of their whole tax, as follows : Every town whose school tax is not less than one-third of its whole tax shall receive proportion of remainder expressed by one-third ; every town whose school tax is not less 298 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. than one-fourth of its whole tax, one-fourth ; every town whose school tax is not less than one-fifth, one-fifth ; every town whose school tax is not less than . one-sixth, one-sixth. Money appropriated for other educational purposes, unless otherwise provided for, shall be paid from the State treasury. The income of the State fund shall be used only for the purpose of maintaining the public schools, and school treasurers shall keep a separate account of the same ; school committees shall make annual reports to the State board relative to such moneys; if, in the opinion of the State board, such moneys are not being expended according to law by any town, the commissioners of the school fund may withhold future allowances of such town. No distribution of any part of the income of the State fund shall be made to a town which has not maintained a public school of legal standard, or which, if containing 500 families or householders, has not maintained a high school for at least 36 weeks during the year; or which has not made proper reports or complied with the laws relative to truancy ; or which has not raised by taxation for the support of the public schools at least $3 for each person between the ages of 5 and 15 years resident in such town. School committees may apply not more than 25 per cent of such moneys to the purchase of books of reference, maps, and apparatus for use of said schools. No town shall receive any part of in- come of State fund unless it shall have complied, to the satisfaction of the State board, with all laws relating to public schools. The income of the Todd fund shall be paid to the State board, to be used for the normal schools. Michigan: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Minnesota: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Mississippi: See B(b), State school lands. Missouri: The State school fund, the annual income of which shall be applied to the benefit of the public schools, shall consist of proceeds of all lands granted for school purposes by the United States; all moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, or other property belonging to any fund for the purpose of education, except where the vested rights of townships, counties, cities, or towns would be infringed; the net proceeds of the State tobacco warehouse; escheats and unclaimed dividends from distributive shares of estates of deceased per- sons or from fines, penalties, and forfeitures; proceeds of the sale of lands turned over to the State, if Congress consents ; all gifts and devises made to the State and not otherwise disposed of in said gift or devise. Said fund shall be invested by the State board of education. Montana: See B (a). General State finance and support. Nevada: See B (a), General State finance and support. New Jersey: See B (a), General State finance and support. New Mexico: See B (a). General State finance and support. New York: See B (a). General State finance and support; C (a). Local finance and support. North Carolina: Permanent school fund ("literary fund") consists of pro- ceeds of (1) land grants from United States, (2) moneys, stocks, and bonds belonging to State school fund, (3) sale of swamp lands, (4) grants, gifts, or devises. State board of education may make loans from " literary fund " to county boards for building schoolhouses. Such loans shall bear 4 per cent interest, shall constitute a lien on county school funds, and shall be repaid in 10 equal annual installments. County board shall set apart sufficient funds to B (C). PERMANENT STATE SCHOOL FUNDS. 299 pay annual installment and interest. County board, from money so borrowed, may make loans to districts, to bear interest at 4 per cent and to be repaid in 10 installments. All loans shall be made under rules of State board. North Dakota: See B (a), General State finance and support. Ohio: See B (a), General State finance and support. Oregon: The irreducible school fund shall consist of the proceeds of the sale of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of land of every township ; proceeds of escheats and forfeitures to the State; moneys paid as exemption from mili- tary duty; proceeds of gifts to the State for public-school purposes; pro- ceeds of grants to the State when purpose is not stated ; proceeds of tide and overflow lands; proceeds of sale of 500,000 acres of land granted by Con- gress September 4, 1841; all lands granted by Congress for capitol building purposes. State land board shall loan such fund at 6 per cent interest; if there be a surplus over and above loans applied for, said board may invest said surplus in school district bonds. Said board shall apportion the income of the irreducible fund to counties on basis of number of persons between 4 and 20 years old. See also G (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Pennsylvania: Eighty per cent of net receipts derived from forest reserva- tions, together with water-power rights, all escheated estates, and all other property or money which shall accrue to such fund, whether by act of legisla- ture, gift, or otherwise, shall constitute the State school fund. All real and personal property of the State school fund shall be under the control of the State board of education. The State treasurer shall keep separate account of State school fund; shall deposit funds in authorized depositories; shall add to such funds interest received from depositories for use of the same; shall be responsible for all funds. The State board of education shall invest all receipts derived from the State forest reservations, and all proceeds from sales of real estate received by the State treasurer, together with all appro- priations, gifts, and other receipts for such puriwse, as a permanent State school fund, only the income from which may be expended. The State board of education is authorized to use such interest and rentals in equalizing edu- cational advantages in the State, in furthering education in the conservation of natural resources, forestry, agricultural, and other industrial pursuits in public schools. The State treasurer shall report to the State board of educa- tion, and said board shall make to the governor and auditor general a detailed annual report of the permanent State school fund. Rhode Island: State treasurer, with advice of the governor, shall have power to regulate the custody of permanent school fund, and shall keep the same invested in the capital stock of responsible banks or in bonds of towns or cities of the State; money paid into State treasury by auctioneers shall be added to permanent fund; whenever any money appropriated for support of public schools in any town is forfeited by said town, such money shall be paid into said permanent fund. Income arising from permanent fund shall annually be appropriated for support of public schools. Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support. Texas: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State oflScers; C (a), Local finance and support, general; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness. Vermont: See C (c), Local taxation. 300 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards; B (a), General State finance and support; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Washington: See B (a), General State finance and support; P (b). Finance, lands, support West Virginia: " The school fund " of the State shall consist of sums accrued from sources enumerated in fourtt section of the twelfth article of the con- stitution, not in excess of $1,000,000; governor. State superintendent of free schools, auditor, and treasurer shall be a corporation under name of "The board of school fund," and shall have management, control and investment of said fund, as provided in constitution ; majority of board shall constitute a quorum ; auditor, as secretary of said board, shall keep record of business of board, and shall annually report same to governor and State superin- tendent; meeting of said board may be held at any time upon call of any member thereof; attorney-general shall institute and prosecute any action, when directed by board, for recovery of funds belonging to said fund; said board may appoint agents for collection of debts or claims. Wisconsin: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. Wyoming: Land income funds. — "Deaf, dumb, and blind land income fund" for the support and education of deaf, dumb, and blind persons ; " university land income fund " for the support of the State University at Laramie ; the " State charitable, educational, penal, and reformatory ij^stitutions land in- come fund " for the support of reformatory institutions. All funds belonging to the State for school purposes, the interest and in- come of which only may be used, shall be invested only in school district bonds, registered county bonds, or sureties of this State or of the United States. B (d). State Taxation for School Purposes. See also Appendix A: State constitutional provisions relating to public education. Arizona: There shall be annually levied a State tax sufficient to raise $500,000 for the support of the public schools. Trustees of each district shall annually make to county superintendent an estimate of amount of money needed for schools in their district and such superintendent shall transmit the same to county board of supervisors. County superintendent shall annually fur- nish to county supervisors an estimate of the amount of school funds needed in the county for the ensuing year; in making such estimate county super- intendent shall take into consideration all moneys asked for by boards of trustees ; he shall multiply the sum representing the average daily attendance for the county during the previous year by such sum as will produce the amount estimated, but in no case shall the sum be less than $35 per pupil in average attendance the previous year; superintendent shall add to above sum a sufficient amount to produce for each district employing but one teacher not less than $850 and not more than $1,000; 10 per cent of the superintendent's estimate shall be added thereto to form a reserve fund, and the aggregate shall be the minimum amount required to maintain kin- B (d). STATE TAXATION FOE SCHOOL PURPOSES. 301 dergartens and common schools. County supervisors shall annually levy a county school tax which, taken with amount received from the State and other sources, shall be not less than the minimum amount estimated to be necessary, and in addition a rate in any district or districts in which an additional amount has been asked for; county tax shall be paid into county treasury and district tax shall be paid into school fund of such district. Duties of county treasurer: To receive and hold all school moneys and keep a separate account with each district, notify county superintendent on receiving school funds amounting to $1,000 and subject to distribution, pay out school moneys on order of county superintendent, make annual report to State superintendent. County superintendent shall ap|)ortion all moneys as follows: Not less than $35 per capita of average attendance, but amount apportioned to any district shall not be less than $850; when any dis- trict has maintained school for five months and has an average attendance greater than during the preceding year, county superintendent shall ap- portion to said district out of the reserve fund so much of such fund as said district shall be entitled to under this chapter, but if reserve fund is insuf- ficient to meet the demands of all districts showing an increased attendance, such fund shall be apportioned pro rata among the several districts entitled thereto. No district, except a new one shall receive any of State and county apportionment unless such district shall have maintained school for at least seven months in the next preceding year, but if school is closed from unavoidable circumstances, district shall receive its apportionment. If a district has an average attendance of fewer than eight pupils between 6 and 21 years old for a i)eriod of three months, county superintendent may sus- pend such district and report the fact to board of supervisors who shall declare the district lapsed. Arkansas: A State tax of 3 mills on the dollar shall be levied annually for common-school purposes. The legislature shall provide for the support of the common schools by taxes, which shall never exceed in any one year 3 mills on the dollar, and by an annual per capita tax of $1, to be assessed on every male over 21 years old. Said legislature may authorize school districts to levy, by a vote of the qualified electors of such districts, a tax not to exceed 7 mills on the dollar. California: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Florida: See A (b2), State officers. Illinois: See B (a). General State finance and support. Indiana: There shall be levied annually a State tax of 7 cents on each $100 of taxable property, and 50 cents on each taxable poll, which shall be paid into the general fund. There shall be levied annually a State tax of 10 cents on each $100, to be known as the " benevolent institution fund." There shall be levied annually a tax of 1^ cents on each $100, to be known as the " State debt sinking fund." There shall be levied annually a tax of 7 cents on each $100 for the State educational institutions; two-fifths of said fund shall be devoted to Indiana University, two-fifths to Purdue University, and one-fifth to the State Normal School. There shall be annually levied and collected a State tax of 13.6 cents on each $100 of taxable property and 50 cents on each taxable poll, which shall be paid into the State treasury for a common-school tuition fund. Trustees of townships, towns, and citie may levy a special tax for schoolhouses, equip- 302 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ment, supplies, and also for teachers' salaries whenever the State tuition fund apportioned to such corporation shall have been exhausted, but said special tax shall not exceed 50 cents on each $100 and $1 on each poll. County auditor shall make assessments and county treasurer shall collect the same. Trustees of townships, towns, and cities may levy 50 cents on each $100 and 25 cents on each taxable poll a3 a supplementary tuition fund to extend the term of school after the State tuition revenues shall have been exhausted. There shall annually be levied a State tax of 2f cents on each $100 for the benefit of the Indiana University, Purdue University, and the Indiana State Normal School; said fund shall be distributed four-elevenths to Indiana University, four-elevenths to Purdue University, and three- elevenths to the Indiana State Normal School. See also B (a). General State finance and support; O (a). Industrial edu- cation, general. Kansas: See A (b2). State officers. Kentucky: See B (a), General State finance and support; B (c). Permanent State school funds. Louisiana: Tax of 2 per cent shall be levied for school purposes on all inherit- ances, legacies, and other donations mortis causa to or in favor of the direct descendants or ascendants or surviving wife or husband of the decedent ; on such inheritances or dispositions to or in favor of collateral relatives of deceased, or in favor of strangers, a tax of 5 per cent on amount of actual cash value thereof at time of death of decedent. Exemptions: (1) Amounts below $10,000; (2) on any such legacy or other donation in favor of any educational, religious, or charitable institutions; (3) when such property has borne its just proportion of taxes prior to such donation, bequest, or inheritance. Maine: See B (a), General State finance and support. Maryland: See B (a). General State finance and support. Massachusetts: See B (a). General State finance and support. Michigan: See P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Minnesota: There shall be levied annually upon the taxable property of the State a tax of 1^^ mills on the dollar, to be known as the State school tax, of which 1 mill on the dollar shall be added to the general school fund, which then shall be known as the current school fund, and the remainder of such tax shall be added to the university fund. County auditor shall levy on tax lists of county, in same manner as district school taxes are levied, a tax of 1 mill on the dollar of taxable property in each district, to be known as county school tax, and be credited to school district in which property taxed is situated. Tax levied by school districts shall be known as the district school tax. Taxes voted by cities, villages, towns, and school districts shall be certified by proper authorities to county auditor on or before October 10 in each year. In common districts district school tax shall not exceed 15 mills on the dollar for support of schools, or 10 mills for purchase of sites and erection and equipment of schoolhouses ; but in such districts in which a 10-mill tax will not produce $600 a greater tax may be levied for school sites and buildings, not to exceed 25 mills on the dollar nor $600 in amount ; in common districts having less than 10 voters district school tax shall not exceed $400. In independent districts no tax in excess of 8 mills on the B (d). STATE TAXATION FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. 303 dollar shall be levied for school sites and buildings. In special districts such amounts may be levied as allowed by special law. In any common-school district maintaining a high or graded school district, tax for support of schools may be levied not to exceed 25 mills on the dollar. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Nevada: See B (a), General State finance and support; P (c), State universi- ties and colleges; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: There shall be annually appropriated from State treasury the sum of not less than $100,000 for maintaining public schools ; said sum shall be apportioned among counties on basis of their ratables ; in addition to said sum a State school tax shall be annually levied upon taxable property of State which, when added to said sum, shall make a sum equal to 2| mills on each dollar of such taxable property ; amount so raised by taxation shall also be apportioned among counties on basis of their ratables; 10 per cent of full amount of State school tax annually raised shall be known as a reserve fund, to be apportioned by State board of education according to its discretion. The State comptroller shall draw his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of county collector of each county for school moneys whenever such collector shall present orders for the same drawn by com- missioner of education; county collector shall pay school moneys to custo- dians of school district funds on orders of county superintendent. District school boards shall make annual reports to county superintendent relative to num- ber of teachers employed and pupils in attendance. Ck)uuty superintendent shall annually apportion school moneys among districts in following man- ner: (1-a) Sum of $600 to each district employing a supervising principal or city superintendent who devotes entire time to supervision ; if two or more districts shall unite in employing such supervising principal, said amount shall be divided among such districts on basis of number of teachers; (b) sum of $500 for each teacher employed in a special class for instruction of blind, deaf, or defective children; (c) sum of $400 for each assistant super- intendent and supervisor (other than supervising principal) and permanent teacher in a high school or high-school department having four-year approved course of study; (d) sum of $300 for each permanent teacher employed in an approved three-year high school or high-school department; (e) sum of $200 for each permanent teacher employed in an ungraded school, or in a kindergarten, primary, or grammar department or in high-school depart- ment having less than three-year approved course; (f) sum of $80 for each temporary teacher employed for not less than four months; (g) sum of $80 for each teacher employed in an evening school for full term of four months ; (h) sum of $25 for each pupil who shall have attended a high school or high- school department in district other than that of residence and for whom tuition is paid by board; (i) sum of $5 for each pupil who shall have attended an ungraded school or a kindergarten, primary, or grammar school depart- ment in district other than that of residence and for whom tuition has been paid by board; (k) 75 per cent of cost of transportation of pupils, if such transportation be approved by county superintendent; teachers in any manual-training school or department receiving special State aid who shall devote at least one-half time to school work other than manual training shall be regarded as temporary teachers under provisions of this article; (2) county superintendent shall apportion remainder of said moneys on basis of total days' attendance of pupils; an attendance upon an evening school shall be counted as t)ne-half day's attendance for purpose of such apportion- 304 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ment ; if a school in any district shall be closed for good reason, school shall be deemed to have been in session for purpose of such apportionment. Bal- ance of any such moneys left in hands of district boards shall be returned to county collector for reapportionment by county superintendent, or same, with consent of said superintendent, may be used by boards for other school expenses. See also B (a), General State finance and support. New Mexico: See B (a), General State finance and support. North Carolina: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. North Dakota: See P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions. Ohio: See B (a), General State finance and support; P (c), State universities and colleges. Pennsylvania: All lands classified as auxiliary forest reserves shall be sub- ject to an annual charge of 2 cents per acre for the benefit of public schools and 2 cents per acre for roads, said charges payable by the State. The State forestry reservation commission shall certify to the respective dis- tricts and to State treasurer the number of acres taxable ; the State treasurer shall pay to the several school and road districts the amounts due them from such source. The department of forestry may lease any portion of the State forest for a period not exceeding 10 years, 80 per cent of proceeds of such lease to constitute part of State school fund. South Carolina: A State tax of 1 mlil on the dollar shall be levied. Fifty per cent of the proceeds shall be retained in the county where collected, to be used by the county board of education for the aid of free schools. Remaining 50 per cent shall be expended by the State board of education as follows: Sixty thousand dollars for high-school aid; $60,000 for extending term of public schools; $20,000 for consolidated schools; $5,000 for rural libraries; any balance for lengthening school term. Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support Texas: See B (a). General State finance and support. Utah: See N (a). High schools; P (b). Finance, lands, support of higher institutions. Vermont: See C (c). Local taxation. Virginia: A State school tax of 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property shall be levied. A poll tax of $1,50 on each male person over 21 years old, except persons exemi^ed for military service, shall be levied; $1 of said poll tax shall be for the public schools and 50 cents shall be returned to the treasury of the county where paid. School-tax accounts shall be kept separate from other accounts. See also B (a). General State finance and support. Washington: See B (a), General State finance and support; P (b), Finance; lands ; support of higher institutions. West Virginia: See B (a). General State finance and supi)ort. Wisconsin: See A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; G (b), State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Wyoming: Tax for State revenue purposes shall not exceed 4 mills on the dollar, except for the support of State educational and charitable institutions. B (e). STATE AID FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 305 B (e). General Apportionment of State School Funds; Special State Aid for Elementary Education. See also Appendix A; State constitutional provisions relating to public edu- cation. Alabama: State auditor shall certify amounts available to State superintend- ent; superintendent shall first set aside amounts prescribed by law for nor- mal schools; remaining amounts shall be apportioned to counties in pro- portion to school population; superintendent shall certify to State auditor amounts set aside and apportioned; State treasurer shall pay no amount in excess of sum apportioned; superintendent shall certify to county superin- tendents amounts apportioned to their counties; State superintendent shall set aside for townships amounts due them from interest on sixteenth-section funds or other trust funds, and no further apportionment shall be made to such townships until an amount equal to such interest be apportioned to townships and districts not having such interest due them ; county boards of education shall apportion funds to districts so that as nearly as practicable all schools terms may be of the same length. County boards shall report to State superintendent amount apportioned to each district; State superin- tendent shall keep accounts of all apportionments to districts and shall certify same to county superintendents; each county shall receive the poll tax col- lected therein; special county or district tax applied in county or district where collected ; school revenues apportioned shall not be used for buildings, furniture, or contingent expenses; in townships divided into districts, trust funds shall be apportioned according to school population ; funds once ap- portioned may not be diverted from purpose for which apportioned, but must await reapportionment if unused for that purpose; $3,000 set apart as con- tingent fund of State department of education. See also A (b2). State oflScers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (b), School census. Arizona: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (d). State taxation for school purposes; D (e), United States flag in schools. Arkansas : On receiving notice of amount apportioned to county by * State superintendent, county court shall apportion funds to districts on the basis of number of persons between 6 and 21 years old; county examiners shall annually report to county clerks the school population of each district, and said county clerk shall lay the same before the county court. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; B (a), General State finance and support; B (b). State school lands. California: Controller shall keep a separate account of school funds and shall report in January and July to State superintendent the amount in the treasury subject to apportionment; on the order of the superintendent he shall draw his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of county treasurers for amounts apportioned. Controller shall transfer semiannually fi-om gen- eral fund to State school fund such sums as shall be equivalent to $13 per pupil in average attendance the previous term. No assessor, collector, or county treasurer shall receive any fees for handling school funds, but assessor or collector shall receive 15 per cent for collecting poll taxes. County superintendent shall apportion funds for ele- mentary schools to districts on basis of attendance the previous year; 1 teacher shall be allowed for each 35 pupils in average attendance or fraction thereof not less than 10; 2 additional teachers shall be allowed for an ;°_15 20 306 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. average attendance of 700; 1 additional teacher shall be allowed for 9 deaf pupils or fraction thereof greater than 5; $550 for each 35 units of average attendance and for each fraction thereof less than 10, $40 for each unit of average attendance; all moneys on hand after such apportionment shall be distributed to districts on basis of average attendance. County treasurer may transfer moneys from other funds to meet demands against school dis- tricts, and when collected for such districts such moneys shall be refunded. No school district, except newly formed, shall receive State and county funds unless school was maintained for 6 months or longer during previous year. Teachers must hold legal certificates and all State funds must be used for teachers' salaries. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d), Distrirt boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c). Local taxation. Colorado: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; B (a), General State finance and support; F (b), Teachers' salaries; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Connecticut: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; M (c). Evening schools; O (a). Industrial education, general. Delaware: The State auditor shall annually report to the trustee of the school fund the unexpended balance in each district, the number of teachers em- ployed in each school, and the number of days taught. The trustee of the school fund (State treasurer) shall apportion to each district in proportion to the number of teachers employed for at least 140 days ; no apportionment shall be made to a district which has not levied the amount of local tax required by law; districts employing additional teachers and levying an additional tax of $100 if a white district and $50 if a colored district may have additional shares apportioned to them, according to number of said additional teachers. The trustee of the school fund shall deduct from the apportionment to each district a sum equal to the unexpended balance of State fund and required local tax in said district; he shall also deduct the amount expended by him for textbooks in each district; if a district fails to employ additional teacher for which additional apportionment is made, such additional amount apportioned shall be deducted. State appro- priation shall not be less than $132,000 per annum. See also A (cl). County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance. Florida: See A (b2), State officers; H (c). School year, month, day etc. Georgia: The State superintendent of schools, comptroller general, and treas- urer shall each month determine amount to be apportioned to each county on basis of last school census, but salaries of State school administrative officers shall first be deducted. County superintendent of schools shall transmit to State superintendent of schools an itemized statement of the various sums due and unpaid by the county board of education on January 1 for any item of expense properly chargeable to said county board. When such statements are presented to the governor he shall issue his warrants upon the treasurer for funds standing to the credit of each of the several counties or for part needed to pay in- debtedness of county boards. If moneys thus paid is not sufficient to pay in- debtedness, county superintendent shall prorate the amount available among the various items; but expenses of administration shall be paid in full. B (e). STATE AID FOB ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 307 Contracts with teachers shall provide for monthly payment of salaries. School year shall coincide with calendar year. State superintendent, State treasurer, and comptroller general shall, before first Tuesday in December each year, estimate amount of common-school fund available for ensuing year and shall notify county superintendents of amounts due their respective counties. County boards of education shall meet on first Tuesday in Janu- ary and make arrangements for placing the schools in operation. Said boards may fix the salaries of teachers. Where county has local school laws and maintains school five months by local taxation governor shall draw warrants in favor of said counties without requiring itemized statement. Where town or city maintains schools by local taxation it shall be entitled to its share of entire county school fund in proportion to school populatin. When any county board or board of education of any city shall fail to maintain schools as required said county or city shall forfeit its right to participation in the school fund for that year unless State board of education shall approve reason for failure to maintain schools. See also A (bl), State boards. Idaho: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support. Illinois: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support. Indiana: State superintendent shall annually make two apportionments of the school revenue for tuition, one in June and the other in January; county auditors shall in May and December report to said superintendent amounts of such revenue available in their respective counties. Said report shall show: (1) Amount of school tax collected; (2) interest collected on Igans of common-school funds; (3) amount derived from liquor licenses and un- claimed fees; (4) total amount of revenue thus collected and ready for ap- portionment; (5) income from the congressional township school fund; (6) amount of said income on hand for distribution in parts of the townships in the adjacent counties. State superintendent shall have printed a statement showing (1) the enumeration of children in each county; (2) amount of school revenue ready in each county; (3) distributive share thereof appor- tioned to each county. The amount of State revenues accruing in each county in excess of amount apportioned to said county shall be paid into the State treasury; State auditor shall draw his warrant for the amount of which any county may be entitled in excess of the State revenues collected therein. County auditor shall semiannually apportion to each township, incorporated town, or city, the school revenue to which his county is entitled ; after ascer- taining the amount of congressional township school revenue belonging to each corporation, said auditor shall apportion other revenue so as to equalize as nearly as possible the amount of available school revenue for tuition to each cori)oration according to the enumeration of children therein; if any corporation shall not expend for tuition purposes in any year an amount equal to State tuition revenue apportioned thereto, auditor shall at next apportionment deduct from tuition revenue apportioned an amount equal to the difference between State revenue apportioned and the whole amount re- ported to have been expended for tuition purposes, but funds arising from local tuition tax shall not be considered in making such deduction. State superintendent shall apportion any amount ready for apportionment, together with 94.8 per cent of sum collected by tax levy, to counties on basis of last enumeration of children therein ; remaining 5.2 per cent shall be apportioned 308 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. to corporations unable to maintain school for term required by law after levying maximum supplementary tuition tax allowed ; no corporation shall be entitled to receive such State aid unless there has been levied therein a local tuition tax of at least 25 cents on each $100 ; a corporation maintaining school for seven months and having insufficient tuition revenue may receive such State aid if levying a local tuition tax of not less than 40 cents on $100; amount so received shall be used only for teachers' salaries. When dog tax not required to pay owners for live stock killed or maimed by dogs shall exceed $100 in any township, said tax shall be paid into county treasury to be distributed to the public schools of such township. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; M (b), Kindergartens. Iowa: See C (c), Local taxation; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Kansas: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (c), Permanent State school funds. Kentucky: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Louisiana: See B (a). General State finance and support. Maine: State treasurer shall annually set aside from State school funds $40,000 as a " school equalization fund " for aiding towns wherein a tax rate considerably in excess of the average for the State fails to produce sufficient revenue for efficient schools; State superintendent shall investigate such towns and make recommendation to governor and council relative thereto ; governor and council shall have authority to draw warrant in favor of town in accordance with superintendent's recommendation ; superintendent may expend $2,000 for investigating such towns. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (c). Local taxation; H (f). Compulsory attendance; O (a), Industrial education, general. .♦iaryland: See A (cl), County boards; B (a), General State finance and support; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (h). Separation of the races; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; O (a). Industrial education, general. Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (c). Permanent State school funds; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (d). Continua- tion schools. Michigan: See A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; C (c), Local taxation; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Minnesota: All schools supported in whole or in part by State school funds shall be styled public schools, and admission thereto shall be free to all per- sons between the ages of 5 and 21 years, but the school board of any district may exclude all children under 6 years old. District schools are divided into four classes: High schools, graded schools, semigraded schools, and common schools. Each high school shall be in session at least nine months in the year; admit those passing a proper examination in arithmetic, spelling, Eng- lish grammar, reading, writing, geography, and United States history; have course prescribed by State high-school board requisite for admission to State university and an English business course in addition ; be subject to rules of high-school board. Graded schools include those below high schools which are in session at least nine months in the year ; are well organized, having at least four departments in charge of a principal holding a State professional B (e). STATE AID FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 309 certificate or graduate from the advanced course of a State normal school or reputable college; have suitable buildings, equipment, and library; have courses of study prescribed by high-school board. A semigraded school is one which maintains school for at least eight months in the year; is well organized, with at least two departments, one of whose teachers holds not less than a first-grade certificate; has orderly course of study; has suitable school plant. All other district schools are common schools. Schools shall be maintained not less than 5 nor more than 10 months in the year, but this does not apply to evening schools or liindergartens ; school month shall consist of four weeks; every Saturday shall be a school holiday; all legal holidays shall be counted as part of school weeli. Holidays shall include : New Year's Day, Lincoln's Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independ- ence Day, Labor Day, Election Day, Christmas Day, and Good Friday. In- struction shall be in the English language, but teachers may use any other language In explaining English words. Any high school, graded school, or consolidated school with proper equipment may be designated by State high- school board as schools wliere agriculture, manual training, and home eco- nomics may be taught; trained instructors shall be employed to teach those subjects; nonresident pupils may be admitted to such schools upon payment of tuition by districts where such pupils reside ; State high-school board may establish rules for admission of nonresident pupils and fix tuition for the same; special classes may be formed for those attending only in the winter months ; instruction shall be of a practical nature ; each of said schools shall receive annually from State $2,500, $150 for each association rural district, and $150 for each rural school in the same district, but State aid for such schools shall not exceed two-thirds of cost of maintenance of said agricultural and industrial departments ; any rural school which shall become associated with schools maintaining said departments shall receive as State aid $50 per year. Rural schools may become associated with schools maintaining agricultural and industrial departments; high or graded school shall be linown as cen- tral school; no tuition shall be charged to any pupil residing in the central school zone and for no nonresident below seventh grade ; current school fund shall be apportioned to central school district for pupils residing in asso- ciated districts and who attend said central school; there shall be annual joint meetings of the trustees of the various associated districts at the cen- tral school for transacting business of central zone ; board of each associated district shall elect one of its members to act with the board of the central school. Principal of the central school shall supervise schools of associated districts, making therefor courses of study in agriculture and industrial train- ing. Any associated district may withdraw from a central school upon a two-thirds vote of said district, but not until one year's notice has been given of such proposed withdrawal. It shall be unlawful for any public-school pupil to join, or solicit any pupil to join, any fraternity or association except those sanctioned by school officials; no person shall enter any school ground or building for purpose of soliciting any pupil to join a fraternity or associ- ation. It shall be lawful for a teacher to use moderate force to restrain or correct a pupil. The county board of any county maintaining a county jail or workhouse may establish and maintain therein a school for teaching the elementary branches of learning. The board of control of the State may pro- vide at some State institution for the care, medical treatment, maintenance, and education of indigent blind infants of Minnesota. State superintendent shall apportion school fund twice in each year among counties, in proportion to number of school children therein. No district 310 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. maintaining less than five months of school shall be entitled to any part of said fund, and no district shall receive fund for any pupil attending school less than 40 days in the school year. The county auditor in each county shall twice in each year apportion to districts the amount apportioned from the current school fund and the amount of liquor licenses, fines, estrays, and from other sources belonging to the general school fund upon same basis as State apportionment, but same shall be used only for teachers' salaries; but no district shall receive any part of the money received from liquor licenses unless such moneys are apportioned to the county school fund, and no district shall receive in any year from the apportioned fund a greater amount than that appropriated by such district from its si)ecial and local 1-mill tax for that year, unless such district has levied the maximum allowed by law for school purposes. Any district for first year after its organization has made provision for a four-months' school by levy of sufficient tax shall receive after first month at next apportionment such funds as are justified by its enrollment. The State high-school board shall have power to designate high schools for State aid; board shall apportion said State aid equally among the high schools and the graded schools entitled thereto, but no high school shall receive more than $2,200 per year nor any graded school more than $750 per year ; no high school shall receive amount in excess of its actual expendi- ture for such worli exclusive of building and repairs, nor shall a graded school in same district with an aided high school share in such apportionment ; said aid to graded schools shall not exceed one-half amount raised by special taxes for current expenses; schools receiving State aid in accordance with these provisions shall not by virtue of that fact be denied the right of receiving State aid under other laws. Four-year high schools supporting normal in- struction in the common branches shall receive annually $1,000 for such instruction. Each school designated to maintain an agricultural and indus- trial department shall receive annually $2,500 State aid, and $150 for each rural district associated with such school, and may also receive $150 for each rural school in same district, but the total of such aid shall not exceed two-thirds of sum actually expended upon such special departments. Any rural district which shall associate itself with a State-aided school shall receive annually State aid of $50. Any high or graded school maintaining prescribed courses in agriculture, and either in home economics or in manual training, shall receive annually, in addition to other aid, $1,800; the provi- sions for the association of rural schools with State-aided schools, as made in the foregoing act, shall apply in this act also; this aid shall not be paid any school receiving aid for industrial courses under any other act. Graded schools maintaining courses equivalent to two years' high-school work shall receive State aid not in excess of $500 per year. For purpose of receiving State aid consolidated schools shall be classified as A, B, and C ; A schools shall have at least four departments, B three, and C two ; all pupils living more than 2 miles shall be transported free of charge to such schools. The principal of a class A school shall hold at least a diploma from the advanced course of a State normal school, and shall be able to teach agriculture ; such school shall include facilities for industrial work. Principal of B or C school shall hold at least a State first-grade certificate. Schools of not more than two rooms under certain conditions may receive State aid. Class A schools shall receive annually State aid of $1,500, class B schools $1,000, and class C schools $750; said schools shall also receive an amount to aid in the construction of buildings equal to 25 per cent of cost of buildings, but no B (e). STATE AID FOR ELEMENTAKY EDUCATION 311 district shall receive more than $1,500 for such purpose. A common school employing a teacher holding at least a first-grade certificate and maintaining at least eight months of school per year shall be known as class A ; one em- ploying teacher holding second-grade certificate, maintaining not less than eight months of school, class B ; one employing teacher holding second-grade certificate, maintaining not less than seven months of school per year, class C. Semigraded schools may receive annual State aid not to exceed $300; class A common, $150; class B common, $100; class C common, $75. See also A (b2), State oflicers; A (d). District boards and officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Mississippi: Act of 1012 sets aside $5,000, to be known as a supplemental common-school fund ; when common-school money in any county is exhausted and its schools can not run the constitutional period of four months, county superintendent shall apply to State board of education for such sum as may be necessary to continue schools the four months; after investigation State board of education shall draw its order for such sum as they shall deem necessary; if sum asked for exceeds the fund appropriated, said fund shall be apportioned in accordance with needs. See also A (b2), State officers; C (c), I^ocal taxation. Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a), Local finance and support, general. Montana: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; B (a). General State finance and support; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; O (a). In- dustrial education, general; S (b), Public-school libraries. Nebraska: The county treasurer shall make semiannual reports of school finances to State auditor and State treasurer. The State treasurer shall semiannually make a complete exhibit of all moneys belonging to the school fund of the State, whereupon the State superintendent shall apportion the same to the several counties according to the pro rata enumeration of school children in said counties. The several county superintendents shall upon the receipt of such apportionment add thereto moneys derived from fines and licenses and apportion same as follows : One-fourth to be distributed equally to the several districts in the county and the remainder to be distributed to the districts pro rata according to school census; no district failing to main- tain a school for the period required by law shall receive any part of such fund. A new district formed from districts where school has been maintained for required period shall be entitled to apportionment. In making the one- fourth apportionment, each fractional district shall receive one-half as much as a whole district. County superintendent shall upon apportioning funds certify the same to the county treasurer and the several district directors. County treasurers shall receive no fees for receiving and disbursing the State school appropriation. Before a district treasurer shall be allowed to draw the State apportionment he must present a certificate to the county treasurer from the county superintendent showing that the district is legally entitled to the same. The forest-reserve funds, paid annually to the State from the United States, shall be divided among the several counties in proportion to the number of acres of such land in the counties; said funds shall be used for public schools and public roads. County superintendents shall apportion said fund as follows: One-fifth to public-road fund; one-fifth equally to the districts of county; three-fifths to districts according to number of school children therein; no district failing to maintain school for at least minimum term shall be allowed any part of such fund. County superintendent shall 312 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. certify apportionment of forest-reserve fund to county treasurer and to the several district directors. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc. Nevada: See A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support. New Hampshire: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support. New Jersey: The State railroad tax shall, after certain deductions are made as required by law, be apportioned for public-school purposes among the sev- eral counties on basis of taxable property in said counties ; the county super- intendent shall apportion such moneys in same manner as other school moneys are apportioned by him. Said moneys shall be used exclusively for support and maintenance of public schools. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; C (a). Local finance and support, general; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (i), Manual and industrial education; O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; B (a), Gen- eral State finance and support. New York: See A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; F (c). Teachers' pensions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. North Carolina: See A (cl). County boards; C (a). Local finance and support, general; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. North Dakota: Any public school in a common-school district, any public school in a city, town, or village, or any consolidated school not entitled to aid as a high school and complying with the provisions of this act may receive State aid as herein provided. Graded schools shall be of first or second class. Requirements for first class: (1) School must run at least nine months; (2) it must have at least four departments, with principal a graduate of a normal or other higher institution or holder of a professional certificate and each teacher a holder of at least a first-grade elementary certificate; (3) it must have a suitable building, apparatus, etc.; (4) it must include the first two years of high-school work as well as a course in domestic science and either manual training or agriculture. Requirements for second class : Same as for first class, except that only two departments are required and no high-school worli is required. Both classes shall comply with rules prescribed by State board of education. Rural schools shall be of first or second class. Requirements for first class: (1) Nine months' term; (2) teacher of successful experience and holding at least a first-grade elementary certificate; (3) a suitable schoolhouse, equipment, etc.; (4) course of study as prescribed in State course for common schools, including elementary agriculture. Requirements for second class: (1) Eight months' term; (2) teacher of successful experience and holding at least a second-grade ele- mentary certificate ; other requirements same as for first class. Both classes shall comply with rules of State board. Application for aid to graded or rural schools shall be made to State superintendent through county super- intendent, whose certificate that school has complied with requirements shall B (e). STATE AID FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION' 313 be attached thereto. Before aid can be granted inspection must be made by a State inspector of rural, graded, and consolidated schools, to be appointed by the State super irtendent. Amount of aid: Graded district of first class, $200 per annum; second class, $150; rural school of first class, $150; rural school of second class, $100 ; if appropriation is insufficient to pay such sums, the amount available shall be apportioned pro rata. Aid to consolidated schools: Six hundred dollars to school of rank of graded schools of first class; $500 to school of rank of graded school of second class. A school may be advanced to a higher class on recommendation of the State inspector to the State board of education. See also A (c2). County officers; B (a), General State finance and support. Ohio: See A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finances and support; H (b), School census, T (b). Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: See A (c2), County officers; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc. Oregon: The county superintendent shall make an apportionment of the entire school fund on hand on the first Monday in October of each year, and at such other times as he may think advisable ; the county school fund derived from county tax shall be apportioned as follows: One hundred dollars to each district; $5 for each teacher, and the remainder on the basis of the number of persons between 4 and 20 years old ; in the case of joint districts lying in two or more counties, the $100 shall be apportioned from the said counties in proportion to the number of persons of school age in parts of district in said counties. The income from the common or irreducible school fund shall be apportioned to the districts in proportion to the number of persons between 4 and 20 years old. The county superintendent may on the request of any district board make a partial apportionment to such district, and apportion the remainder at the next regular apportionment, but each district shall expend for teachers' salaries at least 85 per cent of amount received. Superintendent shall keep accounts with county treasurer and district clerks. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (c), Permanent State school funds. Pennsylvania: All moneys appropriated for public schools shall be paid by order on the State treasurer signed by the State superintendent ; said super- intendent shall first deduct all items specified in this act and required to be deducted by any appropriation bill, and the remainder shall be apportioned as follows: One-half on basis of number of paid teachers employed for full annual term ; one-half on basis of number of children between ages of 6 and 16 years residing in the several school districts of the counties. Any bal- ance at end of year shall be added to the appropriation for the following year. Annual State appropriation shall be paid to the treasurers of the several school districts, and same shall be used by the districts, through the directors thereof. If board of school directors shall be compelled to close any school on account of contagious disease, fire, or other cause, the State superin- tendent may pay to such school any or all of its share of State funds. See also A (b2), State officers; B (c), Permanent State school fund; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (a), Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: Sum of $120,000 shall be annually paid out of income of per- manent school fund and from other money in the treasury for support of public schools on order of commissioner of public schools; said sum shall be apportioned among the several towns as follows: One hundred dollars to each school, not to exceed 15 in any one town; remainder in proportion to 314 - STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. number of children 5 to 15 years of age, inclusive ; said sum shall be used ex- clusively for teachers' salaries; no town shall receive any part of such State appropriation unless it shall raise by tax an equal amount for support of public schools; commissioner of public schools shall draw orders on State treasurer for State appropriations made to towns for public schools. Sum of $4,000 shall be annually appropriated for purchase of dictionaries, encyclo- pedias, and other works of reference, maps, globes, and other apparatus for use of public schools ; said sum shall be apportioned among towns making application for same, on basis of one-half amount expended by town for such purposes, at rate of $10 per school, and not more than $200 per town; in case demand exceeds appropriation, applications shall be filed and shall receive later appropriations in their order. There shall be an annual appropriation for evening schools, to be apportioned among the towns by the State board of education. The sum of $5,000 is annually appropriated, to be apportioned by State board of education, for aid to towns in which the taxable property is not adequate, at the average rate of taxation throughout the State, to provide public schools of a high standard. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; J (b), Medical inspection; O (a), Industrial education, general. South Carolina: Not less than $15,000 annually shall be appropriated for the purpose of aiding rural schools. Any rural district levying a special school tax of not less than 4 mills, employing two certified teachers for not less than six months, having not fewer than 50 pupils enrolled and not fewer than 30 in average attendance, and using a course of study approved by the State board of education, shall be entitled to State aid of $200 per year. A rural district meeting same conditions but employing three teachers for not less than seven months, and having an enrollment of not fewer than 75 and an average attendance of not fewer than 40, shall be entitled to $300 per year. No district receiving high school aid or aid under the term-extension act, or containing an incorporated town of more than 300 population, shall receive aid under this act. State aid under this act may be used to pay for the transportation of pupils. State superintendent and State board of education shall prescribe rules for the distribution of this fund. See also A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; S (b), School libraries. South Dakota: The State appropriates annually $12,500 to aid districts having within their limits State indemnity and endowment lands, but such aid shall not exceed 5 cents per acre of said lands and shall not be used for the erection or purchase of buildings. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers. Tennessee: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support. Texas: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; F (b), Teachers' salaries; N (a), High schools. Utah: County superintendent shall apportion funds received from State to districts in proportion to number of persons between G and 18 years of age; he shall apportion county fund in same manner, but after apportioning to B (e). STATE AID FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 315 cities of first and second classes and to county districts of tlie first class he shall set aside from county fund sufficient sum for his own compensation and expenses and for expense of county institute ; otherwise no part of State and county funds shall be used for other purpose than for teachers' salaries. No funds shall be apportioned to district not having maintained school for 20 weelis in year next preceding, and number of census children in such district shall be subtracted from total of county for purpose of State appor- tionment, but uncontrollable cause of closing school shall not bar apportion- ment to district; county superintendent may close school not maintaining an average attendance of 8 or more for 20 weelis. When county levies 4 mills and district levies 5 mills and State, county, and district funds are still insufficient to conduct schools for at least 28 weeks and pay each teacher $525 there shall be paid out of State treasury a sufficient amount to pay such sum, but no district receiving benefit of this provision shall employ . more than one teacher except on recommendation of county superintendent and with approval of State superintendent and concurrence of State board of education ; such money shall be used exclusively for teachers' salaries. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c). Local taxation; L (j). Agriculture. Virginia: See A (bl). State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; D (b). State aid, approval of plans; H (b). School census; N (a), High schools. Washington: Superintendent of public instruction shall make six apportion- ments each year of current State school funds. Apportionment shall be made on basis of days' attendance during preceding year, as shown by county super- intendents' annual reports. Each school district shall be credited with at least 2,000 days' attendance. If any pupil attends school outside of resident district up to ninth grade. during time school of equal grade is maintained in district of his residence, his attendance shall be credited to resident dis- trict unless mutually agreed otherwise by directors of the two districts. The principal or head of every private school shall annually report to district clerk the actual days' attendance of pupils upon such private school. For purposes of apportionment of current State school funds attendance of pupils in high schools shall be counted one and one-half times actual attendance, but to receive such apportionment such high school shall charge no tuition, regardless of where residence is in the State, if there be no high school in pupil's district. For purposes of apportionment attendance in parental schools where food and lodging are furnished the pupil shall be counted as three times actual attendance, and in schools for defectives five times such attendance. In night schools attendance shall be counted as one-half actual attendance without maximum age limit. In addition to regular apportion- ments, each high school shall receive a bonus of $100 for each grade above grammar school if such school was maintianed during preceding year and maintained average daily attendance in each grade of at least four students. County superintendent, upon receiving State apportionment, shall apportion the same, together with county funds, among the districts. When schools of a district are closed for sufficient cause superintendent of public instruction may allow such district full apportionment, but for no longer a period than 15 school days. When a district shall fail to submit to county superintendent plans and specifications of proposed schoolhouses as required by law said superintendent may withhold entire apportionment accruing to such district. 316 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See also B (a), General State finance and support; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. West Virginia: See A (d), District boards and oflficers; B (a), General State finance and support, Wisconsin: The school-fund income shall be apportioned annually by State superintendent among the several counties, towns, villages, and cities accord- ing to number of children in each over age of 4 and under age of 20 years. If any town, village, or city shall fail in any year to raise by tax for support of common schools a sum equal to its share of such school fund or other income, apportionment to such town, village, or city shall be withheld from next suc- ceeding apportionment unless such deficit is supplied by such town, village, or city; no apportionment shall be made to any city, village, or town for any district therein for any year during which school was not maintained for eight months, except for extraordinary cause, nor for any district which has not made report as required by law; nor to any city not including census figures in its report. Said superintendent shall certify apportionment to sec- retary of state, and shall give notice thereof to each county clerk and county treasurer; said secretary shall draw his warrant on State treasurer for such apportionments, and State treasurer shall pay same to county treasurers at time State taxes are paid in. Each county treasurer shall notify the clerk and treasurer of each town, village, or city of apportionment, and treasurer of such town, village, or city shall pay same over to school treasurer. The town clerk shall apportion all school money received from the State and raised by the town among districts and parts of districts on basis of school population. No district shall receive State money unless such money be used exclusively for payment of salary of teacher, and school has been conducted at least eight months. There is annually appropriated to common-school fund income an additional amount equal to seven-tenths of 1 mill for each dollar of assessed valuation of taxable property of the State, exclusive of property of certain corporations. The school board of any district maintaining a graded school but no free high school nor a school equivalent to a free high school, town free high schools excepted, may receive special State aid; State graded schools of three or more departments shall be known as graded schools of first class, and such schools of two departments, second class; to receive State aid such schools shall in each department run nine months, and at least three depart- ments in schools of first class and both departments in schools of second class shall have average daily attendance of at least 15 pupils; the principal of such graded school of first class shall hold a State license or State certificate ; principal of such school of second class shall hold a first-grade county cer- tificate with at least one year's experience in public schools or a second-grade certificate with at least two years' experience, or a State certificate; assistants shall possess prescribed qualifications; school property must be kept in good condition; such schools must have sufficient equipment; said school must, when desiring State aid, make application for same. Graded schools of first class may receive from State $300 annually ; such schools of second class $200; school boards shall annually make reports to State superintendent relative to such schools; said superintendent may, for good cause, withhold such aid; such schools maintaining industrial courses, approved by said su- perintendent, may receive an additional $100 annually. If two or more dis- tricts maintaining one-department rural schools shall consolidate and estab- lish and maintain a State graded school, and shall provide for transportation of pupils living more than 2 miles from consolidated school, such district shall B (f). STATE AID FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION. 317 receive, in addition to apportionments hereinbefore authorized, an additional sum of $100 annually, as special State aid. State superintendent shall in- spect and supervise State graded and free high schools; shall prepare course of study for such graded schools ; shall furnish blanks for and require reports from such schools. No more than one such graded school in any village or school district shall receive such State aid; no graded school in an incorpo- rated city shall receive such aid. Whenever the electors of any rural school district maintaining a one or two department rural school shall direct school boards to close such schools and pay transportation and tuition of pupils at district" maintaining a one or two department rural school, or State graded school, or grades below free high school in a free high school district, each such rural school district shall receive State aid in sum of $150 annually uiwn following conditions: (1) Transportation and tuition shall be provided for at least 32 weeks during school year; (2) average daily attendance of such pupils shall be at least 80 per cent of number enrolled for such transportation and tuition; (3) con- tract shall be made for such transportation; (4) means of transportation shall be satisfactory; (5) school attended shall be at least a first-class rural school; (6) annual report relative to such transportation and tuition shall be annually made to State superintendent; (7) county superintendent shall annually make a like report. Notice of proposed transportation and tuition shall be included in notices of meetings. Districts so paying transportation and tuition of pupils shall also receive apportionment of usual school funds. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), CJounty boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; F (c). Teachers' pensions; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; O (a). Industrial educa- tion, general; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (b), Public school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: County superintendent shall apportion State school-land income fund to district on basis of school census. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; L (a), Course of study. B (f). Special State Aid for Secondary Education. See also N (a), High schools. Alabama: See N (a). High schools; 0(b), Agricultural schools. Arizona: See N (a). High schools. Arkansas: See N (a). High schools. California: See N (a), High schools. Colorado: See N (a), High schools. Connecticut: See G (c), County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools. Idaho: See B (a). General State finance and support. Illinois: See A (b2). State officers; B (a), General State finance and support. Indiana: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Iowa: See G (c), County and local normal schools. Kansas: See G (c), County and local normal schools. Maine: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. 318 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Maryland: See N (a), High schools. Massachusetts: See N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, gen- eral; O (d) Continuation schools. Michigan: See G (c), County and local normal schools; O (b), Agricultural schools. Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementary education; I^ (a), High schools. Mississippi: See N (a), High schools. Missouri: See G (c), County and local normal schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Montana: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Nebraska: See G (c). County and local normal schools; N (a), high schools. Xevada: See N (a). High schools. New Hampshire: See B (a), General State finance and support; N (a). High schools. New Jersey: See O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico: See N (a), High schools. New York: See B (a), General State finance and support; O (a), Industrial education, general. North Carolina: See N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools. North Dakota: See L (j), Agriculture; N (a), High schools. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See N (a). High schools. Pennsylvania: See N (a), High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: See N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. South Carolina: See B (d), State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State aid for elementary education; N (a), High schools. Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support. Texas: See N (a). High schools. Utah: See N (a), High schools. Vermont: See G (c), County and local normal schools; L (j), Agriculture. Virginia: See N (a). High schools. Washington: See B (e), State aid for elementary education; N (a). High schools. West Virginia: See N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: See G (c), County and local normal schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a). High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; O (b), Agricultural schools. C. LOCAL (COUNTY, DISTRICT, MUNICIPAL) FINANCE AND SUPPORT. (a) General. See also Appendix A: State constitutional provisions relating to public education; C (c), Local taxation. Arkansas: See B (a), General State finance and support. California: See H (f), Compulsorj^ attendance. C (a). LOCAL FINANCE AND SUPPORT, GENERAL. 319 Colorado: Every justice of the peace or other magistrate by whom any fine or penalty is imposed shall make quarterly report of the same to county commissioners; county treasurer shall certify quarterly to county superin- tendent amount of fines collected ; all fines shall be paid to school fund of the county. Connecticut: See B (c), Permanent State school funds. Florida: See A (c2), County officers. Illinois: All fines, forfeitures, and penalties imposed or incurred in any court of record or before any justice of the peace, except fines, forfeitures, and penalties imposed in incorporated towns or cities for violation of the ordi- nances thereof, shall be paid to the county superintendent for the benefit of the public schools. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Indiana: Surplus road funds of a township may by unanimous vote of the advisory board be transferred to the special school fund. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Kansas: County treasurer shall collect all moneys due the county for school purposes from fines, forfeitures, or proceeds of sale of estrays and all moneys paid for exemption from military duty, and when county superin- tendent shall have apportioned school funds to district, he shall pay the same to district treasurers; he shall also collect delinquent taxes in each district and pay to treasurer thereof; each justice of the peace shall twice a year report to county superintendent amount received by him from fines and estrays and shall pay amount of same to county treasurer. County treasurer shall receive no compensation for handling State or county school moneys. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Kentucky: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: School funds shall be placed in lawfully designated banks; such banks shall give ample security for and pay required interest on said funds; funds shall be deposited with responsible banks making highest bid of interest thereon, such interest to be not less than 3 per cent per annum ; such banks shall lend such sums to authorities so depositing funds as may be required up to amount desired and at same rate as the deposit carries. See also A (c2), County officers; B (a), General State finance and support. Maine: See C (c). Local taxation., Michigan: Surplus dog tax of any township or city amounting to $100 or more shall be apportioned for school purposes according to number of children of school age, but township board or common council of city may retain $300, in which case the remainder shall be so apportioned. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Minnesota: See A (d), District boards and officers. Mississippi: See A (c2), County officers; B (b). State school lands. Missouri: The several county courts shall collect, preserve, and securely invest the proceeds of all moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging to the county school fund; also the net proceeds from the sale of estrays; also the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures and of all fines collected for any breach of the penal or military laws, and all moneys paid by persons for exemption from military duty shall be invested and preserved in the counties as a county public-school fund, the income of which shall be appropriated for establishing and maintaining free public schools. No money belonging to the school fund shall be loaned to any county officer or his deputy, nor shall such 320 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. oflacer or deputy be accepted as security. The county court shall have juris- diction of county school fund and shall be governed in its care and invest- ment by the same rules as govern its actions in township funds. The county treasurer shall have custody of county school fund. The proceeds of the sixteenth section of land and all the public-school moneys which shall be apportioned to any unorganized township arising from dividends, proceeds, and profits of the public^school fund shall constitute the township school fund ; the county court shall have the care and management of the township school fund. School funds shall be loaned at not less than 4 nor more than 8 per cent interest. Loans shall be made only to residents of the county on unincumbered real estate of the value of twice the amount of the loan. The State superintendent shall annually apportion the State school funds to counties as follows : Fifty dollars for each teacher, principal, and supervisor actually employed during the entire term, but any teacher employed for less than one-half of the day or for less than one-half of the term shall not be counted; for any teacher employed for more than one-half and less than nine-tenths of the term $25 shall be apportioned ; any district having an aver- age attendance of less than 15 shall receive only $25; he shall apportion $100 for each teacher receiving more than $1,000 salary; where only two teachers, one white and one colored, are employed, he shall apportion $50 for each; no teacher, principal, or supervisor who is not paid from the public-school funds of the district shall be counted. After such teacher apportionment is made the remainder of the fund available shall be apportioned on the basis of the total number of days attendance of all pupils of each district. County clerks shall annually distribute said State funds as apportioned by the State super- intendent, but no district, city, or town which has not reported teachers, at- tendance, etc., as required in this act shall receive any part of State funds. Township and county funds shall be apportioned to districts on the basis of the last enumeration on file in the county clerk's office. No district not levying 40 cents on $100 shall receive any part of the public-school moneys, unless a less amount, together with moneys received from the public funds, shall amount to $350. No district not maintaining school for eight months shall receive any portion of the public-school fund for the following year, unless a tax of 40 cents on $100, together with public funds, will not maintain the same. Errors in apportionment by State superintendent may be corrected by said superintendent in the succeeding year. Whenever any congressional township shall lie in two or more counties the township school fund of such " township shall be divided among the aforesaid counties in proportion to the amount of territory in the fractional township included in each county. On receipt of the estimates of the various districts the county clerk shall proceed to assess in such districts the amount of tax so estimated. District tax lim- its: For building purposes, town districts, 1 per cent of property valuation, and in other districts 65 cents on $100 ; for school purposes, town districts, 1 per cent, and in other districts 65 cents on $100 ; for sinking fund, 40 cents on $100 and a sufficient amount to pay interest on bonds. County clerk shall annually report taxes assessed to State superintendent. The county treasurer shall be custodian of all district school moneys, except in counties having adopted township organization, in which counties the township trustee shall be the custodian of the township funds. Montana: See B (a), General State finance and support. Nebraska: It shall be the duty of treasurers to take up warrants, when other funds shall not be available for the same, with any sinking funds which they may have on hand, and shall hold such warrants for the sinking fund. C (a). LOCAL FINANCE AND SUPPORT, GENERAL. 321 County board may purchase registered warrants out of sinking funds, but not more than 50 per cent of such sinking fund shall be invested in warrants at any one time, and when practicable, warrants shall be provided for out of sinking funds belonging to organization issuing such warrants. The council of any city may make similar provision for taking up warrants out of sink- ing funds in hands of city treasurer, but warrants so purchased shall be lim- ited to those of its own Issue or to those of any school district situated mainly within such city. School board of any district may direct custodian of sinking funds to invest the same in warrants of said district. All warrants upon any treasurer shall be paid in the order of presenta- tion; eveiy treasurer in the State shall keep a warrant register, which shall show the facts concening each warrant handled ; account books and vouchers shall be open to inspection of any person in whose name any warrants are registered and unpaid; any treasurer who shall, for a period of five days after moneys sufficient to pay registered warrant have been received, fail to mail notice to such person, shall forfeit 10 per cent on the amount of such war- rant and 10 per cent for every 30 days thereafter during which such failure shall continue; any treasurer who shall fail to register any warrant in order of presentation, or shall fail to pay the same in order of its registration, shall be liable in the sum of $500. Nevada: See S (b). Public-school libraries. New Jersey: If board of education of any school district shall use school money received by it, except that raised within the district, for any purpose other than for teachers' salaries, fuel bills, transportation of pupils, and tuition of pupils attending school in adjoining districts, county superintendent shall withhold from such district twice amount so used, but commissioner of education may remit such penalty. Counties shall appropriate the interest of the surplus revenue to support of the public schools. Whenever an execu- tion shall be issued against a board of education, and there is no school prop- erty to satisfy the judgment, a tax shall be levied on taxable property of the district to siitisfy the same. School year shall begin on July 1 and end on June 30. No money shall be paid from State treasury for any purpose named in this act unless appropriated by the legislature. The commanding oflBcer L^ of any regiment having charge of an armory may, with approval of the military board, permit use of such armory by pupils of schools fo r athletic purposes. In cities having a board of education whose members are ap- pointed by the mayor, said mayor may appoint members regardless of places of residence in such city. Provisions of civil service commission act shall apply to school districts when adopted by qualified voters of any such dis- trict. School board shall make rules relative to employment, discharge, management, and control of janitors. See also A (d). District boards and officers. New Mexico: County commissioners shall annually levy a general county school tax of 3 mills on the dollar upon taxable property of county, the proceeds of such levy to be placed to the credit of the general county-school fund. One-half of the forest-reserve fund of each county shall be placed to the credit of the general county-school fund. The sheriffs of the several counties shall be the collectors of all liquor and gaming licenses, and shall retain out of proceeds of the same 4 per cent as compensation for their services as collectors; county treasurer shall distribute the proceeds of such licenses, two-thirds thereof to the credit of the school district wherein such license was paid and one-third thereof to the general county-school fund. See also A (b2), State officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance. 3966°— 15 ^21 322 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. New York: Keal and personal estate may be panted, conveyed, devised, bequeathed, and given in trust and in perpetuity or otherwise to the school authorities of the State for use of the common schools; the legislature may control and regulate the execution of all such trusts; the proper authorities shall make reports relative to such trusts to commissioner of education. Every supervisor of a town shall report to the commissioner of education facts relative to gospel or school lots in such town; said supervisor shall apportion proceeds arising from sale of such lands among the school districts of the town; such apportionment shall be made under authorization of the town board if amount is $500 or less, by the voters at annual meeting if over $500 ; when such apportionment is authorized, said supervisor shall pay to the collector, or if district has a treasurer to the treasurer, of the several districts their pro rata share on basis of aggregate school attendance; a collector or treasurer receiving such funds shall give bond in the sum of twice amount of such fund; such funds shall be used as the annual or a special meeting shall direct. Whenever, by any statute, a fine is imposed for benefit of common schools, and not expressly for such schools of a town or district, the same shall be paid into county-school fund. Every district attorney shall report, annually, to board of supervisors fines imposed ; fines collected shall be paid into county treasury ; fines collected for schools of a city shall be paid into city treasury ; fines collected for any district which lies in two or more towns or counties shall be paid to the town or county containing the schoolhouse of such dis- trict, or the schoolhouse longest owned or held by such district. It shall be a misdemeanor for any person interested in the sale or manufacture of school books or supplies of any character whatever to falsely represent to any teacher or school officer that he has any official connection with the educa- tional system of the State. Whenever any school moneys shall be forfeited by a town or district in consequence of neglect by any school officer, such officer shall forfeit to such town or district the full amount of such loss with interest thereon. Whenever any school officer shall fail to sue for any penalty incurred for the benefit of public schools, if it be his duty so to do, he shall forfeit amount of same to such schools. In any action against a school official, no costs shall be allowed to plaintiff where it shall be shown that de- fendant acted in good faith; this provision shall not extend to suits for penalties, nor to suits or proceedings to enforce decisions of commissioner of education. Whenever school district officers are instructed by the district to bring or to defend an action involving such district, all costs and damages shall be a charge against the district ; if district shall dispute claims of officers as to costs and expenses in such suits, county judge shall adjust the matter. Whenever school officials shall bring or defend an action in interest of the school district, without previous instruction from the district, such district may vote to reimburse such officials for costs and expenses, and may levy a tax for same; this provision shall not extend to suits for penalties, nor to suits or proceedings to enforce decisions of commissioner of education; if district shall refuse to reimburse such officials, such officials may appeal to county court; a refusal of trustees to levy tax for payment of expenses in- curred in an action of interest to district shall be subject to an appeal to commissioner of education. See also A (d). District boards and officers; B (a). General State finance and support. North Carolina: County educational fund shall include moneys, stocks, and bonds belonging to school fund ; proceeds of sales of estrays ; fines, penalties. C (a). LOCAL FINANCE AND SUPPORT, GENERAL. 323 and forfeitures; liquor license taxes and auctioneers' license taxes; the pro- ceeds of at least three-fourths of the general poll tax, the maximum of which is $2 on all males between 21 and 50 years old ; the proceeds of a 20-cent tax on each $100 valuation of real and personal property. County board of edu- cation shall annually ascertain amount of money needed to maintain schools for four months and, after deducting sums available from other sources, shall report to county commissioners amount necessary to be raised by special school tax in order to maintain schools four months ; said board shall include an itemized statement showing amounts needed for supervision, administra- tion; buildings and repairs, salaries of teachers, and other lawful expenses, and shall also show number of teachers employed and salary paid each; county commissioners shall levy tax sufficient to supply deficiency, but no county shall be compelled to levy exceeding 15 cents on $100 and a poll tax of 45 cents for said purpose; no county shall receive any portion of State equalizing school fund until it shall have levied the special tax herein re- quired to maintain schools four months. On petition of one-fourth of the freeholders of any township, approved by county board of education, county commissioners shall hold an election in such township on question of levying a tax of not less than 10 nor more than 30 cents on $100 of property and a poll tax of not less than 30 nor more than 90 cents for purpose of establishing and maintaining a high school ; if majority of votes favor, such school shall be under control of three trustees appointed by county board of education; where other funds are sufficient high school may be established without levy- ing special tax ; high-school subjects may be taught in any school having more than one teacher, subject to approval of State superintendent. In every in- corporated city or town not now levying a special school tax, on petition of one-fourth of freeholders, board of aldermen, or town commissioners, shall at regular municipal election submit to voters question of levying a special school tax of not exceeding 30 cents on $100 and 90 cents on each poll; majority shall determine; funds so raised shall be placed to credit of town- school committee of not less than five nor more than seven members appointed by board of aldermen, and there shall be but one school district in said city or town. On petition of one-fourth of the freeholders within a proposed special school district, indorsed by comity board of education, county commis- sioners shall hold an election in such territory to determine question of establishing special school district and levying tax of not exceeding 30 cents on $100 and poll tax of not exceeding 90 cents; such tax, when voted and col- lected, shall be placed to credit of school committee appointed by county board of education ; on request of majority of committee or trustees, county board may enlarge boundaries of special tax district; on petition of two-thirds of qualified voters county commissioners shall hold election in said district to determine question of revoking such tax and majority of voters voting shall decide, but no such election shall be held within two years of election at which such tax was voted or at which previous proposal to revoke was rejected. County board of education shall apportion school fund to districts so as to give each school of same race the same length of term ; a sufficient sum shall be reserved to pay county superintendent and contingent expenses of county board ; a further sum of from 7^ to 20 per cent, according to amount of school funds of county, the larger the funds the smaller being the percentage, may be reserved for school building, repairs, and equipment; after providing a six months' term, county board may pay not exceeding one-half of salary of county health officer for securing medical inspection of schools. Ohio: See K (a). General State finance and support. 324 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Oklahoma: All public funds of any county or subdivision thereof shall be disbursed only in payment of legal warrants, bonds, and interest coupons. School-district oflScers shall keep a record of such warrants, bonds, and In- terest coupons. Each warrant or certificate of indebtedness must be drawn against a specific fund; warrants, when issued, shall be sent to county treasurer for registration. Treasurer shall register warrants and return them to clerk of district; warrants shall bear legal rate of interest from time of registration if there are no funds to credit of specific fund against which warrant is drawn. No officer shall issue, approve, sign, attest, or register any warrant in excess of estimate; any treasurer who shall register or pay such excess warrant shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; school officers shall be liable for any excess warrants and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor if in any way responsible for such warrants. Pennsylvania: There shall be but one levy of school taxes in each district in one year, and the same shall be uniform throughout the territorial limit of each district; any district may maintain before the proper official an action in assumpsit for the collection of unpaid taxes, and to any judg- ment obtained for such taxes there shall be added a penalty of 10 per cent, together with costs of suit, and upon which judgment execution may be issued without any stay, and no defendant shall have the right to any exemp- tion. Directors may create indebtedness and issue bonds for school purposes not to exceed 7 per cent of assessed value of taxable property for school purposes within their respective districts; no bonds shall be issued for a period longer than 30 years. Any district having no indebtedness, or whose indebtedness is less than 2 per cent of taxable property for school purposes therein, may, in addition to any bonded indebtedness, incur a temporary debt; such debt in districts of first and second classes shall not exceed two-tenths of 1 per cent and in districts of third and fourth class one-half of 1 per cent of total amount of taxable property. Temporary obligations shall be sold at par and bear interest within the legal rate ; shall receive affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of members of board; and shall not be extended or re- newed. The total indebtedness of any district shall not exceed 2 per cent of total valuation of taxable property at any time. Directors may designate certain banks as depositories for school funds, requiring bond of same; de- positories shall make monthly reports to school treasurer, boards of school directors, and to school controller, if any. No school order shall be authorized unless sufficient funds to cover the same are in the treasury; no order shall bear interest, or be made payable at any time in the future ; a separate order shall be drawn for each account, except in the case of salaries of employees, which may be drawn as one order. In case any judgment against a school district is not paid plaintiff may petition court of common pleas, which then shall issue a mandamus writ against directors and treasurer commanding payment out of unappropriated funds; obedience to such writ may be enforced by attachment. Any district may establish a sinking fund for liquidating indebtedness; sinking fund shall be under the control of a com- mittee composed of the president, treasurer, and one additional member of board of school directors; sinking fund shall be placed in the depository offering best rate of interest, security, and safety, or may be invested in cer- tain authorized bonds. The total annual school-tax levy in any district of the first class shall not be less than 5 nor more than 6 mills on the dollar for all taxable property therein ; school-tax receiver shall furnish bond, shall receive compensation as determined by school board, and shall make monthly and annual reports to the board. Unpaid school taxes shall be liens on property. C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 325 Annual estimate of expenses shall be made by board. Each school order shall state on its face the particular item of the annual school estimate urx)n which the same is drawn; annual estimate shall be certified to school controller ; total indebtedness of district of first class shall not exceed 2 per cent of value of total taxable property. In districts of second class, school taxes shall not exceed 20 mills on the dollar, and in districts of third and fourth classes 25 mills, but such districts shall also collect occupation tax from every male over 21 years old; such occupation tax shall be at least $1, and may be collected by legal process from employer of such person out of wages due. See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; L (m), Sectarian instruc- tion, Bible in schools. Texas: Commissioner's court shall provide for protection, preservation, and disposition of lauds granted by State to county for school purposes ; proceeds of sales of county school lands shall be invested in State or United States bonds, or in bonds of independent or common-school districts, and shall be held as a trust for free schools, and only interest thereon shall be expended annually; proceeds of leasing and renting school lands shall be applied by commissioners' court only to educational purposes. Washington: See A (c2). County oflScers; B (a), General State finance and support. West Virginia: See A (c2), County officers. Wyoming: Fines, penalties, and forfeitures collected under school laws in counties or districts shall accrue to public schools of such counties or districts. See also B (a), General State finance and support. C (b). Local (County, District, Municipal) Bonds and Indebtedness. See also Appendix A: State constitutional provisions relating to public education; C (c). Local taxation; D, Buildings and sites. Alabama: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Arizona: Any county, school district, city, town, or other municipal corpora- tion may increase its bonded or other indebtedness beyond 4 per cent of its property valuation by a majority vote of the property taxpayers who are qualified electors; election may be called by governing body of such cor- poration and must be called on petition of 15 per cent of the property tax- payers who are qualified electors residing therein ; tax shall be levied to pay interest and provide for the payment of the principal of such indebtedness; no such indebtedness shall bear a rate of interest in excess of 6 per cent. Indebtedness not in excess of 4 per cent of property valuation may be incurred without the election herein provided for. See also A (d), District boards and officers; N (a), High schools. Arkansas: See A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. California: School boards may, and on petition of a majority of the heads of families must, call an election to determine question of bond issue for site, building, etc. ; school board shall canvass returns, and two-thirds majority shall determine issue; if bonds are voted, county supervisors shall issue them, but total amount shall not exceed 5 per cent of the taxable property of the 326 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. district; interest shall not exceed 6 per cent; and bonds shall not he sold below par; proceeds of sale shall be paid into county treasury for use of district; county supervisors shall annually levy a tax in such district suffi- cient to pay interest and a proportion of the principal equal to the result obtained by dividing the principal by the number of years the bonds are to run, which shall not exceed 40 years; if county supervisors fail to levy tax required, State board of equalization shall do so ; when districts are merged new district shall be liable for bonded indebtedness of districts so united; when district is annexed to another it shall be liable to taxation for bonded indebtedness of district to which it is annexed ; when a new district is formed from other district or districts it shall be liable for such proportion of the bonded indebtedness of the old districts as is represented by the school property existing within its borders at the time of the separation; when bonds remain unsold for six months county supervisors may, on petition of district school board, cancel such bonds. Schoolhouses two stories high or higher shall be provided with fire escapes. Bonds of joint districts may be issued similarly to those of other districts, except that concurrent action of county supervisors of the two or more counties in which the district is located shall be required. Bonds may be either coupon or registered, or both; coupon bonds may by owner be taken to county treasurer and regis- tered. School board in any city of fifth class may in its discretion, and must when requested by board of trustees of such city, call an election on the issuance of school bonds; notice shall be posted in three public places and published three weeks in a newspaper ; election shall be held as nearly as practicable in conformity with general election law; if election carries, school board shall so certify to county supervisors, who shall issue bonds ; total amount of bonds shall not exceed 5 per cent of property valuation of district; bonds shall not run longer than 40 years nor bear more than 8 per cent interest. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a). High schools; S (b), School libraries. Colorado: Board of directors of any school district may submit at any regular or special election to qualified electors who are school taxpayers the question of contracting bonded indebtedness to acquire schoolhouses and grounds; amount of bonded indebtedness shall not exceed 5 per cent of property valua- tion in districts of the first and second classes and 3^ per cent in districts of the third class ; majority vote shall determine ; interest shall not exceed 8 per cent in districts of the third class nor 6 per cent in districts of the first and second classes ; bonds may be redeemed at any time between 10 and 20 years after date of issue, and must be paid within 40 years ; county commissioners shall levy a tax in said district to pay interest and to provide for the pay- ment of the principal. District directars may, if directed by the qualified voters of the district, issue bonds for refunding outstanding bonded indebted- ness. No change in district boundaries shall release the taxable real estate of the district from assessment. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ; C (c). Local taxation; N (a), High schools. Connecticut: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Delaware: On petition of 10 taxpayers of a district, school board, or school committee shall call an election to determine question of contracting indebted- ness for providing a schoolhouse or making additions or repairs thereto ; ma- jority of votes of qualified voters shall determine; if vote carries, school board or school committee shall issue the bonds of the district, but the amount of C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 327 the same shall not exceed the amount named in the petition. An additional tax shall be levied to pay interest and create a sinking fund. See also S (b), Public-school libraries. Florida: The board of county commissioners upon the request of the county board of education, after an affirmative vote of the qualified tax-paying voters, may contract debts to provide school sites and buildings and may pay such debts out of current funds or funds of succeeding years; they may borrow money to discharge any debt incurred by the purchase of real estate. When there is no money in the treasury to pay outstanding warrants, county board of education may borrow money at not exceeding 8 per cent interest to pay the same. A special tax school district may issue bonds for providing school buildings and grounds; on petition of 25 per cent of resident qualified voters of such district, county board of education shall determine what amount of bonds is required, rate of interest to be paid thereon, and time when principal and interest shall become due ; said board shall also order an election in such dis- trict; if a majority of the duly qualified electors of such district who are freeholders vote " for bonds," said county board shall issue the same ; bonds shall be sold to highest bidder; the proceeds thereof shall be expended by said county board for the purpose for which the district voted bonds. If bonds are for building, county board shall, on recommendation of the trustees of the district, prei>are plans for building and award contract for constructing the same. County commissioners shall levy a tax (not to exceed 5 mills) in such district to pay interest and create a sinking fund. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Georgia: On petition of one-fourth of the registered voters of any district levying a local tax for school purposes, the district trustees shall call an election to determine question of issuing bonds for providing schoolhouse and equipment ; trustees shall fix amount of bonds, rate of interest and time when due ; elections shall be held as provided by law for county elections on bond issues. County board of education of any county may borrow money to pay teachers' salaries for current year, but not more than that to which county shall be entitled from public school fund shall be borrowed. Idaho: School trustees may submit to vote of district the question of issuing coupon bonds for not to exceed 4 per cent of property valuation and not to bear exceeding 6 per cent interest to build schoolhouses, etc., or to refund outstanding bonds; if two-thirds of voters favor issue, school trustees shall issue bonds and county treasurer shall register them ; notice of proposed sale of bonds shall be published four consecutive weeks in a newspaper; bonds shall not be sold for less than par value. Trustees shall annually levy a tax sufficient to pay interest and create a sinking fund; sinking fund may be loaned at 7 per cent. When sum in sinking fund equals or exceeds any bond then due, county treasurer shall give notice of proposed payment and interest shall cease after 30 days, but treasurer shall thereafter be ready to redeem the bond. County treasurer shall pay interest out of any moneys belonging to district. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a). High schools. Illinois: Any school district existing under any special charter and including . an incorporated city, town, or village may, when authorized by a majority of the votes cast at an election for that purpose, issue bonds for the puriwse of building or repairing schoolhouses or buying or improving school sites; said 328 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. bonds shall run for not exceeding 20 years, shall bear not exceeding 5 per cent interest and in amount, together with outstanding Indebtedness, shall not exceed 5 per cent of the property valuation of the district. For building or repairing schoolhouses or purchasing or improving school sites the directors of any school district may, when authorized by a majority of the votes cast at an election, borrow money and issue bonds to bear interest at not exceeding 7 per cent. Outstanding indebtedness may be refunded by the issuance of new bonds or evidences of indebtedness. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Indiana: Any city or incorporated town may, on recommendation of the school trustees and on the passage of an ordinance authorizing the same by the common council of said city or board of trustees of said town, issue bonds not to exceed $50,000 in amount and not to run longer than 20 years to pay for grounds and buildings for school purposes ; proceeds of bonds shall be turned over to school trustees, who shall give bond for the same. Tax-levying au- thorities shall levy a special tax to pay principal and interest on said bonds. School trustees must have the approval of the common council of the city or board of trustees of the town before they may contract for buildings or grounds. Surplus special school revenue (local fund) not necessary for meeting current expenses shall be applied to the payment of the principal or interest of the in- debtedness provided for herein. Bonds may be issued to refund indebtedness incurred prior to the passage of this act, and trustees may levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund. In all cities except those of the first and second classes and in incorporated towns, school trustees may issue bonds, not to bear exceeding 5 per cent interest, not to run longer than 10 years, and, including existing indebtedness, not to exceed in amount 2 per cent of property valuation, and may levy a tax to pay the same; after such bonds are issued, additional bonds to the amount of 2 per cent of property valuation may be issued. The school trustees of any city of the second class may issue bonds for sites, buildings, and equipment ; such bonds shall not bear exceeding 4 per cent interest and, including outstanding indebtedness, shall not exceed in amount 2 per cent of property valuation; bonds shall not run exceeding 20 years ; tax of not exceeding 18 cents on $100 may be levied to pay bonds. In any incorporated town or city having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants, on recommendation of school trustees and on approval of trustees of incorporated town or council of city, bonds to the amount of $40,000 may be issued ; interest, not more than 5 per cent ; term, 10 to 24 years ; tax of not to exceed 50 cents on $100 shall be levied to pay bonds. An incorporated town having not more than 2,000 inhabitants may issue bonds in amount not exceeding $6,000, not to bear exceeding 6 per cent interest and not to run longer than 15 years; a special tax shall be levied to pay such bonds. Incorporated towns having not exceeding 1,000 inhabitants may issue bonds for $2,500 to bear interest at not exceeding 5 per cent and to run not exceeding 20 years; a tax of not exceeding 2 per cent of property valuation may be levied to pay bonds. Any township having outstanding indebtedness may issue bonds to pay the same, amount not to exceed indebtedness ; term, not to exceed 15 years ; interest not to exceed 6 per cent. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; S (b). Public-school libraries. Iowa: The board of directors of any school corporation may without vote of the people issue bonds to pay any judgment against said corporation or to C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 329 pay bonds previously issued according to law. When authorized by vote of the qualified electors, board of directors of any school corporation may issue " school building bonds " to provide sites and buildings and furniture equip- ment, and repairs therefor. Bonds shall run not exceeding 10 years, except that in independent districts having outstanding indebtedness of not less than $400,000, bonds in excess of said amount may run for not exceeding 20 years ; they shall bear not exceeding 5 per cent interest. School boards may issue refunding bonds in exchange for outstanding bonds " par for par." The board of each school corporation shall annually fix the amount of the tax necessary to pay interest and principal becoming due. Any independent dis- trict containing, or contained in, any city, town or village, or any consolidated independent district may become indebted for buildings, furnishings, and sites or additions to sites in an amount, including all other indebtedness, not to exceed 5 per cent of the taxable property of such corporation, but indebted- ness in excess of 1^ per cent of property valuation can not be incurred except when voted at an election called by the board after petition by at least 25 per cent of those voting at last school election. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Kansas: On petition of not less than one-third of the qualified voters of any school district having not fewer than 15 persons between 5 and 21 years old, school board shall order an election to determine question of issuing bonds for erecting or purchasing schoolhouses; amount of bonds shall not exceed li per cent of property valuation, but on petition of local school board, accompanied by indorsement of not less than one-half of the qualified voters of the district. State board of school-fund commissioners may allow an additional issue of 50 per cent of the amount of bonds that may be voted. Majority of qualified voters shall determine; principal shall ^e paid within 15 years; interest shall not exceed 6 per cent; bonds shall not be sold at less than 95 per cent of par value. County commissioners shall levy tax in district to pay interest and create a sinking fund. All school bonds must first be offered to school-fund commissioners, who may purchase same at not more than par. Every county, city of the first, second, or third class, township, and school district may issue bonds to refund bonded indebtedness, including coupons and judgments. Such bonds shall be sold at not less than par, shall run not ex- ceeding 30 years, shall not exceed amount of outstanding indebtedness, and shall not bear exceeding 6 per cent interest. Outstanding warrants of district issued prior to passage of this act (1913) may be refunded by issuance of bonds, but in amount not to exceed 5 per cent of property valuation of such district When refund is made at a rate not to exceed 65 per cent upon amount of indebtedness and bonds are issued therefor under this act authori- ties shall never increase indebtedness beyond amount of refundnig bonds until the same are paid. Proper officers shall levey tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund. See also A (c2), County oflacers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (c). Permanent State school funds; N (a). High schools. Kentucky: Upon application of 250 householders, county judge shall appoint a building school commission of four members, for four years or less; dis- trict of this commission shall be whole county or such parts as lie outside of incorporated towns with school taxation. Commission shall be a body politic; shall submit its plans to county board of education; acquire prop- erty, construct and furnish public schoolhouses; contracts shall be let to lowest responsible bidder. To secure money for this work the fiscal court of the county may submit to voters the question whether bonds of the dis- 330 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. trict shall be issued; two-thirds vote required; no bonds shall be sold at less than par and any premius shall go into the sinking fund; all disburse- ments of commission shall be from proceeds of bonds; fiscal court shall levy tax enough to pay interest and provide sinking fund; title of property shall be vested in county board of education. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards; B (a), General State finance and support. Michigan: Any school district may by a majority vote of the qualified electors voting at a legal meeting, borrow money and issue bonds therefor to pay for a schoolhouse site or sites and erect and furnish a building; amount of bonds shall not exceed 10 per cent of assessed valuation of district, and bonds shall not run longer than 15 years; when bonds are voted, district board shall issue the same in sums not less than $50 and to bear interest at not exceeding 7 per cent. District may vote a tax to pay interest and principal. When the same can be done advantageously any district may borrow money and issue bonds to pay off bonded indebtedness. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; N (a), High schools; O (b). Agricultural schools. Minnesota: The trustees of any district whatsoever may issue orders or bonds in such amounts and at such times as they may be directed by a vote of the majority of legal voters present and voting at an annual meeting, or at a special meeting called for the purpose; said orders or bonds shall not run over 15 years, nor bear a rate higher than 7 per cent. The proceeds of bonds shall be used for purchasing school sites and repairing, building, and equipping schoomouses. Districts may borrow money from the State, issuing bonds therefor. School treasurers may invest sinking funds in certain bonds, except bonds for railroad construction, but at rate not less than 3i per cent, and only when authorized by trustees of districts; when so authorized, said treasurer shall not be liable for any loss by reason of issuance of such bonds. See also P (c). State universities and colleges. Mississippi: County board of supervisors are authorized "to issue bonds of the county, a supervisor's district, or a school district containing not less than 16 square miles, excluding in each case the territory embraced within separate school districts," for erecting, repairing, and equipping school buildings ; when majority of resident taxpayers shall petition, bonds shall be issued not to exceed 5 per cent of assessed taxable property of county or district; bonds shall be issued as is done by municipalities. Board of supervisors shall levy tax to meet interest and provide sinking fund; board may also levy tax to provide fuel and incidental expenses. On petition of majority of electors of a rural separate, consolidated, or other school dis- trict having territory lying in two or more counties, board of supervisors of the several counties may issue bonds for erection, repair, and equipment of school buildings; county superintendent and trustees of each district shall certify to board of supervisors " the proportionate amount of the bond issue to be borne by each county based on the proportionate amount of property in each county lying within the said school districts;" board of supervisors shall then proceed to issue bonds on that part of the territory lying in its county ; majority of " qualified electors of the entire school dis- trict regardless of county lines " required. C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 331 County agricultural high scJiools. — County school board iu each county empowered to establish two agricultural high schools, one for whites, one for colored; instruction shall be in high-school branches, theoretical and practical agriculture, domestic science, etc.; board of supervisors shall levy tax on property for support of said school; in case there are two such schools in the county, board shall levy separate tax for support of each; taxes shall be used only for support of school for which levied; it shall not exceetl 2 mills for each school established ; 20 electors may petition that tax for either or both schools be not levied; question shall then be submitted to voters; they may vote against tax for either or both schools. "When the majority of votes be for the tax levied in support of either or both schools, or if school be established and tax levied without an election, then another election shall not be held for the purpose of voting against the tax levied within four years. Control of county agricultural high school shall be vested in five trustees; two shall be elected by board of supervisors, two by county school board, and county superintendent shall be the fifth; trustees shall control property, elect teachers, fix salaries in the agricultural depart- ment, " and have full power to do all things necessary to the successful opera- tion of said school." When common school is taught with agricultural high school, teachers in that department shall be elected by common-school trustees. Two adjacent counties may unite to establish one school or two schools, one for each race; such school shall have 11 trustees, 5 from each county and 1 chosen by these 10; in levying taxes each county shall act independently; if one refuse to levy tax, the county levying tax may pro- ceed independently. When State superintendent receives report of organiza- tion of county agricultural high school he shall visit and report on the same, and if it appears to the interest of the State, State board of education shall grant its trustees not more than $1,500; in case of joint school^ not more than $3,000: Provided, That if the boarding students shall exceed 30 the school shall receive $2,000, and if 40, $2,500; appropriation shall be made annually ; trustees shall report annually and shall be judges of eligibility of all applicants for admission; county school board, in locating schools under this act, shall locate first school in county at point where school was located under act of 1908; all funds derived from taxes under act of 1908 shall be expended as if collected under act of 1910. Board of supervisors of any county which has determined to accept terms of the law relative to agri- cultural high schools may issue bonds to aid in building and equipping the schools to an amount which, when added to all the bonded indebtedness of the county, shall not exceed 10 per cent on assessed value ; bonds to run 25 years and pay 6 per cent ; board shall levy annually special tax to pay interest and provide sinking fund; on petition of 10 per cent property holders, question of bond issue must be submitted to electors; majority vote required. Act of 1914 requires that teachers in these schools " pass an examination in the free-school studies, and in addition thereto an examination on the subjects they are required to teach in said schools." Any municipality constituting a separate school district whether composed alone of the corporate limits of the municipality or with added territory is authorized to issue, for erecting, repairing, and maintaining school buildings and schools, bonds "of such separate school district in the manner provided by the chapter on municipalities"; such municipality is authorized to levy an annual tax on all taxable property in the district for the necessary ex- penses of the schools, to run the schools after the expiration of the four months provided by the State or to supplement the State funds; a tax in excess of 3 mills shall not be levied without consent of taxpayers. 332 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; F (b), Teacliers' sala- ries; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a), Higli schools. Missouri: At an annual meeting or meeting held for that purpose any district may vote to issue bonds for acquiring sites and erecting schoolhouses and library buildings and furnishing the same; two-thirds of votes cast shall be necessary to authorize issuance; the net proceeds of bonds shall be at least 90 per cent of the face value. Bonds shall not run longer than 20 years and, including outstanding indebtedness, shall not exceed 5 per cent of the property valuation of the district. Tax shall be levied to pay interest and create a sinking fund. Bonds to pay off outstanding bonds may be issued to run not less than 5 nor more than 30 years and to bear interest at not exceeding 8 per cent ; renewal bonds issued to redeem outstanding bonds shall not be sold for less than 90 per cent of their face value. School boards may make an estimate for the levy of a tax of not exceeding two-fifths of 1 per cent of the taxable property of the district to create a sinking fund ; a tax may be levied to pay interest and for the printing or engraving of bonds. School authorities may issue bonds to fund existing bonded indebtedness, but such bonds must not be sold below par, must not bear interest in excess of interest on old indebtedness, and must mature within 5 to 30 years; such bonds may be issued without vote of the people when a lower rate of interest may be secured. See also H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Montana: When a majority so decides, trustees shall submit to voters question of issuing bonds for buildings and sites or for refunding indebtedness ; amount not to exceed 3 per cent of property valuation at interest not to exceed 6 per cent; majority vote of people shall determine. Trustees shall give notice of bonds for sale. County commissioners shall levy a tax in the district of sufficient amount to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Nebraska: The district officers of any school district may issue bonds for pur- chasing school sites, erecting and furnishing school buildings upon the vote of two-thirds of the electors present and voting at a meeting called for the purpose ; no vote shall be ordered upon the issuance of such bonds unless a petition signed by one-third of the voters of such district shall have been submitted to the board thereof, but the board of education of a city may call such an election without a petition therefor. No bonds shall be issued in the aggregate amount to exceed 5 per cent (excepting in districts having over 100 school children) of the assessment of the taxable property of the district, nor shall any district issue bonds unless at least 12 school children reside therein. Amount of bonds shall not exceed $500 in those districts having less than 25 and not less than 12 school children; in districts of from 25 to 50 school children, not more than $2,000; in districts of from 50 to 100 school children, not more than $5,000; in districts of 100 or more school children such amount as may be agreed upon, not to exceed 12 per cent of assessed valuation of property. A complete statement of all facts connected with the proceedings relative to the issuance of bonds shall be made to the auditor of public accounts by the proper district officials before such bonds shall be issued ; upon the approval of such bonds by auditor *of public accounts and secretary of state, the same may be issued. Bonds may be issued for the redemption of other bonds, but no bonds shall be redeemed or purchased for more than the face value thereof. All warrants or orders issued by the proper authorities of any school dis- trict, except school districts in metropolitan cities and cities of the first C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 333 class, shall draw interest from and after date of presentation for payment, at the rate of 7 per cent per annum ; warrants or orders issued within a met- ropolitan city or a city of the first class shall draw interest at rate of 5 per cent per annum ; no bonds of any kind shall draw interest at a rate exceed- ing 6 per cent per annum. Whenever the board in control of any school district shall be petitioned by one-third of the resident freeholders of any such district to compromise the obligations of such district, the board shall enter into negotiations with the owners of such obligations for the purpose of scaling, discounting, or com- promising the same. The school board shall, upon two- thirds vote of the free- holders of a district, issue bonds to satisfy such indebtedness; such bonds shall mature in no later than 20 years, and before 20 years, at option of board, and shall bear interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum; tax shall be levied to pay interest and principal of said bonds. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a), Local finance and support, general; N (a), High schools. Nevada: School districts may issue negotiable coupon bonds for purchasing sites, erecting, equipping, and maintaining school buildings, or for refunding bonds ; such action shall be taken on vote of electors of district ; bonds shall run no longer than 20 years, at interest not exceeding 6 per cent ; bonds shall be registered. A district may levy taxes to pay interest on said bonds, and to create a sinking fund for redemption of the same. Any part of a bonded district taken away from such district by change of boundary lines shall continue to bear its proportionate part of such bonded indebtedness, and any territory added to a bonded district shall share in the taxes for such bonded indebtedness. Bonds may be issued by any school district for maintaining instruction in industrial training, manual training, domestic science, and agri- culture. County commissioners shall, when funds for county high school buildings and dormitories shall be needed, submit to electors at the next general elec- tion, or at a special election, the question of bonding the county ; such bonds shall run no longer than 20 years, nor at a higher annual rate of interest than 6 per cent; such bonds shall be registered; county commissioners shall an- nually levy a tax to pay interest on such bonds and to create a sinking fund for redemption of bonds. The maximum bonding limit for county high school purposes of counties having total assessed valuation of $2,500,000 or less shall be 2^ per cent of such valuation; for counties having assessed valua-: tion of from $2,500,00 to $5,000,000. 2 per cent ; for counties between $5,000,- 000 and $10,000,000, li per cent; for counties having assessed valuation of $10,000,00 or over, 1 per cent. Any part of bonded county taken away from such county by the change of boundary lines shall continue to be sub- ject to taxes for such bonds, and any territory added to a bonded county shall be subject to such taxes. New Hampshire: School districts may borrow money for building or repairing schoolhouses and for procuring and grading lots for the same upon the promissory notes or bonds of the district. Such notes shall be signed by district treasurer and school board. All bonds shall be issued in a'^cordance with "municipal bonds act" of the State. Any city, town, precinct, school, or village district may exempt from taxation any issue of its bonds when held by citizens thereof. Any school district may, at any legal meeting by a majority of the legal voters present and voting, authorize its board to borrow money of individuals living in the town in which district is located at an interest rate not to exceed 5 per cent per annum and exempt such loans from 334 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. taxation. Such money shall be used for buildings, sites, equipment, and supplies. New Jersey: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; F (c), Teachers' pensions; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; O (a). Industrial education, general. New Mexico : No school district shall borrow money except for school buildings and grounds and only when approved by majority voting at election. The county superintendent for each county may, upon a petition signed by 20 residents of any district being each the head of a family and having children of school age in the family, order the school directors of such district to sub- mit the question of issuing bonds of such district for the purpose of building a schoolhouse. In case such question shall fail to carry the county sui)erin- tendent may set aside not less than one-fifth of school fund of said district yearly until a sum sufficient to build the required schoolhouse shall have been accumulated. Directors may issue bonds for erecting and completing school- houses, said bonds to run not less than 20 nor more than 30 years and at a rate of interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum. Indebtedness of dis- trict shall not exceed 6 per cent of its assessed taxable property. Upon due notice the question of issuing bonds may be voted upon. A majority vote of electors shall be necessary for the same to carry. Bonds shall be issued in denominations of not less than $25 nor more than $500 and redeemable at option of district at any time after 10 years from date of issue. No such bonds shall be sold for less than 90 cents on the dollar. No board of trustees shall contract any debt during any current year which can not be paid out of the receipts for such current year. In case such re- ceipts shall be insufficient to meet the current expenses of the district such obligations shall be settled by a proportionate part payment. It shall be un- lawful for town or city officials to buy, sell, or speculate in town or city evi- dences of indebtedness, unless the same is for salary of or supplies furnished by such town or city official. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — Districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; N (a). High schools. New York: When authorized by a vote of the electors, trustees or boards of education shall issue bonds for school purposes and levy a tax for redemption •of same ; bonds shall bear not more than 6 per cent interest and shall not be sold below par. Bonds issued by common-school districts shall not run longer than 20 years. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — Districts, etc. North Carolina: See B (c). Permanent State school funds; O (b), Agricul- tural schools. North Dakota: Any district not a special or independent district may by a majority vote of qualified electors present and voting detv^rmiue to issue the bonds of the district for providing site and buJMing or refunding outstanding indebtedness ; no such election shall be called except upon petition of one-third of the qualified voters ; amount of bonds shall not exceed, including outstand- ing indebtedness, 5 per cent of property valuation, and interest thereon shall not exceed 5 per cent per annum. In addition to other taxes, board shall levy a special tax to pay interest on bonds and create a sinking fund. Bonds shall not be sold below par. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 335 Ohio: See B (a). General State finance and support; C (c), Local taxation; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; P (a), Higher institutions, generaL Oklahoma: See A (c2), CJounty officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a), Local finance and support, general; H (e), Consolidation of dis- tricts, etc. Oregon: Any school district may contract bonded indebtedness to acquire school sites, provide schoolhouses, or refund outstanding indebtedness. Board of directors may, and when petitioned by at least 10 legal voters shall, call an election, and a majority of the votes cast in the district shall deter- mine the question. Said bonds shall not bear exceeding 6 per cent Interest, shall be payable 20 years from date, shall not exceed in amount 5 per cent of the property valuation of the district, and shall not be sold at less than par. County treasurer shall register each bond. Board of directors shall annually, in addition to all other taxes, levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund; if board shall fail or refuse to levy said tax, county court and county commissioners shall levy the same in such district. Notice of the issuance of bonds by any district shall be given to the State land board, and said land board shall have the preferential right to purchase said bonds out of the irreducible school fund, the university fund, the agricultural college fund, or other funds in its hands. See also A (d). District boards and officers; N (a), High schools. Pennsylvania: See C (a), Local finance and support, general. Rhode Island: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (c). Perma- nent State school funds. South Carolina : A school district may issue bonds for not to exceed in amount 4. per cent of the property valuation of the district and to bear not exceeding 6 per cent interest; election on bond issue shall be held on petition of one- third of the qualified electors and a like proportion of the resident free- holders; majority of votes cast shall determine; bonds shall run no longer than 20 years. County officers charged with assessing taxes shall levy a tax in such district to pay interest and create a sinking fund. See also N (a). High schools. South Dakota: On petition of one-third of the voters of a school district the district board shall submit to the qualified electors the question of issuing bonds to build and furnish a schoolhouse and purchase a site or to fund outstanding indebtedness; majority of votes cast shall determine. Interest shall not exceed 7 per cent; no bond shall be payable in less than 3 nor more than 15 years ; amount shall not exceed $2,500 for one schoolhouse ex- cept in towns or villages of over 100 inhabitants, where amount shall not exceed 4 per cent of property valuation; but where a district votes to con- solidate two or more schools the amount may be as much as $4,000 for cen- tral schoolhouse. District board shall, in addition to regular taxes, levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund, but such levy shall not be greater than 15 per cent in any one year of the debt to be paid. Bonds shall be sold for not less than par. Boards of education of independent districts in all cities of the first class and in cities under commission having over 10,000 population may issue bonds to refund bonded indebtedness, fund outstanding warrants, purchase real prop- erty for school and athletic purposes, erect schoolhouses and additions thereto ; board shall submit question of issuing bonds to qualified electors; majority of votes cast shall determine. Bonds shall run not exceeding 20 years and shall not be sold below par ; interest shall not exceed 5 per cent ; amount, together ) 336 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. with outstanding indebtedness, shall not exceed 5 per cent of property valu- ation. Board shall levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund. Independent school districts organized under special acts may issue bonds for not to exceed, including outstanding indebtedness, 5 per cent of property valu- ation. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Tennessee: Except in counties having 190,000 population or more, quarterly county court may issue school bonds for not exceeding $100,000, at not ex- ceeding 5 per cent interest and not to run longer than 25 years ; said bonds shall be sold at not less than par ; in counties having independent city systems said city shall be entitled to same ratio of proceeds of bonds as number of children of school age in city bears to total number in county. County court shall annually levy a tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund. Proceeds of such bonds shall be used exclusively to purchase property for school pur- poses, to purchase sites for school buildings, to erect or repair school build- ings, and to furnish and equip such buildings. See also G (b), State normal schools. Texas: On petition of 20 or more or a majority of tax-paying voters of any district county judge shall order an election to determine question of issu- ance of bonds for acquiring site and building schoolhouse in such district; such bonds shall not bear exceeding 5 per cent interest and may run not exceeding 40 years, but where house is built of wood they may not run exceeding 20 years ; they may not be sold below par, and State board of edu- cation shall have the right to buy them or county commissioners may pur- chase them with county permanent school fund. Majority vote shall deter- mine whether bonds shall be issued and tax levied to pay interest and create a sinking fund ; combined local tax to maintain schools and to pay bonds shall not exceed 50 cents on $100; bond tax can not be discontinued until bonds are paid. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; (a), Local finance and support, general; C (c), Local taxation. Utah : Board of education of a school district may call an election to determine question of issuing bonds for providing school site, building, and furniture, or for refunding indebtedness; majority of qualified electors who pay prop- erty tax shall determine; bonds shall with existing indebtedness not exceed in amount 4 per cent of property valuation and shall not bear more than 5 per cent interest. Statement showing character of bonds, steps taken to issue them, etc., shall be filed with county clerk. Board of education shall, in addi- tion to other taxes authorized by law, levy a tax of not exce.eding 2i mills on the dollar to pay interest on bonds and create a sinking fund. A school district or city of the first or second class may, for maintenance of schools, incur indebtedness in excess of taxes for current school year when authorized by majority vote of qualified electors who pay property tax. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a). High schools. Vermont: See C (c). Local taxation. Virginia: When the school board of any district shall determine to borrow money to build schoolhouses and furnish the same and the statement of facts contained in the resolution therefor shall be approved by the county board of supervisors, said school board may, with the approval of a majority of the qualified electors voting at an election, issue the bonds of the district payable in not longer than 30 years and bearing not over 6 per cent interest; said bonds shall be sold at not less than par value and, including outstanding in- C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS. 337 debtedness, shall not exceed in amount 17 per cent of the property valuation of the district. There shall be a lien on the school property of the district for the payment of principal and interest. Proceeds of sale shall be used for no other purpose than providing buildings and furnishing the same. When the resolutions of the school board and board of supervisors are certified to the circuit court said court shall order an election in the school district to deter- mine the matter of issuing bonds ; expenses of such election shall be paid by the county; all registered voters shall be qualified to vote. A tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund shall be levied. Any town may issue bonds for public improvements, including school- houses ; amount shall not exceed 18 per cent of taxable real estate ; interest at not exceeding 6 per cent; term of bonds, not exceeding 35 years. Town council shall make provision for the payment of interest and the creating of a sinking fund. The county school board of any county having funds derived by gift or devise may loan said funds to an amount not exceeding $1,000 to any school district for the purpose of building schoolhouses. State board of education may loan to districts and cities money belonging to the literary fund (State permanent school fund) for the purpose of building schoolhouses. Appli- cation for loan shall show amount desired, plans of building, and facts regarding the advisability of erecting the same; if State superintendent approves plans, location, etc., State board may make a loan of not exceeding $10,000 and not exceeding 50 per cent of cost of building. All loans not exceeding $3,000 shall bear interest at the rate of 3 per cent per annum and the principal thereof shall be paid in 15 annual installments. Proper authorities of district or city shall levy a tax sufficient to pay interest and meet each annual installment. Before making loan State board shall satisfy itself as to the sufficiency of title to real estate on which schoolhouse is to be built and as to its freedom from incumbrance; said board shall provide for an equitable distribution of the funds loaned among the several sections of the State. Loans in excess of $3,000 shall bear interest at the rate of 4 per cent. All loans shall be secured by bonds and a lien on the property. Washington: Board of directors of any school district may borrow money and issue negotiable bonds therefor to any amount not to exceed 5 per cent of taxable property of district; such bonds shall bear interest not to exceed 6 per cent, and shall run for no longer than 20 years. Question of issuance of bonds shall be determined at election called for purpose; bonds shall carry by majority vote at such election, but if amount of such bonds, together with outstanding indebtedness of district, exceeds li per cent of taxable property of district, a three-fifths vote shall be necessary to issue bonds. Directors shall advertise stile of such bonds ; bonds shall be in denominations of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000; bonds shall not be sold below par; unsold bonds may be exchanged for unpaid warrants; for purposes of this chapter, a joint district shall be deemed as belonging to county in which schoolhouse of such district is located. County commissioners shall levy annually a tax to pay interest on any bonds issued, and at expiration of one-half of time bonds are to run and annually thereafter, shall levy a tax to create a sinking fund for redemption of bonds; county treasurer, upon authorization by directors, may invest such sinking fund, or may use such fund to buy and redeem any of outstanding bonds of such district. School districts may refund bonds, at rate of interest not to exceed rate borne by original bonds, jiar for par, without any further vote of the district. When any bonds remain unpaid at maturity, directors may fund same by issuing 3966°— 15 22 338 STAO^E LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. coupon bonds and exchange same par for par, for outstanding bonds as aforesaid, without further vote of the district, but such bonds shall be redeemable within 20 years from date of issue, and shall draw interest not to exceed 6 pe'ense of town. Outer doors of public buildings shall be made to open outward. Schoolhouses three or more stories high shall be equipped with fire escapes, unless fireproof. No barbed-wire fences shall be built bordering on school property. No person shall maintain any business of an offensive nature near any schoolhouse. No license shall be granted for trafllc in liquor in any building which shall be on the same street within 200 feet of a church or schoolhouse, but this provision shall not apply to hotels or drug stores used as such on the first day of January, 1903. New Jersey: Each school district shall provide suitable facilities for education of children of school age residing in such district ; State school funds shall be withheld from any district failing to provide such facilities. Each school board shall provide at least two separate outhouses or w^ater-closets for each schoolhouse; a tax shall be levied for such purpose, not to be submitted to vote of the district. Commissioner of charities and corrections shall, upon request of commissioner of education, cause standard plans and specifications for certain schoolhouses to be prepared; such plans and specifications shall be furnished any district upon request; said commissioner of charities shall, upon request of commissioner of education, cause schoolhouses to be exam- ined; commissioner of education may direct abandonment or repair of school- houses ; no contract for erection of a school building or any part thereof shall be made until plans and specifications of same have been approved by State board of education; doors in schoolhouses of two or more stories in height shall open outwardly; all swing doors shall have plate-glass windows. Insurance money received by school district may be used for repairing or reconstructing school buildings, but such money shall not be used for erecting building on a new site without authority of appropriating power. State superintendent of public instruction shall procure plans and specifica- tions for school buildings; such plans and specifications must be approved by the State board of education. Light shall be admitted from the left and rear of classrooms ; total light area must equal at least 20 per cent of floor space. Each classroom shall have at least IS square feet of floor space and not less than 200 cubic feet of air space per pupil ; classrooms must be furnished with fresh air at rate of not less than 30 cubic feet per minute for each pupil. All ceilings shall be at least 12 feet in height. Schoolhouses must have ample and suitable stairways. D (a). BUILDINGS AND SITES, GENERAL. 361 In any city where a municipal insurance fund is established, board of etluca- tion may insure school proi)erty in such fund; commissioners of such insur- ance fund shall fix rates of premium for such insurance ; said commissioners may, when expedient, place insurance on school property with authorized insurance companies. Any lands acquired by any city board of education and found to be unde- sirable for school purposes may be conveyed to said city, without any com- pensation therefor, for use as a public park or playground. In any borough or other municipality board of education may, by vote of electors, transfer unused school property to said borough or municipality for public purposes for a nominal consideration; said board in any township may transfer such property for municipal puri)oses. Any person who shall injure school property shall be adjudged a disorderly person. See also A (bl), State boards; A(f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. New Mexico: Every school district may borrow money for the purpose of erecting and furnishing school buildings and purchasing school grounds, but such power shall exist only when the proposition of creating a debt shall have been submitted to the qualified electors of the district and approved by a majority of those voting thereon ; no district shall have an outstanding indebt- edness in excess of 6 per cent of the assessed valuation of the taxable property of said district. Whenever there shall remain in the treasury of any district (outside of incorporated towns and cities) an amount not less than $200 after all school expenses have been paid, and a petition signed by one-half the voters of such district shall have been submitted to the county superintendent ask- ing that such funds be used for purchasing a site and erecting a building thereon, or for repairing school buildings, such funds may be used by the school directors for such purpose. School directors may use district funds in insuring school property. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support. New York: No schoolhouse shall be built on the division line of any two towns. No schoolhouse shall be erected or altered in any city of third class or in a school district, at expense to exceed $500, until plans and specifica- tions for same shall have been approved by commissioner of education. Plans and specifications shall show in detail the ventilation, heating, and lighting of such buildings ; shall provide at least 15 square feet of fioor space and 200 cubic feet of air space for each pupil in study or recitation room, at least 30 cubic feet of pure air every minute per pupil, and means for ex- hausting vitiated air shall be independent of atmospheric changes. No tax voted by a city or district, in excess of $500, for schoolhouse building or alteration purposes shall be levied until plans and specifications have been approved by commissioner of education. All passageways, exits, and all lighting and heating appliances shall be arranged to facilitate egress and afford protection in cases of fire and accident; all exit doors shall open out- ward; stairways shall have straight runs with platforms. All schoolhouses, except in city of New York, more than two stories high shall have adequate exterior fire escapes and exits ; funds for purpose shall be a charge upon the city or district. Use of a school building shall be granted for teachers' ex- aminations and institutes for incidental expenses in connection with use of buildings. Trustees or boards of education may grant use of school property outside of school hours for following; Meetings for educational purposes; 362 STATE LAWS EELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. l)ublic-library purposes; social, civic, and recreational meetings; meetings, entertainments, and occasions where fees are charged, when proceeds are to be expended for a nonpartisan or nonsectarian educational or char- itable purpose; polling places and political meetings when authorized by a vote of district. A school commissioner may condemn a schoolhouse which IS unfit for use and not worth repairing; said commissioner shall deliver such order to a trustee of district and to commissioner of education ; trustees shall call special meeting of district to determine character of needed school- house and to vote a tax for the same, but such meeting shall not reduce estimate of cost of such building as made by commissioner more than 25 per cent; if tax for such building shall not be voted within 30 days from date of meeting, trustees shall contract for such building and levy tax for same. Trustees and boards of education shall provide at least two water- closets or privies for each school, entirely separated each from the other; such closets shall be kept sanitary; cost of same shall be a charge against the district or city; school boards or trustees who fail to comply with this provision may be removed from oflfice, and public funds may be withheld from cities and districts so failing. A board of education in a union free district having 5,000 population or more may, without a vote of the people, designate sites or additions to schoolhouses. No schoolhouse site shall be changed ex- cept by a majority vote of legal voters present and voting at a district meet- ing; whenever school site is changed, voters of district, by a majority vote, may direct the sale of the former site ; proceeds of sale of former site shall be applied to expenses of securing new site and construction and equipment of buildings thereon. Real property may be acquired in any district or city, except in cities of first and second class, for school purposes by gift, grant, devise, purchase, or purchase by condemnation; in cities and villages not less than the whole of a lot may be acquired by condemnation. Following property can not be acquired without consent of owner: A homestead occu- pied by owner, except such portion as is unnecessary for use of homestead; a garden, orchard, or any part thereof, not within a city, which has existed for one year prior to proceedings; a yard or inclosure; fixtures or erec- tions for t-ade or manufacture of one year's standing. Boards of education in cities of third class are clothed with all the powers of trustees and the title to school property. A majority of the voters of any school district, at an annual or special meeting, may vote to levy taxes for making additions, alterations, repairs, or improvements to school buildings or sites, for pur- chasing sites, erecting buildings, buying equipment, or for paying salaries of teachers and expenses of school, and for other purposes relative to sup- port and welfare of the school as they, by resolution, may approve; in a union free-school district due notice shall be given of proposed expenditures prior to district meeting; in a common-school district due notice shall be given of proposed expenditures prior to holding of any si^ecial meeting for such purpose. No vote to raise money shall be rescinded nor amount thereof reduced at any subsequent meeting, unless it be at an adjourned meeting or meeting called by regular and legal notice. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (e). School meetings, elec- tions, etc.; C (c), Local taxation. North Carolina: See A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State school fund; C (a), Local finance and support, general; 0(b), Agricultural schools. North Dakota: Any school board may, and when petitioned by one-third of the qualified voters shall, submit to qualified electors the question of the D(a). BUILDINGS AND SITES, GENERAL. 363 purchase of a site and the erection, removal, or sale of a school hoii se ; majority vote shall determine, except that in case of removal of sehoolhouse a two-thirds vote shall be necessary. No sehoolhouse shall be erected until the plans therefor are submitted to the State superintendent ; no plans shall be approved by said superintendent unless they comply with the provisions of this act. All schoolhouses of more than one story shall be provided with fire escapes. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Ohio: The school board of a district may purchase or lease and improve school sites, build, repair, and furnish schoolhouses, and purchase school supplies. All school boards shall display the United States flag upon all schoolhouses under their control in fair weather, and on inside of sehoolhouse on other days. The school board may authorize the use of schoolhouses for public meetings, but such use shall not interfere with the public schools. The ' school board shall, except in cases of urgent necessity, asli for competitive bids on every contract in excess of $1,500, in city districts, and in excess of $500 in other districts. School boards shall have the right of eminent do- main. A municipal corporation may convey any municipal property to the school board for school use. When the school board determines that it is necessiiry to purchase sites, build, repair, or furnish schoolhouses, said board shall prepare an estimate of the cost of the same, and submit the question of issuing bonds for the same to the electors of the district; bond issue shall carry on a majority vote of the electors voting. Bonds shall bear a rate of interest not to exceed 6 per cent per year payable semiannually, and said bonds shall not run for over 40 years ; bonds shall not be sold below par. When bonds are issued by a district, the school board of such district shall annually certify to county auditor a tax levy sufficient to pay such bonded indebtedness as it falls due together with accrued interest thereon; such levy shall be in addition to the maximum levy for school puri^oses. The school board at a regular meeting, and by a two-thirds vote of full member- ship, may issue bonds for school purposes at the rate and for the time above specified, but no greater amount of such bonds shall be Issued in any one year than would equal the aggregate of a tax at rate of 2 mills, for year next preceding such issue. If a sehoolhouse is wholly or partly destroyed by fire or other casualty, or is condemned, the school board may, when authorized by a vote of the electors. Issue bonds for replacing such sehoolhouse, and levy a tax for the redemption of the same; such emergency tax shall be levied only when it is not practicable to secure sufficient funds within the limits of taxation already provided for school districts. Grade A school buildings are those used for primary, grammar, or high schools, including all rooms used for school purposes by pupils 18 years old or less. Grade B buildings are those used for all other classes of educational institutions. No grade A building shall be more than three stories high ; such building, if over two stories high, shall be of fireproof construction; if less than two stories, fireproof or composite construction. Grade B buildings shall not exceed five stories in height. Grade A and B buildings one story high and without basements may be of frame construction, but must be erected 30 feet away from any other building and 200 feet beyond fire limits ; all buildings shall have sufficient light and air exposure; no inner or recess court shall be covered by any obstruction; fire walls shall be built between subdivisions; all heater rooms shall have standard self-closing fire doors; no boiler or furnace shall be located under any lobby, exit, stairway, or cor- 364 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ridor; no cast-iron boiler carrying over 10 pounds pressure, or steel boiler over 35 pounds, shall be located within walls of any school building. No basement rooms shall be used for any school purposes, except for domestic science, manual training, and recreation, and then shall be properly lighted, heated, and ventilated. Minimum floor space for primary pupil shall be 16 square feet, for grammar-grade pupil 18 square feet, for high-school pupil 20 square feet; all other schools 24 square feet per person. Primary pupil shall be allowed 200 cubic feet of air space, grammar-grade pupil 225 cubic feet, high-school pupil 250 cubic feet, grade B buildings 300 cubic feet per person. Toilet and recreation rooms shall have ceiling height not less than 8 feet ; other rooms, minimum height of 10 feet. Grade A buildings contain- ing four and less than eight rooms shall be provided with one rest room; over eight rooms, with two rest rooms. No assembly hall in grade A building shall be located above second story in one of fireproof construction, nor above first floor in one of composite construction. Seats in rooms seating more than 15 persons shall be fastened to floor ; class and school rooms shall have aisles on all wall sides. There shall be 1 square foot of window glass to each 5 square feet of floor space in each class, study, recitation, and high- school room and laboratory; 1 square foot to every 10 square feet of floor space in other rooms ; light shall come from the left or from the left rear of pupils when seated. Means of egress shall be fire escapes or inclosed stair- ways ; word " exit " shall be placed over each exit door. Inclosed stairways shall be of fireproof construction, having self-closing fire doors. Halls and passageways shall be designed and proportioned to prevent congestion and confusion. Elevators shall be inclosed in stiindard fire walls and have fire doors. Every building exceeding 25 feet in height shall have a metal-covered bulkhead with ladder leading thereto. Toilet rooms shall have waterproof floors. Entire building shall be made sanitary. Floor and roof loads shall be amply taken care of. Proper toilet facilities shall be provided for all schools. All gas and electric lighting fixtures shall be properly installed. Ample fire-extinguishing apparatus shall be provided. Upon application of any responsible organization or of a group of at least seven citizens all school property shall be available for use as social centers; such occupation shall not infringe upon original and necessary uses of such property; school board shall prescribe regulations for such use; persons so using school property shall pay for any damage done, and shall, if required, pay expenses incurred incident to such use. Boards of county commissioners may provide civic and social centers, employ an expert director for the same, and levy a tax for such purposes. Any municipality already carrying on this work shall be exempt from this act. County commissioners may, at their option, or shall, upon petition of 10 per cent of electors of county, refer to said electors question of providing social, educational, or recreational work. See also A (d). District boards and officers. Oklahoma: See A (d), District boards and oflScers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (h). Separation of the races. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Pennsylvania: Board of school directors shall provide grounds and buildings sufficient to accommodate all persons in their districts between 6 and 21 years old ; said directors may acquire, hold, and convey property ; they may acquire property for school purposes by condemnation proceedings in court of common pleas. No school building in any district of the second, third, or fourth class shall be constructed until plans of same shall have been submitted to the D (a). BUILDINGS AND SITES, GENERAL. 365 State board of education for approval. Buildings shall afford ample light area, floor space, ventilation, fire protection, and sanitation. School buildings may be used for social and other purposes when permitted by the directors. In each district directors shall provide and have displayed a United States flag on or near each public-school building. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; L (m), Sectarian in- struction, Bible. Rhode Island: Any town may take lands by process of condemnation for location of schoolhouses, the enlargement of school lots, and for school pur- poses, not to exceed 1 acre in amount at any one taking. The owner of such land shall be given due notice. In case of disagreement between owner of such land and the school committee as to value of such land, case may be laid before a jury in the county superior court for settlement. Every person who shall willfully injure any public property shall be fined not less than twice the amount of such damage, unless such damage shall ex- ceed $20, in which case such person shall be imprisoned not exceeding one year. Every person who shall willfully interrupt any lawful meeting shall be imprisoned not exceeding one year or be fined not exceeding $500. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. South Carolina: The county board of education shall annually set aside 5 per cent of all school funds of the county to aid in building schoolhouses; when any district shall raise funds for such purpose county board shall turn over to such district $50 for every $100 so raised, but no one school shall receive more than $300, except consolidated districts, which may receive $50 addi- tional ; not more than one school in any district shall receive aid in any one year. Plans for such schoolhouses must have approval of State board of education. See also A (d), District boards and officers. South Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Tennessee: See A (cl), County boards; A (f). Administrative units— dis- tricts, etc. Texas: Common school district trustees shall contract for schoolhouses and superintend construction of same ; contract shall stipulate that no mechanic's lien shall hold against school property. On order of commissioners court trustees may sell school property; trustees shall control school property. Misdemeanor to loaf on school property while school is in session after being warned to leave by person in charge. See also C (c), Local taxation; D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of school- houses. Utah: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units- districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Vermont: When land has been selected as site for schoolhouse or for exten- sion of existing school site, and owner of such land shall refuse to sell same to town for a reasonable sum, the selectmen of town, or selectmen of a town adjoining an unorganized town or gore in which district is located, shall, upon due notice, take such land and pay for same; time shall be allowed for owner of property to remove any movable property from such land; if owner of land shall refuse sum tendered for land, matter may be referred to one or more disinterested persons for settlement. Owner of land, if dissatisfied with offer of selectmen, may petition county court; said court shall appoint 366 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. three disinterested commissioners to investigate claim and report to court. Title to such lands shall vest in the town or district for purposes aforesaid. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Virginia: The district school board shall be a body corporate and the title to all property of the district shall vest in said board. When it shall be neces- sary for district school trustees to acquire real estate for school purposes, it shall be necessary to secure the approval of the title thereto by the circuit court or judge in vacation, but appeal may be taken to the supreme court. A school board may acquire property for school purposes by condemnation proceedings, when equitable arrangements for purchase can not be made with the owner, but not exceeding 1 acre in a to.wn or 5 acres in the country shall be thus taken, and no dwelling, yard, garden, or orchard shall be invaded. Any school trustee may allow the use of the schoolhouse for community purposes; upon his refusal and upon demand of five freeholders school board shall take action, and may or may not allow such use; an appeal shall lie from district board to county school trustee electoral board, whose decision shall be final. Any person who willfully injures or defaces public property may, on con- viction, be fined not exceeding $300. See also C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; D (b). State aid, approval of plans. Washington: School district may take land needed for schoolhouse sites or for additions to such sites. Whenever owners of such land refuse a reason- able price for the same, board of directors shall present a petition to the superior court setting forth the facts in the case. Due notice of such petition shall be given. Said court shall determine value of such land. Costs shall be paid by the school district. Appeal may be made from decision of superior court to State supreme court. School districts of first class may, through their directors, create and maintain a permanent insurance fund for said districts; said directors may instruct county treasurer to invest such fund. School boards in each district of the second or third class may provide for the use of school property for community purposes. Said boards may provide suitable dwellings and accommodations for teachers, supervisors, and assistants. Each district of second or third class, by itself or in combina- tion with other districts, may erect communal assembly places. All plans for carrying out powers granted by this act shall be submitted to and approved by board of supervisors composed of seven members, as follows: State superintendent of public instruction; head of extension department of Washington State College ; head of extension department of University of Washington; county superintendent of county where district is located; these four to choose a fifth member from county, and a sixth and seventh member from the district. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support. West Virginia: See A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; H (f). Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: Whenever a district shall have designated a schoolhouse site, or an addition thereto, at a lawful meeting, and such property, for certain reasons, can not be secured from the owner thereof, school board shall, when directed by the district, apply to town board or supervisors of town or towns interested, to acquire such site or addition by condemnation ; school D (b). STATE AID APPROVAL OF PLANS. 367 sites must abut on a public highway; whenever site sought lies in an in- corporated village, application for condemnation shall be made to village board. Lawful notice shall be given to owners of land sought as school sites. Town board shall locate and establish such site, fix and award com- pensation for same, and register deeds of same. Any person aggrieved at such action of a town board may appeal to circuit court. No site shall contain more than 4 acres unless with consent of owner, except in counties having 150.000 population or more; land taken against will of owner, when no longer used for school purposes, shall revert to such owner. Circuit or county court may authorize parent or guardian of an infant who owns such property to execute lease for use of property as school site. All boards of education and school districts may mutually organize insurance companies for insurance of public-school buildings and their con- tents ; any number of such boards and districts, not less than 25, may form corporation for such purpose. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and indebted- ness; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a). High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general. Wyoming: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. D (b) . State Aid; Approval of Plans. Alabama: Annual appropriation, $67,000 for aiding in erection and repair of rural schoolhouses ; not exceeding $1,000 annually shall be expended in one county; trustees of districts outside of incorporated municipalities having raised $100 by donation and subscription may apply for aid ; county board of education shall consider all applications ; county board shall record approved applications, amount in hands of district trustees, and amount recommended to be allowed district; amount recommended shall not exceed amount raised by district; State superintendent shall prescribe plans; site shall contain not less than 2 acres; county board of education shall report approved applica- tions with amounts allowed to State superintendent; on request of superin- tendent. State auditor shall draw warrant for amounts allowed; when county superintendent ascertains that required amount is raised by district and deed is made to State, warrant shall be delivered to district trustees; State superintendent shall keep account with each county ; forfeited warrants shall be returned to State superintendent; unexpended balance of appropria- tion of $67,000 carried forward ; this fund shall not be used for other pur- poses than the erection and repair of schoolhouses. Arkansas: See A (c2), County officers. California: See A (c2), County officers. Connecticut: See D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. Delaware: See A (bl), State boards; D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Indiana: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Iowa: See A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers. Kansas: See D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. Louisiana: See D (c). Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. 368 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Maine: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Massachusetts: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Minnesota: See A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units— dis- tricts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education. Montana: See D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Nevada: See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. New Mexico: See B (a), General State finance and support. New York: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. North Carolina: See A (cl), County boards. North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Ohio: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Oregon: See A (c2). County officers. Pennsylvania: See A (b2). State officers; D (a). Buildings and sites, general. South Carolina: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. South Dakota: No schoolhouse shall be erected until the plans and specifica- tions thereof shall have been approved by the State superintendent of public instruction. Texas: See A (c2), County officers; D (c). Care, sanitation, etc., of school- houses. Utah: See A (d), District boards and officers. Virginia: No schoolhouse shall be erected until the location, plans, and specifications therefor have been approved by the division superintendent of schools, who is required to make special report on same to superintendent of public instruction. Said superintendent may condemn an unfit schoolhouse, and school shall not be taught therein until needed improvements are made. State board of ispectors of public buildings shall not approve the plans of any schoolhouse unless the same shall provide at least 15 square feet of floor space and 200 cubic feet of air space for each pupil in each study or recitation room. Provision must be made for furnishing at least 30 cubic feet of pure air for each pupil every minute. Ceilings must be at least 12 feet high. Arrangements shall be so as to facilitate egress in case of fire or accidents. Light must be admitted from the left or left and rear of pupils. Two suitable and separate outhouses or water-closets shall be pro- vided. The State board of health may make rules and regulations provid- ing for the sanitation and disinfection of public buildings and may provide for the segregation and care of persons having or suspected of having a communicable disease ; misdemeanor to violate rules of State board of health. No district shall receive any county or State funds until proper schoolhouses are provided. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Washington: See A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education. West Virginia: See A (d). District boards and officers. Wisconsin: See H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. D (C). SANITATION, ETC., OF SCHOOLHOUSES. 369 D (c). Decoration, Care, Sanitation; Inspection; Fire Escapes. See also J (b), Medical inspection. Arkansas: See A (bl), State boards. Connecticut: Every building used as a schoolhouse which is two or more stories iu height and in which any story actually used or occupied by pupils is 10 or more feet above the adjoining ground shall be provided with at least one fire escape for each 250 pupils or fractional part thereof; but this sec- tion shall not apply to two-story buildings having fireproof halls and two or more exits on the ground floor opening out. Chief of fire department of any city or borough and State board of education shall enforce the provisions of this act. Chief of fire department or principal or superintendent of a school may, with approval of any agent of the State board of education, exempt from the provisions of this act any schoolhouse which has two or more ways of egress on the inside. See also J (a). Health, general. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards. Florida: All public school buildings of two or more stories in height shall be provided by county board of education with adequate stairways or fire escapes for use in case of fire. State superintendent shall formulate and prescribe tactics of instruction for fire drills, and each teacher shall instruct pupils in such drills. Idaho: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County oflicers. Illinois: See A (d). District boards and ofllcers. Indiana: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; J (a), Health, general; J (b), Medical inspection. Kansas: In all public and private schoolhouses of more than one story doors shall open outward. In such schoolhouses having two or more stories every story above first shall be provided with two or more exits separate from those of lower floor or with fire escapes. In all such schoolhouses furnaces shall be covered with asbestos or masonry. Plans of schoolhouses of two or more stories must have approval of State architect. County superintendent shall annually inspect schoolhouses under his supervision. Mayor or fire marshal shall inspect public and private schoolhouses in cities of second class, and fire marshal shall inspect such buildings in cities of the first class. Monthly fire drills shall be held in public and private schools of over 100 pupils. Louisiana: All doors for ingress and egress to public schoolhouses and of all other buildings of public resort whatever shall be swung so as to open outward. All plans for schoolhouses must have approval of parish (county) superintendent and State superintendent. See also J (a), Health, general. Maine: Schoolhouses shall be provided with proper egresses or means of escape from fire; each building with more than one story shall be provided with at least two separate means of egress by inside or outside stairway; stories above first shall be supplied with means of extinguishing fire ; specifi- cations herein named shall be met by municipal oflBcers. Doors shall open outward. Maryland: See A (d), District boards and officers. Massachusetts: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; J (b), Medical insi^ection. 3966°— 15 24c 370 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Michigan: Factory inspectors may condemn unsafe schoolhouses ; they may require that schoolhouses two or more stories high be provided with fire escapes. Minnesota: See A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers. New Hampshire: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. New Jersey: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; J (a), Health, general. New York: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; J (b), Medical inspection. North Dakota: See A (d). District boards and officers; J (b), Medical in- spection. Ohio: See D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Oklahoma: Every school building three or more stories high shall have one or more metallic fire escapes; the number, character, and location of such fire escapes shall be determined by the proper authorities in city or town where such buildings are located ; all buildings used for dormitories, schools, or seminaries over two stories high shall have one fire escape for every thirty persons for whom sleeping or living accommodations are provided above the second stories of said buildings. Any violation of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor. Pennsylvania: See A (bl). State boards; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; J.(b), Medical inspection. Rhode Island: Every building three or more stories in height, used for edu- cational, factory, or hotel purposes, shall be provided with adequate metallic fire escapes or incumbustible stairs and with proper exits to such escapes or stairs ; no obstruction of any kind shall be placed in any passageway leading to any exit or fire escape ; all exit doors and windows shall open outward ; exit doors and windows shall not be locked during working hours. The proper official shall be admitted to any of said buildings at any time to see that these provisions are carried out. See also J (b), Medical inspection. South Carolina: See J (a), Health, general. South Dakota: See A (c2), County officers. Texas: No pupil in a classroom or study hall shall sit facing a window; window shall be not lower than 3^ feet from the floor and shall extend to within 6 inches of ceiling; window space shall not be less than one-sixth of floor space ; main light shall come from left of pupils as they sit ; all stoves and other sources of direct heat shall be so jacketed or ventilated that heat at nearest desk shall not be more than 5 degrees greater than at the farthest point of the room ; all sources of direct heat shall be equipped with automatic temperature regulators; ventilation of 30 cubic feet of fresh air per pupil per minute shall be provided ; interior woodwork shall be free from fleetings, etc., which may catch dust and floors shall with oil be made impervious to water; all buildings of two or more stories shall have at least two widely separated stairways; doors shall open outward; plans of building costing more than $400 shall have approval of county superintendent if for a common- school district or of district or city superintendent if for an independent district or city ; no school funds shall be paid for such building until required approval is secured. See also J (a). Health, generaL Virg;inia: It shall be the duty of the owner or owners of all factories, work- shops, hotels, schoolhouses, and hospitals over three stories in height, and D(d). PROIEIBITION DISTRICTS. 371 theaters and public places of amusement, to provide fire escapes for the same. See also D (b), State aid, approval of plans. Washington: See I (d), Fire drills. West Virginia: See J (a), Health, general; J (b), Medical inspection. Wisconsin: Doors of all schoolhouses shall open outward; this provision does not apply to rural schoolhouses of but one story in height. Proper fire escapes shall be provided for schoolhouses. Any person who shall injure any school, State, or other public property shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than six months or by fine not exceeding $100. See also J (a). Health, general. D (d). Prohibition Districts. See also U (b), Wrongs to children. Connecticut: See J (a), Health, general. Florida: It shall be unlawful to sell intoxicating liquors within 4 miles of a building used for educational purposes. Exception : Incorporated towns and cities; shall not modify local-option law; manufacturing of domestic wines; hotels having 25 or more rooms; social clubs legally Incorporated; localities where liquors are now sold within 500 feet of incorporated towns; saloon in town of 200 or more inhabitants where such saloon is only one within 50 miles. Kentucky: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Minnesota: See A (d), District boards and ofllcers. Mississippi: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Missouri: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Nevada: It shall be unlawful for any house of ill fame to be established within 400 yards of any public school. Any violation of this provision shall be deemed a misdemeanor ; any ofiicer of the law neglecting to carry out these provisions shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor in office. New Hampshire: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. New Mexico: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. New York: No liquor shall be sold within 200 feet of any church or school- house, except in such places which shall have been established prior to March 23, 1896. Rhode Island: No license shall be granted for sale of alcoholic liquors in any place, except taverns licensed on May 22, 1908, within 200 feet, measured by any public-traveled way, of the premises of any public or parochial school. South Dakota: No license for the sale of intoxicating liquors shall be granted within one-third of a mile of any college or academy which gives instruction in regular classical and scientific courses. Washington: No intoxicating liquors shall be sold within 2,000 feet of any normal school, agricultural college, reform school, or State school for defective youth ; a violation of this provision shall be deemed a misdemeanor, punish- able by fine of not less than $200 nor more than $1,000, or by both fine and imprisonment. Wisconsin: No license shall be granted for sale of liquor within 300 feet of any school to any saloon established after 1907, unless a school has been built within 300 feet since the saloon was established. 372 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. D (e). United States Flag in Schools. Arizona: School boards shall display the United States flag on or near each schoolhouse during school hours; State superintendent shall prepare a pro- gram for a salute to the flag and for the observance of Washington's Birthday, Lincoln's Birthday, Memorial Day, and Flag Day; he may apportion school funds for the expense of patriotic exercises. California: See A (d), District boards and officers. Colorado: School boards may provide every school with an American flag, flagstaff, etc.; said flag may be provided for every department of a public school in the State. A State flag is adopted. Connecticut: See A (d). District boards and officers. Delaware: See A (cl). County boards. Idaho: See A (d), District boards and officers. Illinois: See A (d), District boards and officers. Indiana: On petition of a majority of the patrons, school boards shall provide a United States flag for each school in their charge ; said boards shall cause the flag to be displayed on every schoolhouse while the schools are in session. Iowa: Boards of school directors shall provide a flag for each schoolhouse and cause the same to be displayed thereon during school hours. Kansas: School authorities shall display an American flag on or near each schoolhouse while schools are in session. State superintendent shall prepare a suitable program for saluting the flag and for patriotic exercises, and shall provide for the observance of Lincoln's Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, and Flag Day. Maine: Municipal officers of cities, towns, and plantations shall furnish United States flags to all public schools. Massachusetts: The school committee of every city and town shall provide for each schoolhouse a United States flag, and said flag shall be displayed on the schoolhouse or grounds every day when the weather permits and on the inside of the schoolhouse on other days. Michigan: School boards shall provide a United States flag and cause the same to be displayed on, near, or within each school building. Montana: See A (d), District boards and officers. Nevada: See L (a), Course of study. New Hampshire: School boards shall provide a United States flag for each schoolhouse and shall make rules for the display thereof. New Jersey: Every board of education shall procure a United States flag and cause the same to be properly displayed on or near public-school building. New Mexico: Boards of directors of the various districts shall provide out of district funds United States flags for school buildings; said flag shall be properly displayed; directors shall establish rules and regulations for the care, custody, and display of the flag. New York: School authorities of every public school shall purchase and display a United States flag upon or near the school building during school hours and at such other times as they may direct. North Dakota: Each school board shall provide a United States flag and cause the same to be displayed on the schoolhouse or flagstaff during clement weather. Ohio: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. E (a), teachers' qualifications, general. 373 Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Rhode Island: See A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: The State flag shall be displayed daily, except in rainy weather, upon one building of the university and each State college and upon every public school building when the school is in session. South Dakota: School boards may provide a flagpole for the display of the United States flag when public schools are In session ; such flag shall be dis- played at every public school except in inclement weather. Utah: Board of education or school trustees of evei*y district shall provide each schoolhouse with a suitable flagpole and cause the American flag to be displayed thereon during daylight hours of every legal holiday, February 12, and Flag Day. Vermont: School directors or like authorities shall cause a United States flag to be displayed on building or premises of each school during school hours; any person who violates this provision shall be fined not exceed- ing $10. Washington: See A (d), District boards and officers. West Virginia: Board of education may out of building fund purchase United States flags and require same to be displayed over schoolhouses while school is in session. Wisconsin: See A (d), District boards and officers. Wyoming: Board of trustees shall while schools are in session cause American flag to be displayed on every schoolhouse or on a flagstafiC belonging thereto. E. THE EXAMINATION AND CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS. (a) Teachers: Qualifications, General. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Alabama: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Arizona: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Arkansas: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Ad- ministrative units — districts, etc.; E (e), Recognition of normal and college diplomas. California: In every city of the first, second, or third class, and in every city and county there may be a board of examiners; such shall be composed of superintendent and four experienced teachers elected by board of education and holding office four years; meetings held annually and at the call of superintendent. Powers and duties: To make rules and regulations for its own government; examine applicants and grant grammar school certificates and special certificates ; revoke certificates for cause ; grant certificates with- out examination, in same manner as county boards; holders of city or city and county certificates shall be entitled to teach in territory in district in which certificate is granted, and when elected shall be dismissed only for 374 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. cause. City superintendents elected by school boards sball be elected for four years, and such boards may fix salaries of all employees. Holders of special certificates shall teach special branches mentioned in their certificates. Board of education shall fix compensation of examining board. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County ofla- cers; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; L (a), Course of study. Colorado: See A (bl), State boards,; A (b2), State ofllcers; B (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), Normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Connecticut: See A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Delaware: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers. Florida: See A (b2). State officers; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Georgia: See A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers. Idaho: See A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Illinois: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: See A (bl,) State boards; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: See A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (b). Teachers' salaries; G (c), County and local normal schools. Kansas: See A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools. Kentucky: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State nor- mal s,chools; P (c). State universities and colleges. Louisiana: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Maine: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Maryland: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: See A (d). District boards and officers; N (a), High schools. Michigan: See G (c). County and local normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Minnesota: See A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administrative units— dis- tricts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, generaL Mississippi: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (b), Teachers' salaries;- G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; N (a). High schools. Missouri: See A (b2), State officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (c). County and local normal schools. Montana: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. E (a), teachers' qualifications, general. 375 Nevada: See A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; P (c), State universities and col- leges. New Hampshire: See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: See A (bl), State boards. New Mexico: See A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New York: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. North Carolina: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; O (b), Agri- cultural schools. North Dakota: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; O (b), Agricultural schools. Ohio: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: See A (bl). State boards; A (f), Administrative units--districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; L (j). Agriculture. Oregon: See A (bl). State boards; A (cl), County boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Pennsylvania: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (h). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Rhode Island: E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. South Carolina: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers. South Dakota: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Tennessee: See A (b2). State officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; N (a), High schools. Texas: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (b), Teachers' salaries. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Vermont: See A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a). Course of study. Virginia: See A (bl). State boards. Washington: All certificates in force at time this act goes into effect shall continue in force as if these provisions had not been enacted. All certificates and diplomas, except temporary certificates, and special certificates, shall be issued or countersigned by the superintendent of public instruction. The fee for any certificate or renewal of certificate, or any life diploma, or other instrument giving authority to a person to teach in public schools, shall be $1, to be placed to credit of institute fund. No person less than 18 years old shall receive any certificate to teach in public schools, and no person less than 19 years old shall receive any certificate other than a temporary, a third grade, or a second grade. Before registering any certificate, county superintendent shall satisfy himself that holder is of good moral character and personal fitness. Any person who receives 90 per cent or over on any subject or subjects at any regular examination shall not again be required to take examination in such subject or subjects so long as he is actively engaged in educational work; the holder of any common-school certificate ) 3Y6 STAI^ LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. may write on one or more subjects at any examination for purpose of secur- ing credits, and when sufficient credits have been earned the proi)er certificate shall be issued. State board of education shall prepare a list of optional subjects for each grade of certificate above the second. Credits of 90 per cent or over on a valid certificate issued by another State may be credited by State board of education of Washington. Every certificate issued by State shall show subjects and standings in each. All certificates issued by super- intendent of public instruction shall be valid in any county of the State. Temporary certificates shall be issued in accordance with rules and regula- tions of State board of education. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County offi- cers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal school; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. West Virginia: See A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, gen- eral; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; P (c), State universi- ties and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Wisconsin: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. E (b) . Teacliers' Examinations and Certificates, General. Alabama: State board of examiners: State superintendent who shall be presi- dent, and two competent teachers appointed by him ; questions prepared by board of examiners and sent sealed to person appointed to hold examination ; a misdemeanor to buy, steal, etc., examination questions ; examinations, third Mondays in April, July, and December, and may continue three days. Board of examiners may issue temporary certificates good in county where desired and until final report of results of next regular examination. Examination conducted by county superintendent or by appointee of State board; begins at 11 a. m. ; questions opened by examiner in presence of applicants ; fees third grade, $1 ; second grade, $1.50 ; first grade, $2 ; life certificate, $3 ; fees paid into general education fund. Salary of secretary of board, $2,400 ; other appointed members, $1,200 each. County sui^riutendent shall receive $10 for holding examination; assistants, $5 each. Teachers shall receive no assist- ance on examinations; each applicant shall sign a statement that no assist- ance has been received; persons admitted to examination shall be of good moral character. Certificates shall be life, and first, second, and third grades; grade of less than 50 per cent in any subject a failure; a general average of 75 per cent in all subjects must be made; subjects required for each grade of certificate prescribed by law; answers to questions forwarded by examiner to State board; State board shall examine and grade papers; secretary of board shall issue certificates to successful applicants; papers shall be kept by State superintendent for six months. Duration: Third grade, two years; second grade, four years; first grade, six years. Life certificates granted to proficient teachers of five years' experience while holding first grade. State superintendent may revoke certificate for cause. Secretary of board of examiners shall keep register of licensed teachers; separate dis- tricts of 2,000 or more inhabitants may prescribe additional qualifications. Teachers shall give instruction as to nature of alcohol, tobacco, etc. ; instruc- tion in agriculture shall be given in all public schools; teacher shall keep register of attendance; teacher shall make monthly report to county super- intendent. E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 377 Applicants for third-grade certificates shall be examined in orthography, reading, penmanship, grammar, practical arithmetic, United States history, geography, elementary principles of physiology and hygiene, agriculture, and theory and practice of teaching; for second-grade certificates, in all fore- going branches, with additional requirements in arithmetic, history of Ala- bama, English grammar and literature, intermediate geography. United States history and civics, and class management; for first-gi-ade certificates, in all the foregoing branches, and also in algebra, geometry, physics, elementary psychology, the school laws of Alabama, and advanced English ; for life cer- tificate, the history of education. Arizona: State board of examiners shall consist of the State superintendent and two competent persons appointed by him ; superintendent shall be chair- man; at least four meetings shall be held each year. Powers: To adopt rules governing the examination of applicants for State teachers' certificates; pre- pare questions and forward them to county superintendents to be used by them in examination of applicants to teach; grant recommendations for life certificates; grant all certificates, except life certificates, as provided in this chapter. Every applicant for a first-grade certificate shall be examined in algebra, geography, history and civics, physiology and hygiene, orthography, penmanship, composition, reading, methods of teaching, grammar, arithmetic, and school laws of Arizona. Applicants for second-grade certificate shall not be required to pass examination in algebra and elementary physics. Each member of board shall receive $300 per annum and actual traveling expenses. Following certificates shall be issued : Second grade, valid for two years, nonrenewable, entitling holder to teach in common schools of the State; primary, valid for four years, issued to graduates of schools accredited by State board of education and entitling holder to teach in primary grades; first grade, valid for four years and entitling to teach in any public school, issued to persons over 18 years old who pass examination in required sub- jects and renewable after two years of successful experience. First-grade certificates may be issued without examination to (1) graduates of State normal or other normal schools accredited by State board of education, (2) graduates of accredited universities and colleges, (3) holders of life certifi- cates or equivalent credentials from other States. Life certificates may be issued to holders of first grade who have taught 15 years, at least 10 of which shall have been in the State, and who pass examination in psychology, peda- gogy, and school management. Special certificates may be granted to per- sons holding satisfactory credentials or passing examination in special sub- jects, and such certificate shall be valid only for special subject for which certificate is granted. Certificates issued by State board of education or board of examiners must have signature of State superintendent. Arkansas: See A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units— districts, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; N (a). High schools. California: See A (bl), State boards; A (el), County boards; E (a), Teachers' qualifications, general. Colorado: On the third Thursday in August, December, and March, county superintendent shall hold an examination of persons over 18 years old who are applicants to teach. Examination to be held in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, history. United States and Colorado constitutions, civics, physiology, natural sciences, theory and practice of 378 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. teaching, and school law. If applicant is to teach in a school of high grade, the examination shall include such additional branches of study as are to be taught in such school. If satisfied of applicant's competency to teach and of his moral character, superintendent shall issue a certificate to said applicant. He may in emergency indorse and make valid a county certificate issued in this or another State; such indorsement shall be good until the next regular examination. Certificates issued by county superintendent shall be first grade, valid for three years and may be renewed by such superintendent ; second grade, valid for 18 months; third grade, valid for nine months. Grade of certificate de- termined by grade made on examination. Not more than two third-grade certificates shall be issued to the same person. County superintendent may issue a first-grade nonrenewable certificate to the holder of such a certifi- cate secured by examination in another county; he may revoke any certificates for cause. County superintendent shall hold examinations with questions prepared by the State superintendent. In case a certificate is re- voked or refused by the county superintendent, aggrieved applicant or teacher may appeal to the State board of education. In a school district of the first class, the examination may be conducted by the school board and certificates valid in said district may be issued by said board. Each public-school teacher must have a license to teach issued by proper authority, but a certificate shall not be required of teachers of music, draw- ing, or modern languages only. See also A (bl), State boards; G (b). State normal schools. Connecticut: School visitors, town school committees, or boards of education shall, as a board or by committee appointed, examine all persons desiring to teach in the public schools, and grant certificates to those of approved char- acter who are qualified to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history, and the rudiments of drawing if required; such certifi- cate shall authorize holder to teach in any public school of the town or dis- trict so long as desired without further examination unless specially ordered; such certificate may limit the authority to teach to a specified time or a specified school. Certificates for grades above the third shall cover physi- ology and hygiene. If a person is found qualified to teach any subject other than those required, such subject shall be named in the certificate. Board may revoke certificate for cause. The State board of education may, upon public examination in such branches and upon such terms as it may prescribe, grant a certificate to teach in any public school in the State and may revoke the same. No teacher shall be employed in any school receiving any portion of the public money unless such teacher shall hold a certificate as provided in this act. Town school committees, boards of education, and high school and district committees, unless otherwise directed by the district or ordered by the town, shall employ and dismiss teachers for their respective towns or dis- tricts. No school visitor or town committeeman shall be elected teacher. Each teacher shall keep a register as required by law and shall deliver the same to the secretary of the school board. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Delaware: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers. Florida: There shall be held in each county two examinations each year of applicants to teach; such examinations shall begin on Tuesday after first Monday in June and September and may continue longer than one day; only E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 379 one shall be lield in a county if two be found unnecessary ; at least one shall be held at the county seat ; State superintendent may order examinations on days other than those prescribed above. Candidates for third, second, and first grade certificates shall be examined by county superintendent with questions prepared by State superintendent ; seal on questions shall be broken on liiorning of examination in presence of applicants. Examiner shall desig- nate each paper turned in by a number and shall deliver all papers to a grading committee. No person shall be permitted to teach in the public schools who does not hold a certificate granted under this act, but county superintendent may hold a special examination and grant temporary certifi- cate valid until next regular examination, if applicant gives satisfactory reason for not attending last regular examination, but a second temporary certificate shall not be issued to same person. Certificates shall be of seven grades, namely, third grade, second grade, first grade, primary, special. State, and life. Each applicant shall present evidence of good moral charac- ter and shall pay a fee of $1 to be placed to credit of county school fund. Branches required in examination for third grade: Spelling, reading, geog- raphy, arithmetic, English grammar. United States history, physiology, theory and practice of teaching, composition, agriculture, and civics; no grade shall be below 40 per cent, and average grade made shall be 60 or more ; valid for tw^o years. Requirements for second grade: Satisfactory examination in branches required for third grade, with no grade below 60, and an average grade of 75 or more; valid for four years. Branches required for first grade: Same as required for third grade, and, in addition, algebra and physical geography ; no grade shall be below 60, and a general average of 85 or more must be made; valid for five years. Primary certificate: Applicant must make a general average of at least 85 per cent in oral and written examina- tion on primary studies and methods as State superintendent may prescribe; valid for four years in first, second, and third grades of school. A special certificate may be issued by State superintendent to applicant showing fitness for teaching any one or more branches not included in requirements for second-grade certificate and making a grade of not less than 90 on branches prescribed by State superintendent ; valid for five years for teaching branches for which issued. A State certificate may be issued to applicant who shall have taught 24 months, 8 under a first-grade certificate, in Florida, and who shall have passed an examination conducted by the State superintendent on geometry, trigonometry, physics, botany, zoology, Latin, rhetoric, English literature, psychology, and general history, and shall have made an average grade of 85, with a grade in no branch below 60 ; valid for five years through- out the State. A life certificate valid throughout the State may without exam- ination be issued by State superintendent to applicant holding a State cer- tificate who has done high-school or college teaching in the State for 18 months, and who has shown eminent ability in teaching. A first, second, or third grade certificate may be indorsed by county superintendent and made valid for unexpired term in county of said superintendent. When the holder of a first-grade certificate shall present evidence of having taught 20 years in the State, 9 of which shall have been since January 1, 1894, and shall present evidence of good character and success in teaching, county superintendent may indorse said certificate and give it perpetual validity in county where indorsed; when teacher has taught six years under first-grade certificates, the average grade of such certificates being not less than 90 per cent, issued since January 1, 1894, county superintendent may issue to said teacher a first- grade certificate good throughout the State and of peri^etual validity in the 380 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county where issued. When holder of a primary certificate shall present evidence to State superintendent of having taught four years under such cer- tificate, said superintendent may indorse said certificate, making it valid during the life of the holder. Certificate of any grade may be revoked for cause by authority issuing the same or by State superintendent. County board of education shall before each examination appoint three teachers hold- ing the highest grade certificates in the county as a grading committee to grade examination papers; after papers are graded county superintendent shall for first time make known to grading committee the name correspond- ing to number on papers of each person examined. Questions and answers shall be filed in county superintendent's oflSice for at least one year; any applicant dissatisfied with grading may appeal to State superintendent. Com- mittee shall each receive $2 per day and 5 cents each way per mile traveled (one trip), but for not exceeding five days. It is unlawful for any school ofllcer to divulge examination questions, or for applicant to gain possession of the same, or for any person to have questions in his possession except as pro- vided in this act. All graduates of the normal or college departments of the University of Florida and College for Women and of any other college or university in the State that will submit to such inspection and regulation as the State board of education and State board of control may prescribe are granted a State certificate, but one-fifth of time of college departments must be devoted to professional training, and in examinations taken by applicant at close of junior and senior years a grade of at least 85 per cent must be made. See also A (b2). State .officers ; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Georgia: The county superintendent of schools shall examine all applicants for teachers' licenses. Applicants for license to teach in the common schools shall be examined in spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, geog- raphy, arithmetic, theory and practice of teaching, and physiology and hy- giene. State superintendent shall fix date of examination to be held through- out the State; he shall prepare questions, and county superintendent shall grade papers under instruction of State superintendent. No examination shall be held at other time than that designated by State sui)erintendent, unless county board of education shall declare an emergency; for such special examination county superintendent shall prepare questions; license shall be valid only until next regular examination and in county where issued. County superintendent shall grade papers and submit his gradings to county board of education, who shall issue licenses of first, second, or third grade, according to qualifications of applicants; each applicant shall attain at least the lowest grade fixed by the State superintendent of schools. Duration of licenses : First grade, three years ; second grade, two years ; third grade, one year. License issued upon regular examination may be valid in another county by indorsement of the superintendent thereof. All students or grad- uates of any school, college, or other institution of learning shall be required to stand examination provided by law before being permitted to teach in the common or public schools; laws authorizing such students or graduates to teach without examination are repealed. County superintendent may for cause revoke any licenses issued by himself or his predecessors ; appeal from such action may be taken to county board of education, whose decision shall be final. Whoever shall forge or counterfeit a teacher's license shall be guilty of a felony. Teachers in municipal schools or other local systems pro- vided by law shall stand examinations under regulations of State superin- E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 381 tendent and State board of education, but where municipal system maintains standards of qualifications approved by State board said board may delegate to said municipal system authority to examine and certificate its own teachers. (State board of education is authorized to provide a system of certification of teachers. The following certificates are provided for under regulations of said board: Primary, general elementary, professional elementary, profes- fessional secondary, and special-subject certificates.) See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State ofllcers. Idaho: Holder of a certificate must be a citizen of the United States, or must have declared intention to become one. Examinations for State and State life certificates shall be held on fourth Thursday of February and August; county superintendent shall hold examination ; questions shall be such only as are sent under seal of State board of education; county superintendent shall return papers to State superintendent for grading. State certificates shall be State certificates and specialists' State certificates, valid for eight years, and life certificates ; State board of education may issue State certificates to graduates of approved normal schools, colleges, and universities and to holders of State certificates in other States, but applicants must have taught within last two years, must have had 18 months' experience in teaching, and must stand examination in State school law, constitution, and manual of course of study. State board may issue specialists' State certificates to teachers of special subjects, as manual training, etc., but applicant must have completed at least a two-year course in his specialty and must have academic preparation equal or superior to graduation from an approved high school. Graduate of approved college or university of the State who holds certificate that he has completed required course in department of education or has taught two years in a public school of the State may be granted a State cer- tificate. State board may issue life certificate to holder of life certificate of another State if applicant has taught five years, two in Idaho, and stands examination in State school law, constitution, and manual of course of study. State board shall issue a State certificate to applicant passing examination in branches prescribed by such board, but applicant must have taught at least three years and hold a first-grade county certificate. State board shall issue a life certificate to holder of a State certificate passing examination in such branches as board directs, but applicant must have taught at least five years, two in the State. State board may issue high-school certificates to graduates of approved colleges who have had one year post-graduate work in education, including one year of practice teaching, and who have had two years' expe- rience, or to holders of State high school five-year certificates with 10 years' experience. State high school five-year certificates may be issued to grad- uates of approved colleges whose course included 15 semester hours in educa- tion and one-half year practice teaching and who have had two years' ex- perience, or to those holding credits in five out of eight fields of collegiate study in courses leading to an A. B or B. S. degree, one credit in a major subject and four in professional, with five years' experience. State high school three-year certificates may be issued to graduates of approved four- year colleges, with credits in two professional subjects and with one years' experience, or to those holding credits in five out of eight fields of collegiate study in courses leading to A. B. or B. S. degrees, one credit in a major sub- ject and two in professional, with two years' experience. State high school one-year certificates may be issued to holders of credits in five out of eight fields of collegiate study leading to A. B. or B. S. degree and one professional subject ; such certificate shall be valid only in one and two year high schools. 382 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. unless holder is graduate of approved college. Fee for State certificate, $5 ; for State life certificate, $10. State board may revoke State or State life certificate for cause, but 30 days' notice of a hearing shall be given. State board shall keep record of certificates. County certificates of three grades : First grade, five years ; second grade, three years ; third grade, one year ; first and second grades shall be valid in any county when filed therein. County superintendent shall grant certificates in form prescribed by State board to applicants over 18 years old of good moral character; each applicant shall pay $1 for institute fund; fees for certificates vrhen granted, first grade, $3 ; second grade, $2 ; third grade, $1 ; applicant must make general average of 85 per cent and not less than 75 per cent in any one subject. After May 1, 1917, applicant must have completed a four-year high-school course, but State board may modify this provision in order to provide suflicient teachers. Applicants for third-grade certificates shall be examined in orthoepy, spelling, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, elementary composition, grammar, geography, history of United States, civics, physiology and hygiene, school law, manual of course of study, and agricul- ture; in addition they shall have attended a professional school for at least six weeks, but attendance at professional school shall not be required of those who taught eight months prior to July 1, 1911; a third-grade certificate en- titles holder to teach in county not exceeding one year, but may be renewed if holder attends a professional school six weeks and receives two credits or passes examination in subjects required; not more than three third-grade certificates shall be granted to same person. Applicants for second-grade certificates must have taught eight months and pass examination in branches required for third grade ; in addition they must pass examination in physical geography, American literature, English composition, and the conduct of school libraries; county superintendent may transfer grades from third-grade to second-grade certificate whose holder has taught eight months and re- ceived two credits for attending a professional school not less than six weeks ; second grade may be renewed by examination or without examination if holder has taught two years during life of certificate and received two credits for attending a professional school not less than six weeks ; not more than two second-grade certificates shall be granted to same person. Applicants for first-grade certificates shall have taught eight months and pass examination in branches required for second grade; in addition they must pass examina- tion in English literature, principles of teaching, algebra, physics or botany, and medieval and modern or English history; county superintendent may transfer grades from second-grade to first-grade certificate whose holder has taught eight months and has received, while holding second grade, two credits for attending a professional school not less than six weeks. County super- intendent may renew first-grade certificate once for three years' experience and one-half year's attendance at professional school. County superintendent may issue special third-grade certificates when supply of teachers is ex- hausted ; certificates held from other places may be indorsed by county super- intendent as " permits " to teach till next examination. County superintendent may revoke county certificates for cause, but teacher shall have 30 days' notice and may appeal to State superintendent. Superintendent shall keep record of all certificates granted or revoked in the county. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers. Illinois: No teacher shall be employed in the public schools who is not of good character, at least 18 years old, and a holder of a certificate issued by the State superintendent, a county superintendent, or board of education in a E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 383 city having over 100,000 inhabitants. State certificates: First, certificate valid for four years in the elementary schools, for which the requirements are (1) graduation from a recognized high school and from a recognized normal school or equivalent preparation; (2) three years' successful teaching; (3) a successful examination in English, educational psychology, and the principles and methods of teaching; (4) the preparation of a thesis. Second, certificate valid for four years in any high school, for which the requirements are (1) graduation from a recognized college or equivalent preparation; (2) three years' successful teaching; (3) a successful examination in English, educa- tional psychology, and the principles and methods of teaching; (4) prepara- tion of a thesis. Third, certificates valid for four years for supervisory work in any district, for which the requirements are (1) graduation from a recog- nized normal school or equivalent preparation; (2) three years' experience in supervision; (3) examination in English, educational psychology, sociology, history of education, school administration and supervision; (4) preparation of a thesis. At the expiration of four years of successful teaching or super- vision said State certificate may, by State superintendent, be validated for life. Examinations for State certificates shall be held at such times and places as State superintendent may prescribe. Life certificate shall be for- feited three years after holder ceases to do educational work, unless it shall be extended by State superintendent ; holder shall annually present the same to county superintendent and pay a fee of $1 for the institute fund. County certificates: Third grade, valid for one year in elementary schools of the county where issued and renewable once only. Examination for third grade in orthography, civics, Illinois history, physiology, writing, read- ing, grammar, geography. United States history, arithmetic, and the princi- ples and methods of the State course of study. This certificate may be issued without examination if applicant has completed two years' work in a normal school, or one year of work if applicant is a graduate of the tenth grade. Second grade, valid for two years in the first eight grades, and in the ninth and tenth grades, at the option of the county superintendent, renew- able twice on proof to county superintendent of required experience or pro- fessional training. Examination for second grade in subjects required for third grade and in elementary science and pedagogy. County superintendent may issue this certificate without examination to persons who have com- pleted the junior year's work in a recognized normal school or its equivalent. First grade, valid for three years in first 10 grades and in high school at option of county superintendent and renewable indefinitely in periods of three years on satisfaction of county superintendent of successful experience and professional growth. Requirements: (1) graduation from a recognized high school; (2) six months of successful teaching; (3) examination in orthography, civics, Illinois history, physiology, writing, reading, grammar, geography, United States history, arithmetic, pedagogy, English, algebra, general history, and any three of the following: Botany, zoology, physics, chemistry, and physiology. This certificate shall be issued to graduates of recognized normal schools, or those having equivalent preparation, if appli- cant has had one year of practice teaching. High-school certificate, valid for three years and renewable indefinitely for periods of three years. Re- quirements: (1) graduation from a recognized high school or the equivalent; (2) a certificate showing at least two years of work in a recognized higher institution; (3) examination in English, pedagogy, and six high-school sub- jects chosen from a list prepared by the examining board, but graduates of normal schools or colleges may offer certified credits in lieu of examination 384 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. in high-school subjects. Supervisory certificates, valid for three years and renewable for three-year periods. Requirements: (1) graduation from a recognized high school and at least two years' work in a recognized higher institution; (2) two years successful teaching or supervision; (3) examina- tion in English, psychology, history of education, and school administration. Kindergarten-primary certificates, valid for two years in bindergarten and first two primary grades, and renewable for two-year periods. Require- ments: Graduation from a recognized high school and from a kindergarten training school or the equivalent, or in lieu thereof an examination in Eng- lish and the theory and practice of kindergarten and primary work. Special certificate, valid for two years in the common schools and renewable for two-year periods. Requirements: Graduation from a recognized high school or the equivalent and a certificate showing the completion in a recognized higher institution of at least two years' special training, and an examination in English and the principles of teaching, and evidence that applicant can teach the special subject. County superintendent may issue a third-grade " provisional " certificate to applicant falling below the required average ; an " emergency " certificate of any grade may be issued and made valid until next examination. State examining board shall consist of State superin- tendent and person engaged m educational work and three county superin- tendents designated by State superintendent; examinations for county cer- tificates shall be held at county seats at least three times each year under rules prescribed by examining board; questions shall be prepared by said board; county superintendent shall conduct examination and papers shall be forwarded to board for grading ; grades shall be returned to county sui)er- intendent, who shall issue certificates ; all except third-grade certificates may be validated in any county other than that of issue when indorsed by super- intendent thereof. Applicant for a county certificate shall pay a fee of $1, and every such certificate shall be registered annually and a fee of $1 paid therefor. County superintendent or State superintendent may suspend any certificate for cause. State superintendent may indorse and make valid a certificate from another State. See also A (b2), State oflScers; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers. Indiana: Under direction of State board of education county superintendent shall examine, with questions furnished by said board, all applicants for licenses to teach in the State ; said applicants may elect to have their manu- scripts sent to the State superintendent for grading and shall pay a fee of $1 therefor; license issued shall entitle holder to teach anywhere within the State. County superintendent shall send with manuscript teacher's grade of schoolroom success, as made by himself or by city or town superintendent; the average of schoolroom success and of grade made on examination shall constitute teacher's general average. Examination shall be in spelling, read- ing, writing, geography, English grammar, physiology. United States history, scientific temperance and literature, school government, and school theory; if applicant passes examination satisfactorily. State superintendent shall issue a license valid for 12, 24, or 36 months, and in the above branches only, the duration of said license to depend upon grade made by applicant. A high-school license valid for 60 months may be granted to applicant pass- ing successfully in the additional branches prescribed by State board of education, which license shall be valid in noncommissioned high schools. Classification of licenses provided for herein: Life license, first grade ; profes- sional license, second grade; high school, third grade; 36-month license, E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 385 fourth grade; 24-moiith license, fifth grade; 12-month license, sixth grade. City, town, and county superintendents shall visit schools under their super- vision and grade teachers upon their classroom success, but appeal may be taken from grading of county suiierintendent to State superintendent. The county superintendent shall hold one public examination of teachers, beginning on the last Saturday of January, February, March, April, May, June, July, and August of each year; questions shall be furnished by the State board of education. Examination shall be in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology, United States history, scientific temperance and literature, school management, and the science of teaching; county superintendent shall issue license valid for 12, 24, or 36 months, according to the ratio of correct answers and other evidences of qualifications given on said examination, the standards of which shall be fixed by the county superintendent; a 6 months 'license shall be proba- tionary, and no person receiving the same shall thereafter be licensed from said county unless he obtains a grade sufficient to entitle him to at least a 12 months' license. A person holding two successive 36-month licenses shall be entitled at the expiration thereof to an 8-year professional license, on passing an examination prescribed by the State board of educa- tion, and said license shall entitle holder to teach in any of the schools of the State. Any person who has taught for six consecutive years and who holds a three-year license, or who has heretofore been exempted, shall forever be exempted from examination so long as he shall teach in the common schools of the county where three-year license was issued, but if he ceases to teach one year his exemption shall cease; if such person shall seek to teach higher branches than those included in his examination, said person shall be examined in said additional subjects. If applicant is dis- satisfied with grading given by county superintendent, he may appeal to State superintendent, and likewise any patron may appeal if he thinks sui>erin- tendent has graded too liberally. Teachers of manual training, domestic science and art, and kindergarten departments in elementary and high schools, and teachers of German, music, drawing, agriculture, physical cul- >v ture, and other special branches shall be examined by county superintendent upon the branch or branches which they are employed to teach', and said superintendent shall issue to successful applicants certificates valid for 12, 24, or 36 months, according to the grades obtained on said examination; papers of applicant shall be sent to the State department of public instruc- tion for grading. County superintendent may revoke a teacher's license for cause, but an appeal shall lie to the State sueprintendent. County superin- tendent shall keep a record of all applicants and of all licenses granted and revoked and shall report to State superintendent the names of those whose licenses he revokes. See also A (bl). State boards; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Iowa: The board of educational examiners shall consist of the superintendent of public instruction, president of the university, president of the State teachers' college, and two persons appointed by the governor, one of whom shall be a woman, appointees to hold office four years. Said board shall annually hold at least two public examinations of teachers and may grant State certificates and diplomas. Examination for certificate shall be in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, bookjieeping, physiology. United States history, algebra, botany, natural philosophy, draw- ing, civics, constitution and laws of the State, and didactics. Examination for diploma shall be in subjects required for certificates, and in addition -15 ^25 386 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. thereto geometry, trigonometry, chemistry, zoology, geology, astronomy, politi- cal economy, rhetoric, English literature, general history, and such other sub- jects as the board may require. Said board may issue certificates for special subjects, as music, drawing, etc., or to any primary teacher, said certificates to be valid only for teaching subjects for which issued. Said board may validate certificates issued by other States when requirements on which such certificates were issued are equivalent to those of Iowa ; said certificates shall be good* for five years. State certificates shall be valid for five years; diplomas for life. Any certificate or diploma may be revoked by board for cause. Fees: For certificate, $2; diploma, $5. Members of board shall receive expenses, and those not receiving salaries from the State or any institution thereof shall receive $3 per day. Board may appoint persons at not exceed- ing 50 cents per hour to assist in examinations or grading papers. Board may accept graduation from the regular and collegiate courses in the State university, State teachers' college. State normal schools, and the State col- lege of agriculture and mechanic arts, and other institutions of higher learn- ing in the State and approved colleges in other States, and may grant thereon a State certificate valid for five years. All State certificates may be renewed for life upon the payment of $5 and proof of at least five years' successful experience in teaching, three of which shall have been during the time said certificate has been in force. The county superintendent, who may be of either sex, shall be the holder of a first-grade certificate, a State certificate, or a life diploma. County superintendent shall hold quarterly examinations of applicants for teachers' certificates ; questions used shall be furnished by the State board of examiners. Examination for first-grade certificate shall be in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, United States history, didactics, physiology, and hygiene, and the elements of civics, algebra, economics, physics, and vocal music. Special certificates may be issued to teachers of special subjects; such certificates shall be valid for three years and may be renewed as other certificates. Applicants who have taught for at least 36 weeks and who are entitled to a first-grade certificate shall receive the same for three years; said certificate may be renewed without examination on proof that an ap- proved course of professional reading has been followed. For a second-grade certificate applicant must stand examination in subjects required for first grade, except civics, economics, algebra, and physics; said certificate shall be valid for two years and shall be renewed as first-grade certificates are renewed; holder may at any examination be examined in any subject re- quired for first grade or in a third-grade subject to raise his per cent obtained therein ; when all first-grade subjects are thus passed a first-grade certificate shall be granted. First grade and special certificates shall be renewed for life upon proof that holder has had five years of successful experience in teaching, that he made a general average of 85 per cent or more, and not less than 80 per cent on any one subject in examination for said certificate, and that required professional study has been pursued. Applicant for third- grade certificate shall be examined in subjects required for second grade ; said certificate shall be valid for one year and on proof of successful teaching may be renewed once. Applicants without experience who pass examination for first grade shall be granted a second-grade certificate for two years, but when they have taught 36 weeks they shall be entitled to a first grade. Any life certificate shall lapse when holder ceases to teach during a period of five years. County superintendent shall forward to State superintendent all answer papers, except 4hose for didactics, and shall also give his estimate E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 387 of applicant's personality and fitness to teach ; State board of examiners shall grade papers. Examiners shall after each examination appoint a sufficient number of readers to grade papers ; 10 of such readers shall be county super- intendents. Each applicant for a certificate shall pay a fee of $1, one half of which shall be paid into the State treasury and the other half into the county institute fund. Teacher shall register certificate with county super- intendent before being allowed to teach, but such superintendent need not register third-grade certificates when there is a sufficient number of higher grade certificates in the county. When there is an insufficient number of teachers to supply the schools of any county, provisional certificates may be issued. All certificates issued under this act shall be valid in any county in the State when registered by county superintendent thereof, but provisional certificates shall be valid only in the county where issued. County superin- tendent may revoke any certificate for cause, but aggrieved person may appeal to State superintendent, and the revocation of diplomas and State cer- tificates must have the approval of the State board of examiners. County sui)erintendent shall annually report to board of examiners the attendance of each teacher at normal institute and summer school. After July 1, 1915, applicants for teachers' certificates shall have had at least 12 weeks of normal training, but this provision shall not apply to gradu- ates of the State university, State agricultural and mechanical college, State teachers' college, or accredited colleges. See also A (b2), State officers; E (e), Recognition of normal and college diplomas; G (c). County and local normal schools. Kansas: State board of education shall consist of State superintendent, chancellor of State university, president of agricultural college, president of State normal school, and three others engaged in school work to be appointed by governor for term of two years. State board may issue State diplomas to such professional teachers as have the requisite scholarship, moral character, and two years' experience in teaching; such diplomas shall supersede the necessity of further examination. State, county, or city, and shall be valid in any part of the State. State board shall prescribe a course of study for nor- mal institutes and for the public schools; members of board shall be paid actual expenses for attending meetings. State board may also issue cer- tificates of two grades — one for three years and one for five years — which shall supersede necessity of further examination and shall be valid throughout the State. Any educational institution of the State which requires a four- year high-school course as a condition of admission, whose course of study is approved by the State board, and which maintains an approved department of education may apply to the State board and be placed on the " accredited list " ; such institution shall be subject at any time to examination by State board ; to graduates of accredited institutions State board shall issue three-year State certificates and, after such graduates have taught successfully two years, shall grant life certificates. Certificates from other States represent- ing requirements of equal rank with those of Kansas may be validated by indorsement of State board. Life certificate becomes void when holder ceases from school work for three consecutive years; State board may cancel cer- tificate when holder is immoral or otherwise unfit to teach. State agricul- tural college and any accredited educational institution maintaining a course of study required for a three-year certificate may grant a diploma to person completing course, and State board shall issue to holder a three-year cer- tificate (nonrenewable) if such holder has had 20 weeks of practice teaching. Board of administration may fix courses of study for State normal schools; 388 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. in addition to two-year course provided by law, they shall fix courses of not less than three years; before issuing life diploma on completion of full course, as provided by law, said board shall issue a one-year State certificate to graduates of two-year course and to graduates of three-year course a diploma shall be issued and such diploma shall be valid as a three-year certificate. State superintendent shall register all certificates and diplomas valid as cer- tificates. When a person has attended the normal school 22 weeks and has been examined in studies required by board, and shows qualifications neces- sary to teach in a " good common school," said person shall receive a cer- tificate from principal which shall be valid to teach when approved by State superintendent; diploma granted for full course shall entitle holder to teach without further examination. Every certificate or diploma shall be registered with the county superintendent of the county or with clerk of the school board of the city of first or second class in which holder contracts to teach. Proper oflicers shall register certificates without fee and shall report registration to State superintendent. County examiners in each county shall consist of county superintendent and two> holders of State certificates or diplomas from accredited institu- tions who shall be appointed by county commissioners on nomination by superintendent and who shall receive $3 per day for not exceeding 24 days in any year; in January, October, and at close of county normal institute examiners shall hold quarterly examinations of all persons proposing to teach in the county, except in cities of the first and second class, and shall issue certificates to those who pass; a student of the State university, agricultural college, or State normal school or its auxiliaries may be ex- amined by presiding officer thereof, and papers, together with fee of $1, shall be sent to county examiners for grading and issuance of certificate At the time of closing normal institute county superintendent may hold special examination with questions furnished by State superintendent; fee for examination, $1 if taken at a State educational institution or $2 if taken before county examiners, which fee shall go into county institute fund ; State board of education shall prepare questions for all examinations ; misdemeanor for any person to sell, offer for sale, or have in his possession examination questions, except as provided by law. Grades of county cer- tificates: First grade, valid for three years; '«econd grade, valid for two years; third grade, valid for one year. Qualifications required for third grade: Applicant must be over 18 years old, must make average of 75 per cent with no grade below 60 per cent, must not have held previously more than one third-grade certificate if he has taught three months, and must pass examination in spelling, reading, writing, English grammar and com- position, geography, arithmetic. United States history, Kansas history, civics, physiology and hygiene, elements of agriculture, principles of teaching, and elementary science, including at least an elementary knowledge of physical geography and botany. Qualifications for second grade: Applicant must be over 18 years old and have taught three months, must make average of 80 per cent or more with no grade below 60 per cent, and in addition to sub- jects required for third grade must pass examination in music and English literature. Qualifications for first grade: Applicant must be over 20 years old and have taught at least 12 months, must make average of 90 per cent with no grade below 75 per cent, and in addition to subjects required for second grade must pass examination in algebra, ancient and modern history, bookkeeping, and elementary science, including an elementary knowledge of physical geography, botany, and physics; holder of second-grade certificate E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 389 may, for securing first grade, retain credit for two years on subjects in which a grade of 90 per cent was previously made; first-grade certificates may be renewed when holders have attended at least 90 per cent of one county institute or six weeks at approved training school and when their professional work has approval of county superintendent. Additional quali- fications for first and second' grade: Applicant for first grade shall have at least two years' credit in a high school or the equivalent thereof as shown by examination prescribed by State board of education ; applicant for second grade shall have one year of credit in high school. County superintendent may issue temporary certificates valid until next regular examination. A county certificate shall be valid only in county where issued, but may be validated in another county by indorsement of superintendent thereof. Any State certificate or diploma or county certificate may be revoked for cause by authority issuing the same. In any common-school district employing 10 or more teachers school board may appoint, two competent persons who with the superintendent shall constitute an examining committee for such dis- trict in lieu of State and county certificates. See also A (c2), County oflacers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools. Kentucky: County superintendent shall appoint two moral and well-educated persons' holding teachers' certificates or diplomas, who, together with him- self, shall constitute a county board of examiners. Three grades of teachers' certificates shall be issued: (1) State teacher's diploma; (2) State teacher's certificate; (3) county certificate, which may be first or second class; one of these certificates necessary to teach. State board of examiners shall prepare three sets of questions for white teachers and same number for colored, all of same grade ; care must be taken that they do not fall into hands of other parties in advance; two examinations held yearly, in June and September, for State certificate; three examinations — in May, June, and September — for State or county certificates. Subjects included: Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, English composition, geography, physiology and hygiene, civil government, United States and Kentucky history. County superintendent and one examiner shall conduct examination. State diplomas may be issued by State board of examiners after personal examination in capitol in July on subjects of common-school course and on science and art of teaching, psychology, English literature, algebra, higher arithmetic, geometry, physics, and elementary Latin; applicant must average 90 per cent; State diploma good in all public or part-public schools till- revoked or holder fails to engage in school work for five years; qualifies holder for oflSce of county superin- tendent; may be revoked by county superintendent within his county. State teacher's certificate may be granted by State board of examiners after written examination in county or personal examination before board in capitol ; grade required, 90 per cent, based on common-school course and upon English literature, elementary algebra, higher arithmetic, and science and art of teaching; applicant must be 21 years old and have taught two years; examinations held in all counties in June and September on questions for- warded by State board of examiners; applicants must be examined at same time as those for county certificates; entitles holder to teach anywhere in State; is good for eight years, unless revoked or holder leaves school work for two years ; may be renewed once ; county superintendent may revoke, as far as his county goes, for cause. County certificates shall be first and second class, good for four and two years, respectively; valid only in county of 390 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. issue, but may be validated in another county for one year; first class shall require 85 per cent; second class, 75 per cent; county superintendent may revoke ; applicant must be 18 ; this law repeals all laws on minimum salaries. State board of examiners may validate State diplomas and State certificates of other States. Selling certificates to teach by county superintendent or county examiner made a misdemeanor, punishable by fine; selling examina- tion questions by any person made a felony, punishable hy imprisonment; applicant must make oath that he has no personal knowledge of such mat- ters. Teachers of common schools shall keep register, which shall be sys- tematically graded for at least four years' work. State superintendent shall furnish teachers blank monthly and term reports, which they shall carefully fill out and return. Teachers shall enforce course of study, use textbooks adopted ; division board may dismiss teacher if he neglects or refuses ; teacher " is authorized and directed to hold each pupil to a strict accountability for disorderly conduct on the playground or during any intermission or recess, or on the road to and from school"; he may suspend pupils; shall not be required or under obligations to teach any other than the common-school branches prescribed by the State board of education, unless so specified in written contract with the division board. State board of education shall have power to determine qualifications of teachers in high schools; issue certificates to teach through State board of examiners on such examinations as may be held; State superintendent may validate such high-school certificates during good behavior on certain condi- ditions; he may also revoke. State board of education may, on application, inspect institutions of higher learning not conducted for private gain, investi- gate their work and standards, and grant certificates to their students; no such certificates shall be granted for lower grade of work than that demanded by State board of examiners, or granted to students of State University of Kentucky and State noi*mal schools of Kentucky; State board of educa- tion may recognize and validate teachers' certificates from other States; county superintendent and county board of education may validate certificates from other counties not lower than first class ; State board of education may extend for life teachers' certificates of 20 years' successful experience if not lower than first class. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; G (b), State normal schools; P (c). State universities and colleges. JLouisiana: State board of education shall have charge of examination of teachers ; shall appoint and fix- salaries of examining commitee. Certificates shall be: Special high school, valid for five years; first grade, valid for five years; second grade, valid for three years; third grade, valid for one year. Said board shall determine subjects used in examinations ; may exempt from examination graduates of standard colleges and State normal schools located in other States, but examining committee may examine such graduates in such subjects as committee may determine. Questions for examinations shall be prepared by examining committee, and when approved by State superintendent sent to parish superintendents, who shall conduct examina- tions and send fees and papers to State superintendent ; said committee shall grade papers and issue certificates to those making standard set by State board. Examination fees shall be : Graduates of colleges and normal schools of other States, $5; high-school certificates and first-grade certificates, $2; second grade, $1.50; third grade, $1. Such fees shall be used in paying salaries and expenses of examiners. State board shall determine number of E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 391 examinations. Said committee may issue provisional certificates to appli- cants, valid until papers can he graded. State board may renew first-grade certificates, and second-grade certificates held by teachers who have taught continuously for five years, upon request from parish boards and parish superintendents. Certificates now valid shall not be affected by this act. Teachers must malve written contracts, and must hold certificates sufiiciently high to meet requirements of schools. Certificates are revocable for cause. Before receiving any pay as public-school teach such teacher shall file cer- tificate to the effect that he has complied with the law. Graduates of accred- ited higher institutions of the State shall be exempt from examination, except in theory and art of teaching, history of education, psychology, and school administration. Diplomas conferred upon graduates of Peabody normal school located at Nashville, Tenn., State normal school, Natchitoches, La., city normal school, New Orleans, La., department of philosophy and educa- tion of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, teachers' college of Tulane University, teachers' training department of all schools, or institutions authorized to grant diplomas that will establish a teachers' training department approved by State board shall entitle holders to a first-grade certificate, valid anywhere in State for period of four years, and renewable. Parish superintendents and public-school teachers shall keep school records prior to receiving monthly salary ; each principal shall malie monthly report to parish superintendent, otherwise shall forfeit $2. The teacher shall enforce course of study and regulations; may suspend pupils for good cause; decision of parish superintendent shall be final as to such sus- pension. Diplomas conferred for full two years' course in the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College, Tulane University, shall entitle holders to teach anywhere in State for four years, certificates being renewable. See also A (d), District boards and officers; G (b), State normal schools. Maine: State superintendent shall cause to be held at least once a year at times and places designated by him, examinations of candidates for teachers' positions; he shall designate examiners. Certificates shall be granted to persons over 17 years old and graduates of standard high schools or acad- emies who pass satisfactory examination in branches required by law to hi taught; such certificate shall be either probationary or permanent and shall indicate the grade of school which holder may teach ; certificate may be granted without examination to graduate of college, or Maine Normal School, or of other normal school having two-year course above high school, or to teacher having had two years' service and shown satisfactory fitness. Cer- tificates granted by other States may be recognized by State superintendent. Certificate may be revoked for cause. No teacher shall be employed who does not hold State certificate, but temporary nonrenewable teaching permits may be issued for one year by local superintendent after examination. From money raised for the common schools $1,000 may be expended for carrying out this act. See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. Maryland: No person shall be employed as a teacher unless such person holds (a) a certificate of qualification issued by county superintendent; (b) di- ploma of a State normal school of Maryland or of normal department of Washington College; (c) diploma of a standard normal school of another State indorsed by State superintendent; (d) diploma of reputable college or university maintaining a department of pedagogy approved by State superintendent; (e) in case of high-school teachers a diploma of standard college satisfactory to State superintendent; (f) certificate of State board 392 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of education, and after June 1, 1915, no person who has not been previously regularly employed as a teacher shall be appointed as a teacher without hav- ing had special pedagogic training of at least five weeks. Any grduate of department of pedagogy of any reputable college or university approved by State board of education shall be entitled to teach in public elementary or high school without examination; principal teachers shall be appointed by district board subject to confirmation by county board; may be removed; shall make accurate reports of attendance, textbooks, and other statistics; teacher not entitled to pay till reports are received; county board shall ex- amine charges against teachers. Persons with first-class teacher's certificate or diploma of reputable college or State normal school after teaching seven years, five in Maryland, may apply to State board of education for life cer- tificate. Salaries shall be fixed by county board; no white teacher shall have less than $300 per school year. All teachers regularly employed and holding first-class certificates, having taught three years, shall receive not less thnn $350; for five years, $400; for eight years, $450; for second-class certificate and eight years of work, $350. " The county commissioners of each county shall levy a suflScient amount to meet the increase of salaries provided for in this act." Any white teacher holding a diploma from a standard normal school or department of education of a standard college or university ap- proved by State superintendent or with sufficient credits from a summer school shall receive not less than $400 per annum ; after three years' teaching " in any of the public schools of the State," $450; after five years, $500; after eight years, $550. By October 1 county superintendent shall submit to county board of school commissioners list of all teachers employed classified as to (a) scholarship, (b) executive ability, (c) personality, and (d) teaching power. Pensions. When any person has taught in the public or normal schools of the State for 25 years and has reached 60 years of age without reproach by reason of physical or mental disability being unable to teach longer and with- out means of support he may lay his case before State board of education with recommendation of board of county school commissiners, and if facts are found as stated teacher shall be placed on the " teachers' retired list " and entitled to an annual pension of $200 ; State board may waive age limit ; $34,000 appropriated annually to carry out this act. (By-laws of State board explain more in detail duties of teachers; they provide that teachers shall be allowed not more than 20 days for actual sick- ness during the school year; for such days lost they shall be paid not less than one-half of their regular salary; time lost by teacher from any cause shall not be made up by teaching on Saturdays or legal holidays or extra hours; teachers made responsible for textbooks and must furnish inventory of books and stationery at end of year; contracts shall be in writing; 30 days' notice required before teacher can vacate school except in cases of emergency. By-laws divide teachers' certificates into five sorts : First grade, first and second class; second grade, first, second, and third class; grade is determined as required by law; class by professional ability and skill; re- quired subjects for teacher's certificate (see county superintendent) extended so as to to include elements of agriculture.) See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers. Massachusetts: See A (d). District boards and officers; N (a). High schools. Michigan: The University of Michigan may grant to any person receiving a bachelor's, master's, or doctor's degree, and also a teacher's diploma for work E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 393 done in the science and art of teaching in said university, a certificate which shall serve as qualification to teach in any of the public schools of the State ; such certificate may be revoked only by the regents of said university, but may be suspended for cause by the proper authority in so far as it is valid in any county, township, city, or district. Said regents may give credit for work done in other institutions in the science and art of teaching if the same is equivalent to the work done in the University of Michigan. The State board of education may grant teacher's certificate without exammation to any person who has received a bachelor's, master's, or doctor's degree from any college in the State having a course of study of four years above the requirements for admission to the University of Michigan, and in addition to or as a part of such work a course in the science and art of teaching of at least one college year of five and one-half hours a week ; such special course must have the approval of the State board of education. Such certificate shall be valid for life when holder has had three years of successful experience ; it may be revoked only by the State board of education. The State board of agriculture may grant to graduates of the four-year course in agriculture in the Michigan Agricultural College who have taken a course in pedagogics of at least a half year's special instruction a teacher's certificate to teach agriculture for three years; said certificate shall be annulled only by said State board. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; G (c). County and local normal schools. Minnesota: To be qualified to teach in a common school district, a teacher shall have a diploma or certificate for the same; after August 1, 1915, all candidates for teachers' certificates by examination, renewal, or indorsement of credentials, except those who have taught successfully in public schools for 18 months prior to such date, or those receiving either a second-grade or lim- ited certificate, must have completed a professional course of training for teaching, but not to exceed 36 weeks, may be required by State superin- tendent ; training courses in the State university, in State normal schools, or in equivalent private schools shall be accepted as meeting these requirements. For the special training of teachers for the public schools there are estab- lished teachers' institutes, training schools, and normal schools. State super- intendent shall provide for institutes and training schools in the several coun- ties; institutes shall continue for at least four days, and each training school not less than four nor more than six weeks ; county superintendent shall take part in institutes; schoolhouses may be used for institutes and training schools if such use shall not interfere with the sessions of the school ; schools may be closed to allow teachers to attend institutes ; for the support of insti- tutes and training schools the sum of $27,000 is annually appropriated out of the revenue fund. County superintendents shall hold teachers' examinations at least twice a year in each county and at the same time ; fees for teachers' certificates or renewals shall be 50 cents ; fee for indorsement of normal-school diploma and for professional certificate, $1; fee for permanent professional certificate, $5; all such fees shall be remitted to State superintendent; local exi)euses of examinations shall be paid by county; the expense incurred by State superintendent in connection therewith, not to exceed $2,500 per year, shall be paid out of teachers' institute fund. Branches for examination for certificates shall be reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, grammar. United States history, composition^ geography, physiology, civil government, and practical hygiene. Applicants for a first-grade certificate shall also be exam- ined in elementary algebra, plane geometry, physical geography, and physics, but the State superintendent may designate other branches that may be taken ) 394 STATE LAWS EELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. in lieu of physical geography, physics, and plane geometry, at the option of the applicant. Applicants for any grade, at their option, may be examined in music, drawing, and such languages as may be prescribed by the State super- intendent. Applicants for special certificates shall be examined in all branches required for second-grade certificates, and in such other branches as they wish to be specially authorized to teach ; teachers taking examinations may dismiss their schools for not to exceed two days in each year without loss of pay. Examination papers shall be graded by State superintendent; markings for professional requirements shall be given by county superintendent. There shall be five grades of teachers' certificates — third grade, second grade, first grade, second-grade professional, and first-grade professional. State superintendent may issue certificates of qualification without examina- tion to persons who have taught five or more years in the State. Limited third-grade certificates, good for one year, may be given to persons without experience, not under 17 years old, who have passed required examination. Second-grade certificates shall be given to persons, otherwise qualified, not under 18 years old and with at least five months' experience in teaching ; such certificates shall be valid for two years in county where issued and in any other county upon indorsement by county superintendent thereof. First-grade certificates shall be issued to persons otherwise qualified and of at least eight months' successful experience in teaching, the same valid for five years in any county of State. State superintendent may issue a special certificate to a graduate of a standard and approved college or State normal school and to anyone qualified to teach special subjects. State superintendent may accept or indorse certificates from other States, also certificates from State high or normal schools showing a standing of not less than 75 per cent. First and second grade certificates may be renewed, and shall be valid in grades below high school. An appeal from the marking of examinations of applicants for certificates may be made from the decision of the State super- intendent to professors of similar subjects in the State university. Per- manent teachers of high character and successful experience may be granted first-grade professional certificates good for teaching in any school, valid so long as holder is engaged in teaching; State examinations for professional certificates shall be held by State superintendent or by a committee of three appointed by him. Examinations for professional certificates shall include, in addition to the branches required for first-grade certificate: Educational science, including (1) history of education, (2) psychology, (3) general pedagogy, and (4) school organization and law; mathematics, including (1) higher algebra, (2) solid geometry, and (3) trigonometry, plane and spheri- cal; English, including (1) English and (2) American literature, and (3) rhetoric; history, (1) ancient, (2) medieval, (3) English, and (4) American; science, including botany, chemistry, physics, geology and physiography, astron- omy, zoology, and political science. A second-grade professional certificate may be granted to any teacher who passes in all branches of subdivision 1 in foregoing list and in six branches in other subdivisions. A first-grade professional certificate shall be issued to any teacher passing, in the fore- going list, in all branches of subdivision 1, in two of those in each of subdivisions 2 and 3, and in three of those in each of the other subdivisions, or who furnishes evidence of qualification equivalent to such examination. State superintendent may grant to teachers lacking not more than three branches for professional certificate professional permits good for one year. A first-grade certificate and diploma from the academic department of a standard college, with proof of one year's successful teaching, shall be ac- E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 395 cepted in lieu of examination. Certificates of graduation from the State university issued to graduates of college of education, or to those In other colleges of said university who have taken specific courses in college of edu- cation, shall be valid for two years as professional certificates, and after two years' experience under such certificate holder may be granted a permanent professional certificate. Diplomas issued to graduates of State normal schools shall be valid as first-grade certificates for two years, and may be made, after successful experience of holder, permanent first-grade certificates. Normal school elementary diplomas shall be valid as first-grade certificates for three years and shall not be renewable; said certificate may be extended three years uix)n completion by the holder of one year's work at a Minnesota State normal school. Holders of certificates from State normal schools, showing the completion of two-years' work therein, shall be entitled to have the .same indorsed by State superintendent as second-grade certificates. Certificates may be suspended or revoked for just cause. School boards shall employ teachers and fix their salaries; contract shall be written; no teacher related by blood or marriage to a trustee shall keep full school records; shall make reports to county superintendent. A State teachers' employment bureau is established; any legally qualified teacher may become a member of said bureau upon payment of annual fee of $3 ; the purpose of said bureau shall be to furnish the several schools with information relative to teachers and to furnish members information relative to vacancies in school positions, but said bureau shall not be understood to vouch for teachers nor to guarantee positions to teachers. State superin- tendent shall appoint the director of the State teachers' employment bureau and his assistants; said director shall pay all fees received to State treasurer and shall give bond. See also A (c2). County ofllcers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Mississippi: Two first-grade teachers, appointed annually by county superin- tendent, shall with that officer constitute an examining board for that county ; they shall examine teachers and as a board review and grade papers ; teachers on board shall receive $2.50 per day each and 25 cents each for grading papers, paid out of school fund; they shall take oath; examinations shall be held in September and April — written — at county seat; questions for ex- amination shall be prepared by State superintendent; shall relate only to branches required in public schools and which constitute their curriculum; unlawful to contract with teacher without valid license; evidence of moral character and ability to govern school required. First-grade license re- quires examination in spelling, reading, practical and mental arithmetic, geography, English grammar and composition. United States and Mississippi history, elements of agriculture, civil government, and elements of physiology and hygiene, with special reference to alcohol and narcotics on system. Second-grade license requires spelling, reading, practical and mental arith- metic, elementary geography, and English grammar and composition, pri- mary United States history, primary physiology with reference to effects of alcohol and narcotics, but a teacher otherwise qualified shall not be refused certificate to teach for want of knowledge of physiology. For third-grade license applicant must be examined on same subjects as for second grade, and must make 60 per cent or more ; if applicant receives aid on examination he shall be denied license and not permitted to teach for two years; person who sells examination questions or answers, guilty of misdemeanor and liable to fine and imprisonment; license granted on gen- eral average of 75 per cent; second and third grade good for one year; first 396 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. grade, general average 85 per cent, good for two years ; with general average of 90 per cent, good for tliree years; second three-years' license renewable in county as long as holder continues to teach; any teacher who has taught under first-grade license for five years consecutively shall be exempt from further examination; teachers must be 17 years of age or older, nor shall license for more than one year be issued to applicant who has had less than six months' experience; board may grant special examinations, with a charge of $2 or $2.50, and good till next regular examination; State board of examiners may transfer license from one county to another. Any teacher wishing to secure a " professional license " shall pass satisfac- tory examination before agents of State board of examiners: Algebra, geometry, rhetoric, English literature, science of teaching, civil government, Caesar, and Virgil, and " on such other subjects as the State board of ex- aminers may add." Any teacher may secure a " State license " by passing satisfactory examination on spelling, reading, practical and mental arith- metic, geography, English grammar and composition, United States and Mississippi history, elements of agriculture, civil government, elements of physiology and hygiene, with special reference to alcohol and narcotics, provided applicants shall have their papers forwarded tq and graded by State board of examiners, who may grant license of lower grade than that asked for; said board shall indicate percentage made by applicant; State licensQ valid for one, two, or three years, according to value of applicant's pai3ers; applicant receiving the second three-year license exempt from fur- ther examination; State license valid in whole State; all teachers exempt from further examination may have State licenses issued in lieu of county license. State board of examiners may issue professional licenses to teachers of recognized ability, moral character, and scholarly attainments on pass- ing examination in algebra^ geometry, physics, rhetoric, English literature, elements of botany and chemistry, science of teaching, civil government, and Latin through C?esar and Virgil. Act of 1912 provides that " a diploma held by either a collegiate or a normal graduate of the Mississippi Industrial In- stitute and College shall be so recognized as to warrant the granting of a teacher's professional license " by State board of examiners ; act to apply only to those graduates who have taken not less than nine hours of college work in teachers' professional courses and who obligate themselves to teach three years in public schools of State. Any teacher heretofore exempt from ex- amination may forward his license to the State board of examiners with proof that his examination papers were destroyed in burning of courthouse or otherwise, and on payment of fee have State license issued in lieu of county license. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; F (b), Teachers' salaries; G (b). State normal schools; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; N (a), High schools. Missouri: Each county superintendent shall hold, or cause to be held, an examination of applicants for certificates in March, June, and August of ea2h year; certificates issued by said superintendent shall be third grade valid for one year and second grade valid for two years in county where issued and first grade valid for three years in the State. Questions shall be pre- pared by State superintendent. Examination for third grade shall be in spelling, reading, writing, language lessons, geography, arithmetic, English grammar. United States history, civics, physiology and hygiene, agriculture, and pedagogy. Second grade: Branches required for third grade and algebra and literature. First grade: Branches required for second grade and ancient. E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 397 mediaeval, modern, or English history, and one branch of science, either physical geography, physics, or elementary biology. In addition to the fore-- going, each applicant wlio has had four months' experience shall be graded by the county superintendent on teaching and management, and each appli- cant for renewal or for a new certificate shall be so graded ; person receiving first-grade certificate must have had eight months' experience and must have made an average of 90 per cent on examination on both scholastic and professional requirements; second grade must have made 85 per cent; and third grade, 80 per cent; but no grade for any certificate shall fall below 60 per cent in any one subject. County superintendent may prepare ques- tions, hold examination, grade papers, and issue certificate to any applicant who for good reason could not attend the last regular examination; such certificate shall be good only until the end of the school year. County superintendent shall give each applicant a number and within three days after examination shall forward all papers of applicant for first grade, and other papers when requested by applicants, to State superintendent, who shall grade the same and certify grades to county superintendent; papers shall be returned to county superintendent for preservation. After September 1, 1912, applicants for first and second grade certificates must have completed the first year's work of an accredited high school or its equivalent; after September 1, 1914, such applicants must have completed two years of such work or equivalent ; after September 1, 1916, such applicants must have com- pleted three years or equivalent; after September 1, 1918, such applicants must have completed four years or equivalent ; this section shall not apply to holders of certificates at the time of the passage of this act.. A third- grade certificate may be granted to any one person in but four consecutive years; a second grade shall be renewed without examination once; a first grade an unlimited number of times, if the holder has done professional work prescribed by State superintendent; any teacher of five years' experience and who is employed at the time of the passage of this act may have county certificate renewed an unlimited number of times, if teacher continues in the same position. The county superintendent shall pass upon the moral charac- ter and requirements, other than scholastic, of all applicants ; he shaU keep a record of gradings certified to him by State superintendent and of certificates granted, renewed, or revoked. Any applicant may raise the grade of his certificate by meeting additional requirements. County superintendent may indorse a second-grade certificate from an adjoining county. Each applicant shall pay a fee of $3, which shall entitle him to attend all examinations during the calendar year and which shall be used to pay expenses of teachers' associations and meetings and of the State superintendent's oflSce for grading papers; applicant for renewal shall pay $1.50; county superintendent may revoke a county certificate for cause; a certificate issued by the State superintendent, the board of curators of the State university, or the regents of any normal school may be revoked for cause by the authority issuing the same. The State board of education shall prepare, or cause to be prepared, outlines of work for colored teachers' institutes and for approved summer schools in State educational institutions ; it shall establish 10 or more insti- tutes for colored teachers; grades made on subjects covered by teachers in said institutes shall be credited on examination by county superintendent; grades made in summer schools of State educational institutions shall be credited for subjects covered by State superintendent. Grades made on any examination under this act shall be good throughout the State when papers have been gfaded by State superintendent and certified to county superin- 398 STAGPE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tendent; grades made shall become void after two years of cessation from school work. It is a misdemeanor to grant complimentary certificates. This act shall not apply to cities having a population of 75,000 or more. The normal diploma, conferred upon completion of the " advanced course," shall entitle the holder to teach in any county without further examination until revoked by authority granting the same or by county school commissioner or State superintendent for cause; normal certificate, granted upon completion of the "elementary course," shall entitle holder to teach branches named therein for two years unless revoked as aforesaid. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; G (c). County and local normal schools. Montana: State certificate, good for six years, may be issued to holder for one year of professional county certificate when such person shall have passed examination under State board of education in English literature, history of education, and general history and shall have furnished evidence of having taught 35 months; such certificate shall be renewed if applicant has taught 27 months during the life of said certificate. State certificates may be granted to graduates of higher educational institutions and to holders of State certificates, within or without the State, upon conditions established by State board of education. Life diplomas may be granted under same con- ditions as State certificates, except that in addition applicants must pass examination in subjects prescribed by State board and must have taught successfully at least 70 months. Graduate of the State normal college shall be entitled to teach without further examination for six years, and every graduate of the three-year course shall, after proof to State board of having taught 27 months, be entitled to a life diploma ; every graduate of four-year course shall be entitled to life diploma after 18 months of teaching. A graduate of the State university with certificate of qualification to teach shall be en- titled to teach in high schools six years without further examination, and after having taught 27 months shall be entitled to a life diploma. Life diplomas may be granted to graduates of higher educational institutions main- taining the same standards as the University of Montana and the State normal college, and to holders of State certificates within or without the State upon conditions established by State board of education. State and life certificates, before valid in any county, shall be registered by county superintendent. State superintendent may revoke State or life certificate for cause, but holder shall be served with written charges and shall have oppor- tunity for defense before State board. Examinations of applicants to teach shall be held in February, April, Au- gust, and October by county board of educational examiners; questions prepared by State superintendent shall be kept sealed by county superin- tendent until day of examination; applicant must make average of 80 per cent, with not less than 70 in any one branch; examination in branches required by law to be taught in public schools. Board of county examiners shall consist of county superintendent and two teachers of 18 months' exiieri- ence appointed by county commissioners; such examiners shall be holders of professional county certificates or certificates or diplomas of higher grade ; such examiners shall hold examinations of teachers and grade papers; they shall also, when requested by State board of education, hold examinations of eighth grade pupils and may grant eighth grade diplomas. Compensation of examiners, actual expenses and such per diem as may be fixed by county commissioners. Applicants for second-grade certificates must pass examina- tion in following branches and such additional branches as State board may E (b). TEACHEBS' CERTIFICATES, GENERAL. 399 prescribe: Reading, writing, arithmetic, spelling, grammar, geography, physi- ology and hygiene. United States history, civics, and theory and practice of teaching. This certificate shall be good for IS months; valid in any part of State when indorsed by county superintendent. Applicant for first-grade certificate must have taught 12 months and must, in addition to branches re- quired for second grade, pass examination in American literature, physical geography, elementary algebra through quadratics, and school management, or such other branches as may be prescribed by State board. This certificate shall be good for three years; valid in any i)art of State when indorsed by county superintendent. Applicant for a professional certificate must have taught 18 months and must, in addition to branches required for first grade, pass examination in physics, plane geometry, and elementary psychology. This certificate shall be good for four years, valid in any part of State when indorsed by county superintendent. Temporary certificate, valid until next examination, may be granted by county superintendent to former holder of certificate applying at other time than at regular examination. Persons pass- ing at examination above 70 per cent but not making 80 per cent may, if otherwise fitted to teach, be granted a permit to teach until next examina- tion. Every applicant must pay fee of $1 for institute fund. Applicant, thinking an injustice has been done, may appeal from county examiners to State superintendent, who shall reexamine the papers and may instruct county board to issue certificate; fee for appeal, $2. County superintendent may revoke county certificates for cause. County examiners shall renew professional or first-grade certificate if holder has taught at least 12 months during its life. Holder of unexpired first-grade or second-grade certificate on applying for a higher gi'ade shall not be required to pass examination in those subjects in which he previously passed at 80 per cent or higher. Montana State normal school credits shall be recognized, by county exam- iners. Holder of unexpired first-grade, second-grade, or third-grade certifi- cate desiring a higher grade, and. who has taught at least one year, shall be entitled to percentages made on last examination. No persons shall be em- ployed to teach in a high school or as principal of school of more than three departments who is not holder of professional county certificate or State or life certificate, or is not graduate of some reputable university, college, or normal school. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State oflacers; A (c2). County oflScers. Nebraska: Certificates shall be: State, county, and city. State certificates shall consist of three classes — professional State certificate, valid for life, entitling holder to teach in any public school in State; but such certificate shall be void if holder shall permit three years to elapse without following some educational pursuit unless certificate be indorsed by State superin- tendent; first-grade State certificate, valid for three years, which becomes valid for life after three years of successful teaching; elementary State cer- tificate, valid for from one to three years, period of validity to be determined by county superintendent of county where holder shall teach. County cer- tificates shall consist of three grades — first grade, valid for from two to three years, as shall be determined by county superintendent of county where issued ; second grade, valid for from one to two years, as shall be determined by superintendent of county issuing the same; third grade, valid for no longer than one year in county where issued ; but no person shall be entitled to receive more than one third-grade county certificate. City certificates sljall ibe graut^ed under rules of State superintendent, and shall be of six 400 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. classes— kindergarten, primary, grammar, high school, special supervisor, and superintendent; but such certificates for teaching in the grades shall not be below a second-grade county certificate, and for high-school teaching and for supervising city schools must not be below first-grade State certifi- cate. The professional State certificate may be granted to any person of approved learning and character possessing ability in school management, with one year's successful experience as teacher in public schools of State, who holds first-grade county certificate and who shall, in addition, pass ex- amination conducted by State superintendent, or of committee of three per- sons appointed by State superintendent, in chemistry, English literature, general history, geology, physical geography, plane trigonometry, psychology, rhetoric, and zoology. A professional State certificate may also be granted to a graduate of a college or university of good standing of this or any other State after three years' successful teaching in public schools of State and who holds a first-grade county certificate of Nebraska; may also be granted to a graduate of State normal school of another State who holds life certificate thereby ; may also be granted to holder of professional State certificate from another State. All professional certificates shall be granted by State superintendent. First-grade county certificates may be granted to any person of approved learning, character, and ability who shall pass an examination in all subjects for second-grade county certificate, and in alge- bra, botany, geometry, and physics; but no person shall be granted such certificate who has not had at least 12 weeks' normal training in an ap- proved school. However, one or more years of successful experience may be considered equivalent to such normal training. The second-grade county certificate may be granted to any person of approved learning and character who shall pass an examination in civil government, bookkeeping, blackboard drawing, theory and art of teaching, elements of agriculture, together with examination in county third-grade subjects; but such person shall have had at least eight weeks' normal training -in an approved school or at least one year's successful experience in teaching. The third-grade county certificate may be granted to any person of approved character who shall pass an ex- amination in orthography, reading, penmanship, geography, arithmetic, physi- ology and hygiene, English composition, English grammar, and United States history. The State superintendent shall prepare all teachers' examination questions, prescribe rules and regulations for holding such examinations, grade and file answer papers, or have the same done by a committee ap- pointed by him ; but he may require county superintendents to assist in the preparation of examination questions for county certificates. The county superintendents shall conduct teachers' examinations according to rules of State superintendent, and shall transmit pai^ers to State superintendent for marking and filing. Sate superintendent shall notify county superintendents of results of examinations, and county superintendents shall issue certificates accordingly. County superintendents may issue temporary permits to teach- ers applying at a time other than at regular examination or to teachers awaiting results of examination ; bat such permit shall not be granted twice to the same person in any county. In emergencies arising from a scarcity of teachers State superintendent may issue teaching permits upon the rec- ommendation of the county superintendent. County superintendent may grant a first-grade county certificate to a graduate of an approved school without examination, subject to rules of State superintendent. The first- grade State certificate and the city State certificate may be reissued under rules of State superintendent. First and second grade county certificates may be reissued by county superintendent under rules of State superin- E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 401 tendent. Certificates issued by county superintendents shall be valid only in the county where issued. Any certificate may be revoked for cause and upon due notice. Each applicant for a county certificate shall pay a fee of $1.50 to county superintendent, $1 of which shall go to the county institute fund and 50 cents to the State superintendent for examining-committee fund. Each applicant for a professional State certificate shall pay $1 to State superintendent, which shall go to examining-committee fund. Each holder of an elementary or second-grade certificate or a first-grade State certificate or a professional State certificate good for life shall pay regis- tration fee of $1 to superintendent of county where teaching, the same to go to institute fund of county. State superintendent shall return to counties pro rata part of any excess after paying expenses of examining committee, the same to go to institute fund of counties, and shall make semiannual report to governor of examining-committee funds. No person shall be eligible to teach in the high-school department of any high school who is not a graduate of an approved college or normal school or who does not hold a professional State certificate. No person shall teach in the grades below the high-school department in any high-school or city school district who does not hold at least a second-grade county certificate. Nevada: Certificates and life diplomas shall be granted by State board of education; deputy superintendents may issue temporary certificates subject to regulations of State board; renewal of grammar-grade certificates shall be made by granting elementary certificates of first grade therefor. Examinations for certificates shall be held in the several counties in June and December of each year; examinations shall continue for no longer than four days, and shall be conducted by deputy examiners, act- ing under authority of State board. Deputy examiners shall send examina- tion papers, without grading them, to State superintendent. Deputy superin- tendents shall act as deputy examiners in counties designated by State superintendent, and shall appoint examiners for other counties, but there shall be no more than two deputy examiners to any one county ; deputy examiners shall receive $5 per day, paid out of State general fund. State board shall prepare examination questions, prepare rules for examinations, and require uniformity in conducting same. Immediately before date of examination, State superintendent shall forward to deputy examiners examination ques- tions, under seal of State board, each subject being under a separate seal. No questions shall be opened until the day and hour set for such examina- tion, which time is specified under each seal. It shall be unlawful to buy or sell, offer to buy or sell, to distribute, or to possess any questions pre- pared for teachers' examinations or for students' final school examinations prior to time of examination, but State printer shall have custody of such questions during the printing thereof. The grades of teachers' certificates shall be: High school, elementary, special, and temporary. High-school certificates, valid for five years, shall be issued on examination in: (a) English grammar, spelling, arithmetic, geography, English literature, general history, history of the United States, civil government, current events, algebra, plane geometry, physics, and history and methods of teaching; (b) any one of these foreign languages — Latin, French, German, Spanish; (c) and any three of these subjects — rhetoric, English history, solid geometry, physical geography, chemistry, botany, and zoology; but no high-school cer- tificate shall be issued on an average standing of less than 90 per cent, nor to any person less than 21 years old. Credit may be allowed for any subject in foregoing high-school list satisfactorily completed in a standard college, 3966°— 15 26 402 btaAs laws relating to pubuo education. or to ,'\i>plioants hohliuK flrst-grade elonuMitnry cortilioates of Nevjida for stamlins of 90 per cent or luore in any such subje<.'t. Elementary SK'hool certificates, first grade, shall be valid for three years; Issued upon examina- tion in spelling, readinjr. writing, English grammar, mental arithmetic, written arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, history of the ITnittxl Snites, get>graphy, genenil history, drawing, music, business forms, civics, current events, and tlieory and jnethods: applicant shall make a general average of not less than 85 i>er cent, and not less than lUi jVr cent in any one subject: applicant shall be at least 2(> years of age. and shall have luid no less than 10 months of successful exi>erience In teaching: said certificate may be re- newed: j)ersous receiving 85 i>er cent or more in any subject at a regular examination, or who shall have done satisfactory work nt a st4\ndard summer school, shall have the sjime creilited toward a first-grade elementary certificate. Elementary certificates, second grade, valid for two years, and granttHl on siime subjtvts as first-grade elementary certificate, shall not be issncHl to any applicant whose general average is less than Tf) ihm* cent or whose grade in an^v one subject Is less than 00 inn* cent : stvond-grade elementary certificates shall not be reneweil. County normal elementary certificates shall be issueil to graduates of county normal training schools without examination. State board may issue third-grade elementary cer- tificates to applicants who shall have taken the December examination, and who are actively engaged in teaching, but shall be valid only in schools where teachers wore engaged just juMor to December exandnation. and only for time until next regular examination; only one of said certificates shall be granted to the same person. State board may grant n life diploma to any ixn'son who shall have taught succ»essfnlly and continuously for 72 months, 24 of which shall have been in Nevada; said diploma shall be of same gn\de as certificate held by applicant, but no life diploma shall he issued on a nonrenewable certificate. High-school certificates, good for five years, shall be Issued to graduates of Nevada State Normal School, advanced course, and first-grade elementary certificates, good for five years, to graduates of elementary course: holders of said certifinites shall be granteil life diplomas, of the resiKVtive gn\des, upon completing 45 months of successful teaching. Graduates of universi- ties, colleges. ;ind normal schools. sui>ported by State approprijitions, and approved by State board, may prestnit their credentials in lieu of examina- tion, but no elementary certificate shall be thus grantt^l uiwn any credentials not equivalent to Nevada State Normal School diploma, and no high-school certificate upon credentials not equivalent to a diploma of graduation from science or liberal arts course of Nevada ITniversity. togt^ther with required training in eilucation subjects. State board may grant certificates to holders of life certificates from other States. State board shall grant special cer- tificates, valid for two years, for teaching music, drawing, uianual training, penmanship, ctmimercial subjtx'ts, kindergarten work, or any siHvUicd foreign language. uix)n proi>er qualification of applicants. Deputy superintendents may issue temporary certificates in accordance with regulations of State board without examination uix>n request of district trustet^s, but these shall be valid only In districts where issued and until next regular examination, and shall be issutnl to no relative of any member of board so requesting; only one such certificate shall be issued to same person. No certificate of .•my kind shall be issued to any person under IS years of age. See also G (c), County and local normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. B (b). teachers' CERTIFICATE8, (JENEIIAL. 403 Now HainpHliire: See A (d), District bourdH and officers. New JerHoy: The State bonnl of exanilnerH shall consist of commissioner of (mIucjiIIoii, tho i)rin(ip.MlH of the State norninl schools, and of u county super- IntcMih^nt and a clly Hiiperliitendent appointed by State board of education to serve oik* year; each a|»i)olntlve riK'niber shall r(K'(!lve traveling expens(»s and comiMMisatlon not to ('xce('ers. Holders of county certificates may teach In any school district, Independent district, incorr)orated town, city, or village of the Shilc. A third-grade certificate shall be valid for one yejir; second grade, two years; first grade, three years. County superintendents may renew llrHt-grade certificate once only without a formal exandnatlon If evidence Is shown of successful experience In teaching and faithful attend- ance to diity, but no such renewal shall be made without consent of State superintendent. Hoards of education of Incori'oratetl cities may Issue cer- tificates to teachers, valid only in the city whow* board Issues them. The State board of education may Issue State teachers* X)r()feKHlonal certificates to persons quallfkMl by reason of moral character, academic scholarship, knowl- edge of the theory and art of teaching and actual i>ractlce In teaching; said board may Indorse teachers' certlrt(!ates granteecial certificate, $3 ; for renewal of professional or special cer- tificates same fee as for issuance; for elementary certificates, a fee of $2 for issuance and $1 for renewal. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges. Ohio: There shall be a State board of school examiners, consisting of five persons, residents of State, appointed by State superintendent ; no more than three of them shall belong to same political party ; term of office, five years ; 408 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. examiners appointed one year each. Said board may issue three grades of life certificates to persons possessing requisite scholarship, good character, and professional experience and ability; clerk of board shall keep record of such certificates and report same annually to State superintendent. Appli- cants for life certificates shall possess professional training as follows: (1) After January 1, 1915, a one-year course or its equivalent in institution of college or normal school rank, or a year's course in an approved arts college ; (2) after January 1, 1920, two years of such work, not less than one-fourth of which shall be in educational subjects; if not a graduate of institution of college or normal-school rank or liberal arts college, applicant shall have had jit least 50 months of successful teaching experience, and shall be graduate of first-grade high school or its equivalent. A graduate from any normal school, teachers' college, college, or university, who has completed two years' aca- demic and professional course in such institution, and who possesses a first- grade high-school diploma, or its equivalent, shall, upon application to State superintendent and payment of fee of $1, be granted, without examination, a provisional elementary certificate valid for four years, if such institution has been approved by State superintendent; such graduate w^ho has completed four years' course shall receive a provisional high-school certificate valid for four years; a graduate from such institution who has completed a special two-year course, with training in a special subject, and who possesses a first- grade high-school diploma, or its equivalent, shall receive provisional special certificate valid for four years. State board of examiners shall issue without examination to any holder of a State provisional certificate, a life certificate of similar kind after 24 months of successful teaching under provisional certificate; said board shall issue without examination a State life high- school certificate to a holder of degree from any normal school, teachers' college, or university approved by State superintendent upon completion of 50 months of successful teaching; all certificates hereinbefore enumerated shall be countei*signed by State superintendent and shall be valid in any school district, unless revoked for cause. Each member of board shall re- ceive $5 per day and expenses while engaged in oflScial service, to be paid out of State treasury; supplies needed by said board shall be furnished by secretary of State. There shall be a county board of examiners for each county, consisting of county superintendent, one district superintendent, and one other competent teacher; latter two appointed by county board of education; the teacher so appointed must have had at least two years' experience as teacher or super- intendent, and be actively engaged in county in educational work; no ex- aminer shall be connected in any way with any school not supported in whole or in part by State, or be employed as paid instructor in any teachers' insti- tute, or be interested in any publishing business; term of office shall be two years, one appointed each year; appointment of examiner may be revoked for cause. County superintendent shall be clerk of board. Each board shall hold eight public meetings each year for examination of applicants for county teachers' certificates; said board shall hold no private examination or ante- date any certificate. A majority of said board may examine applicants and grant certificates. Applicants may, if they so elect, take one-half of subjects on one day and remaining half on next ; if applicant shall receive a grade of less than 75 per cent on any subject on first day, he may elect to be reex- amined the following day. Each applicant shall pay fee of 50 cents for use of county board of education fund ; if examination be taken on two days, ap- plicant shall pay 50 cents fee for each day. Questions for county examina- E (b). TEACHEES^ CERTIFICATES, GENERAL. 409 tion shall be prepared and printed under direction of State superintendent and distributed under seal to clerks of county boards of examiners, such seal to be broken in presence of applicants and a majority of examining board. Clerk shall make report of examinations to county auditor. Board of examiners may grant one-year and three-year certificates, valid in village and rural school districts of county wherein issued ; not more than three one- year certificates and not more than one three-year certificates may be issued to any one person ; such three-year certificates may be renewed twice only on proof of successful teaching ; certificate shall date from 1st day of September following. All five-year and eight-year certificates shall continue in force and be renewed by State superintendent upon proof of successful teaching by holders ; each application for renewal shall be accompanied by fee of 50 cents. All two-year and three-year primary, elementary, and high-school certificates now granted shall continue in force and be renewed by county examiners on proof of five years' successful teaching experience. Applicants for a one-year or a three-year elementary, high school, or special certificate shall possess pro- fessional training not less than following : After January 1, 1915, not less than six weeks of classroom instruction in recognized institution for training of teachers; after January 1, 1916, 12 weeks; after January 1, 1917,18 weeks; after January 1, 1918, 24 weeks ; after January 1, 1919, 30 weeks ; after Janu- ary 1, 1920, one year. Applicants for a one-year or a three-year elementary certificate shall have had at least one year's training in approved high school, and after January 1, 1920, two years of such training. Applicants for a one-year or a three-year high-school or special certificate shall have had at least two years' training in approved high school ; after January 1, 1920, cer- tificates of graduation from a first-grade high school. County examiners may issue certificates without examination to holders of certificates from other county and city boards of examiners. Every applicant for a teacher's certificate shall be given a practical test in actual teaching. Between regular examinations county examiners may issue temporary certificates valid only until next regular examination. No certificates shall be issued to any person less than 18 years old ; examiners may revoke any certificate for cause, but not until teacher has been heard. No person shall be employed as teacher in any public high school of any village or rural district, or be superintendent in such district, who does not possess certificate of good moral character; that he or she is qualified to teach six branches or more selected from fol- lowing (three of which shall be algebra, physics, and rhetoric) : Literature; general history; algebra; physics; physiology, including narcotics; Latin; German; rhetoric; civil government; geometry; physical geography; botany and chemistry; and high-school agriculture; and that he or she possesses adequate knowledge of theory and practice of teaching. No person shall be employed as a teacher of special subjects in any public elementary or high school in any city, village, or rural district without certificate of good moral character, and that he or she is qualified to teach such special branches, and possesses adequate knowledge of theory and practice of teaching. A " teacher's emergency certificate," valid for one year in any village or rural district, may be granted by county examiners, with approval of State super- intendent, to applicants of one year's experience teaching in public schools whenever there is a shortage of teachers in any district. County examiners may grant one-year certificates to teachers who have completed a one-year normal course approved by State superintendent. Such certificates may be renewed for one or three years without examination. Said examiners shall grant one-year certificates to graduates of first-grade high schools who have 410 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. completed a one-year professional course approved by State superintendent. Expenses incurred in conducting examinations shall be paid out of county treasury. Clerk shall make annual report to State superintendent relating to work of county board of examiners. County superintendent shall receive no additional compensation for serving as clerk of board of examiners. There shall be a city board of examiners for each city district, composed of city superintendent and two teachers serving in schools of district, to be appointed by city school board, term two years, one appointed each year. Each city board of examiners shall determine qualification of teachers; may employ special examiners; shall hold not less than two examinations each year; at least two examiners shall be present at each examination. Each board of city examiners may grant certificates for one year and three years, each renewable twice. Five-year and eight-year certificates now granted shall continue in force, and may be renewed by State superintendent upon proof of successful teaching by holders thereof ; renewal fee shall be 50 cents. All two-year and three-year primary, elementary, and high school certificates now granted shall continue in force, and may be renewed by city examiners upon proof of five years' successful teaching experience. County and city examiners may issue certificates without examination to holders of certifi- cates from other cities and counties. City examiners may grant certificates without examination, except in theory and practice «f teaching and in science of education, to graduates of teacher training schools, having two-years' course of study in addition to graduation from a first-grade high school, and of colleges or universities, having four-years' course of study in addition to graduation from first-grade high school ; said examiners may issue temporary certificates valid until following regular examination. No person under age of 18 years shall be granted a certificate. Any certificate may be revoked for cause, but not until holder shall have been heard. Provisions relating to kinds of certificates issued by county examiners shall apply to city boards of examiners, except that city examiners may require teachers in elementary schools to be examined in drawing, music, or German. Each city board of education shall fix compensation of examiners and furnish supplies, to be paid out of the contingent fund of the district. Clerk of city board of examiners shall annually report proceedings of such board to State superin- tendent ; said clerk shall pay examination fees to treasurer of district. Ex- amination papers shall be kept on file for 60 days ; any applicant may have his papers reviewed, and may appeal to State superintendent if he feels that he has been discriminated against; a fee of $1 shall accompany every such appeal. See also A (b2). State ofllcers. Oklahoma: In each county there shall be a board of county examiners com- posed of county superintendent and two i)ersons appointed by him, said ap- pointee to hold first-grade certificates or diplomas from some State univer- sity, normal school, or agricultural college; appointees shall receive $3 per day for not to exceed 5 days each quarter, except at close of institute not to exceed 10 days, said sums to be paid from contingent fund of county. The board, two constituting a quorum, shall hold quarterly examinations for applicants for county certificates; such applicants must be of good moral character and able to teach and govern schools successfully. County certifi- cates shall be of three grades, first, second, and third, valid for four years, two years, and one year, respectively. Applicants for first-grade certificate shall take examination in algebra, physics, American literature, arithmetic, composition, civics, elementary psychology, English grammar, geography, E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 411 Oklahoma history and government, orthography, physiology and hygiene, reading, theory and practice of teaching. United States history, writing, and the elements of agriculture, domestic science, music, and general history; applicants shall be at least 20 years old, shall have taught at least 12 school months, and must make general average of at least 90 per cent, and not less than 75 per cent in any subject. Certificates of second grade may be issued to persons not under 18 years old, who have taught six school months, and who have passed examination in all first-grade subjects except algebra, physics, and general history; such applicants must make general average of at least 80 per cent, and not less than 65 per cent in any one subject. Third- grade certificates may be issued to persons not under 18 years old who shall pass examination in all second-grade branches except American literature and psychology; such applicants must make general average of at least 75 per cent, and not less than 60 per cent in any one subject; third-grade certificate shall not be issued more than twice to same person. All county certificates may be renewed by county superintendent when holder has attended 75 per cent of normal institutes or teachers' training courses held in county where he has taught, or has taken at least 10 weeks' training in any of State normal schools, and has attended 50 per cent of county teachers' associations of county where teaching, and has been continuously engaged in teaching. First-grade county certificates shall be valid in any county of State ; second- grade, in counties adjoining county issuing such certificate ; third-grade, only in county where issued. By paying additional fee of $2, applicants for first- grade certificate may have county superintendent forward papers to State superintendent for grading, and may be granted a State first-grade certificate ; State superintendent shall use fees so collected in paying assistants to exam- ine such papers. State superintendents may renew first-grade certificates for period of four years on like conditions as prescribed for renewal of county first-grade certificates, except that alternative of normal-school attendance shall be 20 weeks. No grades shall be carried from a lower to a higher certificate, but credits secured within three years from any of State normal schools, the State university, and the agricultural and mechanical college may be substituted in lieu of an examination on subjects so credited, and such credits may be carried from a lower to a higher certificate. County superintendents may issue temporary certificates, valid in a designated dis- trict until following examination, but not twice to same person; no person who fails in a regular examination shall be granted such certificate. The violation of any provision of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor. • Any person who shall offer to sell, barter, or give away what purports to be copies of questions of future examinations shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be forever barred from teaching in public schools; any printer or other custodian of examination questions who shall willfully permit such questions to fall into the hands of any unauthorized person shall be guilty of a misde- meanor. Examination questions shall be prepared under direction of State superintendent and sent to county superintendents upon requisition; ques- tions shall be placed under seal, and openetl by examiner in presence of appli- cants; any violation of this provision shall constitute a misdemeanor. Any person who offers to give or receive aid on examination shall be barred from certificate for one year. After January 1, 1916, no person shall receive third- grade certificate who has not had academic training equivalent to one year in an approved high school, or at least 10 weeks in an approved professional school of this or another State; no second-grade certificate unless two years of high-school training or 20 weeks of professional training; no first-grade 412 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. certificate unless three years of high-school training or 36 weeks of profes- sional training. Any certificate may be revoked for proper cause. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; L (j), Agriculture. Oregon: All teachers' certificates, except temporary county certificates and certificates issued in cities having over 100,000 inhabitants, shall be issued by the State superintendent. Classification: (1) Life State certificates, five-year State certificates, primary five-year State certificates, one-year State certifi- cates, special certificates; (2) temporary county certificates; (3) special dis- trict certificates. Fees required: Life certificate, $6; five-year State, $4; primary five-year, $4; one-year, $2; special, $6; temporary county, $2.50. Renewal of five-year or five-year i^rimary, $4 ; of one-year, $2. Such fees shall be transmitted to the State superintendent and by him paid to the State treasurer for a " S^ate board of examiners' fund." State board of examiners shall consist of nine professional teachers appointed by State superintendent to prepare questions and necessary number of professional teachers appointed by superintendent in June and December to grade papers; said examiners shall receive from State board of examiners' fund $5 per day each for time employed. A life State certificate valid throughout the State shall be granted to an applicant who has had at least 60 months' experience, 15 of which shall have been in the State, and shall pass examination with general average of 85 per cent or more and not less than 70 per cent in any one of the following : Arithmetic, writing, spelling, reading, physiology, school law, civics, grammar, geography, theory and practice of teaching, United States history, psychology, American literature, English literature, algebra, physical geography, plane geometry, botany, physics, bookkeeping, composition, general history, geology, and history of education. A five-year State certificate shall be granted to an applicant who has taught at least 12 months and who shall pass an examina- tion with a general average of not less than 85 per cent and shall not fall below 70 per cent in any one of the subjects required for life certificate, except English literature, plane geometry, botany, physics, bookkeeping, gen- eral history, geologyj and history of education. Holder of five-year State certificate may be granted a life certificate on passing examination in addi- tional subjects required for life certificate; a five-year certificate may be renewed when holder has attended a higher institution for 32 weeks within six years from date of issuance and has done work in at least four subjects, one of which shall be education. A primary five-year certificate shall be granted to an applicant who has had at least 12 months' experience and who shall pass an examination with a general average of not less than 85 per cent and shall not fall below 70 per cent in any of the following: Methods in reading, arithmetic and language, and theory and practice of teaching, writing, spelling, physiology, psychology, and shall write a thesis on an educational sub- ject ; such certificate shall be valid in first, second, and third grades ; it may be renewed for 32 weeks of study in a higher institution or after 32 months' teaching during its validity. A one-year State certificate shall be granted to an applicant who shall pass an examination with a general average of 75 per cent and shall not fall below 60 per cent in any one of the following : Arith- metic, civics, geography, grammar, history, spelling, physical geography, read- ing, school law, theory and practice of teaching, and writing ; such certificate ipay be granted without examination to a graduate of a four-year high school, including the training course therein; it may be renewed once. Graduates of standard colleges or universities having completed 120 semester hours. E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 413 including 15 in education, shall be entitled to n one-year certificate, and after teaching six months may receive a five-year State certificate without exami- nation; after 30 months' experience holder of said certificate may receive a life certificate; any graduate holder of certificate herein provided is author- ized to act as a city superintendent of schools or may teach in any high school, A one-year certificate authorizing the holder to teach only in high schools shall be granted to a graduate of a nonstandard college or university who has completed 120 semester hours above the high school and who shall pass an examination with a general average of 85 and shall not fall below 70 per cent in any 10 of the following : Algebra, American literature, English literature, psychology, physical geography, plane geometry, composition, gen- eral history, geology, history of education, botany, phy&ics, chemistry; after six months' experience holder may receive a five-year State certificate, good in high schools; after 30 months' experience holder of said five-year certificate may receive a life certificate. Graduates of standard normal schools shall be entitled to one-year certificates authorizing them to teach in any grammar school or in any one-year, two-year, or three-year high school; after six months' experience holder of said certificate may be granted a five-year cer- tificate valid in same schools; after 30 months' experience holder of five- year certificate may be granted a life certificate valid in same schools, but he may receive a certificate valid in all schools after completion of two addi- tional years in a standard college or university; the holder of certificates granted under this section is authorized to act as a city superintendent of schools. On evidence of applicant's fitness. State superintendent may issue a certificate to teach a special subject, as music, manual training, etc. Any teacher employed in a four-year high school must, except as otherwise pro- vided in this act, be a graduate of a standard college or university, or the holder of a life certificate or State diploma, but graduates of standard normal colleges may teach in training classes in high schools. In case of necessity, county superintendent may issue a temporary county certificate, valid until next examination, to holder of certificate from another State or to any person passing examination required for one-year State certificate, except in school law. The school board in districts having more than 100,000 population may create a board of examiners for the purpose of issuing certificates valid in said city. State certificates shall be valid in any county, but must be regis- tered with the county superintendent ; before registration, teacher must have completed reading-circle work prescribed by State superintendent. No person under 18 years old shall receive a teacher's certificate; applicant must give evidence of good moral character. No person shall be admitted to the ele- mentary-teachers' training course who shall iiot have completed the second high-school year or its equivalent; no certificate to teach in any elementary school unless such person has completed an elementary-teachers' training course or equivalent, but this section shall not apply to teachers having had six months' experience. Any certificate may be revoked for cause by the authority issuing the same after hearing granted to the teacher; appeal may be taken from county superintendent to State superintendent or from State superintendent to State board of education. Examinations shall be held at county seats on the third Wednesdays in June and December and shall con- tinue three days; they shall be held by county superintendents under rules prescribed by the State super intende at; all i)apers written in examination shall be transmitted to the State superintendent. On certificate of county superintendent, State superintendent in computing grades may add 10 credits each in two subjects for successful experience. Credits secured upon exami- 414 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EIKJCATION. nation by State authorities from other States shall be accepted by State superintendent when secured by examination for the corresponding grade of certificate, but standing shall be accepted subject for subject, and the passing standing shall not be less than 80 per cent in any one subject; credit for successful teaching may be allowed. See also A (bl). State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers. Pennsylvania: Every public-school teacher shall hold a provisional, profes- sional, or State certificate; any county or district superintendent may issue provisional certificates to persons who pass satisfactory examinations in spell- ing, reading, writing, physiology and hygiene, geography, English grammar, arithmetic, elementaTy algebra, history of the United States and of Pennsyl- vania, civil government (including State and local government), school man- agement, and methods of teaching, valid for one year under the supervision of the superintendent issuing the same. Public-school teachers having taught successfully two full terms under the supervision of any county or district superintendent, and having passed examinations in any two of the following subjects, in addition to provisional certificate subjects : Vocal music, drawing, English literature, plane geometry, general history, physical geography, ele- mentary botany, elementnry zoology, or elementary physics, and having read intelligently two books on pedagogy, shall receive professional certificates valid for three years; examination papers for professional certificates shall be kept on file for at least three years ; professional certificates may be re- newed by passing in two additional subjects required for professional certifi- cates and by reading two additional books on pedagogy, but no professional certificate shall be renewed more than three times; any county or district superintendent in districts of second and third class may indorse professional certificates issued by other superintendents. State certificates shall include the following: Permanent State certificates. State normal-school certificates, State normal-school diplomas, provisional college certificates, and permanent college certificates. The State superintendent shall select places and times for holding examinations for such certificates and shall appoint examining boards of superintendents or teachers holding State certificates ; members of examin- ing boards shall be reimbursed by the State for necessary expenses. Teachers of two years' successful experience, holding provisional certificates, are eligi- ble for permanent State certificates. Examining boards shall hold one or more examinations each year, on subjects hereinbefore enumerated; candi- dates must have intelligently read four books on pedagogy approved by the State superintendent; results of examinations shall be certified to the said State superintendent and examination papers shall be filed for one year. State normal-school certificates shall be issued for two terms; diplomas shall be permanent. The State superintendent may grant provisional certificates to graduates of colleges or universities, which have been approved by the State college and university council, when candidates shall have completed at least 200 hours of work in pedagogical studies ; such certificates shall be valid for three school terms. Provisional college certificates shall become perma- nent after three years of successful teaching. State superintendent may validate certificates issued by other States; shall provide special examina- tions and certificates for teachers of special subjects. No teachers' certificate shall be granted to any person who does not present a certificate from a legally qualified physician, to the effect that the candidate is mentally and physically capable of performing such duties. Certificates may be annulled for incompetence, cruelty, negligence, immorality, or intemperance. Evei^ E (b). TEACHERS^ CERTIFICATES, GENERAL. 415 county and district superintendent sliall Iteep a record of all certificates issued; teachers shall register certificates with proper superintendent when entering upon work. Rhode Island: No person shall be employed to teach, as principal or assistant, in any public school who does not possess a certificate from the State board of education. Said board shall hold examinations for certification of teach- ers; may grant certificates without examination to proprely qualified persons; may aimul any certificate for cause. School committee may discharge any teacher for cause after teacher has been heard. Every teacher shall keep complete school record. No member of any school committee shall be prin- cipal or teacher in any public school under his control. Every teacher shall aim to implant in minds of children the priiiciples of morality and virtue. Every person in charge of a public or private school of more than 25 pupils shall instruct such children in fire drills at least once a month; failure so to do shall constitute a misdemeanor; commissioner of public schools shall formulate a uniform fire code for schools; colleges, universities, and evening schools shall be exempt from provisions as to fire drills. Schoolmasters are exempt from jury duty. South Carolina: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: The superintendent of public instruction may issue two pro- fessional certificates — the State certificate and the life diploma. A life diploma, valid during good behavior, shall entitle holder to teach in any public school. Applicants for life diploma must show proficiency in reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, grammar, composition, geography. United States history, including South Dakota history, civics, and physiology and hygiene, and must pass examination in physical geography, physics, algebra, geometry, general history, English language and rhetoric, English and American literature, either economics or sociology; any two of botany, zoology, physi- ology, physics, chemistry, Latin, German, geology and mineralogy, astronomy, algebra and trigonometry, all of college grade; and pedagogy, psychology, and history of education; a diploma from the State university or from any approved college may be accepted in lieu of examination in the subjects named if applicant has in college pursued a teacher's professional course of at least one-fourth work during at least 18 months; a diploma from a State normal school having at least two years' work above a four-year high- school course, or from any other normal school having a course of study of the same grade may be accepted in lieu of examination in the subjects named; any applicant for a life diploma must present evidence of at least 40 months' successful experience in teaching. A State certificate shall entitle holder to teach in any public school for five years; applicant must show proficiency in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology and hygiene. United States history, and shall pass examination in civics, American literature, drawing, algebra, plane geometry, physical geography, physics or botany, general history, pedagogy, and English language, composition, and rhetoric; he must also present evidence of 24 months' successful experience; a diploma from a State normal school having a course of at least two years' work above a four-year high school, or from any school of same grade, may be received in lieu of examination in the sub- jects named; applicant presenting evidence of such graduation shall also present evidence of having taught 18 months; State superintendent may grant a provisional certificate to graduate not having taught 18 months. State superintendent may renew Stiite, first grade, and primary certificates within 416 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. one year of their expiration ; he may validate certificates of other States of the value of life diploma, State certificate, or first-grade or second-grade certificate; he may revoke life diploma or State certificate for cause. Fees: Life diploma, $10; State certificate, $5; provisional, $2; such fees shall be paid to State general fund. The State superintendent may issue the following teachers' certificates: First grade, valid for not exceeding three years; second grade, for not ex- ceeding two years ; third grade, for not exceeding one year ; primary teacher's, for not exceeding five years. Gradings for scholastic qualifications shall be given under the direction of the State superintendent; gradings for profes- sional attainments, teaching skill, and moral character shall be given by county superintendent; both such gradings are required for all grades of certificates. A diploma from a State normal school, or other school having two years' work beyond the approved eighth-grade course of the public schools and which shall include professional instruction and practice teach- ing equal to one hour a week for two years, may be accepted ])y the State superintendent in lieu of an examination for the second-grade certificate ; the courses of study pursued for a certificate under the provisions of this sec- tion shall include all those branches required in the examination for first and . second grade certificates, respectively. A first-grade certificate shall be valid in all public schools of the State below the high school. Branches required for first grade: Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, physical geography, English grammar, physi- ology and hygiene. United States history, civics, South Dakota history, cur- rent events, American literature, didactics, and drawing. A second-grade certificate shall be valid in the county where examination is held for all schools below the high school and may be validated in any other county by indorsement of the superintendent thereof. Branches re- quired for second grade : Same as for first grade, except physical geography, current events, and American literature. A third-grade certificate, valid only in grades below the high school in the county where issued, may be granted by State superintendent to applicant failing to meet requirements for second grade; not more than two third-grade certificates shall be issued to the same teacher. A primary certificate shall entitle holder to teach in kindergartens and first and second grades in cities and towns. Branches re- quired in examination: Same as for second grade, except that questions in kindergarten and primary methods are added ; said certificate may be vali- dated by indorsement in county other than where issued. Itegulations for holding examinations of teachers by county superintendents shall be pre- scribed by the State superintendent; to receive certificate person must be over 18 years old ; a fee of $1 shall be charged for all first, second, and third grade certificates, proceeds to be divided equally between institute fund and general fund of the State. Time of examinntious shall be uniform throughout the State, and county superintendent or his agent shall conduct the same. Employed teachers may attend examinations for not exceeding two days without loss of pay. County superintendent may issue special certificates of the first, second, or third grade, valid in the district specified until next examination. All public- school teachers must hold certificates, but in cities and independent districts teachers of music, drawing, penmanship, bookkeep- ing, foreign language, or kindergarten shall not be required to hold a county certificate. County superintendent shall revoke first, second, and third grade and primary certificates for cause; teacher whose certificate is revoked may app(?al to State superintendent. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 417 Tennessee: No person shall be employed to teaek in a public elementary or high school until he has received a certificate as provided in this act; no person receiving certificate shall be under 18 years old and no principal of a school having more than one teacher shall be under 20 years old; all must be of good moral character ; no person having a dangerous contagious or com- municable disease shall be employed, and school board may require teacher to submit to physical examination. Teacher shall keep prescribed register and deliver it to county superintendent at end of term; principal teacher may suspend pupil for cause, but report shall be made immediately to county board of education. Teacher shall attend county institute, or in lieu thereof may attend summer school. Requirements to teach in public schools of State shall be uniform in all counties, and every certificate shall be issued by State superintendent. Except in case of professional certificates granted to grad- uates of approved normal schools and colleges, applicant to teach in ele- mentary schools shall pass examination in subjects prescribed for elementary schools and in principles and practice of teaching and school management, and applicant to teach in high school shall pass examination in history of secondary education, principles and practice of teaching, school management, English language and literature, and other subjects named on certificate; standards for examinations shall be determined by State superintendent. Cer- tificates shall be elementary of first or second grade or high school of first or second grade ; first grade shall be valid for five years, second grade for two years; certificates granted under supervision of county examiners shall be valid only in county where issued, and those granted under supervision of State board of examiners shall be valid in any county. Applicant for first grade must be 19 years old, have had at least eight months' experience in teaching, and must make general average of 85 per cent on all subjects and not less than 70 per cent on any one subject ; an applicant making first-grade average shall be granted first-grade certificate after acquiring required expe- rience. When supply of teachers is insufficient. State superintendent may issue temporary certificates. Professional certificates granted loithout exami- nation: (1) Elementary certificate of first grade to graduates of academic course of State normal schools; (2) certificate good in all schools, except high schools of first class, to graduates of normal course of State normal schools ; (3) high-school certificate of first grade to graduate of State university hav- ing completed six half-year courses offered by university in psychology, history of education, principles of teaching, and school management; (4) certificates to graduates of other institutions whose standards are not lower than those of State normal schools and State university. State superintendent may revoke certificate for cause. Said superintendent shall, with help of State board of examiners, announce courses of study for holders of certificates, elementary and high school, of first grade, and such holders on passing examination on subjects embraced in such course shall be granted permanent certificates, but permanent certificate shall be revoked if holder discontinues school work for more than three successive years or fails to attend institutes. State board of educatoin and State superintendent shall constitute State board of examiners; normal-school presidents, high-school inspector, and elementary- school inspector may be required to assist in conducting examinations; superintendent may employ assistants to grade papers and otherwise help carry out provisions of this act. County superintendent, chairman of county board of education, and a person designated by State superintendent shall constitute county board of examiners, who shall hold examinations at county seat on dates prescribed by State superintendent; county examiners shall '—15 27 418 STATU LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. conduct examination according to law and rules prescribed by State super- intendent and State board of education, and shall forward examination papers of all applicants to State superintendent; misdemeanor to furnish examina- tion papers to applicants except as provided by law. Fee for examination for elementary-school license, $2.50 ; for high-school license, $3.50 ; for license on credential in lieu of examination, $2.50. Provisions of this act shall apply to all public-school teachers except those employed by cities of more than 7,500 population. See also A (bl), State boards; A .(b2). State officers; B (a), General State finance and support; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; N (a), High schools. Texas: County superintendent shall appoint two persons, holders of first-grade certificate or higher, to be county board of examiners to hold office at pleasure of superintendent ; such examiners shall, if necessary, hold examinations in June, July, August, September, December, and when directed by State super- intendent ; questions prescribed by State department and papers of applicants returned to be graded by State board of examiners, but county examiners may grant county second-grade certificates not to be renewed to same person. Examination fee, $2; applicant must present from three reputable citizens certificate as to his good moral character. Certificates shall be first grade temporary, second grade temporary, State permanent, and State permanent primary. Applicant for second grade shall be examined in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, Texas history, elementary physiology and hygience, school management and methods of teaching, United States history, and elementary agriculture. Applicant for first grade shall be examined in same subjects and in English composition, civil govern- ment, algebra, physical geography, elements of geometry, and general history ; first and second grade certificates shall be valid for four years, if applicant makes general average of 75 per cent and not less than 50 per cent in any one subject ; valid for six years, if applicant makes genei'al average of 85 per cent and not less than 50 per cent in any one subject. Applicant for State permanent primary certificate shall be examined in subjects for second grade and, in addition, civil government, English composition, physical geography, history of education, elementary psychology, and English sCnd American liter- ature; holder of State permanent primary certificate may, during first six years of its validity, build to State permanent by standing examination in additional subjects of algebra, physics, elementary geometry, general history, chemistry, solid geometry, plane trigonometry, and elementary double-entry bookkeeping. Holder of a State first-grade certificate may build to a State permanent primary by standing examination in additional subjects of history of education, elementary psychology, English and American literature, and he must make general average of 85 per cent and not less than 50 per cent in any one subject. Applicant for State permanent certificate shall be ex- amined in subjects prescribed for second and first grade certificates and, in addition, in history of education, psychology, English and American litera- ture, chemistry, solid geometry, physics, plane trigonometry, and elementary double-entry bookkeeping. In building to a higher certificate applicant shall have privilege of being examined in one or more subjects at any one exami- nation. Holder of a second-grade or permanent primary certificate shall be eligible to teach only in elementary grades; holder of first-grade or perma- nent certificate shall be eligible to teach in any public school. Diploma of a Texas normal college shall be equivalent to State permanent certificate; holder of first-grade certificate from a Texas normal college shall be entitled B (b). TEACHEES' CERTIFICATES, GENERAL. 419 to teach six years; holder of second-grade from such college shall be entitled to teach four years; holder of diploma from Peabody Normal College at Nashville, Tenn., shall be entitled to a State permanent certificate. State superintendent may provide summer normal institutes in which examinations . may be held for the certification of teachers. Teachers' diploma granted by University of Texas representing four full courses in education and the B. A. degree shall entitle holder to State permanent certificate; four full courses in the college of arts and one full course in department of education of State University or any college ranked by State superintendent as first class shall entitle holder to first-grade certificate, valid for four years. Holder of diploma conferring degree of B. A. or equivalent bachelor's degree who has had four full courses in education in a college of the first class may be granted a per- manent State certificate; holder of such a diploma who has not had four courses in education may receive a permanent certificate after teaching three years. In towns and cities having 500 or more school population, organized as special districts, conducting schools for nine months and employing a superintendent, such superintendent and two teachers appointed by him shall constitute board of examiners; certificates valid only in city where issued. Kinds of certificates: Temporary second grade, first grade, and high school and i>ermanent primary, first grade, and high school ; requirements shall not be below requirements for same grade of State or county certificate. Teachers of special branches may be employed. Graduate of College of Industrial Arts at Denton having completed two full courses in education shall be entitled to State first-grade certificate valid for six years, and after having taught three years may receive a State permanent certificate. Holder of diploma from a State normal college or of a life certificate from another State may receive a State permanent certificate on recommendation of State board of examiners. Diploma from a Texas State educational institution shall en- title holder who has had two years of kindergarten training in addition to regular course to a State kindergarten certificate valid for four years; after three years of teaching such certificate may be made permanent. All cer- tificates must be recorded by county superintendent. Misdemeanor to trafl3lc in examination questions. State superintendent may appoint a State board of examiners to consists of not fewer than three competent teachers, and he may increase the number as conditions require. Certificate may be canceled f jr cause by authority issuing it, but holder may appeal to State board of education. Alteration of teacher's certificate shall constitute forgery. See also A (c2). County oflScers; F (b). Teachers' salaries. Utah: State board of education may grant diplomas of two grades, State high^ school and State grammar; five-year State certificates of one grade. State grammar; and temporary high-school certificates valid for one year. State diplomas and certificates shall be issued only to professional teachers over 20 years old of good moral character and good health who have taught success- fully two years in the State and who pass examination in required subjects. Validity: In any county, city, town, or school district; high-school diplomas In any department of the public schools ; grammar-grade diploma, in grammar and primary departments ; State certificates, in grammar and primary grades. Subjects required for examination for professional high-school diploma, or in which a high degree of scholarship must otherwise be shown : Arithmetic, United States history, reading and elocution, spelling, English grammar, political and physical geography, physiology, algebra, physics, rhetoric, draw- ing, plane and solid geometry, botany, English literature, general history and science of education, and psychology; also any three of following: 420 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Chemistry, geology, Frencli, German, Latin, Greek, trigonometry, zoology, biology, and mineralogy. Subjects required for examination for professional grammar-grade diploma or in which other evidence of proficiency must be shown : Arithmetic, United States history, reading and elocution, spelling, English grammar, political and physical geography, physiology, nature studies, algebra, physics, rhetoric, drawing, plane geometry, botany, English litera- ture, general history, civics, history and science of education, and psychology. Normal certificates or diplomas issued by the University of Utah shall have the force of State certificates, and after teaching successfully for two years holders shall be entitled to high-school diplomas. Holders of normal cer- tificates of the University of Utah, holders of high-school certificates issued in cities of first and second classes, and holders of territorial certificates and State diplomas and certificates now in force may, at discretion of State board of education, be exempt from examination in subjects which were required in the examination for such certificates. Life diploma issued in other States, when of equal ranli with those of Utah, may be countersigned by State super- intendent and become valid as life diploma in this State after two years teaching by holder. Professional diploma becomes invalid if holder allows five years to elapse without engaging in some educational pursuit. State board of education may appoint assistants to conduct examination and pay expenses of such examinations out of State school fund. State board may revolie for cause diplomas and certificates issued under provisions of this chapter. State board of education shall authorize the superintendent of schools in each county to conduct examinations at such times and places and under such regulations as board may direct ; questions shall be prepared by State board and papers of applicants shall be forwarded to it for grading. Board shall determine grades to be made. Two grades of county certificates: County grammar and county primary, which shall be valid for one year, but may be renewed from year to year. Qualifications required : Proficiency in pedagogy and ability to teach reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, geography. United States history, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, nature studies, and drawing, and in addition (after 1911) applicant must file with State board evidence of having had at least a four-year high-school course and must pass examination in psychology and the history of education, but this requirement shall not apply to those having taught successfully for three years. State board may grant nonrenewable temporary certificates valid until next regular examination. Special certificates may be granted to teachers of special branches. County superintendent or district board may employ temporarily a teacher who has made application to State board for certificate. State board may grant to graduates of normal training schools of high-standard certificates valid for two years. Holder of county certificate shall be over 18 years old, and certificate shall be valid throughout the State. State board shall revoke certificates for cause. Person disclosing questions for examina- tion may be fined between $100 and $500. State board may employ assistants to prepare questions and grade papers. See also A(f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: Superintendent of education shall provide for examination and certification of teachers, and shall have questions for examination printed; shall make regulations for such examination and certification; under direc- tion of said superintendent the superintendent of a union shall conduct such examinations, and shall rate applicants in certain designated subjects ; expenses of examinations shall be met by joint committee of the union. Superintend- E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 421 ent of education may hold special examinations; persons appointed to con- duct such examinations shall receive $3 per day and expenses, to be a charge against the State. A first-grade certificate may be renewed without exami- nation if holder has taught in the State 50 weeks. Necessary clerical assist- ance shall be given superintendent of education for purposes of this chapter, to be a State charge. No person shall teach in public schools without having a certificate or a permit to teach ; no person under 17 years old shall teach in public schools. Every teacher shall, before school begins, notify town superintendent of date and grade of certificate held, and, upon request, shall submit certificate to said superintendent. A graduate from a lower course of a normal school in this State may, upon recommendation of State board of education, receive a certificate without examination valid for five years and renewable for same period without examination if holder has taught 50 weeks in the State; a graduate of the higher course of such normal school may receive such certificate, valid for 10 years, and may be renewed to continue in force during pleasure of State superintendent, if holder has taught 50 weeks in the State. A graduate of a normal school of another State may receive, without examination, from the superintendent of education, on presentation of credentials, a first-grade certificate valid for five years, sub- ject to same provisions as certificates of graduation from a normal school in this State. Teachers' examinations shall be both oral and written; shall be held at such times and places as superintendent of education shall desig- nate; facts relative to applicants and examination papers shall be kept on file by said superintendent ; a person who fails to pass shall have no other examination within three months; certificates shall be of three grades — first, second, and third ; first-grade certificate, valid for five years, shall be awarded to person whose papers reach required standard and who has taught 40 weeks and is of good moral character and is able to govern; a certificate of first grade may be issued, without examination, to graduate of a college approved by said superintendent, renewable if applicant has taught 40 weeks. A second-grade certificate, valid for two years, shall be issued to person who has passed examination in the branches required by law to be taught in public schools, whose papers reach required standard and who Is of good moral character and is able to govern. A first or second grade certificate issued on examination, held by teacher employed continuously in the same town, shall remain in force during such employment. A certificate of third grade may be issued for a time not exceeding one year; such certificate may be limited to the teaching of a particular school; shall be issued to person who has passed examination in required public-school branches, and who is of good moral character and is able to govern; a person who has twice taken such certificate and has taught 28 weeks shall not again be eligible to receive such certificate. Superintendent of education may issue special certificates, without examination, to former holders of first and second grade certificates or for special training for teaching; such certificates shall be license to teach special high-school branches, music, drawing, physical culture, or industrial arts or sciences ; such certificates shall be valid for five or two years, according to certificate formerly held by such person; and in case of special training during pleasure of said superintendent. A special third- grade certificate, valid for one year, may be issued without examination to person who has taught 50 weeks in public schools, or who has held a second- gi'ade certificate or its equivalent, and has taught 20 weeks in public schools ; a second special third-grade certificate shall not be issued to a person until he has received a second or first grade certificate on examination. A certifi- 422 STATte LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. cate valid until revoked by superintendent of education shall be Issued to following: A person who has taught in the public schools 500 weeks; a graduate of a college who has devoted at least eight years in teaching or supervising public schools in this State; a person who has taught for 200 days in public schools of this State, and who has held first-grade certifi- cates for 10 years or certificates of first and second grades 12 years or certifi- cates of second and third grade, or their equivalents, for 14 years, if no special certificates be included ; a normal-school graduate who has taught for 200 days under one 10-year certificate or two 5-year certificates. Said super- intendent may issue, without examination, a certificate to a primary teacher who has taught 300 weeks, or to graduate of approved kindergarten training school, valid for five years. A town superintendent may give private exami- nations for a permit to teach in a particular school for term not to exceed 12 weeks; results of such examinations shall be transmitted to superintendent of education, who may issue permits to applicants; not more than one per- mit shall be granted a person before he has received a certificate on public examination; not more than one-third of the terms of a school year, and not exceeding five terms, shall be taught under permits in a town. Any certificate may be revoked for cause. A person who has been taught in public schools of State or has served as union superintendent for 200 days and has held first-grade certificate for 10 years may receive, without exami- nation, a certificate to teach during pleasure of superintendent of education. State board of education shall, through superintendent of education, award high-school certificates valid for five years. See also A (d), District boards and officers; G (b), State normal schools; G (c). County and local normal schools. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards, Washington: Certificates and diplomas shall be divided into five classes. First class shall be common-school certificates an4 diplomas, as follows: Third-grade certificates, second-grade certificates, first-grade primary cer- tificates, first-grade certificates, professional certificates, permanent first- grade primary certificates, permanent first-grade certificates, permanent pro- fessional certificates, life certificates. There shall be three grades of city certificates — high school, grammar school, and primary. Certificates and diplomas of the higher institutions of learning shall be: Normal school, State College of Washington, and University of Washington. There shall be temporary certificates and special certificates. An examination for certification of teachers of the State for third, second, first grade primary and first-grade certificates shall be held at each county seat by county superintendent under rules of State board of education on second Thursday of May and December and on last Thursday of August; examination shall last three days; for professional and life certificates on above-named days of May and August only. County superintendent shall transmit to State superintendent, who shall keep same on file for at least 60 days. Applicant for third-grade common-school certificates shall pass an ex- amination in reading, grammar, penmanship and punctuation, history of United States, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, theory and art of teaching, orthography, and Washington State manual; said certificate valid for two years; if holder of such certificate shall attend an accredited institution of higher education for one year, he shall, upon application, re- ceive a second-grade certificate. Applicant for second-grade certificate shall have credits in same subjects as for third-grade certificate and shall take E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 423 examination in music; said certificate shall be valid for two years and may be renewed if holder has attended an institution of higher education one semester or accredited summer school for six weeks or has taught 16 months. Applicant for first-grade primary certificate must have taught at least 45 months in primary grades, shall have credits in same subjects as for second- grade certificate, and must pass examination in nature study, drawing, literature, and physical geography ; but State board of education may accept other subjects in lieu of two of above subjects at request of applicant ; said certificate valid for five years in primary grades only and may be renewed if holder has attended an institution of higher education for one year or has taught for not less than 24 months under such primary certificate. Applicant for first-grade certificate must have taught at least nine months and shall have credits in same subjects as for second-grade certificate, and also in physics, English literature, algebra, and physical geography; State board of education may accept other subjects in lieu of two of these upon request of applicant ; applicant must secure same number of credits as for a first-grade primary certificate; such certificate, valid for five years, may be renewed in same manner and on same conditions as first-grade primary certificate. Applicant for professional certificate shall meet all requirements for a first- grade certificate, but must have taught successfully 24 months, at least eight months of which shall have been in this State, and shall pass examination in plane geometry, geology, botany, zoology, and civil government, but State board of education may, upon request of applicant, accept other subjects in lieu of any or all of such subjects ; said certificate, valid for five years, may be renewed in same manner and under same conditions as first-grade certifi- cate. Applicant for permanent certificate must be holder of a first-grade primary certificate, a first-grade certificate, or a professional certificate, or a renewal of any one of these, in full force and effect, and must have taught not less than 72 months, nor less than 36 months in this State, nor less than 18 months subsequent to granting certificate upon which application is made ; upon indorsement of county superintendent a permanent certificate shall be issued of same grade as that held by applicant, valid for life, unless revoked for good cause. Applicant for life certificate must have taught 45 months, not less than 27 of which shall have been in this State ; he must have credits required for professional certificates and shall pass examination in psy- chology, history of education, bookkeeping, composition, general history, but State board of education may accept other subjects in lieu thereof upon request of applicant ; such certificate may be revoked for good cause. In any city employing 100 or more teachers board of directors may appoint a board of examiners consisting of superintendent of schools and two asso- ciate examiners having practical experience as teachers, and who are resi- dents of city. Powers of examiners: To adopt rules and regulations not incon- sistent with law or rules of State board of education for examination and certification of teachers, prepare questions, and issue city high-school cer- tificates (valid for one year and renewable), grammar-school certificates (valid for one year and renewable), and city primary certificates (valid for one year and renewable). Board of directors shall report certificates issued to county superintendent and superintendent of public instruction. Said examiners may recommend to board of directors renewals of such certificates. No such certificate shall be issued to any person under 18 years old, or to a person of immoral habits, or to a person afflicted with a serious infectious or hereditary disease. City primary and city grammar certificates shall be granted only to those who have passed examination in pedagogics, school 424 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. management, and general school system of State, and who are proficient in reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, physi- ology and hygiene. United States history, and such other English branches as directors may prescribe; such examination shall be especially adapted to discover fitness of applicants to teach such branches. Applicant for city high-school certificate shall pass in subjects required for grammar certificates, and also in civil government, physical geography, elementary physics, algebra, botany, and such other subjects as directors may prescribe. See also E (a). Certification of teachers, general. West Virginia: All matters relative to examination and certification of teachers shall be under control of superintendent of free schools; teachers' examinations shall be held simultaneously at such places in the counties as may be designated by county superintendents, subject to approval of State superintendent. Sum of $8,600 is annually appropriated from general school fund to meet expenses of such examinations. Applicants for teachers' certifi- cates must pass examination in orthography, reading, penmanship, arith- metic, English grammar and language, physiology and hygiene. United States history. State history, geography, civil government, agriculture, and theory and art of teaching ; and applicants for certificates good in advanced grades or in high schools must, in addition to the foregoing, pass examinations in general history and single-entry boolikeeping ; applicants for high-school and primary certificates shall pass examination in such other branches as State board of education may prescribe ; applicants having passed one examination may talie a part of the branches, not exceeding one-half, in a second or third examination of same year, upon payment of one-half of fee, and State superintendent may allow such applicant benefit of his highest grade in each such branch. State superintendent shall prepare and send examination ques- tions under seal to county superintendents ; said county superintendents shall conduct examinations under rules of State superintendent, shall break seals in presence of applicants, and shall return manuscripts under seal to State superintendent ; applicants shall be of good moral character and shall not be under 17 years old. Manuscripts shall be examined by State superintendent and his assistants, who shall be actively engaged in school work. Applicants receiving average of 90 per cent and not lower than 75 per cent on any branch shall receive first-grade certificates; average of 80 per cent and not lower than 65 per cent on any branch, second grade; average of 70 per cent and not lower than 60 per cent on any branch, third grade; no certificate shall be granted to an applicant until State superintendent is satisfied as to Identity of applicant. Certificates shall be signed by State superintendent, sent to county superintendent, and countersigned by county superintendent. Certificates may be revoked for cause. Certificates shall be valid in any district or independent district except in independent districts authorized by law to issue certificates, and in such independent districts at option of board of education thereof. First-grade certificate shall be valid for five years ; may be renewed for five years if holder has taught three years under original first-grade certificate and has passed examination in elementary agriculture ; second or third renewal for five years may be had if holder has taught three years under first renewal and has passed examination in two of books of State reading circle course, or has done nine weeks of work at approved normal school or other approved school, or has done work of equal v^lue ; at termination of third renewal holder may be awarded first-grade life certificate, if he has taught at least three years of the last five and has maintained active interest In educational work. Second-grade certificates shall be valid for E(b), TEACHERS^ CERTIFICATES, GENERAL. 425 three years and third grade for one year ; third-grade certificates shall not be issued to same applicant more than two years in succession; no more than one certificate of same grade shall be issued to an applicant in a school year. If any county superintendent or assistant shall intentionally violate any provision of this act, he shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $200 and confined in jail not less than 60 days nor more than one year. Any person who intentionally breaks or attempts to break the seal on examination ques- tions unlawfully, or who unlawfully has such questions in his possession, or who alters manuscripts, or personates another, or gives or receives aid on such examinations, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine not to exceed $50 and confined in jail not less than 10 days. County superintendents shall report any immorality of holders of certificates to State superintendent. County superintendent may, if there are fewer than 30 applicants, employ one assistant examiner, if more than 30 applicants, two such assistants, each to receive $6 for two days employed ; State superintendent may send a special examiner to conduct any examination. Applicants shall each pay fee of $1.50 ; expenses of examination shall be deducted from aggregate of such fees and balance shall be sent to State auditor to be placed to credit of general school fund; county superintendent shall make reports to State superintendent relative to examinations. State superintendent shall issue first-grade cer- tificates, upon application, to graduates of West Virginia University, who have taken at least six courses in education ; to graduates of normal depart- ment of State normal school and its branches; to graduates of approved normal departments in other schools of State ; to graduates of normal depart- ment of West Virginia Colored Institute. State superintendent may, upon request of county superintendent, issue emergency certificates to persons unable to take regular examinations; fee for such certificate shall be $1.50; such certificate shall be valid only in county where issued and shall not be issued to same person twice. Primary teachers' certificates, valid through- out State for teachers of primary grades, shall be issued upon examination in branches announced by State superintendent, but only to applicants who have taught at least two years under a first or second grade certificate. High- school certificates shall be issued on examination in subjects selected and published by State superintendent, valid throughout State, and renewable on condition that holder shall pass examination in certain other subjects. In payment of salaries and renewal of certificates primary teachers' certificates and high-school certificates shall be considered as first-grade certificates. All certificates issued prior to 1908 shall remain in force for time issued and may be renewed as provided by law. Minimum salary of teachers having certificates of grade of No. 1 shall be $40 per month ; of No. 2, $35 per month ; of No. 3, $30 per month. See also A (bl), State boards. Wisconsin: Any person to be eligible as teacher in common schools shall hold a certificate issued by proper examining officer; no certificate shall have force except in district of officer by whom issued. Certificates shall be of three grades — first, second, and third. No county superintendent shall in- dorse a certificate issued by any other county superintendent or extend life of any certificate beyond limits fixed by law. In any examination for a second-grade certificate, when applicant has taught for one year, examining superintendent may accept standings made in preceding examination in lieu of reexamination, but in not to exceed five subjects. The holder of an un- expired third-grade certificate or county training-school certificate may write on two or more of additional subjects required for second grade ; if holder shall 426 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. pass in two sucli subjects he shall receive a new third-grade certificate; if holder shall pass in all second-grade subjects before expiration of new third- grade certificate, he shall receive a second-grade certificate. If holder of unexpired second-grade certificate shall pass in all additional subjects re- quired for first grade he shall receive first-grade certificate. Every county superintendent shall keep on file examination papers, both questions and answers, during life of certificates. If holder of any certificate shall desire to teach in a county or superintendent district other than one in which cer- tificate was issued, examination papers shall be transferred to superintendent of such county or superintendent district; superintendent receiving such papers may, upon examination of same, grant certificate of like or lower grade valid in his county or district. On and after July 1, 1915, no person who shall not have taught in a public school for at least one year shall be granted a county or city teachers' certificate, unless, in addition to passing subjects required by law for such certificate, he shall have completed State common-school course of study, or its equivalent, or first eight grades of graded schools, or equivalent, and shall have had two additional years of instruction in training, one year of which, or its equivalent, shall have been devoted to teachers' professional studies, but graduates of four-year high schools not maintaining training courses for teachers shall be required to have only one aditional year of training in professional studies; such two years of additional training may be obtained at a State normal school, a county training school, or at a free high school having approved course of study for training teachers, but such high school must have at least three teachers, including principal, and teacher of i^rofessional studies must be a graduate of advanced course of a State normal school or its equivalent or higher institution or course, and shall have had two years of teaching ex- perience; work done at teacher-training schools must meet approval of State superintendent. Every applicant for third-grade certificate shall be examined in orthoepy, spelling, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, elementary composi- tion and grammar, geography, history of United States, civil government of United States and of Wisconsin, physiology and hygiene, school management, manual of elementary course of study, elements of agriculture and rural economics, and in cataloguing and use of school libranes ; in addition he shall have received at least six weeks of professional training, receiving standing in methods of teaching and language, arithmetic and geography, but such professional training shall not be required of persons who have taught for at least eight months prior to July 1, 1910, nor to graduates from approved free high-school teachers' training courses prior to July 1, 1910, nor to graduates of equivalent approved teachers' training courses. A " professional school for teachers" shall mean a State normal school, a county training school, any school above high school offering training course equivalent to that offered in normal schools of the State, in counties not containing train- ing or joint training schools, a free high school maintaining an approved* tea Cher- training course, or an approved teachers' institute. A third-grade certificate shall be valid for not exceeding one year; such certificate may be renewed if holder attends professional school for six weeks, receiving credits in at least two second-grade subjects; may be renewed if holder passes all third-grade subjects. An applicant for a second-grade certificate shall have taught in public schools for at least eight months, and, in addition to third-grade subjects, shall pass examination in physical geography, American literature, English composition ; holder of third-grade certificate may receive second-grade certifl- E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 427 cate if he has taught eight months and has attended, since receiving third- grade certificate, a professional school for at least six weeks and received credits in at least two subjects for second-grade certificate; second-grade certificate shall be valid for three years; it may be renewed if holder passes examination in all second-grade subjects, or may be renewed without exami- nation if holder has taught two years during life of such certificate and has attended a professional school for at least six weeks and received credits in at least two subjects required for first-grade certificate. An applicant for first-grade certificate shall have taught at least eight months in public schools, and shall, in addition to subjects required for second- grade certificate, pass examination in English literature, theory and art of teaching, algebra, physics, and English history ; holder of second-grade certifi- cate may receive first-grade certificate if he has taught eight months and has attended since receiving second-grade certificate, a professional school for at least six weeks and received credits in at least two first-grade subjects; first- grade certificate shall be valid for five years; it may be renewed for one or more i)eriods of five years each If holder has taught 10 years. When supply of legally qualified teachers has been exhausted, the county or city superin- tendent with approval of State superintendent may issue special third-grade certificates on examination in certain subjects. Each county superintendent shall establish for his county, subject to ap- proval of State superintendent, a standard of attainment in each branch of study; such standard shall be uniform in the county or superintendent dis- trict and no certificates shall be issued until such standard is established ; the standard in branches common to second grade and third grade certificates shall be higher for second grade than for third grade; standard in branches common to second grade and first grade certificates shall be higher for first grade then for second grade ; county superintendent may demand examination in such additional branches as applicant may be required to teach ; teachers may be reexamined for purpose of ascertaining qualifications to continue as such teacher. Any applicant refused a certificate may apply to State superin- tendent for reexamination ; if such applicant is found to be legally qualified. State superintendent may issue certificate to such applicant; State superin- tendent may at any time demand examination papers filed with an examining superintendent, and upon examination of same may annul certificates issued thereon if basis is insufficient. Each graduate of a four-year high school shall receive a certificate of his standing; if such graduate receives a first-grade certificate from any county superintendent, and shall have taught at least one year under such certificate, such county' superintendent may countersign his certificate of graduation or diploma at any time before expiration of first- grade certificate, making such certificate or diploma of same force as a first-grade certificate, valid for five years from date when countersigned; more than one such superintendent may countersign such certificate or di- ploma, but same shall be valid only for five years from date of first counter- signature. An examining superintendent may accept standing of applicants made at normal schools of the State in lieu of examination at any time within three years from time such standings were made. Superintendent shall renew no certificate if said certificate shall at the time be in force and effect for a period of more than six months. Any certificate may be revoked by the proper superintendent for good cause, but not until holder thereof has been heard. State superintendent shall annually appoint a board of three members to constitute board of examiners for issuing State certificates ; said superintend- 428 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ent may examine principals of high schools and of free high schools who shall have been elected superintendents of city schools containing such high schools ; a limited State certificate shall be issued to applicants who have passed ex- amination in subjects required for first-grade county certificate and, in addi- tion, in mental philosophy and English literature; an unlimited State cer- tificate to applicants who have passed in aforesaid branches and in any others examiners may prescribe ; applicants for State certificates must satisfy examiners as to character, success, and experience in teaching ; limited State certificates shall be valid for five years, unlimited State certificates until an- nulled; State superintendent shall file papers of applicants for State cer- tificates; any State certificate may be revoked for cause, but not until holder has been heard. Upon certain conditions State superintendent may, upon recommendation of State board of examiners, grant unlimited State certifi- cates to holders of unlimited certificates granted in other States ; State super- intendent may grant to holders of such certificates from other States, when conditions do not warrant issuance of unlimited State certificates thereon, special licenses valid for two years. State superintendent shall issue to graduates from kindergarten training course at any normal school of State a kindergarten license, valid for one year, renewable for one year after one year's teaching; after two years' experience unlimited State kindergarten certificate may be granted to such teacher. State superintendent may issue license, valid for one year, to graduate from manual training or domestic science course at any normal school of State ; such license is renewable after one year's teaching; after two years' teaching an unlimited State certificate may be issued. Graduates of State university who have completed peda- gogical course therein shall receive license valid for one year, renewable for one year after one year of teaching; graduates of any normal school of the State shall receive license valid for one year, renewable for one year after one year of teaching; State superintendent may issue to holder of university or normal school license, if holder has taught two years after graduation, an un- limited State certificate; if holder of elementary nOrmal-school license has taught two years after graduation, he shall receive limited State certificate valid for six years from date of issuance of normal-school certificate ; neither a limited State certificate nor a certificate based on elementary normal-school course shall qualify holder as principal of a four-year free high school. Holders of diplomas granted by incorporated colleges or universities whose courses are equivalent to those of State university, or of normal schools whose courses are equivalent to those of normal schools of this State, may after two years of teaching following graduation, upon recommendation of board of ex- aminers, receive unlimited State certificates ; the holder of a diploma granted upon completion of such course, upon which State certificate has not been issued, may, upon recommendation of examining board, receive from State superintendent a license valid for one year, if holder has taught one year, and renewable for one year. Graduates of colleges and universities, in order to have diplomas authorized for teaching, shall have had preparation in psychol- ogy and pedagogy equivalent to that required in Wisconsin for candidates for a life certificate. State superintendent may countersign diplomas or grant State certificates to public-school supervisors or teachers in colleges or nor- mal schools otherwise legally qualified, or who are recommended by board of examiners. State superintendent may issue special licenses, good only until next meeting of board of examiners, to applicants whose qualifications and credentials shall prove satisfactory to said board, to be issued only in urgent cases; said superintendent may upon recommendation of said board issue E (b). teachers' certificates, general. 429 special certificates to teachers of special subjects; said superintendent may upon like recommendation issue a limited special certificate to teachers of some one special branch, valid in a particular school or district. The holder of a diploma from a manual training school or domestic science school, upon completion of a training course for teachers in same subjects prescribed by- regents of normal schools, and after two years' experience in teaching either of such subjects, as case may be, shall, uix)n recommendation by board of examiners, be entitled to an unlimited certificate to teach in such subject; such holder who fails to receive such certificate may, upon recommendation of board of examiners, be granted a special license in such subject, valid for two years. City superintendents in cities of third and fourth classes shall license teach- ers; may issue certificates to teachers of special branches after examination in such branches as may be provided by school board and approved by State superintendent. The holder of a diploma issued by a kindergarten training school whose course is equivalent to that of normal schools of Wisconsin, who shall have taught for two years in kindergarten or primary grades of Wis- consin after receiving such diploma, may, upon recommendation of board of examiners, receive an unlimited certificate to teach in such grades ; if holder of such diploma shall fail to receive such certificate, he may, upon recom- mendation of said board, receive special license, valid for one year, to teach in such grades. An unlimited State certificate shall, upon recommendation of board of examiners, be issued to kindergarten teacher upon examination and such other conditions as said board may prescribe. In addition to foregoing there shall be three grades of kindergarten certificates — first, second, and third ; for third grade, examination shall be in orthoepy, orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, drawing, music, juvenile literature, and theory and art of kindergarten teaching; for second grade, in all the foregoing and in general literature and the elements of botany ; for first grade, in all the foregoing and in history of education bear- ing on kindergarten development and in elements of zoology ; said third-grade certificate shall be valid for one year, second for two years, and first for four years in the town or city where issued ; if holder of such license shall desire to teach in another district, his examination papers may be transferred to superintendent of such district and used as basis for certificate in such dis- trict. No person shall be a legally qualified kindergarten teacher who does not hold a certificate issued by proper authority ; provisions as to city super- intendents' special certificates, unlimited State kindergarten certificates, and first, second, and third grade kindergarten certificates shall not apply to cities of first class. See also A (d). District boards and officers; G (b). State normal schools; N (a), High schools. Wyoming: State superintendent shall appoint three persons from the prin- cipals of high schools, city and county superintendents, and faculty of the State university as a State board of examiners; compensation of examiners, $5 per day and actual expenses. Examiners shall prepare questions to be used by county superintendents in holding examinations at least twice a year, and shall grade papers when returned by county superintendents. Third-class certificate: Applicant shall pass examination in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, United States history, civil government, physiology and hygiene, and agriculture; general average of 70 per cent and not less than 50 per cent in any one branch is required. Second-class certificate: Applicant shall pass examination in subjects required 430 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. for third class and in rhetoric and theory and practice of teaching; general average of 80 per cent and not less than 60 per cent in any one branch Is required. First-class certificate: Applicant shall pass examination in subjects required for second class and in elementary algebra, English and American literature, elementary psychology, physical geography, and any two of fol- lowing: Plane geometry, botany, zoology, chemistry, general history, Latin, German, political economy, bookkeeping, shorthand; general average of 80 per cent and not less than 60 per cent in any one branch is required. Pro- fessional second-class certifi^cate: Applicant shall pass examination in subjects required for first class, with at least two additional electives, and in school management, pedagogy, methods, and history of education; general average of 80 per cent and not less than 60 per cent in any one branch is required. Professional first-class certificate: Applicant must have taught successfully three years, must hold a professional second class, and pass examination in advanced psychology and school supervision. Examiners shall recommend to State sui>erintendent the issuance of certificates without examination as follows: Third class: To graduates of university preparatory school and four- year high schools. Second class: Same as for third class, with additional requirement that applicant shall have successfully pursued a course at State normal school for not less than 18 tveeks, First class: Same as for third class, with additional requirement that applicant shall have successfully pursued a course at State normal school for not less than one year and shall have taught not less than one year. Professional second class: To graduates of State normal school of the University of Wyoming who have taught at least one year. Professional first class: To graduates of the College of Liberal Arts of the State University who have had major subject in departments of psychology and pedagogy or who pass examination on professional subjects required for a professional second-class certificate, and who have taught two years. Duration of certificates: Third class, one year; second class, two years; first class, four years; professional certificates, for life. Applicant must not be under 17 years old and certificates may be revoked by State superintendent for cause. Third and second class certificates shall be valid for all grades up to the eighth; first class, for all grades up to the eighth, for high-school subjects covered by examination, and for principals or super- intendents of schools not having high-school grades ; professional second class, for all public schools and for principals or superintendents of schools not having more than a two-year high-school course; professional first class, for all public schools and for principals or superintendents of schools of any grade. State superintendent on recommendation of examiners may grant special certificates as follows : Temporary certificate until next regular exam- ination; certificates to graduates of State normal school and of College of Liberal Arts of State University during interim while experience required for life certificate is acquired; special primary certificate; special technical cer- tificate valid for four years to applicant passing examination in special branch to be taught. Examiners may indorse as valid certificates of other States ; they may extend first and second class certificates of applicants hav- ing completed course of study in State reading circle. Certificates shall be registered in office of superintendent of county where school is taught. Fees : Temporary certificates, 50 cents; second and third classes and special, $1; first class and professional, $1.50. County superintendent may issue permit to teach to applicant until next examination. See also A (c2), County officers; L (d), Physiology and hygiene E (c). SPECIAL CEBTIFICATES. 431 E (c). Teachers' Examinations and Certificates, Special. Alabama: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teacliers' certificates, general. Arizona: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; L (i), Manual and indus- trial education. Arkansas: See A (c2). County officers. California: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; E (a), Quali- fication of teachers, general. Colorado: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; M (b). Kindergartens. • Connecticut: See A (d), District boards and officers; N (a), High schools. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards. Florida: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Georgia: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Idaho: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; M (b). Kindergartens. Illinois: See A (d). District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: See A (d). District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: See M (b). Kindergartens; O (a). Industrial education, general. Louisiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: See A (d). District boards and officers. Michigan: See M (b). Kindergartens; O (b). Agricultural schools. Minnesota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Missouri: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Montana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' con- tracts, duties, etc.; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; O (a). Industrial education, general. Nebraska: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Nevada: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. New Jersey: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; L (d), Physiology and hygiene; M (b), Kindergartens; M (c). Evening schools. New Mexico: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New York: See O (a), Industrial education, general. North Dakota: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; M (b), Kinder- gartens. Ohio: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Oregon: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Pennsylvania: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Rhode Island: See E(b), Teachers' certificates, general. South Carolina: See M (b). Kindergartens. South Dakota: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Texas: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general; M (b), Kindergartens. 432 STATt: LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Vermont: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards. Washington: Special certificates shall be issued by county superintendent, or city superintendent if in a city, to applicants who show by examination or otherwise fitness to teach special subjects, such as music, foreign languages, art, manual training, penmanship, kindergarten, domestic science, typewriting, stenography, physical culture, etc. ; such certificates shall be valid where issued so long as holder teaches, unless revoked. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; M (b), Kindergartens. West Virginia: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; M (b), Kinder- gartens. Wisconsin: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; M (b), Kindergartens. B (d). Teachers* Certificates: Validity, Indorsement, Registration, Revocation. Alabama: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools. Arizona: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Arkansas: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County ofllcers. California: See A (bl), State boards; A (el), County boards. Colorado: See A (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Connecticut: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Delaware: See A (c2). County officers. Florida: See A (c2), County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Georgia: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Idaho: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Illinois: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: See A (b2). State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: See A (c2). County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools; P (c), State Universities and colleges. Louisiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Maine: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Maryland: See A (b2). State officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and officers. Michigan: See A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general, Minnesota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Mississippi: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Missouri: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. E (e). RECOGNITION OF DIPLOMAS. 433 Montana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' con- tracts, duties, etc. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools. Nevada: See A (bl). State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New Jersey: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. New Mexico: See A (bl). State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. New York: See A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. North Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Ohio: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Oregon: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Pennsylvania: See A (b2). State officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. South Carolina: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards. South Dakota: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Tennessee: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Texas: See A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Utah: See A (c2). County officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. • E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Vermont: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards. Washington: Any certificate may be revoked for good cause by authority issuing the same upon complaint by any superintendent after holder has been heard. When certificate is revoked, holder shall not receive another cer- tificate within 12 months. Any teacher whose certificate has been revoked may appeal to superintendent of public instruction when certificate has been revoked by county superintendent; to State board of education when certifi- cate has been revoked by superintendent of public instruction or by faculty of State university. State college, or the normal schools. See also A (bl). State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. West Virginia: See A (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Wisconsin: 'See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools. E (e)% Teachers' Certificates: Recognition of Normal School and College or University Diplomas. See also G (b). Normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Arizona: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Arkansas: A diploma from the teachers' training department of the University of Arkansas shall be equivalent to a teacher's professional license, valid in any public school in the State for six years, and after the expiration of said 3966°— 15 ^28 434 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. period may be converted into a life certificate. A diploma from the State Normal School, Conway, Ark., shall be equivalent to a teacher's professional license, valid in any public school in the State for six years, and after ex- piration of said period may be converted into a life certificate. See also A (bl), State boards. California: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; G (b), State normal schools. Colorado: See A (bl). State boards; G (b), State normal schools. Delaware: See A (c2), County oflicers. Florida: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Georgia: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Idaho: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools. Illinois: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: See G (b), State normal schools. Iowa: Graduates of colleges outside the State, having courses of equal rank with the accredited colleges and schools of Iowa, may be given recognition as graduates of Iowa colleges upon filing with the State board of examiners evidence of at least two years of successful experience. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools. Kansas: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools. Kentucky: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Louisiana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools. Maine: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Maryland: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and officers. Michigan: See A (bl). State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools. Minnesota: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Mississippi: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools. Missouri: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools. Montana: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools. Nevada: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools; P (c). State universities and colleges. New Hampshire: See B (a), General State finance and support. New Jersey: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New Mexico: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools. New York: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. E(f). teachers' associations DREADING CIRCLES. 435 North Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; P (c), State uni- versities and colleges. Ohio: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Oregon: See B (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Pennsylvania: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. South Carolina: See A (cl), County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools. South Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Tennessee: See A (bl), State boards; B (a). General State finance and sup- port; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Texas: See B (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Utah: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; P (c). State universities and colleges. Vermont: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools. Virginia: See A (bl). State boards. Washington: Certificates and diplomas of the normal schools, of State College of Washington, and of University of Washington shall be granted as provided by law. (See University, State College, Normal Schools.) See also A (bl), State boards; G (b), State normal schools. West Virginia: See A (bl^, State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools. Wisconsin: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; N (a). High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; P (c), State universities and colleges. E (f). Teachers' Associations; Reading Circles. See also G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Arkansas: See N (a), High schools. California: See G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Georgia: See G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Iowa: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Louisiana: See G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Maine: See A (b2). State officers; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Maryland: District, county, and State teachers' associations recommended; county superintendent shall aid in organizing, encourage attendance, secure lectures ; they may occupy any schoolhouse. See also G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Michigan: See G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools. New Jersey: See S (b), Public school libraries. 436 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards. Oregon: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. South Dakota: The teachers' reading circle board of managers shall consist of the president of the State educational association, the State superin- tendent, and a member elected by the county superintendents. Said board shall meet annually to select the books to be used in the teachers' reading circle. West Virginia: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. F. TEACHERS: EMPLOYMENT; CONTRACT; APPOINTMENT; DISMISSAL. (a) General; Tenure; Duties, etc. Alabama: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Arizona: Duties of teachers. — To present certificate to county superintendent for recording; notify county superintendent of time of opening and closing school ; enforce course of study, adopted textbooks, and rules of State board of education; suspend pupils for cause, but in schools having a city super- intendent or principal this authority shall be vested in him; keep school register; report annually to county superintendent, as prescribed by State board of education, and make such other reports as may be required. When dismissed, teacher may appeal to county superintendent. For using sectarian books, teaching sectarian doctrine, or conducting religious exercises teacher shall be liable to have certificate revoked. No superintendent, principal, or teacher afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis shall be employed, and, when required by school board, such person shall submit to medical examination at least twice a year. See also A (d). District boards and officers. Arkansas: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ' California: Duties of teachers. — To file certificate with superintendent before assuming charge of a school; notify county superintendent before opening school and one week before closing; enforce the course of study, rules and regulations, and use of prescribed textbooks; suspend for cause a pupil and report the same to school board; keep a State school register; leave report at close of school showing program of recitations, classification, and grading of all pupils (salary withheld until such report is made) ; make annual statistical report to county superintendent Principal of school having more than one teacher shall combine reports into one to county superintendent. Average attendance shall by county superintendent be credited to districts in which children reside. Teachers shall make such other reports as may be required by State superintendent, county superintendent, or school board. In case of destruction of records teacher shall make certificate as to facts, except average attendance, which shall be computed on basis of previous years. School month is 20 days. On being dismissed, teacher may appeal to county superintendent. A teacher whose salary is withheld may appeal F (a), teachers' contracts, duties, etc. 437 to state superintendent, whose decision shall be final. If teacher leaves school before expiration of contract, certificate shall be suspended for one year. No warrant shall be drawn in favor of a teacher unless such teacher holds a proper certificate ; teachers shall inculcate morality and good citizen- ship ; teacher must be 18 years old or over. Male and female teachers shall receive the same compensation for like services. See also A (d). District boards and officers: I (a), Discipline, general. Colorado: See A (d), District boards and officers; N (a). High schools. Connecticut: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Delaware: Every teacher in the free public schools shall annually make a statistical report to the State board of education, and a copy of the same shall be forwarded to the county superintendent. See also A (cl), County boards. Florida: Every teacher shall (1) labor faithfully to advance pupils in their studies and moral development; (2) require pupils to keep clean, observe good manners, and refrain from bad habits; (3) see that schoolhouse and property are not unnecessarily injured; (4) enforce needful restrictions upon conduct of pupils in schoolhouse or on grounds; (5) suspend pupils for cause, giving notice to parents and to supervisor; (6) hold a public examina- tion at close of each term; (7) deliver keys to supervisor at close of school. Teacher may be temporarily absent from school for not exceeding three days and may provide a substitute with approval of county superintendent, trustees, or supervisor; when teacher is absent exceeding three days, tem- parory vacancy shall be filled by county board of education, county super- intendent, or board of trustees. Teacher shall make monthly report before warrant for salary shall be drawn. See also A (cl), County boards; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Georgia: See A (cl). County boards; A (f), Administrative units — dis- tricts, etc. Idaho: Trustees shall furnish teacher with register, in which teacher shall keep record of attendance, etc., and which must be returned to trustees; teacher shall fill blank report furnished and send to county superintendent; for failure to make such report teacher may forfeit 10 per cent of salary. Teacher may suspend a pupil for cause and reix>rt the matter to trustees who shall determine the matter, but teacher may appeal to county superintend- ent. Teacher shall make required reports, use textbooks provided, enforce course of study and rules and regulations prescribed by State superintendent. Teacher must hold a valid certificate. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools. Illinois: See A (d). District boards and officers. Indiana: No teacher shall be employed who does not hold a license issued by proper State or county authority, but teacher may finish a school term if license expires within said term; trustees shall not employ any teacher whom a majority of those entitled to vote at school meeting have decided at a regular meeting they do not wish employed. No trustee shall contract with a teacher whose term of service is to begin after the expiration of said trustee's term of office ; contracts shall be in writing on uniform blanks pre- scribed by State superintendent. At the end of school term teacher shall make a statistical report to trustee or trustees; not exceeding 75 per cent 438 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of teacher's salary shall be paid until said report is made. Any person going to a school and insulting a teacher may be fined not exceeding $25, which shall be paid into the general tuition revenue. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Iowa: See A (d), District boards and officers. Kansas: See A (d), District boards and officers; N (a), IDgh schools. Kentucky: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Lonisiana: See A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Maine: Every teacher of a public school shall keep a register of pupils with ages, days attended by each, etc., textbooks used, and other facts indicated on blank form furnished; no teacher shall receive final payment at end of term until such register is deposited with school committee. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Maryland: See A (cl), County boards; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; J (b), Medical inspection. Massachusetts: The school committee of a city or town, in electing a teacher or superintendent who has served such city or town for the three preceding years, shall elect such teacher or superintendent at the discretion of said committee ; said committee may dismiss any teacher or superintendent upon a t\^fo-thirds vote of the whole committee, but no teacher or superintendent shall be dismissed unless given 30 days' notice of the meeting at which the committee shall vote on the question of dismissal, nor unless he shall have been given, upon his request, a statement of reasons for such proposed dis- missal ; nor unless also, in the case of a teacher, the superintendent of schools shall have given to the school committee his recommendations as to the proposed dismissal. No teacher so employed at the discretion of the com- mittee shall suffer a decrease in salary without his consent, except by a gen- eral salary revision ; no superintendent so employed shall suffer any decrease in salary without his consent until at least one year after such reduction has been voted. The school committee may suspend a teacher or superintendent for immoral or unbecoming conduct, and if such person is subsequently dis- missed, he shall receive no salary for i)eriod of suspension. This act shall not apply to superintendents of superintendency unions or to the city of Boston. No school committee shall restrict any teacher in the exercise of his political rights, but such rights shall not be exercised on school premises or so as to interfere with school duties. Any person desiring to teach in the public schools may file with the State board of education a written application to that effect ; the State board shall make lists of such applicants, and, when requested, give information of such applicants to school officials. Any graduate of a high or normal school in Massachusetts or other school of equal grade, or graduate of a reputable college, if such graduate is of good character, may file application for a school position with the State board upon payment of a fee of $2. The State board shall make no charges to teachers or school committees for such services other than the application fee of $2 ; said board shall distribute a list of such applicants to school committees. No person or agency shall accept from an applicant for the position of teacher in the public schools a fee in excess of F (a). TEACHERS* CONTRACTS, DUTIES, ETC. 439 $2, unless a position is secured for such applicant, whereupon an additional fee not to exceed 5 per cent of applicant's first-year salary may be charged. No school superintendent shall accept any fee or reward of any kind for obtaining a position for a teacher. Any violation of this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $500. See also A (d), District boards and oflicers. Michigan: The State superintendent shall establish and maintain in his ofllce a bureau of information wherein teachers desiring employment may, on pay- ment of a fee of $1, register and file information regarding their qualifications and wherein school officers and superintendents may register vacancies. In- formation shall be given free of charge, but neither superintendent nor any- one employed in his office shall be required to recommend any teacher. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Minnesota: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Mississippi: Teachers shall notify county superintendent before closing term; enforce course of study ; use adopted textboolis ; " hold pupils to a strict ac- count for disorderly conduct on the way to and from school, on the play- ground, or during recess " ; suspend pupils. Trustees must not be interested in any school contracts; parent or guardian who insults or abuses teacher guilty of misdemeanor; officer or teacher interested in sale or profit of any books, apparatus, or furniture guilty of a misdemeanor; where there are out- standing school warrants unpaid, board of supervisors may issue warrant on any county funds ; if there are no such funds, counties may make special levy not to exceed 1 mill; in counties where teachers have not been paid and securities on official bond of county superintendent have paid full penalty of his bond into the treasury, board of supervisors may authorize claim paid out of any general county fund. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; F (b), Teachers' salaries. Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers. Montana: No person under 18 years old may teach in a public school; no person is eligible to teach who has not a State or county certificate. On request of a school board or county superintendent, State superintendent may grant without examination a special certificate valid only in the district re- questing the same and for one year in music, drawing, etc. To be eligible teacher must be a citizen of the United States or must have declared intention to become such. After election of any teacher for second consecutive year such teacher shall be deemed reelected from year to year thereafter, unless school board shall give notice before May 1 that his services will not be required for following year ; a principal shall be given such notice before Feb- ruary 1. Duties of teachers: To enforce course of study and regulations; keep register as prescribed by State superintendent; make annual report to county superintendent and make such additional reports as may be required by State superintendent, and teacher may forfeit last month's salary for failure to make reports herein required ; exercise diligence in care of school property. After notice to parent, teacher may inflict corporal punishment, but in case of flagrant defiance such punishment may be infiicted without notice to parent. Misdemeanor to insult teacher in presence of school ; misdemeanor to disturb a school or school meeting. Upon dismissal, teacher may appeal to county superintendent. Teacher who leaves the school before the expiration 440 STATEl LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of employment 6hall be guilty of unprofessional conduct and county superin- tendent may suspend certificate for six months or State superintendent may suspend State certificate or life diploma for one year. See also A (d), District boards and officers; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Nebraska: See A (d), District boards and officers; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Nevada: To receive public-school money, every teacher shall be legally em- ployed by a board of trustees, hold a bona fide certificate, make a full and correct report to the State superintendent and to board of district trustees, take oath of office. Teachers shall, upon opening school, file with deputy superintendent certificate, together with oath of office; make annual report before close of school, whereupon salary of last month shall be paid; make record of pupils; enforce course of study and authorized textbooks; hold pupils to strict account for their conduct, but no child under 14 years of age shall be suspended or expelled without consent of deputy superintendent. See also A (d). District boards and officers. New Hampsliire: See A (d), District boards and officers; G (b). State normal schools. New Jersey: District board of education may make rules and regulations governing employment of principals and teachers; in absence of such rules and regulations written contract shall be made between said board and teacher; school month shall consist of 20 school days; no teacher shall be employed who does not hold a proper teacher's certificate; commissioner of education shall prepare and distribute blanks for teachers' contracts; any teacher dismissed without good cause shall receive compensation for full term of contract ; any teacher who leaves school before expiration of contract without consent of board shall suffer suspension of his certificate for period not exceeding one year; teacher shall keep a school register, and no salary shall be paid any teacher unless such register has been properly kept; no teacher shall be required to teach on a public holiday, and no deduction shall be made in salary of teacher on account of such holiday ; a teacher may sus- pend a pupil for good cause and shall report such suspension to board of edu- cation ; no principal, teacher, or other person employed in any capacity in any school or educational institution, whether public or private, shall inflict corpo- ral punishment upon any pupil attending said school or institution; no religious service or exercise, except reading ^ the Bible and repeating of the Lord's Prayer, shall be held in any school receiving public funds; no teacher shall be required to serve on any jury while school is in session; service of teachers, principals, and supervising principals of public schools in any school district shall be during good behavior and efficiency, after three years of con- secutive employment in such district, unless a shorter period is fixed by board ; no principal or teacher shall be dismissed or subjected to reduction of salary except for good cause and not until teacher has been heard; school board may subpoena witnesses and administer oaths ; board may reduce num- ber of teachers when deemed advisable ; service of a teacher shall terminate upon expiration of his certificate. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. New Mexico: See A (d), District boards and officers. New York: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. F (a), teachers' contracts, duties, etc. 441 North Carolina: The school committee of each township or district may em- ploy and dismiss teachers, but no teacher shall be dismissed except upon charges filed with county superintendent and after a hearing before the committee; no election of a teacher shall be valid until approved by county superintendent. At end of term teacher or principal shall report attendance statistics to com- mittee. Monthly reports shall also be made to committee and county super- intendent, and superintendent may require weekly reports. Where monthly or weekly report of district having fewer than 150 children shows average attendance of less than one-fifth of school census, committee may, with approval of county superintendent, close school. County boards are directed to provide for paying teachers monthly. See also A (cl), County boards. North Dakota: See A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Ohio: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oklahoma: No school trustee shall appoint any person, related to him or any other trustee by affinity or consanguinity within the third degree, to any position over which such trustee has control. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (h). Separation of the races. Oregon: Duties of teacliers. — To maintain order in school; commence school at 9 a. m. and close at 4 p. m., allowing recess of one hour at noontime, unless directors order a less number of hours ; promote knowledge, politeness, clean- liness, morality, and include physiology and hygiene ; keep a register of pupils and file the same at close of school term with the district clerk; give atten- tion to temperature and ventilation and see that children have proper exer- cise and play. Teacher may dismiss pupils under 8 years old after a session of four hours. Board may reduce noon recess in rainy season to 30 minutes and dismiss pupils at 3.30. Pupils shall comply with regulations established in pursuance of law and shall submit to the authority of teachers. Every teacher leaving a school before end of term shall make to county superintend- ent a report of time taught. No teacher shall receive any salary from the public-school fund until his certificate is registered and indorsed by county superintendent. Teacher must follow course of study prescribed by the State board of education. Any teacher quitting a school before the expira- tion of his contract without giving 30 days' written notice shall have "his cer- tificate revoked, except in case of sickness or unavoidable circumstances, but the school board may release a teacher from a contract. Every person in charge of a public or private school having an average attendance of 50 or more shall hold fire drills at least once a month; instruction in fire dangers shall be given children between 6 and 14 years old; State superintendent of public instruction shall prepare a book of lessons on such dangers. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High schools. Pennsylvania: Every teacher in the public schools must be of good moral character, and at least 18 years old; teachers holding certificates which ex- empt from further examination, may be elected for a period not exceeding three years; in districts of second, third, and fourth class all teachers' con- tracts shall be in writing and shall be executed on behalf of board of school 442 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. directors by president and secretary, and signed by the teacher ; if any school is closed on account of contagious disease, destruction of buildings by fire, or for other causes school district shall be liable for salaries of teachers for full term; no teacher shall be employed by any board of directors if related to any member of the board, unless by a three-fourths vote of all members of the board; any teacher, for just cause, may be dismissed by. board, but not until after a full hearing; any teacher, unless released by board, refusing or neglecting to comply with his contract, except when prevented by personal sickness, shall be disqualified from teaching in any public school during the term of his contract ; minimum salary of every teacher holding professional or State certificate, having taught two years, shall be $50 per school month ; minimum salary of every other teacher shall be $40 per month ; minimum salaries of teachers shall be increased from $50 to $55 and from $40 to $45 per month if the legislature shall increase the appropriation for public schools to allow sufficiently for such an increase. These minimum provisions shall not apply to any teacher engaged only in night school, or for a part only of the school day or school month. Directors of district of third or fourth class having no district superintendent may employ for a term not exceeding three years a supervising principal; qualifications shall be same as for superin- tendent of schools; two or more districts may jointly employ a supervising principal, or supervisors of special subjects. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; L (m), Sectarian instruc- tion, Bible. Rhode Island: See A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. South Carolina: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: Teachers shall be employed by written contract with the district school board. The following conditions shall be understood as form- ing a part of every contract whether expressed therein or not: (1) Teacher shall not hold school on the legal holidays — May 30, July 4, Thanksgiving Day, and December 25 — but shall be paid therefor; (2) school shall be ad- journed during the session of the county normal institute; (3) teacher shall admit pupils by direction of board; (4) teacher shall keep register and make reports as required; (5) teachers shall classify the work of the school in ac- cordance with the State course of study; (6) county superintendent shall divide the county into convenient districts for holding district teachers' insti- tutes on Saturdays and teacher shall attend the same, but not less than two nor more than four such institutes shall be heh] in one district in any one year; (7) in territory opened for settlement by proclamation of the President of the United States, Indian children shall be admitted to the schools. Branches required in common schools : Reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, primary language, grammar, United States history. South Dakota history, physiology and hygiene, civics, and drawing; schools shall be taught in the English language. Vocal music shall be taught in all the public schools and the normal schools of the State. At end of each term teacher shall report to clerk and to county superintendent; he shall report monthly when blanks are furnished. Moral instruction and instruction in the humane treatment of animals shall be given in the public schools. See also A (d), District boards and officers. F (a), teachers' contracts, duties, etc. 443 Tennessee: No person not holding a certificate from State superintendent shall be employed to teach in public schools; no person under 18 years old shall be granted a certificate and no person under 20 shall be principal of school; school board may require physical examination of teacher suspected of having communicable disease; teacher shall keep register as prescribed by State superintendent and deliver such register to county superintendent at close of term; county board shall contract with teachers on form prescribed by State superintendent; a principal teacher may suspend pupil subject to action of county board; teacher shall attend institute yearly, or, in lieu thereof, may attend summer school. See also A (cl). County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Texas: See A (d), District boards and officers; F (b), Teachers salaries. Utah: Teacher shall report time of opening school and probable time of closing to county superintendent. Every teacher shall follow course of study pre- scribed. Teacher shall attend institute held while school is in session, and shall receive regular pay for same. State board of education may revoke certificate for nonattendance. Teacher may suspend disorderly pupil for not exceeding five days. No atheistic, sectarian, religious, or denominational doctrine shall be taught. Moral and patriotic instruction shall be given. Teacher shall exclude from school any pupil in whose family is a contagious or infectious disease and for two weeks after recovery, death, or removal of sick person. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Virginia: Every public-school teacher shall hold a valid certificate issued by the State board of examiners and inspectors. The pay of a teacher shall not be governed by the average daily attendance, but such attendance must ex- ceed 10. Teacher shall keep a daily register as prescribed by State super- intendent. Contracts with teachers must be written. A teacher may sus- pend a pupil pending action by school board. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; I (e). School fraternities; J (a). Health, general. Washington : To be qualified as teacher, a person shall hold a legal certificate or diploma. Teacher shall make annual report to county superintendent at close of session. Salary for last month shall not be paid until such report is made. Superintendent or principal shall make such report for teachers working under their direction. Every teacher shall keep a school register; shall enforce course of study and prescribed regulations. No teacher shall be employed except by written order of a majority of directors. No teacher shall be required to teach on Saturdays, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and day immediately following Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, New Years, Wash- ington's Birthday, Memorial Day, or Fourth of July, and no reduction of salary shall be made for failure of teacher to teach on such days. Teacher may suspend any pupil from school for good cause, and shall report such action to board of directors. Teachers must teach morality and patriotism. See also A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support. West Virginia: See A (d), District boards and officers; I (a). Discipline, general. 444 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Wisconsin: See A (d), District boards and officers; O (a), Industrial educa- tion, general. Wyoming: No discrimination shall be made in the matter of pay on account of sex nor in the matter of employment on account of religious belief of teachers. Teacher shall make to district clerk at end of term a report of registra- tion and attendance, distinguishing between sexes and giving name of each pupil and number of days attended, textbooks used, branches taught, and number pursuing each branch. Salary may be withheld for failure to make such report. See alRo A (c2), County officers. F (b) . Teachers' Salaries. Arkansas: See N (a), High schools. California: See C (c), Local taxation; I (a), Discipline, general. Colorado : School board of each district shall, annually certify to county com- missioners amount of special tax in such district, not to exceed 10 mills, which, together with State and county apportionment, shall be necessary to pay each teacher $50 per month for not less than 6 months, and said commis- sioners shall make such levy, but school districts of 8,000 or more feet altitude may limit their school term to not less than 4 months. If any district is unable to comply with this act, county and State aid shall be granted. See also C (c), Local taxation. Connecticut: See B (a). General State finance and support Delaware: See B (a), General State finance and support. Florida: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Georgia: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Illinois: See A (d). District boards and officers; F (c), Teachers' pensions. Indiana: For beginning teachers the minimum daily pay shall be 2^ cents multiplied by the general average given such teacher on his highest grade of license at the time of contracting. For other teachers the amount by which the general average is multiplied shall be according to years of successful experience as follows : One year of experience, 3 cents ; three or more years, 3^ cents ; five or more years, 4 cents. All teachers exempt from examination shall receive not less than 3i cents, multiplied by the general average of scholarship and success given such teacher. Two per cent shall be added to any teacher's general average for attending the county institute the full number of days. See also F (c), Teachers' pensions. Iowa: Any teacher holding a first-grade uniform county certificate or higher shall receive a daily wage of not less than an amount equal to 3 cents mul- tiplied by the general average grade shown on said certificate; second-grade county certificate 2| cents, multiplied by general average grade shown on said certificate up to 85 per cent; third-grade certificate, 2i cents multiplied by general average grade. Every teacher holding a second or a third grade certificate who has taught successfully for one year and thereafter attended a F (b). teachers' salaries. 445 teachers' training school for six weelis shall be entitled to a credit of three points in computing the salary due. See also C (c), Local taxation. Kentucky: See A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards. Maryland: See B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: See A (d). District boards and officers. Michigan: See A (d), District boards and officers. Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: One-teacher schools, fixed by county superintendent; salary of third-grade teacher, $15 to $20; second grade, $18 to $30; first grade, $25 to $75; schools with a surplus may pay in two-teacher schools, principals $100, and assistants $65, so long as surplus lasts. County superintendent must take into consideration executive and teaching capacity of teacher, school popu- lation, and attendance; in schools of more than one teacher salary of prin- cipal shall be so regulated that cost per pupil shall not vary materially from cost in one-teacher schools; lawful to employ competent teachers for less salary than that here mentioned; superintendents shall so arrange salaries that monthly payments shall not exceed their fractional part of the whole; one teacher allowed for 50 educable children; assistant may be allowed where there are 35 children in attendance in five grades and second assistant where there are 70 in eight grades ; with more than 100 one teacher allowed for 30 pupils ; third-grade teacher can not be principal of school requiring an assistant; If two assistants are required, principal must be of first grade. County superintendent shall make contracts in form prescribed by State board of education, and they shall be signed in duplicate; lawful for county superintendents to have schools taught without contracts under certain con- ditions; educable children may attend high school or college in their county, and be paid for as resident pupils of district; tuition may be charged all pupils who study beyond the public-school curriculum; county school board may locate one or more schools exclusively for Indians. Principal shall keep daily record, make monthly and term reports; enumerate school children in district; on presentation of pay certificate, clerk of board of supervisors or of the municipality, being a separate school district, shall issue warrant on the treasury. Act of 1914 authorizes county supervisors to borrow money to pay teachers during fall session ; interest on this shall be paid out of gen- eral county fund or out of funds of separate school districts; principal shall be paid out of same funds after distribution hy State. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Missouri: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a). Local finance and support, general; N (a). High schools. Nebraska: See A (d). District boards and officers. Nevada: See L (a), Course of study. New Jersey: Teachers employed in any graded school supported wholly or in part by public funds shall receive salaries proportioned to experience and suc- cess in district where employed, to be not less i>er annum than provided in following schedule: (1) For teachers in primary and grammar schools and in kindergartens, less than 2 years' experience, $408 ; 2 to 3 years, $456 ; 3 to 4 446 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. years, $504 ; 4 to 5 years, $552 ; 5 to 6 years, $G0O ; 6 to 7 years, $648 ; 7 to 8 years, $69G; 8 to 9 years, $744; 9 to 10 years, $792; 10 to 11 years, $840; 11 to 12 years, $888 ; 12 years and upward, $936 ; (2) principals of schools con- taining grammar and primary departments, less than 1 year's experience, $1,800 ; 1 to 2 years, $1,900 ; 2 to 3 years, $2,000 ; 3 to 4 years, $2,100 ; 4 to 5 years, $2,200 ; 5 to 6 years, $2,300 ; 6 to 7 years, $2,400 ; 7 years and upward, $2,500; (3) principals of primary schools, less than 1 year's experience, $1,200 ; 1 to 2 years, $1,300 ; 2 to 3 years, $1,400 ; 3 years and upward, $1,500 ; (4) principals of primary departments shall be paid at same rate as princi- pals of primary schools; (5) vice principals, head assistants, and first assist- ants of grammar and primary departments, less than 1 year's experience, $996 ; 1 to 2 years, $1,056 ; 2 to 3 years, $1,116 ; 3 years' experience and up- ward, $1,176; (6) male assistants in high schools, less than one year's ex- perience, $1,500 ; 1 to 2 years, $1,600 ; and for each year's experience thereafter at an additional salary of $100 per annum, to not less than sum of $2,400; (7) female assistants in high schools, less than one year's experience, $700, and for each year's experience thereafter at an additional salary of $100 per annum to not less than sum of $1,200; (8) vice principals of high schools, less than 1 year's experience, $2,000, and for each year's experience there- after at an additional salary of $100 per annum to not less than $2,500; (9) principals of high schools, less than 1 year's experience, $2,500 ; 1 to 2 years, $2,600 ; 2 to 3 years, $2,700 ; 3 to 4 years, $2,800 ; 4 to 5 years, $2,900 ; 5 years and upward, $3,000; (10) model teachers in model departments of training schools for teachers, in addition to salaries herein provided for assistant teachers of primary and grammar schools, $150 each per annum; (11) critic teachers of such training schools, $200 each per annum, as extra compensa- tion; (12) principal of primary department of training schools for teachers, less than 1 year's experience, $1,500, and for each year's additional experience, $100 per annum, to not less than sum of $1,700; (13) teachers of methods or supervisors of methods of such training school, less than 1 year's experience, $1,500, and for each additional year, $100, to not less than $2,000; (14) prin- cipals of training schools, less than 1 year's experience, $2,500, and for each additional year $100, to not less than $3,000. The governing body of any municipality may, by resolution, submit question of acceptance or rejection of this article to voters of such municipality, after due notice; question shall carry by a majority vote of those voting. See also C (a), Local finance and support, general; F (c), Teachers' pen- sions. New Mexico: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New York: See F (c), Teachers' pensions. North Carolina: See C (a). Local finance and support, general; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; N (a). High schools. North Dakota: See A (d). District boards and oflicers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; F (c). Teachers' pensions. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for ele- mentary education. Pennsylvania: See B (e). State aid for elementary education; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. F (C). teachers' PENSIONS. 447 Rhode Island: The annual salary of any teacher regularly employed shall not be less than $400. See also B (e). State aid for elementary education. Tennessee: See A (cl), County boards. Texas: No teacher who does not hold valid certificate shall receive any com- pensation from public-school fund; misdemeajior for county or city super- intendent or board of trustees to approve contract with teacher not having valid certificate. Salaries of teachers: First-grade certificate, not exceeding $2.50 per month for each person of school age ; second-grade certificate, not ex- ceeding $2 per month ; third-grade certificate, not exceeding $1.50 per month. Holder of permanent certificate shall receive not exceeding $85 per month; first-grade certificate, not exceeding $75 i>er month; second grade, not ex- ceeding $60; third grade, not exceeding $40, but this restriction shall not apply to districts levying a special local tax. School month, 20 days; week, 5 days of not less than 7 hours each ; schools not closed on legal holidays un- less ordered by trustees. Teachers shall keep records and shall make monthly reports as prescribed by State superintendent or county superintendent, and shall report at end of term as prescribed by State superintendent. See also A (c2). County oflieers; A (d), District boards and ofllcers. Utah: Women teachers shall receive same compensation as men for like services and when holding same grade of certificate. See also B (e), State aid for elementary education. Virginia: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. West Virginia: See A (d). District boards and officers; N (a). High schools. Wisconsin: See A (d). District boards and officers; F (c). Teachers' pensions. Wyoming: See A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and sum- mer schools. F (c). Teachers' Pensions. Arizona: The State board of education may order retired any person who shall have taught 25 years or more in the public schools of the State; on retirement such person shall receive an annuity of $600 from the State school fund. California: Two funds established. — "Public school teachers' permanent fund " shall be derived as follows: Contributions by teachers, income from invest- ment of fund, 5 per cent of taxes under inheritance and transfer tax laws, gifts and bequests, appropriations by State. "Public-school teachers' re- tirement-salary fund" shall consist of moneys transferred from permanent fund. State controller and State treasurer shall transfer necessary amount from permanent fund to retirement salary fund, but there must be an annual accumulation of $10,000 to permanent fund. Deductions from teacher's salary, $1 per month; paid into permanent fund. At time of retirement, teacher, must have contributed as much as $360, or balance due may be with- held from annuity. State board of education shall control funds. Powers and duties of hoard: To allow retirement to teachers entitled to it; audit claims; require reports from those having duties connected with teachers' contributions; invest the moneys in the permanent fund; prescribe duties of secretary and other officers of board; investigate all matters relating to the operation of the act. Meeting of board shall be held at least once in 448 STAtE LAWS EELATIISrG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. three monthsr; board shall keep a retirement-salary record, which shall be open to public ; board shall make rules and regulations for the administration of the act ; district and county superintendents shall report to State superin- tendent amounts needed, and, after allowance by board, a suflSicient amount shall be transferred from permanent fund to retirement-salary fund. Teacher may be retired after 30 years of service, 15 of which, Including the last 10, shall have been in the State; amount of annuity, $500. If incapacitated, teacher having taught 15 years shall receive annually such fraction of $500 as time taught is of 30 years; normal-school teachers with or without a certificate may be retired; board shall determine what constitutes a year of service. Act is optional with teachers already in service; act is binding on teachers entering service after its approval. On being reemployed bene- ficiary ceases to draw annuity. Existing annuity fund in any. city, county, or city and county shall be turned into State permanent fund. Colorado : In every school district of the first class there may be established a public-school teachers' retirement fund, which shall be controlled by the board of school directors. Said board may pay not exceeding $40 per month to any man teacher over 60 years old or to any woman teacher over 50 years old who has taught 25 years, 15 of which must have been in the district. Teachers who have become incapacitated and who have taught in the district at least 10 years may be retired on pension. Special tax .of one-tenth mill may be levied to pay such annuities. Connecticut: Special laws provide for the retirement of teachers in New Haven and New London. Delaware: A special law provides for the retirement of teachers in Wil- mington. Illinois: In every city having over 100,000 inhabitants there shall be elected a board of nine trustees to have control of the public school teachers' pen- sion and retirement fund; board shall be composed of chairman of finance committee of the school board and two other members elected from school board and six members elected from contributing teachers by vote of such teachers; term of contributing members, three years, two being elected each year. Said trustees shall have control of retirement fund and may invest the same as township school funds are Invested; trustees may em- ploy necessary assistants. Said fund shall consist of contributions of teachers, of gifts and bequests, and of moneys paid into said fund pur- suant to law. Any public-school teacher shall be entitled to the benefits of this act and for such purpose teachers shall be divided into four classes : (1) Those having taught 5 years of less; (2) those, 5 to 10 years; (3) those, 10 to 15 years; (4) those over 15 years. Contributions ty teachers: While in first class, 50 cents for each month of service; second class, $1; third class, $1.50; fourth class, $3; which sums shall be deducted from teachers' salaries by board of education. Board of trustees shall succeed to the control of any retirement fund existing under any law in force at the time of the passage of this act and shall adjust annuities to the provisions of this act. Teacher employed in the public schools of said city prior to the passage of this act may count such time of service as under this act by paying contributions which would have been paid and 4 per cent interest on the same. All teachers who have heretofore been contributors to a retirement fund under a previous law but who have withdrawn from par- ticipation may before July 1, 1916, renew their right to participate by repaying amount withdrawn and paying amounts which they would have paid with interest at 4 per cent. All teachers now in the service of said F (c). teachers' pensions. 449 city may exercise tlie option of contributing to tlie retirement fund before July 1, 1916. Board of trustees shall by resolution declare the maturity of service and right to benefits of said fund in the following cases: (1) When any person entitled to the benefits of fund shall have taught in the public schools in the United States, or rendered service therein, for a period of 25 years within the meaning of this act; (2) when any contributor to the fund shall have taught 15 years and have become permanently disabled as certified by three physicians ; in either case three-fifths of the term of service shall have been in said city and shall have been the last service rendered. Each teacher retired after 25 years shall be entitled to an annuity of $400; each teacher retired for disability shall be entitled to such proportion of $400 as the sum contributed bears to the amount of contribu- tion required for full annuity. The city treasurer shall be the custodian of the retirement fund, subject to the board of trustees. If any teacher willing to continue is not reemployed until time for retirement, such teacher shall be paid back the amount contributed; teacher retiring voluntarily shall be paid back one-half of amount contributed. All persons hereafter employed as teachers shall by virtue of such employment accept the pro- visions of this act. All pensions shall be exempt from legal process for the satisfiaction of debts, damages, etc. ; no pensioner shall transfer or assign his annuity. Interest on public-school funds shall be paid into the retirement fund, but the amount so paid shall not in any one year exceed 1 per cent of the amount of tax levy for school purposes. The board of education in any city having a population of over 100,000 shall annually set aside a sum which, taken together with the moneys derived from the interest on school funds, shall constitute an amount equal to the sum contributed by teachers; the said board may annually set aside twice such amount. The board of education in a school district having between 1,000 and 100,000 may establish and maintain a teachers' pension and retirement fund ; a board of management of said fund to consist of three or nine members, as school board may determine, shall be elected; one-third of such managers shall be a member or members of the school board and two-thirds shall be members of the active teaching force who are contributors to the fund, said members to be elected by said contributors. Said fund shall consist of con- tributions by teachers desiring its benefits, of moneys received from gifts and bequests, and of moneys paid into said fund in pursuance of any law. Board of education shall have charge of said fund and shall invest the same as township funds are required by law to be invested and shall make rules for its management. Any teacher in the public schools shall be entitled to the benefits of this act, and such teachers shall be divided into the following classes : (1) those having taught five years or less, (2) those five to 10 years, (3) those 10 to 15 years, (4) those over 15 years. Annual contributions by teachers : While in first class, $5 ; second class, $10 ; third class, $15 ; fourth $30; which amounts shall be deducted by the board of education from teach- ers' salaries; persons who were teaching in the public schools prior to the passage of this act may be entitled to count such service by paying amounts which would have been paid had the act been in force, together with 4 per cent interest thereon. Board of management shall by resolution declare teachers entitled to retirement with the benefits of this act as follows: (1) When any person shall have taught in the public schools within the mean- ing of this act for 25 years; (2) when any contributor shall have taught 15 years and shall have become permanently disabled, as certified by three 3966°— lo ^29 450 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. physicians. In all cases three-fifths of the time taught must have been in the district. Each teacher retired after 25 years shall be entitled to an annuity of not exceeding $400 ; each disabled teacher shall receive such proportion of $400 as the sum contributed bears to the total contributions required for the full annuity. Teacher willing to continue, but not reemployed, shall be re- funded the amount contributed; teacher retiring voluntarily before entering the fourth class shall be refunded one-half of the amount contributed. All persons employed as teachers shall accept the provisions of this act by virtue of such employment. All pensions and annuities shall be exempt from legal process for the payment of debts, claims, damages, etc. ; pensioner may not assign his annuity. District treasurer shall set aside interest on district funds for the benefit of the retirement fund. In a district where there is not sufficient revenue to maintain a retirement fund such district may by a majority vote establish a fund for retirement of persons over 50 years old who have taught 25 years; annuity shall not exceed one-half of salary at time of retirement and shall not be over $400. In school districts having a population of between 10,000 and 100,000 and governed by special acts, and in other districts hereafter found to have between 30,000 and 100,000 population and governed by special acts, the governing body of the schools may establish a teachers' pension and retirement fund. Indiana: There is established in every city having over 100,000 inhabitants a teachers' pension fund, which shall be governed by seven trustees, viz, three members of the board of school commissioners, the city superintendent of schools, one principal, and two teachers; said three commissioners shall be designated by the school board and said principal and two teachers shall be elected at a meeting of the public-school teachers. Only secretary and as- sistant treasurer shall receive compensation for services. The trustees shall elect from among their number a president, vice president, and secretary; secretary of the school board shall act as assistant treasurer and treasurer of the city shall be ex officio treasurer. Sources from which fund shall be derived: (1) Gifts and bequests; (2) assessment of teachers' salaries; (3) tax of 1 cent on each $100 of taxable property, which school board shall levy. Assessments of teachers shall be as follows: Teachers having taught 15 years or less, 1 per cent of salary, but not to exceed $10; teachers hav- ing taught longer than 15 years, 2 per cent of salary, but not to exceed $20 annually. Every teacher receiving $450 or more shall pay such assessment, and on becoming a teacher he or she shall be deemed to agree to pay the same. Trustees shall determine what part of said fund shall be safely in- vested and what part shall be retained for immediate needs; they shall establish a permanent fund to consist of gifts and bequests and the unex- pended balance remaining at the end of the year. Beneficiaries: (1) Maxi- mum pension shall be $600 per annum, which shall be based upon a service of 40 years, and every pensioner shall be entitled to such percentage of $600 as time taught bears to 40 years; (2) disabled teachers having taught in the public schools of the city for 15 years or longer may, after medical ex- amination, be retired during disability; (3) any teacher having taught in the public schools of the city for not less than 25 years may be retired for life, but such pensioner shall have paid into fund not less than one-third of amount to which he or she shall be entitled per annum, or such sum may be deducted from the annuity of the first two years. In computing years of service required, trustees may include five years rendered outside of said city, but teacher must pay assessments for such period of service elsewhere; F (c). teachers' pensions. 451 any teacher may be given leave of absence of one year for professional study, but shall pay assessment for such year. Any teacher pensioned for disability may be reexamined at any time to determine physical condition; superintendent may require such pensioner to report to him for other than regular duty. Teachers retired by reason of length of service shall be pen- sioned without medical examination and shall be required to do no further service. Trustees may make rules not inconsistent with law; they may reduce the amount of any pension when circumstances make such reduction advisable. Teacher ceasing to teach in said city shall be refunded one-half of amount contributed by said teacher, but without Interest; heirs or estate of teacher dying before retirement shall receive one-half of amount contributed. If funds are insufficient to pay full pensions due, amount available shall be prorated. Pensions shall be exempt from seizure by legal process; they are not transferable. On conviction of a felony or imprisonment for misdemeanor or failure to report for duty as required, pensioner shall cease to draw pen- sion. This act shall apply to assistant superintendents, principals, assistant supervisors, persons in charge of si>ecial departments, and any teacher or instructor regularly employed by school board. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Kansas: Board of education in any city of the first class may establish a public-school teachers' retirement fund, to be under control of said board. Sources of such fund: (1) Not less than 1 per cent nor more than 1^ per cent of teachers' salaries; (2) an amount set aside from the school fund of not less than one and one-half times the amount of salary assessmei;ts and not less than what is necessary to make payments herein provided; (3) gifts and bequests. Teacher having had 30 years' experience, 15 of which shall have been in the public schools of the city, shall be entitled to receive $500 per annum, but no one shall receive such pension without paying into the fund, by assessment or otherwise, not less than one-half of the first annual sum to which he is entitled. Teacher having had 25 years' experience, 15 of which shall have been in the city, and having become incapacitated shall be entitled to receive, during disability, such proportion of $500 as time taught is to 30 years; but any teacher so retired when incapacity ceases may be reinstated, in which case pension shall cease; when such teacher shall again be retired, years of previous retirement shall be counted as service. If at any time a teacher who is willing to continue should not be reemployed before entitled to a pension, such teacher shall be paid back amount contributed; any teacher retiring voluntarily shall be entitled to a refund of one-half the amount contributed ; should a teacher die without re- ceiving any benefits provided by this act, his heirs or estate shall be entitled to one-half the amount contributed by such teacher. The word "teacher'* shall include superintendent, assistants to superintendent, supervisors, prin- cipals, and teachers. City treasurer shall be treasurer of retirement fund. On written request of any teacher filed with board of education, such teacher shall be exempt from the operation of this act. Kentucky: In every city of first class there shall be created a teachers' annuity fund, which shall be governed by a board of trustees of teachers' annuity fund, a body corporate, with corporate powers; it shall have seven members; treasurer of board of education shall be its treasurer and shall account for all funds coming into his hands. Its funds shall be derived from gifts and from assessment of teachers : One per cent per annum, but not more than $10, on those who have taught less than 15 years; 2 per cent, not to exceed $20 in all, on those who have taught longer than 15 years; every 452 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. teacher receiving $450 or more shall pay this assessment. Annuity funds may be invested in bonds, mortgages, or as interest-bearing deposits ; trustees shall establish a sinking fund, to credit of which shall be placed all gifts and unexpended balances. Maximum annuity shall be $400, based on 40 years' service ; any aged, infirm, diseased, or disabled teacher of not less than 20 years' service shall be entitled to a disability annuity ; any teacher of not less than 30 years' service may be granted an annuity on application; in computing service rendered board shall not include service rendered outside of the city ; board may discontinue any annuity granted by reason of injury, disability, or disease; any teacher receiving annuity shall report to city superintendent, who may assign him to such duties as are within his power to perform ; teacher applying for annuity by reason of length of service may retire without examination and without rendering further service; in com- puting time under this act such time shall include service rendered before as well as after temporary retirement; trustees may make by-laws; if teacher ceases to teach or dies before receiving any benefit from the fund, one-half the amount paid in shall be returned, without interest; annuities shall be paid by treasurer of board of education, but shall not begin prior to October 1, 1915. Annuities are not subject to process; they may be discon- tinued for certain causes; term "teacher" as used in this act includes principal, assistant principal, supervisor, assistant supervisor, person in charge of any special department of instruction, and any teacher or instructor regularly employed ; annuities may be applied for under this act on or after December 1, 1912. Thfe general care and management of the insurance and annuity fund of teachers in cities of the second class shall be vested in a committee of seven school officers and teachers. Treasurer of board of education shall receive and hold all funds. Sources of insurance and annuity fund: One thousand dollars or more provided by board of education, a fund provided by board of city commissioners by levying 1 cent on $100 worth of property ; 1 per cent of salaries of all teachers who have taught for 10 years of less, 2 per cent of salary of teachers teaching over 10 years, but total sum thus withheld shall not exceed $40 annually; if teacher shall resign or die before entitled to an annuity, three-fourths of the sum paid in shall be refunded; moneys received from donations and 10 per cent of all other receipts shall constitute a sinking fund. A board of medical examiners shall be appointed, who shall make examinations and report findings. On their recommendation the board of insurance and annuity shall place on disability list any teacher who has taught 15 years in public schools of Kentucky ; any teacher who has taught in public schools of Kentucky for 15 years may ask to be placed on the dis- ability list; by vote disability of a teacher may be ended. Upon retirement under the disability act teacher shall be entitled to receive an annuity that may for 25 years' service amount to $600; no annuity shall be paid unless retiring teacher shall have first paid in such sums as shall make his total payments equal the amount of the annuity paid the first year; if annuity fund is found insufficient it shall be prorated ; annuities shall be exempt from attachment; term "teacher" as here used shall mean superintendent, as- sistant superintendent, principal, assistant principal, person in charge of any special department of instruction, and any teacher or instructor regularly employed in the public schools or public kindergartens of cities of the second class. Louisiana: Board of trustees of teachers' retirement fund of parish of Orleans shall consist of nine members, to serve without compensation; said F (c). teachers' pensions. 453 board shall be a body corporate; city attorney shall act as attorney for said board; said board shall be composed of superintendent of schools, three mem- bers of board of school directors, elected by board of school directors every four years, and five members of teaching force of parish of Orleans, elected by said teaching force; retirement board may receive gifts, grants, or be- quests; secretary of board of school directors shall be secretary-treasurer of retirement board and shall receive compensation as fixed by retirement board ; said secretary-treasurer shall keep record of all business of retirement board and make reports as required; said retirement board shall have control of retirement fund. Teachers appointed to positions before passage of this act may elect to share in benefits of said fund, but must pay up all previous assessments together with 20 per cent of such amount; appointment to a position after passage of this act shall be ipse facto an acceptance of these provisions by the teacher. Said fund shall consist of: (1) One per cent per month upon salary of every teacher engaged not in excess of 10 years of teaching service; 1^ per cent per month, in excess of 10 years but not more than 20 years; 2 per cent per month, in excess of 20 years; member of teaching force not engaged in classroom teaching shall pay 2 per cent of salary per month regardless of length of service; school treasurer shall de- duct required amounts from salaries of teachers; (2) property received by gift, grant, devise, bequest, or otherwise for purposes of such fund. School board may, upon its own motion, retire any teacher after 40 years' service, and shall retire such teacher upon his or her application after 30 years' service; a teacher shall be entitled to full credit for service if 10 years of same have been spent in parish of Orleans; teachers so retired shall receive one-half average salary for five years preceding, to be not less than $300 nor more than $600 per year. School board shall retire, upon his or her appli- cation, any teacher of five years' service, who is incapacitated for service; may retire upon its own motion, and shall retire upon his or her application any teacher 65 years old, and such teacher shall receive part of annuity pro- portionate to term of service. Teachers before receiving annuity shall have paid in an amount equal to annuity for first year; retirement board may de- duct an amount from annuity to make up any deficiency caused by inequality of amount paid in and of annuity. Teachers retired because of disability shall, upon recovery from such disability, be dropped from retired roll and assigned to school work. Retired teachers may be required to do certain school work. Retirement board shall establish a permanent fund, and only income of such fund shall be used, but one-half of amount added to such fund in any one year may be used during following year. Any teacher who shall voluntarily cease to teach shall receive one-half of amount paid into said fund; heirs of any teacher who dies in service shall receive one-half amount paid in by such teacher. Said fund, annuities, and refunds shall be exempt from seizure or levy, and annuities and refunds shall not be sold, assigned, or transferred by any beneficiary. " Teacher " and " member of teaching force" shall include, for purposes of this act, any superintendent, assistant superintendent, principal, vice principal, supervisor, secretary, in- spector, department head, cadet, librarian, any assistant to those above named, member of ofllce force, teachers, and instructors. Maine: Any person 60 years old or over who has taught 35 years or more and who has been employed in public schools or other schools supported wholly or at least three-fifths by State or town, 20 years of which employ- ment including 15 years immediately preceding retirement shall have been in the State shall, on formal application, be retired and State shall pay annual 454 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. pension of $250. Person 60 years old who has taught 30 years as above shall receive pension of $200. Person 60 years old who has taught 25 years as above shall receive pension of $150. Teachers retired prior to September 30, 1914, who are otherwise qualified as above, may receive one-half of regular pension. Sum of $25,000 appropriated annually. State superintendent shall make rules for carrying out this act. All pensions granted under this act shall be exempt from levy and sale or other process for the collection of debts. Maryland: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: "Retirement system," "annuities," "pensions," "teacher," " public school," " regular interest," " retirement board," " retirement asso- ciation," " expense fund," " annuity fund," " pension fund," " school year," and "assessments" are defined. A teacher's retirement system is estab- lished. A teachers' retirement association shall be organized as follows: (1) All teachers, except certain ones in the city of Boston, who enter the service of the public schools on or after July 1, 1914, shall become members of the association; (2) all teachers, except those of city of Boston, who shall have entered service of public schools prior to June 30, 1914, may at any time between July 1, 1914, and September 30, 1914, upon application to the com- missioner of education, become members of said association; any teacher failing to do so may thereafter become a member of the retirement associa- tion by paying an amount equal to the total assessments, together with regular interest thereon. The management of the retirement system is vested in a teachers' retirement board, consisting of seven members: State insurance commissioner. State bank commissioner. State commissioner of education, three members of retirement association, and one other person; upon a plan approved by aforesaid commissioners the members of the retirement asso- ciation shall annually elect one of their number for term of three years to serve on said board; the seventh member of said board shall be annually chosen by remaining members of the board to serve one year ; vacancies shall be filled in same manner as members of board are chosen. Members of said board shall receive no compensation, but shall be reimbursed for expenses and loss of wages incident to serving on said board when the same is approved by the governor and council. Duties and powers of retirement hoard: To make by-laws and regulations; employ secretary, who shall give bond, and clerical and other assistance, and fix salaries of same with approval of the governor and council; pay retirement allowances and other expenditures; adopt one or more mortality tables, and determine rates of interest in con- nection with such tables; perform such other functions as may be required. The funds of the retirement system shall consist of an expense fund, an annuity fund and a pension fund. Expense fund shall consist of State appro- priations for administration expenses alone of said system. The annuity fund shall consist of assessment paid by members, and interest derived from investment of the annuity fund; each member shall annually pay from his salary not less than 3 per cent nor more than 7 per cent of the same, as shall be determined by the said board, but no member shall pay more than $100 nor less than $35 each year to such fund; assessments are payable in monthly installments by deduction from salaries; any member after paying such assessments for 30 years shall be exempt from further assessments, but such member may, if he so elects, continue to pay his assessments to the fund ; no member so electing shall pay further assessments after the total sum of assessments paid by him shall have amounted, with regular interest, to a sum sufllcient to purchase an annuity of $500 at age of 60; and interest there- P (c). teachers' pensions. 455 after accruing shall be paid to the member at the time of his retirement. The pension fund shall consist of such amounts as shall be appropriated by the legislature. Any member of retirement association may retire from serv- ice at age of 60 years, or at any time thereafter; if unable to render satis- factory service as a teacher, may be retired by school committee with ap- proval of retirement board; any member on reaching 70 years of age shall be retired. The retiring allowance consists of an annuity derived from a member's own contributions, including accumulated interest, and a pension, equal in amount, derived from State appropriations; the State also grants an additional pension in case of members who were in service prior to July 1, 1914, and in these cases the minimum retiring allowance shall be $300 per year. Any member withdrawing from the association before becoming eligible for retirement shall receive from annuity fund all amounts contributed as assessments, together with regular interest thereon; if any member shall die before retirement, his contributions to the annuity fund with regular interest shall be paid to his legal representatives. Annuity or pension funds shall not be taxed or attached; no assignment of such funds shall be valid. The State treasurer shall receive, invest, and disburse retirement funds. No person required to become a member of the State retirement association shall be a member of any other such association supported wholly or in part by taxation. In certain cases cities or towns pensioning teachers shall be reim- bursed for such expenditures. The superior court shall have jurisdiction over cases arising under this act. Michigan: Law providing for the retirement of teachers applies to city of Detroit only. Minnesota: In every city having. population of more than 10,000, the teaching body may, with consent of common or city council in said city, establish a " Teachers' Retirement Fund Association " ; such association shall be a cor- poration; funds of said association shall consist of contributions from teachers, and may be increased by taxation of property of said city, but said tax shall not exceed one-tenth of a mill; beneficiaries of such fund shall in- clude superintendents, supervisors, principals, and instructors. Nebraska: In every school district in a city of the metropolitan class there shall be created a public-school teachers' retirement fund, which shall be under the control of the 'board of education. Sources of fund: Not less than 1 per cent and not more than 1^ per cent of teachers' salaries; an amount from general district fund equal to not less than li times amount of salary assessments; gifts and bequests. Teacher credited with 35 years of service may be retired; credited with 40 years of service, shall be retired; at least 20 years of such service shall have been in the district; annuity shall be $500. Disabled teacher having taught 25 years, 20 of which must have been in the district, may be retired ; annuity shall be such proportion of $500 as time taught bears to 35 years; when disability is removed teacher may be reinstated. Discharge of any teacher, other than for disability or length of service, shall forfeit any right of such teacher to benefits of this act. " Teacher " shall include members of the teaching staff, supervisors, assist- ants to superintendent, and principals. New Jersey: Board of trustees of the teachers' retirement fund shall consist of the commissioner of education, three persons not teachers and not eligible to membership in said fund to be appointed by the governor, and five per- sons members of said fund, nominated at convention of said fund and ap- pointed by the governor; appointive members shall serve four years. An 456 STATE LAWS RELATIKG TO 1>UBLIC EDUCATION. annual convention of teachers' retirement fund shall be held; said conven- tion shall be composed of delegates elected by members of said fund, one delegate to each 100 teachers or fraction over 50, but each county shall have at least one delegate. Officers of said board shall be a president and vice president, to be members of board, and a secretary appointed by said board; said board shall administer said fund. Said fund may be invested in follow- ing securities: In stoclis, bonds or interest-bearing notes of United States; in bonds of this State ; in bonds of any State that has not, within 10 years pre- ceding, defaulted in the payment of any lawful debt; in bonds of certain counties, townships, municipalities or school districts of this State; in bonds of certain cities or counties of other States; in bonds secured by mortgages whch shall be a first lien on real estate situate in this State, worth double amount of loan, but not more than 60 per cent of permanent principal shall be so Invested, and if any loan is made on unimproved or unproductive real estate, such loan shall not exceed 30 per cent of value thereof ; in real estate purchased by fund at sales upon foreclosure of mortgages owned by the fund. All moneys so invested shall be part of permanent principal of said fund, and Income arising from moneys so invested, together with moneys received by donation, gift, legacy, bequest, devise, or otherwise, and not specifically directed to be made part of permanent fund, shall be available for payment of annui- ties. Said board shall make annual report to governor and State board of education. State treasurer shall be, ex officio, treasurer of said fund; shall make annual report to said board. Whenever any member of said retire- ment fund shall have taught 20 years in schools in this State supported wholly or in part by public funds, and shall, in the judgment of said board, have become incapacitated for further^ service in such schools, such person shall, at his request, be retired, and shall receive an annuity equal to six- tenths of average salary for the five years immediately preceding retirement; no such annuity shall be less than $250 nor more than $G50 ; in case amount paid to fund by any applicant shall not equal annuity for one year, such appli- cant shall make good such deficiency, or annuity shall be withheld until it shall amount to sum equal to such annuity ; such annuity shall cease upon re- employment, but payment of same shall be resumed upon second retirement. Said retirement fund shall consist of: (1) 2 per cent of salaries of members of fund employed 10 years or less at time of becoming members of the fund ; 2^ per cent of salaries of members employed from 10 to 15 years at time of becoming members; 3 per cent of salaries of members employed 15 years or more at time of becoming members ; no deductions from salary of any teacher shall exceed $50 in any one year, and total deductions shall not exceed $1 ,000 ; the district school boards shall make aforesaid deductions, and custodian of school funds shall forward amounts so deducted to State treasurer; (2) all moneys received by donation, gift, legacy, bequest, devise or otherwise for said fund; (3) interest on investments, and other moneys which may be raised for increase of said fund. Powers of said hoard of trustees: To frame by-laws and prescribe rules and regulations; administer oaths and subpoena witnesses ; fix salary and term of office of secretary of board ; draw warrants upon State treasurer for payment of annuities; have care of moneys of said fund. Every teacher, teacher-clerk, principal, supervisor, supervising prin- cipal or superintendent who shall teach or be emi>loyed in public schools, or in any normal, model or reformatory school, or in any other school supported wholly or in part by public funds, and any city, county or State superintend- ent of public schools, shall be member of said fund, and deductions shall be made from their salaries as hereinbefore provided. V (c). TEACHERS^ PENSIONS. 457 After total period of not less than 35 years of service every teacher, teacher- clerk, principal, and supervisor in or under any system of public schools in this or any other State shall be eligible to retirement and shall annually receive a sum equal to one-half average annual salary received during last five years of service, but last 25 years of such service shall have been in this State ; any teacher who has rea'ched age of 70 years whose last 20 years of service have been in this State shall also be eligible to retirement; any teacher who has reached age of 75 years, with 32 years of service in the State, shall also be eligible to retirement; any person having served as teacher, clerk, principal, or supervisor in public schools of this State for at least 35 years and retired or discharged from service on account of physical disability and who has reached age of 70 years shall be eligible to retirement and to receive pension. Application for retirement approved by school board must be transmitted to commissioner of education ; retirement may be effected by resolution of school board, likewise transmitted to said commissioner; upon approval of such application or resolution said commissioner shall certify same to State comptroller of the treasury who shall draw pension warrants on State treasurer. All records relative to retirement shall be filed in oflSce of department of public instruction; said department shall furnish retire- ment blanks and forms. Commissioner of education shall annually certify to State comptroller amount necessary for pensions; such amount shall be annually deducted from the State school fund before apportionment of said fund is made to the several counties. New York: The term "teacher," as herein used, includes teachers and principals in public schools of cities, districts, and of Indian reservations, superintendents in cities, and union free-school districts, and district superin- tendents of supervisory districts; "retirement fund" shall mean New York State teachers' retirement fund for public-school teachers; "school commis- sioner" shall mean the district superintendent of schools. Retirement fund shall consist of: (1) Contributions made by teachers, school districts, and cities; (2) income from investment of retirement fund moneys; (3) dona- tions, legacies, gifts, and bequests for such fund; (4) appropriations made by State legislature for the purpose. Retirement fund board shall consist of five members appointed by commissioner of education, one appointed each year, term five years. At time of appointment one member of said board shall be a superintendent of schools in a city or district; one an academic principal; one a teacher in elementary schools; at least one member shall be a woman; any board member may be removed from ofllce for cause. There shall be a president, vice president, and secretary of said board; secretary need not be a member of board ; salary of secretary shall be fixed by board not to exceed $2,000 per year; board members shall serve without pay, but shall be allowed expenses. Said board shall meet annually, and shall have stated meetings at least once in each three months. State treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of retirement fund and custodian thereof; retirement board shall determine as to what portion of said fund shall be permanently invested ; such investment shall be made in accordance with requirements of banking law. Powers of hoard: To employ, prescribe duties, and fix com- pensation of its officers and employees ; conduct investigations, subpoena wit- nesses and administer oaths; require reports from school officers; draw war- rants for payment of annuities to teachers and purchase securities. Said board shall make necessary rules and regulations. All teachers employed in public schools of the State, except in those counties, cities, or districts in which provision has been made by statute for retirement of teachers, shall 458 STATE LAWS EELATIITG TO PUBLIC EDtJCATION. contribute 1 per cent of their salaries to the retirement fund ; district super- intendents shall likewise contribute 1 per cent of their salaries; cities and school districts shall contribute to such found an amount equal to that con- tributed by teachers therein, to be deducted from the public moneys appor- tioned by commissioner of education to such cities and districts; school au- thorities shall deduct from teachers' \*^arrants the 1 per cent required for said fund. The district superintendent of each supervisory district and superintendent of schools of each city shall state in their reports to commis- sioner of education and to the county treasurer the amounts to be deducted from teachers' salaries for retirement fund; district superintendent of each supervisory district shall file with supervisor of each town within such dis- trict a like statement ; superintendent of each city shall file with chamberlain or city treasurer a like statement. The commissioner of education shall include in his certificate filed with comptroller showing apportionment of State funds for common schools a statement of deductions to be made from teachers' salaries and contributions from districts and cities for retirement fund; comptroller shall direct State treasurer to pay required amounts into retirement fund. A teacher who has taught in public schools 25 years, at least 15 of which shall have been in this State, shall, upon retirement, receive a sum equal to one-half average salary for period prior to retirement, but not in excess of $600 per year ; a teacher who has taught in the public schools for 15 years, at least 9 of which were in this State, who is either physically or mentally incapable, may be retired, and shall receive an annuity in pro- portion to time taught. Retirement may be had on request of the teacher or of the school authorities upon application to retirement board ; said board shall pass on all such requests; appeals may be made from decisions of said board to the commissioner of education. No teacher shall receive an annuity unless he shall have contributed to retirement fund an amount equal to 50 per cent of his annuity, but he may make a cash payment to such fund so as to bring his contributions up to the required 50 per cent, or a part of annuity may be withheld to make up such deficiency. Annuities shall be paid quarterly. The contributions of any teacher made to a teachers' retirement or pension fund of a county, city, or district, in accordance with a special act, shall be transferred to the State retirement fund, if such teacher shall desire to retire under the provisions of this act; if a teacher shall desire to retire under special provisions 6f some county, city, or district, any con- tributions made by such teacher to State retirement fund shrill be paid into the retirement or pension fund of such county, city, or district. Any county, city, or district operating under a special or local retirement statute may, upon application of more than two-thirds of teachers therein, be subject to provisions of the State retirement law ; retirement or pension funds of such county, city, or district shall be paid into State retirement fund. Every teacher in a State institution who has been employed for 10 years preceding as a teacher in any college, school, or institution supported by the State, and who shall have been engaged in teaching in some college, uni- versity, school, academy, institution, teachers' institutes, or in public schools of this State or elsewhere for aggre^^ate period of 30 years must, at his request, or may, on order of commissioner of education, be retired from such employment; every such person shall receive certificate of retirement upon filing required aflidavit with said commissioner; upon recommendation of a majority of governing board of such college, school, or institution any teacher therein may, on account of mental or physical incapacity, be retired if 10 years shall have been spent in teaching in any college, school, or institution F (c). TEACHEBS' PENSIONS. . 450 supported by the State, and aggregate of 20 years in schools of this State or elsewhere. Every teacher so retired shall receive one-half of salary which such person was receiving at date of retirement, to be not less than $300 nor more than $1,000 per year; payment shall be made quarterly by State treas- urer on warrant of comptroller on the audit of commissioner of education. Any person who shall have honorably retired as provided herein prior to year 1910, and who shall have attained age of 70 years, if a man, and 60 years if a woman, may be appointed a substitute in position last held or be assigned to suitable educational work by said commissioner ; such person shall receive two-thiixis of salary received at time of retirement when actively employed and one-half of such salary at other times. Xorth Dakota: The board of trustees of the teachers' insurance and retire- ment fund shall consist of the State superintendent of public instruction, the State treasurer, and three teachers, one of whom shall be a woman, to be ap- pointed by the governor; association shall be organized at a meeting of the State education association; board may appoint a secretary, who shall re- ceive not exceeding $1,200 per annum ; board shall receive only necessary ex- penses in attending meetings ; it shall have charge of the fund. Each school board shall retain on every pay day from the salary of each teacher the amount herein provided. Every teacher joining the fund shall be assessed for 25 years as follows: First 10 years, 1 per cent, but not over $20 per annum ; next 15 years, 2 per cent, but not over $40 per annum ; total amount contributed shall be based on 25 years of service, but such amount shall not be less than first year's annuity. All teachers beginning employment after January 1, 1914, shall be deemed as joining the fund ; those employed prior to that date may elect to become members, but may not be compelled to do so. School boards shall annually forward statements and amounts retained from teachers' salaries to county treasurer, who shall forward such amounts to the State treasurer and certify the same to the trustees of the retirement fund. Each county treasurer shall annually set aside from the county tuition fund 10 cents for each child of school age in the county and shall forward the same to the State treasurer; the funds thus received by the State treasurer, to- gether with gifts and bequests, shall constitute the " teachers' insurance and retirement fund." Any teacher coming from schools not included under the provisions of this act shall pay assessments for years of service in such schools based on first year's salary received in the public school. If teacher has made required payments, he may be retired after 25 years of service, of which 18 years, including the last five, shall have been in North Dakota, or after 15 years of service in the State he may be retired for permanent mental or physical disability; person desiring to retire shall apply to the board of trustees. Annuity shall be one-fiftieth of the average annual salary for last five years multiplied by the number of years of service ; when funds are in- suflScient, trustees may ratably reduce annuities. Teacher withdrawing from service may within six months receive back one-half of amount contributed. Annuities shall be paid quarterly; they shall cease on the resumption of teaching. Word " teacher " shall include superintendents and assistants, in- cluding county superintendents, principals, supervisors, and teachers. Ohio: Board of education of any district may, by a majority vote of members thereof, create a teachers' pension fund, to be under management of a board known as " the board of trustees of the school-teachers' pension fund " ; such board shall be composed of not less than three nor more than seven members as determined by board of education ; if composed of less than five members, board of education shall appoint one member and teachers remaining mem- 460 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. bers ; if composed of five or more members, board of education shall appoint two members. When one-third of public-school teachers have accepted pro- visions of this chapter, superintendent of district shall call meeting of said teachers to elect members of pension board; each member shall serve not less than three years, to be determined by board of education ; pension board shall serve without compensation. Two dollars shall be deducted each month from the salary of each teacher who has accepted provisions of this act, and same shall be deducted from salary of each new teacher, to be paid into pension fund. All funds received by gift or from any other source, shall also be paid into such fund, or into a permanent fund; if paid into permanent fund, only interest shall be used. Pension board may invest pen- sion fund in certain bonds. Board of education may on account of mental or physical disability retire any teacher of public schools if such teacher shall have taught 20 years, 10 years in district or county and 10 years in the State or elsewhere. Term " teacher " shall include all teachers employed in public day schools, superintendent of schools, superintendents of instruction, principals, and special teachers. Any teacher may retire and become a beneficiary who has taught for 30 years; one-half of such service shall have been rendered in public or high schools of district or of county containing such district, and remaining one-half in public schools of the State or else- where. Each teacher so retired or retiring shall receive an annual pension of $12.50 for each year served as teacher, the total in any year not to exceed $450 ; if pension fund be insuflacient to meet pensions in full, amount available shall be prorated. Pension fund shall not be liable to be taken by any writ or process of law against beneficiary. Clerk of board of educa- tion shall make monthly certifications of deductions from teachers' salaries for pension fund. Treasurer of school district shall be custodian of pension fund and shall furnish bond in sum required by pension board; said treasurer shall receive as compensation an amount not exceeding 1 per cent annually of amount paid into fund during the year. A teacher who resigns shall, upon application, receive one-half of total amount paid by such teacher into such fund; any teacher willing to continue in service, who is not re- employed or is discharged before he has served 20 years, shall be paid back all money he or she has paid into pension fund, but if such teacher has served 20 years, he or she shall be entitled to receive pension; in case of death of teacher, his heirs shall be entitled to receive half of total amount paid into fund by such teacher. All deductions from salaries of teachers on account of tardiness or absence shall be paid into pension fund. Board of education in any district maintaining a pension fund shall pay from con- tingent fund into such fund, semiannually, not less than 1 nor more than 2 per cent of gross receipts of the board raised by taxation. Any teachers' pension fund heretofore created shall be transferred to the pension board created in any district under this act. Oregon: In every school district having 10,000 or more children of school age, the teachers employed in such district may, with approval of school directors, incorporate as the " teachers' retirement fund association." Such teachers, if desiring to incorporate, shall formulate a plan and submit the same to the board of directors for approval, and when approved and incorporated said association may receive, hold, invest, loan, or disburse funds. When plan is approved directors shall call a meeting of teachers to elect three persons to act as incorporators and trustees until the association is fully organized; such trustees shall receive applications until 300 teachers have, become members. After said 300 teachers have been elected, they shall meet and F (c). teachers' pensions. 461 elect trustees to succeed the said incori^orators. No association shall be in- corporated or commence to collect and disburse funds until a majority of the teachers of the district have approved the plan. After Incorporation all teachers employed the first time for one year or more shall be deemed to have applied for membership in the assaciation. There shall be turned over to said association 3 per cent of the amount received by said district from county tax and also all fines, penalties, and forfeitures collected from teachers for violation of regulations. If funds available are insufficient to pay annuities due, the amount available shall be prorated among those entitled to receive the same. The word " teachers " in this act shall include sui)erintendeuts, supervisors, and principals, as well as instructors. Any annuity payable to a member shall be exempt from attachment, garnishment, or execution. Pennsylvania: Board of school directors of any district is hereby empowered to establish, contribute to, and administer a teachers' retirement fund; such fund, in addition to amounts so contributed, shall include funds donated or bequeathed from other sources, together with reasonable contributions from teachers; but no person shall be required to contribute any part of his salary unless so provided for in his contract. Contributors shall be repre- sented In making regulations governing such fund; every teacher, principal, or supervising official retiring in accordance with such regulations shall be entitled to an annuity. Rhode Island: Any person of either sex who shall have engaged in teaching 35 years, 25 of which years, including 15 years immediately preceding retirement, shall have been in public schools of this State, may, upon volun- tary retirement or retirement by employer, receive an annual pension from the State equal to one-half average salary for five years preceding retirement, but such pension shall not exceed $500 per year ; any teacher who shall have taught for at least 20 years in public schools of State, and is incapacitated mentally or physically for such work, may retire or be retired, and shall receive pension in proportion time of service bears to 35 years. State board of education shall pass on applications for said pensions. South Carolina: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Utah: On request of a ma.1ority of teachers employed in a city of the first class or in the State at large outside of cities of the first class, the board of education in any such city, or the State board of education, shall authorize the organiaztion of a public school teachers' retirement commission. In cities of first class commission shall consist of seven members, viz, three elected from membership of association by members thereof, superintendent of schools, clerk of school board, and two members elected by school board. In State at large commission shall consist of 15 members, viz, State auditor, treasurer, superintendent, attorney general, and 11 members elected by asso- ciation from membership thereof. Commission shall meet at least once each year and shall make an annual financial report. Funds shall be of two classes — permanent and current. When a retirement commission is duly organized, city superintendent or State superintendent, as case may be, shall notify teachers in service, and such teachers may elect to become members of association; teachers coming into the service for the first time shall sign contract agreeing to become members of association. Source of income: (1) Deduction of 1 per cent of teachers' salaries, but not to exceed 1 per cent of salary of $1,200, annually; (2) deduction from teachers' salaries on account of absence through sickness, but not to exceed five days in any one year for a teacher; (3) all moneys received from gifts, bequests, etc. 462 . STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. First two of these sources shall constitute current fund; last mentioned shall constitute permanent fund unless otherwise indicated by donor; only interest of permanent fund shall be available for current expenditure. On recommendation of commission, city or State board of education may, by two-thirds vote, retire any member of association who has taught in the city or State 10 years, whose aggregate service has been 30 years or more, and who has become mentally or physically incapacitated; on retirement such person shall receive an annuity equal to one-half of average annual salary received during five years just preceding; if such person shall have had an aggregate service of less than 30 but more than 20 years, amount received shall be such a part of full annuity as years of service are a part of 30. Any teacher having taught 30 years, one-third of which shall have been in city or State where association is located, and having reached the age of 60 years, shall, upon his or her request, or upon recommendation of commission and two-thirds vote of board of education, be retired, and shall receive an annuity equal to one-half of average annual salary for five years just preceding. No annuity shall exceed $600. Any teacher retired before having paid 1 per cent of salary during years of service claimed, not to exceed $1,200 annually, shall have amount due deducted from annuity. Teacher removing to district outside of bounds of his or her association may either have membership transferred or retain " absent membership," and continue to pay dues. In case of death of member having dependent relatives before retirement, such member's est^ite shall be entitled to refund of all moneys paid in by said member. If funds are sufficient to pay annuities due, amount available shall be prorated. " Teacher," as used in this act, shall for cities include superintendents, supervisors, principals, and teachers; for State at large, presidents of faculties, superintendents, professors, instructors, supervisors, principals, and teachers. Vermont: A permanent State teachers' retirement fund is hereby established to consist of (1) contributions of teachers, (2) contributions by the Vermont teacher retirement fund, (3) all donations, legacies, gifts, and bequests made to said fund, (4) appropriations made by legislature for purpose, (5) income from investment of said retirement fund. Retirement fund shall be under control of Vermont State teachers' retirement fund board, which shall con- sist of the governor, superintendent of education. State treasurer, and the president of the Vermont Teachers' Retirement Fund Association ex officio, and one member of said association, to be elected by it biennially. President of said association and member elected by it shall serve two years. Mem- bers of said board shall recieve no compensation, but shall receive expenses. Said board shall keep separate account of funds received from various sources; shall report annually to auditor of accounts funds received from said association. State treasurer shall be custodian of retirement fund, and said fund shall be invested only in those securities in which savings banks invest their funds. Income of such fund shall be paid to beneficiaries under rules of said board. Said board shall make biennial report to legislature, A teacher who has taught in public schools of the State not less than 25 years of at least 28 weeks of 5 days each shall upon retirement receive from income of retirement fund an amount equal to one-half of average salary of said teacher for last five years of service, not to exceed $500 an- nually. A teacher who has taught in public schools 30 years, 20 years of which shall have been in this State, and of equal length as hereinbefore pro- vided, shall be entitled to an annuity not to exceed amount hereinbefore pro- vided. Any public-school teacher incapacitated for further school work shall F (c). teachers' pensions. 463 receive from said Income an amount determined by said board, but not to exceed annuity hereinbefore provided. Principals and union superintendents and normal-school teachers shall be entitled to said annuities. To receive such annuity a teacher shall present proof (1) as to age, length of service, or infirmities, (2) of largest salary received, (3) that he has retired from paid work in public schools, (4) that he has contributed to said retirement fund a sum equal to 40 per cent of annuity to which he is entitled. No teacher entitled to such benefits on reaching age of 60 years shall thereafter receive such benefits unless he retires from paid work as teacher on reach- ing said age. Until income from said fund shall be sufficient to pay all annuities said board may divide such income proportionately among bene- ficiaries or pay annuities in order of periods of service to the State, or may withhold same and add to principal of fund until income shall become suffi- cient to meet any or all annuities. Teachers may be pensioned from moneys raised by towns or incorporated districts for school purposes. A teacher who has taught in a public school 30 years is eligible to receive a pension. No pension voted by town or incorporated district shall exceed one-half average salary received by teacher for last five years of service. A pension may be voted by town or incorporated district upon recommendation of directors or prudential committee at annual or at special meeting called for such purpose. Virginia: Persons who may he retired. — Class A shall include every person who has taught in the public schools of the State an aggregate of at least 20 years, with a good record, and who is mentally or physically incapable of rendering efficient service ; class B shall include every person who has taught in the public schools of the State an aggregate of at least 30 years, with a good record, and has reached the age of 58 years if a man or 50 years if a woman. The State board of education shall place such' persons on the "retired teachers' list," but division superintendents shall not be placed on such list. The State board of education or the State board of health may at .any time and shall once every three years require persons retired under class A to be examined by a physician, and if disability no longer exists State board of education shall remove the said person from the retired list; any person removed from such list shall be restored to the same rights regard- ing certificates as he possessed at the time of application for retirement ; any person so removed may be restored to list at any time when eligible; any retired teacher who shall engage in teaching in a public school shall be removed from said list; any unmarried woman on the retired list who has taught less than 30 years or who is less than 50 years old shall be removed from said list if she marries ; when any person is removed from list he shall receive back amount paid into fund with 6 per cent interest, less any amounts paid to him out of retired teachers' fund. Any person in either class shall have deducted from the first year's pension an amount equal to 30 per cent of the average annual salary earned during the last five years, less the amounts already contributed to pension fund by said person ; such deduction shall be used to create a permanent endowment. Sources of fund: (1) One per cent of each teacher's salary; (2) State appropriation of $5,000 per an- num; (3) gifts and bequests. State board of education shall invest the fund; only the income shall be used in paying pensions. Amount of pension: A sum paid quarterly equal to one-eighth of the average annual salary during last five years, but not exceeding $400 per annum, except that a person whose average salary during last five years v/as $1,000 or more, may be paid $500 per annum. No person shall be placed on the pension list after January 1, 464 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. 1914, unless such person shall have taught at least five sessions since July 1, 1908. State board of education shall publish annually a list of names on the retired teachers' list; said board shall make rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of this act. Wisconsin: Board of trustees of teachers' insurance and retirement fund shall consist of five members, including State treasurer and State superintendent of public instruction, ex officio, and three members, one to be a woman, elected by members of said fund, one member elected each year; term, three years; any vacancy in board shall be filled by board until next board meeting ; said board may elect a secretary; State treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of said fund; said board shall meet annually, and may adopt rules relative to business of said fund; members of said board shall receive no pay except expenses incurred, but secretary may receive annual salary not to exceed $1,200, to be paid out of said fund. Said board shall have control of said fund, and shall invest same under same conditions as trust funds of the State are invested; said board shall make annual report to members of said fund and to State superintendent ; said board shall not be a corporation, but may sue and be sued ; all actions by or against board shall be prosecuted or defended, as case may be, by attorney general. Each school-district board, high-school district board, town board of school directors, board of education, or other managing body of each city, and of each school district, and of each village, and of each town operating schools under township system of school govern- ment, shall retain out of salary of teachers following amounts: One per cent per annum, not to exceed $15 per year, for each of first 10 years of service ; and 2 per cent per annum, not to exceed $30 per year, for each suc- cessive year of service, until said teacher shall have had total of 25 years' of teaching service ; total amount paid into such fund by teacher shall not be less than annuity to be received. Each of said school boards hereinbefore named shall annually report amounts so deducted from teachers' salaries to treasurer of town, village, or city in which schoolhouse of said teacher is located, and shall report such other facts relative to teachers and schools as may be required by law ; said school board shall make a like report to super- intendent of the county, district, or city in which schoolhouse is located; said superintendent shall transmit such report annually to board of said fund; said board of said fund, each of said school boards, and each of said superintendents shall keep complete records of data contained in said reports. Each town, village, and city treasurer shall annually forward amounts so received from school boards to the county treasurer; county treasurer shall annually transmit such amounts to State treasurer. No city, village, town, or school district shall share in the seven-tenths mill-tax apportionment for any year unless said rejwrt has been made and said amounts have been paid to State treasurer. State treasurer shall annually set side from seven-tenths mill tax levied for common schools 10 cents for each person of school age in the State, which, together with donations or legacies therefor, or moneys received from any legal source of increment, shall constitute the " teachers' insurance and retirement fund." To retire and receive an annuity the teacher shall have taught 25 years, 18 of which shall have been in public schools of Wisconsin ; such teacher shall pay such amount as is necessary to make total of assessments equal such annuity. A teacher after 18 years of teaching in public schools of the State, when mentally or physically incapacitated for further service, may retire and receive an annuity; such teacher shall ijay such amount as is necessary to make total of assessments equal to annuity received. Each teacher so retiring shall receive annuity of $12.50 tervising principal, who shall hold a State or first-grade county certificate, which principal shall be supervisor of schools in districts uniting to form such union district. County superintendent shall apportion funds to such union graded school on same basis and in same manner as to district in which such school is situated. Board of education of union district shall have same powers and duties as board of township cTistrict, except as herein- before provided; each union graded school shall be under supervision of county superintendent of county in which schoolhouse is situated. In case the board of a union graded school shall decide to raise money to purchase school site, erect or furnish schoolhouse, or for purchase thereof by issue of bonds, said board shall give notice thereof to boards of districts united for establishing said school, and said boards shall submit such question to people of such districts ; such question shall carry by majority vote of each district ; bonds so issued shall bear interest at rate not to exceed 6 per cent per annum, and must be sold at not less than par; bonds shall be a lien on the school property and the real and personal estates in each such district ; a tax shall be levied annually to pay part of principal and interest on bonds due. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a). Local finance and support, general. New Mexico: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. New York: See A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. North Carolina: See A (cl), County boards. North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Ohio: See A (cl). County boards; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c). Local taxation. Oklahoma: When two or more adjacent districts or parts of districts or territory desire to unite for purpose of establishing a consolidated school, a meeting, upon petition of one-half of voters of. territory affected, may be called by county superintendent to determine such question ; a majority vote 524 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of electors of territory affected shall determine question; If consolidation shall carry, meeting shall elect a- director, clerk, and member for such dis- trict; no consolidated district shall contain less than 25 square miles and assessed valuation less than $300,000; all or part of any district adjacent to a consolidated district may, upon petition to county superintendent signed by majority of voters of district so desiring to be attached to consolidated district and of board of consolidated district, be attached to consolidated district. Consolidated districts comprising territory lying in two or more counties shall be formed in same manner as joint districts are formed. Where more than two districts form a consolidated district, not more than one board member shall come from each such district. Powers and duties of consolidated board shall be same as district board, and, in addition, said board shall provide transportation for pupils living 2 miles or more from school. Any bonded indebtedness incurred by any district shall remain attached to the territory of such district, regardless of any change that may be made in such district. Consolidated district shall be a body corporate. The proceeds derived from the sale of certain public lands shall constitute the " union graded or consolidated school district fund," the same to be used only to assist in constructing or paying for school buildings In union or consolidated districts. Rents and proceeds of sales of public lands prior to January 1, 1913, shall be distributed by State board of education on basis of scholastic population of the several counties, excepting cities of first class. Any consolidated or union district maintaining not less than a six-month term, having at least three teachers, and with attendance of not fewer than 130 scholastic pupils, which has built a schoolhouse of at least three rooms, may receive from State board one-half cost of such schoolhouse not to exceed $2,500; the "public-building fund" shall be applied to building schoolhouses In consolidated and union districts. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Pennsylvania: Whenever graded schools can be made to accommodate pupils of one or more ungraded schools by consolidation of said schools with graded or ungraded schools it shall be the duty of school directors to abandon one- room school or schools and erect suitable buildings for consolidating and grading said schools, but no pupil of any abandoned school shall be required to walk more than 1^ miles to the consolidated school building. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Ehode Island: In case any town shall consolidate three or more ungraded schools, and Instead thereof shall establish a graded school of two or more departments, of not less than 20 pupils for each department, the State shall pay to such town $100 annually for each such department ; towns may unite for consolidation. When once established, a consolidated school shall con- tinue to receive State aid unless attendance shall fall below 15 for the several departments. No town shall forfeit any part of its portion of the $120,000 State appropriation by reason of the reduction of number of its schools due to consolidation. The school committee of any town may, subject to approval of commissioner of public schools, consolidate schools or unite such school or schools with some graded school and may provide transportation for pupils. State shall pay $100 to any town supporting a graded school with which an ungraded school has been consolidated. South Carolina: See B (d). State taxation for school purposes; B (e). State aid for elementary education; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. H (e). CONSOLIDATION OF DISTRICTS, ETC. 525 South Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; L (i), Manual and industrial education. Tennessee: County board of education or county bigh school board may con- solidate two or more schools; said boards may provide transportation for " pupils that reside too far away from school to attend without transporta- tion"; said boards may employ supervisors to assist county superintendents, but supervisors of elementary schools shall hold first-grade elementary certifi- cates and supervisors of high schools shall hold first-grade high-school cer- tificates. See also A (bl), Siate boards. Texas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: A town may, by majority vote of voters present and voting at town meeting, instruct school directors to pay a reasonable sum for trans- portation of high-school students. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units- districts, etc.; L (a). Course of study. Virginia: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Washington: Upon receipt of petition of five heads of families of two or more adjoining districts in same county, county superintendent may organize and establish a consolidated district ; notices, hearing, and appeal shall be same as in change of territory from one district to another. When such consolidated district is formed, directors of all districts included shall constitute board of directors for the same until next annual school election, when three directors Bhall be elected for consolidated district. Whenever a consolidated district, by reason of detachments of territory, shall be reduced to approximately the size of a district prior to such consolidation, said district shall not receive consolidated-district bonus. When two or more districts are consolidated, only one of which contains an incorporated city, directors of such city district shall constitute board of directors for consolidated district. County superin- tendent shall number and describe districts. Consolidated district is entitled to public property of districts so united and to funds in excess of indebted- ness, except bonded indebtedness; for purpose of apportionment consolidated district shall be considered one district, but shall be credited with 2,000 days' attendance in addition to actual attendance for each district, less one, so consolidated. Each district composing a consolidated district shall retain its corporate existence for payment of its indebtedness. See also A (d), District boards and officers. West Virginia: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. Wisconsin: Whenever an application, signed by at least one-third of legal voters in each of two or more districts, shall be filled with town board of supervisors or president of village board of trustees or mayor of city in which any part of such whole or joint school district is situated, requesting consolidation of districts, such officer shall call meeting of proper boards Interested to consider such question; due notice of such meeting shall be given; when districts are consolidated, a written order to that effect shall be made; if for any reason action is not taken on said application, aggrieved persons may appeal to State superintendent. If any consolidated district shall maintain a first-class rural school, or free high school, and grades below a free high school, and school children living more than 2 miles from school 626 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. are transported to such school, the State may repay to such school district 10 cents per day for each child so transported for at least six months during term of school ; arrangements may be made with parents to transport such children ; any board receiving such State aid shall annually report to State superintend- ent facts relative to such transportation. When new districts are formed, assets and liabilities of districts interested shall be adjusted on the basis of as- sessed valuation of districts so interested. Any school district organization of any kind, town free high schools and union free high schools excepted, consist- ing of territory lying in two or more towns or in one or more towns and an incorporated village, or any city shall be a joint school district ; such district shall not be dissolved nor shall boundaries thereof be changed except by joint action of proper boards of units affected. If a district shall neglect to maintain school for two or more successive years, the territory of such district shall be attached to one or more other districts, but this provision shall not apply to districts providing for instruction of its pupils in any other district. Whenever 15 per cent of electors of any rural school district and one or more contiguous school districts or subdistricts within or outside of an in- corporated village shall petition therefor, school boards of respective districts shall meet and fix date of election for consolidation of districts ; consolidation shall carry by majority vote of electors of each district ; consolidated district shall be deemed organized when any two officers legally elected have accepted offices, or when district has exercised privileges of district for term of one year. Property of districts so consolidated shall be vested in consolidated district; debts against the several districts shall remain a charge against such districts ; consolidated districts may borrow money as provided by law ; such district shall share fully in the distribution of State and other school funds, and, in case a high school is maintained therein, shall also receive aid as in case of union free high schools. Special State aid shall be granted to consolidated districts, to partially defray cost of erecting and equipping a school building, as follows: (1) To such district maintaining one depart- ment, one-half cost, not to exceed $500 to any one school; (2) to such district maintaining a State graded school of two departments, one-half cost, not to exceed $1,500 to any one school; (3) to such district maintaining a State graded school of three departments, one-half cost, not to exceed $2,000 to any one school; (4) to such district maintaining a State graded school of four or more departments, one-half cost, not to exceed $3,000 to any one school; (5) to such district maintaining a State graded school and a high school, one- half cost, not to exceed $5,000 to any one school. Plans and expense accounts for new buildings or additions in such districts must be approved by State superintendent. Clerk of board of each consolidated district shall make annual report to State superintendent. Officers of any consolidated rural school district may arrange for transportation of pupils. The consolidated rural school district shall receive State aid for transportation of pupils upon complying with certain requirements. Each district forming part of a con- solidated district shall receive its share of school funds as if consolidation had not been effected. Electors of consolidated district may direct board to enter into an agreement with the parent, guardian, or other person in charge of the pupil for transportation of pupils. See also A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; B (e), State aid for ele- mentary education. Wyoming: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 527 H (f). Compulsory Attendance; Truancy; Truant Officers. See also H (g), Child labor; U (c), Juvenile courts; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Arizona: No child under 16 years old shall be employed while school is in session unless such child presents a written permit from the board of trus- tees; every employer shall require proof that such child has been excused from attendance. Every person having control of a child between 8 and 16 years old shall cause such child to attend a public or private school during time such public school is in session. Such attendance may be excused for the following reasons: (1) That child is taught at home by a competent teacher in common-school branches; (2) that he is attending an approved private or parochial school; (3) that he is in such physical or mental condi- tion, as shown by physician's certificate, as to render attendance imprac- ticable; (4) that he has already completed the grammar-school course; (5) that reasons are presented satisfactory to a board consisting of president of trustees, superintendent, principal or teacher, and a probation officer ap- pointed by the superior judge; for violation of this act person in control of child may be fined $5 to $25 for each offense. The deputy sheriff, constable, city marshal, or attendance officer of the precinct where school district is located shall inquire into violations of tliis act and shall secure the prosecu- tion of offenders. Arkansas: Person in charge of any child between 8 and 16 years old shall cause such child to attend a public, private, or parochial school not less than one-half of the time said school is in session or shall provide such child with equivalent instruction at home; every child between 16 and 20 years old not lawfully employed shall attend school as if between 8 and 16. Exemptions: Child whose parent or guardian is not able to provide proper clothing, the mentally or physically incapacitated, those residing 2^ miles or more from school, child whose labor is needed for the support of the family, child who has completed seven grades of the elementary school. School board shall furnish books to child not able to purchase the same. District school board shall appoint an attendance officer. District board may establish a special school for children between 8 and 16 years old who are habitual truants or are incorrigible, vicious, or immoral, or wander about without lawful employ- ment, and said board may require the attendance of such juvenile disorderly persons at said school. Person not sending child to school as required by this act may be fined $10 to $25. No child between 8 and 16 years old shall be employed while school is in session, unless employer shall present a certificate showing that said child has attended school as required in this act or is exempt as hereinbefore provided. Certain counties are exempted from the provisions of this act. Certain counties not subject to the foregoing act have a similar law, but the provision regarding the employment of children be- tween 8 and 16 years old is omitted; also the provision for furnishing free textbooks to indigent children applies only to the first four grades. A third group of counties (nine in all) have a similar law, but the period of com- pulsory attendance is from 8 to 14 and the period during which child must attend school unless lawfully employed is from 14 to 16 ; in this group attend- ance officers may be appointed only in districts having 3,000 population or more ; truant schools may be established only in districts having 10,000 popu- lation or more. (Twenty-eight counties are subject to no compulsory-attend- ance law.) 528 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. California: Parent or guardian having control of child between 7 and 15 years old shall send such child to school while public school is in session ; if child's bodily or mental condition, as certified by a physician, is such as to render it unable to attend school, or if it is receiving approved instruction elsewhere, or, being over 12 years old, has received a permit to work, or has completed the grammar grades prior to reaching the age of 15 years, or if no school is located within 2 miles, school board shall, upon application, excuse such child from attendance; if parent is unable to compel attendance, child may be deemed a truant and sent to parental school ; parent or guardian vio- lating the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and may be fined not exceeding $10 or imprisoned 5 days for first offense, and for subse- quent offenses $10 to $50 or imprisoned 5 to 25 days; school boards shall investigate charges against parents or guardians and file with proper court complaints against violators of this act, but where truant oflicers are em- ployed, such officers shall perform his duty ; school board of any city or city and county may appoint and remove one or more attendance officers, and school board in district having 600 or more census children, may appoint and remove one attendance officer ; attendance, peace, or school officer shall ar- rest during school hours any child 8 to 14 years old found away from home and school and reported by teacher or superintendent as a truant ; such child shall be delivered to parent or guardian or to teacher, and if an habitual truant shall be presented to a magistrate for commitment to parental school ; a child is a truant when absent from school three days or tardy three days, and may be so reported ; when reported a truant three times or more a child is an habitual truant. School board of a city, city and county, or district having 600 or more census children may establish a parental school for habitual truants and insubordinate pupils 8 to 14 years old ; school board may, with consent of a parent, order such children to attend parental school or be detained therein; if parent or guardian objects, then such child may be pro- ceeded against in a proper court, and may, by such court, be detained in the paternal school until the close of the school year ; if district has no parental school, county superintendent shall make complaint against truant and insub- ordinate children to superior court, and such court may commit such children to some other parental school ; or if there be no parental school in the county, may require parents or guardians to present such children at school every morning, or parents or guardians may give bond for the attendance and proper conduct of such children. City superintendent or school board may parole any child committed to or ordered to attend a parental school, except when committed by a court, in which case court may parole. Teachers' salaries and cost of supplies shall be paid out of common-school fund ; other expenses, as cost of building, etc., shall be paid out of parental-school fund. To establish a parental school, school board shall furnish to city council or other governing body evidence of the need for such a school and if such governing body consents school board shall furnish to tax-levying authority an estimate of money, exclusive of teachers' salaries and cost of supplies, necessary to establish and maintain parental school, and needed tax shall be levied and collected ; proceeds of tax shall be the " parental-school fund " and shall be expended by school board as provided by law. Two or more districts or cities may unite to form a joint district for the maintenance of a joint parental school. All fines paid for violation of this act shall be paid into parental-school fund, if there be one, otherwise to common-school fund. Parents or guardian of deaf or blind child shall send such child to a suitable institution for five years, or until majority is reached, but school board of H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 629 district where child resides may excuse such child if it is mentally or bodily unfit or is receiving suitable instruction at home or elsewhere. Any justice of the peace or recorder of a city or city and county or justice of the peace in a township where school district is located or where offense is committed, shall have jurisdiction of offenses committed under this act. Colorado: Every parent, guardian, or other person having charge of any child between 8 and 16 years old shall send such child to a public, private, or parochial school during the time public school is in session. Exceptions: (1) Children over 14 years old who have completed the eighth grade or whose help is needed for their own or their parents' support, or whose best interests would be subserved by relief from the provisions of this act; (2) children receiving approved instruction at home; (3) children whose bodily or mental conditions is certified by physician to be such as to warrant ex- emption. Application for exemption shall be made to superintendent of schools or, if there be no superintendent, to county superintendent; appeal may be taken from decision of such superintendent to county court, whose decision shall be final. No child under 14 years old shall be employed while the public schools are in session unless the person in charge of such child shall have fully complied with the provisions of this act, and every em- ployer of such child shall require proof of compliance. All minors between 14 and 16 years old who can not read and write the English language shall attend school at least one-half of each day, or attend a public night school, or take approved private instruction ; every employer employing such minor shall require that such instruction be had. Every child who does not attend school as required, or is incorrigible, an habitual truant, or wanders about the streets and public places during school hours or at night is a juvenile disorderly person. School directors in districts of the first and second classes shall appoint a truant officer; in districts of the third class truant officer shall be employed and may be paid only for number of days of service. Truant officer shall examine cases of truancy and make complaint against person in charge of child who has been out of school for five days or more. Whenever a child shall be a juvenile disorderly person, the truant officer or any teacher or reputable person may make complaint to county court, and on determination of the case said court may commit such child to a children's home, if eligible, or to a boys' industrial school or a girls' indus- trial school ; no child committed to a reformatory shall be detained beyond its majority, and any child may be paroled by trustees or released by order of the county court. When child is required to work to support itself or help support others, authorities charged with the relief of the poor shall afford such relief as will enable such child to attend school three hours a day. This act shall not apply in districts where school accommodations are not sufficient. Connecticut: Every parent or person having control of a child between 7 and 16 years old shall cause such child to attend a public school during the hours and term the public school of the district is in session, unless parent or guardian can show that such child is elsewhere receiving thorough in- struction during said hours and term in the studies taught in the public schools. Children over 14 years old who are lawfully employed shall not be subject to the provisions of this act. Each week's failure to comply with the foregoing requirement shall constitute a distinct offense punishable by a fine of not more than $5; said penalty shall not be incurred by indigent children. Whenever the town school committee or board of education of a town or district shall by vote decide, or whenever the State board of educa- ' -15 34 530 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tion shall ascertain that any child between 14 and 16 years old has not suffi- cient schooling, said child shall attend school until excused by authority re- quiring attendance or until the age of 16 is reached. Attendance at a school other than public school shall not be accepted unless teacher thereof shall keep an approved register open to inspection and shall report attendance to secretary of State board. Every person employing or permitting the employment of a child under 14 years old during school hours shall be fined not more than $20 for each week child is employed. Every person in control of a child who shall make a false statement regarding such child's age shall be fined not exceeding $20. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any mechanical, mercantile, or manufacturing establishment. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any mechanical, mercantile, or manu- facturing establishment unless the employer shall have first obtained a cer- tificate signed by the secretary or an agent of the State board of education, or by a school supervisor, superintendent, supervising principal, or acting school visitor designated by said State board and stating that said child can read and write simple sentences and do fundamental operations of arithmetic through fractions, and does not appear to be physically unfit; such officer may have child examined by a physician to determine physical fitness. Every employer shall notify State board of the beginning and ter- mination of employment of each child between 14 and 16 years old in his employment. The State board may employ agents to enforce the laws re- lating to the employment of minors. The school visitors or the school committee of every town shall annually examine into the employment of minors in manufacturing establishments in their towns. Each city and town may make regulaions concerning habitual truants and children under 16 years old not lawfully employed and not in school ; city or town having such regulations shall appoint three persons to prosecute for violations thereof; warrants shall be returnable before any justice of the peace or judge of the city or police court; policemen, bailiffs, constables, sheriffs, and deputy sheriffs shall arrest all boys between 7 and 16 who are loitering about the streets or public places or who are beyond the control of parent or guardian and shall send such boys to school ; if a boy be arrested three time or more under this action, he may by judge of the criminal or police court or by justice of the peace be committed to a house of instruction or correction for not exceeding three years, or if over IC years may, with consent of select- men, be committed to the Connecticut school for boys. Upon request of the parent or guardian of any girl between 7 and 16 years old, said girl may be proceeded against as in the case of boys and court may commit said girl to the Connecticut Industrial School for Girls. Janitors of schoolhouses may be appointed constable for enforcing this act. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d). District boards and officers. Delaware: Every person in control of a child between 7 and 14 years old shall send such child to school for not less than five months each year, unless such child shall be excused by the district school committee, with the approval of the county superintendent, on showing of satisfactory evidence that such child is prevented from attendance by mental, physical, or other urgent reasons ; at annual district meeting period of compulsory attendance may be reduced to three months; if no public school is located within 2 miles of child's residence, such child shall not be required to attend unless free con- veyance is provided; attendance at a public school may not be required if child receives in a private school or otherwise instruction approved by county superintendent. Violation of the foregoing section shall constitute a mis- H (f ). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 531 demeanor, but person in parental relation to a child not attending school shall first be notified by county superintendent. School boards and school committees in all districts may employ one or more attendance ofllcers ; when truant oflicer is not appointed district secretary or clerk shall serve as such. District committee may independently or jointly with other districts estab- lish special schools for habitual truants. Truancy and incorrigibility shall be deemed disorderly conduct, and a person convicted of the same before a justice of the peace, magistrate, or alderman may, where no special school exists, be committed to the Ferris Industrial School or to the Delaware Industrial School for Girls. The tax assessor shall, when making assess- ments, enumerate all children between 7 and 14 years old, and shall report such enumeration to the county superintendent, who shall send a list to each teacher. After three days of absence each teacher shall report to attendance officer and to county superintendent the ftames of children absent from school without lawful excuse. It shall be a misdemeanor for any tax assessor, principal, teacher, secretary, or attendance officer to fail to comply with the provisions of this act. State treasurer shall withhold one-fourth of the State funds from any district failing to enforce this act. In the city of Wilmington the board of education shall be charged with the enforcement of this act and the police commissioners shall cooperate. Idaho: County superintendent shall annually publish compulsory attendance law; clerk of school board shall furnish head teacher with list of children 8 to 18 years old ; head teacher shall check enrollment against list furnished by clerk; head teacher shall report monthly to county superintendent chil- dren not in school and not excused; county superintendent shall give such names to probation officer who shall give notice to parent; parent or guardian of delinquent child shall be proceeded against as provided by law. "Delinquent child" is any child under 18 years old who is delinquent as defined at length in the law ; probate courts of the counties shall have juris- diction in the case of juvenile delinquent persons; court shall report an- nually to governor; proceedings shall be begun on complaint of county prosecuting attorney, or of probation officer if there be one; no such child shall be incarcerated except when necessary to insure its attendance at court, but person responsible for child may make written promise to present child at hearing, and if child fails to appear without good cause responsible person may be proceeded against for contempt of court; no child under 14 shall be incarcerated in a jail or lock-up under any circumstances; a child under 18 when arrested shall, except in case of felony, be taken directly before probate court; court may continue the case from time to time with child under care of sheriff, or child may be committed to proper home or institution ; child may not be committed beyond 21 years old ; all institutions or associations receiving children under this act shall be subject to the same inspection and supervision as State charitable institutions; encouraging or contributing to the delinquency of a child shall constitute a misdemeanor. All parents, guardians, or other persons having care of children shall cause them to be instructed in reading, writing, spelling, English, grammar, geography, and arithmetic; child 8 to 18 years old shall be sent to a public or private school for entire term, but this shall not apply to child over 14 who has completed eight grades, or is eligible to enter any high school in the district, or where its help is necessary for its own or parents' support, or when for good cause it should not be required to attend ; if a physician certi- fies that child's bodily or mental condition does not permit attendance, child shall be exempt during disability ; superintendent, if there be one, otherwise 532 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county superintendent, shall liear applications for exemption, but appeal may be taken to probate judge, whose decision shall be final. A "juvenile dis- orderly person" is a child who does not attend school as provided in this act or who is in attendance at school and is vicious, incorrigible, or immoral, or who is an habitual truant or who wanders about the street during school hours or at night ; truant officer, teacher, or any reputable person may make complaint against juvenile disorderly person; probate court shall determine case; such person may be committed to a children's home, the Industrial Training School or some other training school; court may transfer incor- rigible child from children's home to industrial school; no child shall be committed beyond 21 years old; such child may be paroled. Probate court may appoint one or more probation officers to work under direction of court; court shall fix compensation; in counties of over 5,000 children of school age, not exceeding two officers may be appointed; in other counties one officer. School trustees shall report cases of truancy, delinquancy, and incorrigibility to county superintendent, who shall report them to probate court. Illinois: Every person having control of any child between the ages of 7 and 16 years shall cause such child to attend some public or private school during the time such school is in session, which shall be not less than six months of actual teaching, but this act shall not apply where child is receiving instruc- tion in the elementary grades for a like period elsewhere by a competent person, nor in case child's physical or mental condition renders attendance impracticable, nor in case child is temporarily excused, nor in case child is between 14 and 16 years old and is necessarily and lawfully employed. The board of education or board of directors, as the case may be, of each district, shall appoint one or more truant officers whose duty it shall be to see to the enforcement of this law. See also U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Indiana: Every parent or guardian having control of any child between 7 and 14 years old, or between 14 and 16 years old if not lawfully employed, shall cause such child to attend a public, private, or parochial school during the term the common school is in session, unless such child is physically or mentally unfit as shown by a physician's certificate. Deaf or partially deaf children between 7 and 18 years old shall attend the Indiana School for the Deaf unless discharged by the trustees thereof ; blind or partially blind chil- dren shall likewise attend the Indiana School for the Blind; such deaf or blind children shall not be employed during the terms of said schools. No child under 16 years old shall be employed while the schools are in session unless said child is over 14 years old, has a certificate from the school execu- tive officer or person designated by him, showing his age and that he has completed the fifth grade of the common schools, or the equivalent thereof, and has a written statement from his employer stating that he has employed said child; employer shall keep said certificate on file for inspection; State board of truancy shall define occupation as contemplated in this act. At- tendance officers may enter places of employment to ascertain whether chil- dren are employed therein contrary to this act; employers and persons in parental relation to children shall, on request, give desired information to attendance officer. County board of education shall appoint a county attend- ance officer; in county having less than 25,000 population such officer shall also be probation officer. Such officer shall see that the provisions of this act are complied with ; when any child subject to the provisions of this act is an habitual truant or habitually tardy attendance officer shall notify parent H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 533 or guardian, and if the law is not complied with in five days said officer shall make complaint to the juvenile court or any court of record; person violat- ing this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any city having a school enumeration of 2,000 or more, or two or more towns or cities having a com- bined enumeration of 2,000 or more, may employ an attendance officer. Number of officers allowed : Cities of 2,000 to 10,000 enumeration, one officer ; 10,000 to 20,000, two ; 20,000 to 30,000, three ; 30,000, to 40,000, four ; 40,000 or more, five or more officers; school trustees or board of school commissioners shall appoint such officers who must have completed the eighth grade or the equiva- lent thereof. Each teacher shall keep a record of the attendance of all pupils between 7 and 16 years old, which record shall be open to school authorities. State superintendent, a member of State board of education designated by said board, and the secretary of State board of charities shall constitute the State board of truancy, which shall be charged with the ad- ministration of this act. School corporations shall furnish books and clothing to indigent children subject to the provisions of this act, and the overseers of the poor shall repay said corporations. School corporations may maintain separate schools for incorrigible and truant children. Any child subject to the provisions of this act who habitually absents himself from school may be declared by the attendance officer and superintendent of schools of the county or of the city where such child resides a confirmed truant; such truant may be committed by the juvenile court or any court of record to the Indian Boys' School, if a boy, or to the Indian Girls' School if a girl. For the expenses of carrying out this act school corporations may levy a tax of not exceeding 5 cents on each $100 of taxable property. School enumerators, in taking the annual census, shall record the place and date of birth of every child enumerated and parent or guardian shall take oath that such record is true. School executive officer of each corporation shall on the first day of each school year furnish truant officer with a list of children subject to the provisions of this act. See also O (a), Industrial education, general. [owa: Any person in charge of any child between 7 and 16 years old who is in proper physical and mental condition shall cause such child to attend some public, private, or parochial school, or to attend upon equivalent instruction by a competent teacher elsewhere for at least 24 consecutive school weeks in each school year, but directors in cities of first and second classes may re- quire attendance for the entire term ; this section shall not apply to children living more than 2 miles from school unless transportation is provided, nor to those excused by a court of record, nor to those temporarily receiving re- ligious instruction, nor to those over 14 who are regularly employed or have qualifications equivalent to graduation from the eighth grade. Principals of private and parochial schools shall report annually, and on individual cases when required, the attendance of all children in said schools; parent or guardian having child instructed by a private teacher shall likewise report to secretary of board; any person having a child physically or mentally unable to«attend school shall give proof of the same. Any school corporation may establish a truant school ; habitually vagrant, disorderly, or incorrigible children may by a court of record be committed to one of the State industrial schools. Any school corporation may, and any such corporation having a population of 20,000 or more shall, appoint one or more truant officers; it shall be the duty of said truant officer to take into custody without warrant any child between 7 and 16 who absents himself from school without excuse and place said child in a school which he- is entitled to attend. When child ) 534 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. fails properly to attend school or fails to act properly in school where placed directors may remove child therefrom and place him in a truant school. It shall be the duty of the director or president of the board of directors or truant officer to enforce this act and to recover the penalties provided herein. All teachers, county superintendents, and other school officers shall promptly report to the secretary of the school corporation any violations of this act, and said secretary shall notify the president of the board, which shall take such action as the facts justify. Directors may prescribe reasonable punish- ment for truants. All persons empowered to take the school census shall enumerate children between 7 and 16 years old in their districts, the num- ber of such children not attending school, and so far as possible ascertain the reason therefor. Kansas: Every person having control or charge of a child between the ages of 8 and 15 years shall cause such child to attend a public or private school during time such school is in session, but any child over 14 years old who can read and write the English language and is actively and regularly em- ployed for support of himself or those dependent upon him shall not be re- quired to attend longer than eight consecutive weeks; any child who has graduated from the common schools of the county or been admitted to high school in any city shall be exempt ; any child who is physically or mentally incapacitated as shown by examination by physician shall be exempt. County superintendents shall divide their respective counties outside of cities of first and second classes into not less than one nor more than five truancy districts, and county commissioners on nomination of superintendent shall elect a truant officer for each district; board of education in cities shall appoint truant officers ; each truant officer in his respective district shall see that the provisions of this act are carried out; on receiving complaint that child sub- ject to the provisions of this act is habitually absent from school he shall give notice to person in charge of such child, and if child is not in school within five days he shall proceed against said person in charge before the juvenile court or other court of competent jurisdiction. It shall be unlawful for any merchant, company, or other party, without the written consent of the school board, to employ any child between 8 and 15 years old residing in the district while the schools are in session ; person in charge of child delin- quent in attendance and any merchant, company, or other party employing such child contrary to this act may be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25 for each offense ; fines collected shall be applied to the support of the com- mon schools. In case a pupil becomes an habitual truant or a menace to the best interests of the school, truant officer shall report to person in charge of such pupil, and if such person shall state in writing that child is beyond his control truant officer shall proceed against such child as a juvenile disorderly person. In cities of first and second classes not exceeding one truant officer for every 10,000 children shall be appointed. Truant officers shall receive $2 per day for actual service rendered. School officers shall make all reports required by county superintendent or by school board of city of first or sec- ond class ; teachers shall report monthly to county superintendent all pupils who have been truant or habitually absent during the previous month, and superintendents shall bring such cases to the notice of truant officers. In taking school census enumerators shall take name, place, and date of birth of each child enumerated and parent or guardian shall take oath to such facts. Every person, company, corporation, or association having charge of any deaf, dumb, or blind child between 7 and 21 years old shall cause such child to attend some suitable -school where deaf and blind are educated ; H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 535 skilled private instruction may be substituted. Children in asylums shall be educated. Kentucky: Parent or guardian in any city of first, second, third, or fourth class having control or supervision of any child between 7 and 16 years old. Inclusive, shall cause such child " to attend some public or private day or parochial school " regularly for full term of such school, provided it is not shorter than that of the public schools; this act shall not apply when child is taught at home in same branches for a like period and subject to same examination ; court may order child to submit to such examination by city superintendent. Board of education may excuse child if not in proper physical or mental condition; failure to comply with act or false statement punishable by fine or imprisonment or both ; parent or guardian may set up in his own defense that he can not compel compliance, then child shall be proceeded against as delinquent; official record of age required; fines and penalties go to public schools. In July in each year board of education in cities of first, second, third, and fourth classes shall appoint at* least one person for each 10,000 school children as truant officer; in cities of first and second classes may appoint a chief truant officer to supervise, direct, and control, under city school superintend- ent, work of all truant officers in city. Truant officers shall examine into cases of truancy, give written notice, and proceed against parents or guardians for violation of this act or of child-labor law; county court shall have juris- diction ; school officers and teachers required to furnish report to State super- intendent or city superintendent workings of this law ; city superintendent of first, second, third, and fourth classes shall furnish truant officer list of all children between 7 and 16 years old ; school principals shall report names of absentees without lawful excuse; truant officer must examine case and take necessary steps to compel attendance. Proper officers in cities of first and second classes authorized to equip one or more parental or truant schools where delinquent children may be detained for discipline and instruction; this school shall not be located outside of county; no religious instruction shall be given in this school except such as is allowed in public schools ; child committed to this school may return home on probation, subject to super- vision ; any child who shall violate the terms of his probation shall return to school and not be released again within three months; if such child shall violate the terms of a second release he shall be recommitted for one year. Parents and guardians living within bounds of county school district law shall cause children between 7 and 12 years old, inclusive, " to attend some public or private day or parochial school" regularly for the full common- school or graded common-school terms ; this act not to apply if child is being taught at home in same branches and is subject to same examination as other pupils, which examination county superintendent may order ; county board of education may excuse child if it is not in proper physical or mental condition ; false statement by parent or guardian punishable by fine or imprisonment or both ; such person may prove in his defense that he is unable to compel com- pliance and child shall be proceeded against as delinquent; teachers 'shall report absentees and county board of education shall notify parents or guardian ; county court shall have jurisdiction of cases under this law ; official record of birth shall be produced as to age. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ;*H (g). Child labor. Louisiana: Parents, guardians, or custodians of children between ages of 8 and 14 years, in cities of over 25,000 inhabitants, parish of Orleans excepted, shall send such children to the public schools or other schools continuously 536 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. for at least four montlis each year, if schools for the races are opened to receive such minors for such time ; this act shall not apply to minors defective mentally or physically or where such minor is the sole dependence of infirm persons or a mother or sisters in necessitous circumstances; violation of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100. Every parent, guardian, or custodian residing in the parish of Orleans, hav- ing control of a child between ages of S and 14 years, shall send such child to a public, private, denominational, or parochial day school during time school is in session; such child may bo excused from attendance by the at- tendance or truant officers on account of defective mental or physical condi- tion, or if child is being properly instructed at home, or if child has completed elementary course of study, or if school accommodations within 20 city blocks are inadequate. Every child between ages of 14 and 16 years shall be caused to attend school unless regularly and lawfully engaged in some useful em- ployment for at least six hours per day. See also A (cl), County boards. Maine: Towns may make such by-laws not repugnant to law concerning habitual truants and children between 6 and 17 years old not attending school and without lawful occupation as are conducive to their welfare ; pen- alty of not exceeding $20 may be annexed for breach thereof; such by-laws must have approval of supreme judicial court. Truant officers shall make complaints and execute judgments of magistrate; said magistrate may order children growing up in truancy and without benefit of education to be placed in a suitable institution. Every child between 7 and 15 years old and every- one between 15 and 17 who can not read at sight and write legible English sentences shall attend some public day school during time school is in ses- sion; absence of one-half day or more is truancy, but school committee or superintendent may excuse such absence ; attendance shall not be required of pupils attending an approved private school or receiving instruction in other approved manner ; committee may exclude any child whose mental or physical condition makes it inexpedient for him to attend. All persons having control of children shall send them to school as provided in this act ; penalty for vio- lation, fine of not over $25 or imprisonment for not over 30 days. Children living remote from schoolhouse may be permitted to attend a school, other than a high school, in another town and home town shall pay tuition fees. School committee of any city or town shall annually elect one or more truant officers, who shall inquire into and make complaint for violations of this act; such officers shall, when directed by superintendent or committee, visit manu- facturing, mercantile, and other business establishments to ascertain whether minors under 15 years old are employed therein ; they shall report any illegal employment to superintendent or school committee and to commissioner of labor. Owner, superintendent, or agent of all such establishments shall, when requested, produce such evidence of ages of employees as he has, together with schooling certificates required to be filed. Truant officer may be fined $10 to $50 for neglect of duty ; town failing to comply with this act may be deprived of State school fund. Any child absent from school 5 days or 10 half days shall be deemed an habitual truant and shall be proceeded against ; any person contributing to truancy of a child may be fined $20 or be im- prisoned 30 days. Habitual truant, if a boy, may be committed to State School for Boys ; if a girl, to Industrial School for Girls. Police or municipal courts or trial justices shall have jurisdiction. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 537 Maryland: Every child residing in Baltimore city between 8 and 14 shall attend some day school regularly during entire period of each year unless it is elsewhere receiving regularly thorough instruction; superintendent may ex- cuse necessary absence or when mental or physical condition make it imprac- ticable; children 14 to 16 shall be subject to these requirements unless regu- larly and lawfully employed at home or elsewhere ; persons failing to comply with this act or inducing children to absent themselves are guilty of a misde- meanor. Board of school commissioners of Baltimore city shall appoint one "chief attendance officer, male or female," and assistants up to 18; board of school commissioners mny appoint for the counties such attendance officers as they deem ncessary ; such officers shall have power to arrest without war- rant any child between 8 and 16 found away from home, who is a truant or who fails to attend school; officer shall deliver child so arrested to the person in parental relation, to the teacher, or, if the child "be a habitual or incor- rigible truant," bring before a magistrate for juvenile causes or a justice, who may commit him to a parental school or parole him. Mayor and city council of Baltimore and boards of school commissioners for the counties may estab- lish parental schools for children between 8 and 16 who are habitual truants; two or more boards may jointly establish such school; police commissioners of Baltimore shall take census of all children 6 to 16 and furnish such record to school board; principal of every public or private school shall report names of all children enrolled who without cause miss three days or equivalent thereof within eight weeks; attendance officers may visit all establishments where minors are employed and may require that cer- tificates provided for minors be produced; violations constitute a misde- meanor. Every child in any county in the State 8 to 14 shall attend some day school regularly, " in no case less than four months," unless it is receiving regularly thorough instruction elsewhere; superintendent may excuse necessary ab- sence and on account of mental or physical condition ; children 14 to 16 sub- ject to requirements of this act " unless regularly and lawfully employed at home or elsewhere"; certain counties exempted from this act and remain under act of 1902. Every deaf or blind child 6 to 16 shall attend school for scholastic year, unless regularly receiving thorough instruction elsewhere ; superintendent may excuse ; if parent is financially unable to pay cost of transportation, school shall pay it ; failure to comply with this act, or inducing child to absent him- self, a misdemeanor ; principals and truant officers shall furnish boards names of all deaf, blind, or feeble-minded children who do not attend school ; boards shall certify these names to principals of State schools. Massachusetts: Every child between 7 and 14 years old, every child under 16 years old who can not read, write, and spell in the English language as is re- quired to complete the fourth grade of the public schools, and every child under 16 years old who has not received an employment certificate and is not engaged in some employment for at least six hours per day or has not the written permission of the superintendent to engage in profitable employ- ment at home, shall attend a public day school in his city or town or some other day school approved by the school committee during the entire time the public schools are in session, subject to such exceptions as are hereinafter provided; such attendance shall not be required of mentally or physically incapacitated children or of children being instructed in a manner approved by the superintendent of schools ; superintendent, or teachers when authorized by superintendent, may excuse cases of necessary absence for other causes 538 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. not exceeding five days in any period of six months ; school committee shall approve a private school only when instruction is in the English language and when such instruction is equivalent to that of the public schools, but they shall not refuse to approve a private school on account of the religious teach- ing therein. Every person having under his control a child as hereinbefore mentioned shall cause such child to attend school as required, and, if he fails for five days in any period of six months to cause the attendance of such child, he shall be fined $20. Whoever induces a child to absent himself un- lawfully from school, or harbors or employs a child while school is in session, shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $50. Every child of school age shall have a right to attend the public schools of the city or town where he resides ; no child shall be excluded from the public schools on account of race, color, or religion. Nonresident pupils shall pay tuition equal to the average cost per pupil to the school where such nonresidents attend, except in outside high schools as hereinbefore provided, or in cases where the committee of the city or town of residence of such child shall agree to pay the same. The tui- tion of any child between 5 and 15 years old who shall be placed elsewhere than in his own home by the State board of charity or by the trustees of the Massachusetts training schools shall be paid by the State at rate of not more than 50 cents per week ; the tuition of any child placed by the trustees for children of the city of Boston shall be paid by said city at same rate; the transportation of such children shall be paid by the State or by the city of Boston at the same rate that the same is paid for by the school where such child attends; money so paid shall be applied to the support of schools. An institution containing more than six inmates shall pay to the town where located, if such town contains less than 10,000 inhabitants, the additional ex- pense incurred by such town in instructing such inmates in the public schools ; but no demand shall be made on such institution without a vote of the town instructing the school committee to that effect. Any child, with the consent of the committee of the city or town where he resides, may attend, at the ex- pense of said city or town, the public schools of another city or town, upon terms satisfactory to the cities or towns interested. Any person in control of a child who has been refused admission to or excluded from school may recover damages from the city or town in an action of tort for unlawful ex- clusion. A school committee shall not permanently exclude a pupil from school for misconduct without first giving him an opportunity to be heard. Every illiterate minor between 16 and 21 years old shall attend some public evening school in the city or town in which he resides for whole time during which public evening schools are in session, if such city or town maintains such school; attendance at a public day school or approved private school shall exempt such minor from attending a public evening school ; an illiterate minor who willfully violates the provisions of this act shall be fined not less than $5; every person having under his control such illiterate minor shall cause him to attend said evening school, and if such person fails for six ses- sions within a period of one month to cause the minor to so attend school, un- less the minor's physical or mental condition is such as to prevent attendance, such person shall be punished by a fine of not less than $20 ; whoever induces such minor to absent himself unlawfully from school, or employs such minor contrary to law, or harbors such minor while school is in session shall be punished by fine of not more than $50. No official shall charge any fee for a certificate relating to the age or place of birth of any minor or to any other fact sought to be established in relation to school attendance. H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 539 See also B (c), Permanent State school funds; M (d), Vacation schools, playgrounds, etc.; O (d), Continuation schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Michigan: Every person having control and charge of any child between 7 and 16 years old shall send such child to the public schools during the time the schools of the district are in session. Exceptions: (1) Any child being taught the public-school subjects in a private or parochial school, or having completed sufficient work to entitle him to an eighth-grade diploma and holding a labor permit; (2) any child who has received an eighth-grade diploma from the public schools and holds a labor permit; (3) any child who is physically unable to attend school, but truant officer may require a physician's certificate; (4) any child over 14 whose services are needed for the support of parents, if excused by county commissioner of schools or city superintendent; (5) any child under 9 years old not residing within 2i miles from school and not having transiwrtation provided; (6) any child 12 to 14 years old while attending confirmation classes conducted for not exceeding five months. The county commissioner of schools in each county shall appoint a truant officer for the county, but in cities having a duly organized police force police authorities shall, on request of board of education, detail one or more policemen to act, or board of education may appoint a truant officer; in graded-school districts board of education may appoint one or more truant officers; in the Upper Peninsula townships organized as single districts may appoint truant officers. County truant officers shall receive $3 per day while employed, which shall be paid from general county funds ; other officers shall receive such pay as fixed by appointing authority. The school director of each school district, except in city, graded, and township districts, shall fur- nish the teacher with a copy of last school census and the names of the per- sons in parental relation, and teacher shall report to county commissioner of schools the names of parents or guardians of children of compulsory school age who are not in school. In all city, graded, and township districts secretary of board of education shall report school census to superintendent of schools, who shall report names of parents or guardians of children not attending to proper truant officer. Truant officers shall investigate all cases reported to them and proceed against offenders. When truant officer receives notice of nonattendance of any pupil required to attend under this act he shall within 24 hours notify person in parental relation that such pupil shall be presented at school on the following day. In case of failure of person in parental relation to comply with notice, truant officer shall make complaint to a justice of the peace, who shall hear and determine the case, but in cities having a recorder's court said complaint may be made before the magistrate of such court or before a justice of the peace. All school officers, superin- tendents, teachers, and other persons shall assist and give information to truant officers. In any graded or city district school board may establish one or more ungraded schools for habitual truants, incorrigible pupils, and children who habitually wander about streets and other public places with- out lawful occupation. Every person in parental relation to any child be- tween 7 and 18 years old who is deaf or too deficient in hearing to receive instruction in the public schools shall send such child to some school for the deaf; on failure of such person so to do, such child shall be sent to the Michigan School for the Deaf, at Flint. County shall pay for transportation of indigent deaf children to the Michigan School for the Deaf. The general compulsory-attendance law shall apply in the execution of the act relating to deaf children. 540 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The board of education of any district may, after investigation by the truant officer, order paid to the parents of children whose parents need their support not exceeding $3 per child and not exceeding $6 to any family in order that children of compulsory-attendance age may attend school. Minnesota: Every child between 8 and 16 years old shall attend a public or private school in each year during the entire time the public schools in the district where the child resides are in session, but in districts where schools are of different length children shall attend at least the entire time of the shorter term. Any child may be excused from attendance if it can be shown that such child's bodily or mental condition prevents his attendance or ap- plication to study; or that such child has completed studies of eighth grade; or that no school is within reasonable distance of residence of such child; or that weather and travel conditions prevent attendance. Any child 14 years old or over may be excused from attendance between April 1 and November 1 in any year, when his services are required in or about his home, except in cities of the first and second class; a child may be absent when attending upon instruction according to the ordinances of some church ; clerk of board shall keep a record of all such absences. The principal of a common, semi- graded, or consolidated rural school shall report names of absent unexcused pupils, with names and addresses of parents, to county superintendent; teach- ers in State graded and State high schools shall report such absences to the principals or superintendents of such schools; said county superintendent, principal, or school superintendent shall notify parents of absence of such children, and upon neglect or refusal by parents to comply with attendance requirements, shall notify the county attorney, who shall take action in such cases. Private schools shall make attendance reports to the proper officials. Any person who shall fail or refuse to keep in school a child over whom he has control, when notified to do so, such child being of school age, or who in- duces such child to remain away from school, or who harbors or employs such child, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any school officer failing to abide by provisions of attendance law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; commis- sioner of labor shall assist in the enforcement of the attendance law. Once in each year in every district a census shall be made of all children between 6 and 16 years old; such census shall be taken by the clerk of the school board or by some person appointed by the board, the compensation for which shall be 3 cents for each child, except in cities where the school board may •fix such compensation; special State aid shall be withheld from districts which fail to take school census. School boards may maintain ungraded schools for habitual truants, incorrigible, vicious, or immoral children, and those who habitually wander about the streets during school hours without employment ; whenever such schools are inadequate for the correction of any child, such child may be committed to the State training school by any proper court or magistrate, such child being under 17 years old. The board of any district may apoint truant officers, fix their salary, and prescribe their duties ; such truant officers shall make annual reports to State superintendent; no fees shall be allowed truant officers. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any manufacturing plant or engineering work; it shall be unlaw- ful for any person, firm, or corporation to so employ a child under 14 years old, except in theatrical exhibitions, upon consent of mayor or like officer. No child over 14 years old and under 16 years old shall be employed in any business during hours school is in session, except when such child shall pos- sess an employment certificate; said employment certificate shall be issued only by the superintendent of schools or chairman of board of education or H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 541 by person authorized by either one of sucli officials, but such certificate shall not be issued to any child in or about to enter employment of such official appointing, or the employment of any business with which such official shall be in any way connected. No employment certificate shall be issued to any child unless it shall be shown that he has completed required school work; that he is 14 years old ; that he is in sound health and physically able to per- form such work as shall be required. No child shall be granted such cer- tificate who is not able to read and write simple sentences in English. Em- ployment certificate shall state place and date of birth of holder thereof, and shall give physical description of child. School officials granting employ- ment certificates shall certify the same to the State commissioner of labor. No person under 16 years old shall be permitted to work at any gainful occu- pation more than 4S hours in any one week, nor more than eight hours per day, or between 7 o'clock p. m. and 7 a. m. Any violation of employment law shall be deemed a misdemeanor. Truant officers shall have access to all places where children are employed. No child under 16 years old shall be engaged in any employment dangerous to life, health, or morals. No boy under 18 years old shall be employed as a messenger for a telegraph or mes- senger company before 5 o'clock a. m. or after 9 o'clock p. m. ; and no girl under 21 years old shall be thus employed at any time; a violation of these provisions shall be a misdemeanor. When an employed child shall appear un- able to perform work required, employer shall be required to secure the ap- proval of a reputable physician in order to continue such employment. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. IViissouri: Every person in charge of any child between 8 and 14 years old shall cause such child to attend some day public, private, or parochial school during at least three-fourths of the time such school is in session, or shall give such child approved instruction at home; every person in charge of a child between 14 and 16 who is not lawfully employed shall cause said child to attend school. Exemptions: When person in charge is unable to provide clothing, when child is physically or mentally incapacitated, when there is no public school within 2i miles by the nearest road, or when child has completed the common-school course. The school board of any district having 1,000 or more inhabitants shall appoint and remove at pleasure one or more attendance officers to enforce the provisions of this act. The secretary of the board in any city, town, or village, or the clerk in other district, shall at the beginning of the term furnish the teacher with a copy of the last enumeration ; teacher shall compare enumeration with enrollment and report to attendance officer the names of nonattendants. Secretaries and clerks of boards shall, before the ehd of the first three-quarters of the school term, report to county superintendent names of persons having charge of children in their districts who are not complying with the provisions of this act; county superintendent shall report those not complying to the prosecuting attorney, who shall proceed as in other misdemeanor cases. The school board in any district having 10,000 or more inhabitants may establish and maintain from public-school funds one or more schools for truant and incor- rigible pupils or pupils who require special attention and instruction; such board may establish and maintain a parental school for the education of any child resident who is adjudged to be delinquent, and committed to it by a court of competent jurisdiction; but for every child thus committed there shall be paid to the board of education, out of the general treasury of said city or county, $10 per month. Attendance officers shall give notice to parents or guardians not complying with this act, and parent or guardian 542 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. not complying within 10 days after sucli notice shall be guilty of misde- meanor. Every school board in the State shall, 10 days before school opens each year, publish a synopsis of this act in a newspaper or by posting copies of the same. Montana: All persons having charge of children shall instruct them or cause them to be instructed in reading, spelling, writing, language, English gram- mar, geography, history and civics, physiology and hygiene, and arithmetic. Every person having charge of a child 8 to 14 years old shall send such child to a public or private school for full term, but such term shall not be less than 16 weeks; superintendent, clerk of school board not having super- intendent, or principal of private school may excuse child whose bodily or mental condition does not permit of attendance, or such authority may excuse child being properly instructed at home; county superintendent may excuse children living at too great distance from school; all children between 14 and 16 years old not regularly employed shall attend school for full term; person having charge of child between 8 and 14 and not complying with this act shall be fined $5 to $20. No child under 14 years old shall be employed by any person, firm, or corporation while schools are in session unless such child shall produce an age-and-schooling certificate, which shall be issued upon proof of age of child and of his having completed the studies mentioned in first section of this act; if child be between 14 and 16 years old he must be able to read intelligently and write legibly the English lan- guage before being employed; employer shall keep age-and-schooling certifi- cate open to inspection of truant officer; employer violating this section shall be fined $25 to $50. In districts of first and second classes school board shall appoint one or more truant officers; in districts of third class board may appoint a constable or other person as truant officer; where no such officer is appointed county superintendent shall act; compensation shall be fixed by board appointing. Truant officers shall have police powers, may enter places of employment to inspect child labor, shall take into custody minors required to be in school and return them to school, shall institute proceedings against violators of this chapter, and perform such other duties as may be deemed necessary by superintendent or school board. Principals and teachers shall report to district clerk names, ages, and resi- dences of all pupils in attendance; they shall also report to truant officer, superintendent, or clerk all cases of truancy or incorrigibility in their schools. When any child between 8 and 14, or any child between 14 and 16, who can not read and write, or who is not regularly employed, is not attend- ing school as required, truant officer shall notify person in charge of such child that it must be in school within two days; if person so having charge fail to cause such child to attend school within prescribed time, truant officer shall make complaint to court of competent jinrisdiction against such person and court may fine such person $5 to $20 or may require bond of $100, con- ditioned on sending child to school. Every child required to go to school who is an habitual truant, or is incorrigible in school or who is immoral, or wanders about streets and public places during school hours shall be deemed a juvenile disorderly person. If person in charge of child is unable to cause child to attend school as required, truant officer shall make com- plaint against such child, and district court may, if child be found to be a juvenile disorderly person, commit to State industrial school. If a child is unable to attend school because of having to work for support of those entitled to its services and who are unable to support themselves, truant H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 543 officer shall report case to authorities iu charge of relief of the poor, and authorities shall afford such relief as will enable child to attend school. School board shall furnish books, medical aid, and clothing where necessary. See also A (c2), County officers. Nebraska: In school districts other than city and metropolitan districts every person having charge of any child not less than 7 nor more than 15 years old shall, during each school year, cause said child to attend the public day school for not less than 12 weeks ; if schools in such districts shall be in ses- sion more than 12 weeks in the year, said child shall be caused to attend school not less than two-thirds of such time. In city and metropolitan dis- tricts children shall attend the public day school for entire time such school is in session if such children are not less than 7 nor more than 16 years old. Children shall be exempt from these provisions if for the required period of attendance they shall attend a private or parochial school; or shall be in- structed at home or elsewhere by a qualified person ; or where, being 14 years old, they shall be employed for their own support or support of those actually dependent upon them, but such children may be required to attend evening schools ; or if they are physically or mentally incapacitated for school work ; or if they live more than 2 miles from the schoolhouse and free transportation is not furnished. All persons of from 7 to 18 years old who, by reason of partial or total blindness or deafness, are unable to obtain an education in the public schools, shall be required to attend the institute for the blind or the school for the deaf, unless such persons are being privately educated, or unless they are not subject for admission to the deaf and dumb and blind institute of Nebraska. Teachers in schools other than public schools shall keep complete records of students and make reports to county superintendent on blanks prepared by State superintendent; in city districts such teachers shall make reports to city superintendent. Boards of education in cities, vil- lages, and metropolitan cities shall appoint one or more truant officers, who shall qualify as police officers, and who shall enforce the attendance law; compensation of truant officers shall be fixed by board and paid out of general school fund. In all school districts it shall be the duty of teachers and school officials, who shall know of violations of the attendance law, to report the same to the county superintendent; county superintendent shall warn per- sons in control of children so violating the attendance law, and upon con- tinued failure to abide by said law, county superintendent may enter action against such persons before the county judge ; if the violation occurs in any city, superintendent may file complaint before the police judge. A violation of compulsory-attendance law shall be deemed a misdemeanor. The board of education in cities may establish and conduct special schools for the in- struction of children who can not profitably or properly be cared for in the usual schools. An annual school census shall be made of school children. Nevada: Each parent or guardian having control of any child between 8 and 16 years old shall be required to send such child to school in district where child resides during time school is in session. Child shall be excused from attendance when eight grades of prescribed grammar-school course shall have been completed, when attending a private school of equal rank to public school, when labor of such child is necessary for its own or its parents' sup- port, or when residing at such a distance from school that attendance is impracticable or unsafe. A child absent from school three days without a valid excuse shall be deemed a truant; part-day absence is counted as whole day ; notice of truancy shall be sent to parents or guardians ; a second offense 544 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of one day's absence without valid excuse is deemed truancy ; a child who is a truant three or more times in one year shall be deemed an habitual truant. Any parent or guardian, after being notified of a child's truancy, and who fails to prevent subsequent truancy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Trustees may appoint truant officers, fix compensation, and prescribe duties of same. Truant officers may arrest, without warrant, any child between 8 and 16 years old who has been reported to him as an unexcused absentee. Trustees may set aside special rooms and elect special teachers for insubordi- nate pupils and truants, but such pupils may be restored to their original classes upon good behavior. Any person employing child of school age, or inducing absence of such child unlawfully, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- demeanor. Whenever the United States Government causes to be erected and maintained a school for general educational purposes in Nevada, eligible children between 8 and 18 years old shall be required to attend, but free transportation shall be furnished such children, unless residing less than 10 miles therefrom. New Hampshire: No person shall attend school in a district of which he is not an inhabitant without consent of district or school board. No child shall attend school unless he has been vaccinated or has had smallpox unless he is unfit for vaccination. No child infected with a communicable disease shall be allowed to attend school. Any person knowingly violating this provision shall be fined $10 for each offense. School board may dismiss any child from school for just cause. No child assigned to any school by the board may attend another school until assigned thereto. If any pupil after notice shall attend or visit a school which he has no right to attend, he shall be fined $5 for first offense and $10 for any subsequent offense or be im- prisoned not exceeding 30 days. Districts may malie by-laws regarding at- tendance of children upon school. Every person having control of a child between the ages of 8 and 14 years or of a child under 16 years old, unless such child has completed the course in the elementary fichools, shall cause such child to attend the public school all the time such school is in session unless child is excused because his mental or physical condition is such as to prevent his attendance or because he is instructed in an approved private school for the proper length of time. Violators of these provisions shall be fined $10 for first offense and $20 for every subsequent offense ; but in case any person in control of a child deems it to be against the moral and physical welfare of such child to attend the particular school required by law after notice to school board of such school the State superintendent may order the child to attend another school in the same or in another district, the resident district of such child paying expenses incident to education of child so transferred. Any person not a pupil who shall wilfully disturb any school shall be fined not exceeding $50 or be imprisoned not exceeding 30 days. No certificate shall be issued for attending any private school unless the school board of district in which such private school is located shall deem such private school equivalent to public school. No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted or suffered to worls in, about, or in connection with any mill, factory, worlishop, quarry, mercantile shop, store, business office, telegraph or telephone office, res- taurant, bakery, hotel, barber shop, apartment house, bootblack stand or par- lor, or in the transmission of merchandise or messages. No child under 16 years old shall be allowed or permitted or suffered to work in any of fore- going enumerated establishments during time school is in session unless he H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 545 can read understandingly and write legibly simple sentences in the Eglish language; but where a child over 14 years old shall have attended an English- taught school regularly for three years and is mentally incapable of learning to read and write simple English sentences the State superintendent may issue an employment permit to such child. When requested by State super- intendent, the State board of health shall cause an inspection of any place in which children under the age of 16 are employed and require the discharge of any child who can not continue to be employed without undue risk to health. No boy under 10 and no girl under 16 years old shall sell or expose for sale newspapers, magazines, periodicals, or other merchandise in any street or public place. No child shall work as bootblack in any street or public place unless over 10 years old. No person under 18 years old shall be employed as a messenger for a telegraph, telephone, or messenger com- pany in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or messages be- tween 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 years old shall be employed at any gainful occupation other than domestic service or work on the farm more than 58 hours in any one week nor more than 11 hours in any one day nor between 7 p. m. and 6.30 a. m., except that minors 16 years old or over may work in retail stores and telephone exchanges until 10 o'clock in the evening. Boys 14 years or over may deliver newspaper routes after 5 o'clock in the morning, and boys 12 years old or over may deliver newspaper routes between 4 and 8 o'clock in the evening. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any of the establishments herein- before enumerated without an employment certificate. Employment certifi- cates shall be issued only by superintendents of schools or, where there is no superintendent, by a person authorized by school board; but no person so authorized shall have authority to issue certificate to any child about to enter such person's own emi3loyment or the employment of any firm or corporation of which he is a member, officer, or employee. The person authorized to issue employment certificates shall approve and file the fol- lowing before issuing such certificates: School record of child; passport or certificate of birth showing date and place of birth ; certificate from board of health showing that child is physically able to perform work which he in- tends to do. No child shall receive certificate until personally examined by person issuing the same. Employment certificates shall give full physical de- scription of child. Superintendent of schools or other authorized person shall keep a record of all employment certificates issued. Blank forms for such records shall be prescribed by State superintendent. Truant officers shall enforce employment provisions, and for such purpose shall have power to serve warrants. State superintendent shall appoint not exceeding three State inspectors, who shall be paid necessary expenses and compensation not to exceed $1,200 per year each; shall devote entire time to work. In- spectors shall inspect places where minors are employed; shall have power to serve warrants. State superintendent may employ counsel to enforce provisions of employment law; shall report to school boards relative effi- ciency of truant officers. Governor, with advice of council, may require school boards to appoint additional truant officers; may require removal of inefficient truant officers. Whoever employs or in control of a child permits such child to be employed in violation of provisions of child-labor laws shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $200, or be imprisoned for not less than 10 nor more than 30 days, or both. Refusal by an employer to pro- duce any employment certificate required by this act shall be prima facie evidence of illegal employment. Any superintendent of schools or other per- 3966"— 15 35 546 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. son issuing employment certificates who fails to comply with the provisions of this act shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25. The sum of $6,500 is annually appropriated for the purposes of this act. See also A (d), District boards and oflicers; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: The terms "supervisor of school-exemption certificates," "age and schooling certificate," " age and working certificate," and " employers' certificate" are defined in the law. Every parent, guardian, or custodian of a child between ages of 7 and 16 years shall cause such child to attend a day school in which at least reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, arithmetic, and geography are taught in the English language by a com- petent teacher, or to receive equivalent instruction elsewhere than at school, unless such child is above age of 14 years, has been granted an age and schooling certificate, and is regularly and lawfully employed in some occupa- tion or service; attendance shall be for entire time schools are in session, unless mental or bodily condition of child shall prevent such attendance. Age and schooling certificates and age and working certificates may be granted by the supervisor of school-exemption certificates in school district where child resides upon application of parent, guardian, or custodian of the child; any person who shall falsely swear as to the age of a child shall be guilty of x>erjury ; before any such certificate shall be granted the child must be examined by a medical inspector, and must be physically able to perform work required; no child shall be granted such certificate unless said child has regularly attended school, or has had equivalent instruction, for at least 130 days during 12 months immediately preceding application, is able to read and write simple English sentences, has completed course of study equivalent to five yearly grades in reading, writing, spelling, English language, geog- raphy, and elementary arithmetic; such certificate shall state color, name, sex, and other facts relative to the child ; such certificates must be approved by commissioner of labor; oflBcer issuing such certificates shall keep a record of the same; such certificates must be filed with employers, who shall re- turn same upon cessation of employment; employers shall file employers* certificates with supervisor of school-exemption certificates; certificates may for cause be canceled by commissioner of labor. A supervisor of school- exemption certificates may issue age and working certificates to children between ages of 10 and 16 years, permitting employment in certain trades during time schools are not in session, but not between hours of 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. Every child between ages of 7 and 14 years, and every child be- tween ages of 14 and 16 years not lawfully employed, who shall habitually absent himself from school or is guilty of unbecoming conduct shall be deemed delinquent. Any parent, guardian, or custodian who shall fail to cause a child to attend school as required by law shall Jbe punished by im- prisonment for not exceeding one year, or fined not exceeding $50, or both. Board of education of each district shall appoint attendance officers and shall prescribe rules for government of said officers, to be approved by com- missioner of education; attendance officers shall take truant children to parents, guardians, custodians, or teachers; said officers may arrest such children without warrant; the sheriff and his officers and all police officers and constables shall assist attendance officers; no fees shall be charged for issuing aforesaid certificates. When in a county there shall be raised not less than $900 for salary of a county attendance officer, such officer shall be appointed by commissioner of education, with approval of State board of education; county shall appropriate $500 annually out of railroad tax for H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 547 expenses of such officer. Tenure of office of truant officers shall be durinj? good behavior and efficiency, after expiration of period of employment of one year. See also U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Mexico: The school directors of any district are empowered and required to compel parents, guardians, or other persons in control of children, when such children do not attend some private or denominational school, to send such children to the public school during the entire time such school is in session in their respective school communities, except that children herein referred to shall not be less than 7 nor more than 14 years old, or of such physical disability as to unfit them for school duties, which disability shall be certified to by some regular practicing physician; the private or de- nominational school shall be equal in its teaching to the public school ; chil- dren who live more than 3 miles from school shall not be compelled to attend. The directors of any district may purchase for and loan to any indigent child, textbooks, the cost of books for any district for such purpose not to exceed $50 per year, the same to be paid out of the district school fund. County superintendents shall require directors to comply with the compulsory-attendance law; presiding judges of the district shall give, at each session of the court, the substance of this law to their respective grand juries and district attorneys shall prosecute all violators of said law ; fines collected for violations of the compulsory-attendance law shall be placed to the credit of the proper district. No child shall be refused admission to the public schools on account of race or nationality; any teacher or school official who shall refuse to receive any pupil in school, the said pupil being entitled to attend school, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con- viction shall be forever barred from teaching school or from holding office of honor or profit in the State; the county superintendent is required to summarily remove from office anyone violating said provisions, and upon failure to do so he shall be removed from office by the State superintendent. Public schools in each city and town shall be free, and shall be open to children between 5 and 20 years old; when accommodations are insufficient, children 5 to 7 years old may be excluded for time being ; said schools shall be open for not less than 5 nor more than 10 months in any one year. New York: Instruction required shall be, (1) at a public school in at least the branches of reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, EngUsh language, and geography taught in English, or (2) elsewhere than at public schools in same subjects taught in English by a competent teacher. Every child within com- pulsory school age in cities and districts of 5,000 or more inhabitants and employing a superintendent shall, when in proper physical and mental con- dition, attend upon instruction ; when between ages of 7 and 14 years, for full session of at least 180 days; between ages of 14 and 16 years, unless lawfully emp'oyed, and possessing an employment certificate for full session. In other districts each child between 8 and 14 years of age shall attend full time, and those between 14 and 16 years shall, unless lawfully employed, attend full time. All blind children, except those receiving appointments, are included under these provisions. Every boy between ages of 14 and 16 years residing in a city of the first or second class and in possession of an employment cer- tificate, who has not completed elementary school course, shall attend evening schools for at least 16 weeks of six hours each. In cities and districts main- taining part-time and continuation classes, persons between ages of 14 and 16 years in possession of employment certificates, and who have not com- pleted elementary schools, may be required to attend such classes for at 548 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. least 36 weeks per year, of not less than four nor more than eight hours per week, between 8 o'clock a. m. and 5 o'clock p. m. Attendance upon part-time or continuation classes shall exempt attendance upon evening schools. In- struction and attendance at other than public schools shall in all ways be equivalent to requirements of public schools. Persons in parental relation shall cause children of school age to attend school in conformity to com- pulsory attendance requirements; a violation of this provision shall be a misdemeanor. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation: (1) To employ any child under 14 years old during time public schools are in ses- sion; (2) to employ, elsewhere than in a city of first or second class, in a factory or mercantile establishment, business or telegraph oflBce, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or as a messenger, any child between 14 and 16 years of age who does not possess an employment certificate and a school -record certificate; (3) to employ any child between ages of 14 and 16 years in a city of the first or second class who does not possess an employment cer- tificate. The employer of any child between ages of 14 and 16 years shall display in place of employment the employment certificate of such child, and his part-time, continuation, or evening-school certificate issued by the school . authorities ; a violation of this provision shall be a misdemeanor. Teachers shall keep attendance record of children between ages of 7 and 16 years. A school-record certificate shall show that holder has attended school for at least 130 days during the 12 months next -preceding his fourteenth birthday or during the 12 months next preceding his application for such school record, that he has completed subjects of first six years of elementary school or equivalent thereof, and shall give name of parent, guardian or custodian, and child's residence and date of birth. In a city of first class, school-record certificates shall be issued by principal or chief executive of a school; in cities and districts of 5,000 population or more and employing a superintendent of schools by such superintendent ; in other districts by the principal teacher. School authorities shall issue to children attending evening, part-time, or continuation schools certificates of such attendance. The school authorities of each city, union free district, or common district whose limits include in whole or in part an incorporated village, shall appoint and fix duties and compensation of one or more attendance officers; the town board of each town shall appoint, subject to approval of school commissioner of the district, one or more attendance officers, whose jurisdiction shall extend over all districts not otherwise provided for, and shall fix their salaries to be a town charge. The attendance officer may arrest any truant child between ages of 7 and 16 years, without warrant, and return him to school, or in case of incorrigible or habitual truants, bring them before a police magistrate for commitment to a truant school; attendance officers shall report arrest of such children to school authorities of the city or district; a truant officer may enter places where children are employed for purpose of examining employment certifi- cates; any employer who shall interfere with an attendance officer or who shall refuse to exhibit employment certificates shall be guilty of a misde- meanor. School authorities of any city or school district may establish and maintain truant schools, but no child convicted of crimes or misdemeanors, other than truancy, shall be committed thereto ; persons in parental relation shall be heard before commitment of children to such schools; commitment shall not exceed two years, and no child shall be confined in such school after he is 16 years old ; truants may be committed to suitable private institutions upon terms determined by school authorities and persons in control of such institutions; if necessary, school authorities may proceed against truant children, and upon conviction thereof, commit them to some suitable truant H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 549 school or like institution; children so committed may, for good cause, be paroled or restored to their original classes ; every child suspended for more than one week shall attend the truant school during period of suspension; school authorities of any city or district may contract with other cities or districts for the care of truant children; industrial training shall be fur- nished in every truant school ; in cities and districts employing a superintend- ent, charges incurred relative to truant children shall be met by such city or district; in all other districts by the county. Commissioner of education may withhold one-half of public moneys from any district failing to con- form to compulsory education law. See also H (h). Separation of the races. North Carolina: Person in charge of child between 8 and 12 years old shall cause such child to attend school four months in the year; county board of education or board of trustees in towns and cities of over 2,000 inhabitants may determine at what time in the year period of compulsion shall begin; attendance at private school may be accepted in lieu of attendance at public school, but such private school shall keep records and make reports as re- quired. This act shall not apply to child whose physical or mental condition is such as to render attendance impracticable or inexpedient, or to child resid- ing 2^ miles or more from schoolhouse, or to child whose services are needed for its own support or support of parents, or to child w^hose parent or guar- dian may show himself unable to provide books and clothing, but last-men- tioned shall attend if provided with books and clothing from other sources. Parent, guardian, or other person violating this act may be fined $5 to $25, but first fine may be suspended until second offense; three days after notice by attendance ofiicer every day of absence of child constitutes a separate offense. County board of education in each county shall appoint and remove at will one attendance officer for each township to enforce the provisions of this act and to take annual school census of persons between 6 and 21 years old ; he shall receive -3 cents for each child enumerated, 25 cents for serving notice on parent or guardian when conviction results, and such other compensation as county board may allow ; school trustees of any town or city of over 5,000 inhabitants may appoint an attendance officer and fix his compensation. Principal or teacher shall report weekly to attendance officer and county superintendent regarding attendance of children 8 to 12 years old; for failure to do so teacher shall forfeit $5 of monthly salary. County board of educa- tion may annually make rules and regulations modifying the machinery for enforcing this act, but they may not revoke the general and fundamental prin- ciple that all children between 8 and 12 years old shall attend school. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. North Dakota: Every person in control of a child between 8 and 15 years old shall send such child to a public school during the entire time such school is in session ; every i)erson in control of any deaf, blind, or feeble-minded child or youth between 7 and 21 years old shall send such child to the school for the deaf, school for the blind, or institution for the feeble-minded, as the case requires, for the entire school term. Exemptions from provisions as to chil- dren between 7 and 15: (1) If child is taught for the same length of time in a private school approved by the county superintendent, subject to appeal to State superintendent; (2) if child is actually necessary to the support of the family; (3) if child has already acquired the branches taught in the public schools; (4) if child is mentally or physically incapable; (5) if child lives more than 2i miles from the schoolhouse, except in the case of con- solidated schools where transportation is furnished. In every district where 550 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. consolidated schools are not established the school board shall divide the dis- trict Into zones and furnish transportation to pupils living more than li miles from school. Zone No. 1, pupils living li to 2i miles from school ; zone No. 2, pupils living 2i to 3i miles from school ; zone No. 3, pupils living more than Si miles from school ; price of transportation for second zone shall be one and one-half times that for first zone ; price for third zone two times that for first zone. This provision regarding transportation shall not apply to deaf, blind, and feeble-minded children. Superintendent, principal or teacher, and county superintendent shall inquire into cases of neglect to comply with this act and shall report to the State's attorney. Board of any city or school district having more than 500 inhabitants may employ a truant officer. Ohio: All parents, guardians, and other persons who have care of children, shall instruct them or cause them to be instructed in reading, writing. Eng- lish grammar, geography, and arithmetic; such parent, guardian, or other person in charge of any child between 8 and 15 years old, if a male, and 16 years old, if a female, must send child to a public, private, or parochial school for entire time such school is in session, which time shall not be less than 28 weeks ; such attendance shall begin first week of school unless child is excused by proper school oflicial for just cause or is instructed at home. All children between ages of 15 and 16 years, not engaged in some regular employment, shall attend school for full term. No boy under 16 years old and no girl under IS years old shall be employed during school term, unless such child shall possess an age and schooling certificate; to obtain such certificate, any male shall be over 15 years old and shall have taken sixth-grade test, and any female shall be over 16 years old and shall have taken seventh-grade test; residents of other States working in Ohio shall comply with such require- ments. The superintendent of schools, or person authorized by him to issue age and schooling certificates, shall not issue such certificate until he has filed following papers: (1) Pledge of employer to legally employ child; (2) school record of such child; (3) birth certificate of such child or proof of time of birth; (4) certificate from school physician that child is able to work. Vaca- tion employment certificates may be issued to boys under 16 years and girls under 18 years even though such child may not have completed the sixth grade. All minors over 15 and under 16 years, who have not passed sixth- grade test in required subjects shall attend school. Any board of education may require children, between ages of 15 and 16 years who are employed, to attend continuation schools not to exceed eight hours per week between hours of 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. In city districts, board of education shall appoint a truant officer and assistant truant officers, and in other districts, the constable or other person shall act as truant officer ; compensation of such officers shall be fixed by the board of education; such officers shall be vested with police powers; truant officers shall keep a record of their work. Special courses of instruction may be used for children who are unable to make progress in regular courses. Truant officers shall report cases of truancy to parents, guar- dians, or other persons in charge of children, and if child guilty of truancy is not returned to school within two days, said officer shall report parents, guardians, or persons in control to the proper court. If persons in control of such child shall prove unable to cause his attendance at school, such child shall be committed to some institution maintained for the care of such children. No child over 10 years old shall be committed to a county children's home. A child committed to any juvenile reformatory shall not be detained there beyond age of 16 years, and may be released sooner by trustees for good cause. Expenses incurred in the transportation and commitment of children H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 551 to reformatories shall be paid by the county. The truant officer may furnish books and other relief to any child who otherwise would be unable to attend school ; such child shall not be declared to be a pauper because of acceptance of such aid. Truant officers shall annually report to the judge of the juvenile court of their respective counties names, ages, and residence of all children between ages of 8 and 18 years, with names and addresses of parents or guardians, and facts concerning the educational status of such children. In case of complaint against a child involving commitment to some institution, the board of county visitors shall be notified to protect the interest of such child. Boards of education may employ attorney under compulsory educa- tion law, to be paid out of contingent fund. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: Every person in control of a child over 8 years old and under 16 years old shall cause such child to attend the public or other schools or to be otherwise instructed for at least 66 per cent of time school is in session, unless said child is mentally or physically unable to so attend, such inability to be determined by a properly qualified physician. Complaints of illegal absence from school shall be reported to justices of the peace. Books shall be fur- nished free to children unable to buy them, upon the recommendation of the district board to the county superintendent ; county commissioners shall pay for such books. If any widowed mother shall make affidavit that wages of her child or children under 16 years old are necessary for her support, a " schol- arship " shall be granted such child or children, and county commissioners shall pay to mother of such child or children amount equal to wages of child. Any violation of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oregon: Every person in control or charge of a child between 9 and 15 years old shall cause such child to attend the public school during the time such school is in session. Exceptions: (1) Any child who is taught in a private or parochial school the branches taught in the first grades of the public school or any child who has completed such branches; (2) any child physically unable to attend school, as shown by a physician's certificate; (3) any child between 9 and 10 living more than 11 miles and any child over 10 living more than 3 miles from school, if transportation is not furnished; (4) any child being given by parent or private teacher instruction approved by county superintendent. The district boundary board of each county shall appoint for districts of the second and third class a truant officer, who shall also be probation officer of the juvenile court in counties having less than 100,000 population; in districts of the first class the school board shall appoint a truant officer or said board may request that one or more police officers be detailed to serve as truant officers. On request of a district of the second class the district boundary board shall grant such district permission to employ a truant officer. Truant officer shall give notice to person in parental relation to child not attending school as required, and said person shall present child at school on the following day; if person in parental relation fails to comply with notice, traunt officer shall make complaint before a justice of the peace, who shall issue a warrant for such person and try the case. Any school officer, superintendent, principal, teacher, or other person failing to perform duties imposed may be fined by justice of the peace not less than $5 nor more than $20. In districts of the second and third classes district clerk shall at opening of school furnish teacher or principal with school census, and such teacher or principal shall every four weeks compare 552 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the same with enrollment and shall report accordingly to secretary of the district boundary board and said board shall report to proper truant officer- In districts of the first class clerk shall report census to superintendent or principal, who shall compare the same with enrollment every four weeks and report accordingly. This act shall, so far as enforceable, apply to children entitled to attend the institutions for the deaf and the 'blind; the truant officer shall annually report to county judge the names and addresses of such children and shall state whether parent or guardian is able to send such child to institutions as required; said judge may send such child to such State institution, and the expenses thereof shall be paid by the county if parent or guardian is unable to pay the same. All fines collected under this act shall be credited to the school district where the person convicted resides. Pennsylvania: Every child between 6 and 21 years old may attend the public schools. Admission of beginners shall be confined to two periods, namely, during the first two weeks of the school term, and during the first two weejis following January 1 ; beginners becoming 6 years old before January 1 shall be admitted at beginning of school, and those becoming 6 years old between January 1 and close of term shall be admitted January 1, but any board of school directors may fix other periods of admission. Any pupil liv- ing 1^ miles or more from the nearest school in his district, and whose trans- portation is not furnished free, may attend school in another district upon consent of directors thereof; the district where pupil resides shall pay dis- trict in which child attends school tuition and cost of textbooks and supplies of such child; pupils may attend schools of another district on account of convenience of access when directors of affected districts mutually agree. Any board of directors may provide free transportation of pupils out of dis- trict funds. Directors shall subdivide districts, assigning pupils to various schools according to their needs, but no discrimination shall be made on account of race or color of pupils ; schools may be consolidated by directors on account of small attendance, or for purpose of better gradation and classifi- cation, whereupon pupils residing 1^ miles or more from consolidated school shall be furnished free transportation. Teachers shall be " in loco parentis " during school hours, including time required in going to and from school; every principal or teacher in charge of a public school may temporarily sus- pend any pupil on account of disobedience or misconduct, notifying district superintendent, supervising principal, or secretary of board ; board may sus- pend or expel such child. Board of directors in any district, where are lo- cated institutions for training orphans or other children, shall permit inmates thereof to attend public schools of such district, either with or without charge, but in no case shall charge be more than for other pupils; any charges for such pupils shall be made against the districts where pupils are legal residents. It shall be the duty of school officials to report to medical in- spectors all blind, deaf, or mentally deficient children between 8 and 16 years old who are not being properly educated; medical inspectors shall ex- amine such children and report to board of school directors; if fit subjects for education, such children shall be placed in proper schools at expense of the district if parents shall be unable to properly educate them. Every child between 8 and 16 years old is required to attend a day school in which com- mon English branches are taught continuously through entire term ; may at- tend private schools under the same conditions; directors of districts of the fourth class may reduce the compulsory attendance period to not less than 70 per cent of fixed term ; directors may, for urgent reasons, excuse attendance H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 553 of pupils; any child between 14 and 16 years old, who can read and write intelligently, who is engaged in lawful employment, and who has an em- ployment certificate, shall be exempt from the compulsory attendance pro- visions; teachers shall report to proper authorities enrollment, withdrawals, and absences of pupils; unless transportation shall be furnished free, no child residing more than 2 miles from a schoolhouse shall be required to attend; i^ersons employing children between 14 and 16 years old during school hours shall make full reports of such employment to the proper school authorities; no person shall employ any child between 8 and 14 years old during hours public schools are in session, nor those between 14 and 16 years old. unless such children shall furnish an employment certificate ; any person employing such children contrary to law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; when any child lacks necessary food and clothing to attend school, the mat- ter shall be reported to a suitable relief agency or overseers of the poor for investigation and relief. Before opening of schools each year every board of school directors shall cause to be made by teachers, attendance oflacers, or others, enumeration of all children between 6 and 16 years old, together with all necessary information concerning such children; enumeration shall in- clude names and addresses of all persons employing children under 16 years old; secretary of board shall supply teachers, at beginning of school term, with all necessary enumeration data ; all enumeration data shall be for- warded to the State superintendent annually; the cost of enumeration shall be paid out of district funds ; teachers or principals shall report to attendance officers or other proper persons names of children failing to enroll, or who have been absent three days without lawful excuse, whereupon parents or guardians being served with proper notice and failing to comply with the at- tendance law shall be proceeded against; if sufficient cause can be shown by offending parent or guardian, or costs of proceedings can not be collected from such offending party, said costs may be paid out of district funds. State superintendent may withhold and declare forfeited State appropriation for any district which shall fail to enforce the provisions of the compulsory-attend- ance law. Board of school directors of districts of first, second, and third classes shall, and in districts of fourth class may, employ one or more attend- ance officers; such officers shall have police powers without warrant; upon the arrest of any child for nonattendance, attendance officers shall notify parents or guardians, and unless requested to place child in a school other than a public school, shall place child in a proper public school ; attendance officers shall have full authority to enter any place employing children to compel attendance at school of those who should attend, and to inspect employ- ment certificates ; any employer of children who refuses to permit attendance officers to enter place of business, or who interferes with such officer shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; attendance officers shall be paid such amounts as boards of directors may determine, but no such officer of any district of the fourth class shall receive as compensation more than $2 per day for time em- ployed; every school district shall make annual report to the State superin- tendent in reference to the cost and enforcement of the compulsory-attendance law ; two or more school districts may unite in the appointment of an attend- ance officer ; in case any child between 8 and 16 years old can not be kept in school on account of bad conduct, the proper school official may proceed against said child before the juvenile court, or otherwise. State board of education is authorized to educate blind children under 8 years old, and with written consent of those in authority over such children, such children may be placed in any nonsectarian school at a cost of no more than $1 per day to the State. 554 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Rhode Island: Every person in control of a child between ages of 7 and 15 years shall cause such child to attend the public school, or private school or private instruction of equal time and of equal standard, for entire time such school is in session, unless such child shall have completed first eight years of elementary school work, exclusive of kindergarten, or shall be legally em- ployed after 14 years of age; any violation of this provision by person in control of child shall be punishable by fine of $20, unless said child shall be mentally or physically defective, destitute of suitable clothing, or prevented from attendance by s(»me regulation of the school. The school committee of each city or town, or of two or more towns jointly, shall annually appoint one or more truant officers and fix their compensation. Truant officers may visit any place where minors under 15 years old are employed to see that em- ployment law is being complied with, and may demand semiannual reports from employers of minors under 16 years old so employed ; employers shall, when requested by truant officers, produce employment certificates of minors; failing so to do any employer may be fined not exceeding $10. Any child who is an habitual truant or habitual school offender, and upon conviction by any court or magistrate shall be committed to the Sockanosset School for Boys or to the Oaklawn School for Girls for a period not exceeding his minority ; but such child may first be committed to care of probation or truant officer or to State board of charities and corrections; upon being reformed such child shall be discharged ; all fines received under this chapter shall be paid into school fund of the town; the district courts of the State shall have jurisdiction over cases arising under this chapter. See also A (d), District boards and officers; T (b). Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: Every person in charge of any child between 8 and 14 years old shall send such child to a public or private school during the time the public schools are in session, but district board may decrease the required term to not less than 16 weeks annually. Exemptions: Children otherwise instructed in the common-school branches by competent persons; children having already acquired the branches taught in the public schools; children whose mental or physical condition is such as to render attendance unsafe or impracticable; children whose attendance, if required, would not be humane. The board of education of a city or town independent district shall appoint a truant officer ; county superintendent shall be ex officio truant officer for all other districts. It shall be the duty of the truant officer, teacher, member, or agent of the school board to petition, and any reputable citizen may petition, the county court to inquire into violations of this act; truant officer shall arrest children of compulsory attendance age who are absent from school without leave and deliver such children to teachers. Board of education of any city or town may set aside a room and appoint teachers for the retention and instruction during reasonable hours of truant and incorrigible children. Whenever the Government of the United States maintains a school in the State, and the expense of the tuition, board, lodging, and clothing of Indian pupils therein is borne by the United States, persons in charge of Indian children between 6 and 18 years old eligible to attend such school shall send such children to said school for nine months in the year or during the school term ; children bodily or mentally unfit and those receiving instruction in the common-school branches in some other school may be excused ; if Government does not provide transportation, children shall not be required to attend unless they live within 10 miles of the school. See also T (b). Schools for the deaf. H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 555 Tennessee: Person having charge of child between ages of 8 and 14 shall cause such child to attend school for at least 80 coijsecutive days or for full term if term is shorter than 80 days; in cities maintaining separate system and having school population of 5,000 or more child between 8 and 14 shall attend for full term; person having charge of child between 14 and 16 who is not lawfully employed or who can not read and write shall cause such child to attend school as provided for children between 8 and 14. Any child between ages aforesaid may be temporarily excused by court of competent jurisdiction or by county or city board of education if person having charge of such child is not able to provide clothing, or if child is mentally or physically incapacitated, or if school is more than 2 miles from child's home and transportation is not furnished, or if child has completed elementary course of eight grades; if person in charge of child is unable to furnish textbooks, city or county board shall furnish them out of school funds; county or city board shall, when child is unable to attend on account of lack of clothing or food, report case for relief to suitable relief agency or to commissioners of the poor. Misdemeanor for person in charge to make false statement regarding age of child; parent, guardian, or other person violating provisions of this act may be fined $2 to $20, but fine may be suspended or remitted if child is immediately placed in regular attendance ; person in charge may prove that he is unable to compel child to attend school and may thus be discharged from liability and child may be proceeded against as delinquent. County judge or chairman of county court shall have exclusive jurisdiction in cases arising under this act, but in a city having separate school system recorder or judge of said city shall have juris- diction; appeal may be taken to circuit court; fines shall go to public schools of county or city where child resides; county or city superintendent shall furnish teacher or principal with names of pupils depending on their schools for instruction and such teacher or principal shall report to such superin- tendent name of parent or guardian not complying with law and board of education shall proceed against violator. In every city having school popula- tion of 5,000 or more, school board shall elect one or more attendance officers ; in city of less than 5,000 school population and in every county school board may elect one or more attendance officers, but not more than one shall be elected for each 5,000 school population ; such officer shall be resident of city or county for which elected, and must be able to read and write with ease. Board of education of city or county having total population of 10,000 or more may establish a training school. Utah: Every person having control of a child between 8 and 16 years old shall send such child to a public or private school at least 20 weeks in the school year, and in cities of the first and second classes such child shall attend at least 30 weeks. Exemptions: (1) When child is properly taught at home; (2) when child has already acquired branches taught in district schools; (3) when according to physician's certificate child's physical or mental con- dition is such as to render attendance "inexpedient or impracticable"; (4) when child's services are necessary to support of mother or invalid father; (5) when school is not taught for requisite time within 21 miles of residence of child. President of board of education or chairman of board of trustees shall inquire into cases of truancy or incorrigibility and report to city or county attorney, who shall prosecute case. See also T (b). Schools for the deaf; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. 556 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Vermont: "Legal pupils" shall include persons between ages of 5 and 18 years; no child un^ier 5 years shall be received into a public school except in a kindergarten; no child under 7 years shall be received into a public school after beginning of fall term, except with permission of town or union superintendent; no person over 5 years shall be barred from public schools on account of age. School directors shall appoint one or more truant officers; the sheriff, deputy sheriffs, constables, and police officers shall be truant officers ex officio. Persons in control of child between ages of 8 and 16 years shall cause such child to attend public schools 150 days each year, unless such child is mentally or physically unable so to attend, or has com- pleted elementary course, or is receiving equivalent instruction elsewhere; such child shall attend full session if continuing longer than 150 days, unless excused by town or union superintendent; any child between ages of 7 and 8 years, if enrolled in public school, shall be subject to attendance pro- visions. A person having control of a child and claiming exemption from attendance law, or asking admission to school, or seeking employment cer- tificate, shall, when required by town or union superintendent, furnish evidence of age of child. If a person in control of a child over 16 years old enrolls such child in public school, or school where tuition is paid at public expense, he shall cause attendance of such child for full term unless excused by the town or union superintendent. Clerk of school board shall annually supply teacher with list of pupils required to attend school ; teacher shall notify truant officer of failure of " legal pupils " to enroll. Truant officers shall notify parents or guardians of cases of truancy of children, and may return such children to school. Truant officer shall report any violation of attendance law to the proper officer for prosecution. Truant officer shall report cases of indigency to overseer of jwor, who shall provide such means as are necessary for attendance of pupils. Truant officer may have children examined if excused from attendance on account of mental or physical unfit- ness. Unless lawfully excused, a legal child or an enrolled child over 16 years old shall be judged an habitual truant if absent from school for five days during four consecutive weeks. Nonresident pupils shall be under the authority of truant officer of town where attending school. Truant officers shall receive $2 per day and expenses while engaged. An habitual truant, or pupil otherwise objectionable in school, may be sentenced to Vermont Industrial School for period of at least 30 weeks. A truant officer or like officer who neglects his duties may be fined not more than $100. Violation of any provision of attendance law is punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $25, unless otherwise provided. Justices and municipal courts shall have jurisdiction with county courts of offenses arising under this chapter. Virginia: Every person having control of a child between 8 and 12 years old shall send such child to a public school for at least 12 weeks in the year. Exemptions: Children excused by school board, those weak in body or mind, those who can read and write, those attending a private school, those living more than 2 miles from the nearest public school or more than 1 mile from an " established public free-school wagon route." This act shall not apply to any county, city, town, or magisterial district constituting a separate school district until the qualified voters thereof slvall so vote. In every county where the provisions of this act are accepted the district school board shall in February and September ascertain the condition of all children between 8 and 12 years old who are not attending school, and the district clerk shall prosecute for violations of this act. Parent or guardian who H (f). COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. 557 violates this act shall bo fined not less than $5 nor more than $20 for each offense. District clerk shall be fined $5 or $10 for failure to perform the duties imposed upon him. Two weeks' attendance at half-time or night school shall be equivalent to one week at a day school. Washington: All parents, guardians, and other persons having custody of any child between 8 and 15 years of age, or of any child between 15 and 16 years old not regularly and lawfully employed in some useful and re- munerative occupation, shall cause such child to attend some public or private school for full time public school is in session, unless the city superintendent in a city or the county superintendent shall excuse such child from attendance because of physical or mental defect or in case child has completed first eight grades of public school, or for some other suffi- cient reason. No child under 15 years old shall be employed for any pur- pose by any corporation, person, or association during hours public schools are in session, unless such child shall possess an employment certificate issued by the proper superintendent. Proof that any child under 15 years old is employed without such certificate, shall be prima facie evidence of a violation of this section; any violation of any provision hereinbefore made shall be punished by a fine of not more than $25. In incorporated city districts board of directors shall appoint one or more attendance officers; attendance officer may be sheriff, constable, city marshal, or policeman. In all other districts county superintendent shall be attendance officer; he may appoint one or more assistant attendance officers. Attendance officers shall be vested with police powers; may enter places where children are employed; may take children violating this act into custody and return them to school or to parents; shall institute proceedings against persons violating attendance law; shall keep a record of acts; shall perform such other duties as superintendent or directors may determine. Any attendance officer or like official shall arrest without warrant any child unlawfully absent from school and return such child to teacher or person in parental relation; said officer shall bring habitual or incorrigible truants before justice of peace who may bind child over to superior court; superior court may commit such child to State Reform School or to some like institution. Teachers and school officials shall report cases of truancy to truant officers. In cases arising under this act all justices' courts, municipal courts, and superior courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction. County attorney shall prosecute cases arising under this act. County superintendent shall annually give notice of provisions of this act to district officers; district clerk shall annually report to county superintendent facts relative to enforcement of said provisions; any district clerk who shall knowingly make a false state- ment relative to such enforcement, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punish- able by fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100. Any superintendent, teacher, or attendance officer who shall fail or refuse to perform duties prescribed by this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $20 nor more than $100, to be paid in case of district officer into district fund, and in other cases into county general school fund. All fines, except as otherwise provided, shall be paid into the district fund. Whenever a school shall be erected and maintained by the Government of the United States, free of charge to pupils, every person in parental relation to a child between ages of 5 and 18 years, eligilbe to attend said school, shall cause such child to attend said school. West Virginia: Every pereon having control of a child between ages of 8 and 15 years shall cause such child to attend some free school for period of 658 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. 24 weeks annually, beginning at opening of term ; violation of this provision shall be punishable by fine of $2 for first offense and $5 for each subsequent offense, to be paid into building fund of district; children may be excused from such attendance if properly instructed elsewhere or for other sufficient cause, or if there is no school in session within 2 miles of pupil's home. Board of education of each district or independent district shall appoint one or more truant officers; such officers shall enforce attendance law and shall notify parents of truancy of children; such officers shall make complaint of violations of this provision to justices of peace. Any person who induces or attempts to induce any child to unlawfully absent himself from school or who unlawfully employs or harbors such child while school is in session shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of $25 or imprisonment for 10 days. Teachers in ungraded schools and principals and superintendents in graded and high schools shall report to truant officers cases of violation of this act. All fines collected under provisions of this act shall be paid into building fund of district. Truant officers shall receive from building fund $2 per day for time officially employed. Wisconsin: Any person having under his control any child between 7 and 14 years old or any child between 14 and 16 not lawfully employed shall cause such child to attend regularly some public, parochial, or private school for full time school is in session in cities of first class, in all other cities at least eight months during year, and in towns and villages not less than six months during year ; this provision shall not apply to children mentally or physically unable to attend school as vouched for by a physician, nor to a child living more than 2 miles from school, unless transportation is furnished, nor to a child who has completed common-school course or first eight grades of graded school ; school children in cities of first class shall enroll at beginning of term and in other cities within first month of school ; regular attendance shall . mean 20 days in each school month, unless child can furnish legal excuse; such children may be instructed elsewhere than at school if instruction is equivalent to that at school ; violation of these provisions shall be punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50, or by imprisonment for not exceeding three months, or both; district attorney shall prosecute all such violations; if parent is unable to compel attendance of child, such child may be proceeded against as incorrigible. In all cities of first class board of edu- cation or like board shall appoint 10 or more truant officers; in cities of second dass, between 40,000 and 150 000, and third class, 10,000 to 40,000 population, board shall appoint one or more such officers; in cities of fourth class chief of police and police officers may be truant officers; in other districts sheriff and his deputies shall enforce attendance law. Truant officers may visit places of employment to ascertain whether minors are illegally employed; may demand age and school certificates of minors employed. Clerks of school boards shall furnish census information relative to children of school age to the proper superintendents and teachers; teachers shall keep a record of school children and shall furnish required information to truant officers. County, district, and city superintendents shall submit census, attendance, and enrollment figures to commissioner of labor and industrial statistics. Truant officers shall notify parents of delinquency of children; shall also notify commissioner of labor and industries; if parent shall fail to comply with notice, said truant officer shall report such cases to any justice of the peace in the county, or in counties where justice of peace does not have criminal jurisdiction to the proper court having such jurisdiction. School officers, superintendents, teachers, or other persons shall furnish all possible aid to truant officers in the discharge of their duties. Truant officers in cities H (g). CHILD LABOR. 559 of the first, second, and third classes shall receive such compensation as school boards may determine; officers acting as truant officers in cities of fourth class, of 10.000 population or under, shall receive no additional com- pensation for such services; officers acting as truant officers in other districts shall receive fees as are paid in criminal actions. Each county and city superintendent shall monthly report cases of delinquency to industrial com- mission; truant officers shall make monthly report relative to delinquency of children to industrial commission. Truant officers shall report action rela- tive to delinquents to teachers, and teachers shall report return of delin- quents to school to truant officers. Any superintendent of schools or any truant officer who violates or fails to comply with any of aforesaid provisions shall forfeit not less than $5 nor more than $25 for use of schools. School- census officers shall ascertain number of children between ages of 7 and 14 years, number of such children who did not attend school, and, when possible, cause of such failure to attend. Attendance at school on reservations shall be compulsory for children between ages of 5 and 18 years, unless lawfully excused. See also T (b). Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: Every parent, guardian, or other person having charge of any child between 7 and 14 years old, shall send such child to a public, private, or parochial school during time public school of district is in session. Ex- emptions: (1) The physically unfit, when certified by physician; (2) those on whom the provisions of this act might " work a hardship," but these must be excused by school board; (3) pupils who have been legally excluded from school. Every sheriff, deputy, constable, and truant officer, if there be one, shall see that the provisions of this act are carried out; on complaint of child's absence from school, such officer shall give notice to custodian of child that its attendance at school is required, and if after five days child is not in school, custodian shall be proceeded against before justice of the peace or district court ; custodian may be fined $5 to $25 and, after first offense, penalty of 90 days in jail may be added. In a district having a city or town of more than 2,500 inhabitants a regular truant officer may be employed. At opening of school district clerk shall submit to truant officer a list of children of com- pulsory school age; at the end of first week teacher shall submit to county superintendent a list of those enrolled and superintendent shall transmit such list to truant officer ; teacher shall also report habitual truant or pupil absent three days without good reason to truant officer. H (g) . Child Labor. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance, etc. Alabama: No child under 12 years old shall be employed in a mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment; no child between 12 and 16 shall be so employed unless such child shall attend school at least 8 weeks in the year; no child under 14 shall be so employed more than 60 hours a week ; no child under 16 shall be so employed between 7 p. m. and 6 a.m.; no child between 16 and 18 shall be employed more than 8 hours between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. ; employer of a child under 18 shall obtain of parent or guardian affidavit stating date and place of child's birth ; such affidavit shall be filed in office of judge of probate and copy shall be sent to inspector at Montgomery; viola- tion of law a misdemeanor, fine of $50 to $100 for first offense and $100 to $500 for second ; maker of false affidavit guilty of perjury. State prison in- 560 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. spector is factory inspector; he shall inspect or cause to be inspected factories and conditions of employees at least foar times a year ; he shall report on each inspection to the governor ; he shall remove any child working contrary to law or any child affected with communicable disease; he shall institute prosecu- tions against violators of the law ; he shall have free access to any mill, factoiy, or manufacturing establishment; no person shall hinder or obstruct the inspector ; copies of child-labor law shall be posted in the office and every room of mills and factories; employer permitting a child removed by in- spector to return shall be fined $50 to $100; inspector may employ an assist- ant ; State shall pay traveling expenses of inspector and assistant Arizona: No child under 14 years old shall be employed about or in con- nection with any mill, factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, tenement house, store, business office, telegraph or telephone office, restaurant, bakery, barber shop, apartment house, bootblack stand, or in the distribution or trans- portation of merchandise or messages, but district trustees may license boys between 10 and 14 years old to sell papers or engage in other approved work outside of school hours. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ any child under 14 years old during the hours when schools are in session; no child under 16 years old shall be employed in any hazardous or unhealthful occupation, in the manufacture of goods for immoral purposes, or in connec- tion with tobacco or intoxicating liquors. The State board of health may from time to time determine whether any particular occupation is dangerous to life or limb or injurious to health or morals of minors under 16 years old. Females shall not be employed in any capacity where such employment shall compel them to remain standing constantly ; at least two seats shall be provided for every three females. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any of the occupations named in the first section of this chapter unless the employer procures and keeps on file, subject to inspection, an employment certificate ; a list of children employed shall be posted conspicuously near the principal entrance of the place of employment. Inspectors of factories and other authorized inspectors and attendance officers may require that certifi- cates and lists provided for in this chapter shall be produced. On the ter- mination of the employment of a child, the employment certificate herein provided for shall be returned to authority issuing the same. No employment certificate shall be issued until school record of child is filed and evidence of age is produced; no such certificate shall be issued until person issuing the same shall have examined the child and found him able to read and legibly write simple English sentences; such certificate shall state the name, age, date, and place of birth, and distinguishing characteristics of child ; certificate shall state that child has attended school at least 160 days during year previous to application for school record; person issuing certificates shall transmit list monthly to State superintendent and also a list of those to whom certificates have been refused. No person under 18 years old shall be employed in any occupation declared by State board of health to be dangerous to life or limb or health or morals. No female shall be employed in or about any mine, quarry, or coal breaker. In incorporated cities and towns no per- son under 21 years old shall be employed in the transmission of messages between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 shall be employed, other than in domestic service or work on a farm, more than 48 hours a week or 8 hours a day nor between the hours of 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. No boy under 10 and no girl under 16 shall sell newspapers, periodicals, or merchandise in cities of first and second classes. No child under 10 shall work as a bootblack in any street or public place. Authorized inspectors and H (g). CHILD LABOR. 561 attendance officers may visit places of employment to ascertain whether chil- dren are employed therein contrary to law. Arkansas: No child under 12 years old shall be employed in any factory or manufacturing establishment under any circumstances, but this provision shall not apply to the preservation of fruits and vegetables in vacation time; no child under 14 years old shall be so employed unless such child has no means of support or unless a widowed mother or disabled father is de- pendent upon the labor of such child for support; no child under 14 years old shall be employed in a factory or manufacturing establishment between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. nor more than 60 hours a week or 10 hours a day. Except as hereinbefore provided, no child under 14 years old shall be employed in any factory or manufacturing establishment, unless such child is able to read and write simple sentences and has attended school 12 weeks during the preceding year; no child b.etween 14 and 18 years old shall be so employed, unless such child shall have attended school 12 weeks during the preceding year, but this section shall apply only to children entering such employ- ment at the age of 14 or less. No employer shall employ a child unless there is first placed on file an affidavit by person standing in parental relation certifying to child's age. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. California: No minor under 18 years old shall be employed in a manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment more than eight hours, except to make repairs or to secure a shorter day once a week, and no such minor shall work more than 48 hours a week ; no minor under 18 shall be employed between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. ; no minor under 15 years old shall be employed in any store, office, factory, place of amusement, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or as a messenger without a permit to work. Superintendent of schools may issue work permits to minors 12 to 15 years old, as follows: (1) When grammar grades have been completed and applicant is physically fit, or (2) where earnings of child over 12 years are needed by dependent parent or guardian ; no permit shall be issued except on written evidence that suitable work is awaiting such minor and permit shall specify the kind of labor; permits for children of dependent parents shall be issued for not exceeding six months; employer shall keep permit on file; permit may be revoked by commissioner of labor statistics or by authority issuing it when it is found that conditions for its legal issuance do not exist ; file of permits shall be open to inspection; duplicate copy shall be kept by person issuing. Attendance and probation officers may enter places of employment to investi- gate violations of this act. Permit may be issued to minors over 12 years old to work during vacation time ; must state when vacation ends and at end of vacation be returned to minor. No minor under 16 years old shall be employed at any gainful occupation while schools are in session unless he has completed the grammar grades or is a regular attendant at a night school, but if physician certifies that the bodily or mental condition of minor makes attendance inadvisable, he may be excused for nonattendance. Employers of minors under 18 years old in a manufacturing establishment shall post notice of hours of labor required; employers of minors under 16 years old in occupations permitted shall keep a record of names, ages, etc., of such minors and a file of age and schooling certificates open to inspection of attendance and probation officers and officers of State bureau of labor statistics. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools or a person authorized by him or by the school board ; such certificate shall be issued only on written request of prospective employer of minor; 3966°— 15 36 562 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. certificate shall not be issued except upon satisfactory evidence of the age of the minor; duplicate certificates shall be filed with county superintendent, who shall report number, etc., to commissioner of labor statistics ; certificates shall be on form furnished by bureau of labor statistics. No minor having an age and schooling certificate under this act and no minor under 16 years old who would be required to attend shall, while the schools are in session, remain out of school and unemployed for a period longer than two weeks; within one week after such minor ceases employment employer shall notify county superintendent, who shall notify attendance oflicer in district where child resides. Fines for violation shall be paid into the school fund, except when bureau of labor statistics prosecutes, in which case such bureau gets one-half. This act shall not apply to agricultural, horticultural, viticultural, or domestic pursuits when schools are not in session, but horticultural shall include " curing " and " drying " but not " canning " ; minors 15 to 18 years old may be employed in theatrical performances." Colorado: No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work at any gainful occupation in any theater, concert hall, or place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are sold, or in any store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as a messenger or driver therefor; no child under 14 years old shall be employed for wages or other compensation during any por- tion of a month when the public schools are in session, nor be employed be- tween 8 p. m. and 7 a. m., nor be allowed to work more than 8 hours a day, or 48 hours in a week. Nothing in this act shall prevent the employ- ment of children in any orchard, garden, field, or farm, but children under 14 employed by person other than their parents must secure a permit from the superintendent of schools. No person having care, custody, or control of any child under 16 years old, or apparently under such age, shall use or employ such child in a concert hall or room where intoxicating liquors are sold or given away, or in any immoral place, or in any vocation dangerous to the morals, health, life, or limb of such child, but this section shall not prevent child from being a singer or musician in a church or from taking part in amateur entertainments, etc. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ any child under 16 years old in any hazardous occupation or in the manu- facture of goods for immoral purposes ; no female under 16 years old shall be employed in any capacity which compels standing constantly; no female un- der 10 years old shall be permitted to sell or distribute newspapers, peri- odicals, or merchandise in the streets or alleys of a city. Every employer of children between 14 and 16 years old shall keep a register of such children in the place of employment and shall procure and keep on file an age and school certificate. Employer of five or more children under 16 years old shall keep a list of such children posted in the room or rooms where employed. An age and school certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools or some one authorized by him or, where there is no superintendent, by some one authorized by the school board; proof of age must be furnished or parent or guardian must take oath to child's age and schooling. Cer- tificate shall show that child can read and legibly write simple sentences, or if he is unable to do so and is under 16, that he is attending an evening school ; duplicate of age and school certificate shall be sent to the State fac- tory inspector's oflSce. State factory inspector shall, in person or by assist- ants, visit and inspect places of employment subject to the provisions of this act ; on written complaint to local school authorities of violation of this act, such authorities shall report the same to the State factory inspector. The H (g). CHILD LABOR. 563 presence of a child in any manufacturing establishment, factory, or workshop shall constitute prima facie evidence of his or her employment therein. State factory inspector shall enforce this law and secure prosecution of violators. Any child may be exempted from the provisions of this act concerning the employment of children in a concert or theatrical exhibition or a place where intoxicating liquors are not sold, and if between 14 and 16 years old from the other provisions of the act, except the provisions concerning hazardous, un- healthful, and immoral occupations, on application to city sui>erintendent or, if there be none, to the county superintendent or some person designated by superintendent, and on cause being shown why such exemption should be allowed ; if application be denied, appeal may be taken to county or juvenile court, or person passing on application may make condition that moral and physical health of child be safeguarded and that educational advantages be provided. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Connecticut: No child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any occupation which is dangerous to life, limb, health, or morals of such child; no girl under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any capacity requiring such girl to stand continuously. No person under 18 shall be employed to operate any passenger or freight elevator running at a speed of over 200 feet per minute. The factory inspector shall enforce the provisions of this act and shall report annually to the governor. Violators of this act shall be fined not exceeding $100. No minor under 16 years old and no woman shall be employed in any mercantile establishment, other than manufacturing or mechanical, more than 58 hours in any one week ; employers in such establishments shall post hours of labor in a conspicuous place ; if any such employer shall, prior to January 1, give notice that during June, July, and x\ugust the hours of labor will be only 55 per week, then such minors under 16 years old and women may be employed 60 hours a week for the rest of the year. Any person of good physical condition between 14 and 16 years old shall, on application to the secretary or an agent of the State board of education, be granted a certificate of employment to be good during vacation time. See also A (bl), State boards; II (f). Compulsory attendance; M (b), Evening schools. * Delaware: No child under 12 years old shall be employed in or about any canning or packing establishment other than of perishable fruits. (Sec. 2.) No child under 14 shall be employed in or about .any manufacturing or mer- cantile establishment, tenement house, oflSce, restaurant, bakery, barber shop, hotel, booti)lack stand, public stable, garage, laundry, or as a driver, in any brick or lumber yard, in the construction or repair of buildings, or in the transmission of messages. Unlawful to employ any child under 14 during the hours when the public schools of the district are in session. No child under 14 shall be employed in hazardous occupations; no child under 15 shall be employed in any occupation injurious to health or morals; no child under 16 shall be employed on the stage or about any theater or concert hall, but State child-labor inspector may grant a permit for such performance for two weeks. State board of health may determine whether any particular trade, process, or occupation is injurious to children under 15 years old, but emploj'er may appeal to the superior court. No child under 16 may be employed in any of the above occupations, unless employer first secures an employment cer- tificate and keeps posted a list of boys under 16 and girls under 18 em- ployed ; employment certificate shall be issued by the city superintendent of 5 564 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. schools of Wilmington or by one of the county superintendents or by some person designated by either of them ; such certificates shall be either general for the entire year or for vacation time only. Person issuing certificate shall not issue the same until he has approved the following: (1) The school record of the child, (2) a physician's certificate certifying child's physical fitness, (3) evidence of child's age. Child must appear before person issuing certificate and give evidence of ability to read intelligently and write legibly simple English sentences. Every certificate shall describe the child. School record shall show that the child has attended school at least 130 days, either during the 12 months prior to arriving at the age of 12 or prior to applying for such record. School superintendents shall transmit monthly to State child-labor inspector a list of children to whom employment certificates have been issued. Child-labor inspector may demand of an employer either that proof of age of child employed be furnished or that child's employment cease. No child under 15 years old shall be employed in hazardous occupations, un- less establishment where employed is insured under the approval of the board of insurance underwriters. No person under 21 years old shall be employed in or about any place "where intoxicating liquors are sold. No girl under 18 shall be employed in any capacity where compelled to stand all the time. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 shall be employed in any occupation men- tioned in section 2 of this act for more than six diiys, or 54 hours, in a week, or between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. In cities of over 20,000 population no person under 18 shall be employed in the transmission of messages or merchandise between 10 p. m." and 6 a. m. ; all employers of persons under 18 shall keep the child-labor law posted in a conspicuous place. No boy under 12 and no girl under 14 in any city having over 20,000 population shall sell newspapers or other periodicals in a public place ; no boy under 14 and no girl under 16 shall in any such city engage in any other street occupation ; no boy under 14 and no girl under 16 shall sell newspapers or other periodicals in a public place, ex- cept when granted a permit and a badge by the school superintendent; no person under 16 to whom a permit and a badge have been issued shall work at occupations named between 8 p. m. and 6 p. m., or during school hours. Child violating the provisions of this act regarding street occupations shall .forfeit his permit and badge for a period of six months. State child-labor inspector may visit any place of employment ; failure of employer to produce employment certificate or list required by this act shall be prima facie evi- dence of illegal employment. Where child's services are needed for the sup- port of the family on account of the death or illness of a parent, proper court may grant a permit to work for one year. Employer or parent of child em- ployed contrary to law may be fined for the first offense and may be punished by both fine and imprisonment for subsequent offenses. Justice of peace shall have jurisdiction under this act. Delaware Child Labor Commission shall appoint a child-labor inspector at a salary of $1,800 per annum. Florida: No boy under 10 years old and no girl under 16 shall sell news- papers, magazines, or other i>eriodicals in a public place in any city of 6,000 population or more. No child under 12 years old shall be employed in or about any store, office, in the transmission or sale of merchandise, or in the transmission of messages in any city of 6,000 population or more. No child under 14 shall be employed in or about any mill, factory, workshop, mechanical establishment, laundry, or on the stage of any theater. No child under 16 shall be employed in any factory, workshop, laundry, mine, or mill unless employer procures and keeps on file and open to inspection an employ- ment certificate for such child and keeps two lists of such children, one con- H (g). CHILD LABOR. 565 spicuously posted ; on termination of employment certificate sball be returned to child or parent or guardian; State labor inspector may demand proof of age of any child suspected of being under 16 years old, and employer's failure to furnish the same shall constitute prima facie evidence that child is under required age. Employment certificate shall be issued by county superin- tendent of schools or by some person designated by him. Person issuing cer- tificate must have approved and filed the following papers: (1) School record of child; (2) a passport or duly attested transcript of birth or baptismal record; (3) affidavit of parent, guardian, or custodian as to child's age and place of birth, which, however, shall not be required in case birth certificate is presented. Such employment certificate shall not be issued until child has appeared before officer issuing the same and has shown ability to read and write simple English sentences and until said officer has satisfied himself as" to child's physical fitness ; in doubtful cases child shall be examined by a physician ; said certificate shall describe the child. School record required of child shall be issued by principal or person in charge of school and shall show that during year previous to arriving at age of 14 child attended school at least 60 days and studied reading, writing, spelling, and geography and is familiar with the fundamental operations in arithmetic. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any mill, factory, workshop, mechanical estab- lishment, laundry, or on the stage of any theater for more than 6 days in a week, 54 hours in a week, 9 hours in a day, or between 8 p. m. and 5 a. m. No person under 21 years old shall be employed where intoxicating liquors are sold. No person under 18 shall be employed to deliver messages or goods between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. County or city judicial or police officers may visit places of employment to detect violations of this act and shall re- port violations of the same to superintendent of schools or State labor in- spector. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any occupation dangerous to life, limb, or health, nor in the manufacture of goods for im- moral purposes ; no girl under 16 shall be employed where compelled to remain standing constantly. Suitable and proper washrooms and water-closets shall be provided for all children under 16 years old. Places of employment shall be kept sanitary. A copy of this act shall be kept posted in every workroom where children under 16 are employed. A State labor inspector shall- be appointed by the governor for a term of four years, male or female : salary $1,200 per annum and expenses. This act shall not apply to agricultural and domestic work, nor to boys delivering newspapers to regular subscribers out of school hours. Georgia: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in or about any mill, factory, laundry, or place of amusement, except that children over 12 years old who have widowed mothers dependent upon them for support or who are orphans dependent upon their own labor for support may work in factories. No child under 14^ years old shall be employed in any occupation mentioned above, unless employer procures and keeps on file open to inspection a cer- tificate from the superintendent of schools in the county or city in which such child resides certifying that such child is not less than 14 years old and has attended school not less than 12 weeks during the preceding year, unless such child be over 12 years old and has a widowed mother dependent upon him or her for support, or is an orphan dependent on own labor for support. The certificate issued by superintendent shall show name, date, and place of birth of child, with name and address of person in parental relation, and that child has appeared before said superintendent and submitted satisfactory evidence as to age; duplicate copy of said certificate shall be filed with the 666 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. commissioner of labor, who may revoke any certificate improperly issued and notify employer of child that employment must cease, but this provision shall not apply to child over 12 who has a widowed mother dependent upon him or her for support or who is an orphan dependent on own labor. No child under 14i years old shall be employed in any mill, factory, laundry, or place of amusement between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. Commissioner of labor and his authorized assistants shall enforce this act. Violation of this act a misde- meanor. Whether a child over 12 has a widowed mother dependent upon him or her for support or is dependent on own labor for support shall be determined by a commission composed of county superintendent, ordinary of the county, and head of school in district where child resides. Idaho: No child under 14 years old shall be permitted to work in any mine, factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, store, telegraph or telephone ofBce, laundry, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or in the distribution or transportation of merchandise or messages; it is unlawful to employ any child under 14 in such service during school hours or between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m., but child over 12 may be employed in such occupations in vacation time. No minor under 16 shall be employed in a gainful occupation during school hours unless he can read at sight and write legibly simple sentences and has received instruction in spelling, grammar, geography, and arithmetic through fractions. Every firm, etc., permitting minors 14 to 16 years old to work in occupations enumerated shall keep a record of names, ages, and places of residence of such minors; no minor under 16 shall be permitted to work more than 54 hours in a week, more than 9 hours a day, nor between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. Employer of a child under 16 and person having con- trol of such child who permits such child to be employed shall be fined not exceeding $50 for violations of this act, and employer, after notice, shall be fined $5 for each day unlawful employment continues ; person in control of a child under 16 years old who lets out such child for theatrical or circus em- ployment, begging, or immoral purposes shall be fined $50 to $250 or im- prisoned not exceeding six months ; person employing such child in such way is punishable in like manner; no person, firm, or corporation shall send a minor to a saloon, gambling house, or immoral place, and no minor shall be employed in handling intoxicating liquors. Probation oflBcer, and in counties where there is none, school trustee or trustees, shall visit places of employ- ment to determine whether there are violations of this act. Illinois: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any theater, concert hall, or place where intoxicating liquors are sold, or in any store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, elevator, workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor; no child under 14 years old shall be employed at a gainful occupation during any portion of any month when the public schools are in session, nor between the hours of 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. ; every employer of children between 14 and 16 years old in said occu- pations shall keep a register of such children in the place of employment, and no person shall employ a child between 14 and 16 years old unless there is first produced and placed on file an age and schooling certificate; every em- ployer of five or more such children shall keep posted in a conspicuous place a list of such children, showing name, age, and place of residence ; employers shall keep on file a list of all children employed who are under 16 years old and can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences, unless any child is attending night school. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools or some person designated by said superintendent or by the superintendent or principal of a parochial school; H (g). CHILD LABOR. 667 no such certificate shall be issued until satisfactory proof of the age of the child shall have been produced; certificate shall show that child is able to read at sight aud write legibly simple sentences or is attending night school; where there is no night school, or when such school is not in session, no cer- tificate shall be issued to a child under 16 who can not read and write. State inspector of factories shall visit and inspect places of employment where children may be employed contrary to this act and may require certificates, lists of employees, etc., required by law; on written complaint being made, school board shall report violations of this act to the State factory inspector. No person under 16 years old shall be employed more than 48 hours in any one week, nor more than 8 hours a day, nor between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any hazardous or immoral occupation; no female under 16 years old shall be employed where required to stand constantly. State factory inspector shall enforce the provisions of this act and shall prosecute violations of the same before any court of com- petent jurisdiction. Indiana: No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any gainful occupation other than farm work or domestic service, but children between ages of 12 and 14 years may be employed in preserving and canning fruits and vegetables during certain months of each year. No child under age of 16 years shall be employed, except in farm work or domestic service, more than 48 hours in any one W'Cek, or more than 8 hours in any one day without the written consent of parent or guardian, and in no event shall the hours of such employment be more than 54 in any one week or 9 in any one day; no such child shall be employed, except in farm work or domestic service, between the hours of 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. ; no such child shall be employed in any place where tobacco is manufactured, in any hotel, theater, or place of amusement, or in any business injurious to health or morals. No boy under 16 years old and no girl under 18 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in places where alcoholic liquors are manu- factured, packed, wrapped, bottled, or sold, or where matches are manufac- tured, or where explosives are stored or manufactured. No girl under 18 years old shall be employed in any capacity where constant standing is re- quired. No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed or permitted to operate certain kinds of machinery. Employers must keep the names and ages of children employed posted in conspicuous places. No child under 16 years old, who is not blind, shall be employed unless such child is able to read and write simple sentences in the English language, except that such child may be employed during vacation time. All places of employment shall be provided with necessary wash rooms, closets, and dressing rooms; shall be kept sanitary; shall be properly ventilated. All places of employment shall be subject to inspection by the chief inspector or person designated by him for such purpose; said inspector may demand a certificate of physical fitness from a physician in the case of children who may seem physically unfit for the labor at which they are employed, and may prohibit the employment of any child who can not obtain such a certificate. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Iowa: No person under 14 years old shall be employed with or without com- pensation in any mine, manufacturing establishment, factory, mill, shop, laundry, slaughterhouse or packing house, or in any store where more than eight persons are employed, or in the operation of any freight or passenger elevator. No person under 16 years old shall be employed in any occupation dangerous to life, limb, or morals; no female under 16 shall be employed ? 668 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. where her duties compel her to remain constantly standing. No person under 16 shall be employed in any of the occupations mentioned in section 1 of this act before 6 a. m. and after 9 p. m. ; if such person is employed ex- ceeding five hours in a day, a noon intermission of one-half hour shall be allowed and no such person shall be employed exceeding 10 hours in any one day, except where grain and vegetables are prepared for canning and where no machinery is operated. Employers at places enumerated in section 1 of this act shall keep posted a list of persons under 16 employed therein, giving the date of birth and date of employment of each ; any officer charged with the enforcement of this act may require proof of child's age from employer. Misdemeanor to violate the provisions of this act. Kansas: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any factory, work- shop, theater, or packing house, or in operating elevators or about any mine; no person, firm, or corporation shall employ any child under 14 years old during school hours in district where child resides ; it shall be unlawful for children under 16 years old who are employed in vocations mentioned in this act or in the transmission of messages or merchandise to be employed before 7 a. m. or after 6 p. m., or more than 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week; no person under 16 shall be employed at any occupation dangerous to life, health, or morals. All employers of persons under 16 years old as mentioned in this act shall first obtain a certificate of the age of such children based on school census records, the same to be secured from person authorized by school board to have charge of such records ; when child's name and age does not appear on census records, affidavit of parent or guardian shall be obtained and said affidavit shall be protection to employer unless such employer knows affidavit to be false. State factory inspector and State inspector of mines and their deputies shall examine children employed in vocations mentioned in this chapter as to their age and shall file complaints in courts of competent jurisdiction for violations of the act. Violation punishable with fine of $25 to $100 or imprisonment in county jail 30 days to 90 days. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Kentucky: No child under 14 years old shall work in any factory, mill, work- shop, mercantile establishment, store, office, printing establishment, bakery, laundry, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, theater, motion-picture estab- lishment, or in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages; it shall be unlawful to employ any child under 14 in any business or service whatever during the time public schools are in session ; no child between 14 and 16 shall be employed in any of the above-enumerated occupations unless the person employing him secures from proper authorities an employment cer- tificate; labor inspector may demand such certificate for child apparently un- der age, or that child cease work ; superintendent of schools or county super- intendent of schools shall issue employment certificates based on (1) child's school record, (2) transcript of birth certificate, (3) statement of employer as to occupation, (4) physician's certificate; superintendent of schools shall monthly transmit to labor inspector a report on such certificates. The school record shall show that the child has attended school 100 days within 12 months, can read and write, and has completed a course equal to the first five grades; State superintendent shall furnish printed forms of certificates; no person under 16 shall be employed in the above-enumerated occupations for more than six days in a week, eight hours in a day, nor before 7 a. m. or after 6 p. m. Truant officers may visit establishments to see whether law is being violated and may require lists of minors employed to be submitted for inspection. No child under 16 shall be employed in hazardous occupations, H (g). CHILD LABOB. 569 but machinery specified may be used for instruction in schools ; where persons under 21 are employed owner shall guard dangerous machinery ; in cities of first, second, or third class no telegraph or telephone messengers under 21 shall be employed before 6 a.m. or after 9 p. m. ; no female under 21 shall be employed where the work requires her to remain standing; factory walls* shall be painted white and copies of this act posted. No boy under 14 nor girl under 18 shall be employed in cities of the first, second, or third class in street occupations of peddling, bootblacking, selling newspapers, or dis- tributing circulars; boys 14 to 16 may engage in these occupations between 6 a. m. and 8 p. m. on complying with the terms of an employment certificate and on no other, and shall have a badge ; boys who can not meet the educa- tional requirements of the employment certificate may engage in these occu- pations between 6 a. m. and 8 p. m. on days when school is not in session; any child violating this section shall be deemed a delinquent. Violation of ^this act punishable by fine and imprisonment. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Louisiana: No child under 14 years old shall bo required, permitted, or em- ployed to labor in any occupation injurious to body, mind, or morals; viola- tion of this provision is punishable by fine of not less than $25 nor more than $50, or imprisonment for not exceeding six months, or both. State factory inspector or other proper factory inspector may issue age certificates to minors over 14 and under 16 years old seeking employment. No boy under age of 16 years and no girl under age of 18 years shall be employed at any work between hours of 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. Employers shall keep list of minors employed posted in a conspicuous place; children securing age cer- tificates shall also procure from the city or parish physician a certificate as to the physical fitness of said child to perform the work required to be done. The presence of any child under 14 years old in any place of employment, except during dinner hour, shall constitute prima facie evidence of employ- ment. Employers shall furnish inspectors with statement of number of per- sons employed. Seats shall be provided for female employees, to be used when standing its not necessary; ample and separate dressing rooms and toilets shall be provided for the use of each sex; exits and stairways of places of employment shall be ample and safe ; places where women and chil- dren are employed shall be painted or lime washed when deemed necessary; no minor or woman shall be required to clean machinery while same is in motion; the opening of all hatchways, elevators, and well holes in places where women or children are employed shall be protected by doors ; dust and lint fans and smoke consumers shall be used in places where women or chil- dren are employed; employers shall make required reports to the factory inspector; report of inspections shall be made to commissioner of labor and to mayors of cities and towns. No boy under age of 12 years and no girl under age of 14 years in cities and towns having population of 10,000 or more shall be employed in any factory, mill, warehouse, workshop, or manu- facturing establishment. No person under age of 18 years and no woman shall be employed more than 10 hours in a day or 60 hours in a week, and at least 1 hour shall be allowed each day for dinner. In incorporated cities and towns the mayor, with consent of the council, and in parishes the police jury, shall appoint a factory inspector, to receive not exceeding $750 per year; such inspector shall enforce labor laws and prosecute cases of violation. Provisions of this act shall not apply to domestic or agricultural laborers or industries. No child under 16 years of age shall be employed as an actor or singer or in any immoral or dangerous exhibition. 570 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Maine: No female under 18 years old and no male under 16 and no woman shall be employed In a manufacturing or mechanical establishment more than 10 hours a day, except to make repairs to prevent stopping machinery or to get a shorter day one day in the week ; in no case shall the hours exceed 58 • in a week ; no male minor over 16 shall be employed as above over 10 hours a day except with consent of parent and for additional compensation; a female over 18 may contract to labor an additional six hours a week, but must have consent of parent during minority ; employers shall post notices of hours of employment, etc. ; violators of this section shall be punished with a fine of $25 to $50; certificate of minor and of parent or guardian shall be evidence of age. No child under 14 shall be employed in any manufacturing or mechanical establishment ; no child under 14 shall be employed in a manu- facturing, mechanical, mercantile, or other business establishment, or in any telephone or telegraph office, or in the transmission of messages during school hours; employer or parent or guardian may be fined $1 to $50 for violation of this section. No child between 14 and 16 years old shall be employed in a manufacturing or mechanical establishment until authentic evidence of age is furnished ; no child between 14 and 15 years old shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, or other business establishment, or in any telephone or telegraph office, or in the transmission of messages during school hours until he produces an age and schooling cer- tificate; no child between 15 and 16 years old shall be employed in a manu- facturing or mechanical establishment during school hours until he produces an age and schooling certificate; commissioner of labor may demand of em- ployer names of children under 16 years old and evidence of ages or age and schooling certificates, and failure to produce such shall constitute evidence of violation of the law; employer or parent or guardian may be fined $1 to $50 for violation of this section. Age and schooling certificates may be issued by superintendent or person authorized by school committee; such certificate shall not be issued except upon satisfactory evidence of age of child nor until child can read at sight and write simple English sentences and perform sim- ple arithmetical problems to fractions; in doubtful cases physician's certifi- cate of child's physical fitness may be required; person making false state- ment or showing as to age of child shall be fined $25 to $50. This act shall not apply to any manufacturing establishment or business whose products are perishable and require immediate labor, but inspector and municipal officers may prohibit employment of children where conditions are detri- mental. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Maryland: No child between 12 and 16 permitted to work in any office br business of an enumerated list unless employer procures and keeps on file an employment permit; violation carries penalty of fine; attendance officers of public schools may visit establishments and report violations; six in- spectors appointed to carry out law. No child under 14 shall be employed or permitted to work in certain enu- merated trades and occupations ; no child under 12 shall be employed or per- mitted to work in certain other enumerated trades or occupations; unlawful for any person or firm to employ child under 14 in any business whatever " during any of the hours when the public schools of the district in which said child resides are in session unless said child shall have previously ful- filled during the current school year such requirements as to school attend- ance as now or may hereafter be prescribed by law." No child under 16 shall be employed in hazardous occupations; no child under 16 shall be H (g). CHILD LABOR. 671 employed in connection with any processes in which dangerous or poison- ous acid are used or similar occupations; no child under IG shall be em- ployed in the occupations forbidden to those under 14 and 12 years old unless employer procures and keeps on file the employment certificate hereinafter provided and keeps two lists of names of boys under 16 and girls under 18 conspicuously posted ; attendance oflicers and factory inspectors shall require that employment certificates be produced for inspection; on termination of employment certificate shall be returned by employer to official issuing same ; certificates shall be issued in Baltimore by chief of Maryland Bureau of Sta- tistics and Information and in counties by county school superintendent and only on application. He shall require the filing of certain papers: (1) School record, (2) physician's certificate, (3) evidence of age. No general em- ployment certificate shall be issued until child in question has been personally examined; no vacation employment certificate shall be issued till the child has appeared and filed above evidence of age or a physician's certificate ; all employment certificates shall be issued on forms supplied by bureau of statistics and information and shall contain name and address of prospective employer; school record required shall be filled out by school principal and shall state that child has attended school the minimum period required and is able to read intelligently and write legibly; inspector of factories or at- tendance officer may make demand on any employer in regard to children apparently under 16, and his failure to produce legal proofs of age shall be prima facie evidence of illegal employment; no child under 18 shall be em- ployed in certain enumerated dangerous employments; no minor under 21 shall be employed in or about any saloon; no female under 18 shall be employed where she must stand constantly; in cities of 20,000 or over no person under 18 shall be employed in telegraph or telephone service or de- liver messages before 6 a. m. or after 10 p. m. ; employers shall post this section ; no boy under 10 or girl under 16 shall, in cities of 20,000 or over, sell papers on streets; may deliver on regular route; no boy under 14 or girl under 16 in cities of 20,000 or over shall be employed as bootblack or in any other street occupation ; no boy imder 16 in any city of 20,000 or over shall sell newspapers, etc., unless he complies with all the requirements of school attendance and a permit and badge be issued to him ; conditions under which these may be issued are stated ; child under 16 with permit and badge shall not work before 6 a. m. or after 8 p. m. ; violation of these provisions shall cause the child to be deemed delinquent ; permit and badge may be revoked ; factory inspector and attendance officers may visit any place to see if this section is being violated ; , law shall not prevent children of any age from receiving industrial education ; violation of law punishable by fine ; Maryland Bureau of Statistics and Information shall appoint seven inspectors and an employment certificate officer ; $17,000 to carry out law ; provisions regulating the hours of labor for females. Massachusetts: "Child" or "minor," "factory," "mercantile establishments," " public building," " schoolhouse," and " workshop " are defined. No minor under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in or about any factory, workshop, manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, barber shop, bootblack stand or establishment, public stable, garage, brick or lumber yard, telephone exchange, telegraph or messenger office, or in the construction or repair of buildings, or in any contract or wage-earning industry carried on in tenement or other houses; no minor under 14 years old shall be employed at work performed for. compensation during school hours or between 6 p. m. and 6.30 a. m. 672 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. No minor under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in operating or assisting in operating any liazardous machines or in any occupa- tion injurious to health or morals; the State board of labor and industries may determine what occupations are injurious to the health or morals of such minors. No minor under 18 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in occupations injurious to health or morals; the State board of labor and industries may determine what occupations are injurious to such minors. No person under 21 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in or about any saloon or barroom ; no such person in any employment shall knowingly be taken, sent, or caused or permitted to be sent to any im- moral place. No minor under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any occupation for more than 6 days in any one week, more than 48 hours in any one week, more than 8 hours in any one day, nor between 6 p. m. and 6.30 a. m. No boy under 18 years old and no woman shall be employed in any factory or workshop or in any manufacturing, mercantile establishment, telegraph office, or telephone exchange, or by any express or transportation company more than 54 hours in any one week, nor more than 10 hours in any one day; no boy under 18 years old and no girl under 21 years old shall be employed between the hours of 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. Except for delivering messages directly connected with conducting or publishing a newspaper, no person under 21 years old shall be employed as messenger for a telegraph, telephone, or messenger company in the transmission of messages or goods between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. No boy under 12 years old and no girl under 18 years old shall, in a city of over 50,000 inhabitants, sell, ex- pose, or ofCer for sale articles of merchandise of any description, or exercise any trade in any street or public place. No boy under 16 years old shall engage in any occupation, unless he complies with the foregoing provisions and with requirements concerning school attendance, and unless an employment badge has been issued to him by the proper officer; to receive such badge such boy shall be at least 12 years old ; such badge shall not be issued to any boy who is mentally or physically incompetent or unable to do such work in addi- tion to school work. The badge shall be conspicuously exposed by such boy while so working; no boy shall transfer said badge to any other boy; such boy shall exhibit said badge upon demand by the proper officer. No boy under 16 years old shall sell, expose, or offer for sale any articles of mer- chandise in any street or public place between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m., nor, unless provided with an employment certificate, during school hours. Employers of minors shall keep posted in their establishments schedules of hours of employment of said minors, together with shift lists of said minors ; the State board of labor and industries shall furnish such forms and notices to em- ployers upon request. The labor laws shall be enforced by attendance officers and by police officers. Any employer or agent of an employer who employs a minor contrary to law shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Any per- son who hinders any officer in the performance of his duties in the enforce- ment of the employment law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person who encourages any minor to violate any provision of the employment law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person in control of a minor, who com- pels or permits such minor to work in violation of any provisions of this act, or who knowingly certifies to a false statement for purpose of obtaining illegal employment of such minor shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any officer who violates or fails to comply with the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Any minor who shall engage in any occu- pation contrary to law shall, for the first offense, be warned by the proper officer, and the parent, guardian, or custodian of such minor shall be notified ; H (g). CHILD LABOR. 573 in case of a second violation, such child may be arrested and dealt with as a delinquent, or, if over 17 years old, shall he punished by a fine not exceed- ing $15 upon the recommendation of the executive officer of the school where such child is attending, or upon the complaint of any attendance oflicer; the employment badge of any minor may be revoked for cause. Police, district, and municipal courts and trial justices and the Boston juvenile court, as to minors under 37 years old, shall have jurisdiction of offenses arising under this act. No child between 14 and 16 years old shall be employed or be permitted to work in or about any factory, workshop, manufacturing, me- chanical, or mercantile establishment unless the employer of such child keeps on file accessible to the proper officials the employment certificate of such child, but such child shall be permitted to work in mercantile establish- ments on Saturdays between 7 a. m. and 6 p. m. without such certificate ; on termination of employment of a child whose certificate is on file, said certifi- cate shall be returned by the employer to the office of the superintendent of schools from which it was issued. An employment certificate shall be issued only by the superintendent of schools, or by a person authorized by him, or where there is no superintendent by a person authorized by the school com- mittee of the city or town where child resides, but no such certificate shall be issued to any child in, or about to enter, the service of the person so issuing the certificate. The person issuing employment certificates shall in each case, before issuing a certificate, receive, examine, approve, and file the follow- ing papers: (1) A pledge, signed by the employer, setting forth facts relative to such employment; (2) the school record of such child; (3) a physician's certificate to the effect that such child is in sound health and physically able to perform the work which the child intends to do; (4) evidence that the child is 14 years old or over. The employment certificate shall state the name, sex, date, and place of birth and place of residence of the child, and shall contain a physical description of such child and other necessary facts; said certificate shall state name of employer and nature of employment; no fee shall be exacted for issuance of said certificate; a record of such certifi- cates shall be kept. The proper officials may require employers to produce the employment certificates of minors employed, and failure to produce such certificates shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal employment of said minors. No child who is over 16 and under 21 years old shall be employed in any factory, workshop, manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile estab- lishment unless his emi)loyer procures and keeps on file an educational certifi- cate of such child ; such certificates shall be issued by the person authorized to issue employment certificates. Nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent children of any age from receiving manual-training or industrial education in, or in connection with, any school in the State if the same has been duly approved by the local school committee or by the State board of education. No child under 15 years old shall be employed in any public exhibition except in church, chapel, or school exhibitions or in any festival, concert, or musical exhibition except upon permission of city or town officials. No child under 14 years old shall be admitted to any licensed show or place of amusement, except before 6 p. m. and during time school is not in session, unless accompanied by a person over 21 years old. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (d). Continuation schools. Michigan: No child under 21 years old shall be employed in any theater, concert hall, or place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are sold. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in or in connection with any mer- cantile institution, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, mine, 574 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. bowling alley, theater, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, telegraph or messenger service. Every employer of a child under 16 must keep a register of such employees and a permit issued by the superintendent of schools or county commissioner of schools or person authorized by either of them; such permit shall be returned to child when employment ceases. Vacation permits shall be void at the expiration of vacation period. The snid register and permit shall be open to inspection of factory inspectors. Person authorized to issue permits shall not issue the same until he has approved and filed the following papers : (1) The school report of child filled out and signed as hereinafter provided, but no such school report shall be required for vaca- tion i>erniits; (2) evidence of child's age being over 14; (3) a statement by the issuing officer to the effect that child is able to read and write, that in his opinion child is 14 years old or over, and that child is physically fit for employment for which he may require a physician's certificate. The school record of child shall be furnished by principal or other executive officer of school attended and shall show that during previous year child attended school at least 100 days, that he completed the fourth grade of the public school or received in a school other than public instruction in reading, writ- ing, spelling, English grammar, geography, and the fundamental operations in arithmetic. After issuance of a permit child shall report monthly to the person issuing the same. Minnesota: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Mississippi: No girl under 14 and no boy under 12 years old shall be employed in any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, or cannery ; no boy under 16 or girl under 18 shall work more than 8 hours per day or 48 hours per week nor between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. ; no child under 16 shall be employed without affidavit of parent or guardian regarding age and '* also stating the last school attendance of such child and grade of studies pursued, and the name of school and name of teacher in charge"; sheriff shall visit establish- ments at least once a month ; health officer shall visit without notice at least twice each year and report insanitary conditions, infectious or contagious diseases or children incapacitated to do work required; sheriff shall remove child unlawfully employed and order premises put in sanitary condition; grand juries shall investigate violations; manager failing to give correct information liable to fine; fine or imprisonment or both for allowing children to work contrary to this statute; applies to establishments working in wool or other fabrics, to canneries, other than fruit canneries, to establishments where children are employed indoors at work injurious to health or in operat- ing dangerous machinery. No boy under 12 or girl under 14 shall work in any cotton or knitting mill ; no boy under 14 or girl under 16 shall work in such mill over 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week or between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. Missouri : No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work at any gainful occupation except at agricultural pursuits and in domestic service. No child under 16 years old shall be employed at any gainful occu- pation more than 48 hours a week or more than 8 hours a day, nor between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. Every employer shall keep posted in every room where such children are employed the hours of labor required; he shall also keep near the entrance a list of persons employed between 14 and 16. Every employer shall keep on file the employment certificate of each child between 14 and 16, and such certificate shall be surrendered to owner at termination of employment. Such certificate shall be issued by school superintendent or by person authorized by him or, where no suiDerintendent is employed, by person authorized by board of directors. Certificate shall be based on (1) proof that • H (g). CHILD LABOR. 575 child is able to read and write simple English sentences, (2) proof of date and place of birth. Child must appear personally before person issuing certificate, who may require a physician's certificate as to child's physical fitness. All certificates shall be subject to review of the factory inspector or his assist- ants, who may annul the same when obtained fraudulently; said inspector may demand a physician's certificate of physical fitness of any child employed ; said inspector shall furnish printed form for employment certificate. Person authorized to issue certificates shall report monthly to the factory inspector the names of children to whom certificates have been issued. The presence of a child under 16 in a place of employment shall be prima facie evidence of his employment therein. No boy under 10 and no girl under 16 shall sell newspapers, periodicals, or merchandise on the streets or in other public place. No child under 16 shall be employed in any hazardous occupation or occupation injurious to the health or morals of such child. Violations of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor, and each day's violation shall constitute a separate offense. Montana: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Nebraska: See A (bl), State boards. Nevada: It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to employ any child under 14 years old, in any business or service during school hours; no child under 16 years old shall be permitted to work in any employment declared by the State board of health to be dangerous to life or limb or in- jurious to the health or morals of such children. No person under IS years old shall be employed as a messenger for a telegraph or messenger company between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. No boy under 16 years old and no girl under 18 years shall be employed at other than domestic service or farm work more than 48 hours in any one week nor more than 8 hours in any one day. The presence of any child in any establishment during work hours is prima facie evidence of employment. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. New Hampshire: See A (d), District boards and officers; II (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: No child under age of 14 years shall be employed, allowed, or permitted to work in any factory, workshop, mill, or place where manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on, or in any mine or quarry. No person under age of 16 years shall be employed in any of aforesaid places without an age- and-schooling certificate ; no such minor shall be employed at any occupation which, in the judgment of the commissioners of labor, is a menace to the safety or health of such minor; no such minor shall be employed more than 8 hours in a day or 48 hours in a week, nor shall such minor be employed between hours of 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. No child under age of 14 shall be em- ployed, allowed, or permitted to work in any mercantile establishment; no child under age of 16 years shall be employed in such establishment without an age-and-schooling certificate, and shall work not more than 8 hours in a day or 48 hours in any one week, and not between hours of 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. All mercantile establishments employing such minors shall be subject to in- spection by the proper officers. Employers shall keep a register of such minors employed. No such minors shall be employed in any mercantile estab- lishment in any employment that is detrimental to health or dangerous to life or limb of such minor, or is otherwise injurious. No person under age of 21 years in cities of the first class, and no person under age of 18 years in other municipalities, shall be employed or permitted to work as a messenger be- 576 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tween the hours of 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. except with permission of com- missioner of labor. New York: Applicants for employment who are between ages of 14 and 18 years shall register upon forms provided by commissioner of labor; such applicants may, upon securing employment certificates, register at a public or other recognized school. The superintendent of each public-employment office shall cooperate with school principals in securing positions for children leaving school to begin work. The advisory committee shall appoint special committees on juvenile employment, which shall include employers, work- men, and educators, to advise as to the management of pub ic employment offices ; such committees shall advise parents and children relative to employ- ment. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any factory in the State; no child between ages of 14 and 16 years shall be employed without an employment certificate; farmers may, however, permit their children to do farm work, and boys over 12 years old may be employed in gathering produce, but not for more than six hours in any one day. Employment cer- tificates are issued by commissioner of health or executive officer of board or department of health of the city, town, or village; such officer shall not issue such certificate until he shall have received and filed the school record and age certificate of such child; any child in order to receive such employment certificate shall have completed the work of the first six years of the public elementary schools or its equivalent and obtained a school-record certificate as provided by law and shall be physically able to perform the work re- quired. The employment certificate shall state date and place of birth, and shall give physical description of child. Authorities shall report monthly to commissioner of labor employment certificates issued; in cities of first and second classes, employment certificates and school records shall be in such form as shall be approved by commissioner of labor; in other cities, towns, or villages said commissioner shall prescribe such forms. Employers shall keep a register of children employed; employer shall return employ- ment certificate to parent or child upon termination of period of employment; commissioner of ^.abor may, when any child apparently under age of 16 years is employed illegally, demand employment certificate and age certificate of such child, and failure by employer to produce the same shall be prima facie evidence of illegal employment. All children between ages of 14 and 16 years employed in factories shall, when required by a medical inspector, be examined ; employment certificates may be canceled when child is physically unfit for work. No child under 16 years old shall be employed more than 6 days or 48 hours in any one week, or more than 8 hours in any one day, or between hours of 6 p. m. and 8 a. m. No female employee over 16 years old shall work in any mercantile establishment more than 6 days or 54 hours per week, or more than 9 hours per day unless for purpose of making a shorter workday of some day in the week ; or between 10 p. m. and 7 a. m. ; this section does not apply to period of time between December 18 and the fol- lowing December 24, both inclusive. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal of employees under 16 years old ; 20 minutes shall be allowed for evening meal if employee is employed after 7 o'clock p. m. No person under 21 years old shall be employed as messenger between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. Upon obtaining a permit and badge a male child over 12 years old, between close of school and 6.30 p. m„ and a male child over 14 years old between 5.30 a. m. and 8 a. m., may distribute newspapers; said permit and badge shall be issued by the district superintendent, board of education, or bv person designated by such board upon application of the person in H (g). CHILD LABOR. 577 parental relation to the child; badges shall be worn conspicuously; badges shall expire annually, and shall be nontransferable. In cities of first and second classes commissioner of labor shall enforce child-labor provisions, in other cities, towns, and villages the health authorities shall enforce such provisions; places where children are employed shall be open to inspection by the proper officers. No male child under 12 and no girl under 16 years old shall in any city of first, second, or third class sell or expose or offer for sale newspapers, magazines, or periodicals in any street or public place; no male child under 14 years old shall sell or expose or offer for sale said articles unless he shall possess a permit and a badge; children shall not be em- ployed in sale of said articles between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. In cities of first, second, or third classes police officers and attendance officers shall enforce street-trade provisions. Any child who shall violate any provision of this act, may, if conditions shall warrant, be committed to a suitable institution for correction; for good cause any permit and badge may be revoked. Any parent, guardian, or other person who contributes to the delinquency of any child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The provisions herein made relative to employment in mercantile establishments shall apply to all villages and cities having a population of 3,000 or more. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. North Carolina: No child under 12 years old shall be employed in any factory or manufacturing establishment, and no child between 12 and 13 shall be so employed, except as apprentice, and then only after attending school four months in previous year. No child under 16 shall be employed in any mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. No child under 13 years old shall be employed in any mill, factory, or manu- facturing establishment unless employer shall have procured and shall keep on file a certificate from person in parental relation to child showing such child's name and age and certifying that child has attended school four months in previous year. Misdemeanor for employer to employ child in violation of this act or for person in parental relation to make false state- ment in certificate required or to permit child to work contrary to povisions of this act. County superintendent of schools shall investigate violations of this act and report to solicitors of judicial district. North Dakota: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in or in con- nection with any mine, factory, workshop, store, business office, telegraph office, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or in the transmission of mer- chandise or messages ; no child under 14 shall be employed while the public schools are in session ; no child under 16 years old shall be employed in any mine, factory, workshop, or store unless the employer shall secure for such child an age and schooling certificate and shall keep on file and posted in a conspicuous place lists of children employed; the superintendent of schools or clerk of the school board may demand of an employer evidence of the age of any child for whom no certificate is on file, and if evidence is not produced that child is over 16 his employment shall cease unless certificate is secured. Age and schooling certificate shall be issued by superintendent, if one is employed, otherwise by clerk; said superintendent or clerk shall inquire (1) school record of child, (2) conclusive evidence of child's age or affidavit of parent or guardian; child shall appear before superintendent or clerk and show ability to read and write legibly simple sentences in English ; in doubtful cases as to child's physical ability, medical examination shall be made. The school record of the child shall be signed by the principal or executive officer 3966°— 15 37 578 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of the school attended, and shall certify that child has attended the public school or school equivalent thereto for 120 days during the year prior to reaching the age of 14 or during the year preceding application. No child under 16 shall be employed in any gainful occupation for more than 48 hours a week, 8 hours a day, or between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. ; employers shall post hours of labor. Peace officers may visit places of employment to ascertain whether there are violations of this act therein and shall report such viola- tions to the school board. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any hazradous occupation or occupation dangerous to health or morals. Any person violating this act or making a false statement in a certificate shall be fined not less than $20 nor more than $50 for each offense. Ohio: No male child under 15 years old or female child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in, or in connection with any mill, factory, workshop, mercantile, or mechanical establishment, tenement house, manufactory, or workshop, store, oflice, office building, restaurant, board- ing house, bakery, barber shop, hotel, apartment house, bootblack stand or establishment, public stable, garage, laundry, place of amusement, club, or as a driver, or in any brick or lumber yard, or in construction or repair of buildings, or in transmission, distribution, or sale of merchandise, nor any boy under 15 or female under 21 years in the transmission of messages. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to employ any child under 15 years old in any business during school hours. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 shall be employed in any occupation hereinbe- fore named without an age and schooling certificate ; such certificate shall be filed in place of employment, subject to inspection by truant officer. An In- spector of factories, truant officer, or other like official may require employers to produce evidence of age of any child apparently under 16 years of age; Inability of any employer to furnish such proof within 10 days shall be deemed prima facia evidence of illegal employment of said child. Truant officers or like officials shall prosecute violators of law relating to employ- ment of minors; this shall not limit right of other persons to make and prosecute such complaints. Any person who with illegal intent makes a false statement regarding the age of a minor shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $50 ; every employer who fails to procure and keep on file employ- ment certificates for children under age of 16 years shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100. Any person, firm, or corporation who hinders or refuses to admit or locks out any truant or like officer shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $200, or by imprisonment for not less than 10 days nor more than 30 days, or both. Any person who in signing any employment certificate shall knowingly certify to a materially false statement shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100. Any employed minor who refuses to give facts about himself to the proper officer when requested shall be taken before the juvenile court or other court of competent jurisdiction to be dealt with according to law. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Oklahoma: No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted ta work in any factory, workshop, theater, bowling alley, pool room, or steam laundry ; no child under 15 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any occupation injurious to health or morals or hazardous to life or limb ; the commissioner of labor shall, upon investigation by himself or agent, or upon complaint by commissioner of charities and corrections, or the board of health, determine occupations in which such children may be employed. No child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in certain H (g). CHILD LABOR. 579 euumerated occupants; no female under 16 years old shall be employed in any capacity where such employment requires them to remain standing con- stantly. No girl under 16 years old shall, in any city, sell or offer to sell newspapers, magazines, or periodicals in any street or outdoor public place. No child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any of hereinbefore enumerated occupations unless such child can read and write simple sentences in English language, or shall have attended a school for compulsory period during preceding year. No child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any gainful occupation, except agriculture or domestic service, more than 8 hours in any one day, allowing 1 hour for noonday meal and rest, or more than 48 hours in any one week ; the employer shall provide suitable seats for child employees and permit their use so far as nature of work allows. No boy under 16 years old and no girl under 18 shall be employed or permitted to work between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. Chidren under 16 years old shall secure age and schooling certificates before being employed; employers shall keep such certificates on file for in- spection of proper officers; absence of such certificate shall be prima facie evidence of illegal employment. Age and schooling certificate shall be ap- proved only by county superintendent or his agent. The age and schooling certificate shall not be approved without satisfactory evidence of child's age ; child must be physically able to perform work required before certificate is issued; no fee shall be charged for issuing such certificate. No age and schooling certificate shall be issued to any child unless a school-attendance certificate of such child shall have been presented to proper authority. No child under 16 years old and no girl or woman shall be employed or i)ermitted to work underground. Oregon: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any factory, work- shop, store, business office, restaurant, bakery, hotel, or apartment house. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in telegraph, telephone, or public messenger service. No child under 14 shall be employed for wages while the public schools are in session. No child under 16 shall be employed between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m., nor for more than 10 hours a day for six days in a week. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in occupations mentioned above, unless ehiployer shall procure and keep on file an age and schooling certificate approved by the secretary of the board of inspection of child labor, or person authorized by him ; no such certificate shall be issued except on satisfactory evidence of age stated therein; said certificate shall state that child can read and legibly write simple English sentences, and that child has attended school at least 160 days during year previous to arriving at age of 14, or during year previous to applying for certificate. Board of inspectors of child labor or person authorized by them may enter any place of employment to inspect the same and examine certificates and lists of employees. Inspectors of child labor may permit a child between 12 and 14 years old to be employed at suitable work in vacation time. Board of inspectors of child labor shall be appointed by the governor ; term, five years, one being appointed each year; at least three shall be women; secretary, who shall be a member, shall receive not exceeding $1,500 annually ; other members shall receive no compensation. No person under 18 years old shall be employed in messenger service between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. Pennsylvania: Minors over 14 years old who can read and write the English language intelligently, and who are physically qualified, may be employed in certain places of business having proper ventilation, sanitation, and no ex- posed power machinery ; no minor under 14 years old shall be allowed to work 5 580 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. in a coal breaker or washery or in or about any coal mine. An employment certificate may be issued to minors between 14 and 16 years old. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in or about any coal breaker or washery or in or about the outside workings of any coal mine. Male minors over 18 years old may be employed in any legal employment, but all minors below 18 years shall not be employed in any hazardous occupation. No minor under the age of 16 years shall be employed to work in any coal mine; minors under 16 years old to be employed shall have employment certificates. Rhode Island: No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any factory, manufacturing, or business establishment, and no child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any of said places between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. No child under age of 16 years shall be employed in any of aforesaid places, unless such child shall possess an age and employment certificate, given by or under direction of the school com- mittee. Such certificate shall state (a) name of child, (b) date and place of birth, (c) physical description, (d) name and address of person in control of such child; such certificate shall certify (1) that child is 14 years old, (2) that child is able to read and write simple English sentences, and (3) that child is physically able to perform work required, as certified to by a licensed physician. Physicians shall be allowed a fee of $1, payable by State, for examination of each such child. Form of age and employment certificate is prescribed. All such certificates shall be kept by employers, subject to in- spection of factory inspectors and truant officers; failure by any employee to produce such certificates when demanded by inspector or truant officer shall constitute a misdemeanor. Said certificate shall be surrendered to the child upon termination of employment if demanded, otherwise it shall be returned to school committee. School committee shall keep copies of em- ployment certificates issued. Every person, firm, or corporation employing five or more persons or employing any child under age of 16 years shall be subject to provisions herein contained; such provisions shall not apply to domestic service or to agricultural pursuits. Governor shall appoint, with advice and consent of senate, one chief and four assistant factory inspectors, one of whom shall be a woman ; term, three years ; said inspectors shall visit places of employment as often as practicable, make annual report to legis- lature, and prosecute violations of employment before any court of jurisdic- tion ; said inspectors shall report cases of illegal employment of minors to the several school committees; annual salary of chief inspector shall be $2,000, of each assistant, $1,500; expenses of said inspectors, not to exceed in the aggregate $2,400 annually, shall be paid out of State treasury. Dangerous places or parts in any place of employment shall be properly inclosed. No minor under age of 16 years shall be allowed to clean machinery in motion unless approved by inspectors. Water-closets, earth closets, or privies shall be provided in all places where women and children are employed ; separate dressing rooms shall be provided for women and girls when required by in- spectors; seats shall be provided in places where women and girls work, to be used by them when standing is not necessary. Inspectors shall require owners of places of employment to make such alterations or additions in their plants as are considered necessary; any person who is aggrieved by any order of an inspector may appeal therefrom to the district court of district where building is situated. The State shall provide suitable office for use of said inspectors ; said inspectors may administer oaths or affirmations. Any person or corporation who employs a child under 16 years old without an employ- ment certificate, or who makes a false statement in regard to any part re- H (g). CHILD LABOR. 581 quired by such certificate, or violates any provision of this chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Inspectors shall post a printed copy of this chap- ter in every place of employment of persons affected by provisions of this chapter; inspectors shall not be required to give surety nor personal recog- nizance for costs. No child under 16 years old nor any woman shall be em- ployed in any manufacturing or mechanical business more than 58 hours in any one week or more than 10 hours per day, except in case of making repairs. All manufacturing establishments shall provide fresh drinking water of good quality for its employees. Inspectors shall inspect markets, bakeries, and other places where food is prepared or sold. No person under 21 years old shall be employed as a messenger between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. South Carolina: Every employer of children under 14 years old shall post in a conspicuous place notice that such children shall not be employed in certain hazardous occupations; every employer of children shall procure from the person in charge of each child a signed statement as to age, place of birth, etc., of child. Inspectors mr^y visit and inspect factories, workshops, and other establishments employing children. South Dakota: No child under 15 years old shall be employed at any gainful occupation in any mine, hotel, laundry, factory, elevator, bowling alley, or in any saloon, theater, concert hall, or place of amusement where intoxi- cating liquors are sold, or as messenger or driver therefor, or in any other work performed for wages during the hours when the public schools are in session. Misdemeanor to employ children contrary to the provisions of this act; fine, $10 to $50 for each offense. Misdemeanor for employer or person in control of child to make a false statement regarding child's age; fine, $10 to $50. Any employer and other person having control who shall compel any woman or girl, or any child under 14 years old, to labor more than 10 hours a day shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; this section shall not apply to farm labor, domestic service, or the care of live stock. No child under 14 shall be employed in any mine, factory, or workshop, nor shall he or she be employed in a store except during vacation time. No child under 14 shall be employed in any factory, workshop, mine, or store unless the employer shall file an employment certificate of each such child and a list of employees; such certificate shall be issued by the county superintendent or his agent, and shall state that said child can read and legibly write simple English sentences and has attended school as required by law. Every place of employment designated herein shall at all times be open to visitation by the county superintendent. Whenever the labor of a child whose employment is otherwise prohibited by this act is needed for his own support or the support of a family, the county superintendent, or chairman of the school board of an indei)endent district, may permit his employnjent. Every place of employment shall be kept in a sanitary condition. Tennessee: It shall be unlawful to employ or suffer to work any child under 14 years old in, or in connection with any mill, factory, workshop, laundry, telegraph, or telephone office, or in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages; no child under 16 shall be employed in said occupations between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. Unlawful to employ any child under 14 in any service which interferes with attendance at school, except in agricultural or domestic service, during the time public schools are in session. Unlawful to employ any child under 16 in hazardous occupations. Unlawful to employ any child under 18 in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. Unlawful to employ any child between 14 and 16 in any of the occupations enumerated 5 582 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. in section 1 of this act (first sentence of this digest) unless a certificate of parent or guardian showing place and date of birth of child is kept on file by employer. Employer or person in parental relation who violates the provisions of this act shall be fined $25 to $250. It shall be unlawful to employ any child under 16, or any female, in any workshop or factory more than 58 hours in any one week or more than 30* hours in any one day. Texas: Any person, firm, or corporation who shall employ any child under 15 years old in any manufacturing or other establishment using dangerous machinery, or about the machinery in any mill or factory, or in any distil- lery, breweiy, or in the manufacture of goods for immoral purposes, or where health may be impaired, or who shall send such child to any immoral house, or, having control of child, shall permit such child to go to such house, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. No child under 17 shall be employed about any quarry or mine. State commissioner of labor statistics and his deputies shall have free access to places of employment. Utah: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any occupation which is dangerous to life or limb or injurious to health or morals of children; employment certificates shall be issued by superintendent of schools or person authorized by school board; before issuance of such certificate child must appear before officer issuing same and give evidence of ability to read and legibly write simple English sentences. An authorized inspector or truant officer, susiDecting an employed child of being under 14, shall make demand of employer that proof of age of such child be given within 10 days or child's employment shall cease. No female under 21 years old may be employed about any place where alcoholic liquors are manufactured or dispensed. In any city of first or second class no person under 21 years old shall be employed to deliver messages or merchandise between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m. ; and no person under 21 shall be permitted or caused to visit a house of ill repute, saloon, gambling house, or other objectionable place not having approval of juvenile court. No boy under 14 or girl under 16 shall be employed at any gainful occupation, other than domestic service, fruit or vegetable packing, or work on a farm, more than 54 hours in any one week. No boy under 12 or girl under 16 shall sell newspapers or merchandise in a public place; no child under 12 years old shall work as a bootblack; no male child under 16 years old shall sell papers or merchan- dise without a permit issued by superintendent of schools or other person authorized by school board. Whoever employs a child or permits a child to work contrary to the provisions of this act may be fined $25 to $200 or be imprisoned 10 days to 30 days. Vermont: No child under 16 years old, who has not completed elementary school course, a« prepared by superintendent of education, shall be employed in connection with railroading, mining, manufacturing, or quarrying, or be employed in a hotel or bowling alley, or in delivering messages, except dur- ing vacation and before and after school; no child shall be employed in any of aforesaid occupations without an employment certificate issued by the town or union superintendent; no child under 16 years old shall be em- ployed in any of said occupations for more than 9 hours each day, or more than 50 hours in any w^eek, or between 8 p. m. and 7 a. m. The town or union superintendent may at any time inquire at any place of occupation as to employment of children; said superintendent shall make such inquiry at least three times each year. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in or in connection with any mill, factory, quarry, or workshop wherein are employed more than 10 persons. No child under 16 years old shall be em- H (g). CHILD LABOR. 683 ployed in certain specified occupations, the same being in character more or less hazardous to life and limb. No female under 18 years old shall be em- ployed where worli requires constant standing; suitable seats shall be pro- vided for such persons, to be used when standing is not necessary. Proper authorities may require employers and parents or guardians to furnish age certificates of children employed. No person having control of a child shall allow him to be employed contrary to provisions of this chapter. County and municipal courts and justices shall have concurrent jurisdiction of offenses under this chapter, and truant officers or like officers shall report violations. Virginia: No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any factory, w^ork- shop, mine, mercantile establishment, laundry, bakery, brick or lumber yard, or during school hours or after 7 o'clock p. m. in the distribution, transporta- tion, or sale of merchandise. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in or about any establishment or occupation named above for more than 6 days in any one week, more than 10 hours in any one day, nor between 9 p. m. and 7 a. m. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in or about any establishment or occupation named above unless employer keeps on file and accessible to inspection an employment certificate for such child, and also keeps posted and on file lists of children under 16 years old who are em- ployed. Employment certificates shall be issued by a notary public in the city, town, or village where the child is to be employed on one of the fol- lowing evidences that child is over 14 years old: (1) Duly attested birth certificate, (2) passport or duly attested baptismal certificate, (3) other documentary and satisfactory evidence, (4) affidavit of parent, guardian, or custodian of child. In cities of 5,000 population or more no child under 14 shall be employed as messenger for a telegraph, telephone, or messenger com- pany, or in the transmission or delivery of goods or messages, and no child under 18 shall be so employed between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. ; in such a city no boy under 10 and no girl under 16 shall distribute or sell newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals in a public place. This act shall not apply to parent or guardian employing his own child, nor to factories engaged exclusively in packing fruits and vegetables between July 1 and November 1 of each year. No male under 21 and no female shall be employed in any place, except in hotels, where intoxicating liquors are manufactured, bought, sold, packed, or shipped, except in mercantile establishments in the country. Every factory in which five or more persons are employed, and every factory, workshop, mercantile, or other establishment or office in which two or more children under 18 years old or women are employed shall be kept in a sani- tary condition. The commissioner of labor shall be " chief factory inspector " and shall have charge of enforcement of child-labor and factory-inspection laws. Washington: No person under 19 years old shall be employed as messenger in any city of the first class, nor shall any child under 14 years old be hired to work in any factory, mill, workshop, or store at any time, but any superior court judge may issue employment permit to any child between ages of 12 and 14 years at any occupation not dangerous to health or morals of child, when labor of such child is necessary for support of any parent; juvenile court judge may issue permits to male children over 14 years old to act as mes- sengers under certain limitations and conditions. Any employer who violates any of provisions of this act shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $500, or be imprisoned not to exceed six months, or both. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. 584 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOi^. West Virginia: No child under 14 years old shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in or in connection with any factory, mill, workshop, or manufacturing establishment. No child under 14 years old shall be employed during hours school is in session in any business without written permis- sion of State commissioner of labor or county superintendent. No child under 16 years old shall be employed in any establishment hereinbefore named without an employment certificate; employment certificate shall be issued by superintendent of schools, or in absence of such superintendent by person appointed by local school board ; upon termination of employment, employment certificate shall be returned to person issuing the same; no board member or person authorized to issue such certificate shall have any personal interest in the issuance of the same. To receive such certificate a child shall be at least 14 years old, able to read and write legibly simple sentences in English, and in sound health, and physically able to perform work required; said certificate shall show necessary facts relative to such child. Any employer or person in parental relation to such child who violates any provision of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50 for each offense. Prosecuting attorney shall enforce these provisions and truant officers and like officers shall report violations. Wisconsin: No child under 14 years old shall be employed, required, suffered, or permitted to work at any time in any factory, manufacturing establish- ment or workshop, store, hotel, restaurant or bakery, mercantile establish- ment, laundry, telegraph, telephone, or public messenger service, delivery of merchandise, or at any gainful occupation, except as herein provided; children between ages of 12 and 14 years may be employed in certain occu- pations during vacation in the town, district, or city where such children reside upon securing employment permits. No child between ages of 14 and 16 years shall be employed in certain specified occupations without an employ- ment permit issued by the proper authority. No female or minor shall be em- ployed in any occupation prejudicial to the life, health, safety, or welfare of such female or minor, or to any other x)erson. No child under 16 years old shall take part in any exhibition detrimental to its morals, health, safety, welfare, or opportunities for education. Every employment permit shall give name and age of child and also physical description. The commissioner of labor, factory inspector, any assistant factoiy inspector, truant officer, any police officer, or any private citizen may make complaint of the viola- tion of any provision of child-labor law. Employers shall keep employment permits on file and shall return same upon completion of term of employ- ment. Places where children under 18 years old are employed shall be open to inspection by the proper officer. No person shall employ a minor over 14 years old in any city, village, or town in which an evening or continuation school is maintained unless such minor be granted an employment permit which shall certify that said minor is able to read and write simple sen- tences in English or that he attends such evening or continuation school; no parent, guardian, or custodian of any minor over 14 years old shall permit employment of such minor without said permit; such minor over 14 years old shall file records of attendance at such evening or continuation school with employer. Any parent or guardian who permits or suffers a minor to be employed contrary to law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $25. Employers shall keep registers of minors employed subject to inspection of the proper officer. No child under 16 years old shall be employed at any occupation other than H (h). SEPAEATlOi^ OF TflE RACES. ^8^ domestic service or farm labor for more than 48 hours per week, more than 8 hours in any one day, or between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. Employers shall provide seats for female employees, to be used when standing is not neces- sary. No boy under 12 years and no girl under 18 years old shall, in any city of first class, distribute, sell, or expose or offer for sale, newspapers, magazines, or periodicals in any street or public place. No boy under 14 years old shall work as bootblack in any city of first class. No girl under 18 years old shall, in any city of first class, work as bootblack or distribute circulars. No boy under 16 years old shall act as newsboy, bootblack, or distribute handbills in any city of first class without a permit and badge; badges must be worn conspicuously and are nontransferable; permits and badges may be revoked for good cause. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Wyoming: Unlawful :o employ any male person under 14 years old or any female of any age in a mine, underground work, or other dangerous occu- pation. See also U (b), Wrongs to children; Appendix A: State constitutional provisions relating to education. H (h) . Separation of the Races. /Ilabama: See G (d). Teachers institutes and summer schools; H (a), School population and attendance, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e) Schools for dependents and delinquents. Arizona: See A (d), District boards and oflEicers. Arkansas: See A (d). District boards and officers. California: See L (a), Course of study. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards; B (a), General State finance and support; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; M (b). Kindergartens; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Florida: It shall be unlawful to conduct any public, private, or parochial schools wherein white persons and negroes are Instructed or boarded in the same building or taught in the same class. It shall be unlawful for white teachers to teach negroes in negro schools or for negro teachers to teach in white schools. See also P (a). Higher institutions, general. Georgia: See A (cl), County boards; H (b). School census. Indiana: See L (a). Course of study. Kansas: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Kentucky: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (c), Permanent State school funds; G (b). State normal schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Louisiana: See A (el). County boards; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Maryland: Board of county school commissioners shall establish free public schools in each election district for colored youths of 6 to 20 years; they shall be kept open as long as the board shall determine, "provided the colored population of such district shall warrant." They shall be under a special board appointed by county board and subject to same laws as white schools; comptroller shall not apportion any separate fund for colored schools, but they shall be supported out of general school fund; total taxes 586 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK. for schools paid by colored people and any donations shall be devoted to colored schools. See also G (b), State normal schools; H (b), School census; O (a), In- dustrial education, general. Massachusetts: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Michigan: See A (d), District boards and officers. Minnesota: See A (d), District boards and officers. Mississippi: See A (cl), County boards; A (f), Administrative units^-dis- tricts, etc.; F (b), Teachers' salaries; N (a), High schools. Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. New Jersey: See H (a), School population and attendance, general; O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance. New York: Commissioner of education shall establish and maintain schools for Indian children ; expenses of said schools to be paid out of funds set apart for Indian education; said commissioner shall seek the cooperation of Indians in the education of their race. Indian children are not entitled to free tuition in public schools outside the reservation, but may be received on approval of trustees and commissioner of education. Every Indian child between 6 and 16 years old, of sound mind and body, shall attend school, or receive suitable instruction elsewhere, in common-school branches taught in English language; every such child between 14 and 16 years old not engaged in useful employment or service, and every such child between 6 and 14 years old, shall attend school during entire session; persons in parental relation to such children shall cause them to attend school as required; any violation of these provisions shall constitute a misdemeanor. No person shall employ any Indian child between ages of 6 and 14 years; and no person shall employ such child between ages of 14 and 16 years without written consent of principal teacher. Teachers of Indian schools shall keep careful record of attendance of pupils. The principal teacher of the Indian schools on each reservation shall appoint, with approval of commissioner of education, attendance officers; such officers may arrest any Indian child without warrant, when found away from his home, and return said child to school or to the person in parental relation. Commissioner of education may contract with truant schools for care of truant Indian children. Said commissioner shall cause annual enumeration of entire Indian population to be taken. The Thomas Indian School shall be under control of board of 10 members, three of which members shall be Seneca Indians; said members shall be appointed by governor, with advice and consent of the senate, to serve six years. Board shall do all things necessary for welfare of said school ; shall make annual report to legislature; shall appoint, prescribe duties of, and fix compensation of superintendent, matron, physician, and other employees. Inmates may be transferred to other suitable institutions. No person shall be refused admission into or be excluded from any public school on account of race or color. The trustees of any union school district, or of any district organized under a special act may, when the inhabitants of district shall determine, establish separate schools for colored children, but facilities for such children shall be equal to those for white children. North Carolina: See G (b), State normal schools; L (a). Course of study; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; T (a). Education of special classes, general. I (a). DISCIPLINE, GENERAL. 587 Oklahoma: Public schools shall be organized and maintained upon complete plan of separation between white and colored races, with impartial facilities for both races. The terms "colored" and "white" are defined. The sepa- rate school in each district is the one of the race having the fewest number of children; county superintendent may designate the separate school and determine which race shall attend such school; members of district school board shall be of same race as children who attend the school of the district which is not the separate school. Any teacher who shall willfully or know- ingly allow a child of either race to attend the school for the other race, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be barred from teaching for one year. No educational institution of the State shall receive both white and colored students for instruction; any instructor who violates this provision, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person of either race who attends an educational institution for the other race, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any private school, college, or institution of learning may maintain separate or distinct branches for the two races. No separate public school shall be maintained for either race in a district having fewer than 10 children of such race ; in such cases, children of such race shall be transferred to the proper school of an adjoining district. County superintendent shall report to county commissioners facts concerning separate schools; county commis- sioners may erect buildings for separate schools when needed, and pay for them out of the " separate-school fund " of such county. County superin- tendent shall contract with and employ all teachers for the separate schools of the county, except for independent districts. See also G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Pennsylvania: See H (f). Compulsory attendance; O (a). Industrial educa- tion, general. Rhode Island: See A (d). District boards and officers. South Carolina: It shall be unlawful for persons of one race to attend school provided for another race. Tennessee: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Texas: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b). State normal schools. Virginia: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (a). School population and attendance, general. West Virginia: See A (d), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a), In- dustrial education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Wyoming: When there are 15 or more colored children in a district school, board may, with approval of county sui>erintendent, provide a separate school for such children. I. SCHOOL DISCIPLINE. (a) General. Alabama: Misdemeanor (fine $10 to $100) to deface a public building; fine of $5 to $50 to disturb a school or other lawful public assemblage; using school moneys for other than school purposes is embezzlement; shooting or throw- 588 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Ing missiles into a schoolhouse is a misdemeanor ; misdemeanor for a teachef to use other textbooks than those adopted ; misdemeanor for any agent to sell textbooks at a higher than the contract price. California: IMisdemeanor for a parent, guardian, or other person to insult a public-school teacher in the presence of a pupil of such public school. Pupils shall be admitted in the order in which they apply to be registered ; they must submit to regulations and pursue required course of study ; willful disobeclience is cause for expulsion ; profanity and vulgarity is cause for sus- pension; pupils may be suspended or expelled for defacing school property and parents are liable for damages; where two or more teachers are em- ployed, beginners shall be taught by experienced teachers, and in cities such teachers shall rank in salai-y with the highest grammar-grade teachers. Misdemeanor to Insult or abuse teacher in presence of school ; misdemeanor to disturb a school or school meeting; any school officer or board who shall issue a certificate or diploma except as provided by law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; no school officer or teacher shall act as agent for books, apparatus, etc. Every school officer may administer oaths regarding school matters. No member of a school board may be interested in a contract made by the board of which he is a member, but in districts entitled to not more than two teachers member may be paid for repairing schoolhouses, etc. School year, July 1 to June 30. Misdemeanor to offer to bribe a member of school board. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Florida: See D (a). Buildings and sites, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Kansas: See U (b), Wrongs to children. Kentucky: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: Whoever willfully disturbs a school or other assembly of people met for a lawful purpose shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than 30 days, or by a fine of not more than $50. Missouri: It is a misdemeanor willfully to disturb a religious assembly or a school. Nevada: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; U (b). Wrongs to children. New Hampshire: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Rhode Island: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; P (a), Higher insti- tutions, general. Tennessee: See R (b), Corporations of educational character. Virginia: It is a misdemeanor to willfully disturb any school or literary society. AVest Virginia: The teacher shall stand "in loco parentis"; may exclude from school any child having a contagious or infectious disease; may sus- pend any pupil for good cause, subject to review by trustees. Trustees may expel any pupil from school for good cause. No teacher shall be required to serve on the jury or work on the roads while school is in session. Every teacher shall keep a register and shall make monthly reports to secretary of board of education; shall receive pay monthly upon submission of report; shall return term report to secretary of board before receiving balance of salary. I (C). SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION. 589 Wyoming: Misdemeanor to use abusive or insulating language to teaclier in or about public scboolbouse or to disturb a school or a district meeting; mis- demeanor to deface a scboolbouse ; misdemeanor for school officer or teacher to be agent for books or supplies. I (b). Corporal Punishment. Arizona: Violence to a person shall not constitute assault and battery in the exercise of moderate restraint or correction given by law to parent over child, guardian over ward, or teacher over pupil. Kentucky: See T (c). Schools for the blind. Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementai-y education. Montana: See F (a), Teachers' contracts^ duties, etc. New Jersey: See F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. I (c). Suspension and Expulsion. See also A (d), District boards and officers; F (a). Teachers' contracts, du- ties, etc. Alabama: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Arizona: All persons between 6 and 21 years old shall be admitted to the public schools ; open defiance of authority or habitual profanity and vulgarity shall constitute cause for expulsion from school. See also A (d). District boards and officers; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Arkansas: See A (d). District boards and officers. California: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; I (a), Discipline, general, Colorado: See A (d). District boards and officers. Connecticut: See A (d). District boards and officers. Idaho: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Illinois: See A (d), District boards and officers. Indiana: See A (e). School meetings, elections. Iowa: See A (d). District boards and officers; I (e), School fraternities. Kansas: See A (d). District boards and officers. Kentucky: See H (c). School year, month, day, etc. Maine: See A (d). District boards and officers. Maryland: See H (b). School census. Massachusetts: See H (f). Compulsory attendance. Michigan: See A (d). District boards and officers. Mississippi: See A (d), District boards and officers; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Missouri: See A (d). District boards and officers. Montana: See A (d), District boards and officers. Nebraska: See A (d). District boards and officers. 590 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Nevada: See A (d), District boards and officers; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. New Hampshire: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. New Jersey: See A (f ), Administrative units — districts, etc. ; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; H (a), School population and attendance, general. New York: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. North Carolina: Persistent violators of rules and pupils of immoral character shall be dismissed by teacher. North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oklahoma: See A (d). District boards and officers; I (e), School fraternities. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See H (f). Compulsory attendance. Rhode Island: See A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: See A (d). District boards and officers. South Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; N (a), High schools. Tennessee: See A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Vermont: See J (b), Medical inspection. Virginia: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Washington: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (a). General State finance and support; L (a), Course of study. West Virginia: See I (a), Discipline, general. Wisconsin: Any person who shall willfully, maliciously, or wantonly interrupt or in any way molest or disturb any private or public school while in session shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than 30 days or by fine not exceeding $50. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Wyoming: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. I (d). Fire Drills. Florida: See D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. Indiana: It shall be the duty of the State fire marshall to require teachers of public and private schools to have one fire drill each month. Iowa: The State fire marshal and his deputies shall require teachers in all public and private schools in buildings having more than one story to have at least one fire drill each month ; State fire marshal shall prepare a bulletin on the causes and dangers of fires and each public-school teacher shall in at least one lesson each quarter give instruction in such causes and dangers. Kansas: See D (c). Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. Michigan: The State fire marshal and deputy and assistants shall require teachers of public and private schools and educational institutions to have one fire drill each month. Montana: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Nebraska: See L (k). Days of special observance. I (e). SCHOOL FRATERNITIES. 591 New York: The person in charge of every public or private school or edu- cational institution having over 100 pupils or maintained in a building two or more stories high, shall at least once each month instruct pupils in fire drills ; neglect to comply with this provision shall constitute a misdemeanor. This provision shall be printed in the teachers' manual. Provisions of this article shall not apply to colleges and universities. Ohio: Misdemeanor for person in charge of a public or private school or educational institution having 50 pupils or more in average attendance to neglect to train pupils by means of fire drills or to keep doors unlocked. Oregon: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Pennsylvania: Fire drills are required in all public schools where fire escapes, appliances for fire extinguishment, or proper exits in case of fire are required ; use shall be made of such fire escapes, appliances, or exits in said drills. Rhode Island: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Vermont: The person in charge of a public or private school or educational institution, other than a university or college, having more than 50 pupils, shall give fire drills once each month; violation punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $25; this chapter shall be printed in teachers' manual. Washington: Fire drills shall be given by the principal or other person in charge of every public or private school or educational institution at least twice each month; violation of such provision shall be deemed a misde- meanor, punishable by fine not exceeding $50, to be paid into district fund. This provision shall be published in teachers' manuals and Washington State manual. Provisions of this act shall not apply to colleges or universities. Doors of public buildings shall swing outward. I (e). School Fraternities. California: See A (d). District boards and officers. Colorado : It shall be unlawful for any pupil of a public school to be a member of any secret society formed wholly or in part of pupils of public schools; school boards shall enforce the provisions of this act ; it shall be unlawful for any person to solicit a pupil of a public school to become a member of any fraternity, sorority, society, or organization organized outside of such school. Indiana: It shall be unlawful for the pupils of any of the elementary or high schools of the State to form secret societies, fraternities, or similar organiza- tions in such schools. Iowa: It shall be unlawful for any pupil of a public high school or any other public school to join or solicit any other pupil to join any secret fraternity or society composed wholly or in part of public-school pupils or to take part in the organization of such society, except such as are sanctioned by the school directors; board of directors shall enforce the provisions of this act and may dismiss or debar from graduation or other school honors any pupil violating the same; misdemeanor for any person not a member of public school to go on school grounds or enter school building to solicit pupils to join a secret society. Kansas: See N (a), High schools. 592 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Maine: It shall be unlawful for any pupil of a public scliool to participate In or be member of a secret society which is in any degree a school organiza- tion; school committees are authorized to enforce the provisions of this act. Michigan: It shall be unlawful for any pupil of the public schools in any manner to organize, join, or belong to a fraternity, sorority, or other secret society composed of pupils of the public schools; board of education shall enforce this act. Minnesota: See B (^), State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Montana: It is unlawful for any pupil in a public school to join or solicit other pupil to join any secret society wholly or partly formed from the mem- bership of pupils ; trustees shall make rules for enforcement of this act ; they may suspend or dismiss any violator or prevent such pupil from graduation or participation in school honors; it is a misdemeanor for any person not a pupil of school to enter school premises to solicit pupils to join any society organized outside of school. Nebraska: It is unlawful for pupils of public schools to participate in or be members of any secret society that is in any degree a school organization; school boards are authorized to deny privileges of school to violators; mis- demeanor for any person to enter school premises and solicit a pupil to join any society organized outside of school. Ohio: It is unlawful for any pupil of the public schools to organize or join a secret society made up of pupils of the public schools ; every teacher, princi- pal, or superintendent having knowledge of such organization shall notify president or secretary of board of education; board shall investigate charges and on finding them true shall give notice to offending pupils to disband and withdraw from membership within five days; penalty for failure to obey such notice, suspension until obedience is given; misdemeanor for school officer to fail or refuse to perform duties imposed. Oklahoma: No pupil of any public elementary or high school shall become a member of or solicit any other person to become a member of any fraternity, sorority, or secret society formed wholly or in part from membership of pupils. Any school board member who shall fail to take steps to prevent the formation of aforesaid organizations shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100. School boards may suspend or expel any pupils who violate provisions of this act. • Any person who solicits or in any way induces any pupil of public schools to join any of aforesaid organizations shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each offense. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: Secret Greek-letter fraternities are forbidden in any institu- tion of higher learning supported in whole or in part by the State. Vermont: No pupil in any public school supported in whole or in part by public funds shall join, or solicit any pupil to join, any secret society wholly or partly formed from membership of pupils, except such societies or associa- tions as are sanctioned by school authorities; school authorities shall enforce these provisions. School authorities may suspend or dismiss any pupil from school or prevent such pupil from graduation or from receiving school honors if such pupil is guilty of violating any of provisions herein made. These provisions shall not apply to membership in temperance or religious societies or associations of any kind or to societies or associations established for. m.oral advancement of youth. Washington: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers. J (a). HEALTH, GENERAL. 693 J. HEALTH REGULATIONS. (a) GeneraL Colorado: No person or board having charge of a public place shall permit the use of a common drinking cup. Connecticut: Any school board may require every child to be vaccinated before entering the public schools. Any school board may appoint one or more school physicians and assign one to any school in the town or district, and such physician shall examine all pupils referred to him, and shall make such examination of teachers, janitors, and schoolhouses as the protection of pupils' health may require. The superintendent, principal, or teacher shall refer to such physician every pupil returning to school without a permit from illness or from an unknown cause and every child in school who ap- pears to be in ill health unless such child be excluded from school. School authorities employing a physician shall annually cause the sight and hearing of every public-school pupil to be tested, and examination shall be made of other defects which may tend to affect progress in school. Notice of disease or defects shall be given to parent or guardian, who shall cause such child to be treated. Where pupil shows symptoms of a contagious disease health officer shall also be notified, and pupil shall be excluded from school until a permit is secured from such officer. Wherever school authorities shall ap- point a school physician they may also appoint a matron or nurse to work under direction of physician. Expenses incurred under this act shall be paid as other school expenses. The county health officer shall cause the exe- cution of the laws relating to public health ; the prevention and abatement of nuisances, and the registration of vital statistics, and shall cooperate with town, city, and borough health officers in the county. The State board of health, to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, may make rules regulating or prohibiting the use of the common drinking cup in public places. County health officer shall appoint a town health officer for each town except such as contain a city or borough coterminous with the limits of said city or borough; in a town containing a city or borough not coter- minous therewith such town health officer shall exercise his powers and duties only in that part not included in such city or borough. Every schoolhouse shall be kept in a cleanly state, free from any nuisance, and shall be provided with a sufficient number of water-closets or privies. State board of education, school visitors, or any member of the town school committee may recommend to authority in charge of any schoolhouse changes in the ventilation, lighting, or sanitary arrangement of such school- house when the same can be made without unreasonable expense ; and in case such changes are not made within two weeks said board or member of com- mittee may make complaint to the proper health authority, who may order changes made. The word '* schoolhouse " shall include all buildings and premises in which 10 or more pupils are instructed. No schoolhouse for grammar grades or lower shall be constructed so as to contain more than two stories above the basement; no schoolhouse for grades above the grammar grades shall be constructed so as to contain more than two stories above the basement unless such house shall be fireproof throughout, and in that event shall not exceed three stories. All schoolhouses of eight classrooms or more and not of fireproof construction shall be constructed as specified in this act. No door leading from a schoolroom into a hall or from a hall out of the building shall be locked during school hours except by a spring readily yield- 3966°— 15 ^38 594 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ing to pressure from the inside. Fire-alarm gongs or bells shall be placed in each hall or classroom. No liquor license shall be granted in any city to a place within 200 feet on a direct line of a church edifice or public or parochial schoolhouse except to a hotel of good reputation. Proper cit;^, town, or borough authorities may require that all churches, scholhouses, and other buildings for public gatherings be provided with facilities for safe and speedy entrance and exit. Every story above the first floor of a schoolhouse shall be provided with more than one way of egress on the inside or with fire escapes on the outside. Every theater, nickelette, schoolhouse, or hall, except town halls, in which people commonly assemble in number larger than 100, shall be provided with one or more exits with door opening outward. No barbed wire shall be used in the construction of a fence about any school- house or public building. No person shall spit upon the paved walk or any street, park, or square or upon the wall or floor of any public building. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards. Idaho: Owner of a house where a person resides having a contagious or infectious disease and attending physician shall, within 24 hours after know- ing of the case, give notice to clerk of school board; school board shall not allow any member of family where contagious disease exists to attend school ; textbooks from infected residences shall be disinfected. Illinois : It is unlawful to permit the use of any common drinking cup or other utensil for drinking purposes in any public place. Indiana: When the temperature of 70° can not be maintained, the teacher shall dismiss the school until the fault is corrected; pupil who is ill or unclean or is infested with vermin shall be sent home ; refusal of parent or guardians to rid their children of vermin or to cleanse them shall be punished by a fine. When a contagious or infectious disease breaks out the school authorities shall have pupils inspected by a physician. School authorities shall employ only able-bodied and temperate teachers and janitors. All schoolhouses shall be cleaned and disinfected at least once a year. There shall be taught in the fifth grade each year the primary principles of hygiene and sanitation ; State health commissioner and State superintendent shall prepare and furnish pamphlets of principles. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: No person shall spit upon the floor or walls of any schoolhouse or other public building; violation of this provision is punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $25. Maine: Superintendent may exclude from school any pupil who from disease, vermin, etc., is offensive or dangerous to other pupils; parents shall be notified and may be fined for refusal or neglect to take steps to fit such pupil for return to school. Massachusetts: Any city or town may maintain one or more dental dis- pensaries for children of school age, the funds appropriated therefor to be expended under such regulations as the city or town board of health may prescribe. The city council of a city and the selectmen of a town may provide meals or lunches free or at no more than cost price to children attending public schools, and cities and towns may appropriate money for this purpose. This act shall be submitted to the voters of any city or town at a municipal elec- tion in any year if a petition to that effect, signed by not less than 5 per cent of voters, is filed with city or town clerk. See also J (b), Medical inspection; J (c), Vaccination; L (a). Course of study. J (a). HEALTH, GENERAL. 595 Mississippi: See A (d), District boards aud officers. Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers. Montana: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. New Hampshire: See H (f). Compulsory attendance. New Jersey: The use of the common drinking cup shall be prohibited in all public places; violation of this provision shall be deemed a misdemeanor, pun- ishable by fine of not exceeding $25 for each offense. See also H (a). School population and attendance, general. New Mexico: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New York: See J (b). Medical inspection. North Carolina: Chairman of county commissioners, mayor of county town, or, if there be no such mayor, clerk of superior court, and the county superin- tendent of schools shall elect two registered physicians who, with themselves, shall constitute county board of health; such board shall biennially elect a county physician. If county physician is elected for his entire time he shall inspect sanitary conditions of every schoolhouse in the county and shall exam- ine every child reported by teacher as probably defective in conditions of its eyes, ears, nose, or throat. He shall also endeavor to have examined the feces of every child suspected of having hookworm disease, and shall suggest to parent or guardian treatment of such defect or disease. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: No child or other person suffering from any contagious disease whatsoever shall attend any school of any kind ; and no child or other person after being exposed to any contagious disease shall attend any school until such time as danger of contagion shall have passed; no person suffering from any contagious disease shall willfully expose himself in any public place, nor shall any person in charge of any person so suffering thus expose such sufferer. There shall be created a bureau of professional education as a subdepart- ment of the department of public instruction; the same shall be under the Immediate control of the State superintendent, who shall receive as compen- sation for such extra duties a sum not to exceed $500 annually. Duties of said bureau: To determine, evaluate, standardize, and regulate preliminary education, both secondary and collegiate, of those persons to be admitted to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy; prepare and distribute circulars of information; prepare uniform blank forms; hold examinations for those unable to present satisfactory certificates; issue certificates of proficiency; establish reciprocity with other States as regards preliminary education and professional licenses; determine and publish standard high- school course and classify high schools. The sum of $15,000 shall be appro- priated to defray expenses of the bureau of professional education. No person shall practice medicine and surgery without a certificate of licensure from the bureau of medical education and licensure; said bureau shall be connected with department of public instruction ; said bureau shall consist of seven members, the State superintendent and State commissioner of health being ex officio ; remaining five members shall be appointed by the governor. The State superintendent shall receive $500 salary per year as member of bureau of medical inspection. South Carolina: The board of health of an incorporated city, town, or village shall in a body or by committee, with the health officer, make quarterly visits to all schools, seminaries, or colleges which are supported in whole or in part by public taxation for the purpose of ascertaining the sanitary condition 596 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. thereof; said board may order schools, public or private, closed in case of epidemic of contagious or infectious disease. School authorities may exclude any teacher or pupil to prevent the spread of any disease; said authorities may prohibit the attendance at school of any unvaccinated person. Tennessee: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Texas: Persons suffering from communicable diseases shall be excluded from school at the discretion of the local health authority; schoolhouse in which a person suffering from smallpox, scarlet fever, or diphtheria has been pres- ent shall be disinfected ; after disinfection and, in the case of smallpox, after vaccination of teachers and pupils, if required by trustees, school may be re^ opened, otherwise such school shall be closed 18 days. Local health authority shall notify superintendent of locations of contagion. Utah: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Virginia: Teachers shall require of pupils cleanliness of person. Persons suffering from contagious disease shall be excluded. At opening of school each year every teacher and pupil must present a certificate of proper vac- cination or that teacher or pupil should be exempted by reason of physical condition, but school board may suspend the operation of this section. The State superintendent of public instruction shall, with the aid of the State board of health, prepare test cards, etc., for testing the eyesight of pupils and shall furnish the same to school boards on application ; when cards, etc., are so furnished teacher shall test the eyesight of each pupil and shall notify parent or guardian of any defect found. Washington: See L (a), Course of study. West Virginia: The use of the common drinking cup is hereby prohibited in all public buildings of every description, violation of this provision shall con- stitute a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50. See also I (a). Discipline, general. Wisconsin: Health authorities shall notify school authorities of presence of contagious diseases; teachers shall notify health authorities of any such dis- ease coming under their observation. Schoolhouses shall be properly cleaned and fumigated. Teachers and pupils shall not attend school during an epi- demic of smallpox unless they have been successfully vaccinated. Local board may provide for free vaccination. J ( b ) . Physical Examination and Medical Inspection. See also D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. California: See A (d), District boards and officers. Colorado: The State superintendent shall prepare and furnish test cards, etc., to be used in testing the sight, hearing, and breathing of pupils in the public schools; teacher or principal, or county superintendent where there is no principal, shall within first month of school year make such tests and report to State superintendent. Teacher shall report any defectiveness to principal, or, if there be no principal, to county superintendent, who shall notify parent or guardian and recommend medical treatment; if parent or guardian is unable to have child treated, county physician shall make examination and provide treatment. State auditor shall draw his warrant to carry out pro- visions of this act. J (b). MEDICAL INSPECTION. 597 Connecticut: See A (bl), State boards; J (a), Health, general. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards. Idaho: See A (bl), State boards. fndiana: School trustees and township trustees may institute medical inspec- tion of school children; they may require teachers to test children's sight and hearing. Medical inspection is defined to mean testing sight and hear- ing and the examination of pupils by school physicians for discovery of illness or physical defects. School trustees and township trustees may appoint at least one school physician, or two or more school corporations may unite to employ such physician, but he shall not have more than 2,000 children under his care. School physicians shall promptly examine all children referred to them, and may examine teachers, janitors, and schoolhouses ; they shall send home any child found ill or suffering from any physical defect and shall notify parents or guardian ; trustee or trustees shall give relief when parent or guardian is too poor to afford the same. State board of education and State board of health shall prepare rules for enforcing this act. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; J (a), Health, general. Louisiana: State board of health and State superintendent shall prepare test cards, blanks, and record books, appliances, and instructions for testing sight and hearing of pupils in public schools, and supply same to said schools. The superintendent, principal, or teacher in every school shall, within first month of school, test sight and hearing of pupils, and report defects to par- ents, guardians, or custodians ; shall make report of such examinations to State superintendent. Maine: School committee of every city and town shall appoint one or more school physicians, but committee must have been authorized by vote of the town; one shall be assigned to medical inspection of not over 1,000 pupils; such physician shall promptly examine every child referred to him; needed treatment shall be referred to family physician ; school committee shall cause to be examined all children returning from illness without physician's cer- tificate and all who show signs of ill health ; committee shall cause notice of disease or defects to be sent home to parents; child showing symptoms of contagious or infectious disease shall be sent home; committee shall cause every pupil to be examined at least once a year; State superintendent after consulting board of health shall prescribe rules for testing sight and hearing and shall furnish rules, blanks, etc., for carrying out this act. Provisions of this act shall apply only to cities and towns of less than 40,000 inhabitants. Maryland: County school board may appoint one or more school physicians, legally qualified, with at leat two years' experience, who shall make examina- tion of all children referred to him, " and such further examination of teach- ers, janitors, and school buildings, as in his opinion the protection of the health of the pupils may require " ; superintendent shall refer to physician any child returning to school without a permit from health officer after absence on account of sickness or other unknown cause, or in ill health or suspected of being sick with any contagious or infectious disease. County school board shall cause any child attending public schools to be " separately and carefully tested and examined at least once every two years" for defective sight or hearing or any other physical disability; school authorities may establish special classes for these defectives and employ additional teachers. Notice of disease and defects shall be given to parents, and any child showing symptoms of any contagious or infectious disease may be excluded from school ; nurses may be employed to visit parents and secure the medical at- 598 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tention required. State superintendent after consultation with State board of health shall prescribe tests for sight and hearing. " No person suffering from any communicable disease shall be employed as teacher or janitor in any public school " ; teachers must furnish health certificates " that they are not suffering from tuberculosis or other communicable disease." State board shall provide for pupils in normal schools " suitable instruction and practice for testing sight and hearing of school children. Massachusetts: The school committee of every city and town shall appoint one or more school physicians, shall assign one to each public, school, and provide said physicians with proper facilities; shall assign one or more to examine children who apply for health certificates ; in cities where the board of health is maintaining medical inspection, such board shall appoint and assign the school physician. Every school physician shall make a prompt examination and diagnosis of all children referred to him, and such fur- ther examination of teachers, janitors, and buildings as the protection of the health of the pupils may require. The school committee shall cause notice of disease or defects of any child to be sent to his parents or guardian. When- ever any child shows symptoms of any contagious disease, he shall be sent home immediately. The school committee of every city and town shall have every child separately and carefully tested and examined at least once a year ; tests of sight and hearing shall be made by teachers ; a physical record of each child shall be kept as the State board shall require; the State board of health shall prescribe directions for tests of sight and hearing, and the State board of education shall furnish supplies, not to exceed cost of $800 annually, for such tests; State board of education shall provide instruction in normal schools in testing sight and hearing. Towns may appropriate a sum not exceeding $2,000 per year for employment of district or other nurses ; said sums may be expended through the selectmen, or under direction of board of health when authorized so to do by the selectmen. The State board of health is authorized to prohibit the use of a common towel in public places. See also J (a), Health, general. Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers. New Hampshire: Whenever any city, union, special, or town school district shall adopt the provisions of this act the same shall be in force therein; school board shall appoint one or more school physicians of not less than five years' experience; every school physician shall, in the presence of the teacher, at least once a year, previous notice having been given, make neces- sary examination of pupils, teachers, janitors, and other employees, and of the school plant, and report same to board. Every child who shows signs of ill health shall be referred by the teacher to parents or guardian of such child for examination by a reputable physician; if parents or guardian fail to have such examination made, then such child shall be examined by school physician. School physician shall report disease or defects of children to parents or guardians. Any child showing symptoms of a communicable disease shall be sent home immediately. At least once a year tests of sight and hearing of children shall be made by teachers, under direction of school phy- sician; physical records of children, according to form prescribed by State superintendent, shall be kept. State board of health and State superintendent shall provide for students in normal schools instruction and practice in test- ing the sight and hearing of children. Any parent or guardian may protest in writing to the teacher against the examination of child or ward for any noncommunicable disease or defect. The district may raise money for health inspection of schools. State board of health shall prepare bulletins on the cause, restriction, and prevention of tuberculosis; said bulletins shall J (b). MEDICAL INSPECTION. 599 be distributed by school boards to the families of the district. No person having the custody of a child shall allow such child, if infected with any communicable disease, to attend any public or private school. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. New Jersey: Every board of education shall employ one or more physicians as medical inspectors and fix their salaries and terms of office; shall pre- scribe duties of said inspector, to be approved by State board of education. Duties of said inspector: To examine every pupil and keep record of growth and development of such pupil ; lecture before teachers on measures for pro- motion of health and prevention of disease. Said board may exclude from school any child whose presence shall be certified by medical inspector as detrimental to health or cleanliness of other pupils. See also H (a), School population and attendance, general. New York: Medical inspection shall be provided for all pupils attending public schools, except in cities of the first class; registered trained nurses may be employed for public schools; for purposes of inspection, school authorities shall appoint and fix salaries of school physicians. School authorities in districts coterminous with incorporated villages shall employ the health officers of such villages, when advisable, for health inspection. A health certificate signed by a licensed physician shall be presented by each child upon entering school each year. Teachers shall report to medical inspectors names of pupils not possessing such certificates, and such pupils shall be examined by the inspector, and treatment shall be furnished by such inspector free of charge to such pupils. Medical inspectors or principal teachers shall annually malie eye and ear tests of pupils under instructions of commissioner of education, who shall consult State health commissioner relative thereto; commissioner of education shall provide for instruction in such tests for students in normal schools and teacher-training classes. Children showing symptoms of any contagious disease shall be excluded from school ; medical inspectors shall examine any such children who reti'rn to school without a health certificate from the health officer or from a licensed physician ; medical inspectors may, as they see fit, make examinations of teachers, janitors, and school buildings. Commissioner of education may adopt rules and regulations, with advice of State commissioner of health, for enforcement of medical-inspection provisions; said commissioner may withhold public money from any district which willfully refuses or neglects to comply with said provisions. Commissioner of education shall appoint a physician, who shall have had at least five years' practice in his profes- sion as State medical inspector of schools. See also A (d), District boards and officers. North Carolina: See C (a). Local finance and support, general; J (a). Health, general. North Dakota: The board of any school corporation may employ one or more medical inspectors. The medical inspector shall at least once each year examine every child, except those presenting a licensed physician's certificate; notice of physical defects shall be sent to parents; indigent children shall be treated. Medical inspector shall cooperate with boards of health in dealing with contagious diseases. County and city superintendents shall cooperate with medical inspectors ; county superintendent may arrange rural schools by groups for securing inspection thereof. Whenever the county superintendent shall report to the county board of health that any school building or out- house is insanitary or unsafe or that any person of school age is alleged to be defective, said board of health shall investigate the case. 600 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Ohio: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: Every school district of first, second, or third class shall provide medical inspection by physicians legally qualified to practice in the State and with at least two years' experience, but districts of third class may vote not to have medical inspection. Compensation of medical in- spectors shall be determined by boards of school directors ; health officers may be appointed medical inspectors; in districts of first class, boards of health may appoint inspectors with such salaries as may be determined by school directors; inspection shall be made in the presence of parent or guardian when requested. In every district of the fourth class, State department of health shall provide medical inspection ; inspectors shall be appointed by the State commissioner of health ; they shall be legally qualified physicians with at least two years' experience, but any board of directors of fourth-class dis- trict may vote not to have medical inspection. Medical inspectors shall at least once a year inspect, test, and examine all pupils, giving especial atten- tion to defective sight and hearing; they shall make reports to teachers or other proper authorities concerning care of pupils. Teachers, or other proper authorities, shall send inspectors' reports to parents. Medical inspectors shall at least once a year carefully examine school buildings and premises, and report on same to State commissioner of health and to boards of directors. Directors may employ school nurses. No person having tuberculosis of the lungs shall be a pupil, teacher, janitor, or other employee in any public school, except in a special school. Any pupil prevented from attending school on account of the health law shall not be required to comply with the com- pulsory-attendance law. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Rhode Island: There shall be an annual appropriation for medical inspection of schools, to be apportioned by State board of education ; apportionment to any city or town accepting these provisions shall equal one-half amount paid by such city or town for the purpose, not to exceed $250 per year. The school committee of any city or town may employ one or more school physicians, who shall at least once a year make examination of pupils, teachers, and janitors of the schools, public and private, and report to superintendent of schools. Every superintendent of schools shall cause an annual examination of sight and hearing of pupils to be made by teachers or school physicians ; commis- sioner of public schools shall prepare rules of instruction and blanks for such examination. State board of education shall approve proper standards of lighting, heating, ventilating, seating, and other sanitary arrangements of school buildings. Tennessee: See F (a). Teachers* contracts, duties, etc. Utah: Every teacher shall within first month of school or when child enters, test every pupil for defective sight, hearing, teeth, or breathing, and shall report defect to parent of pupil affected. State board of health shall furnish school boards with instructions, test cards, etc. School board may employ a regularly licensed physician to make such tests. Vermont: State board of health and superintendent of education shall prepare test cards, blanks, record books, instructions, and apparatus for testing sight and hearing of pupils, and shall furnish same free to public schools. The town superintendent or principal of school in an incorporated district not in a supervisory union shall biennially require teachers to make tests of sight and hearing of all children 7 years of age and older ; such tests shall be re- J (c). VACCINATION, 601 ported to said superintendent or principal, and, in turn, shall be reported to superintendent of education; children apparently defective shall be tested at any time; teachers shall rejKjrt defects to persons in parental relation; the town or union superintendent may, after consulting local health ofllcer, dis- miss from school any child whose habits, infirmities, or influence may be harmful to welfare of school. Sum of $600 appropriated biennially for pur- IK)se of this chjipter. School directors of any city or town, or school committee of any incor- porated district, may, by vote of annual school meeting, appoint one or more medical inspectors for their schools. Said inspectors shall examine pupils in conformity with requirements of State board of health. Said in- spector shall examine pupils in any private school when requested so to do by principal thereof, or in case of existence of contagious disease. V^irginia: See J (a), Health, general. Washington: See A (d), District boards and officers. West Virginia: The board of education of each independent school district shall, and other boards may, appoint annually one or more legally qualified physicians as medical inspectors; said board shall prescribe duties and fix salaries of said inspectors ; said inspeecimens of books; contractors shall print contract price on back of book; contractors shall not furnish books at a lower price elsewhere, and in case they do commission shall sue upon their bond to recover difference in price ; by agreement commission and contractors may alter contract; majority of the commission rules; State shall not be liable to any contractor in any manner; commission may reject any or all bids; on failure to adopt commis- sion may readvertise for bids; commission may advertise for manuscripts of unpublished books and having secured such may advertise for publishers of such manuscripts, but no contract shall be made binding the State to pay for publication; when bids are submitted, manuscript and description of proposed book may be submitted in lieu of the finished book ; governor shall issue proclamation stating what books adopted ; contractors shall place books on sale at not less than three places in each county; county superintendent may sue upon breach of contract made in his county; commission shall see to prompt distribution of books; commission shall maintain its organization five years; State superintendent shall notify school officers of books adopted; when adopted expires, new adoption takes effect; supplementary books may be used, but not to exclusion of adopted books; $3,000 annually is appro- priated to carry out the act; compensation of appointive members $4 per day and 10 cents per mile traveled; clerk may be appointed at $3 per day; adoptions for five years unless otherwise provided; when contract is for feited, a new contract may be made for the unexpired term. See also I (a), Discipline, general. Arizona: See A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; K (b), Free textbooks. Arkansas: At annual district meetings electors may vote on the question of county uniformity of textbooks; county court shall ascertain result of elec- tion. If a majority vote " for county uniformity," county examiner (or 608 STATE LAWS EELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. county superintendent), two teachers appointed by the State superintendent, and two citizens appointed by the county judge shall constitute the school- book board. Said board shall adopt for use six years in the county a series of textbooks in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, language lessons, Eng- lish grammar, geography, United States and Arkansas history, civil govern- ment of the United States and of Arkansas, physiology, elementary algebra, and elementary agriculture. Board shall be in session not exceeding 10 days in any year and shall receive $2 per day each. Books adopted shall be brought into exclusive use in the county, but supplementary books may be used. Publisher shall furnish to State superintendent and county examiner a copy each of book offered together with proposed price, and shall give bond to the State for the performance of the contract required to be made. The directors of a special district may adopt either the county series or a dif- ferent series. Question of uniformity shall not be voted on oftener than once a year. Publishers shall not sell books at a higher price in counties where uniformity is not voted. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. California: Misdemeanor for a school officer or teacher to use other text- books than those prescribed by proper authority or to willfully neglect or refuse to make reports required by law. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; N (a) High schools. Colorado: See A (d), District boards and officers; Appendix A : State constitu- tional provisions relating to public education. Connecticut: See A (bl). State boards; A (d). District boards and officers. Delaware: See A (bl). State boards. Florida: The board of commissioners of State institutions is constituted a State textbook commission to select and adopt textbooks for the public schools; adoption for five j^ears. Branches: Spelling, defining, reading, writing, drawing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, language lessons, Florida history, United States history, physiology, civics, elements of agriculture, theory and practice of teaching. The governor shall appoint for term of four years a subcommission of not less than nine members, four county superintendents, and five teachers, not more than three of whom shall be from the same congressional district and none of whom shall be related to any member of the textbook commission; said subcommission shall examine all books submitted without regard to price and shall report on the same to commission ; such report shall indicate first choice, second choice, etc., for each branch. Commission shall open in executive session such recommenda- tions and bids submitted and shall adopt books. Before entering upon their duties each member of subcommission shall take oath that he is not and has not been agent for any textbook. Before adopting books commission shall advertise for sealed bids; bidder shall deposit between $500 and $2,500, according to number of books submitted, as a guaranty that contract and bond will be executed, if bid is successful. Commission shall notify bidder of adoption of books and award of contract; successful bidder shall then execute a bond for not less than $10,000 for the faithful performance of con- tract. Unsuccessful bidders and contractors, when bond is executed, shall be entitled to the return of their cash deposits. Contractor shall print con- tract and exchange prices on the back of each book; commission shall not K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 609 contract for any book at a price above that for which such book is sold in any State, county, or city in the United States; it shall be stipulated in the contract that books shall not be sold at a lower price elsewhere, and if contractor violates such stipulation, commission may sue and recover on bond ; contractor and four members of commission may change contract; after the first adoption there shall not be any greater change in books than would be equal to 10 per cent per annum of the whole number of books adopted. The State shall not be liable to contractor for any sum whatever. It shall be stipulated in the contract that publisher shall exchange books adopted for old books on the sume subject and shall allow for old books not less than 50 per cent of price of new. Commission may reject any and all bids and adver- tise for new bids, or may accept manuscripts if owner thereof will have the same published. There shall be maintained in each county, if com- mission so requires, not less than 1 nor more than 12 agencies for the dis- tribution of books, or contractor may make arrangements with merchants for handling books; where no agency is maintained, any person may order for cash and contractor shall forward books prepaid at retail price. County boards of education may adopt high-school books for branches not mentioned in this act. After contracts are executed State superintendent shall issue to county sui^erintendent a circular letter giving list of books adopted, prices, etc.. and location of agencies. Books adopted shall be used to exclusion of all others, but supplementary books may be used and books on higher branches than those mentioned in this act may he adopted by county boards. County board of education shall discharge and cancel the certificate of teacher using other than adopted books. Misdemeanor to sell books above contract price. Commission shall serve without compensation; each member of subcom- mission shall receive $4 per day and actual expenses for not exceeding 30 days. No superintendent, member of school board, other person oflacially con- nected with the government of the schools, or teacher shall be agent for or otherwise personally interested in the sale or exchange of textbooks and school apparatus. Georgia: The State schoolbook commission shall consist of the governor, secretary of state, comptroller general, attorney general, and State superin- tendent of schools; governor shall be president and superintendent shall be executive oflicer. Said commission shall adopt a uniform system of text- books in following branches: Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geog- raphy, language lessons, English grammar, Georgia history. United States history, physiology and hygiene, elements of agriculture, elements of civics, and such other branches as may be provided for by statute, but no book selected shall contain anything of a partisiin or sectarian character. This act shall not apply to any county, city, or town system which with a local tax and State funds maintains school for eight months or longer. Commis- sion shall select five persons actually engaged in school work as a subcom- mission; sample copies of books shall be submitted to said subcommission, who shall examine the same irrespective of price; each member shall report to commission his first choice, second choice, third choice, etc., for each branch of study; said individual reports shall be kept sealed until commis- sion meets in executive session to open and consider bids; each member of subcommission shall take oath that he is not interested in the sale of any book and that he will faithfully discharge his duties. Commission shall consider merits of books and prices, giving proper weight to reports of sub- commission and shall make adoptions; thereafter reports of subcommission 396G°— 15 39 610 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall be filed iH oflSce of State superintendent and shall be open to inspection. Commission prior to adoption shall advertise for bids to furnish books for five years through agencies located in each county and place designated by commission; bids shall name retail and exchange prices; each bidder shall make a cash deposit of between $500 and $2,500, as determined by commis- sion, which deposit shall be forfeited if bidder fails to execute contract and bond required when bid is successful. After selection of books commission shall notify successful bidders and contract shall be executed; contractor shall give bond for not less than $10,000; deposits shall be returned to un- successful bidders and to successful bidders when bonds are executed. Con- tractor shall print retail price and exchange price on back of each book; contractor shall not furnish the same book at a lower price anywhere else in the United States under like conditions; if book is so sold, commission shall sue on bond and recover difference in price; three members of commission* and contractor may agree to change contract ; State shall not be liable under any contract for any sum whatever. Commission may reject all bids and advertise for new bids. Contractor shall maintain one State depository and from one to three agencies in each county for the distribution of books, or he may arrange with dealers to furnish the same. Contracts shall be for five years. State superintendent shall furnish lists of adopted books to county superintendents. Supplementary readers may be used, but not to exclusion of adopted books. Commission shall serve without compensation; each mem- ber of subcommission shall receive $4 per diem for not exceeding 30 days and actual expenses. See also A (c2), County officers. Idaho: See A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Illinois: See A (d). District boards and officers. Indiana: The State board of education shall constitute a board for the purpose of selecting or procuring the compilation for use in the common schools of a series of textbooks on the following : Spelling, reading, arithme- tic, geography, English grammar, physiology, United States history, and a graded series of writing books ; said board shall also adopt textbooks to be used in all public high scnools; said books shall coLitain no partisan or sectarian matter and shall be equal in size and quality to standard textbooks in general use. Board shall advertise for bids (1) from publishers to furnish books for period of five years, (2) from authors of textbooks having unpublished manu- scripts, (3) from persons willing to undertake the compilation of books. Bids by publishers shall be accompanied by bonds, condition on the per- formance of contracts when obtained; bidder shall also make affidavit that he is in no wise connected with any other publisher or firm bidding at the same time and that he is not a party to any compact whereby the benefits of competition are denied. State board shall open bids and contract for books, but no contract shall be made for any book, manuscript, or copyright which shall be sold in this State at a price in excess of the lowest contract selling price of the same at any place in the United States, and if price is reduced elsewhere a reduction to the same price shall be made in this State; when books are sold under like conditions at a lower price elsewhere and contractor refuses to make required reduction in price, governor shall, on proof of such fact, order contract canceled. State shall not be liable to contractor for any sum whatever. Governor shall issue proclamation when contract is perfected. Each township trustee and each school board shall furnish text- books free to indigent children. Textbooks adopted for the common schools shall be used in all such schools of the State and those adopted for high K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 611 schools shall be used in all high schools, ^'ame and price of each book shall be printed on the cover thereof. State superintendent shall cause copies of this law to be printed and shall furnish the same to school officers. Misde- meanor for a merchant or dealer to sell a book at exceeding the contract price. When contractors consent to the revision of a book or the introduction of an intermediate book the State board may have such revision made or Intermediate book introduced ; the cost of revision shall be borne by the con- tractor, but such cost shall first be agreed upon by the contractor and State board; if no agreement as to cost can be reached, State board may advertise for other books. Whenever a revision is determined upon the author thereof shall be allowed sufficient time to complete manuscript and contractor shall be allowed at least six months after its completion in which to manufacture and ship the books. No new or revised book shall be introduced until the State board shall have given notice to school officers at least 12 months in advance, and said officers shall give such notice to dealers. Revision shall not be required oftener than once in 10 years of any book except copy books, histories, and geographies ; contracts for furnishing copy books, histories, and geographies shall be for 5 years and other contracts for 10 years, but State board may, by two-thirds vote, cancel any contract at the expiration of five years; at the expiration of five years State board may reduce the price of any book. The use of any reading primer adopted by the State board shall be optional in cities having over 5,000 inhabitants. County superintendent shall appoint some dealer or merchant in the county to act as a depository for books adopted; publisher shall sell books to depository at a discount of 15 per cent, who shall distribute them to other merchants and dealers at a discount of 10 per cent from the contract price; depository shall ascertain from county superintendent the probable number of books needed and shall order the same, paying cash therefor. In case the contractor fail to secure a depository in any county, books shall be sold by township trustee or board of school trustees. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Iowa: The board of directors of any school corporation may adopt textbooks for all subjects authorized to be taught in the public schools and may con- tract for and buy said books and necessary school supplies and sell the same to pupils of the district at cost; money received therefor shall be returned to the contingent fund; books and supplies shall be bought from said fund and directors may annually levy an additional tax therefor of not exceeding $1.50 per pupil. In the purchase of books it shall be the duty of the directors or the county board of education to take into con- sideration the books then in use in the respective districts. Board of directors or county board of education shall bring suit on bond of pub- lisher failing to comply with contract m.ade with said board. Before purchasing books and supplies, board of directors or county board of edu- cation shall advertise for bids and shall award the contract for the same to lowest responsible bidder or bidders offering suitable books and supplies. Board of directors or county board shall not change books adopted oftener than once in five years, except in case of breach of contract, or unless authorized by a majority of the voters at the annual meeting. Person or firm desiring to furnish books or supplies shall file samples with the county superintendent who shall preserve the same. The county superintendent, county auditor, and members of the board of supervisors shall constitute a county board of education. On petition of one-third of the school directors outside of cities and towns, county board of education shall submit question 612 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of county uniformity to qualified electors at next annual meeting. If a majority of the voters at election favor uniformity, county board of edu- cation shall select books for the county and contract for the same, but cities and towns shall not be subject to county uniformity. Unless other- wise ordered by the board, county superintendent shall have charge of the distribution of books and supplies; board may pay for books and supplies out of county funds and sell them at same price; when selected books shall be used in all the public schools except in cities and towns. No director, teacher, or member of the county board of education shall during his term of office be an agent for textbooks or supplies. On petition of one-third of the legal voters of any school corporation, directors shall submit to next annual meeting of voters the question of providing free textbooks to pupils of the public schools; if majority of voters voting at election favor free textbooks, directors shall purchase the same and loan them to pupils under rules and regulations made by board. At a subsequent annual election, after legal notice, voters may discontinue the provision of free textbooks. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Kansas: There is created a State schoolbook commission of seven members which shall consist of State superintendent, president of State normal school, president of State agricultural college. State printer, president of State board of agriculture, and two members appointed by the governor for term of two years; said commission shall succeed to powers and duties of school textbook commission, which latter shall cease to exist, but whose contracts shall continue in force until their expiration. Each member not receiving stated salary from the State shall receive $5 per diem and actual expenses while attending meetings. Commission shall elect a chairman from among the members and a secretary not a member, who shall devote his entire time to his duties and hold office for two years or until dismissed by com- mission for cause. The commission shall adopt, write, select, compile, or cause to be written or compiled, or purchase copyrights for, a complete series of textbooks for use in the public schools, or may contract for the right to publish any or all of such books on payment of an agreed royalty; said commission may have written or compiled or may purchase the several textbooks and manuscripts to be used in the public schools and fix the compensation of authors and compilers; said commission may also secure copyrights for Kansas and may contract with authors and publishers upon a royalty basis for the exclusive right to publish and use textbooks in the State of Kansas. The printing of all textbooks published by the State, and all mechanical work connected therewith, shall be done by and under the supervision of the State printer at the State printing plant. Whenever one or more of said textbooks shall have been authorized or published, com- mission shall order the exclusive use of the same in the public schools, but said order shall not interfere with existing legal contracts ; superintendents, principals, and teachers shall not use books other than those ordered by commission. On basis of estimates made by State printer, commission shall fix maximum prices at which books shall be sold to school patrons of the State. District boards and school boards in cities of first and second classes shall provide a " revolving fund " from which books shall be pur- chased and sold to patrons, price received shall be returned to said revolving fund, but school board may designate a dealer who may purchase directly from the State and sell at 10 per cent profit ; qualified electors voting at election may determine to furnish textbooks free ; any educational institution in the State m-^y adopt and purchase textbooks published by the State. If the dis- trict board desires to deal directly with the schoolbook commission instead K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 613 of through authorized agents, said borrd shall i.uike requisition, accom- panied by amount of cost of boolvs, on secretary of commission and stiid secretary shall ship books ordered to said district. Any dealer designated by school board to distribute books shall r.pply to secretary of commission and shall agree to furnish all books at not exceeding 10 per cent profit; State superintendent shall furnish county sujierintendents with price lists for use of dealers. Appropriations: One hundred and fifty thous-^nd dollars for additional lands, buildings, equipment, etc., for State printing plant; $50,000 to pay authors, artists, compilers, etc., and to purchase copyrights, plates, etc.; $25,000 to purchase paper and other material and to employ labor, but this fund shall be replaced from the sale of books; $2 000 as a contingent fund; $2,000 per annum to pay salnry of secretary; $1,500 to pay expenses of commission. Misdemeanor to sell books for a price higher than that fixed, or for a superintendent, principal, or teacher to use books other than those prescribed. .Charts, maps, globes, and other app:iratus, other than scientific apparatus for high schools, must have approval of commission. Kentucky : State textbook commission created ; composed of governor, ex oflicio chairman; State superintendent, ex officio secret;. ry; one member from faculty of each of the State normal schools at Richmond and Bowling Green; one from university; one educator from each of appellate court districts; term of service, four years; shall meet on call; shall advertise for sealed bids from publishers of school textbooks for furnishing books to common and high schools. Bids shall be for five-year periods at net contract, retail and exchange prices. Commission may reject all bids ; act of 1910 regarding cities of first, third, and fourth classes, and act of 1912 regarding cities of second class shall remain in force and be unaffected by this act. In selection and adoption commission shall consider merits of the books and include all branches of common, elementary, and high schools, except as provided; no book shall contain partisan, sectional, or sectarian matter; commission shall award contract and retail price in Kentucky; shall not exceed similar prices in other States; State superintendent shall prepare and have printed for commission the form of contract approved by attorney general; State shall not be liable on these contracts; county board of education or city board of education shall appoint two or more agents to handle the books, who shall receive 15 per cent of the retail price and shall pay out of this 15 per cent transportation and other charges on said books; prices of books shall be printed on covers; agents of books who shall ask or receive more than the lawful price shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined; each year com- mission shall print list of books adopted, with the net contract, exchange, and retail price of each; the textbook adopted shall be used and others ex- cluded from common and high schools; supplementary textbooks may be used ; any board of education, trustee, or teacher violating this law is guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine. Before submitting bids publishers shall file copy of the textbook with State superintendent with sworn statement as to prices; if publisher fails to comply with terms of his contract by asking a higher price or offering an inferior book, commission shall bring suit; publishers shall pay a filing fee of $5 for each textbook when he submits bid, and shall take oath that he has no agreement with other publishers in order to control prices; if he violates this oath legal proceedings shall be brought to forfeit his bond; any publisher of textbooks who contributes to the campaign fund of any party or candidate shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine and forfeiture of his bond. Any member of the commission who solicits or accepts a bribe shall be guilty of a misdeme'anor and liable 614 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. to fine and imprisonment ; unj teacher or educator using liis influence witli the commission shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine unless registered as in the employ of a publisher. After examining books submitted commission shall go into executive session and exclude all publishers and agents ; it shall be a misdemeanor for agents or publishers to be present at such executive session, punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both; pub- lisher must qualify to sell books under this law by filing bond of not less than $10,000; failing to qualify, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: State board of education shall adopt a uniform series of textbooks for public schools, to remain unchanged for six years after such adoption; not more than three subjects or parts of subjects of elementary grades and not more than two of following high-school subjects can be changed at any one adoption, namely: Algebra, English grammar, composition, and rhetoric, botany, zoology, chemistry, geometry, American history, ancient history, medieval and modern history, and of remaining high-school subjects not more than five shall be changed at any adoption, but any textbook may be changed at any time upon application of 40 parish boards; adoption of textbooks shall be made in periods of three years apart ; mode for procedure for the announce- ment of bids, awarding of contracts, and location of depositories shall be left to said board. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers. Maine: See A (d), District boards and officers. Maryland: School books shall contain nothing of sectarian or partisan char- acter. Board of public school commissioners of Baltimore city and the county school boards shall adopt and purchase textbooks for use in the public schools free of cost ; boards shall have right to change textbooks at any time ; board shall not be required to expend in any school year for textbooks more than the amount received under the provisions of this article; board shall buy textbooks by competitive bidding at lowest possible price; they shall make annual reports of publishers and net prices; provide for delivery of books to the schools, for their safe-keeping and return, and report all moneys expended; no money provided for textbooks shall be used for any other pur- pose, but surplus may be used for buying maps of Maryland and for supple- mentary reading books; $150,000 appropriated for this purpose annually; shall be apportioned in September on basis of pupils enrolled. Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and officers. Michigan: Each school board shall, when authorized by a majority vote of those qualified to vote on the question of raising taxes, purchase and loan to pupils textbooks in spelling, reading, writing, geography, arithmetic, gram- mar, national and State history, civics, and physiology and hygiene; board shall adopt textbooks, but those once adopted shall not be changed within five years, and textbook on physiology and hygiene must have approval of the State board of education; books shall be loaned to pupils under such rules and regulations as the board may prescribe; any pupil may purchase his own textbooks; district having once adopted or rejected free textbooks may take further action at a subsequent annual meeting. Board of district adopting free textbooks shall contract with a dealer to furnish the same at net wholesale price; said board shall annually add to other estimates for school purposes the amount necessary to provide textbooks and tax for the K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 615 same shall be levied and collected as other district taxes. It shall be a misde- meanor for an officer or member of a board to refuse or neglect to provide free textbooks after an affirmative vote has been taken by the district on the matter. No person shall offer any textbook for sale or exchange in the State until he shall have complied with the following conditions: (1) He shall file with the State superintendent copies of textbooks, prices, etc.; (2) he shall file with the State superintendent a bond guaranteeing that he will furnish to districts books at lowest price listed and maintain uniform price throughout the State ; that he will reduce such prices automatically when books are sold at lower prices outside the State; that all textbooks offered for sale in the State shall equal in quality those filed with State superintendent; that special editions prepared and sold elsewhere at lower prices than those listed shall be listed and filed in this State at the same lower price ; that he will not enter into any combination to control prices. State sui^erinteudent shall within 30 days send copies of lists filed with him to school officers. Superintendent and principals shall report to county commissioner of schools, or to board of education in case of incorporated cities, all violations of the conditions of said bond, and said commissioner or board of education shall investigate and report to State superintendent, who shall notify the person guilty of viola- tion ; if said person shall fail to comply with the conditions of notice. State superintendent may suspend his right to sell books in the State; for per- sistent failure to comply. State superintendent shall declare bond forfeited and attorney general shall bring suit thereon; funds derived from judgment thus secured shall be credited to the primary school interest fund. No person shall secure or attempt to secure the sale of any textbook by rewarding or promising to reward any teacher or school officer in any way whatever. No retail dealer shall sell books at a price greater than 15 per cent in excess of net wholesale price; districts may purchase books at price listed with State superintendent and sell the same to pupils at said price, plus cost of hand- ling; any district may so purchase books and designate a retail dealer to sell them at not exceeding 10 per cent above said wholesale price. When a family removes from a district the treasurer of the district shall purchase from the contingent fund the textbooks of the children of said family. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Minnesota: State high-school board shall prepare list of books for school libraries. Upon the receipt of a certified statement from any district, ap- proved by county superintendent, showing the purchase of library books, the appointment of a librarian, and the making of proper provisions for distri- bution of books, the State superintendent shall furnish such district a requisi- tion upon State auditor for one-half purchase price of books, not exceeding $20 for first year and $10 for any subsequent year. School districts may make library arrangements with approved public libraries. Any person, com- pany, or corporation shall, before offering any textbooks for adoption, sale, or exchange, file a copy of such textbook, together with all required data as to prices and exchange, with the State superintendent; file with State super- intendent agreement to furnish books at lowest prices quoted, to reduce prices when they are reduced in other States, and that said textbooks shall in every way be equal to samples filed; file a bond of not less than $2,000 nor more than $10,000. State superintendent shall annually distribute price list of books so filed to school officers throughout State. Any school district shall, when directed by electors or when board deems it advisable, provide text- books free of charge to pupils or provide for sale of books at cost; five or 616 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. more legal voters of any common-school district may petition board to submit question of free textbooks ; board may purchase textbooks for indigent pupils and pay for the same out of district funds. No adoption of textbooks shall be made for less than three nor more than five years. Any publisher who shall foster a combination to control prices of books or restrict competition shall forfeit his bond; any publisher attempting to sell books before samples of same are filed with State superintendent shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. No school official shall accept any favor of any kind whatever from those offering textbooks for use in the State. Mississippi: Governor shall aiipoint eight public-school teachers, who, together with State superintendent, shall constitute the textbook commission. Duties: To select and adopt uniform series of textbooks for use in jiublic schools for five years; shall include orthography, reading, writing, intellectual and prac- tical arithmetic, geography, English grammar, composition. United States and Mississippi history, physiology, civil government, elements of agriculture. " No history in relation to the late civil war between the States shall be used in the schools of this State unless it be fair and impartial " ; no books shall con- tain anything of a partisan or sectarian character. Commissioners shall take oath ; trustees of sei)arate school districts may select supplemental books and raise curriculum above that prescribed by law. Commission shall take into consideration merits of each book in subject matter, printing, binding, mate- rial, mechanical qualities, and general suitability for purposes intended, as well as price; commission shall advertise for sealed bids; bids shall state definitely prices at wholesale and retail and each bidder shall make such deposit with State treasurer as commission may require; bids must be opened and con- sidered in executive session; attorney general shall prepare contracts in ac- cord with provisions of law; contractors shall enter into bonds of not less than $10,000; in the event suit is brought and the defendants attempt to have case removed to the Federal courts commission may immediately cancel contract and sue on bond; cash deposits shall be returned to unsuccessful bidders, but if company fail to enter into contract after being notified cash deposit shall be forfeited; books furnished shall be equal in all respects to specimens furnished; State superintendent shall keep samples in his office and contractor shall furnish like samples to county superintendents to be kept in their offices. Commission shall not contract for books at a price above what same books are furnished to any other State, county, or school district ; State shall not be liable to any contractor ; all bids may be rejected and new bids advertised for. Contractor shall maintain one or more depositories in the State, two or more agencies in each county, and two or more in towns of upwards of 2,000 inhabitants; should contractor fail to meet demand. State may sue on his bond and county superintendent may bring suit for damages; commission may make any regulations necessary for the prompt execution of contracts; books adopted shall be used to exclusion of all others; supple- mentary books and books in higher branches may be used ; violation of pro- visions of this law made a misdemeanor ; teaching other books or demanding more than contract price made a misdemeanor and finable ; commission shall keep journal; it can not extend contracts; members shall not accept or re- ceive from publisher employment, retainer, or gifts except books for inspection ; exchange price of all books shall not exceed 50 per cent of retail contract price; commissioners shall receive $5 per day when actually employed, not to exceed 30 days, and mileage ; in case contractor fails to furnish books, his bond shall be declared forfeited and commission may make other con- K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 6l7 tracts; commissioner sliall be disqualified to vote on contracts if a relative is emi)loyed by any school-book company; commission shall not change more than 25 per cent of books in use at any regular State adoption. See also A (c2), County officers. Missouri: In counties where there is a county board of education such board shall constitute the county textbook connuission ; in other counties said com- mission shall be composed of county superintendent and two teachers, ap- pointed, one by the county court and one by the State board of education, api)ointive members to hold office for two years. Superintendent shall be president and one of other members shall be elected secretary; meeting shall be held annually and special meetings m.ay be called by president or by other two members; members not receiving salaries shall receive $5 per day and actual expenses. Said commission shall adopt from the authorized State list a uniform series of textbooks for the schools of all the districts of the county, except that in cities having more than 1,000 children of school age and in towns having high schools affiliated with the State university the directors of said cities and towns may adopt books from the aforesaid list. No publisher shall offer for sale any book in the State until he has filed a copy of the book with the price thereof in the office of the State superin- tendent and has entered into agreement to furnish books at as low a price as they are sold elsewhere under like conditions. Before offering for sale any textbook publisher shall pay a fee of $10; such fee shall be used to pay expenses of filing, printing lists, etc. ; publisher shall give bond for not less than $2,000, nor more than $10,000. State superintendent shall annually, in January, furnish county superintendents lists of publishers who have con- formed to the requirements of this act. Before seeking to make a contract with any county textbook commission or board of directors, publisher shall furnish county suiierintendent or clerk of district board a duplicate list of the books and prices filed with the State superintendent. County commission shall adopt textbooks for all subjects that may be taught in the public schools of their respective counties; adoptions shall be for five years. Where county court does not purchase books and sell them to pupils at cost, publisher shall furnish books to dealers at net contract price, and no dealer shall sell at more than 15 per cent in advance of net contract price. A reasonable ex- change price shall be provided in contracts. Misdemeanor to use other than adopted books; any commmission or board of directors who shall attempt to change any book before the expiration of the contract, or any person who shall connive to secure such change, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Supplementary books may be furnished at the expense of the district; boards of directors may purchase books for indigent pupils. Boards of directors of cities and towns exempt from county uniformity may adopt and contract for books in the same general manner as provided for the adoption of books by the county commission. Publisher shall file with State superintendent a sworn statement that he has not entered into any agreement to fix or control jirices ; he shall also file a sworn statement as to the ownership of the publishing house repre- sented; if said statements should be found untrue, or if publisher should enter into any agreement to control prices, attorney general shall sue to re- cover on bond and to annul contract. See also K (b), Free textbooks. Montana: Textbook commission of seven members, five of whom shall be actively engaged in school work, shall be apjjointed by governor; term, five years. Five members shall constitute a quorum ; all votes on adoption of 618 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. books shall be recorded with names voting for and against; meetings shall be open to public; commission shall report to governor before meeting of legislature. Meeting shall be held in January in odd-numbered years and October in even-numbered years. Changes shall not be made in more than three texts in any one year. Special meetings may be called to enter into contracts when former contracts cease to be in full force and effect and to adopt supplementary books when needed. Session of commission shall not continue longer than six days. For 30 days from November 1, 1916, State superintendent shall advertise that commission will meet in following January to receive proposals for supplying such basal and supplementary textbooks as are desired to be changed for a period of six years after Sep- tember 1, 1917. Commission shall contract for textbooks in the branches required to be taught in public schools. Publishers shall submit sealed pro- posals stating prices of books, including exchange prices, and books shall be kept on sale at at least one place in each county. Commission shall enter into contract with publishers for necessary books and contracting publishers shall give bond in amount equal to one-half the value of books to be furnished, con- ditioned on the faithful performance of the contract. Contract price for books, allowing difference for freight, shall not exceed the lowest wholesale price charged for same books in any other State. Noncompliance of publishers with contract constitutes forfeiture ; so long as contract is complied with adoptions shall be for not less than five years. When publishers have filed their bonds State superintendent shall have price lists printed and distributed through county superintendents to trustees ; county superintendents shall notify State superintendent of violations of contracts. School officers shall use books adopted by State commission and shall report annually the textbooks used. On petition of five legal voters in districts other than in incorporated cities and on petition of 100 legal voters in incorporated cities, towns, and villages school board shall give notice that at next election of trustees question of supplying free textbooks shall be voted upon; if majority favors, trustees shall furnish textbooks to all pupils of public schools at expense of district ; special tax in such district shall be levied for such purpose by county com- missioners. State textbook commissioners shall each receive $6 per diem and traveling expenses while on duty. Nebraska: See K (b). Free textbooks. Nevada: State textbook commission shall consist of the State board and of four additional members appointed by the governor; appointees shall be persons actually engaged in school work, term four- years, and shall take constitutional oath ; governor shall be ex officio president, and State superin- tendent ex officio secretary of the commission ; majority of entire commission shall be required to take action ; meetings of commission shall be public, and secretary shall record name and vote of each member ; commission shall meet every four years, but special meetings may be called by secretary upon re- quest or with consent of three members; commission shall adopt a uniform series of textbooks for exclusive use in all public schools ; no session of com- mission shall extend beyond 10 days. The secretary of commission shall notify the various publishers of textbooks whose names shall have been filed with him of the meeting of the commission, and that sealed bids for said textbooks may be submitted. Textbooks shall be adopted In following branches: Reading, grammar, arithmetic, geography, history of the United States, physiology and hygiene, writing, spelling, drawing, music, and shall approve other books for supplemental use; sealed proposals shall include statement of the introductory and exchange prices of said books. Textbooks K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 619 on geography shall contain a special map and supplement descriptive of Ne- « vada. All books adopted shall be equal in every way to the samples submit- ted, and of latest revised edition. Publishers shall give bond to faithfully carry out their contracts; forfeited bonds shall be paid into State distributive school fund. State superintendent shall send price list of adopted boolis to all school officials. Any teacher or school officer requiring or permitting the use of other than adopted textboolvs shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Ap- pointive members of commission shall receive $5 per day for not more than 10 days, and traveling expenses. See also A (d), District boards and officers. New Hampsliire : See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. New Mexico: There shall be a uniform system of textbooks for the public schools which shall not be changed more than once in six years. The State board of education shall adopt a uniform system of textbooks, and only the books so adopted shall be used in any of the first eight grades of the public schools; sjiid board may contract with publishers for such books, and arrange for the purchase and delivery of the same. A history and civics of New Mexico shall be prepared by a known historian of the State, and shall be sold at no more than $1 per volume. The history and civics of the United States and of New Mexico shall be taught in the public schools; physiology and hygiene shall be taught in all the public schools. See also A (bl), State boards. New York: School authorities in citieg and union free-school districts shall designate textbooks to be used in the schools therein ; in common-school dis- tricts, designation by two-thirds vote of legal voters present and voting at an- nual school meeting. In cities and union districts, books designated shall not be changed within five years except by thre^-fourths vote of body which desig- nated such books; books designated in common-school districts shall not be changed except by three-fourths of voters present and voting at an annual meeting. Any violation of this law is punishable by fine of not less than $50 nor more than $100, to be paid into school fund of the district. Voters of any union free-school district may, by a majority vote, at annual or special meet- ing called for the purpose, purchase and furnish free textbooks to pupils. See also A (d). District boards and officers. North Carolina: State board of education shall be State textbook commission; such commission may make regulations not inconsistent with law ; commis- sion shall maintain its organization during five years contracts are in force; books adopted shall be common-school branches and shall be used exclusively in the public schools, but supplementary books may be used; teacher may be dismissed for using other books than those adopted, but if no contract is made or if contractor fails to supply books, they may be obtained elsewhere. Governor and State superintendent shall appoint a subcommission of six members — teachers or county superintendents — who shall receve $4 per day each and expenses; member of subcommission shall take oath to perform duties, and that he is not, nor has not been within two years, employed by any book or publishing company. To subcommission shall be submitted all specimen copies of books, and such commission shall report, ranking those in each branch as first choice, second choice, etc. ; such report shall be kept sealed until joint meeting of commission and subcommission in executive session, when books shall be adopted. Commission shall, within six months prior to expiration of contracts, advertise for bids; when submitting bid. 620 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. bidder shall deposit $500 to $2,500, according to number of books proposed to be furnished, and such deposit shall be forfeited if bidder fails to execute contract as proposed; commission may reject all bids, readvertise, and pro- ceed to new investigation. Manuscripts and unprinted books may be adopted, but State shall not be bound for the publication of such manuscripts or unprinted books. No book shall be sold in the State at a price in excess of the price at which such book is sold elsewhere under like conditions, and in such case commission shall sue on bond of contractor and recover dif- ference. At time of execution of contract contractor shall enter into bond of not less than $10,000, conditioned upon faithful performance of contract; cash deposit shall be returned when bond is executed. Prices shall be printed on books. There shall be maintained in each county one or more agencies for distribution of books as commission, on recommendation of county board of education, may determine; contractors shall maintain one or more State depositories. North Dakota: See K (b), Free textbooks. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oklahoma: The State board of education may adopt a uniform series of text- books, registers, records, maps, charts, globes, and other apparatus for use in common schools; series so adopted shall include all studies taught up to and including twelfth grade; none of said books shall contain anything of partisan or sectarian character; bidders shall state price at which books are offered as basic books or as supplementary books; supplementary books shall not supplant basic books; private schools may purchase adopted books at same price at which they are furnished to common schools. State board shall advertise for sealed bids for books and supplies; each bid shall be accompanied by prices and samples; each bidder shall deposit with State treasurer a sum of $500 to $2,500, according to value of books and supplies offered for adoption. No publishing firm belonging to any trust to control prices shall be allowed to submit bids, and .-.ny contract with a publishing firm may be declared null and void if said firm shall enter into such com- bine after books or supplies of said firm have been adopted. No member of State board shall have any interest in books or supplies submitted for adop- tion. State treasurer shall return deposits to bidders who have made con- tracts and given bond to supply textbooks and supplies and to unsuccessful bidders; deposits of those bidders whose books or supplies shall have been adopted and who fail to make contract and give bond shall be forfeited to State school fund. All books adopted shall be printed in the English language, except those for teaching any foreign language. Books in use in schools may be exchanged for adopted books at not less than 50 per cent of contract price; period of exchange shall be one year after adoptions are made. Each bidder who shall receive a contract shall furnish a bond for $10,000, approved by governor; such bond may be sued on from time to time until exhausted, and State board may require bidder to furnish new bond. No State official shall represent any textbook company, firm, or cor- poration. Literary merits and historical accuracy shall be main points considered in adoption of textbooks; books supplied shall be equal to sam- ples; contract and exchange price of each book shall be printed on back of book. State board shall make no contract for books at a price higher than that charged for such books anywhere else in United States under like con- ditions of distribution; prices shall be reduced in Oklahoma when books and supplies are sold elsewhere for less than Oklahoma contract prices. Any publisher who shall seek to procure change in any adopted book before expiration of contract shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. No school authori- K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 621 ties shall purchase unauthorized supplies. Any contract may be terminated by State when textbook law is amended or repealed; State board, by majority vote, may discontinue use of unsatisfactory books or supplies at end of any year during contract; the State may cancel any contract for fraud or other good cause. State board may reject all bids and readvertise for others. Con- tractors shall place books and supplies at such places in the several counties as the State board may designate; books shall be sold to consumer at prices fixed by State board. Upon adoption of books and supplies by State board, the governor shall issue proclamation to that effect; State superintendent shall send price lists of books and supplies adopted to various school officials. The charge of illegal prices for books shall constitute a misdemeanor. School officials shall report needed books and supplies to county superintendents, who shall annually make requisition for the same. Adopted books and supplies shall be used exclusively. Any trustee who shall prevent or aid in preventing use of adopted books or supplies shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. State board may, if prices of books offered for adoption are unreasonable, provide for printing such books; may secure manuscripts, contract with printing establishments, lease copyrights, pay royalties; cost of any book so produced shall not exceed price of any standard book of like character. No member of State board shall receive any favor for his vote in adoption of books and supplies. All business concerns handling books and supplies shall submit statements of their standing. See also A (bl), State boards. Oregon: In January every four years the governor shall appoint five text- book commissioners. In February every six years State superintendent shall give notice to leading publishers of time and place of meeting of State board of textbook commissioners, form of bid to be submitted, etc. Board shall meet in June every six years for not exceeding 15 days, exclusive of Sundays; four members a quorum. Board shall adopt books for all the public schools for six years ; sessions shall be public ; adoptions shall be for all branches specified in the State courses of study; three votes necessary for adoption. Bidders' proposals shall name exchange, introductory, and retail prices. Board may reject any or all proposals and receive new pro- posals; bidder must furnish board with a copy of textbook 60 days before meeting. Textbook commission shall report adoptions to State board of education. State board of education shall contract with publishers whose books are adopted and shall require a bond to be determined by said board; if publisher fails to comply with contract, said board may rescind the same or sue on bond. State superintendent shall issue circular of information regarding books adopted and furnish the same to county superintendents to supply school officers. If contract should be terminated for any cause, com- mission shall make new adoption. In a district maintaining a high school, the board of directors shall adopt textbooks necessary to complete branches added to those specified in the State high-school course; directors shall con- tract with publisher, who shall furnish books at contract price and main- tain at least one depository in such district. Adopted textbooks, and none others, shall be used; teacher not using adopted books shall be deemed to have violated his contract; any taxpayer may sue to compel district board to comply with this act. Contractor with State shall maintain at least one State depository. Each member of commission and the secretary shall re- ceive $100 for each required meeting and 10 cents per mile traveled to and from meeting. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. 622 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOl^. Pennsylvania: See A (d), District boards and officers. Rhode Island: See A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: Tlie county board of education for the purpose of selecting textboolis for each county shall consist of the county superintendent, presi- dent of board of education of each city or town, county auditor, State attorney, the board of county commissioners, and one person from each com- missioner district selected by the members of the school boards thereof. County board shall meet every five years and adopt textbooks for the public schools of the county, but the board of education of a city or town may adopt additional books. Said board shall advertise for bids and in adopt- ing books shall take into consideration both price and quality ; no book shall be adopted at a higher price than that for which it was sold anywhere else during the previous year. At end of school year county superintendent shall report to board as to the operation of book contracts. Board shall designate a depository for each school corporation where books shall be sold for not over 10 per cent above contract price. Whenever the State shall publish a sufficient number of textbooks used in the public schools to supply the schools of any county, on notice by the governor the contract for such book in such county shall terminate and the county commissioners shall forthwith supply all the schools of such county with the books printed by the State. County board shall supply each school with a list of books adopted with prices. On petition of a majority of the electors of any school corpora- tion, the school board thereof shall furnish books free to pupils, such books to remain the property of the school corporation. Books adopted for a period of five years. Misdemeanor for a teacher or superintendent to receive any emolument from publishers for aid in securing the adoption of books. Tennessee: The governor, State superintendent, and three members of State board of education to be named by governor for term of five years shall con- stitute a State textbook commission to adopt a uniform series of textbooks for the public schools. Said commission shall appoint a subcommission of five teachers or city or county superintendents to whom shall be referred all specimen copies of books offered for adoption; such subcommission shall examine books and report to commissioa their first choice, second choice, etc., for each subject. Commission shall also examine books and shall give " due consideration and great weight" to report of subcommission. Commission shall advertise for bids and bidders shall be required to make cash deposit of $500 to $2,500, according to number of books offered, which deposit shall be forfeited if bidder fails to execute contract and bond as required. Publisher on executing contract shall give bond for not less than $10,000 nor more than $30,000, conditioned on performance of the contract for books at a price not greater than that for which such books are sold outside the State, and publishers shall agree in contract not to sell books at a lower price elsewhere under like conditions ; difference between contract price and lower price else- where shall be recovered on contractor's bond by commission. Publishers shall also submit prices at which old books may be exchanged. Any or all bids may be rejected and new bids advertised for. Manuscripts may be considered. Governor shall issue proclamation announcing adoptions when made. Contractors shall maintain depository in each of the three grand divisions of the State, and in each county not less than one nor more than four agencies shall be maintained if deemed advisable by commission. State K (C). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 623 superintendent shall announce books adopted to county superintendents and such books shall be used exclusively in public schools. Members of subcom- niission shall each receive $4 per diem and necessary expenses for not ex- ceeding 60 days. Texas: Presidents of College of Industrial Arts and of State University and the State superintendents shall nominate 30 teachers of recognized standing, from which number the governor shall appoint nine; these with governor and State superintendent shall constitute State textbook board ; such board shall adopt a series of textbooks for public schools ; supplementary books shall also be adopted ; all contractors to furnish books shall maintain depositories within the State; one or more agencies shall be established in every county having an enrollment of '500 or more, one such agency to be at county seat, and in other counties contractors shall furnish books under such rules as State board of education may prescribe. Attorney general shall bring suit on bond of contractor for failure to comply with contract. Books adopted shall be used exclusively. State shall not be liable to any contractor; it may at its option cancel any contract for breach of said contract ; contractors shall desig- nate secretary of state as their agent for the purpose of the service of writs and processes. The presidents of the College of Industrial Arts and the State University and the State superintendent shall constitute a board of revision ; such board shall have power, after giving one year's notice, to order a revision of any textbook. Utah: State textbook commission. — State superintendent, president of Uni- versity of Utah, president of agricultural college, principal of State normal school, and five persons appointed by the governor, three of whom shall be superintendents; term of appointive members five years. Commission shall meet at call of superintendent and adopt textbooks for both elementary and high schools for a period of five years, but for sufiicient cause a book may be changed at a special convention called by superintendent. Sealed proposals by publishers shall be accompanied by samples and price lists; publishers whose proposals are accepted shall enter into contract and give bond as fixed by commission for faithful performance. Misdemeanor for school officer or teacher to act as agent for books or apparatus; misdemeanor for any school officer to receive a bonus for introducing book; misdemeanor for district trustees to fail or refuse to introduce books adopted. See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Vermont: See K (b), Free textbooks. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards. Washington: Relative to adoption of textbooks, school districts shall be divided into two divisions; first division shall consist of all districts main- taining a four-year accredited high school ; every other district shall belong to second division. Textbooks for public schools of first division shall be se- lected by textbook commission of each such district; said commission shall consist of five persons, including city superintendent, or, if there be none, then principal of high school, as ex officio chairman, and two members of board of directors, to be designated by said board, one to act as secretary of commission, and two legally qualified teachers of district, to be appointed by board of directors. Each member of said commission shall serve one year and shall take oath of office; said commission shall adopt and fix price of books for public schools of district in required course of study and in sub- jects required by law to be taught ; such adopted books shall not be changed within three years from date of introduction; supplementary or additional 624 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. books may be adopted by such commission from time to time. Said com- mission sliall advertise for bids for supplying textbooks. Superintendent or principal of each school in district of first division shall prepare, under direc- tion of board of directors, a course of study, v^^hich shall be submitted to superintendent of public instruction for his approval. County board of edu- cation of each county shall advertise for bids for textbooks for districts of second division and shall adopt and fix price of textbooks for such districts ; period of adoption, five years; may adopt additional and supplementary books at any time. Superintendent of public instruction shall prescribe a uniform course of study for schools of second division. Publishers shall deposit with superintendent of public instruction copies of adopted books. Whenever any adopted book is sold at a higher price than contract retail price, county superintendent shall furnish such book to schools of district where such overcharge is made at contract price, and shall return proceeds of sale to publishers after deducting transportation charges. Each member of text- book commission in districts of first division shall receive $3 per day for time actually employed, paid from funds of school district. Joint districts of the second division shall be, for purpose of adoption of textbooks, under jurisdiction of county board of county in which schoolhouse of such district is located. See also A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support. West Virginia: State textbook commission shall consist of State superin- tendent of free schools, who shall be ex officio secretary, and eight citizens of State, at least five of whom shall be experienced educators actively en- gaged in educational work, and not more than five of whom shall belong to same political party, appointed by governor to serve five years; appointees shall receive $5 and expenses for each day officially engaged ; members shall take oath or affirmation that they are not interested in the preparation, manufacture, or sale of books that may be submitted to commission for consideration. Said commission shall meet every fifth year at office of State superintendent, and shall ask various publishers to submit samples and prices of textbooks on subject required to-be taught in free schools, viz, spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, language and grammar, physiology and hygiene, civil government. State history. United States history, general history, book- keeping, geography, elementary algebra, plane geometry, elements of agricul- ture, literature, drawing, and English dictionaries, and. such other subjects as the board may determine. All bids or proposals shall be under seal, to be opened in presence of commission; each bid must be accompanied by speci- men copies of books; each bidder must make a deposit of from $1,000 to $3,000 with State treasurer, according to number of books submitted; such deposit shall be forfeited to State school fund if bidder shall fail or refuse to make and execute contract and bond in case of acceptance of such bid; publishers shall designate agents residing in the State upon whom process may be served in any action brought against such bidder. Said commission shall adopt textbooks for uniform use in free schools, except as otherwise provided ; no book inferior in quality or of a partisan or sectarian character shall be adopted, nor shall any book be adopted by less than five votes; no book shall be changed at expiration of five-year contract except by six votes; subject matter, printing, binding, and suitableness of books shall be consid- ered as well as price of books. Chairman of said commission shall execute contracts with successful bidders for period of five years; contractors shall file bond in sum of not less than $10,000 ; deposits, other than those forfeited, K (c). UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. 625 shall be returned to bidders. Said commission shall fix retail prices of adopted books; retailers' profits shall not exceed 20 per cent of contract price; State superintendent shall send county superintendents price lists of books; any person who sells such books at price higher than that fixed by commission shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50. State sui>erintendent shall keep specimen copies of adopted books on file. Each contractor shall place adopted books with dealers in at least three magisterial districts in each county ; shall allow not less than 50 per cent of retail price of new books for old books displaced; exchange period shall cover one year. Supplementary readers and advanced books may be used in schools without being adopted by commission, but shall not displace adopted books. Boards of education in cities and inde- pendent districts containing 3,500 population or more may reserve right to select their own books. Contractors shall, when like conditions prevail, re- duce prices of books in this State when prices of such books are made lower elsewhere. Contractors shall supply county superintendents with price lists and exchange price lists of books, to be distributed to the schools. Any member of said commission who shall receive, solicit, or accept any favor for his influence in adoption of books, or any person who bribes or attempts to bribe such member, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprison- ment for not less than one nor more than three years. No school officer or teacher of any free school shall act as agent for textbooks or school supplies or receive any favor whatever for use of the same in such school ; violation of this provision shall constitute a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $50 nor more than $100. Wisconsin: School board shall select textbooks, make list of such books, file copy thereof with clerk, and keep copy of such list posted in schoolhouse; textbooks when so adopted shall not be changed for period of three years. Board of education in any city shall select textbooks; when textbooks have been so adopted, except in cases when free textbooks are furnished, they shall not be changed for three years; such changes, except as to free text- books, shall be approved by city council ; board of education may purchase textbooks, and loan or furnish them to pupils ; no sectarian book shall be used in public schools. Every member of any school board who shall order a change of such textbooks within three years shall forfeit $50. Whenever at any annual county school board convention the question of adopting county or district uniform textbooks shall be voted upon, the vote shall be taken by districts, each district to have one vote; if such question shall carry, said convention shall elect a county board of education for such county or superintendent district, composed of five persons, except as other- wise provided, said persons to serve four years; three persons shall compose such board whenever it is impracticable to secure five of proper qualifications ; each member of board shall have had five years' experience in teaching. No member shall have any financial interest in textbooks; members shall take oath of office; majority vote of entire board shall be necessary to adopt or change textbooks; board shall meet annually, and at any other time upon written request of three members of board ; said board shall meet every fourth year and adopt uniform series of textbooks; books so selected shall be used in all districts of the county, except in cities maintaining a free high school and in State graded schools of first class, and shall include branches required by law to be taught in district schools ; no such book shall contain partisan or sectarian matter; adopted books shall remain in use until displaced or }°— 15 40 626 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. replaced, but no book shall be changed within five years from date of adoi> tion ; use of such adopted books shall be optional with districts now furnishing free textbooks, but when change is made in such books, adopted books must be used. State graded schools may, by unanimous vote of school board, adopt, in lieu of uniform series selected by county bonrd, the uniform series of books adopted for use in grades of the nearest city school system. County board, in adopting textbooks, shall consider material used, illustrations, binding, price, and all other things des^irable in textbooks, but merit shall be main point. School districts or county boards may select supplementally books, but such books shall not be used to the exclusion of adopted books. The county board shall properly advertise for books when same are to be adopted; shall require prices and samples of book; shall require contractors to give bond; shall arrange for depositories. Depositories shall furnish bond; shall re- ceive old books in exchange at exchange prices agreed upon; shall accept books on uniform list at reasonable price from people moving out of county. A joint district shall, for purposes of this chapter, be under jurisdiction of county board of county in which schoolhouse of such district is located. Provisions of this act shall not apply to districts and cities maintaining a free high school, or State graded schools of first class, or to districts maintain- ing independent high schools, or grades above eighth grade in graded schools, • nor to private or parochial schools, but such schools may avail themselves of such provisions if they so desire. Members of county board shall be paid ex- penses officially incurred, to be paid out of county funds. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers. Wyoming: See A (d). District boards and officers; Appendix A: State consti- tutional provisions relating to public education. L. SUBJECT MATTER OF INSTRUCTION. (a) General; Course of Study. Alabama: Exam.inations of pupils shall be held at least once a year; certifi- cates issued for proficiency. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Arizona: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State oflScers; A (e2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Arkansas: See A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State ofl3cers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. California: Course of study shall embrace eight years of instruction in branches required by law and may include not more than two years of kindergarten work ; children 6 to 21 years old shall be admitted and adults may be admitted; where kindergartens are established children shall be admitted at 4 years old; children may be admitted to classes for the deaf at 3 years old. School board may exclude vicious children and those having communicable diseases; separate schools may be established for Indians. Chinese, or Mongolians; course of study for evening schools shall embrace eight yenrs of instruction in subjects permitted by hiw to be taught; evening schools shall be open to iiersons 14 years old and over and to children having L (a). COURSE OF STUDY. 627 work permits. Public schools, other thau those supported exclusively by the State, shall be day and evening elementary, and day and evening secondary ; no teacher shall be employed if the certificate held is of a grade below the school to be taught, but holders of primary certificates may teach first six grades and holders of kindergarten certificates, having had one year in a State normal school or one year elementary teaching may teach first ele- mentary grade; county board of education shall before July 1 prescribe course of study for all day and evening elementary schools, except for those in incorix>rated cities; county board shall provide diplomas for graduates of elementary schools, blanks therefor to be furnished by State superin- tendent; subject to law prescribing studies, county board may amend course of study. All schools shall be taught in the English language. School board in cities of first and first and one-half classes shall establish at least one cosmopolitan school for instruction in French, Spanish, Italian, and German. School boards may authorize other studies In lieu of those prescribed by law, but not in addition thereto. Instruction shall be given in manners and morals and in the nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics. Physical exer- cises shall be given. No sectarian or partisan instruction shall be given; district allowing such instruction shall forfeit its share of State and county funds. No school shall be kept in session more than six hours a day and no child under S years old shall be kept more than four hours. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Colorado: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certifi- cates, general. N (a), High schools. Connecticut: See A (d), District boards and officers. Delaware: See A (bl), State boards. Florida: The uniform system of public schools shall consist of 12 school years, exclusive of kindergartens, normals, colleges, and universities. Each school year shall be a grade, and no official course of study shall recognize less than eight months; first two grades shall be primary; third to sixth, inter- mediate; seventh and eighth, grammar grades; ninth and tenth, junior high school; eleventh and twelfth, senior high school. In the primary, interme- diate, and grammar grades instruction shall be given in subjects prescribed by law, and as may be provided for in the county course of study. In high schools instruction shall be given in studies prescribed in course of study prepared by State superintendent and a eonmiittee appointed by him. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of text- books. Georgia: See A (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Idaho: State superintendent shall prepare questions and county superintend- ents shall examine all applicants for eighth-gi-ade diplomas; pupils entitled to pass must make general average of 85 per cent and not fall below 70 per cent in any subject; Class A independent districts shall be exempted from this section. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Illinois: Public schools shall be for instruction in the branches prescribed in the qualifications for teachers and in such special subjects as the board of directors or voters of the district may prescribe. See also A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. 628 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Indiana: The Bible shall not be excluded from the public schools. As nearly as possible all schools of a township shall be taught for the same length of term, but township trustee or trustees of an incorporated town may extend high-school term to that required by law for commissioned high schools. Township trustee or trustees of any town or city may organize separate schools for colored children, but if no such schools are provided, said children may attend schools for white children. Branches required to he taught in common schools: Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology, United States history, good behavior, and such other branches as trustees may direct ; when the parents or guardians of 25 or more children in attendance shall so demand, trustees shall introduce the German ■ language; the nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics shall be taught in all schools and educational institutions supported wholly or in part by the State. See also A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certifi- cates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. Iowa: See A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Louisiana: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers. Maine: See A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers. Maryland: See A (c2). County officers; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Massachusetts: Every city and town shall maintain, for at least 32 weeks in each year, a sufficient number of schools for the instruction of the children therein, except that in towns whose assessed valuation is less than $200,000 the required period may, with consent of State board of education, be reduced to 28 weeks. Such schools shall be taught by teachers of competent ability and good morals, and shall give instruction in orthography, reading, writing, the English language and grammar, geography, arithmetic, drawing, the history of the United States, physiology and hygiene, and good behavior ; bookkeeping, algebra, geometry, one or more foreign languages, the elements of natural sciences, kindergarten training, agriculture, sewing, cooking, vocal music, physical training, civil government, ethics, thrift, and such other subjects as the school committee may determine may be taught in the public schools. Instruction may be given in the public schools in the application of surgical remedies in cases of emergency and the principles of first aid to the injured. Special instruction shall be given as to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics on the human system, and as to tuberculosis and its prevention, to all pupils in all schools which are wholly or partly supported by public money, except in schools maintained solely for instruction in par- ticular branches. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Michigan: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Minnesota: See A (b2), State officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. L (a). COURSE OF STUDY. 629 Mississippi: See A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Missouri: See A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Montana: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Nevada: Public schools shall Include all elementary schools, and all district and county higli schools. An elementary school is one in which no work beyond the eighth grade shall be given. A high school shall be one in which subjects above the eighth grade shall be taught according to the State course of study. The public-school year shall commence on the 1st day of July. A school month shall consist of four weeks of five days each, and teachers shall be paid only for time when actually engaged in teaching, but no deduction shall be made for any intermission of less than six days when same is ordered by trustees. No books or papers of a sectarian character shall be used in any public school nor shall any sectarian doctrine be taught. All public-school property shall be exempt from taxation. Physiology and hygiene shall be taught in all public schools. Every teacher shall give oral instruction at least once a month to all school children, relative to the preservation of song birds, fish, and game; teachers shall explain game laws to pupils. No school shall be kept open on January 1, May 30, July 4, the first Monday of September, December 25 of each year, nor on any day appointed by the President of the United States or the governor of Nevada as a holiday. All schools shall be kept open and observe with proper exer- cises February 12, February 22, Arbor Day, and October 31 of each year, if such days occur on school days. Schoolhouses may be used as polling places during school elections. Trustees shall provide suitable United States flags for school buildings. District attorneys shall give legal opinions to district trustees, and State attorney general to deputy superintendents, when requested and without charge therefor. Teachers in public schools and professors in the State university shall be exempt from jury duty while actually engaged in teaching. The county auditors shall keep a separate ac- count of the various school funds. Only teachers' salaries shall be paid from State school fund. Any county auditor or county treasurer failing in his duties under this act shall forfeit to the school fund $100, to be paid out of his salary. In cases of appeal not allowed to the State board, appeals from the decisions of deputy superintendents may be taken to the State superin- tendent. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. New Hampshire: See A (d). District boards and officers; C (c). Local taxation. New Jersey: See A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — dis- tricts, etc. New Mexico: There shall be taught in the public schools the following branches: Orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, the English language, and the history of the United States; the history and civics of the United States, with special reference to the history and civics of New Mexico, shall be taught in the public schools. State board of education is empowered to prescribe and adopt a course of study in industrial educa- 630 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tion for the public schools. Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics, shall be taught in all public schools. See also A (bl), State boards. New York: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers. North Carolina: School system must be uniform and free to all persons between the ages of 6 and 21 years, but separate schools shall be provided for white, colored, and Indian children. Branches to be taught shall be spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing, language and composition, English grammar, geography, history of North Carolina and of the United States, elements of agriculture, elementary physiology and hygiene, and such other subjects as State board of education may prescribe. North Dakota: See A (b2). State officers; B (e), State aid for elementaiy education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Ohio: See A (cl). County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Oregon: State superintendent shall not oftener than three times a year prepare questions for the examination of pupils completing the eighth grade ; certificates shall be issued to those passing examination and such certificate shall entitle holder to enter the ninth grade of any public school of the State. County superintendent may appoint four teachers who, with himself, shall constitute a board of examiners to grade papers. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (c). County and local normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Pennsylvania: See A (b2). State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (c). School year, month, day, etc. Rhode Island: See A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Tennessee: Public schools shall be free to all persons between 6 and 21 years old, but white and colored children shall be taught in separate schools; all schools shall be run as nearly as practicable for same length of term and at- tendance of not less than 10 pupils shall be maintained in each school. There shall be two classes of schools, viz, primary and secondary; in addition to common branches, physiology and hygiene shall be taught in all public schools. State superintendent and commissioner of agriculture shall have prepared a work on the elements of agriculture and the same shall be taught in the public schools; course of study shall be graded by county superintendent under regulations of State superintendent; primary course shall consist of five years and secondary course of eight years, the first five years in each case being identical; graduates of either primary or secondary school shall receive certificate from State superintendent, Texas: Branches required to be taught in public schools: Orthography, read- ing, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, composition, physiology and hygiene, mental arithmetic, Texas history, United States history, civil L(a). COUESE OF STUDY. 681 government, elementary agriculture, and other branches as agreed upon by trustees or directed by State superintendent, but in districts of 300 or more school population school boards shall determine whether elementary agri- culture shall be taught. Boards of trustees of common and independent school districts levying local maintenance tax may prescribe such other studies as they see fit not contrary to law. Course of study is adopted for each county by the board of county school trustees in compliance with law and regulations prescribed by State superintendent of public instruction. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Utah: Within 30 days after the adoption of textbooks the State superintendent, principal of the State normal school, and five school superintendents to be appointed by State board of education shall meet and prescribe a course of studv for the schools of the State not included in cities of first and second See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Vermont: A town shall maintain for at least 28 weeks in a year suflacient number of schools for instruction of children legally attending public schools therein, and such schools shall be taught by teachers of competent ability and of good morals. Pupils shall be instructed in good behavior, reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, free-hand drawing, histoiy and Constitution of United States, and elementary physiology and hygiene, with special reference to effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics on human system, and shall receive special instruction in the geography, history, constitution and principles of government of Vermont. Directors may C^ provide for instruction in vocal music, physical culture, drawing, and the industrial arts and sciences by regular teachers, or may provide for such instruction by special teachers when authorized by the town. Memorial Day shall be observed in the public schools. School shall be conducted at such times and places as will give pupils equal advantages, so far as practicable. School board may pay transportation of pupils or pay board of same at expense of town. Appeal may be taken from action of school board to the town or union district siuperintendent upon petition of five taxpayers; on notice of such appeal, town or union superintendent shall fix time and place of hearing, and such superintendent, together with two referees, one ap- pointed by each party to the case appealed, shall hear such appeal; such superintendent may, with permission of town interested, request superin- tendent of another town or union to act in his stead. Board of directors may receive nonresident pupils into schools; a child residing in vicinity of school of an adjoining town may, if he can be better accommodated, demand admis- sion to such school ; tuition shall be paid by town where such child resides, not greater than cost per pupil per week for maintenance of such school, but same shall not exceed $1 per week. A school performing nine years' work prescribed by superintendent of education for ungraded schools shall be considered an elementary school. School directors shall, annually, make report of expenditures for transportation and board of pupils to town clerk, who shall certify same to superintendent of education. See also A (b2). State officers; H (g), Child labor; N (a). High schools. Virginia: In every free public school shall be taught spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, physiology and hygiene, civics, drawing, history of the United States and of Virginia. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. 1 632 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Washington: Common schools shall include schools that are maintained at public expense in each school district and under control of boards of directors. Unless otherwise provided, every common school shall be open to all children between ages of 6 and 21 years residing in that school district. Common schools shall be taught in English language in following subjects: Reading, penmanship, orthography, written arithmetic, mental arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, with special reference to effects of alcohol and narcotics on human system, history of United States, and such other subjects as State board of education may prescribe; attention must be given to cultivation of manners and the fundamental principles of honesty, industry, economy, to laws of health, physical exercise, and to kindness to all living animals. The school day above the primary grades shall consist of 6 hours, exclusive of noon intermission, but school directors may fix a session less than 6 hours; minimum session for primary grades shall be 4 hours, exclusive of noon intermission, and 5 hours for other grades, exclusive of such intermission ; school month shall consist of 20 days, and school year shall consist of not fewer than 9 such months; school year shall begin on July 1 and end on June 30. No teacher, pupil, or janitor shall attend school from any house in which any contagious or infectious disease is prevalent ; no such person can attend school or be employed who is afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis. Pupils shall submit to authority of teachers; pupils may be expelled from school for good cause. All districts shall maintain school during at least six months each year. Women shall be eligible to hold school offices. All schools supported wholly or in part by public funds shall be forever free from sectarian control or influence. Superintendent of public instruction shall forward questions prepared by State board of education for use in examination of pupils completing grammar- school course of study, fix date of examination, and grant certificates of promotion; such certificates shall entitle holder to enter any high school without further examination; county board of education shall examine and grade manuscripts of pupils; county superintendent may appoint assistant examiners to conduct such examinations; such assistant examiners shall re- ceive $3 per day. County superintendent shall report names of pupils passing such examination, together with such other facts as may be necessary, to State superintendent. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. West Virginia: In free schools there shall be taught reading, orthography, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar and language, United States his- tory. State history, general and State geography, civil government, general history, bookkeeping, elementary agriculture, and physiology and hygiene, with special attention to effects of alcohol and narcotics on human system ; such branches as may be required in prescribed courses of study shall be taught in graded and high schools. State superintendent shall prepare and distribute a manual containing course of study as prepared by State board; shall provide for examination and certification of pupils who complete such course. See also A (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Wisconsin: Orthography, orthoepy, reading, writing, English grammar and composition, geography, arithmetic, elements of agriculture, history and civil government of United States and of Wisconsin, and such other branches as L (b). HISTORY, CIVICS, AND PATRIOTISM. 633 board may determine shall be taught in every district school; Instruction shall be in the English language, but foreign languages may be taught by a competent teacher for not to exceed one hour each day in common schools. School boards may establish and maintain kindergartens. Said boards shall provide for Instruction of all pupils in all schools supported by public money or under State control in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to eflFeets of alcohol and narcotics upon human system; textbooks for such pur- pose shall have joint approval of State superintendent and State board of health. Each teacher in public schools shall devote at least 30 minutes each month to instruction in prevention of accidents; State superintendent shall prepare and publish at expense of the State a book for such instruction; these provisions shall be printed in teachers' manual. See also A (b2), State oflScers; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates^ general. Wyoming: State superintendent shall prepare a course of study for elementary schools embodying spelling, reading, writing, United States history, language and grammar, arithmetic, history and government of Wyoming, humane treat- ment of animals, nature study and geography, physiology and hygiene, and agriculture. County superintendent shall see that prescribed course is fol- lowed,' but superintendent or principal in district having three or more teach- ers may modify course to meet local conditions; county superintendent shall apportion State school land income fund only to districts in which prescribed subjects are taught. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. li (b) . History, Civics, and Patriotism, Alabama: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Arkansas: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers. Colorado: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Florida: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (j), Agriculture. Georgia: See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (j), Agriculture. Idaho: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Louisiana: Military and naval history of the State as a part of the Con- federate Government shall be prepared and distributed to colleges, seminaries, schools, public libraries, and to other institutions. Maine: Governor shall, with consent of council, appoint a State historian, whose duty it shall be to compile historical data of the State and encourage teaching the same in the public schools. Maryland: See H (c). School year, month, day, etc. Massachusetts: See L (a). Course of study. Michigan: See A (c2), County officers; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Minnesota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Mississippi: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. 634 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Missouri: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, generaL Montana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Nevada: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, generaL New Mexico: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. North Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general, Oklahoma: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. South Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Texas: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: See L (a), Course of study. Virginia: See L (a), Course of study. Washington: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. West Virginia: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study, Wisconsin: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a). Course of study. L (c). Physical Education. California: See L (a), Course of study. Indiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Massachusetts: The school committee may supervise and control all athletic organizations composed of public-school pupils and bearing the name of the school; it may determine conditions under which such organizations may compete with each other. School committees may expend public funds for the supervision of play and games. See also L (a), Course of study. Missouri: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. New Jersey: See C (a), Local finance and support, general. North Dakota: See L (d), Physiology and hygiene. Pennsylvania: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Vermont: See L (a). Course of study. Washington: See L (a). Course of study. Wisconsin: See A (d). District boards and ofiicers. li (d). Physiology and Hygiene; Alcohol; Narcotics; Other Health Instruction. Alabama: State superintendent shall prepare and furnish to each school in the State placards showing evils of intemperance; teachers shall post such pla- cards in each room. See also A (b2). State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, generaL L (d). PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 635 Arizona: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Arkansas: See A (c2), County oflScers; A (d), District boards and officers. California: See L (a), Course of study. Colorado: Physiology and hygiene shall be taught in the public schools; two lessons per week shall be given on the humane treatment of animals ; when the parents or guardians of 20 or more children of school age so demand, school board may provide instruction in the Spanish and German languages. Physiology and hygiene and the nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics shall be taught in the public schools. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Connecticut: See A (d), District boards and officers. Delaware: See A (cl), County boards; L (e), Moral and ethical education, Florida: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Georgia: Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alco- holic drinks and narcotics, shall be taught in all public schools. See also K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Idaho: Physiologj^ and hygiene shall be taught to all pupils of the public schools ; school boards shall provide the best textbooks on the subject ; in all teachers' training classes attention shall be given to this subject ; superintend- ents of State reformatories shall provide for teaching this branch. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Illinois: Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics upon the human system, shall be taught in all schools supported in whole or in part by the State. See also L (a), Course of study. Indiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of Study. Iowa: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards . Maine: See A (d), District boards and officers. Maryland: See H (c). School year, month, day, etc. Massachusetts: See L (a), Course of study. Michigan: Instruction in the prevention of dangerous communicable diseases shall be given every year in every public school. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Minnesota: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Mississippi: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Missouri: Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics, shall be taught in all schools supported wholly or in part by public funds. See a' so E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. 636 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Montana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' insti- tutes and summer schools. Nevada: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. New Hampshire: See A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: The nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics and their effects upon the human system shall be taught in all schools supported wholly or in part by public funds. No certificate to teach, except to teach special sub- jects, shall be granted to any person who has not passed examination in physiology and hygiene with special reference to the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics. New Mexico: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study. New York: The nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics and their effects on the human system shall be taught in connection with physiology and hygiene in all schools under State control ; all pupils in said schools under second year of high school and above third year of elementary school shall study said subject with textbooks at least three lessons a week for at least 10 weeks; ninth-grade pupils may be excused from said branch; in primary grades below third grade said subject shall be taught orally at least twice a week for at least 10 weeks ; kindergartens shall be exempt from such instruc- tion. All regents' examinations in physiology and hygiene shall include ques- tions on nature and effects of alcohol and narcotics. Normal schools shall give courses in method of teaching said subject. No school shall receive public funds unless complying with provisions herein made. See also A (d). District boards and officers. North Carolina: Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the nature of alcoholic drings and narcotics, shall be taught in the public schools in all grades below second year of the high school ; adequate time shall be given in all normal schools, teachers' institutes and associations, and summer schools to best methods of teaching such subject. See also L (a). Course of study. North Dakota: Physiology and hygiene shall be taught in all public schools below the high school ; two lessons of not less than 10 minutes each shall be given each week on the humane treatment of animals; moral and physical instruction shall be included among the branches taught. See also A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, generaL Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Oklahoma: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Oregon: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Pennsylvania: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Rhode Island: See A (d). District boards and officers. South Carolina: See A (cl). County boards. South Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Tennessee: See L (a), Course of study. L (f). HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS. 637 Texas: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Vermont: See L (a), Course of study. Virginia: See L (a), Course of study. Washington: See B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study. West Virginia: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study. Wisconsin: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Wyoming : No teacher's certificate shall be granted to applicant who shall not pass examination in physiology and hygiene. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study. L (e) . Moral and Ethical Education. California: See L (a), Course of study. Delaware: Each teacher shall devote at least one-half hour every week to moral and humane instruction ; the city of Wilmington shall be exempt from this provision. (The constitution of Delaware is also required to be taught by law; also the injurious effects of alcohol and narcotics. By resolution of the State board of education agriculture must be taught in eighth grades.) Massachusetts: See L (m). Sectarian instruction. Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. Nebraska: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. North Dakota: See L (d), Physiology and hygiene. Ohio: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards. Rhode Island: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. South Dakota: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Utah: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Washington: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; L (a), Course of study. Wisconsin: See A (d), District boards and officers; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded. Wyoming: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Ij (f ) . Humane Treatment of Animals. Colorado: See L (d). Physiology and hygiene. Michigan: Humane treatment of animals and birds shall be taught in the public schools! Nevada: See L (a). Course of study. New Hampshire: See A (d). District boards and officers. North Dakota: See L (d), Physiology and hygiene. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards. 638 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Pennsylvania: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. South Dakota: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Washington: No teacher or other person employed in any school, except a medical or dental school, shall practice vivisection in presence of any minor, or exhibit any vertebrate animal upon which vivisection has been practiced. Dissection of dead bodies shall be allowed in classrooms of schools. See also 1/ (a), Course of study. Wisconsin: See A (d). District boards and officers. Wyoming: See L (a), Course of study. li (g) . Music. Arizona: The school board of any district may employ specially qualified teachers of music and drawing; such teachers must be graduates of approved schools of music or drawing as the case requires, or pass examination pre- scribed by State board of education. Connecticut: See A (d). District boards and officers. Indiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: Vocal music shall be taught in all the public schools of the State. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Maine: See N (a), High schools. Maryland: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Massachusetts: See L (a), Course of study. Nevada: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. North Dakota: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Oklahoma: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Oregon: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Pennsylvania: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. South Dakota: See F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Vermont: See L (a). Course of study; L (j). Agriculture. Washington: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; E (c), Special cer- tificates. L ( h ) . Drawing. Arizona: See L (g). Music. Indiana: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general Maine: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a). Industrial education, general. Maryland: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Massachusetts: See L (a). Course of study. Nevada: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. North Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. L (i). MANUAL AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. 639 Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units—districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Pennsylvania: See A (b2). State officers; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Rhode Island: See O (a). Industrial education, general. South Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Utah: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Vermont: See L (a), Course of study; L (j). Agriculture. Virginia: See L (a), Course of study. Washington: 'See B (b). Teachers' certificates, general; E (c). Special cer- tificates. L (i) . Technical, Manual, and Industrial Education. Arizona: In any school district instruction may be given in manual training, domestic science, and kindergarten; course shall be as prescribed by school board, with approval of State board of education ; board of supervisors shall levy a tax in districts maintaining such courses to pay teachers and provide materials for the same; teachers who are graduates of approved manual train- ing, domestic science, or kindergarten schools may be licensed by the State board of education, or, not being such graduates, must pass an examination prescribed by said board ; tuition shall be free to bona fide resident pupils of the district. Trustees of any district may employ teachers of commercial branches; teacher who is a graduate of an approved commercial school may be licensed by the State board of education, or, not being such graduate, must pass an examination prescribed by said board. See also G (b). State normal schools. California: See G (b). State normal schools. Georgia: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Idaho: See N (a). High schools. Illinois: See N (a), High schools. Indiana: See A (d). District boards and officers ; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (j). Agriculture; O (a), Industrial education, general. Iowa: See A (b2). State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (j). Agriculture. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units — distiicts, etc.; G (c). County and local normal schools; O (a). Industrial education, general. Kentucky: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: See A (bl), State boards; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Maine: State superintendent and president of university may approve measures for promoting interest in forestry in public schools, academies, and colleges. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. Maryland: See H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; N (a), High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general. 640 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Massachusetts: Eveiy city or town of 20,000 inh'abitants or more shall main- tain the teaching of manual training as part of both its elementary and its high school systems. See also A (bl), State boards; H (g), Child labor; L (a), Course of study; O (a), Industrial education, general. Michigan: See 0(b), Agricultural schools; T (c). Schools for the blind. Minnesota: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: See N (a), High schools. Missouri: See T (b). Schools for the deaf. Montana: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Nebraska: See N (a), High schools. Nevada: See A (bl), State boards; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. New Jersey: If any school district shall raise not less than $250 for a school or schools for industrial education or manual training, or shall add such education or training to the course of study in the schools, such district shall receive aid from the State equal to amount so raised, such aid not to exceed $5,000 in any year to any district; course of study in such industrial educa- tion or manual training must be approved by State board of education; in case any part of sum raised by the district for such separate school is by private subscription, district board may select from among the donors not more than six persons to assist said board in management of said school; district board shall annually make special report to commissioner of educa- tion relative to such education or training. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; O (a). Industrial education, general. New Mexico: See A (bl). State boards; G (b), State normal schools; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools. New York: See B (a), General State finance and support; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (b). Agricultural schools. North Dakota: See B (e). State aid for elementary education; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; O (a). Industrial education, general; O (b). Agricultural schools. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; T (b). Schools for the deaf; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e). Schools for the feeble-minded. Oklahoma: See T (e). Schools for feeble-minded. Oregon: See A (b2). State officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; N (a). High schools. Pennsylvania: See A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; M (c). Evening schools. See O (a). Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: See O (a). Industrial education, general. South Carolina: See N (a). High schools. Tennessee: See B (a). General State finance and support. Texas: See N (a). High schools. Utah: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: See L (j). Agriculture. Virginia: See A (d). District boards and officers. Washington: See E (c), Special certificates. L (j). AGRICULTURE. 641 Wisconsin: See A (b2), State officers; B (e), State aid for elementary edu- cation; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b) State normal schools; N (a), High schools; 0(b), Agricultural schools. Wyoming: See O (a), Industrial education, general. 1* (J)' Agriculture. See also O (b), Agricultural schools. Alabama: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Arizona: See N (a). High schools. Arkansas: See A (d). District boards and officers. California: See G (b). State normal schools. Colorado: See Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Delaware: See L (e), Moral and ethical education. Florida: The elementary principles of agriculture and the elementary principles of civil government shall be taught in all the public schools of the State; teachers shall be examined in such subjects. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of text- books. Georgia: The elements of agriculture and of civics shall be taught in the public schools. See also K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Idaho: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; N (a), High schools. Indiana: On petition of 25 per cent of the legal voters of a township main- taining a high school, tow^nship trustee, w^ith approval of advisory board, may provide a room or building in connection with said high school in which to teach agriculture, domestic science, or " physical or practical mental culture," and in which to hold entertainments and meetings for township purposes. Bonds may be issued for such purpose. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; O (a). Industrial educa- tion, general. Iowa: The teaching of elementary agriculture, domestic science, and manual training shall be required in the public schools; State superintendent shall prescribe to what extent such subjects shall be taught. Teachers required to teach such subjects shall be examined in the same. See also A (b2), State officers; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Kansas: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools. Louisiana: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Maine: See L (i), Manual and industrial education; O (a). Industrial educa- tion, general. Maryland: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Massachusetts: See A (bl), State boards; G (b). State normal schools; L (a). Course of study; O (a). Industrial education, general. Michigan: See A (c2). County officers; 0(b), Agricultural schools. Minnesota: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education. 396(5°— 15 41 642 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Mississippi: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. Missouri: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; N (a), High schools. Montana: See A (c2), County officers. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools. Nevada: See C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. New Jersey: See G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico: See A (bl). State boards; N (a). High schools. New York: The State advisoiy board for agricultural education and country- life advancement shall consist of following 12 persons: Commissioner of edu- cation, commissioner of agriculture, director of New York State College of Agriculture, director of New York Agricultural Experiment Station, director of New York State Veterinary College, director or dean of the State schools of agriculture at Alfred University, St. Lawrence University, and Morris- ville, a member of State fair commission, and remaining three members ap- pointed by the governor. Said board shall report annually to the governor. Said board shall serve without compensation. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; O (a). Industrial education, general; O (b), Agricultural schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. North Carolina: See L (a), Course of study. North Dakota: Any State high school, graded, or consolidated rural school having satisfactory faculties may be designated to maintain an agricultural dpeartment. Such school must employ trained instructors in agriculture, manual training, and domestic science, and must have connected therewith within 1 mile not less than 10 acres of agricultural land. When necessary, special classes shall be organized in winter. Each such school shall receive $2,500 State aid, but not more than one school shall be aided in any one county, nor shall all State aid received exceed $2,500. See also B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; O (b), Agricultural schools. Ohio : Agriculture shall be taught in all the common schools of all village' and rural school districts of the State which are supported in whole or in part by the State, and may be taught in any city school district at the option of the school board thereof. The State shall be divided into four agricul- tural districts mapped out by State superintendent. Such districts shall be composed of counties which are contiguous, and no county shall be divided in the laying out of such districts. State superintendent shall superintend agricultural education, and shall appoint for each agricultural district -a supervisor of agricultural education, who shall possess all the qualifications of a county superintendent. Duties of district supervisor: To cooperate with boards in mapping out courses in agriculture; visit county institutes in his district and give instruction in the teaching of agrculture ; lecture at farmers' institutes and farmers' schools on agriculture; encourage county agricultural societies to make school children's agricultural exhibits; assist State super- intendent in the standardization of schools; make reports to State superin- tendent. Each district agricultural supervisor shall receive compensation, to be fixed by State superintendent. Traveling expenses shall not exceed $1,000 per year. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. . L (j). AGRICULTURE. 643 Oklahoma: There is created a State commission of agricultural and industrial education, cousistiug of State superintendent of public instruction, president of State board of agriculture, and president of the Agricultural and Mechani- cal College, to serve without additional pay. Said commission shall conform to rules of State board of education, shall cooperate with all State normal schools, the Agi'icuitural and ^Mechanical College, and State board of agri- culture. And said institutions shall cooperate with said commission. Said commission shall make biennial reports to governor prior to meeting of legis- lature. The elementary principles of agriculture, horticulture, animal hus- bandry, stock feeding, forestry, building county roads, and domestic science, including elements of economics, shall be taught in all public schools. State superintendent shall determine character and extent of such instruction and shall provide for courses for teachers of such subjects at normal schools. County superintendents shall make annual report to State board of educa- tion relative to instruction in such branches. No certificate to teach shall be granted to any person who has not passed examination in such subjects. Teachers shall report as required to county superintendents progress in such branches, and failing so to do shall be discharged. Each State normal school and like schools shall establish a department of agricultural and in- dutrial education in each such school. The Agricultural and Mechanical College shall be the head of the system of agricultural and industrial educa- tion. The occupant of the chair of " agriculture for schools " of the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College shall be supervisor of aforesaid instruction in the schools. State commissioners of agricultural and mechanical com- mission shall, with expert assistants, make course of study for schools in aforesaid subjects. Exjierimental farms shall be established in connection with agricultural schools for such work. Each agricultural school shall con- duct annually a short course for farmers. No courses other than industrial and kindred courses shall be taught in agricultural schools. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Oregon: See A (b2). State officers; G (c). County and local no i-mal schools; N (a), High schools. Pennsylvania: See A (bl)., State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (d), Dis- trict boards and officers; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; N (a), High schools. Khodc Island: See O (a), Industrial education, general. South Carolina: See N (a), High schools. South Dakota: Two or more school districts may consolidate and form a new district for the purpose of giving instruction in agriculture, manual training, and home economics; an existing district may so orgimize or a portion of a district may so organize or consolidate with one or more other districts. Before steps are taken to consolidate, county superintendent shall submit a plat of the proposed district to State superinendent ; if State superintendent approves, county superintendent shall, on petition of 25 per cent of the legal voters call an election in the districts affected; if three-fourths or more of the votes cast favor consoldiation, county superintendent shall order the same and shall call an election to elect five members of a board of education and a treasurer; such district shall become an independent district. Places for schoolhouse, equipment, etc., must have approval of State superintendent, who shall also prepare course of study, including industrial work, and with county superintendent shall exercise general supervision over the district. The board of education may provide transportation for pupils, and shall pro- vide transportation for children residing 2 miles or more from school or ar- 644 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. range with parents to transport them ; in lien of transportation a reasonable amount may be expended for room and board. Board may acquire land for a demonstration plat, but not more than 10 acres may be purchased for agri- cultural purposes, not more than $3 per child of school age, and not more than $2,500 in all may be expended for such purposes. See also A (c2), County officers. Tennessee: State superintendent of public instruction and commissioner of agriculture shall constitute a commission to procure the preparation or desig- nation of a work on the " Elementary principles of agriculture," which shall be taught in the public schools. , See also L (a), Course of study; U (e). Schools for dependents and delin- quents. Texas: See E (b), Teachei-s' certificates, general; L (a). Course of study; N (a). High schools. Vermont: A town maintaining a high school of first class may provide and maintain courses or departments in manual training, domestic science, or agri- culture, with special instructors therefor; if town shall pay $600 for salaries of such instructors, and courses or department are approved by State board of educaion. State shall pay $200 to such town. School boards in the town of a supervision union may unite to employ special instructors in aforesaid branches or in singing or drawing, and, if salary of instructor be not less than $600, said towns shall receive from State $200, to be apportioned among towns on basis of grand lists (taxable property). See also A (bl). State boards; L (a), Course of study. Virginia: See O (b). Agricultural schools. Washington: See E (c). Special certificates. West Virginia: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. Wisconsin: See A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools. Wyoming: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; L (a), Course of study. L (k) . Days of Special Observance. See also H (d). School holidays. Arizona: In certain counties Friday following the first day of April, and in other counties Friday following the first day of February, shall be Arbor Day and a holiday ; such day shall be appropriately observed in the public schools ; State superintendent shall from year to year prescribe a program of exercises. California: March 7, as birthday of Luther Burbank, is constituted Bird and Arbor Day, to be observed in the public schools with appropriate exercises and instruction. Colorado: See H (d), School holidays. Connecticut: See A (d). District boards and officers. Florida: The first Friday in November Is set apart as Mothers' Day, and shall be observed in the public schools. Georgia: The following days shall be observed in the public schools with ap- propriate exercises: January 1; January 19, Lee's Birthday; February 12, Georgia Day; February 22, Washington's Birthday; April 26, Memorial Day; June 3, Davis's Birthday; July 4, Independence Day; first Monday in L(k). DAYS OF SPECIAL OBSERVANCE. 645 September, Labor Day; Thanksgiving Day; first Friday in December, Arbor Day ; December 25, Christmas Day. The first Friday in December is set apart for tree plantinjr, and sliall be linown as Arbor Day; State superintendent shall have such day observed in the public schools. Idaho: County superintedent shall set apart a day between April 1 and May 1 as Arbor Day; school authorities shall cause such day to be observed; State superintendent may prescribe exercises. Illinois: The governor shall annually in the spring designate a day to be observed as Arbor and Bird Day. Indiana: The third Friday in April is designated as Arbor Day, and shall be appropriately observed in the public schools. Louisiana: School boards shall annually direct parish superintendent or other authority to observe Columbus Day by appropriate exercises in the schools. State and parish boards of education shall provide for celebration by public schools of Bird Day on May 5 of each year. Maine: See H (d). School holidays. Massachusetts: In all public schools the last regular session, or portion thereof, prior to May 30 shall be devoted to patriotic exercises. See also H (d). School holidays. Michigan: See H (d), School holidays. Minnesota: See A (b2), State officers. Mississippi: See A (bl), State boards. Missouri: Friday after the first Tuesday in April is set apart as Arbor Day, and teachers, pupils, and parents are requested to observe the same in con- nection with the public schools. Montana: Afternoon of Pioneer Day, first Monday in November, shall be devoted to discussion of pioneers; State board of education may offer medal to pupil writing best essay on pioneer history. Second Tuesday of May shall be Arbor Day. Nebraska: State Fire Day shall be first Friday in November. All schools shall observe said day with appropriate exercises; chief deputy fire com- missioner and State superintendent shall prepare a book on fires, with suffi- cient number of lessons for each month ; publishing of book shall be paid for out of office fund of fire commissioner; every teacher in every school shall devote at least 30 minutes in each school month to instruction in fire dangers and fire prevention. New Mexico: See H (d), School holidays. New York: Commissioner of education shall provide for observance in public schools of Lincoln's Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, and Flag Day, and such other days as legislature may designate. Nothing herein shall be construed as authorizing military instruction or drill during school hours. Arbor Day shall be observed in the public schools; commissioner of edu- cation may prescribe a course of exercises and instruction for such day. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards. Oregon: The afternoon of the second Friday in April of each year shall be observed as Arbor Day. Rhode Island: See A (b2). State officers"; H (d). School holidays. 646 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. South Carolina: The third Friday in November shall be observed as Arbor Day. Calhoun's birthday, March 18, shall be observed in the public schools as South Carolina Day. South Dakota: School boards may expend public funds for the observance of Memorial Day. Tennessee: See A (c2), County officers. Vermont: See L (a), Course of study. Virginia: The governor shall annually in the spring designate a day to be observed as Arbor Day. The birthday of Jefferson Davis, June 3, is set apart as a day of recreation in the public schools. Wisconsin: See A (b2), State officers. L (1) . Other Special Subjects. Massachusetts: In order to encourage saving among children in the schools of the State, any savings bank, with written consent of and under regulations approved by the bank commissioner and school committee in city or town in which the school is situated, may arrange for the collection of savings from the school children by the principal or teachers of such schools or by collectors. No person shall, in the presence of a public-school pupil or of a minor there present, practice vivisection or exhibit a vivisected animal ; dissection of dead animals shall be confined to the classroom and to the presence of pupils en- gaged in the study to be illustrated thereby, and shall in no case be for the purpose of exhibition ; violation of these provisions shall be punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50. Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. New Jersey: Each teacher in public, private, and parochial schools shall devote not less than 30 minutes in each two weeks to instruction in preventing acci- dents ; commissioner of education shall, in connection with employers' liability commission and the director of the American Museum of Safety, cause to be prepared a manual on accident prevention for use of schools; at least once during each term principals of all schools shall arrange a lecture on such sub- ject and kindred subjects, cost to be paid by the State. Provisions of this act shall be printed in teachers' manual. New York: The principal or superintendent of public schools or person desig- nated by board of education or other school authority may collect the savings of pupils and deposit the same in some bank having an interest department ; such savings shall be deposited in the names of pupils, unless amounts be too small for individual accounts, whereupon they shall be deposited by said principal, superintendent, or other designated person, in trust, until such time as amounts shall increase so as to warrant individual accounts. Ohio: Each teacher in public schools shall devote not less than 30 minutes in each month for purpose of instructing pupils as to ways and means of preventing accidents; State superintendent shall prepare and distribute a manual for such purpose. Texas: See G (b), State normal schools. Vermont: Sum of $1,500 is appropriated for purchase of lanterns and slides to be used by union superintendents in giving instruction concerning resources of Vermont. Wisconsin: See L (a), Course of study. L (m). SECTAEIAN INSTEUCTION, BIBLE. 647 L ( m ) . Sectarian Instruction ; Bible in the School. See also Appendix A: State constitutional provisions relating to public education. Alabama: See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Arizona: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (b), State school lands; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. California: See A (d). District boards and officers; L (a), Course of study. Georgia: The Bible shall not be excluded from the public schools. See also K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Idaho: No literature of a political or sectarian character shall be introduced in the public schools and political and sectarian doctrines are forbidden to be taught therein. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Indiana: See L (a), Course of study. Iowa: The Bible shall not be excluded from any public school or institution in the State, nor shall any child be required to read it contrary to the wishes of his parent or guardian. Kansas: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Kentucky: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards. Maine: See G (b), State normal schools. Maryland:* See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Massachusetts: A portion of the Bible shall be read daily in the public schools, without comment; no pupil whose parents object shall be required to take part in such reading; no school books of a sectarian character shall be used in the public schools. The teachers in all colleges and schools shall use their best endeavors in imparting moral instruction to those committed to their care. See also B (a), General State finance and supiiort. Michigan: See A (d), District boards and officers. Minnesota: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Mississippi: See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Montana: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Nevada: See L (a). Course of study. New Hampshire: See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: See F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. New Mexico: See A (d), District boards and officers. North Dakota: The Bible shall not be deemed a sectarian book; teacher may read the same in school each day for not exceeding 10 minutes, but pupils shall not be required to attend such reading contrary to the wishes of their parents or guardians. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Pennsylvania: No religious or political test or qualification shall be required of any i>erson connected in any way whatever with the public schools. All fines collected under school act shall be paid to school district treasurer. Any person employed in the public schools, who shall attempt to bribe the employer of said person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. In districts of 648 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the first class, workmen employed shall be skilled, and all stone used in build- ing shall be cut and prepared in the district where buildings are to be erected. No public-school teacher shall wear while engaged in the performance of his or her duty any dress, mark, emblem, or insignia indicating that such teacher is a member or adherent of any religious order, sect, or denomination. At least 10 verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, wnthout comment, at opening of each and every public school upon each and every school day by the teacher in charge; teachers who fail to act in accordance with such pro- vision shall be discharged. See also A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: See A (b2). State officers. Texas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (b), School census. Utah: See F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Washington: See L (a). Course of study. Wisconsin: See A (b2), State officers; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. li (n) . Modern Languages. California: See L (a), Course of study. Colorado: See I^ (d). Physiology and hygiene. Indiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; L (a). Course of study. Louisiana: See A (cl). County boards. Maine: See N (a), High schools. Massachusetts: See L (a), Course of study. Nebraska: See A (bl), State boards. Nevada: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, generaL Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Oregon: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Washington: See E (c). Special certificates. Wisconsin: See L (a). Course of study. M. SPECIAL TYPES OF SCHOOL. (a) General. Alabama: County boards of education or school board in any city or town where are located manufacturing plants employing 50 or more children required to attend school under the child-labor law shall provide school for such children. M (b) . Kindergartens. Arizona: See B (d), State taxation for school purposes; L (i). Manual and industrial education. California: See A (cl), County boards; A (d). District boards and officers; G (b). State normal schools; L (a), Course of study. M (b). KINDERGARTENS. 649 Colorado: School boards may establish kindergartens for children between 3 and 6 years old, but nothing in this law shall affect the taking of the school census; such kindergarten shall be supported out of the special school fund of the district ; teacher shall have diploma from some reputable kindergarten training school or pass such examination as the kindergarten department of the State normal school may direct. Connecticut: See A (d), District boards and officers. Delaware: Schools in white districts shall be free to all white children over 6 years old and in colored districts to all colored children over 6 years old; any district, including incorporated districts and the city of Wilmington, may establish a kindergarten for children over 4 years old. Florida: Any county board of education or board of trustees of a special-tax school district may establish and maintain kindergartens in communities guaranteeing 25 kindergarten pupils; such kindergartens shall be a part of the public-school system; no person shall be employed as principal of a kindergarten department who does not hold a certificate of graduation from a reputable kindergarten training school. Idaho: School boards may establish and maintain free kindergartens for children 3 to 6 years old; cost of maintenance shall be paid from special school fund of district; all teachers employed shall have diplomas from a reputable kindergarten training school or be licensed under rules prescribed by State superintendent. Illinois: See ^ (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: The board of trustees of any incorporated town or city may estab- lish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old, but no State tuition fund may be expended for such purpose; in any city of over 6,000 population a tax of 2 cents on each $100 may be levied for such purpose; such tax may be paid to an association incorporated for conducting kinder- gartens. In cities of over 100,000 population said tax shall be levied. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Iowa: See A (d), District boards and officers. Kansas: The school board of any district, including cities of first and second classes, may establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old; cost of maintenance shall be paid out of district funds ; State board of educa- tion shall adopt rules governing the examination of kindergarten teachers, but any person who shall complete the course of training for kindergarten teach- ers in the State normal school shall be entitled to teach in a kindergarten without further examination. Kentucky: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards. Massachusetts: See L (a), Course of study. Michigan: The district board of any district may provide a suitable room or apartment and equipment for kindergarten work; board may require special qualifications of kindergarten teachers. All children between 4 and 7 years old shall be entitled to instruction in such kindergartens. Powers and duties herein conferred upon districts are likewise conferred upon any body having control of public schools. Any person who is a graduate of any kindergarten training school whose course of study is approved by the State superintendent, 650 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and who holds a teacher's certificate or a diploma from a reputable college of the State or from a four-year high school, may be granted a kindergarten certificate by said superintendent, and such person may be employed as a kindergarten and first-grade teacher. Minnesota: See A (d), District boards and officers. Mississippi: See Q (f). Other technical and professional schools. Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers. Montana: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Nebraska: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Nevada: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. New Jersey: Board of education of any district may establish kindergartens, and shall admit children between ages of 4 and 7 years thereto. Every teacher in a kindergarten shall hold a special kindergarten certificate, issued by State board of examiners. Expense of kindergartens shall be paid out of current school funds, same as for other schools. See also F (b). Teachers' salaries. New Mexico: See G (b), State normal schools. New York: See A (d), District boards and officers. North Dakota: The school board of any school district may establish kinder- gartens for children between 4 and 6 years old ; maintenance shall be by dis- trict taxation ; kindergarten teacher shall pass such examination as the State board of examiners may require, or shall have completed the kindergarten course at the State normal schools. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Oklahoma: The school board of any district having a population of 2,500 or more may establish and maintain kindergartens for all children between ages of 4 and 6 years. Departments shall be established in normal schools for training kindergarten teachers. Oregon: See A (d). District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See A (d). District boards and officers; M (c). Evening schools. South Carolina: School boards may establish kindergartens for children not less than 4 years old, but attendance of children under 6 years old shall not be counted in computing average attendance in the district; any funds re- ceived for educational purposes may be expended for the support of such kindergartens. Teacher must have had at least two years' course in kin- dergarten training and received a certificate or diploma from a kindergarten normal training school approved by the State board of education. Certain counties are exempt from the provisions of this act. South Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Texas : Trustees of any school district may establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 7 years old ; cost of maintenance shall be paid from the special school tax of said district. Utah: School boards may establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old; cost thereof may be paid in whole or in part out of the school funds of the district. All school districts having a population of 2,000 or more shall maintain kindergartens, and cost thereof shall be paid out of school funds of district. Teachers not having normal-school certificate shall pass special examination. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. M (C). EVENING SCHOOLS. 651 Vermont: Board of sciiool directors may establish and niaiutain kindergartens for cliildren under 5 years old ; such kindergartens, when conforming to public- school laws, shall be considered public schools. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Washington: Boards of directors of districts of first and second classes may establish and maintain kindergartens in connection with common schools for children between ages of 4 and 6 years; kindergartens shall be a part of the public-school system and shall be supported from general district fund. Kindergarten teachers and supervisors shall have diplomas or certificates from some accredited kindergarten training school or from kindergarten dei)artment of a State normal school of this State or of such accredited normal-school department of normal school of another State. See also E (c), Special certificates. West Virginia: Board of education of any district or independent district in which there is a city, town, or village of 1,000 or more may establish kinder- gartens for children between ages of 4 and 6 years, to be a part of free-school system ; teachers in kindergartens must hold diploma from a kindergarten college or must stand examination in kindergarten methods and theories in addition to holding a teacher's certificate. Wisconsin: See A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; L (a), Course of study. Wyoming: District trustees may establish and maintain free kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old; cost of maintenance shall be paid from district funds; teachers shall hold diplomas from some reputable insti- tuition and have such other qualifications as trustees may prescribe. Tax voted to maintain kindergartens shall not exceed 1 mill on the dollar. M (c). Evening Schools. California: See A (d), District boards and officers; H (g), Child labor; L (a), Course of study. Connecticut: Every town having a population of 10,000 or more shall estab- lish and maintain evening schools for the instruction of persons over 14 years old ; od petition of at least 20 persons over 14 years old for instruction in high- school branches, town or district shall provide such instruction, if school board approves and if town has no high school. No person between 14 and 16 years old who can not read and write shall be employed in any town where an evening school is maintained unless said person shall have been a regular attendant at evening school during the preceding month. Towns or districts maintaining evening schools for 75 evenings or longer shall be reimbursed by the State to the extent of $2.25 per pupil in average attendance. Any town of less than 10,000 inhabitants may vote to establish an evening school. State board of education may, upon application, excuse any town or district from the requirements of this act. Georgia: County board of education may establish a suitable number of eve- ning schools for instruction of youths over 12 years old; such schools shall be subject to such regulations and instructions as State superintendent may issue. Illinois: See H (g). Child labor. 5 652 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Indiana: In all cities having a population of over 3,000 the school trustees may establish night schools between 7 and 9.30 o'clock during the regular school term if petitioned by 20 or more inhabitants having children between 14 and 21 years old who desire to attend such school, but have to work in the day- time. Cities having a population of more than 100,000 shall maintain night schools during regular school term. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial edu- cation, general. Kansas: The school board of any district or city may maintain night schools for persons over 14 years old and not required to attend day school; board shall establish such a school when petitioned by parents or guardians of 10 persons eligible to attend. Teachers must hold certificates and may or may not be teachers in day schools. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: See A (d), District boards and officers. Maine: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. Massachusetts: Any town may and every city or town in which there are issued during the year from September 1 to August 31 certificates authoriz- ing employment of 20 or more persons who do not possess the educational qualifications enumerated in the compulsory attendance law of the State shall maintain during the following school year an evening school for in- struction of persons over 14 years old in orthography, reading, writing, the English language and grammar, geography, arithmetic, industrial drawing, both free-hand and mechanical, the history of the United States, physiology and hygiene, and good behavior; such other subjects may be taught as may be determined by the school committee. Every city of 50,000 or more inhab- itants shall maintain an evening high school if 50 or more residents, 14 years old or over, who are competent to pursue high-school studies shall petition the committee in writing for such school and certify that they desire to attend such school. School committees shall give due notice of the opening of evening schools. School committees in cities or towns maintaining evening schools may require from each student not bound by law to attend an advance payment not to exceed $1, which sum may, as determined by the committee, be paid into the school treasury or be returned to the student. The school committee may employ persons to deliver lectures on the natural sciences, history, and kindred subjects, and may provide library references on the subject of said lectures. See also A (d), District boards and officers; C (c). Local taxation; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (a). Industrial education, general. Minnesota: See A (d). District boards and officers. Missouri: Boards of education in city school districts may establish evening schools and may fix tuition fees for persons over 20 years old and other persons not entitled to free school privileges in the district ; said boards may grant the use of schoolhouses to responsible parties for the purpose of con- ducting free evening schools. Montana: See A (d). District boards and officers; O (a), Industrial education, general. New Hampshire: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units — districts, etc. New Jersey: Board of education of any district may maintain evening schools for education of residents over 12 years old ; such school must be maintained each year for at least 4 months of 16 evening sessions of 2 hours each in M (C). EVENING SCHOOLS. 653 order to secure apportionment for such schools on basis of number of teach- ers employed ; expenses of evening schools shall be paid as expenses for day schools are paid. Said board may establish and maintain a public evening school for instruction of foreign-born residents over 14 years old in the English language and in government and laws of New Jersey and of the Ignited States: teachers in such schools must hold special teachers' certifi- cates; State board of education shall prescribe rules for government and inspection of such schools; course of study in such schools must be approved by State board. Each district maintaining evening school or schools shall receive from the State for such school or schools an amount equal to that raised by the district, such aid not to exceed $5,000 per year for any district; school boards shall make annual reports to commissioner of education rela- tive to evening schools; State board may appoint persons to assist in carrying out these provisions and to encourage establiSiment of evening schools, to receive no compensation, but expenses shall be allowed. See also O (a), Industrial education, general. New York: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (a), Industrial educa- tion, general. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Pennsylvania: The board of school directors of any district of second, third, or fourth class, upon application of parents of 25 or more pupils above 14 years, shall open a free evening school for instruction in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, and such other subjects as board may determine ; evening schools shall be kept open for at least 4 months per year, 20 days a month, and 2 hours each evening; no student shall be admitted imless employed during the day ; evening schools may be closed when the average attendance falls below 15. Directors of any district of second, third, or fourth class, upon request of 75 or more taxpayers of district, shall establish and equip an evening manual-training school for pupils above 14 years old, and shall keep the same open as long as day-school year if 25 or more pupils shall apply for admission, and the average attendance shall not fall below 15. Teachers in said special schools must have proper certificates. Boards of school direc- tors may assist nonsectarian associations establishing kindergartens. Boards establishing agricultural schools may acquire lands for use thereof. Boards may admit persons under 6 and over 21 years old to suitable special or voca- tional schools. See also A (d), District boards and officers; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Rhode Island: See B (e). State aid for elementary education; O (a). In- dustrial education, general. South Carolina: See A (cl). County boards. Vermont: A town may establish and maintain evening schools; a session of evening school shall be equal to half-day session of public school ; a person desiring to study commercial subjects, English language, or other public- school branches may be admitted to evening schools under rules of school board. Washington: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education. Wisconsin: See A (d). District boards and officers; O (a), Industrial educa- tion, general. 654 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. M (d). Vacation Schools ; Playgrounds; Social Centers. California: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Connecticut: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Idaho: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Illinois: See A (d), District boards and officers. Indiana: On application of one-half or more of the legal voters residing within 2 miles of any schoolhouse, the school authorities shall allow the use of said house for nonpartisan community purposes. The board of health and charities in cities of the first class, and said board or the board of school commissioners in cities of the second, third, fourth, and fifth classes may establish, maintain, and equip public playgrounds, baths, and comfort stations. Said boards may take real estate pursuant to the laws of eminent domain ; they shall each appoint a commissioner of such activities. Expenses shall be borne by civil city. Iowa: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Kansas: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Kentucky: See A (d). Administrative units — districts, etc. Maine: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Maryland: School authorities may allow the use of schoolhouses for social, civic, and recreational purposes which do not interfere with the " prime use " of such schoolhouses. Massachusetts: The school committee of a city or town may establish and maintain vacation schools; attendance thereon shall not be compulsory or be considered as a part of the school attendance required by law. See also D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Michigan: District board shall open schoolhouses for public meetings, unless district votes otherwise, but board may exclude such meetings during the five school days of each week. New Hami)shire: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. New Jersey: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a). Build- ings and sites, general. New Mexico: See A (d), District boards and officers. New York: See A (d). District boards and officers; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Oklahoma: District board may allow the use of schoolhouse for community purposes. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. South Dakota: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Utah: See A (d). District boards and officers. Virginia: See D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Washington: See D (a). Buildings and sites, general. West Virginia: See A (d), District boards and officers. Wisconsin: See A (d), District boards and officers. N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 655 M (e) . University and School Extension; Public Lectures. New Jersey: Boards of education in cities containing over 10,000 population may employ lecturers on the natural sciences and kindred subjects in the even- ings for benefit of working men and working women ; said boards may purchase books, and other things necessary for such lectures ; no admission fee shall be charged; at least one lecture shall be delivered during each of months of October, November, December, January, February, and March in each year; due notice of such lectures shall be published. Oregon: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Rhode Island: City of Providence may annually appropriate a sum not ex- ceetling $2,000 for providing free public lectures. Wisconsin: See A (d), District boards and officers. M (f). Farmers' Institutes, etc. See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Georgia: The board of directors of the Georgia experiment station shall have conducted throughout the State each year a series of farmers' institutes. 3Iichigan: See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Nebraska: See P (c). State universities and colleges. South Dakota: See A (bl), State boards. Virginia: See O (a), Industrial education, general. M (g). Private and Endowed Schools; Parochial Schools. See R (b), Corporations of an educational character. N. SECONDARY EDUCATION: HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. (a) General. Alabama: Governor, auditor, and State superintendent constitute a commis- sion to locate one high school in each county ; when citizens furnish site of 5 acres or more with building costing $5,000 or more. State will appropriate $3,000 annually ; county board of education shall control such high-school sub- ject to approval of high-school commission, which shall make rules and regu- lations governing; teachers shall hold first grade or life certificates; pupils entering must have completed elementary course; course of study shall be prepared and required by State superintendent; matriculation fee of not exceeding $2.50 may be charged. County commissioners may donate or appropriate funds from county treasury to aid in construction of buildings and maintenance of county high schools. Cities and towns may convey lands and provide funds to aid in the loca- tion and construction of county high schools. See also O (b). Agricultural schools. 656 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Arizona: A school district having an average attendance of 200 or more in common schools may, by majority vote of qualified electors, establish a high school; two or more adjoining districts having a combined average attend- ance of 200 or more may establish a union high school ; when vote to establish a high school carries, county superintendent shall call an election in the dis- trict, or in the several districts proposing to unite, for the purpose of locating said high school. After high school is voted, high-school board in a single dis- trict or union high-school district shall make estimate of amount of funds needed to maintain such school and shall certify the same to county superin- tendent; county taxing authorities shall levy tax in such district sufficient to raise amount estimated. In a single district the three district trustees shall constitute the high-school board; in a union district such hoard shall consist of five members elected at annual election, three of such members to be chosen from district in which high school is located ; term of members in union districts, five years, one being elected each year; for control of high schools, board shall have all powers now vested in school trustees. Course of study shall be as prescribed by high-school board with approval of State board of education. Pupils shall be promoted from eighth grade of the com- mon schools to any high school on certificate signed by the principal or super- intendent of such common school or by county superintendent and based on qualifications prescribed by State board of education. High-school districts may vote bonds for the same purpose and in the same manner as common- school districts. In any county having no high school the board of super- visors may, and when petitioned by 15 per cent of the registered electors they must, call an election to determine question of establishing a county high school and of locating the same; if vote carries, county superintendent shall call an election to elect trustees. Board of trustees shall consist of five mem- bers; term, five years, one being elected each year. When a district shall es- tablish a high school or when two or more districts shall establish a union high school, such district or districts shall no longer be included in a county union high-school district. Board of supervisors may, or on petition of 15 per cent of qualified voters shall, call an election in county union district to determine question of discontinuance of county union high school. On peti- tion of districts affected, county board of supervisors shall fix boundaries of school districts, high-school districts, and union high-school districts. Any high school having proper equipment to give elementary training in agricul- ture, mining, manual training, domestic science, or other vocational subjects may, on application to State board of education, be designated to maintain such department; each high school so designated shall employ trained in- structors whose qualifications shall be fixed by the State board of education ; instruction in such departments to pupils of district shall be free, but non- resident pupils may be charged not exceeding $3 per month, which shall be a charge against the district of their residence; each high school maintaining such department shall be entitled to State aid equal to amount raised by district, but not exceeding $2,500; clerk of board maintaining such depart- ment shall report annually to State board of education; State board shall make rules governing State-aided high schools; State normal schools shall receive State aid on same conditions as high schools. See also A (bl). State boards. Arkansas: The State board of education shall classify high schools as four- year, three-year, and two-year and shall establish normal-training depart- ments in certain four-year schools as provided herein. Said board shall designate the schools in which said departments shall be established, pre- scribe the course of study and determine the qualifications of teachers for N (ft). HIGH SCHOOLS. 657 said departments. Said board shall not grant State aid to more than one high-school normal-training department in any county; it shall not designate for normal-training x^urposes any four-year high school having fewer than three teachers devoting their entire time to subjects other than normal train- ing. No student shall be graduated from the normal-training department who has not completed the full four-year course prescribed for high schools. The State superintendent shall issue to graduates of the said department a certifi- cate valid for two years in the common schools; after 12 months of ex- perience, holder may have certificate validated for six years, but he must pursue the professional course of reading prescribed by State superintendent. All graduates of elementary schools who reside in a county having a high school receiving State aid shall be entitled to free tuition therein; pupil desiring to enter such high school shall present a certificate of graduation from the elementary school. All teachers in the common schools shall be entitled to receive free tuition in high schools receiving State aid. Pupils residing in a county having no high school may attend in another county, and tuition fee of $1.50 a month shall be charged; such fee shall be paid by district of pupils' residence if such district has sufficient funds after main- taining common school for six months. The State board of education shall supervise the distribution of all funds derived in aid of high schools, require annual reports from high schools receiving State aid, and prepare courses of study and provide inspection for high schools. No State aid for general high-school purposes shall be granted to any city having a population of over 3,500, but this restriction shall not apply to the encouragement of normal training. Aid may be granted for two years to rural high schools having not less than 15 pupils. The funds received from State aid shall be expended only for teachers' salaries and such aid shall be granted to no school for whose support the district in which it is located does not expend on its high-school department an amount equal to the State aid received. Amount of State aid: Four-year school, not exceeding $800; three-year school, not exceeding $600 ; two-year school, not exceeding $400 ; no county shall receive more than 5 per cent of the total funds provided by this act. For normal training aid may not exceed $1,000, but no school shall receive for general high-school purposes and for normal training more than $1,000. Annual ap- propriation, $40,000 for general high-school purposes and $10,000 for normal training. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (b), Agricultural schools. California: Secondary schools shall be high schools and technical schools. A high-school district composed of two or more high-school districts shall be a union high-school district; if such union district is composed of parts of two or more counties, such shall be a joint union high-school district. Per- sons competent to sign petitions regarding high schools shall be heads of families or electors; county superintendent shall have jurisdiction over high- school districts. On petition of a majority of the heads of families or elec- tors in a city, town, or district having an average attendance of 100 or more in the elementary schools, the county superintendent shall call an election in such city, town, or district to determine question of forming high-school district. Where common-school district is coextensive with high- school district, school board in former shall control high school. On peti- tion of a majority of the heads of families or electors in two or more dis- tricts having a total average attendance of 100 or more, county superintend- ent shall call an election to determine question of forming a union high- 3966°— 15 42 ) 658 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. school district, and a majority vote shall determiue. On petition of a majority of the heads of families or electors in two or more districts lying in different counties and having a total average attendance of 100 or more, superintendent of county having majority of petitioners shall call an election to determine question of forming a joint union high-school district and a majority vote shall detepnine. Two or more contiguous high-school districts may be united in a union or joint union high-school district in a manner similar to the formation of such districts; on petition of a majorty of the heads of families or electors of a union high-school district such district may by county supervisors be annexed to an incorporated city or town high- school district. High-school board of a union or joint union district shall be comjwsed of five members elected for terms of three years, one or two being elected each year as the case requires. A school district can not lie partly within a high-school district and partly without. Common-school district may, by county supervisors, be annexed to a high-school district on petition of a majority of the heads of families or electors of annexed dis- trict; if high-school bonded indebtedness exists, annexed district shall vote on assumption of its proportion. On petition of a majority of the heads of families or electors of a union or joint union high-school district and two- thirds of those of any school district which is a part thereof, county super- visors may exclude such school district from such high-school district. Super- visors shall lapse any high-school district whose average attendance for the whole year is 10 or less. On petition of two-thirds of heads of families or electors, county superintendent shall call an election to determine question of disincorporation of a high-school district, and a majority of two-thirds shall determine; on petition of two-thirds of members of high-school board, county supervisors may change the name of a high-school district. On peti- tion of 50 or more electors and taxpayers, county supervisors shall call an election on question of establishing a county high-school district and a majority vote shall detennine; electors in an existing high-school district shall not vote at such election except on petition of two-thirds of electors residing in such district ; county board of education shall be trustees of county high school. District, union, and joint union high-school boards shall meet on first Saturday in May, and shall hold monthly meetings at such times as fixed in rules; in union and joint union districts meetings may be held quarterly; special meetings may be held at call of president or a majority of the board. Powers and duties of high-school boards shall be such as assigned to school boards; high-school boards may lease school- house; the board of any county, union, or joint union district may, with approval of county superintendent, provide transportation for pupils; high- school board shall determine location of school, but if they fail to agree county superintendent shall call an election to determine the location. Prin- cipal of high school may act as principal of elementary school; principal shall annually at close of school report under oath to county superintendent, who shall report under oath to State superintendent. High-school board may, and on petition of a majority of the heads of families must, call an election to determine the issuance of high-school bonds, which shall bear not more than 6 per cent interest and shall not run longer than 40 years;: if two-thirds of those voting favor bonds, county supervisors shall issue; total amount of bonds shall not exceed 5 per cent of property valuation of district. County supervisors shall levy in the district a tax suflEicient to pay interest and such amount of bonds as may become due during the year; in case of joint union districts burden of taxation is distributed to parts of N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 659 district in diflferent counties in proportion to property valuation; on petition of a majority of the high-school board county supervisors may cancel bonds remaining unsold for six months; sale of bonds for county high schools shall be in the sjime manner as for other high schools. Course of study shall be prepared by, or under direction of, high-school board, and must, except in incorporated cities and towns, have approval of county board of educa- tion ; course shall embrace a period of not less than four years, and every high school must offer at least one course to prepare for admission to the State university; instruction in athletics and military drill may be offered; high-school board shall adopt for not less than four years a list of text- books from list prescribed by State board of education ; post-graduate courses may be offered. Any graduate of an elementary school or a person other- wise fitted may attend any high school, but persons nonresident of high- school district may be admitted only upon agreement of the proper authori- ties as to terms of admission, etc. On recommendation of high- school board, county sui>ervisors shall levy in the district a tax for site, building, etc., unless such shall have been acquired by lease or by the issue of bonds ; tax for high-school purposes shall not exceed 75 cents on $100, exclusive of bond and interest rate. High- school boards shall furnish county supervisors an estimate of amount of money required for maintaining the high school, and supervisors must levy tax in high-school district sufficient to carry out the purposes of such estimate; in counties not maintaining a county high school supervisors shall levy a tax to pay the net cost of educating high-school pupils not residing ih high-school districts. State controller shall estimate the amount necessary for the support of high schools, such estimate to be on basis of $15 per pupil in average attendance; controller and treasurer shall set aside from State revenues amount estimated, which shall be " State high-school fund." State superintendent shall apportion one-third of fund among high schools without regard to enrollment or average attendance and the remaining two-thirds on basis of average attendance. A union high-school district may establish a public library; on application of 50 or more taxpayers, residents of such district, county supervisors shall order an election to determine question of establishing a "union high-school library district " ; two-thirds of votes determine ; supervisors shall establish such district and place library in charge of trustees of high-school district ; if election fails, another may be held after one year; trustees shall meet at least once a month, special meetings shall be held on call of two trustees. Powers of hoard: To make rules and regulations governing library; receive and hold in trust gifts, bequests, etc. ; appoint librarian and other officers and fix their duties, compensation, etc.; purchase necessary books and other per- sonal property ; purchase necessary real estate and provide building, etc. ; require State officials to furnish State publications ; exchange books with other libraries; report annually to State librarian; desi*gnate hours when library shall be open. Trustees must submit to supervisors estimate of cost of estab- lishment and maintenance of library, but bonds may be issued for site, build- ing, etc. Supervisors shall levy a tax sufficient to establish and maintain library, which shall forever be free. Trustees may lend books to neighboring communities for reasonable compensation ; title to library property shall vest in the district. Trustees may, and on petition of 50 or more taxpayers and residents must, call election to determine the question of bond issue; two- thirds of voters determines issue; bonds shall not bear more than 6 per cent 660 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. interest; supervisors shall levy a tax for the payment of interest and the redemption of bonds. A district may be dissolved by a two-thirds vote of the electors thereof. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Colorado: County high schools. — For high-school purposes counties of the State are divided into five classes; class four shall.be divided into divisions A and B. On petition of 50 qualified electors in any county of the second, third, fourth, or fifth class, county superintendent shall, 20 days prior to a regular school election, give notice that at such election the question of organizing the county into one high-school district shall be voted upon; majority of votes cast shall determine; county superintendent shall canvass vote and announce the result. If vote carries, county superintendent shall call a meeting of district directors, who shall elect from among their number four persons who with county superintendent shall constitute the high-school com- mittee; each member shall serve until the expiration of his term as a district director, and at such expiration of term school directors shall fill the vacancy ; other vacancies shall be filled by county superintendent. Each county high- school district shall be a body corporate. Powers and duties of high-school committee: To employ or discharge teachers and other employees and fix their wages and to fix tuition fees for nonresident pupils; enforce rules of State superintendent, fix course of study and adopt textbooks; provide furniture, etc. ; rent, repair, and insure schoolhouses ; build or remove schoolhouses and acquire sites; hold in trust all property of the district; suspend or expel unruly pupils; determine length of school term; furnish free textbooks to indigent aupils and to all pupils when directed by vote of the qualified electors of the district; require all pupils to be supplied with suitable books; exclude from schools and school libraries all publications of an immoral or pernicious tendency ; require teachers to conform to the law ; report annually to the county superintendent; report directly to the State superintendent when required by him ; admit pupils from other high-school districts, but said admission may be refused on the ground of insuflicient room. High-school districts organized under this act shall have all the powers and duties of school districts of the first and second classes, but tax certified for county or union high-school purposes shall not exceed 4 mills on the dollar; county commissioners shall levy a tax of not exceeding 4 mills for county high schools or union high schools located at the county seat. No district shall be taxed without its consent for the support of more than one kind of high school ; a district maintaining a high school or composing a part of a union high-school district may by vote of its qualified electors be excluded from a county high-school district. Union high schools. — When the school boards of two or more contiguous districts deem it advisable to establish a union high school the county super- intendent shall call a meeting of the boards of districts interested, and said meeting shall elect from among their number three persons to compose a high-school committee; county superintendent shall be ex officio a member of said committee. If a county seat is included in a school district, the board of directors of such district may organize a high school under this act, and in such case the high-school committee shall be the local school board. High schools formed under this section shall be open to qualified children from all districts of the county. High-school committees herein provided for shall have all the powers of common- school boards. A union high-school dis- trict shall be entitled to draw from the general. State, and county funds its quota for attendance, and the deficit for support shall be made up from the N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 661 several district fimds in proportion to the number of pupils from each district. In counties of the fourth and fifth classes all school districts adjacent to an incorporated town or city may be organized with such town or city into a union high-school district; county commissioners shall for support of such school levy a tax in the district of not less than 1 nor more than 3 mills ; an outlying district not contiguous to an incorporated town or city may by a majority vote of the qualified electors thereof be added to any such union high-school district. Qualifications to enter union high schools shall be com- pletion of the eight elementary grades ; course of study shall be as proposed by a committee of five county superintendents. District high schools. — School boards of districts of first and. second classes may establish and maintain high schools. On petition of 50 qualified voters who are school-tax payers county super- intendent shall give notice of an election to be held in the high-school district to determine the question of providing high-school buildings, purchasing ground, or funding floating debts; majority of qualified electors voting at election shall determine; amount of bonds shall not exceed 2 per cent of property valuation of district; interest shall not exceed 6 per cent; bonds shall be registered by the recorder of the county. County commissioners shall levy a tax in said high-school district to pay interest and to provide for the payment of the principal; no change in the boundaries of a high- school district shall release the taxable real estate thereof from assessment. All high-school districts organized under the provisions of certain acts pro- viding for the establishment and support of high schools in counties of the fourth and fifth classes shall be subject to the provisions of this act. A dis- trict maintaining a high school or a union high-school district may vote to be excluded from a county high-school district. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and ofllcers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Connecticut: Any town may establish and maintain a high school within its limits. Any town not a consolidated district may choose by ballot a high- school committee of three, four, or -five members, who shall have same powers and duties in relation to high school as district committees in relation to district schools. Boards of school visitors or town school committee, as the case may be, shall prescribe rules for the admission of students and for their studies, books, and classification ; they shall examine and certificate teachers, stating what subjects they are qualified to teach; visit such school at least twice during each term; may revoke a teacher's certificate for cause. In towns not having a town school committee the school visitors may appoint a high-school committee. Any town having no high school shall pay the tuition fees of any resident of said town attending high school in another town, with the consent of school visitors or town committee, if said school is approved by the State board of education; every town shall receive from the State two-thirds of tuition fees paid, but not exceeding $30 per pupil annually; the State board of education may approve any incorporated or endowed high school or academy and tuition fees may be paid to such school as to public high schools; town not maintaining a high school shall pay for the transportation of its pupils who attend an approved high school elsewhere, and State shall reimburse said towTi to the extent of one-half, but not exceeding $20 per pupil. Town maintaining a high school may pay for the transportation of its high-school pupils within its limits. Delaware: See A (cl). County boards. 662 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Florida: See A (cl), County boards; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; P (a), Higher institutions, general. Georgia: See A (bl), State boards. Idaho: County commissioners shall, on petition of heads of a majority of families in two or more districts not having an incorporated city, call an election to determine question of uniting such districts in a rural high-school district ; districts shall vote separately ; county commissioners shall determine if a sufficient number of districts have signified their willingness to unite; such commissioners shall appoint a board of five trustees, one of whose terms shall expire each year for five years; thereafter qualified voters shall elect one member annually ; trustees shall be freeholders or heads of families ; regular meetings shall be held quarterly and special meetings may be called. Powers: To supervise and visit the school; admit pupils above the eighth grade and fix nonresident tuition fees ; employ teachers and fix their salaries ; make regulations, suspend or expel pupils, and fix term of school at 7 to 10 months; hold real estate, locate and provide schoolhouse, etc.; provide a course of study which shall be approved by the State board of education, which shall extend not longer than four years and include instruction in manual training, household arts, nature study, and the elements of agricul- ture; estimate amount of tax for school and report to county commissioners, which amount may Include cost of transportation of students, creation of sinking fund, etc. ; call special elections to vote amount of money needed for buildings and like purposes. Duties of officers shall be similar to those of other school officers, but clerk shall certify quarterly to county superintendent number of teachers employed. Two-thirds of qualified voters of district may vote bonds not exceeding 2 per cent of property valuation. Rural high schools shall be under supervision of State board of education. There is established in Pocatello the Academy of Idaho, the purpose of which shall be to teach all branches commonly taught in academies, includ- ing common-school branches and business courses. State board of education is board of trustees; 40,000 acres of land granted by United States are set aside for use of academy ; funds shall be controlled by State board of educa- tion. Trustees shall elect principal and teachers, fix their salaries, and may dismiss them ; they shall prescribe the course of study and issue suitable certificates and diplomas; they shall prescribe textbooks and provide suitable furniture and apparatus; they shall make rules for the admission of pupils and fix nonresident tuition fees. Expenses of members incurred in carrying out provisions of this act shall be paid. President and secretary of board shall report semiannually to governor. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and sup- port; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Illinois: On petition of 50 or more legal voters in any school township having between 1.000 and 100,000 inhabitants an election shall be ordered by county superintendent to determine the question of establishing a township high school in said township; majority of votes cast shall determine; this act shall apply to all townships having a population of 1,000 to 100,000, whether operating under the general or a special law. If vote carries, a township high-school board, consisting of a president and six members, shall be elected, and such board shall have all the rights, powers, and duties of school boards under the general law. On petition of 50 legal voters of a township, the township treasurer shall give notice that at the next regular election the question of establishing a N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 663 township high school will be voted on; majority vote shall determine. A township high-school board of five members shall be elected by qualified voters ; term, three years, two or one, as the case requires, being elected each year; board shall elect one of its members president and another secretary. Two or more townships or two or more districts may unite for -the purpose of establishing a high school ; parts of adjoining townships may so unite ; pro- cedure shall be by petition and election, as in the case of township high schools. Any school district Jiaving a population of 2.000 or more may estab- lish and maintain a high school, elect a board of education therefor, and levy taxes as township high schools; such high-school district shall be sepa- rate and distinct from the common-school district having the same boun- daries. A city having a population of between 1,000 and 100,000 and lying in two or more townships shall, with the township containing the majority of its inhabitants, constitute a school township for high-school purposes. For. the purpose of providing schoolhouses and supporting schools the territory for which a high school is established shall be regarded as a school district, and the board thereof shall in all respects have the powers and duties of school directors. A high-school district may be discontinued by a majority of the votes cast at an election called on petition of a majority of the legal voters of the district. Each of two towns divided by a navigable stream and having a population of between 1,000 and 100,000 shall constitute a township for high-school purposes. A township or part of a township having no high school may be annexed to another township having a high school; on peti- tion of 5 per cent of the voters of the territory to be annexed and of the township to which annexation is desired, the question shall be voted on by the qualified voters thereof, and a majority of votes cast shall determine. Majority of votes cast at a regular election shall determine whether a manual-training department shall be established in a high school. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: In any township having taxable property of more than $600,000, wherein there is no high school and wherein there have for two years been eight or more resident graduates of the elementary schools, township trustee may establish a high school or a joint high school and elementary school; whenever a majority of the persons in charge of children enumerated for school purposes petition the trustee of said township to establish such a school, said trustee shall establish and maintain the same; in such a town- ship, if there is no high school within 3 miles of its boundaries, said trustee shall establish and maintain such school. The elementary schools shall include the first eight years of school work; commissioned high schools shall include four years' work following the ele- mentary school; course in noncommissioned high schools shall be such as fixed by the State board of education. Branches required in commissioned high schools: Commercial arithmetic, algebra, geometry, United States his- tory, general history, commercial or physical geography, composition and rhetoric, English and American literature, Latin or German, biology, physics or chemistry. School board may, subject to approval of State board of edu- cation, add other branches. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; I (e), School fraternities; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; L (j). Agriculture. 664 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Iowa: On petition of one-third of the electors of any county, the county board of supervisors shall order an election to determine the question of estab- lishing a county high school and the amount of tax necessary to erect build- ings; if a majority of votes cast favor such high schools and tax, board of supervisors shall appoint six trustees, who, with county superintendent, shall constitute a board of trustees of county high school. Succeeding trustees shall be elected at general election; term, four years, three being elected every two years; vacancies shall be filled by county board of supervisors; the board shall select site and provide building, cost not to exceed tax voted ; it shall also annually submit to board of supervisors the amount of funds necessary for improvements, teachers' salaries, and contingent expenses, and tax of not exceeding 2 mills on the dollar shall be levied ; it shall elect prin- cipals and teachers and fix their salaries. Board shall apportion to each school corporation of the county the number of pupils which it is entitled to send to said school tuition free; it shall fix tuition fees for others than those apportioned. County high schools may be established by a majority of votes cast at an election. Any person of school age who resides in a school corporation which does not maintain a four-year high school and who has completed the course as approved by the department of public instruction for snch corporation may attend any public high school or county high school, similarly approved, that will receive him; said person shall present certified proof of school age and residence, and shall present a certificate from county superintendent show- ing proficiency in common-school branches. Corporation of pupil's residence shall pay tuition and contingent expenses not to exceed $3.50 per month and for not exceeding four years. No school corporation of a county main- taining a county high school shall be compelled to pay tuition at any other than county high school, except in cases where pupils reside at home and attend some school of a corporation other than that in which they reside, in which event the tuition shall not exceed $2 per month. See also A (d), District boards and officers; G (c), County and local nor- mal schools; I (e), School fraternities. Kansas: School districts in counties not maintaining a county high school may levy a tax sufficient to pay tuition of pupils desiring to attend a high school in the county or in any adjoining county. It shall be unlawful for pupils of high schools to participate in or be members of a secret fraternity or organization in any degree a school organization. County high schools in counties having a population of over 6,000. — Each county having a population of 6,000 or over may establish a county high school; on petition of one-third of the qualified electors of the county, or when county commissioners think proper, said commissioners shall order an election to determine question of establishing a county high school ; majority YOte shall determine. If vote carries commissioners shall appoint six persons, who, with county superintendent, shall constitute a board of trustees; there- after such trustees shall be elected at general election; term, four years, three being elected every two years; superintendent shall be president, and board shall elect a secretary and a treasurer from among their number. Trus- tees shall annually levy for support of such high school a tax of not exceeding one-half of 1 mill on the dollar ; three-fourths of a mill may be levied in coun- ties having high schools established prior to 1901 and not having a property valuation of more than $30,000,000. Board of trustees shall choose site at place determined by vote of the people, and shall provide building, equipment, etc.; they shall elect principal and teachers. Three four-year courses shall N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 665 be offered — general course, normal course for preparation of teachers, and a college-preparatory course. Instruction shall be free to residents of the county, but pupils entitled to enter shall have completed the common-school course. If accommodations permit pupils not residents of the county may be admitted on payment of tuition fixed by board. Trustees shall appoint one competent person who, with principal and county superintendent, shall constitute an examining committee of teachers for such school; no person except one holding a State diploma or certificate or a diploma from the State university, State normal school, agricultural college, or an accredited college or university shall teach in a county high school, unless such person shall hold a certificate from said examining committee. Graduates of normal course shall be entitled to a second-grade certificate or to enter first year of professional worli at State noj.'mal school without further examination; graduates of collegiate course shall be entitled to enter freshman class of State university or agricultural college. Trustees shall report annually to .county commissioners. Commissioners shall fill vacancies in board. Trustees shall each receive $3 per day and 5 cents per mile traveled when attending meetings. County high schools in counties having a population of less than 6,000. — County commissioners in any county having less than 6,000 population may contract with school district at county seat to maintain high-school grades; on petition of a majority of electors, such commissioners shall call an election and majority vote shall determine whether said contract shall be made. State board of education shall prescribe course of study. Graduate may be admitted to any State institution without further examination. County com- missioners may employ teachers in addition to those employed by the district at county seat. Such high school shall be free to all persons of school age in the county. Bonds may be issued for providing schoolhouse on being voted by majority vote of electors. Provisions of this act shall not apply to counties having a city of the first class. Barnes high schools. — In every county in which one or more school districts or cities of less than 16,000 population maintain high schools with courses admitting those completing the same to the freshman class of the State university, the county commissioners shall levy, for purpose of creating a high-school fund, a tax of not less than one-fourth of 1 mill ; in county of less than 4,000 population, which maintains only one high school under the provi- sions of this act, levy may be one-half of 1 mill ; levy shall not exceed three- fourths of a mill in any county, nor one-half of 1 mill in a county having a valuation of $30,000,000 or more; such high-school fund shall be apportioned to the districts maintaining high schools under this act in proportion to the cost of maintaining the same; when a high school is maintained in a joint district lying partly in a county not having taken advantage of Barnes High- School Act, such part of such district shall bear its proportion of expense of maintaining high school by sufficient tax levy. Principal shall report an- nually to county superintendent. County superintendent shall report average attendance to county clerk and certify amount necessary for maintenance to county commissioners, who shall make levy within prescribed limits. Tuition shall be free to all pupils of the county. At least two courses shall be offered, a college preparatory course and a general course. Cities having more than 16,000 inhabitants and counties having county high schools are exempt. This act shall not take effect in any county until adopted by a majority of the voters voting thereon. County aid in counties having a population of less than 10,000. — County commissioners shall provide aid for high schools in counties having less 666 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. than 10,000 population, but in county of less than 3,000 only one school shall be aided and that at county seat; such aid shall be granted only on petition of a majority of the school electors. County commissioners shall levy a tax of not to exceed 1 mill in counties of 3,000 population or less and not to exceed one-half mill in counties of more than 3,000. Course of study shall be as prescribed by State board of education; tuition shall be free to all persons of school age in the county ; such schools shall be under supervision of county superintendent and district board. Counties main- taining county high schools and those operating under the Barnes High- School Act shall be exempt. Township high schools. — The legal electors of a township in which there is no incorporated city of over 300 population may establish and maintain a high school in such township; on petition of over one-third of legal voters, township board shall call an election to determine question of es- tablishing such high school and voting bonds therefor, but this act shall not apply to counties having less than 10,000 population; if proposition carries, a board of trustees consisting of director, a clerk, and a treasurer shall be elected; county superintendent shall have supervision over such school ; tuition shall be free to residents of township ; county superintendent shall prescribe course of study; when accommodations are sufficient, pupils from outside the township may be admitted on payment of tuition fee fixed by board. Township high-school board shall annually levy tax to support such school but not to exceed 4 mills on the dollar. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b), State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of text- books. Kentucky: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uni- formity of textbooks; P (c). State universities and colleges. Louisiana: See A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teiachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Maine: High schools are classified as follows: Class A, four-year course of 36 weeks ; approved equipment ; at least two teachers ; town, precinct, or union must expend annually at least $850, exclusive of tuition fees. Class B, at least a two-year course of 36 weeks ; approved equipment ; town, precinct, or union must expend at least $500. Class C, four-year course of 30 weeks; town, precinct, or union must expend at least $450. Town, precinct, or union shall be reimbursed by State two-thirds of amount expended for high school, but State aid shall not exceed $500 in one year. State superintendent may expend $2,000 annually for inspection of schools of secondary grade. No town shall receive State aid for high school unless expenditure for such school has been exclusive of amount required for common schools; any town may establish not exceeding two high schools and State aid shall be as for one school ; two or more towns may unite to establish high school and State aid shall be same as if one town maintained school ; any town may, in addition to tax for common and high schools, levy tax for transportation of secondary pupils; town may receive and hold gifts and bequests and in such case shall receive State aid on same conditions as if funds had come by taxation; in- habitants of any section of a town not providing high school may organize a high-school precinct of part of the town, but not more than two high schools may be organized in any town; State aid to precincts shall not exceed what town would have received ; sections of adjoining towns may unite in like manner ; N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 667 town, precinct, or union of towns may locate high school or vote that terms thereof be held alternately at places selected ; course of study shall embrace studies commonly taught in secondary schools, but ancient and modern lan- guages and music shall not be taught except by direction of school committee; school shall be free to all pupils residing within the high-school district; superintendent or school committee shall provide for examination of candi- dates for admission ; school established in precinct shall be free to all within precinct and open to all within the town on payment of tuition fee; school committee may admit nonresident pupils on payment of tuition fee when num- ber of pupils may be increased without detriment. Towns and precincts may raise money for high schools in same manner as for common schools. Town not maintaining free high school of standard grade may authorize the school committee to contract with committee of an adjoining town or with an academy to pay for tuition of pupils of said town who attend school in such adjoining town or academy. Any youth of a town not maintaining a standard high school may attend any approved secondary school to which he may gain entrance by permission of those having charge thereof; tuition fee of not over $30 shall be paid by town in which he resides; such youth shall have successfully completed common-school branches as shown by examination by superintendent with papers prepared by State superintendent; any youth who has completed course of B or C class high school shall be entitled to free tuition to complete four-year course and shall be excused from examination to enter such four-year school; school committee shall report annually be- fore September 1 to State superintendent amount of tuition paid and for whom and to what school paid; State shall reimburse town to extent of two- thirds of amount paid, not exceeding $500. Superintendents shall rei)ort an- nually before July 1 to State superintendent amount expended for free high schools, also other statistics of such schools and of common schools; if State superintendent is satisfied high-school law has been complied with, he shall certify to governor and council amount to which each town or precinct Is entitled from the State ; any town or precinct may appeal from superintend- ent to governor and council. Clerk of high-school precinct shall certify to town assessors amount voted for high school in such precinct and amount so voted shall be levied and collected; assessors may add not exceeding 5 per cent to sum so certified ; expense of levy and collection shall be paid out of precinct funds. Trustees of an academy or corporation formed for educa- tional purposes may surrender the whole or any part thereof to the municipal officers of a town for high-school purposes. An approved incorporated academy prepared to give instruction equivalent to that required by law to be given in free high schools shall be entitled to State aid as follows : Not over $500 for English course ; not over $750 for English course and college preparatory course ; not over $1,000 for English course, college preparatory course, and a training course for teachers ; such courses shall have approval of State super- intendent; State aid shall not exceed total income of institution, and such institution shall expend an amount at least equal to State aid; instruction shall be given for at least 30 weeks ; average attendance of at least 12 must be maintained in course for which aid is claimed ; State superintendent shall certify to governor and council necessary facts regarding academy; no town shall receive State aid for pupils attending an academy if a standard-grade high school is maintained in such town ; no academy shall receive State aid if average attendance of less than 30 for five years is maintained; no acad- emy shall receive State aid exceeding $500 if average attendance of less than 60 is maintained ; no academy shall receive State aid if it has income from 668 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. invested funds of $1,600 or more, and not exceeding $500 shall be allowed if it lias such income of $1,000 or more; institutions receiving aid shall report to State superintendent. Any youth residing in an unorganized township may attend any approved secondary school to which he may gain entrance in any part of the State; State shall pay tuition not exceeding $30. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial edu- cation, general. Maryland: Board of county school commissioners shall have authority to estab- lish and control high schools, subject to the approval of the State board of edu- cation ; they shall be divided into two groups. Minimum requirements of first group: (a) Eighty pupils; (6) not less than four teachers, exclusive of spe- cial instructors; (c) four years' course of not less than 36 weeks each, same to conform to standard of State board; (d) annual salary of principal shall be not less than $1,200, increasing with years of experience up to $1,500; salary of assistant teacher shall be not less than $500 and increase to $800; (e) provisions to be made for manual training and domestic science, also for commercial or agricultural course; (/) teachers must be passed on by State board. Minimum requirements of second group: (a) Thirty-five pupils; (6) two teachers besides special instructors; (c) three-years' course of not less than 36 weeks each; (d) salary of principal not less than $1,000 and raising to $1,300, of assistant teachers not less than $500 and raising to $800; (e) pro- vision for manual-training or agricultural or commercial course; (/) teachers must be passed on by State board. Courses in schools of second group may be extended to four years when adtitional expense is met by county board; in that case graduates of each group shall receive same recognition. County board may inaugurate in one approved high school a two-years' teachers' training course. State superintendent shall inspect high schools annually, prepare lists of same, designate the group of each, and the amount of State aid to which it is entitled ; any high school receiving aid under this act shall forfeit its right to aid under any other act, but appropriations made prior to 1872 and chargeable to the academic fund shall not be affected. High schools of group 1 shall receive aid : Six hundred dollars on account of principal, $300 on account of each of first three assistants, $400 on account of each of two special teachers (commercial, manual-training, domestic-science, or agricultural branches), $100 on account of each additional grade teacher, total not to exceed $2,500. Group 2 : Six hundred dollars for principal, $400 for one assistant teacher, $400 for special teacher; each of four high schools of Baltimore shall receive an amount equal to the maximum amount received by any high school in the counties. County board shall submit to county com- missioners list of all high schools in county, with itemized statement of cost of maintenance, and county commissioners shall make separate levy for high schools. Certificates or diplomas shall show group, course, and number of years ; graduates of four-years' course shall be admitted without examination to any institution receiving financial help from State. State board shall pre- pare course of study. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Massachusetts: Every city and town containing 500 families or householders shall, unless specifically exempted by the State board of education, and any other town may, maintain a high school, adequately equipped, taught by legally qualified teachers, who shall give instruction in such of prescribed subjects as the school committee may determine; any high school maintained by a town required to belong to a superintendency union shall be maintained in accordance with standards approved by the State board; one or more N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 669 courses of study shall be maintained in each such high school, and such high school shall be kept open for at least 40 weeks in each year. A town may give instruction in a portion only of the foregoing requirements if it makes provision for the others in the high school of another town or city. A town not maintaining a high school shall pay the tuition of any child who resides in said town and who, with the previous approval of the school com- mittee of his town, attends the high school of another town or city; if such town neglects or refuses to pay such tuition it shall be liable in an action of contract; a town whose valuation is less than $1,000,000 shall be entitled to receive from the State treasury all amounts expended for high-school tui- tion, and a town whose valuation exceeds $1,000,000, but whose number of families is less than 500, shall be entitled to receive from the State treasury half of all amounts so expended under the provisions of this act if such expenditures shall be certified under oath within 30 days after such expendi- ture. If a town of less than 500 families maintains a high school and em- ploys at least two teachers therein, it may receive from the State treasury $500 for the same, but no town, the valuation of which averages a larger sum for each pupil in the average membership of its schools than the correspond- ing average for the State, shall receive such money; no high school shall receive any such money unless approved by the State board. A town not supporting a high school shall pay the transportation of any child of said town who, with the previous approval of the school committee of the town, attends the high school of another town or city, such amount not to exceed $1.50 per week per child; if any town fails to pay such transportation, it shall be liable in an action of contract; a town which has expended for support of public schools an amount from local taxation during preceding year of not less than $4 and less than $5 per $1,000 of valuation shall receive from the State treasury one-half of amount expended for transportation un- der provisions o^ this act; and a town which has expended likewise at least $5 per $1,000 of valuation shall receive from the State treasury the whole of such transportation. No person shall be eligible to teach a high school aided directly by the State who does not hold a high-school teacher's certificate issued by the State board; the State board shall define the conditions on which high-school teachers' certificates shall be given and held, and to grant such certificates to candidates found qualified by examination or otherwise; a list of holders of high-school teachers' certificates shall be kept on file by the commissioner of education, and sent to superintendents and school com- mittees at their request. Two adjacent towns, each having less than 500 families or householders, may vote to form a union high-school district for establishing a high school; the school committees of such towns shall elect one person from each of their respective boards to form the committee of control of such school; such committee shall determine the location of the schoolhouse, if one is authorized, otherwise it shall authorize the location of such school alter- nately in the two towns; the proportion to be paid by each town for the erection of a permanent schoolhouse for such school, and its support, unless otherwise agreed, shall be according to its proportion of county tax. See also A (d), District boards and oSicers; B (c), Permanent State school funds; H (f). Compulsory attendance; L (i), Manual and industrial educa- tion; O (a), Industrial education, general. Michigan: Upon petition of not less than one-third of the taxpayers of any township not having within its limits an incorporated city or pillage, the township board shall submit to the qualified electors the question of etsablish- ing a rural high school; if more votes are cast for than against such school, 670 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. a board of three trustees shall be elected ; term, three years, one beiug elected each year; township clerk shall be ex officio a member and clerk of the board, and township treasurer shall be ex officio member and treasurer. Reg- ular meetings shall be held quarterly, and special meetings may be held. Powers: To supervise and visit the school; admit all children of the town- ship above the sixth grade and fix nonresident tuition fees; adopt textbooks; employ teachers; fix wages and make regulations for the control of the school ; provide site and building and hold gifts in trust ; provide course of study, which must have approval of State superintendent and president of the Michigan Agricultural College, and which may include normal training, domestic arts, and agriculture, and which shall not consist of more than four years ; estimate amount of tax necessary to support such school ; publish annually a report in a newspaper of the township or county; call meetings of the township to vote taxes for building and site and for other necessary pur- poses. Secretary, who shall receive not exceeding $50 per annum, shall keep records and report annually to State superintendent. A majority of taxpayers shall determine amount, not to exceed $5,000, to be expended for buildings and grounds, and may bond the township for the same. Said high schools shall be under the supervision of the county commissioner of schools. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; R (b), Corporations of educational character. Minnesota: The State superintendent, president of the State university, presi- dent of board of normal school directors, the superintendent or principal of a high school, and one other person appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate, shall constitute the State high-school board. The board shall be entitled to actual necessary expenses but no compensation. Poitiers and duties: To establish rules relating to examinations, reports, acceptances of schools, and courses of study; enforce maintenance of an optional English or business course equivalent to preparatory collegiate* course, but local school boards may substitute studies for those so prescribed by State board ; extend privileges of State high-school board examinations to private schools ; determine those high schools entitled to State aid, but not more than nine In any one county in any one year; make full annual report to State super- intendent; appoint a high-school and graded-school inspector and assistant inspectors and examiners, and fix their compensation, but no person receiving a salary from a State institution shall receive compensation under this pro- vision, and pay of examiners shall not exceed $3 per day. High-school inspector or an assistant shall inspect every high school once a year and immediately make a written report thereon. Graded-school inspector and his assistants shall perform like duties in respect to graded schools. State board may empower county superintendents to examine schools in their counties. County superintendent in turn may appoint assistant examiners in county. See also B (d), State taxation for school purposes; B (e). State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; F (b). Teachers' salaries. Missouri: State aid to high schools of town, city, or consolidated districts may be granted as follows : Eight hundred dollars per year to district whose valuation is less than $300,000 ; $600 for $300,000 to $400,000 ; $400 for $400.- 000 to $600,000; $200 for $600,000 or more. Conditions of such aid: That district i^a town, city, or consolidated district and has six directors; that it has levied for teachers and incidentals the maximum tax provided by law; N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 671 that it maintains an approved higli school and employs a principal; that it pays each teacher at least $40 per month ; that it admits nonresident pupils for a reasonable fee; that hiph-school average attendance for previous year has begn 15 or more ; that it gives an approved course of at least one year in agriculture. Said aid shall not exceed one-half of high-school teachers' sal- aries; no district receiving other high-school aid shall receive aid under this act. Any town, city, or consolidated district situated in any county in which there is no school district whose assessed valuation is more than $300,000 may be granted State aid of $800 to maintain a. high school. Conditions: That no approved high school in the county maintains an average attendance of 15 pupils; that it is organized as a town, city, or consolidated district; that it has levied for teachers and incidentals the maximum provided by law ; that it proposes to maintain a high school of at least the third class for eight months ; that it employs a competent principal ; that it will admit nonresident pupils for a reasonable tuition fee. State superintendent shall annually set aside for the purposes of this act not exceeding 5 per cent of the State school funds. In case such 5 per cent is not sufficient to permit of granting all appli- cations, district not having over $300,000 valuation in counties having no districts of over $300,000 valuation shall be first aided and remainder shall be prorated among other districts. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (c). Uniformity of text- books. Montana: On petition of 100 freeholders to county commissioners, election shall be called to determine question of establishing county high school and location of such school ; by petition, 50 freeholders may place any town or village in nomination for location of school. Board of trustees, seven mem- bers : County superintendent and six appointed by county commissioners; term of appointive members, three years ; four regular meetings annually and special meetings when necessary, but not to exceed two in a month. Potvers and duties: To keep record of official acts, warrants issued, etc.; select site at place designated by vote of people, provide building, etc. ; employ for term of not exceeding three years a principal with same qualifications as city superintendent, except that not more than three years' experience as a teacher shall be required; employ such teachers as necessary; adopt, on recommenda- tion of principal, a course of study, such course to contain work provided for high schools accredited by State board of education; admit without tuition fees pupils residing in county who have completed elementally grades ; admit pupils from other counties on payment of tuition fees. Trustees shall serve without compensation, but traveling expenses shall be paid those not residing at place of meeting. On estimate of trustees, county commissioners shall levy a tax for support of school, but not to exceed 3 mills unless a building is to be erected, then not to exceed 10 mills. For securing site and erection of buildings bonds may be issued w^hen authorized by vote of the people. A district maintaining a high school in a county having a high school shall be entitled to a refund of county high-school moneys in proportion to number of years of high-school work maintained in such district. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. 672 STA.^ LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Nebraska: Pupils of any district not supporting high-scliool grades sliall be entitled to attend, free of charge, high schools of other districts, provided that such pupils possess certificates from county superintendent showing fit- ness for such work; such certificates shall be issued upon the satijsfactory completion of each high-school year. Any public-school district unable to furnish accommodations to nonresident pupils without unreasonable expense thereby may refuse admission to such pupils. Each district granting free public high-school education to nonresident pupils shall receive 75 cents for each week's attendance. by each nonresident pupil from the district where parent or guardian of such pupil resides, but if district in which such parent or guardian resides is not able to maintain nine months of school, said district shall not be liable for such tuition. The parent or guardian of any pupil desiring such free high-school education shall make a written application to county superintendent in June of each year, giving all necessary information concerning such pupil ; a tax shall be levied in those districts sending pupils to other districts for high-school education for purpose of paying the tuition of such pupils ; in case such free high-school fund shall not be voted at the annual school meeting, the school district board shall estimate such tax levy and see that the same is collected; in case the district school board shall fail to make such levy, the county superintendent shall see that the same is made. Any two or more adjoining districts in any county may unite for the purpose of forming one high-school district and maintaining one high school ; the proposition to so unite shall be submitted at the annual meeting or at a special meeting called for the purpose, and shall require for its adoption a majority of voters present at such meeting in each district to be affected ; after any such high-school district has been established, if an adjoining common-school district shall desire to unite with such high-school district, the same may be done by a majority vote in the majority of the school districts so united, or if but two districts, in each ; notice of such acceptance, by the president of high-school district to the moderator of the common- school district, shall operate as oflScial proclamation of incorporation of common district in high-school district ; the moderators of the districts forming a high-school district shall constitute the board of trustees of such high-school district when number of districts so joined shall exceed two; if number of such districts shall be two only, trustees shall elect third member, who shall within 10 days file written acceptance with trustees; trustees shall annually elect one of their number chairman, another clerk, and a treasurer who may or may not be one of their number ; trustees may elect member to fill vacancy until same can be regularly filled. Trustees shall have all the power of district school boards, but where the law requires consent of voters in school district, the trustees of high-school district must be authorized by the votes of meetings of a majority of the districts so united, or if the districts are two only, of each of them. The powers and duties of the high-school district officials shall be the same, as near as may be, as those of a school district, except no census of high-school district shall be required to be taken, and contracts with teachers shall require sanction of a majority of the trustees. Course of study of such high schools shall conform to the general course of study and graduation prescribed by State superintendent. The expenses of maintaining such high schools shall be borne by the several districts united for that purpose, in proportion to their assessed valuation; at high-school meeting, tax shall be fixed by a majority vote of electors of several districts present ; such tax levy shall be certified to county clerk, and clerk shall certify the number of mills to be N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 673 levied to the county board; in case of no action on tax levy at high-school meeting, the trustees of such school shall certify the necessary levy to the county clerk; sum of bonds for erection of high-school building shall in no year exceed 75 per cent of the aggregate expense of maintaining all the common schools of the districts so united for high-school purposes. When authorizeil by a two-thirds vote of all voters present at an annual or special meeting in a majority of the school districts so united, or if there be but two districts so united, in each, the trustees may issue bonds for purpose of building and furnishing or the improvement of a high-school building ; bonds so issued shall not when added to the bonded indebtedness of the several districts so united for high-school purposes exceed 10 per cent of the aggre- gate assessed valuation of the several school districts. Any county may establish a high school; grades above the eighth shall be deemed high-school grades ; course of study shall be the Nebraska High School Manual, or a course approved by State superintendent and in addition there shal be taught in ninth and tenth grades, manual training, domestic science, and elements of agriculture and in the eleventh and twelfth grades normal training and theory and practice of agriculture; board of regents shall pro- vide necessary equipment ; county board shall purchase not less than 5 acres of land for agricultural purposes for such school. The county board of any county not having a twelfth-grade high school accredited to the State uni- versity, shall call directors of several districts together to elect board of regents and provide for organization of county high school ; such school shall be located at the county seat. Whenever 100 freeholders of any county shall petition the county board, requesting that a county high school be established in said county, said board shall immediately call a special election to deter- mine the same. County high school shall be governed by board of* five regents, one elected each year, term, three years; regents shall be chosen by the directors of the various districts of county ; regents may fill any vacancy occurring in their board; county treasurer shall be treasurer of board of regents; county superintendent shall be secretary of such board. Regents shall have power to employ a superintendent for term of three years and assistant teachers for a term of two years, and other employees, and fix their compensation and prescribe their duties; remove appointees; adopt books; and purchase fuel. Regents shall annually make estimate of all funds needed for such high schools, and county board shall levy such taxes as are required, but in no case shall the aggregate tax for the county high school, exclusive of levy for paying the principal and interest on bonds, exceed 5 mills on the dollar of assessed valuation of property of county. Secretary of board of regents shall keep careful record of proceedings of board. Treasurer of board of regents shall keep a separate account of county high-school funds, and shall pay such funds out only on warrants signed by president and countersigned by the secretary of board of regents, and attested by seal of county. Board of regents shall receive no compensa- tion except for actual expenses incurred in attending upon meetings; secre- tary and treasurer shall have right to vote at such meetings; meetings shall be annual, but president may call special meetings. Regents are authorized to issue certificates and diplomas to students, and the same, when so desig- nated by the State superintendent, shall entitle the holder to teach in county without further examination for space of three years. Any district support- ing any grade above eighth grade shall be exempt from taxation for support of any county high school. Nonresident pupils may be admitted to county high school if conditions shall permit, upon payment of tuition. The county 3966°— 15 43 674 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. board of commissiouers may borrow money on bonds which they have been authorized to issue for the purpose of purchasing sites, and constructing and equipping buildings for county high schools; rate on such bonds shall not exceed 6 per cent, and time of maturity shall not exceed 30 years; said bonds may be made optional on any interest-paying date. No such bonds shall be issued until a petition signed by at least one-third of voters of each precinct or township of county shall be presented to county board asking for the same; all facts concerning proposed bond issue shall be incorporated in petition; county board in calling election on same, shall give due notice. Every person, male or female, who has resided in State six months, county 40 days, precinct or township 10 days, and is 21 years old, and who owns property that was assessed at last annual assessment or who has children of school age residing in voting precinct of his or her residence, shall be entitled to vote on questions of establishing a county high school, voting bonds for same, and on all other high-school questions. Any city or village of the county may be a candidate for the location of the county high school upon a petition signed by 100 electors of county; election for location shall be submitted at the election for the issuance of high-school bonds. Any high school accredited to the State university, consolidated rural high school, rural high school, or county high school having satisfactory equip- ment and fitted by location and otherwise may, upon application to State superintendent be designated to teach agriculture, manual training, and home economics; such school shall employ specially trained instructors for said subjects; school shall furnish at least 5 acres of land for agricultural pur- poses; instruction in such departments shall be free to residents of district, and nonresidents may be admitted on conditions governing free high-school attendance; special classes may be formed for the winter months; instruc- tion shall be of practical nature. Each school so designated to maintain an agricultural department shall receive State aid not exceeding $1,250 per year, but in no case shall amount received from State exceed one-half the total sum expended by said school for such purpose. Any rural school which shall give instruction in foregoing subjects and which shall associate itself with a State-aided school giving such instruction shall receive State aid of $50 per year. No high school accredited to University of Nebraska receiving such State aid shall be located in any city in which the State already maintains a school with such departments; not more than one high school accredited to University of Nebraska and two consolidated rural high schools, rural high school, or county high school in any county shall be added to the list of schools receiving aid under this act in any biennium ; not more than two- thirds of appropriation which may be provided shall be used for high schools accredited to University of Nebraska, balance to be reserved for consolidated high schools, rural high schools, county high schools, and for associated district schools. In approving high schools accredited to University of Nebraska for agriculture, manual training, and home economics. State super- intendent shall observe these requirements: School shall provide normal- training course; at least three teachers, exclusive of school superintendent, shall give entire time to high-school branches; instructors in agriculture shall be graduates of agricultural college or certified by dean of State agri- cultural college or standard four-year course in agriculture in a State normal school; at least one-third of instruction in industrial department of such school shall be devoted to agriculture, manual training, and natural sciences, or to home economics, manual training, and natural sciences. In approving consolidated rural high schools, rural high schools, and county high schools for foregoing special departments State superintendent shall require that N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 675 school maintain at least two years of high-school work. At least two teachers shall be employed in high-school department ; instructors shall have had sat- isfactory training ; such schools shall receive only $625 per year until it shall comply with complete requirements for $1,250 aid; at least one-third of instruction in ind'ustrial group shall be devoted to agriculture, manual train- ing, and natural sciences, or to home economics, manual training, and natural sciences. State superintendent shall appoint an inspector of agricultural training, whose appointment shall be approved by chancellor of University of Nebraska ; expenses of inspection and supervision shall be paid from the appropriation for the maintenance of said schools. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools. Nevada: County commissioners may establish high schools in school districts upon petition of 10 per cent of voters of county, showing that 75 census chil- dren reside in district where high school is proposed and that at least 5 census children of high-school age reside therein; such district high school shall not be located nearer than 20 miles to a county high school in same county; district trustees and State board of education shall provide suitable buildings; cost of maintenance and instruction in said district high school shall be paid by tax levy on county where located. District high schools shall be open to graduates of elementary schools and to those passing entrance requirement examinations. Principal of district high school may be appointed principal of all schools in such district. This district high-school act shall apply only to those counties having 960 electors and $3,600,000 of taxable property (in the year 1908). County commissioners may aid a school district needing high-school instruction by the transfer of funds from the county high-school fund or county general fund to the county school fund of such district; the commissioners may levy a special county tax not exceeding 10 cents on the $100 for such purpose, but such district so aided shall contain at least 10 pupils of high-school age whose parents find it impracticable to send away for high-school training; the school board shall levy a special tax of 25 cents on the $100 of all taxable property in the district. A county high school may be established in any county upon a majority vote at an election held for such school, and shall be supported by the 'County ; election for such school shall be called by county commissioners upon petition of 50 or more electors. County commissioners shall locate such high school, but upon protest of one-fourth of county electors at such location, question of location shall be submitted to electors of county at a special elec- tion or at next general election; two high schools may be located in counties where 2.000 or more votes were cast at last general election and wherein the assessed valuation of property is $6,000,000 or more; the county commis- sioners shall levy a special tax to construct and equip county high schools, but such schools shall be conducted, if suitable rooms can be secured at a reasonable rental, in a public-school building. County board of education for said high schools shall be elected at general elections; three members, two at each election, one for two and one for four years. Said board shall make annual estimate of money needed to pay expenses of county high school; enforce uniform course of study; employ teachers, hire janitors, and other employees. County commissioners shall include high-school estimate in annual tax levy. Said high schools shall be open to graduates of elementary schools and to those passing required entrance examinations. County high- school principal may also act as principal of grammar school of district where high school is located. County board may provide suitable dormitories 676 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and dining halls for county liigh schools, same to be part of regular high- school equipment. See also A (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness* New Hampshire: Any district may, by vote or by law, establish and maintain a high school in which the higher English branches and the Latin, Greek, and modern languages may be taught; it shall be the duty of the district to raise money to maintain such school when established ; no such school may be abolished except by the superior court upon petition of school board. Two or more adjoining districts may jointly maintain a high school, may raise money for such purposes, and their boards shall jointly control such high school. Any district may contract with an academy, seminary, or other literary institution in its immediate vicinity for furnishing instruction to its pupls, and school money may be used to carry contract into effect ; State superintendent may terminate such contracts when deemed advisable. Any town not maintaining a high school shall pay for the tuition of any resident thereof who attends an academy or high school of the same or another town of State, but such charges shall not exceed the cost of other pupils in said academy or high school, and said town shall not in any case be liable for tuition of any child in excess of $40 per year. State shall make rebate for high-school tuition in certain cstses. ( See chapter on " School money* — State.") The term "high school" or "academy" shall mean a school having at least one course of not less than four years, properly equipped and teach- ing subjects required for admission to college, technical school, and normal school, including instruction in the Constitution of the United States and of New Hampshire, such high school or academy to be approved by State super- intendent. Towns paying tuition in high schools or academies shall receive proportionate share of literary fund for such pupils. Academies and private schools shall make annual report to State superintendent. School districts in towns of Walpole, Mason, Rollinsford, and Conway may make contracts with Bellows Falls, Vt. ; Townsend, Mass.; Berwick Academy, Me.; and Fryeburg Academy, Me., respectively, for furnishing instruction to high- school pupils, and may raise money for same ; any district bordering on State line and not having a high school may make arrangements with high schools outside of State for instructing high-school pupils when distance and trans- portation facilities make such schools more accessible than those within the State; district may raise money for such purpose; but such out-of-State high schools or academies shall first be approved by State superintendent; any district bordering on State line and not maintaining a high school shall pay tuition of pupils of high-school grade who attend out-of-State high schools when such schools are more accessible than those within the State ; towns paying tuition for pupils attending such out-of-State schools shall be entitled to proportionate share of the State literary fund therefor. The principal of each college, academy, seminary, or other institution of learning incorporated by laws of State shall annually send to the New Hampshire Genealogical Society one copy of each printed catalogue of such institution. See also A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f^, Administrative units — districts, etc. New Jersey: See A (bl) , State boards ; A (b2) , State officers ; F (b) , Teachers' salaries; O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico: Boards of education in cities may establish high schools. A county high school may be established in any county having a population of 5.000 or more inhabitants; upon receipt of a petition signed by at least one- N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 677 fifth of the electors of a county, eligible for a county high school, asking that the question of establishing such a high school be submitted, the county com- missioners of said county shall call an election ; any child of said county who has passed the elementary course in the eighth grade, shall be admitted to such high school free of tuition; the management and government of each of said high schools shall be under the control of the board of education or school directors of the city or district where said school is established and maintained; county superintendent shall be ex officio a member of said board ; all members of the board of education or school directors, except the school superintendent, shall be elected ; boards of education or school directors of county high schools may levy a county high-school tax not to exceed in any one year 2 mills on the dollar; the treasurer of said county shall apportion the high-school fund among the high schools of the county, if there be more than one such high school, in the ratio of attendance upon such schools dur- ing the preceding year, but no child shall be counted in determining said ratio who has attended less than one-half of session; only one county high school shall be established in any county during any one year, and during the first year of establishment of such school, said school shall receive not more than one-third of county high-school fund; the cost of site, location of building, and erection and cost thereof for any such county high school shall be en- tirely borne by the district where such school is located; county high-school fund shall be used only for maintenance and operation of said schools; a district may bond itself for purpose of providing the necessary site and build- ings ; the directors of the district where a county high school is located shall provide for such school courses in manual training, domestic science, the elements of agriculture, and commercial law ; the board controlling any such high school shall employ and discharge teachers, regulate their salaries, and make rules and regulations for said schools. See also A (d). District boards and officers. New York: See A (bl). State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; L (d). Physiology and hygiene; O (a), Industrial education, general; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. North Carolina: With consent of State board of education, county board of education may establish and maintain one or not more than four more public high schools to run not less than seven months; for each high school so established county board shall appoint a committee of three trustees to hold office six years, one to retire every two years; powers and duties of committee similar to those of other public-school committeemen;' county board shall control; course of study and entrance requirements prescribed by State superintendent. County board shall locate schools, subject to ap- proval of State board, and shall furnish State superintendent information regarding them. State superintendent may prescribe inspection for such schools. Teachers shall hold high-school certificates from State board of examiners who shall prescribe standard of scholarship, and teacher's employ- ment must have approval of county superintendent ; minimum salary, $40 per month. No public high school shall be established in connection with an elementary school having term of less than seven months nor having fewer than two teachers devoting entire time to elementary subjects; high school receiving aid under this act must have at least one teacher devoting entire time to high-school branches; principal may be principal of both high and elementary departments. No high school in a town or city of more than 1,200 inhabitants shall receive aid under this act, but county board may 678 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. contract with trustees or committee of high school in a town or city whereby students residing in the county outside of said town or city may attend a standard high school therein, in which event an attendance of at least 10 pupils must be made from outside districts. When county treasurer certifies that as much as $250 has been placed to credit of any high school, State superintendent shall make requisition for $250 in favor of such school; if a larger amount be provided by local agencies, State shall contribute equal amount, but not exceeding $500 annually for one school and not exceeding four schools shall be aided in any one county. No high school maintaining an average attendance of less than 10 shall receive State aid and no school maintaining average attendance of less than 20 shall receive maximum State aid. See also C (a), Local finance and support, general; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general; O (b) Agricultural schools. North Dakota: Any public graded school in any city or incorporated village or township which shall give instruction as herein provided and admit pupils from any part of the State without charge for tuition shall be entitled to be classified as a State high school and receive State aid, but no school shall be required to admit nonresident pupils unless they pass examination in the fundamental elementary subjects. Requirements of such schools: (1) ade- quate school buildings, (2) course of study of eight grades, together with all subjects prescribed by the State board of education for the first two years of the secondary curriculum, (3) that such school submit to inspection and recommendations by a State inspector. State board of education shall ap- point a high-school inspector who shall hold oflice for two years and receive not exceeding $2,000 per annum and exi)enses. No money shall be paid to any school until the same shall have been inspected and reported on by said inspector. Amount of aid: Two thousand five hundred dollars annually to each of 10 schools having agriculture, manual training, and domestic economy; $800 to each four-year high school ; $'500 to each three-year high school ; $300 to each two-year high school ; in case the appropriation available is not sufli- cient to pay amounts specified, $2,500 shall be apportioned to each of the schools offering agriculture, manual training, and domestic economy, and the remainder shall be prorated among the other schools receiving aid. State board of education shall act upon applications for aid. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary educa- tion; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; L (j), Agriculture; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools. Ohio: See A (b2). State officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Oklahoma: The university preparatory school is hereby created and located at Tonkawa ; purpose of said school shall be to prepare students for a university course of study. Eastern preparatory school is hereby created and located at Claremore ; object of said school shall be to prepare boys and girls for admis- sion to State university or other institution of higher education. Both of aforesaid schools shall be under control of State board of education. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; I (e). School fraternities; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Oregon: District high schools and county high schools may be established. District school board may, and on petition of one-third of the legal voters of the district, shall submit to voters of district the question of establishing a high school; majority of votes cast shall determine. District school board K.(a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 679 shall have control of such school and may use State, county and district funds for maintaining the same, if lower grades are maintained for eight months. One or more county high schools may be established in any county, when authorized by a majority of the votes cast at an election ; county court shall submit to general election the question of establishing county high school when petitioned by 100 or more taxpaying voters, or said court may order a special election for such puri>ose ; if majority of votes cast favor such school, county court shall locate the same and provide site and building, or county court or high-school board may rent a building, or said board may contract with a district maintaining a high school for the instruction of pupils of the county who do not reside in such district. When county court shall have made estimates as required, said court shall levy a tax sufficient to provide building and run the school for 12 months. When said court shall have pro- vided building with necessary fencing and lot, the same shall be deeded to the county high school board, which shall consist of county judge, the two county commissioners, the county treasurer, and the county sui>erintendent. Duties of hoard: To estimate annually the amount of tax needed for such school; employ teachers, janitors, and other emi}loyees and dismiss them when ad- visable; do all other things necessary to the proper conduct of the school. County court shall annually levy a tax to maintain such school. When authorized by qualified electors, said court may establish more than one high school. Principal of high school may be principal of district school, if district board elects. Course of study of all high schools shall embrace four years above the eighth grade; such course shall include two years prescribed by State superintendent in consultation w^ith high-school boards ; other two years shall be ^s laid down by county high-school board or district board after consultation with State superintendent and may include industrial training, or such training may be interspersed through the four years. Any pupil com- pleting the four-year course shall be entitled to a State high-school diploma. Books used in two years prescribed by State superintendent shall be as adopted by State textbook commission. Any school district board may, or when petitioned by one-third of the legal voters shall, call an election to de- termine question of teaching grades above the eighth. The county court shall, on petition of 10 per cent or more of qualified voters, submit to voters the question of creating a county high-school fund; if such fund is created, county high-school board shall estimate amount necessary to pay tuition of all pupils attending high schools in the county and the county court shall levy a tax to pay the same. County high-school fund shall be distributed on basis of average attendance; not less than $40 per pupil for first 20 in attend- ance in a district, $30 for second 20; nor more than $12.50 per pupil for re- mainder, but amount paid to district shall not exceed amount paid high-school teachers therein. State board of education shall prescribe regulations as to standards to be maintained by high schools. None of said fund shall be paid for the tuition of a pupil w^ho does not hold an eighth-grade diploma or its equivalent from some other State. When it is desired to unite two or more contiguous school districts or parts of districts for high-school purposes, tho district boundary board of the county shall, when petitioned by the districts affected (at least 100 voters in district of first class, 25 in district of second class, one-third of legal voters in district of third class), order directors of districts to hold election on the question; majority of votes cast shall determine; said boundary board shall canvass returns and announce the result. If the site designated in the petition is the property of a school district, an election shall be held in said district 40 days 5 680 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. prior to the election on question of union liigh school, in order to determine question of transferring such property to said union high school district; if a majority vote favors, union high-school board shall assume control of prop- erty. Union high-school board may contract with a regular district for the use of property for high-school purposes. If districts to be united lie in two or more counties, the boundary board of the county in which the most populous district is located shall have jurisdiction in all matters pertaining to the organization and management of such schools. If a union high school is formed by uniting two districts of the third class, the school boards of such districts shall constitute the high-school board ; if formed by any other com- bination of districts, one member shall be elected from each district; term, three years. Board shall elect a chairman and a clerk who is not a member of the board; meetings shall be held as board may determine. Board shall, when facilities will warrant, admit to such school any resident of any county concerned, if such resident is properly prepared and there is no high school maintained in the regular district where he resides; board of any regular district maintaining a high school shall likewise admit nonresidents living elsewhere in the county; union high-school district shall be entitled to non- resident tuition fees. This act shall not prohibit the formation of county high schools, but where such high schools are formed, union high-school districts and regular districts maintaining high schools of equal efficiency to county high school shall be exempt. Course of study of union high schools shall be prepared by the State board of education and shall embrace not less than two years. Union high-school board may establish a department of industrial training. The creation of or change of boundaries of a regular district included in union high-school district shall not change such high-school district. Duties of union high-school board: To provide site and building, when duly authorized; levy a tax in the district for the support of the high school ; contract a debt of not exceeding 5 per cent of taxable property for site and building purposes, if authorized by legal voters. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; K (c). Uni- formity of textbooks. Pennsylvania: High schools maintaining four or more years' course of study, of not less than nine months each year, shall be known as high schools of first class; three years, of not less than eight months, second class; two years, third class. No high school shall be established in a district of the fourth class without the consent of the State superintendent and county superintendent. High schools of first class shall employ at least three teach- ers; second class, at least two. Entrance to high schools shall be by exami- nation. High schools in districts of second, third, and fourth class shall provide a sufficient number of teachers for following branches : Bookkeeping, civil government, general history, algebra, geometry, rhetoric, English litera- ture, Latin (including Caesar, Virgil, and Cicero), physical geography, ele- ments of botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry. Boards of directors of districts maintaining high schools shall make sworn statement to State superintendent in reference to such high schools annually. High schools shall be under the supervision of the several county superintendents. Pupils residing in districts with limited or without high-school facilities may attend in other districts if such pupils obtain consent of directors of districts maintain- ing such high schools; cost of tuition, textbooks, and supplies of such pupils shall be paid to districts maintaining such high schools by the districts in which pupils reside. Any high-school pupil residing 3 or more miles from such N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 681 school in his district may, if free transportation is not furnished, be trans- ferred to another district, the district of his residence being liable to district whose hijjh school he attends for all costs; any pupil desiring to attend a high school outside of district in which he resides shall satisfy principal of high school and superintendent of district in which he resides of his fitness; it shall be the duty of superintendents having supervision over high schools to recommend suitable courses of study for such schools to board of school directors for adoption. High schools of first class shall receive from annual high-school appropriations not more than $800 ; second class, $600 ; third class, $400; any high school sharing township high-school appropriation shall give required instruction in agriculture. Board of school directors may continue to confer academic or other degrees upon students completing four-year courses of study in those high schools heretofore conferring such degrees. See also A (d), District boards and officers; J (a), Health, general. Rhode Island: Any town maintaining a high school, approved by the State board of education shall annually receive for each of first 25 students in attendance $25 and $15 for each of second 25 students, payable by the State ; but such town shall admit students from other towns to extent of capacity of high school at rate of tuition not to exceed average cost per capita of maintaining such school. The school committee of any town not maintaining a high school shall provide for free attendance of high-school pupils at high school of some other town. Town so supporting students at high schools of other towns shall receive State aid upon same basis as if it maintained a high school. Application for State aid must be made by the school com- mittee, accompanied by a certificate of facts by the principal teacher. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers. South Carolina: Any common-school district not having an incorporated town or city of over 2,500 inhabitants, or any county, or any township, or any union of adjoining townships or districts not having a town or city of over 2,500 may establish a high school. On petition of one-third of freeholders, county board of education shall call an election in such territorial unit on question of establishing a high-school district ; majority vote shall determine. Composition of hoard of trustees: Single school district, trustees thereof; union of two or more common districts, trustees of district containing school- house and chairmen of other district board or boards; union of special dis- trict with one or more common districts, trustees of special district. Any such high-school district may vote a tax of not exceeding 2 mills; but any common-school district may vote itself out of a high-school district. All high schools established under this act shall include agriculture and domestic science in the course of study. State board of education as a high-school board shall provide for the inspection and classification of high schools. State aid to high schools: Two-year high schools, not exceeding $500; three- year, not exceeding $600; four-year, not exceeding $700; but an additional $100 may be allowed to a township or to territory embracing as many as six common-school districts. Board may give additional aid for industrial and commercial courses; additional aid of $25 for each common district embraced may be given to any high-school district levying at least a 1-mill high-school tax. No high school shall receive aid unless it has at least 25 high-school pupils and 2 teachers, except in rural and village schools, where the number may be 15, with 1 teacher. No aid shall be given unless the dis- trict or districts are levying at least 2 mills, either as common-school or high-school tax. The State board shall make rules for the apportionment and distribution of State aid. Such high-school districts may receive gifts and 682 STAT^ LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. bequests, and may issue bonds within constitutional limits. Election shall be held on bond issue. Any high school receiving aid under this act shall admit free of tuition any pupil of the county where school is located. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: On petition of at least 50 freeholders of a civil township, the qualified voters thereof shall vote at the next regular election of township supervisors on the question of establishing a township high school ; majority of votes cast shall determine. If high school is voted, township board of education shall consist of three members elected by qualified voters; term, three years, one being elected each year; vacancies filled until the next general election by the cotmty superintendent ; one member shall be director, one clerk, jind one treasurer. Board shall have general control of the high school and of the property belonging thereto; it may suspend or expel in- subordinate pupils. Two or more townships may unite in establishing and maintaining a high school. By a majority vote of the qualified electors a township may discontinue its high school. Board may levy a tax of not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar for high-school purposes ; board may remove the schoolhouse on petition of two-thirds of the electors of the township. Where the school township system now exists the school township board shall assume the duties herein provided for. Members of board shall each receive $1.50 per day for duties performed, but not exceeding $25 each per annum. Any pupil having completed the eighth grade of the State course of study and having received a common-school diploma from the county super- intendent may continue his work through the twelfth grade in any high or normal school in the State, and not exceeding $2 per month shall be paid by the board of his home district if such district does not provide instruc- tion in such higher grades. Any tuition in excess of $2 shall be paid by student or parent, but said $2 and additional fee shall not exceed average cost per pupil per month. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Tennessee : The county court of any county may provide for the establishment of one or more county high schools; for such purpose may levy special taxes in addition to other taxes, but not to exceed 15 cents on $100, and may make appropriations from general county funds, but not from public-school ftinds, and such tax and appropriation shall constitute " county high-school fund." Such school or schools shall be controlled by county high-school board of education, which board shall consist of county superintendent and six mem- bers appointed by county court; term of appointive members, three years, two being appointed each year. Not more than one member shall be ap- pointed from same district. County superintendent shall be secretary, and for such duties shall receive compensation as fixed by board. All branches now required in secondary schools, except five primary grades, shall be taught in county high schools, and such additional branches shall be taught as will prepare for college or for business. Such schools shall be graded by board of education under regulations of State superintendent and supervi- sion of county superintendent. Not fewer than three teachers shall be em- ployed. School shall be open to all persons of school age who have com- pleted five primary grades ; but separate schools shall be maintained for white and colored races. Board may locate schools, employ teachers, draw warrants on county trustees, and perform other duties contemplated by law ; board may contract with seminaries, academies, or colleges or with city boards of education whereby county high school may be taught in such in- stitution or city school, but such instruction shall be free to pupils of county N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 683 The authority of State and county superintendents and board of education shall be full and ample, and teachers shall hold required certificates. County high schools shall be under general supervision of county superintendent and State superintendent. The latter shall provide necessary blank forms, make regulations for the examination of high-school teachers, for issuance of warrants by county board, and for grading high schools. Teachers and county boards shall make such reports as are required for other public schools. County board may admit pupils over age and nonresidents on pay- ment for tuition. County trustee shall pay warrants of county board, and shall make reports as required for otlier public schools. Boards of trustees of academies and small colleges which are no longer used for the purposes intended are authorized to transfer the properties of said academies and small colleges to counfies and county boards of education or county high-school boards. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, gen- eral; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Texas: Public high schools may be established in common-school districts; primary, intermediate, and high-school subjects may be taught in such schools, and agriculture, domestic economy, and manual training may be added. High school of first class shall have at least four years' work above seventh grade and may include the lower grades, shall employ at least three teachers of high-school subjects with first-grade certificates or higher, and shall be main- tained for at least eight scholastic months. High school of second class shall have at least three years' work above seventh grade and may include the lower grades, shall employ at least two teachers of high-school subjects with first-grade certificates or higher, and shall be maintained for at least eight scholastic months. High school of third class shall have at least two years' work above seventh grade and may include the lower grades, shall employ at least one teacher of high-school subjects with first-grade certificate or higher, and shall be maintained for at least seven scholastic months. High schools not maintaining standards herein fixed shall not be prohibited, but may not receive certificate of approval and classification from State depart- ment of education. State board of education shall duplicate an amount of not less than $500 nor more than $1,500 set apart by trustees of high school of first class or second class for a department of agriculture; between $500 and $1,000 for a department of domestic economy ; between $500 and $1,000 for a department of manual training. For a high school of third class be- tween $500 and $1,000 may be duplicated for a department of agriculture. Not more than $2,000 shall be appropriated to any one school in the same year, and such appropriation shall not be made more than twice to the same school. Board of trustees shall provide approved buildings, equipment, etc., and school shall give evidence that after State aid is withdrawn departments in agriculture, domestic economy, and manual training will be continued. Establishment, organization, and general management of high schools herein provided for shall be vested in five county trustees elected at large; term two years, two being elected one year and three the next. County school trustees shall classify schools as primary, intermediate, and high schools, and in cooperation with county superintendent shall prescribe a course of study. In establishing high schools county trustees shall, with consent of district trustees, consolidate as many districts as practicable, and shall arrange with trustees for free tuition for eligible children in high schools; they may also arrange wuth trustees of independent districts having high schools for free 684 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tuition of children residing in adjacent commou-school districts. County- school trustees are constituted a hody corporate ; county superintendent shall be secretary; county school trustees shall, in cooperation with county super- intendent, apportion school funds to districts, except to those having more than 150 school population. All appeals shall lie from county superintendent to county trustees. Trustees shall hold meetings quarterly and when called by president. They shall be qualified voters, freeholders, and of good educa- tion; remaining trustees shall fill vacancy. State appropriation of $50,000 annually for carrying out this act. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' cer- tificates, general. Utah: There shall be levied annually a State tax of one-half mill on the dollar for high-school purposes; local school board shall report average at- tendance of at least 20 weeks, and State board of education shall apportion amount raised by said tax on basis of such attendance. State board* shall appoint a competent person to inspect at least twice a year all high schools claiming benefits of high-school fund. Each county in the State, except county districts of the first class, shall constitute a high-school district unless subdivided as herein provided, but cities of first and second classes shall not be included in such high-school district. County superintendent is required to recommend to county com- missioners whether county should be subdivided into two or more high-school districts; commissioners shall hold hearing and may subdivide county as recommended; two or more common-school districts shall be united in such high-school district, but no district maintaining a high school shall be united with another which maintains one except by majority vote of the people; a common-school district having over 500 school population and maintaining a high school may remain a separate high-school district. Board of control for each high-school district shall consist of county superintendent and a member elected by board of each component common district from its mem- bership. After formation of district, board of control shall call an election to determine whether one or more high schools shall be established and number and location of same; if a majority favors, board shall establish school or schools as voted and may levy for support thereof a tax of not exceeding 5 mills on the dollar. Powers of hoard: To purchase and sell sites, provide buildings and furniture, and purchase all necessary apparatus, books, and supplies; establish and support school libraries; levy such tax in addition to 5 mills as may be authorized by vote of qualified electors ; provide for transportation of pupils living " too far from the high school to walk thereto " ; make needful rules and regulations. Board shall certify to county officers charged with assessment and collection of taxes the amount of tax required for high school and such officers shall levy and collect such tax in the district. State board of education shall prescribe course of study; State textbook commission shall adopt textbooks for such high schools. Board of control may, when advisable, and shall, on petition of 10 per cent of resident taxpayers of district, call an election to determine issuance of bonds; ma- jority of qualified electors shall determine. Board shall include in annual estimate sufficient levy to pay interest on bonds and create a sinking fund. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Vermont: High schools shall be based on an elementary course of at least eight years. High-school year shall be at least 36 weeks in length ; teachers in high schools shall be of competent ability, of good morals, and legal N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 685 certification; instruction sliall be given in Englisli language and literature, higher mathematics, history, and natural sciences; instruction may be given in ancient and modern languages, political, social, moral, and domestic sciences, agricultural and commercial subjects, music and physical culture, and in the fine and mechanical arts; courses must be approved by the State board of education. A legally incorporated educational institution furnish- ing instruction equivalent to a high school shall be an academy. School directors shall, at cost not to exceed $24 per year per pupil, provide high- school instruction for advanced pupils in a high school within the town, or in high schools or academies of other towns, within or without the State. If a town does not maintain a high school of first class, directors shall pro- vide for instruction of high-school pupils for remaining part of first-class course in some first-class high school or academy of some other town or district, within or without the State. Superintendent of education shall pre- pare high-school entrance examination questions, and shall rate replies to same; such examinations shall be conducted by superintendent of the town; expenses of such examination shall be allowed in same manner as expense of examination and certification of teachers. The State board of education shall classify and standardize high schools and academies; appeal may be made to said board from decision of board of directors relative to such schools ; no person shall be barred from such schools on account of age. The town clerk shall make annual report relative to high schools and academies to superintendent of education, who shall transmit same to auditor of accounts. Superintendent in a town maintaining a high school may deter- mine qualifications of elementary pupils to enter such school, or may require such pupils to take State examination for advanced instruction. Nonresident high-school pupils shall pay book rent at high schools or academies where book rent is charged instead of tuition. School directors of any town con- taining grammar-school lands shall have control of such lands unless set apart for some particular academy or grammar school; revenues of such lands shall be used for support of high school or academy within such town if approved by superintendent of education; if town does not maintain such high school or academy, such revenues shall be used to pay tuition of ad- vanced pupils in such schools or academies in other towns. See also A (b2), State officers; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; li (j), Agriculture; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Virginia: The district school board or school boards may establish and main- tain a high school, but no State funds shall be appropriated for high-school purposes until provision has been made for maintaining the primary and grammar grades for at least five months. Two or more districts may unite to organize a joint high school under rules prescribed by the State board of education. Said board shall prescribe entrance requirements for high schools and conditions under which nonresident pupils may be admitted. Before State funds shall be paid to any high school the State board of education shall have such school inspected; when a district or districts shall appropriate for an approved high school $250, the State board of education shall set aside $250 for said school; said board shall set aside an amount equal to that ar>propriated by district up to $400; State shall not aid more than one high school in a district unless State board decides that said dis- trict needs more than one high school. The sum of $100,000 is appropriated annually as State aid to high schools. The sum of $20,000 annually is appro- priated for aiding normal training in high schools, but not more than $1,500 shall be paid to any one school; State board of education shall designate 686 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. high schools to give such instruction, and shall prescribe the course of study and the qualifications of teachers; said board shall designate not more than one such school in a county; object of such normal course shall be to train teachers for elementary rural schools. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (b), Agricultural schools. Washington: Whenever residents of two or more contiguous districts desire to unite such districts for purpose of establishing a union high school, clerks of such districts, by order of directors, shall, upon petition of five or more heads of families of respective districts, submit such proposition to county superintendent who may approve formation of a union high-school district; if such approval be given, clerks shall call meetings of voters to act on such question, and same shall carry if a majority of the voters of each district shall vote therefor. The directors of the districts composing such union shall constitute board of directors for such union ; if such union district shall con- tain three or more districts, the chairmen of boards of directors of such dis- tricts shall constitute board for such union district ; clerk of such union board shall notify county superintendent of formation of such union district, and said superintendent shall in turn notify county treasurer and county auditor. Boundaries of a union district may be enlarged in manner prescribed for for- mation of such district ; union board shall not be reorganized as result of such change, but chairman or chairmen of districts so united to union shall be added to said board. Directors of such unions shall prescribe course of study for the union high school, but the same shall be legal and subject to approval of superintendent of public instruction ; no student below seventh grade shall be admitted to such high school ; teachers of such schools shall keep records and make required reports ; board of directors and clerk shall possess such i)owers and shall discharge such duties as are provided for school-district officers. Each union high-school district shall receive apportionments from annual school fund in same manner as other school districts receive the same. Any aggrieved resident taxpayer may appeal from decision of county superintend- ent as in other cases. A union high-school district may be dissolved after five or more years, at an election called for that purpose, by a majority of three-fifths of vote cast at such election ; county superintendent shall appor- tion liabilities and assets of a dissolved union district among districts com- posing the same. State board of education shall outline a course of reading and study simi- lar to that required in a full four-year high-school course, and shall provide for examination and certification of persons taking such extension course; examination of such persons shall be held at same time and place of holding teachers' examinations; persons intending to take such examination shall give due notice of such intention. Question for such examination shall be prepared by State board of education, furnished by superintendent of public instruction to county superintendent, who shall conduct said examination and return manuscripts to superintendent of public instruction to be graded ; suc- cessful applicants shall receive certificates from State board of education entitling holders to enter higher institutions of education without further ex- amination. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. West Virginia: Board of education of any district may, by three-fifths vote of electors voting at a meeting called for the purpose, establish and maintain a high school. High schools shall be divided into three classes: High schools N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 687 of first class shall be those which offer four-year course, each year to be 36 weeks, employing at least three teachers exclusively for high-school work; second class, three-year course, each year 36 weeks, employing not fe\fer than two teachers exclusively for high-school work; third class, two-year course, each year 36 weeks, one teacher exclusively for high-school work. State su- perintendent shall classify all high schools. First-class high schools shall receive from the State, annually, $800; second class, $600; third class, $400; but total amount appropriated in any year for such purpose shall not exceed $40,000. State superintendent shall annually certify appropriations for such purpose to county superintendents. Any district high school may be dis- continued at end of any year upon written petition of at least 75 per cent of taxpayers of district. Boards of education of two or more districts, whether in the same or dif- ferent conuties, may jointly establish and maintain a high school upon a ma- jority vote of electors of districts interested ; such school shall be maintained by the districts by levies proportionate to their assessed valuation; boards of education of districts shall constitute a joint board for control of joint high school ; county superintendent shall be ex officio a member and chairman of such joint board; same authority is conferred on joint board as upon a board establishing and maintaining a high school within a district. In any district containing a town, village, or densely populated neighbor- hood having two or more schools in same building, board of education may establish a graded school; in such district having four or more schools in same building, a high school may be established; but levy for such purposes shall not exceed 25 cents on $100 of taxable property for teachers' fund, and not exceed 15 cents on $100 for building fund ; upon petition of majority of taxpayers of district board may levy additional tax of 5 cents on the $100 of taxable property to extend term of such school, to be known as subdistrict teachers' fund. Board of education of any district or independent district may pay higher salaries to teachers than the minimum, having regard to grade of certificate; may establish higher grade of salaries for teachers in graded or high schools. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Wisconsin: Any town, village, city, school district, or subdistrict may, if having at least 25 persons of school age who have completed common-school course or equivalent, establish and maintain not exceeding two high schools; question of establishing such school may be submitted to voters by the proper board after due notice; dissolution of high-school district may be effected by a vote of electors, due notice having been given ; one of two high schools may be discontinued by vote of electors. Any city may establish a technical school or college as part of public-school system by vote of electors. Two or more adjoining towns or school districts, or one or more towns or school dis- tricts and an incorporated village or city, when same are contiguous, may unite and maintain a high school by vote of electors of civil units interested. Offi- cers of a free high-school district shall be a director, clerk, and treasurer, elected one each year, to serve three years ; in cities not under a county superinten- dent board of education shall be high-school board, and city treasurer shall be treasurer of such school ; in districts maintaining a graded school of not less than two departments board of education shall be high-school board, and district treasurer shall be treasurer of high school. Clerk shall certify taxes levied for high schools to the town, city, or village clerk, who shall apportion the same, and the treasurer or municipality shall collect and turn over same ) 688 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION". to the Wgh-scliool treasurer. OfiBcers of free high-school district shall have same authority, and be charged with same duties as are conferred on school- district officers, so far as applicable. Any school district containing a city in which a high school Is maintained and which expends annually over $4,000 for schools, may, by vote of electors, increase school board to seven members; said members shall be selected from the several wards, no two members from same ward until all war^is are represented ; in case city shall have fewer than seven wards, additional member or members shall be chosen at large; no board shall be so increased unless proposition for increase, signed by at least 25 electors, shall be filed with clerk of district prior to annual meeting; notice of such proposition shall be included in annual-meeting notice. High- school districts shall hold annual meetings, and may hold special meetings; due notice must be given of business to be transacted at special meetings. Voters at an annual or special meeting called for purpose may authorize high- school board to purchase school site, erect a schoolhouse thereon, furnish and equip the same, and borrow money to an amount not to exceed limitation provided by law. All such high schools shall be free to pupils of the district. Every principal of such school shall, in addition to qualifications as teacher of a common school, be a graduate of a university, college, or normal school, hold a State certificate, or pass an examination in studies required to be taught in any such school; certificate of every high-school principal and assistant teacher in high schools must be approved by State superintendent. Each high-school board shall, with advice and consent of State superintendent, determine high-school course of study, and fix entrance requirements. The high-school boards of not exceeding 10 high schools not under supervision of a city superintendent may each, under conditions prescribed by State super- intendent, establish a winter term equal to one-half full school term, open to students between ages of 16 and 20 years; said high-school boards shall annually make report to State superintendent relative to winter term; each of said high schools shall receive from State two-thirds of amount expended for salaries of additional teachers for such winter term, not to exceed $500 annually for each school. In every common-school district where a high school is maintained as part of the public-school system, electors shall vote amount to maintain high school for at least nine months ; this provision shall also apply to joint common-school districts. If electors of any free high- school district shall not vote a tax sufficient to maintain school for at least nine months, high-school board shall see that sufficient tax is levied. Electors of any town organized as a town free high-school district may vote to pur- chase site, erect suitable schoolhouse thereon, and furnish such schoolhouse. With advice and consent of State superintendent a free high school to be known as a union free high school may be established and maintained in a town, or in any tract of contiguous territory containing not less than 36 square miles; no such school shall be established unless at least 25 high- school children reside in said territory; question of establishing and main- taining such school shall be submitted to voters of such territory at an elec- tion to be held after due notice, upon petition of at least one-fifth of voters of such territory ; no union free high-school district shall be dissolved within . four years of date of its organization ; any free high-school district included in the territory of a proposed union free high-school district shall be abol- ished. Provisions as to officers of union free high-school districts, and their terms and duties, shall be same as for free high-school districts; said union districts shall hold annual meetings, at which meetings officers shall be elected; district board shall audit accounts and submit fiscal report to annual N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. 689 meeting; special meetings shall be called by proper oflScer of board on re- quest of 20 voters of district; officers shall not be elected at special meet- ings; no more than one special meeting to consider same subject shall be called in any one year; no tax or loan shall be voted at any special meeting unless three-fourths of voters of district have been lawfully notified; to vote at any annual meeting, a voter shall have been resident of district for at least 30 days preceding such meeting. Inhabitants of any school district qualified to vote at a high-school district meeting may, at an annual meeting, appoint officers of meeting; adjourn from time to time; purchase or lease school site, build, hire, or purchase a schoolhouse, repair and furnish school- house, and provide for equipment and maintenance of union free high school ; authorize sale of school property ; impose tax to discharge debts of district ; authorize union free high-school board to borrow money as prvided by law; authorize union free high-school board to purchase and furnish textbooks; determine term of high school, which shall be not less than nine months. Said board may fill any vacancy in their number. If meeting does not vote sufficient amount to conduct school for at least nine months, said board shall see that levy is made for such purpose. All taxes for said district shall be levied and collected as in case of single or joint common-school districts of State. All provisions relating to town free high schools, so far as applicable, shall apply to union free high schools. Union free high-school districts may be dissolved four years after establishment by a vote of electors at an annual meeting, upon due notice and a petition signed by at least one-fifth of voters of such district Any free high-school district which has established and maintained not more than two free high schools for term of not less than eight months in any one year, shall receive from the State one-half amount expended for high-school instruction, not to exceed $500 annually, but this limitation shall not apply to town or union free high schools ; the proper board shall annually make report to State superintendent relative to cost of such instruction ; for good cause said superintendent may withhold such aid. Whenever a free high school has been established and maintained in a district composed of a town, or a town and an incorporated village within the town, or two or more towns, or of two or more towns and an incorporated village in one or both of them, or within a contiguous tract of not less than 36 square miles, State superintendent shall make a separate class of such schools; each such school shall annually receive from the State an amount equal to one-half cost of instruction, but such amount appropriated to a school with a principal and one assistant shall not exceed $900 annually, and to school having principal and two assistants not to exceed $1,200 annually, and to school having principal and three or more assistants not to exceed $1,500 annually ; boards shall report annually to State superintendent amounts expended for in- struction. State superintendent shall prepare and publish course or courses of study for free high schools; shall inspect or cause to be inspected such schools; certificate teachers for, and require annual reports from such schools. Any l)oard having charge of a free high school, or equivalent high school, may establish and maintain in connection with such school, except in counties maintaining county training schools or joint county training schools, a teach- ers' training course, to be approved by State superintendent. Said board may establish and maintain in connection with any free high school or equivalent high school, and the two upper grades next below high school, a 3966"— 15 44 690 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. department of manual training, domestic economy, agriculture, or commer- cial work, or any or all of said departments ; State superintendent shall have general supervision over such departments, and shall certify teachers for same; clerk of board having control of any such department shall annually make report to State superintendent relative thereto. To receive State aid, such department must be conducted for not less than six monhs in the year ; each such department shall receive from the State one-half cost of instruc- tion, not to exceed $350 annually, if conducted in connection with high school and two upper grades below high school, but not to exceed $250 annually if conducted in connection with only the high school; no one dis- trict shall receive aid for more than three such departments; total State expenditure for such purposes shall not exceed $100,000 annually. Board in control of an approved high school maintaining a teachers' train- ing course shall make annual report to State superintendent relative to such course ; State shall pay salaries of teachers employed in such course, term to be not less than nine months; no such course shall be established in a high school employing less than four teachers, including the principal ; teacher of such training course must be a graduate of advanced course from a Wisconsin State normal school or equivalent school and must have had two years' ex- perience as teacher; at least 10 students must register in such course, and work done must meet approval of State superintendent; graduates of such course shall receive certificates of same force and effect as county training certificates. School boards of two or more districts maintaining free high schools may jointly employ a teacher or teachers of manual training ; expense of such instruction shall be borne proportionately by districts, and each such district shall receive State aid as provided by law. School board of every town high school and union free high school shall annually publish financial report of the high-school district and the recommendations for following year. Any high school maintaining a course or courses in stenography, typewriting, and bookkeeping shall be entitled to receive State aid as provided for depart- ments hereinbefore named, not to exceed $350 annually. Boards of any num- ber not exceeding 20 high schools may maintain in connection therewith a 16-weeks' course in agriculture, including rural economics, or domestic science, including home economics, or both, for pupils over 14 years old; said high school shall receive, when such short courses are approved by State superin- tendent, $200 annually for each such course; total amount expended for such purposes shall not exceed $8,000 annually. Board of any free high-school district shall admit to high school, when facilities warrant, any person of school age who has completed course of study in his district and who resides in any town or incorporated village, but not within any high-school district. School board in any incorporated city maintaining a graded school of at least 12 grades, but no free high school, the four upper grades being equialebt to high school, shall, when conditions permit, receive students from districts not maintaining a free high school, or its equivalent, when such students have completed course in their districts; said board may collect from resident districts of such students tuition fee not to exceed $1 per week. Students not residing in any free high-school dis- trict and who have completed course in districts of their residence may attend any free high school of Wisconsin or of another State when more convenient and school is approved upon payment by district of pupil's resi- dence of tuition not to exceed $1 per week. Common-school diploma shall be filed as basis for claim for high-school tuition. Tax shall be levied upon town or village where nonresident lives to pay such tuition. N (b). HIGH-SCHOOL INSPECTION. 691 See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. ; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Wyoming: A high-school district may be organized from any number of common-school districts. On petition of 100 freeholders, some of whom shall reside in each district to be affected, county commissioners shall order an election in districts proposed to be participants to determine question of organizing a high-school djstrict; majority vote shall determine and all districts a majority of whose voters shall favor proposition shall become par- ticipants. County commissioners shall appoint six persons who, with county superintendent, shall constitute board of trustees to hold until their suc- cessors are elected at next annual election. Term of trustees elected two years, three being elected every year. Vacancies filled until next election by remaining members of board. When county seat is within territory, high school of that district shall be located in such county seat. County treasurer shall be custodian of funds. Trustees shall have same powers as trustees of common-school districts and high-school district shall receive all the rights and benefits of other districts. Trustees shall annually recommend to county commissioners amount of taxes needed for building purposes and for mainte- nance, but not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar shall be levied for all purposes, and for teachers' wages and contingent expenses only, not exceeding 2 mills shall be levied. In lieu of tax for building purposes bonds may be issued; trustees may order an election to determine question of issuing bonds for not to exceed $50,000 and not to run longer than 25 years ; indebtedness of terri- tory may not be increased beyond constitutional limit; majority vote deter- mines; county commissioners shall levy in such district sufficient tax to pay interest and create sinking fund. Trustees shall locate school and provide building; they shall employ a principal and necessary teachers and fix their salaries. Course of study shall be such as to prepare for entrance to State university. Tuition shall be free to all persons of school age of the district, but no pupil shall be admitted who shall not have passed a satisfactory exami- nation or be holder of an eighth-grade common-school certificate; persons residing outside the district may be admitted on payment of tuition fixed by trustees. Trustees shall receive no compensation, but those residing outside the common-school district where high school is located shall receive mileage. Graduate shall be entitled for one year to enter any State institution without examination. An adjoining common-school district may be annexed to a high- school district by majority vote of electors of high-school district; such elec- tion shall be ordered by county commissioners on petition of 10 freeholders of common-school district. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' cer- tificates, general. N (b) . High-School Inspection. Arkansas: See A ^bl), State boards; N (a), High schools. California: See A (b2), State officers; N (a), High schools. Indiana: The State superintendent shall, with the approval of the State board of education, appoint a high-school inspector to carry out the duties imposed upon said State board in inspecting high schools. Said inspector shall receive $2,500 annually and expenses. 692 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION, Iowa: See G (c), County and local normal schools. Louisiana: See A (bl), State boards. Maine: See N (a), High schools. Maryland: See A (b2), State officers; N (a), High schools. Massachusetts: See A (bl), State boards; N (a), High schools. Minnesota: See N (a), High schools. Mississippi: See N (a), High schools. 3fissouri: See A (b2), State officers; G (c), County and local normal schools. Nebraska: See G (c), County and local normal schools. New Hampshire: See N (a), High schools. New Jersey: See A (b2), State officers. New York: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers. North Carolina: See N (a). High schools. North Dakota: See A (bl). State boards; N (a), High schools. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Pennsylvania: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers. South Carolina: See N (a), High schools. South Dakota: See A (b2), State officers. Tennessee: See B (a). General State finance and support. Utah: See N (a), High schools. Vermont: See A (bl). State boards. Virginia: See N (a), High schools. Washington: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; N (a), High schools. West Virginia: See N (a). High schools. Wisconsin: See A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education ; N (a). High schools. O. TECHNICAL, INDUSTRIAL. AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS: ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY. (a) General. Arizona: See G (b), State normal schools. California: The California Polytechnic School is established in county of San Luis Obispo for training both sexes in the mental and manual arts and sciences, including agriculture, mechanics, engineering, business methods, domestic economy, and similar branches. Governor, State superintendent, and five members appointed by the governor shall constitute the board of trustees. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Connecticut: The State board of education, town school committees, and district board of education may jointly or severally establish and maintain schools or courses in trades, occupations, and avocations ; said courses may be (a). INDUSTRIAL EDI^CATION, GIJNERAL. 663 Organized into day, evening, continuation, or part-time classes. Said com- mittees or district board shall appoint advisory committees to be composed in part of those experienced in trades or occupations. State aid to approved vocational schools shall be one-half the gross cost of maintenance, less re- turns from sale of products, but not to exceeti $50 annually per pupil in average attendance. When such schools are organized and conducted by the State board. State shall pay the net expense of maintenance, including rental of building for first two years. No money shall be expended by State board imless the town or district in which school or course is located shall provide approved building and equipment, except during first two years, when State board may rent building. Total annual expense by the State for the purposes of this act shall not exceed $125,000. The State board is authorized to estab- lish at State expense a public day and evening trade school in each of two towns, but no person under 14 years old shall be admitted thereto, except during vacations. Said board may contract with manufacturing establish- ments in which pupils of said schools may have half-time practice. The school board of any town, city, or borough may establish vocational guidance as a part of its educational system and may employ a " vocational counselor." Georgia: The county board of education may organize in each county one or more manual-labor schools on such plan as shall be self-sustaining, but plan must have approval of State board of education. Idaho: See A (bl), State boards. Indiana: "Vocational education," "industrial education," "agricultural edu- cation," " domestic science," " industrial, agricultural, or domestic-science school or department," " approved industrial, agricultural, or domestic-science school or department," *' evening class," and " part-time classes " are defined. Any school city, town, or township may establish vocational schools or de- partments for industrial, agricultural, and domestic-science education and may levy a tax of not exceeding 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property for the maintenance thereof, or may maintain the same from the common- school funds. Such instruction may be given in day, part-time, and evening classes; persons between 14 and 25 years old may be admitted, but persons entering evening classes shall be over 17 years old. Two or more school corporations may unite in establishing such school or classes. Elementary agriculture shall be taught in the grades of all town and township schools; elementary industrial w^ork shall be taught in the grades of all city and town schools; elementary domestic science shall be taught in the grades of all schools. State board of education shall aid school authorities in the estab- lishment and maintenance of such schools. Said board shall be constituted as follows: State superintendent, presidents of the State university, Purdue University, and the State normal school, superintendents of the three cities having the largest enumeration of children of school age, three citizens ac- tively engaged in educational work, at least one of whom shall be a county superintendent, three persons interested in vocational education; governor shall appoint those not ex officio. State superintendent shall, with approval of State board, appoint a deputy superintendent in charge of industrial and domestic-science education ; he shall cooperate with Purdue University in the appointment of a supervisor of agricultural instruction. Boards of education or township trustees administering vocational schools under this act shall each appoint an advisory committee, to be composed of members representing local trades, industries, and occupations. Any resident of a school corpora- tion not maintaining a vocational school may make application to attend such 6$4 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATlOK. a school in another corporation, and State board of education shall finally determine whether such application shall be granted ; if application is granted, corporation where pupil resides shall pay tuition. When any school corpora- tion shall have established a vocational school under this act the authorities thereof may require all youths between 14 and 16 years old who are regularly employed to attend said school not less than five hours a week between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. On petition of 20 or more farmers, accompanied by a de- posit of $500 to cover expenses, county council shall appropriate annually $1,500 to pay salary and other expenses of a county agricultural agent; Pur- due University shall appoint such agent, subject to county and State boards of education ; not exceeding $1,000 from the State funds provided in this act shall be paid to pay one-half the salary of said county agent. Vocational schools approved by the State board of education shall receive from the State an amount equal to two-thirds of the cost of vocational instruction given therein; school cities, towns, and townships which have paid claims for tui- tion in approved vocational schools shall be reimbursed by the State to the extent of one-half the amount paid. A State tax of 1 cent on each $100 shall be levied to carry out the provisions of this act. See also A (bl). State boards. Kansas: School boards may, in addition to other levies, levy a tax of one- eighth of 1 mill in cities of the first and second classes and one-fourth of 1 mill in school districts for the maintenance of industrial training schools or departments; course of study must have approval of State board of educa- tion, and such board shall grant special certificates to those qualified to teach industrial subjects. (No appropriation for State aid in 1913 and 1914.) Kentucky: See A ector ; if inspection is favorable, school shall be entitled "to receive the special appropriation for industrial education." Comptroller, on receiving certificate of approval, is directed to issue warrant for $1,500, payable out of any available money in treasury; about one half for supiwrt of one colored industrial school in the county, the other half for a trained supervisor of colored schools, who shall cause in- struction of an industrial character to be made "a daily part of the work of every colored school"; after first year the industrial school must have average attendance of 30 pupils, and there must be as many as 10 colored schools in county ; if less than 10 colored schools. State board may pay $750 ; State superintendent shall supervise industrial and agricultural training done under this act, collect statistics, certify names of counties complying to comptroller, and make full report to State board ; county boards authorized to make manual training, domestic science, and agriculture a part of the course in any school. This law shall not repeal annual appropriation of $1,500 for manual training in Charles County payable to the McDonough Institute. Massachusetts: "Vocational education," "industrial education," "agricultural education," " household-arts education," " independent industrial, agricul- tural, or household-arts school," " evening class," " part-time or continuation class," " independent agricultural school," and " independent household-arts school " are defined. The State board of education is authorized to investi- gate and to aid in the introduction of industrial, agricultural, and household- arts education ; to initiate and superintend the establishment and maintenance of schools for the aforesaid forms of education ; and to supervise and approve such schools. Said board shall report annually to legislature on aforesaid forms of education. Schools for such forms of education may offer instruction in day, part-time, and evening classes; attendance upon such day or part- time classes shall be restricted to those over 14 and under 25 years old ; and upon such evening classes, to those over 17 years old. Any city or town may, through its school committee or through a board of trustees elected by the city or town for a period not to exceed five years, establish and maintain such schools. Districts composed of cities or towns, or of cities and towns, may establish and maintain'such schools; boards of trustees for such districts may consist of the chairman and two other members of the school committee of each of such cities or towns, or any such city or town may elect three resi- dents thereof to serve as representatives on such board; such district board may adopt for period of one year or more a plan for said schools, and if ap- proved by State board shall constitute a binding contract between the cities or towns, and such plan shall not be altered except by two-thirds vote of district board and the consent of the State board. Local and district boards for vocational education shall appoint advisory committees composed of repre- sentatives of local trades, industries, and occupations. Any nonresident pupil may attend, with approval of State board, vocational schools; tuition for such pupil shall be paid by the city or town where such pupil resides, and such city or town shall be reimbursed by the State for the same. The State shall pay annually to cities and towns maintaining such schools an amount equal to one-half the sum, to be known as the net maintenance sum; such net 696 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. maintenance sum shall consist of the total sum raised by local taxation and expended for maintenance of such school, less the amount for the same period of tuition claims and less receipts from the work of pupils or the sale of products. Cities and towns maintaining agricultural departments in high schools shall be reimbursed only to the extent of two-thirds of the salary of instructors in such departments, but the total of such reimbursement for salaries of such instructors shall not exceed $10,000 for any year. Cities and towns that have paid tuition in vocational schools shall be reimbursed by the State to the extent of one-half of such tuition. Any city or town may, through its school committee or other board for vocational education, estab- lish and maintain evening classes in household and other practical arts for women over 17 years old. See also A (bl), State boards; C (c), Local taxation; G (b). State normal schools; O (d). Continuation schools. Michigan: Any school district with the consent of a majority of the qualified electors voting at an election may establish and maintain trade, industrial, marine, vocational, and manual-training schools and school gymnasiums ; may provide necessary sites, buildings, teachers, etc., and defray the cost of the same out of the general tax upon the taxable property of the district. Said district may hold for such purpose gifts and bequests as permanent funds. Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: See Q (f). Other technical and professional schools. Missouri: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. Montana: Elementary manual and industrial training may form a part of required course of study in all grades of the public schools; State superin- tendent shall formulate a course of study, or may approve course prepared by local officials; districts of more than 5,000 population shall, and other districts may, maintain at least one manual-training school; courses shall have approval of State board of education; State superintendent may grant certificates to teachers of special subjects. In districts having a population of over 10,000 there shall be, and in other districts there may be, maintained schools or courses, in connection with manual training or city or county high schools, designated to furnish a direct vocational training, including training in agriculture and mining; classes shall be formed when not less than 20 applicants desire instruction in any vocation; pupils 12 years old who have completed work of five grades may be admitted; pupils 14 years old and adults may be admitted to evening classes. Teacher must hold from State superintendent special certificate specifying subject to be taught. Dis- trict trustees may use moneys from general fund of district for support of manual and industrial courses; State treasurer shall pay each district and to each county high school maintaining manual and industrial courses $10 for each pupil in such course for six months; vocational courses must have approval of State board of education. ("The legislature has never appro- priated any money for the purpose mentioned." — Deputy State Commissioner of Education.) New Hampshire: S§e A (b2), State officers. New Jersey: The terms, '* vocational education," " industrial education," " agri- cultural education," " household education," " industrial, agricultural, or house- hold-arts school," "evening classes," and "part-time or continuation class" are defined in the law. Commissioner of education shall investigate necessity of industrial, agricultural, and household-arts education and shall, subject to approval of State board of education, superintend establishment and main- (a). Il^DUSTMAL EDUCATION, CENERAL. 6^? tenance of schools for said forms of education; instruction in said forms of education may be given in day, part-time, and evening classes; school board of any district may establish and maintain schools or classes for said forms of education; two or more districts may jointly establish and maintain such schools or classes; the location, rules of management, and courses of study of such schools must be approved by said commissioner, subject to advice and consent of State board; moneys for needs of such schools shall be appropriated in same manner as moneys are appropriated for needs of union graded schools; any district establishing and maintaining such school shall, on order of said commissioner, receive from the State an amount equal to that raised by the district for such school, exclusive of amount appropriated for purchase of site and erection of buildings, and annually thereafter an amount equal to amount raised by such district, but such aid for support and maintenance of any such school shall not in any year exceed $10,000. A county vocational school may be located in any county; State board shall prescribe rules for such schools ; location of any such school and courses therein must be approved by the commissioner of education, with advice and consent of State board. Board of education for such county school shall consist of county superintendent and four persons appointed by court of common pleas of such county, one appointed each year, to serve four years; appointive members shall have been residents of county for three years immediately preceding appointment; said board shall be a body corporate. Powers of coimty vocational school hoard: To purchase, sell, and improve school grounds ; erect, lease, enlarge, improve, and repair school buildings and equip such buildings; condemn property for school purposes; insure school buildings and hold property in trust for benefit of school; employ and fix salaries of principals, teachers, and other employees; pre- scribe courses of study; appoint and fix salary of treasurer, who shall not be a member of board; make rules, regulations, and by-laws; suspend and expel pupils froto school; provide textbooks and supplies; make annual report to commissioner of education; appoint and fix term and salary of a secretary. Supplies shall be purchased and buildings erected under contract, after advertisement for proposals; supplies to value of $250 may be pur- chased, and repairs to extent of $500 may be made by said board without so advertising; textbooks may be bought without advertisement. Board of school estimate of a county vocational school shall consist of two members of board of education of such school appointed by it, two members of board of chosen freeholders of the county appointed by said board, and the judge of county court of common pleas; said board of education shall deliver to said board of estimate annually an estimate of moneys needed for support of said school; board of estimate shall determine amounts necessary and shall instruct board of chosen freeholders to levy and collect the same on the taxable property of the district; said board of freeholders shall levy a tax for purchasing lands or erecting buildings for such school, or may borrow money therefor at rate of interest not to exceed 5 per cent per annum, and may issue bonds to secure such loans when directed to do so by said board of estimate, after submission of budget to board of estimate by said board of vocational school; such bonds shall run not longer than 30 years, must be sold for not less than par and accrued interest, and county shall levy tax to pay interest on such bonds and to create sinking fund for retirement thereof; county vocational schools shall receive State aid in same manner as that provided for other vocational schools; amounts for such aid shall be deducted from State school moneys prior to apportion- ment of such moneys among the various counties of the State. State board 6d8 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of education may for good cause withhold such aid from said vocational schools. Total State aid for vocational schools shall not exceed $80,000 annually. Whenever board of education, school committee, or other like body of any city, town, or township shall raise $300, by subscription or otherwise, for establishment of a school or schools for industrial education, a like sum shall be appropriated to such unit by the State, but not to exceed' in any one year $7,000; State aid shall be given annually for maintenance of such school equal to amount raised by such unit for such purpose ; said city, town, or township may raise tax for support of such school such sum as may be deemed expe- dient and just. Board of trustees of each such school shall consist of the governor and mayor or other chief executive officer of the city, town, or townhip, ex officio, and eight persons appointed by governor, two each year, to serve four years. Powers and duties of such board: To have charge of industrial-school property; regulate tuition fees; appoint teachers; prescribe courses of study ; grant certificates of graduation ; appoint treasurer of board ; frame by-laws ; report annually to State and local boards of education. Said , trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses ; said board shall be a body corporate. Whenever the board of trustees for industrial education of a city shall acquire $100,000 for purchase of site and erection and equipment of a building for purposes of industrial education and sum of not less than $3,000 has been contributed for establishment of such school or schools a like sum shall be appropriated by State for such school or schools, and annual aid for maintenance shall be given equal to sum raised by said city for such purpose, but moneys contributed by State as aforesaid shall not in any year exceed $10,000. Any city of second class may raise $50,000 for purposes of industrial education; said city may issue bonds for such purpose, to run for no longer than 20 years, to bear not exceeding 4 per cent interest per annum, and to be sold not below par ; taxes shall be levied to pay interest on such bonds and to create sinking fund therefor. The manual-training and industrial school for colored youth at Bordentown shall be under control of State board of education. Duties of said hoard relative to said school: To have care of property; expend funds appropriated for support thereof; appoint and fix salaries of a principal, teachers, and other employees ; prescribe studies ; prescribe rules for management of school and for admission of pupils. Tuition shall be free. Each county shall be entitled to at least as many pupils in said school as it shall have representa- tives in the legislature. State board shall appoint and fix salary of treasurer of said school. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; L (i), Manual and industrial education. New Mexico: The interest of the invested school funds of Las Vegas may be applied to the maintenance of an industrial manual-training school for boys and girls, which said school shall be located in the town of Las Vegas. See also A (b2). State officers. New York: The school authorities of any city may establish and maintain as a part of the public-school system the following: (1) General industrial schools for pupils who have completed elementary-school course or are 14 years old; (2) trade schools open to pupils 16 years old or to pupils who have completed either the elementary-school course or a general industrial course or who shall meet other requirements of board; (3) schools of agricul- ture, mechanic arts, and home making, open to pupils who have completed elementary-school course or are 14 years old or who shall meet requirements (a). INDUSTKIAL EDUCATION, GENERAL. 699 of board; (4) part-time or continuation schools open to pupils over 14 years old who are employed during part of day in any useful service; (5) evening vocational schools open to persons over 16 years old who are employed during the day. The board of education of any union free-school district may estab- lish and maintain such schools when authorized by a district meeting; the trustee or trustees in common-school districts may establish a school or course in agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making when authorized by a district meeting. In any city establishing such a school the board of edu- cation or like authority in a city not having such board shall appoint an advisory board of five members representing the local trades, industries, and occupations, apix)inted annually, in rotation, in groups of two and three ; term of office, two years; said advisory board shall counsel with and advise school authorities relative to schools and instruction hereinbefore provided. Com- missioner of education shall annually apportion from State school funds to each city and union free-school district for each general industrial school, trade school, part-time or continuation school, or evening vocational school maintained therein for 36 weeks during year and employing one teacher exclusively for such school and having enrollment of at least 15 pupils and approved by said commissioner, a sum equal to two-thirds of salary of such teacher, but not exceeding $1,000 per year ; a like sum, and upon like condi- tions, shall be apportioned to cities, union free-school districts, and common- school districts maintaining schools of agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making; where the teacher is employed for the entire year State aid may be increased by $200, but State aid for such teacher shall not in any year exceed $1,000; said commissioner shall apportion to each city and union free-school district for each additional teacher employed exclusively in schools hereinbefore provided one-third of annual salary, not to exceed $1,000 for each such teacher per year, such service to be for at least 36 weeks; said commissioner may apportion such funds to such schools conducted for a shorter period than 36 weeks or for time less than a regular school day an amount pro rata to length of session or time teachers are employed; manual-training high schools or manual-training departments of high schools shall receive no part of such funds ; funds so apportioned shall be used exclu- sively for teachers' salaries. The board of education, or school officer with like powers, of each city shall annually file with the common council of such city an estimate of expenditures necessary for schools hereinbefore provided, and such estimate, after State aid has been deducted, shall be included in annual tax budget of such city; said common council may, by a two-thirds vote, reduce or reject any item included in such estimate ; the board of educa- tion in a union free-school district maintaining any of aforesaid schools shall, after deducting State aid, include in its estimate expenses for such schools, and such amount shall be levied on taxable property of the district. The State agricultural schools may give courses for training of teachers in agricul- ture, mechanic arts, domestic science, or home making, approved by the com- missioner of education; such schools may receive State aid as provided for schools in union free districts; graduates from such courses may receive licenses to teach said subjects, subject to rules and regulations of commis- sioner of education. See also B (a), General State finance and support North Carolina: See G (b). State normal schools. North Dakota: A normal and industrial school is located at Ellendale. The object of such school shall be to give instruction in manual training, cooking, sewing, and the like, and to prepare teachers for the public schools with 700 STAlTE LAWS JRELATllSfG TO t^UBLIC EDUOATIOiT. special reference to manual training. The proceeds of the sale of lands granted by the State to said institution are pledged for the establishment and support of the same. Board of trustees shall consist of five members, appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Pennsylvania: Board of trustees of Thaddeus Stevens rndustrial School shall consist of nine members, who shall servie without compensation and shall be appointed by the governor by and with the advice of the senate; three such trustees shall be appointed each year to serve three years; said board shall be a body corporate; State superintendent shall be ex oflacio member of board. There shall be admitted to said school boys under 14 years old; no distinction shall be made on account of race, color, or religion. Instruction shall be given in reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing, duties of citizenship, elementary manual training, elements of farming, and other subjects as may be required. The governor, State superintendent, judges of the several courts of the State, and members of the legislature shall be ex officio visitors of said institution. " Vocational education," " industrial education," " agricultural education," " household-arts education," " evening classes," and " part-time or continua- tion classes " are defined. The State board of education is authorized to inves- tigate and aid in the introduction of industrial, agricultural, and household- arts education; and to establish, inspect, and approve schools for such forms of education ; said board shall make annual reports to the governor and legis- lature in reference to such education. The State superintendent shall be the executive officer of said board in reference to such forms of education, and with the approval of the State board shall appoint such assistants as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. Instruction in said forms of education may be offered in day, part-time, and evening classes; attend- ance upon such classes shall be restricted to those over 14 years old. Any school district may, through its board of directors, establish and maintain industrial, agricultural, and household-arts schools or departments ; said boards may provide revenue for such schools or departments; two or more districts may jointly support vocational schools or departments. Local school boards may, under a plan to be approved by the State board, appoint an advisory committee for such schools or departments, the said committee to be composed of representatives of trades, industries, and occupations. Non- resident pupils may be admitted to vocational schools or departments upon payment by resident districts of tuition ; State board may require such schools to admit nonresidents. The State shall pay two-thirds cost of maintenance of said vocational schools when the same are approved, but no one school dis- trict shall receive more than $5,000 in any one school year; school districts paying tuition in such schools shall be reimbursed to extent of one-half of sum so expended. State board shall make biennial estimates of cost of such vocational schools and departments. See also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; M (c), Evening schools. Rhode Island: In case any town shall provide instruction in manual training and household arts in public schools, with approval of State board of educa- tion, such town shall receive from State one-half amount expended for appa- ratus. Any town maintaining day or evening courses in vocational industrial education, including agriculture, mechanical, and industrial arts, w^hen ap- proved by State board, shall receive from State one-half cost of maintenance; O (a). INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION, GENERAL. 701 equipment and buildings shall not be included in this reckoning; manual- training high schools shall not be included in this class unless maintaining Industrial courses; sum of $5,000 shall be annually appropriated for such purpose. Moneys appropriated for Rhode Island School of Design shall be paid by State treasurer upon orders of State board of education; said board may examine said school at pleasure. Directors of said school shall make annual report to State board; State board may elect two of their number to serve as ex officio directors of said school. State board may appoint as State bene- ficiaries at said school suitable persons who are without means; in making such appointments said board shall consider, as far as practicable, population of the several counties ; for such purpose $11,000 shall be annually appropri- ated. Sum of $5,000 shall be annually appropriated for textile department of said school, and when a special textile building shall be constructed for said school a further appropriation of $5,000 per year shall be made. (The sup- port of this school is partly public, partly private, and partly by endowment.) See also A (bl), State boards. Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support. Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Virginia: The State board of education shall investigate and assist in the introduction of industrial, agricultural, household arts, and commercial education; aid local authorities in establishing schools and departments for such instruction, and inspect the same; allow to such schools and depart- ments, when approved, the money to which they are entitled. Any school board may establish and maintain all-day, part-time, continuation, or evening schools for such instruction. A united agricultural board is established; said board shall be composed of the governor, superintendent of public instruction, and representatives of agricultural institutions of the State; it shall associate with itself repre- sentatives of the Department of Agriculture, at Washington. Said board Rliall assign to the College of Agriculture and Polytechnic Institute adult demonstration work and movable schools; to agricultural experiment sta- tions, the direction of local or district experiment stations ; to the State board of education, the experimental and demonstration work in connection with the public schools ; to the commissioner and State board of agriculture, the direction of farmers' institutes. To each such agency $5,000 is appropriated for the purpose indicated. Washington: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. West Virginia: The financial and business affairs of the Bluefield Colored institute shall be under the charge and control of the State board of control ; educational affairs shall be under government of the State board of regents. Such branches as are taught in the preparatory department of West Virginia University and in the normal schools of the State shall be taught in said school ; no student shall receive tuition free in such branches except in such as are taught free in the preparatory department of West Virginia University and in normal department. Regents shall employ and fix salaries of officers and teachers in said school. All fees collected in said school shall be applied to expenses thereof. Wisconsin: State board of industrial education shall be composed of six members, appointed by governor, and of State superintendent and the dean of the extension department and the dean of the college of engineering of State university, ex officio; three of appointive members shall be employers 702 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of labor, and three skilled employees, who shall serve two years ; said board shall meet quarterly and shall report biennially. State superintendent shall appoint an assistant for industrial education, who, with advice, consent, and direction of said superintendent, shall have supervision over public indus- trial schools, public evening schools, continuation schools, and commercial schools. Laws relating to agricultural schools and Platteville mining-trade school shall remain unaffected by these provisions. Said superintendent shall have such other assistants as may be needed for such work, to be appointed from civil-service examination list. In every town or village or city of over 5,000 inhabitants there shall be, and in other municipalities there may be, a local board of industrial education, to consist of superintend- ent of schools ex officio, or if there be no superintendent, of principal of high school ex officio, or if there be neither superintendent nor principal, of chairman of school board ex officio, and four other members, two employers and two employees, appointed by school board, to serve without pay; term, two years ; said local boards of industrial education have general supervision of instruction in local industrial schools; neither State aid nor money appropriated by municipality shall be spent for industrial schools without approval of said local board; said board shall employ and determine quali- fications of teachers for such schools; said board shall acquire property and equipment for said schools ; said board may contract with extension division of State university, for certain instruction in said schools; an industrial school shall be established upon application of 25 persons qualified to attend. Said local board shall annually certify amount of money needed for indus- trial schools, and such amount shall he levied on taxable property of the city, village, or town, but rate thereof shall not exceed one-half mill on the dollar; amount so raised shall be used exclusively for industrial schools. Courses of study for said schools must be approved by State superintendent • and State board of industrial education, and shall include English, citizen- ship, sanitation and hygiene, use of safety devices, and such other subjects as shall be approved. Not more than $10,000 of State aid shall be given to said schools in any one city, village, or town, and not more than 45 such schools shall receive such aid; secretary of each local board of industrial education shall annually make report to State superintendent relative to industrial schools; each such school, when approved, shall receive from State one-half amount expended for same, not to exceed $3,000 annually. Industrial schools shall be open to residents over 14 years old who are not required by law to attend other schools; nonresidents may be admitted to such schools upon payment of tuition of not more than 50 cents per week; students shall pay for material used. Nothing in this act shall interfere with trade schools as established by law, unless the school board of any such city or school district shall by majority vote adopt provisions relating to industrial education as herein provided. See also G (b), State normal schools; N (a), High schools. Wyoming: School board of any district may establish industrial and manual training schools. O (b) . Agricultural Schools. See also L (j), Agriculture. Alabama: One agricultural school established in each congressional district. Board of control: Governor, State superintendent, commissioner of agricul- ture and industries, two members appointed by governor from respective dis- (b). AGKICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 703 tricts wherein school for which they are appointed is located; term, four years. Board elects officers and instructors, prescribes their duties, and makes rules and regulations for the government of the school. Annual appropria- tion, $4,500 for each school; $3,000 additional if governor finds state of treasury will warrant; $1,500 of appropriation shall be used for farm and experiment stiition. Arkansas: The State is divided into four districts, and an agricultural school, in which shall be taught agriculture, horticulture, and the art of textile manufacturing is established in each such district. Board of trustees: Five intelligent farmers; term, 10 yeurs, one being appointed by the governor every two years. No student under the age of 15 shall be admitted. Annual State appropriations are made for such schools. Colorado: See Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Georgia: The governor may establish and cause to be maintained an agricul- tural and industrial school in each congressional district; all fees received for the inspection of fertilizers, oils, etc., by the department of agriculture shall be devoted to the support of such schools; governor shall appoint from each county in the respective districts one trustee for the school to be established in such district; term, six years. Governor is authorized to receive from any county or citizens thereof a site of not less than 200 acres in area and additional donations as buildings, etc., if more than two such sites are offered, governor and trustees shall select one of those offered. One- half of the net proceeds of sale of products of farm and shops shall be used to pay students for labor, but no student shall receive more than $100 per an- num. Course of studies shall include agriculture and the mechanic arts and such other branches as will enable students to enter freshmen class of State college of agriculture. Faculty shall be chosen by trustees. After first buildings are provided all work about the schools shall be done by students. Tuition shall be free; trustees shall equalize as far as possible the privi- leges of the school among the counties of the district. So much is appropri- ated that, including inspection fees, $10,000 annually will be provided for each school. Indiana: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Kansas: See G (c), County and local normal schools; O (a), Industrial edu- cation, general. Maine: See O (a). Industrial education, general. Maryland: See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Massachusetts: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Michigan: Upon petition of 10 per cent of the qualified voters of any county, the county board of supervisors shall submit to a vote of the people the ques- tion of establishing a county school of agriculture, manual training, and do- mestic economy; if a majority of those voting are in favor thereof, said board shall establish such school. By a two-thirds vote said supervisors may submit to the voters the question of contracting indebtedness or issuing bonds foi organizing and equipping such school and a majority of those voting shall determine. Such school shall be under the control of a "county school hoard " to be composed of the county commissioner of schools and four mem- bers appointed by the board of supervisors; term of appointive members, four years, one being appointed each year. When two or more counties unite to establish such a school, the board shall consist of the commissioner of schools of the county in which schoolhouse is located and two members tvom 704 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. each county; term of members from each county, two years, one being ap- pointed each year. When two or more counties shall so unite, the support of such school shall be borne by said counties in proportion to the taxable property therein. In such schools instruction shall be given in agriculture, including soils, plant and animal life, and farm accounting, and in manual training, domestic economy and related subjects. Each such school shall have a tract of land of not less than 10 acres. Such school shall be free to the residents of the county or counties supporting the same, if such residents are qualified to take the required course. State superintendent shall have the general supervision of such schools and, with the president of the Michigan Agricultural College, shall determine the qualifications of teachers therein, but no person shall be superintendent of such school unless he is a graduate of the State agricultural college. Any school approved by the State super- intendent and president of the agricultural college, having buildings and equipment costing $20,000 or more, and having at least 80 acres of land shall> so long as it remains so approved; receive State aid of two-thirds of cost of maintenance, but not to exceed $4,000 a year. State-aided schools shall be free to the inhabitants of the State. Mississippi: See N (a). High schools. Missouri: See N (a), High schools. Montana: See A (c2), County oflScers; O (a), Industrial education, general. Nebraska: See N (a), High schools. New Jersey: See O (a). Industrial education, general. New York: The State school of agriculture at Morrisville shall be under control of board of seven members, consisting of commissioner of agriculture and the director of the State agricultural college at Cornell University, ex oflacio, and five members appointed by governor, with advice and consent of the senate; at least two of appointive members shall be residents of county of Madison, and one member shall be recommended by the State grange; members shall be appointed in groups of two and three alternately, one group every two years, to serve four years; members shall serve without compen- sation, but may be allowed a sum not to exceed $1,500 per year for clerical and other assistance. Powers and duties of T)oard: To employ teachers and other employees; adopt rules; prescribe course of instruction. Said board shall report annually to commissioner of agriculture and to legislature. Stu- dents who are residents of State for one year preceding admission shall re- ceive free tuition; all fees and proceeds of farm sales shall be reported to State treasurer, and same may be reappropriated to said school. Objects and purposes of said school: To instruct pupils in elementary and practical agri- culture, domestic science, and allied subjects; give courses preparatory for college of agriculture at Cornell University; conduct agricultural experi- ments. The State school of agi'iculture on Long Island shall be under the general supervision of the commissioner of education and under the immediate super- vision and management of a board of nine trustees appointed by governor, one from each of the five boroughs of city of New York and two each from counties of Nassau and Suffolk; three of such members shall be appointed annually, to serve three years; trustees shall serve without pay. Board of trustees shall appoint and fix salaries of teachers and other employees and do other things necessary for welfare of said school. Tuition shall be free to bona fide residents of State; all fees and receipts from farm sales shall be reported to State treasurer. Said school shall furnish instruction and train- ing in agricultural science, manual arts, and domestic science; courses for (b). AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 705 teachers ; winter courses for farmers. The director of State college of agricul- ture at Cornell University, commissioner of agriculture, director of State agri- cultural experiment station, commissioner of education, and president of board of trustees of said school shall constitute an advisory board for said school. The State school of agriculture and domestic science at Delhi shall be under control of board of seven members, composed of State commissioner of agriculture and director of State agricultural school at Cornell University, ex officio, and of five apiwinted by governor, with advice and consent of the senate; two of api3ointive members shall be residents of Delaware County and one shall be recommended by the State grange; members shall be ap- pointed in groups of two and three, alternately, every two years, to serve four years. Powers and duties of hoard: To employ teachers and other em- ployees ; adopt rules for their own government and government of said school ; prescribe course of instruction. Objects and purposes of said school: Practi- cal instruction of pupils in agriculture, domestic science, and allied subjects; giving of an elementary and preparatory course in agriculture in prepara- tion for advanced courses in State agricultural school at Cornell University; conducting of agricultural experiments. Students who have been bona fide residents of State for one year preceding admission shall receive free tuition; all fees and receipts from sale of products shall be forwarded to State treas- urer, and may be reappropriated to school. Board of said school shall annu- ally report to State commissioner of agriculture and to legislature. Board of trustees of State school of agriculture at Cobleskill shall consist of commissioner of education, commissioner of agriculture, ex officio, and five members appointed by the governor ; at least three of appointive members shall be residents of county of Schoharie and one a resident of Cobleskill ; one member shall be appointed each year; term, five years; trustees shall serve without compensation. Powers and duties of hoard: To employ teachers and other employees; adopt rules; prescribe course of instruction. Said board shall report annually to commissioner of education and to legislature. Stu- dents who have resided in State for at least one year preceding admission shall receive free tuition; all fees and all receipts from farm sales shall be reported to State treasurer, and may be reappropriated to said school. 06- jects of said school shall he: Instruction of pupils in agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making; instruction through extension methods; conducting experiments and investigations ; printing and distribution of bulletins. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; F (c), Teachers' pensions; L (j), Agriculture; O (a), Industrial education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. North Carolina: There shall be established and maintained in every county complying with the provisions of this act a school for preparing boys for agricultural pursuits and girls for home making on the farm. Course of study shall be as approved by State superintendent. Board of trustees: County superintendent, ex officio, and one member from each township ap- pointed by county board of education ; term, six years, as near one-third as possible retiring every two years. Trustees shall locate school where most financial aid is offered, but not in a town of over 1,000 inhabitants nor nearer than 2 miles to city or town of more than 5,000. I*or maintenance county or township or district, or all combined, shall provide annually, by taxation or otherwise, not less than $2,500; they shall also provide schoolhouse, dormi- tories for at least 25 boys and 25 girls, barn and dairy building with equip- ment, and farm of not less than 25 acres, but State superintendent may grant permission to accept schoolhouse already constructed and may permit 3966''— 15 45 706 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. reduction of number of acres to 10. On request of county board of educa- tion, county commissioners shall order an election to determine question of levying a special tax for the maintenance and equipment of a " county farm- life school " ; majority vote determines. If vote carries, commissioners shall levy suflScient tax to produce sum required for maintenance, and, if bonds are issued, to pay interest and create sinking fund. If a majority of voters vote " for county farm-life school," county commissioners shall be deemed authorized to issue bonds for not exceeding $25,000 to provide land, build- ings, and equipment. Township may issue bonds for not exceeding $25,000 to secure location of school within its borders; two or more contiguous townships may unite in issuing bonds for similar purpose. If election for establishment of " county farm-life school " fails in any county, township or two or more contiguous townships may vote on question and establish such school, but entire county may by vote take over such school after its estab- lishment by townships. A high-school department shall be established in such farm-life school. Principal of such school shall hold high-school cer- tificate in all subjects except Latin, Greek and modern languages, and in addition a certificate from the State board of examiners and from president of college of agriculture and mechanic arts; teacher of girls' department shall have same qualifications, except that last-mentioned certificate shall be from president of State normal and industrial college. Such schools shall conduct agricultural extension work and shall offer short courses for adult men and women. Students not residents of county may be admitted on pay- ment of tuition fixed by trustees, but students residing in county shall be admitted free. Board of trustees shall be a body corporate. When provi- sions of law have been complied with. State board of education shall order State superintendent to draw requisition for $2,500 annually for such school, but not more than 10 such schools shall be established in any one year. There shall be maintained in one or more high schools of Guilford County, complying with this act, departments of agriculture and home economics. Said school or schools shall be under control of county board of education and chairman and secretary of trustees of each high school having such de- partments. County board of education shall designate such schools, taking into account financial aid offered and suitability of location, but no school designated shall be located in a town of 1,000 population or more nor nearer than 2 miles to a town or city of 5,000 population or more. County board shall provide annually out of public-school fund or from donation or special tax not exceeding $2,500, but common-school term of county shall not be shortened and high school shall have approved buildings and equipment with at least 10 acres of land. When satisfied that Guilford County has complied with the provisions of this act. State board of education shall ap- propriate not exceeding $2,500, to be paid out of fund for the maintenance of county farm-life schools. Teachers in such schools shall have qualifications approved by county superintendent and by State superintendent and shall hold high-school teacher's certificate on all required subjects except Latin, Greek, and modern languages. Students from other counties may be ad- mitted on payment of tuition fees, but those of Guilford County shall be admitted free. Part oi duties of teachers of farm life and home economics shall be to conduct extension work in such subjects in Guilford County. This act shall apply to any other county complying with its provisions, but com- mon-school fund shall not be used for this purpose until after a six-months school term shall have been provided. There is established in Orange County a school for training boys for farm life. Board of trustees: State superintendent, commissioner of agriculture, O (b). AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 707 president of college of agriculture and mechanic arts, one member selected by Orange County board of education, one member selected by Orange County commissioners, three members selected by Farmers' Alliance, and three members selected by Farmers' Union; said board shall be a body corporate as trustees of Alliance-Union Farm School. Board may accept farm and improvements near Hillsboro from Farmers' Alliance and $10,000 from Farmers' Union. If such farm and $10,000 are provided, county commis- sioners of Orange County shall call an election on question of levying a si^ecial tax to raise not less than $2,500, and majority of qualified voters shall determine. When provisions for establishment and maintenance of such school are complied with, State board of education shall appropriate $7,500 annually. If Orange County fail to vote special tax, property and money shall be reconveyed to farmers' organizations. Boys from any part of State shall be admitted free of tuition fees. North Dakota: A county school for giving instruction in agriculture, manual training, and domestic economy and for training teachers for rural schools may be established in any county. On petition of 300 freeholders the county commissioners may submit the question of establishment to the qualified electors; if a majority vote favors, said commissioners shall establish such school and levy a tax therefor; amount expended for establishment shall not be less than $10,000 nor more than $20,000. State and county shall jointly maintain such school, but State shall give not exceeding amount paid by county and not exceeding $3,000 to any school in any one year, but county may exceed amount paid by State; county may also raise not exceeding $5,000 in any one year for additional buildings and equipment. Board of trustees of five members, county superintendent and four appointed by the county commissioners. A State agricultural, and training school board shall consist of the State board of education; said board shall prescribe the course of study for county agricultural and training schools; it shall fix qualifica- tions of teachers in such schools.. The course of study shall be correlated with that of the State agricultural college. Person having completed the course shall be entitled to a certificate having the force of a second-grade teacher's certificate issued by the county superintendent, and valid for two years if holder has had experience in teaching, otherwise for one year. Two or more adjoining counties may unite in establishing and maintaining an agricultural and training school. See also A (bl). State boards; L (j), Agriculture; Q (f). Other technical and professional schools. Oklahoma: See L (j), Agriculture. Pennsylvania: See A (d). District boards and oflicers; O (a), Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Tennessee: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Vermont: State school of agriculture at Randolph is established for purpose of developing agricultural resources of State through practical instruction in agriculture and allied subjects; shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of governor and commissioner of agriculture ex officio and three practical agriculturists appointed by governor, one trustee appointed each year, to serve three years. Powers of trustees: To appoint a person of the town where school is located as local director; employ and fix compensation of teachers and other employees ; adopt rules and regulations, prescribe courses of instruction, methods of experiment, and establish graduation re- quirements. Trustees shall receive for their services $4 per day for time 708 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. employed, and for traveling and other necessary expenses ; shall make bien- nial report to legislature; said trustees may receive donations and bequests made to said school. Sum of $10,000 is appropriated annually for mainte- nance of said school. State school of agriculture in Addison or Rutland County is established for purpose of developing agricultural resources of the State through prac- tical instruction in agriculture and allied subjects. Board of trustees shall be the same board that conducts affairs of school of agriculture at Randolph. See also G (c). County and local normal schools. Virginia: In at least one public high school, selected by the State board of education in each congressional district thorough courses in agriculture, the domestic arts and sciences and manual training shall be given in addition to the academic branches. At least 5 acres of land and suitable buildings shall be provided. All female students shall be instructed in the domestic arts and sciences. Such schools may be used as centers for directing the demonstra- tion farm work. Boards of supervisors of counties may appropriate money for such schools. See also O (a), Industrial education, general. Wisconsin: County board of any county may establish, equip, and maintain a county school of agriculture and domestic science ; county boards of two or more counties may unite in providing such school ; the county clerk or clerks shall notify the dean of the college of agriculture of establishment of such school; said dean, the State superintendent, and the president of board of agriculture, acting as committee for purpose, shall locate such schools; said county boards may borrow money and issue bonds therefor to purchase grounds and erect buildings; a board to be known as county school board shall have charge of such school, to be composed of county superintendent and two members appointed by county board, to serve three years ; appointive members of county school board shall file bond ; whenever two or more coun- ties jointly provide such school, amount? to be raised by taxation for support of such school shall be apportioned among counties on basis of taxable prop- erty of each. County treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of such county school board. In such school, instruction shall be given in elements of agri- culture, farm accounts, manual training, and domestic economy, and such other subjects as may be prescribed; each such school shall have tract of land of not less than 3 acres for experimental purposes. Such schools shall be free to persons residing in counties supporting the same if such persons have completed common-school course; special winter classes may be organ- ized when advisable; nonresident students may be charged tuition not to exceed $1 per week, same to be paid by county of pupil's residence. State superintendent, with advice of dean of agricultural college, shall prescribe courses of study for such schools, shall certify teachers for such schools, and shall supervise, inspect, and report on such schools. Secretary of each county school board shall make annual report to State superintendent relative to such school ; said superintendent may accredit not more than 10 such schools for State aid; such aid shall be two-thirds of amount expended for mainte- nance of such school, not to exceed $6,000 annually to any one school whose average attendance is less than 112 pupils, and not to exceed $7,000 annually when average daily attendance exceeds 312 pupils and is less than 137 pupils, and not to exceed $8,000 annually when average daily attendance exceeds 137 pupils. No State aid shall be given to any school for instruction in agri- culture, domestic economy, manual training, or industrial branches unless salary paid to every teacher of such subjects shall be at least $60 per month. (c). TRADE SCHOOLS. - 709 Countj' board of education may establish, equip, and maintain a county school of agriculture ; county clerk shall notify dean of agricultural college of estab- lishment of such school ; said dean, the secretary of State, and State superin- tendent, acting as a committee, shall locate such school; not more than one such school shall be located in any one senatorial district, except on certain condition; State aid to extent of $15,000 shall be paid to county to aid in building school. Any village in which or adjacent to which such school has been located may contribute for organization, erection, construction, and equipment of such school, not to exceed one-fifth of entire cost thereof; such village may vote bonds for such purpose. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), Ck)unty officers; N (a). High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. 0(c). Trade Schools. Connecticut: See O (a). Industrial education, general. Georgia: The school board of any county or municipal corporation having a system of public schools supported by local taxation and not restricted to the elementary branches may organize in connection with the public schools a department of industrial education to give instruction in the use of tools for working in wood and metal. Indiana: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. Kansas: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Maine: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Massachusetts: A town may establish and maintain, upon shore or upon vessels, one or more schools for training young men or boys in nautical duties. The school committee may excuse boys attending such nautical schools from attendance on other schools. The board of commissioners of the Massachusetts Nautical School shall consist of three members appointed in rotation by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council; term, three years. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but their expenses incurred in performance of official duties shall be paid by the State. Said board of commissioners shall maintain a nautical school for the instruction and training of pupils in the science and art of navigation. Powers and duties of hoard: To provide accommodations on board a proper vessel; purchase books and supplies; appoint and remove instructors and other employees and fix their salaries; fix conditions upon which pupils may be received and instructed; establish regulations; provide for cruises in or from the harbor of Boston. Said com- missioners may receive from the United States Government and use for accommodation of the school such vessels as the Secretary of the Navy may detail. They may expend such sum as the legislature may appropriate for said school, and shall make an annual report to the legislature. See also O (a). Industrial education, general; O (d), Continuation schools. Michigan: See T (c), Schools for the blind. New Jersey: See L (i), Manual and industrial education; O (a). Industrial education, general; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New York: See B (a). General State finance and support; O (a). Industrial education, general; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. 710 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded. Oregon: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Pennsylvania: See A (d), District boards and officers; O (a). Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: See O (a). Industrial education, general. Virginia: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Wisconsin: Any city or any school district having within its limits a city may establish and maintain trade schools for persons over 14 years old. School boards shall have control of said schools. Such trade school must have average enrollment of at least 30 students. School board may prepare courses of study, employ instructors, purchase supplies, purchase or lease grounds or buildings for such schools. Said board may appoint an advisory board of five members not members of school board experienced in trades to be taught in such schools, to serve three years. Said advisory board may, subject to approval and ratification of school board, prepare courses of study, employ instructors, purchase supplies, and purchase or lease buildings or grounds. Students may be required to pay for materials used. Products of school may be sold, proceeds to go into trade-school fund. A tax may be levied on taxable property of such city for trade-school purposes, not to exceed three-tenths of a mill on the dollar. Money may be temporarily trans- ferred from city school fund for use of trade schools, to be repaid from the trade-school fund within three years. When school board of any city of second, third, or fourth class, or school board of any district containing such a city, shall determine to establish, take over, conduct, or maintain such trade school it shall publish notice of such intention. Upon petition of 20 per cent of voters following such notice common council shall direct city clerk to call an election to determine such question; question shall carry by majority vote of electors. If no petition be submitted, school board may proceed, as provided by law, to establish, take over, or conduct or maintain such trade schools. See also O (a). Industrial education, general; Q (d). Mining schools; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded. O ( d ) . Continuation Schools. See also M (c). Evening schools. Colorado: See H (f). Compulsory attendance. Connecticut: See O (a). Industrial education, general. Indiana: See O (a). Industrial education, general. Massachusetts: When the school committee of any city or town shall hav^ established continuation schools or courses of instruction for minors between the ages of 14 and 16 years who are regularly employed not less than six hours per day, such committee may, with consent of State board of educa- tion, require the attendance in such schools or on such courses of every such minor thereafter receiving an employment certificate and who is not receiving equivalent instruction ; required attendance in above schools or on such courses shall be not less than four hours per week, and shall be between 8 o'clock a. m. and 6 o'clock p. m. of any working day or days; time spent by minors in attendance upon such instruction shall be reckoned as a part P(a). HIGHER INSTITUTIONS, GENERAL. 711 of time that minors are permitted by law to work. The State shall annually pay to approved continuation schools or courses an amount equal to one-half the sum to be known as the net maintenance sum; such net maintenance sum shall consist of the total sum raised by taxation and expended for maintenance of such a school, less the amount for the same period of tuition claims and receipts from the work of pupils or the sale of products. The school committee of any city or town may require the attendance, in such continuation school or courses, of minors between the ages of 14 and 16 years who reside in such city or town but who work regularly in another city or town, unless the city or town in which such minors are employed does not maintain and require attendance at a continuation school or courses of instruction of such nature; such minor may attend said school or classes in the city or town of his residence in preference to such school or classes In the city or town of his employment, but in such cases a monthly report of such attendance shall be sent to the superintendent of the city or town of his employment. The employer of any such minor who fails to attend such continuation school or courses as required shall cease to employ such minor upon notification by the superintendent of schools. The superintendent of schools, or his agent, may revoke the age and schooling or employment certificate of any minor who fails to attend a continuation school or classes as required. See also G (b), State normal school; O (a). Industrial education, general. New Jersey: See O (a), Industrial education, general. New York: See B (a), General State finance and support; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (a). Industrial education, general. Ohio: See H (f). Compulsory attendance. Pennsylvania: See A (d), District boards and officers; O (a). Industrial edu- cation, general. Virginia: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Wisconsin: See G (b), State normal schools; O (a), Industrial education, general. P. HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. (a) General. Florida: The following State institutions are abolished and their charters revoked: Florida Agricultural College, known as the University of Florida; West Florida Seminary, known as Florida State College; White Normal School ; East Florida Seminary ; South Florida College ; Florida Agricultural Institute. All the property of said institutions shall revert to the State and shall be vested in the State board of education. All boards of trustees, managers, and officers of the said institutions and of the school for the deaf and blind are abolished. Acts are repealed which create and establish the Florida Agricultural College, the seminaries east and west of the Suwanee River, White Normal School at De Funiac Springs, and the industrial and normal department of the St. Petersburg Normal and Industrial School. A normal school for training colored teachers is established under the super- vision of the State board of education and the board of control ; said board 712 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION". Of control shall elect a principal and two assistant instructors, who shall have charge of the instruction of students subject to board of control, and such board may remove any member of the faculty and may from time to time add other departments; the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege for Negroes shall be such school, but State board of education may in its discretion change location thereof; one-half of the Morrill fund is set apart for the support of said school. There are established and created the following institutions of higher learning : One university to be known as the University of Florida and one female seminary to be liuown as the Florida State College for Women. There is created a board of control to consist of five citizens appointed by the governor, one from east Florida, one from south Florida, one from west Florida, one from middle Florida, and one from middle south Florida, who shall have been citizens of the State for at least 10 years ; term, four years, two or three, as the case requires, being appointed every two years; governor may remove a member for cause and shall fill vacancies ; no member shall be a resident of a county wherein an institution controlled by said board is located; board shall elect a chairman to hold during his term ; members shall receive their actual expenses while perform- ing their duties. Said board shall act in conjunction with, but at all times subject to supervision and control of, the State board of education. Said board and State board of education shall make general rules and regulations for the government and conduct of the University of Florida, Florida State College for Women, Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, and the School for the Deaf and Blind, and may determine any change of location of any of said institutions; said boards may appropriate the property of abol- ished institutions for the benefit of institutions herein established. The School for the Deaf and Blind may be located on the site of one of the institutions abolished, but white and colored pupils shall be kept separate. The board of control shall have management and control of said institutions, to wit. University of Florida, Florida State College for Women, Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, School for the Deaf and Blind; shall make regulations for the same not inconsistent with general regulations; appoint managers, faculties, and other employees, and fix their compen- sation ; have possession and control of property of each of said institutions ; provide for the courses of instruction; prepare budgets of expenditures; audit and approve accounts before the same are paid ; visit and inspect said institutions; provide furniture and equipment and keep property in repair; acquire necessary real estate and other property; perform other necessary acts, all subject to the State board of education. The State board of educa- tion shall be vested with all the assets of the School for the Deaf and Blind, but the control and management thereof are vested in the State board of control subject to the provisions of this act ; said board shall provide for the education, care, and maintenance of all persons residing in the State be- tween 6 and 21 years old who are deaf, dumb, or blind; admission shall be on certificate of county commissioners; transportation of pupils to school shall be paid by county commissioners; transportation from school and return at opening of next session shall be paid by State; those who have the means shall pay expenses, except tuition, of their children or wards. The University of Florida shall have the following departments : Agriculture and mec?hanical and industrial arts, scientific and classical, normal, such other departments as State board of education and board of control In joint meeting may add ; summer schools provided for shall be held at the university, except that such schools may be held at State College for Women and Agri- cultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. The design of the State College P (a). HIGHER INSTITUTIONS, GENERAL. 713 for Women shall be to instruct in higher branches of learning and in arts and sciences appropriate to be taught in like institutions; none but female white students shall be admitted, and each person admitted must have com- pleted at least the tenth grade of the public schools ; board of education and board of control may jointly establish a normal department in said college. No student shall be admitted to the university who has not passed an ex- amination in some high school and through the twelfth grade, or the equiva- lent thereof; female students may be admitted to the normal department. Students from other States may be admitted to said college or university upon terms prescribed by the board of control ; each county shall be entitled to one student in said college and said university free of cost for instruction, said student to be selected by the county board of education. Board of education and board of control shall provide libraries for each of the insti- tutions created by this act. In addition to other assets provided in this act, the sum of $150,000 is appropriated for the establishment and maintenance of the four institutions herein created; said funds shall be apportioned by the joint boards as in their judgment may seem best. The board of education shall annually set aside from any funds vested in said board by this act $2,716 as interest on the indebtedness of the State to the University of Florida ; legislature shall annually appropriate said $2,716 for the benefit of said university. Board of control shall pay all indebtedness of institutions abolished by this act. The board of control shall be a body corporate, but title to all property shall vest in State board of education. The board of education, board of control, treasurer, and comptroller shall each make an annual report, which shall be published, and shall report biennially to the legislature. Board of control shall provide a system of examinations for public high schools ; no pupil shall -be admitted to high schools, advanced to a higher grade therein, or admitted to a higher institution created by this act until prescribed examination is passed. State superintendent of public instruction shall visit monthly each institution created by this act and shall report thereon to the governor. Georgia: See A (b2), State officers. Idaho: See A (bl). State boards. Louisiana: See A (b2), State officers; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Maryland: State provides free scholarships as follows: St. Mary's Female Seminary. — One scholar from each county and from each legislative district of Baltimore city ; selected by superintendent and boards ; no competitive ex- amination, " so that the most worthy and most charitable may be selected " ; tenable three years. St. John's College. — One scholar from each senatorial district; no charge for tuition, board, fuel, light, and washing; axypointed by school boards, with consent of senator in that district, after competitive examination and evidence of financial inability of parents; four years; re- quired to teach two years. Western Maryland College. — One male student from each senatorial district, appointed under substantially similar condi- tions to those in St. John's; student must give bond to teach two years. One female student from each senatorial district under substantially similar conditions as those for men. Maryland Institute. — One free scholar from each county and one from each legislative district of Baltimore city ; selected by school boards. Washington College. — Free tuition and books to one male or female student from each county on western shore ; appointment competitive and by school board. The sum of $4,500 granted college to educate free of board, room rent, tuition, and textbooks ; one male from each senatorial dis- trict of western shore ; appointed by school boards with consent of the sena- 714 STATE LAWS DELATING TO PTJBLIC EDUCATIOK. tor ; competitive examination ; tenable four years ; must give bond to teach two years. Charlotte Hall. — One student free of board and tuition from each legislative district, one student from each county, and from each legislative district of Baltimore city; appointed by school boards; competitive exami- nations ; tenable three years. See also A (bl), State boards. Michigan: See A (b2), State officers. Missouri: See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. New Jersey : No institution of learning shall confer any degree or degrees until terms and conditions of such degree or degrees shall first be submitted to and approved by the State board of education ; this provision shall not apply to such institutions established 25 years prior to passage of this act, nor to any school or schools conducted under the public-school system ; violation of any provision of this act is punishable by a fine of $500 for each offense. New York: See A (bl), State boards. Ohio: The board of directors of a municipal university, college, or institution shall have complete control of the, affairs of such institution. Said board may sell, lease, or convey property ; establish rules and regulations, and adopt by-laws; appoint a president, professors, and other employees, and fix their compensation ; provide buildings and supplies, and arrange for control of all internal matters of such institution. When requested so to do, the solicitor of such municipal corporation shall prosecute and defend any suit in behalf of the corporation or its board. Said board may, upon recommendation of the faculty, confer degrees. The council or school board of any municipal corporation may set apart, or appropriate as a site for the buildings and grounds of such a university, college, or institution, lands not specifically dedicated to any other use and under the control of such council or school board. The council annually may assess and levy a tax on the taxable property of such municipal corporation to amount of five-tenths of 1 mill on the dollar, less amount levied to pay interest and sinking fund on bonds issued for the university, to be applied to support of such university, col- lege, or institution ; council may levy five one-hundredths of a mill for scien- tificate purposes at such institution. Any municipal corporation having a municipal university may issue bonds for erection of buildings and for equipment thereof; such bonds may be Issued under ordinance of council of municipality with approval of mayor; funds received for sale of bonds shall be paid to directors of the university. Board of directors of educational insti- tution may accept educational trusts; such property located within same county as the educational institution shall be exempt from taxation. Munic- ipal auditor shall keep funds of educational institutions distinct from other accounts. Boards of directors shall expend no more for current expenses than the income for the same, and shall annually report to mayor and council a statement of accounts. Said board may invest funds of university in cer- tain bonds. Instruction in academic department of such university shall be free to citizens of the municipality, but fees may be charged in other courses ; board may receive other students on such terms as to tuition or otherwise as they may see fit. Pennsylvania: See A (bl), State boards. Rhode Island: Every student in attendance at any educational institution who shall knowingly or willfully commit any act that injures or degrades any fellow student shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; every person in charge of any educational institution who shall knowingly permit any act which P(b). FINANCE, LANDS, SUPPORT. 715 shall injure or degrade a student shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any student at any educational institution who shall tattoo or knowingly or will- fully disfigure the body, limbs, or features of any fellow student shall be guilty of the crime of mayhem. Virginia: The State Female Normal School, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Virginia Military Institute, University of Virginia, and William and Mary College may each draw from the State treasury, in addition to other State appropriations to said institutions, 1 per cent annually ot such appropria- tions; such sums may be drawn for five years and shall be used as a loan fund to needy students resident of the State; not exceeding $100 annually shall be loaned to each such student. P (b). Finance; Lands; Support. See also Appendix A : Constitutional provisions relating to public education ; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. (Note. — Current appropriations are not included here.) Alabama: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Arizona: See B (b), State school lands. California: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Colorado: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Florida: See P (a). Higher institutions, general. Illinois: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Indiana: See B (d). State taxation for school purposes; P (c), State uni- versities and colleges. Iowa: See A (bl). State boards. Kansas: See B (c). Permanent State school funds; P (c), State universities and colleges. Kentucky: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Michigan: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Minnesota: See B (d), State taxation for school purposes. Missouri: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Montana: See A (bl), State boards. Nebraska: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Nevada: See P (c), State universities and colleges. North Carolina: See P (c), State universities and colleges. North Dakota: For the purpose of providing for the maintenance of State educational institutions — namely, university, agricultural college, normal schools, school for the deaf, school of forestry, academy of science, and nor- mal industrial school — an annual State tax of IJ mills on the dollar shall be levied. Such tax shall be apportioned as follows: State university, thirty- three one-hundredths mill ; agricultural college, twenty one-hundredths mill ; normal school at Valley City, fifteen one-hundredths mill; normal school at Mayville, twelve one-hundredths mill; normal school at Minot, thirteen and one-half one-hundredths mill; school for the deaf, six one-hundredths mill; school of forestry, two one-hundredths mill; academy of science, four one- hundredths mill ; normal industrial school, seven one-hundredths mill ; money hereby provided shall be used only for the payment of expense of maintenance. 716 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The income from the lands of the several institutions, not including proceeds of the sale thereof, shall be paid over to the respective treasurers of the said institutions and shall be used for the maintenance thereof. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Ohio: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Oregon: See C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; P (c), State universities and colleges. South Carolina: See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support. Texas: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Utah: There is set aside for the support of the Uhiversity of Utah, State agricultural college, and the branch of the agricultural college 28 per cent of the revenue derived from the general State tax, exclusive of the State school and high-school funds ; of amount thus provided university shall receive 64.43 per cent, agricultural college 28.34 per cent, and branch of the agricultural college 7.23 per cent; cost of general maintenance of such institutions shall not exceed fund herein provided, together with the several land-grant funds and funds received from miscellaneous sources ; " general maintenance " shall not include the purchase of vrater and the provision of grounds, buildings, and equipment; surplus remaining at end of year shall be converted into sinking fund for building purposes and other permanent improvements. Vermont: See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Washington: The following funds are created in the State treasury: "State university permanent fund," " State university current fund," " agricultural college current fund," " normal school current fund." There shall be a State board of finance composed of governor, State treasurer, and State auditor, but governor may appoint another State officer as his representative, which may invest permanent funds of any State educational institution, or chari- table, penal, and reformatory institutions, when such funds amount to at least $1,000 ; such funds must be invested in National, State, county, municipal, or school district bonds, bearing not less than 3f per cent interest per year, to be bought at no more than par. Permanent school fund may be invested in State bonds; interest on State bonds so bought shall be paid into current school fund. State board of equalization shall annually levy upon taxable property of the State the following amounts for maintenance, repairs, and construction of buildings and equipment of institutions of higher education : Four hundred and seventy-five one-thousandths of 1 mill for State university; three hun- dred and twenty-five one-thousandths of 1 mill for Washington State college ; nine one-hundredths of 1 mill for Cheney Normal School ; seven one-hun- dredths of 1 mill for Ellensburg Normal School; nine one-hundredths of 1 mill for Bellingham Normal School. Wisconsin: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Wyoming: See P (c), State universities and colleges. P (c). State Universities and Colleges. See also Appendix A : Constitutional provisions relating to public education. Alabama: Board of trustees. — Governor, State superintendent, two members from congressional district where university is located, and one from each P(C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 717 remaining district; board is a body corporate; board may hold, lease, or sell lands granted for university by Congress April 20, 1818, or March 2, 1819, or lands subsequently granted. "University fund" defined as $36,000 annual interest on university funds covered into the State treasury and an addi- tional $25,000 annually. Powers of hoard: To employ and remove instructors and officers and fix their salaries ; regulate or modify the government of the university; prescribe courses of instruction and fix the necessary expenses of students; confer academic and honorary degrees; delegate government of students and administration of university affairs to faculty, but person hold- ing funds must give bond. Members of board shall hold office 12 years ; when a member's term expires his successor is elected by the board, subject to confirmation by the senate ; quorum, five members, exclusive of governor and superintendent; regular meetings shall be held at least once a year and special meetings may be held; proceedings of board shall be kept and pre- served in the archives of the university; board shall report to each session of the legislature; State treasurer shall quarterly pay university fund to treas- urer of university; secretary of state shall furnish to such law department 10 copies each of the code, acts, and supreme court reports; president of the university may appoint one or more police officers to keep intruders off premises, etc. ; board may sell or lease lands acquired under act of Congress of April 23, 1884, and for such purposes create an executive committee of three of its members ; the Medical College of Alabama is constituted the medi- cal department of the university and is subject to the control of the board. See also G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. A.rizona: The University of Arizona is established at or near the city of Tucson. Object: To provide the citizens of the State with means of acquir- ing a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and the arts. Board of regents shall consist of the president and seven members, not more than four of whom shall belong to the same political party; such serven members shall be appointed by the governor for terms of four years; governor and State superintendent shall be ex officio members; regents shall be a body corporate; they may appoint a chancellor, faculty, and such other officers as they may deem expedient. Departments of university: (1) Science, literature, and the arts, (2) theory and practice and elementary instruction, (3) agriculture, (4) normal department, (5) mineralogy and school of mines. Regents may regulate course of study and prescribe books and authorities to be used. Regents may at any time remove any officer other than the chan- cellor and one of their own members. Admission fee shall never exceed $20 and tuition shall never exceed $50 for residents of the State. Regents shall report anually to governor. Any two members and the chancellor at a meeting regularly called shall xjonstitute a quorum. No sectarian doc- trines or principles shall be taught. Each regent shall receive $5 per day of attendance at meetings and 10 cents per mile traveled. Proceeds of the sale of lands granted by the United States for State university purposes and all funds donated for like purposes shall remain a perpetual fund, income of which, together with the rent of lands, shall be applied to the objects of the original gift. The university may charge from $1 to $2.50 for each assay of metals, according to number of metals in the ore. Regents shall establish an archaeological and mineral museum. There is awarded annually a scholarship of $150 to each county of the State, but no county shall receive more than $150 in any one year; county superin- tendent shall receive applications for such scholarships and shall hold a com- petitive examination prescribed by the president of the university and shall 718 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. return papers to said president. There shall be connected with the university a department for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind. Legislative assent is given to the grants of land authorized by the constitution and by act of Congress ; grant of 150,000 acres for " agricultural and mechanical col- leges " is forever reserved for such colleges as may be established by the university ; grant of 150,000 acres for a " school of mines " is forever reserved for such a school established by the university. See also A (bl). State boards. Arkansas : The State of Arkansas accepts the provision of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, granting lands for the benefit of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. Federal funds are divided between the white and colored races as follows: University of Arkansas, eight-elevenths; Branch Normal College, three-elevenths. Land scrip to which the State may be entitled shall be converted into a permanent endowment of not less than $100,000 for the university. Board of trustees shall consist of six members appointed by the governor; term, six years, two being appointed every two years; governor shall be ex oflScio a member. Said board shall be a body corporate and may prescribe all rules and regulations for the university ; it shall make an annual report ; it shall elect and fix the compensation of faculty and other employees. By vote of five members board may remove one of its members for cause. Board shall elect a secretary and a treasurer, and may remove either or both. In making appropriations for the university the legislature shall specify the precise amount intended for each and every purpose, and the trustees shall so expend accounts appropriated. The board shall apportion according to population to each county the number of beneficiaries entitled to free tuition to which such county is entitled. Greek-letter fraternities and other secret societies are prohibited in the university. The course of study shall include agriculture and the mechanic arts, the English language and literature, mathematics, civil engineering, philosophy, history, and book- keeping, and such other branches of study as the board may prescribe. Each male student shall be required to work at least two hours each school day on the farm or in the shop. University shall be open to both male and female students. A normal department for the training of teachers is established in the university. A medical department of the university is located in the city of Little Rock. See also G (b). State normal schools. California: State university shall be under control of board of 24 regents, 16 of whom shall be appointed by governor, with advice and consent of the senate, appointive members to serve 16 years; governor, lieutenant governor, speaker of assembly, superintendent of public instruction, president of State board of agriculture, president of mechanics' institute of San Francisco, president of State university, and president of alumni association of State university shal be ex oflicio regents of said university ; seven regents shall constitute a quorum ; regents shall receive no compensation. Powers and duties of regents: To meet as provided by rules or at call of president; pre- scribe rules for their own government and for government of liniversity; receive property donated to university; appoint, prescribe duties of, and fix compensation of president of university, professors, and other officers and employees; fix entrance requirements; fix fees and tuition rates; appoint officers of board, prescribe their duties and fix compensation; supervise courses of instruction, and, on recommendation of faculties, prescribe text- books; confer degrees and grant diplomas; establish and maintain museum and library; keep record of proceedings; report to governor. Income from P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 719 endowment shall be used for support of university. Secretary of said board shall be a practical agriculturist; shall hold office at pleasure of and shall receive compensation as fixed by board. Students shall be organized into body known as University Cadets; military instructor must make quarterly reports to adjutant general. Hastings College of Law is affiliated with said university and is law department thereof. Object of university shall be instruction in departments of science, literature, art, industrial and profes- sional pursuits, and special instruction for professions of agriculture, me- chanic arts, mining, military science, civil, engineering, law, medicine, and commerce. President of university shall, subject to regents, have general direction of university, and is charged with duties of one professorship; im- mediate government of the several colleges shall be intrusted to the several faculties. Any resident of State, 14 years old or upward, otherwise quali- fied, shall be admitted to university ; as soon as income of university is suffi- cient, admission and tuition shall be free to residents of State; regents may establish scholarships. Regents may affiliate with university any incor- porated college of medicine, law, or other special course of instruction ; may confer degrees upon graduates of such colleges. No sectarian, politicial, or partisan test must be allowed for any purpose whatever ; nor must majority of regents be of one religious sect or of no religious sect. Hazing fellow students in any public or private educational institution shall constitute a misdemeanor and subject offender to fine of $50 to $500. See also N (a). High schools. Colorado: The objects of the University of Colorado established near Boulder city shall be to provide for young men and women a liberal education and thorough knowledge of the different branches of literature, the arts and sci- ences, with their varied applications; the course of study shall as nearly as practicable begin at the points where the collegiate and scientific departments are completed in the high school. Each county shall be entitled to send, tui- tion free, one pupil under 16 years old ; said pupil shall be selected by com- petitive examination before the county superintendent. Nonresidents shall be charged a reasonable tuition fee. The university shall never be under the control of any religious denomination or society. Its control shall be vested In a board of six regents elected by vote of the people at a general election. The university shall include a classical, philosophical, normal, scientific, law, and such other departments as the board may determine, and a department of physical sciences ; board may confer such degrees and grant such diplomas and marks of distinction as are usually conferred and granted by other uni- versities; board may establish a preparatory department. President of uni- versity shall report annually to board of regents; regents shall report bien- nially before the session of the legislature to the State superintendent. A State tax of two-fifths of 1 mill is annually levied for the support of the uni- versity. It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in " hazing " or in any way maltreating a fellow inmate, employee, or student. Any officer, employee, or student of a State institution who violates the provisions of this act shall, if an officer or employee, be dismissed and, if a student, shall be expelled from said institution, Florida: G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; P (a), Higher institutions, general. Georgia: The board of trustees of the University of Georgia shall be composed of one member from each congressional district, four from the State at large, two from city of Athens (where university is located), and the chairman of 720 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. local board of trustees of each branch of university where by law they are made such trustees, all of whom, except the latter, shall be appointed by governor with consent of senate ; said board shall be a body corporate ; term, eight years, one-fourth of appointive members being appointed every two years; trustees shall be citizens of districts from which appointed, over 25 years old, not trustees of other male colleges or universities, excluding branches of the university; governor shall be ex officio a member of board; governor shall fill vacancies ; an additional trustee, who shall be a nonresident native Georgian, shall be appointed by governor with consent of the senate. Board shall elect one member chairman ; it shall meet annually in Athens and may hold special meetings; if any member shall be absent from three suc- cessive meetings, his office shall be vacant. Each member shall receive $4 i^r day and mileage for actual fare paid when attending meetings. Board shall report annually to the legislature through the governor. Powers of hoard: To elect their own officers, as chairman, secretary, treasurer, and other neces- sary officers; elect a chancellor of the University of Georgia; appoint pro- fessors, tutors, and other necessary officers ; prescribe courses of study, terms, and manner of graduation, and conferring degrees; operate summer sessions for the benefit of white teachers; establish all such schools of learning or art as may be useful to the State; call on all persons having funds, property, papers, or books belonging to the university to deliver the same and malje settlements; adjust and determine expenses of university; exercise powers usually granted to such corporations. Chairman and two members may call a special meeting ; majority a quorum ; nothing done at a special meeting shall be binding after next annual meeting unless then ratified. Governor shall annually appoint a board of five visitors to attend examinations preceding commencement and examine into condition of university; visitors shall make written report to governor ; two of said visitors shall be experts in agriculture and horticulture ; they shall report in writing to trustees not later than Satur- day before annual commencement day. Governor shall lay reports of trustees and visitors before legislature annually. No person shall be excluded from the university on account of religious views. University may confer degrees as follows : To each graduate of university, bachelor of arts ; to graduate pass- ing a year in university, master of arts; to graduate of law department, bachelor of laws; to graduate of medical school, doctor of medicine; to stu- dent in university schools of two years standing and proficient in two or more of them, doctor of philosophy ; to distinguished persons, doctor of divinity or doctor of laws. Trustees may establish a preparatory department in said university. The branches of the university are the Georgia Normal and Industrial College, at Milledgeville ; State Normal School at Rock College, Athens ; South Georgia State Normal College at Valdosta ; State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, at Athens, with agricultural experiment sta- tion connected therewith, at Griffin; North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega; Medical College, at Augusta; Technological School, at Atlanta; Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth, at Savannah. All the said branches, except last two, shall be open to white female students of proper age and qualifications. Idaho: There is established at the town of Moscow the University of Idaho. State board of education is board of regents. Powers and duties with respect to university: To enact laws for its government; elect a president, faculty, and other employees of university and fix their salaries and terms of office; fix qualifications of applicants for admission to courses of instruction, but no sectarian or partisan instruction shall be given. Board may remove presi- P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 721 dent and other officers wheu interests of university require it. Board may use portion of university fund for buildings, apparatus, etc. Treasurer of board shall pay orders of president and secretary, and shall report annually to president of board. At close of fiscal year regents shall report to gov- ernor. Regents shall receive their expenses when attending meetings or per- forming duties under direction of board. Powers of president of tmiversity and faculty: President shall be executive head of faculty or faculties and shall give general direction to instruction; immediate government shall be under faculty, but regents may regulate courses of instruction, prescribe books to be used, confer degrees, and confer upon faculty the power to sus- pend or exijel students. University shall consist of college of arts, college of letters, and such other colleges or departments as may be added. It shall be open to both male and female students. No student, a resident of Idaho for one year, shall be required to pay fees, except in a professional depart- ment and for extra studies. See also A (bl), State boards. Illinois: The name of the Illinois Industrial University, at Urbana, is changed to the " University of Illinois," and said University of Illinois shall be seized of all the rights, privileges, franchises, and estates hitherto belonging to the said Illinois Industrial University. Board of trustees shall consist of the governor, president of the State board of agriculture. State superintend- ent, and nine members elected at the regular November election by vote of the people; term of elective members, six years, three being elected every two years. Said trustees shall establish departments, elect faculty, and other necessary officers, and exercise such other powers and duties as may be necessary for the conduct of the institution. The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and subsequent acts granting Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical colleges are accepted, and the University of Illi- nois is designated as the beneficiary thereof. A 1-mill State tax is provided for the maintenance of the university. There shall be awarded annually to each county one university scholarship, which shall entitle the holder to free instruction in the University of Illinois for a period of four years. County superintendent shall hold competitive examination of applicants and shall send papers to president of university, who shall award scholarships to persons showing highest qualifications. In addition to the foregoing, each member of the legislature shall be entitled to appoint one person annually to receive such scholarship. See also A (c2). County officers. Indiana: The institution established by act of January 28, 1828, is recognized as the university of the State. There shall be levied in 1883 and annually thereafter for 12 years a State tax of one-half of 1 cent on each $100 of tax- able property, to be set aside as a permanent endowment fund; said fund shall be used in paying indebtedness of the State, and State shall issue there- for nonnegotiable bonds, to run 50 years or longei, at option of the State, and to bear 5 per cent interest. Board of trustees shall consist of eight mem- bers, five of whom shall be elected by the State board of education and three of whom shall be elected by the alumni of the institution ; term, three years, overlapping tenure. Trustees shall be a body corporate. Powers: To hold the property of the university; expend its income for its benefit; declare a member's seat vacant for cause; elect a president and faculty and prescribe their duties and salaries; prescribe the course of study and discipline and fix tuition rates. Five members shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller 3966°— 15^ 46 722 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. number, at a call meeting, may, acting with members of the faculty, fill a vacancy in the faculty until the next meeting of the board. Powers of fac- ulty: (1) To enforce the rules of the trustees; (2) to confer degrees. No religious qualification shall be required of students or faculty, and no sec- tarian instruction shall be given. Two students from each county shall be entitled to tuition free of charge. The governor, lieutenant governor, speaker of the house of representatives, judges of the supreme court, and State super- intendent shall constitute a board of visitors to examine the property, course of study, discipline, and state of finances of the university ; said visitors shall report to the governor. The board of trustees, its secretary and treasurer, shall report to the State superintendent when by him so required. Some member of the faculty shall annually deliver at least 15 lectures in the State on the principles and organization of the university. Trustees shall estab- lish a normal department for instruction in the theory and practice of teach- ing; an agricultural department shall also be established. State geologist shall be a member of the faculty and shall gather specimens for the uni- versity. University fund shall consist of the lands in Monroe and Gibson Counties and all donations. Lands belonging to the university shall be sold and the proceeds shall become part of the university fund. State auditor shall cease to loan university fund, but said, fund shall be apportioned by said auditor to the several counties according to population, and the same shall be paid to the several county treasurers; county auditors shall loan said fund as the common-school fund is loaned, and each county shall be liable for principal apportioned thereto and interest accruing thereon. The trustees may conduct a medical school in Marion County. See also A (bl). State boards; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; O (a), Industrial education, general. Iowa: The State university shall be under the control and management of the State board of education. Said board shall elect a president and necessary professors, tutors, and other employees and fix their compensation. The secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of the board and accounts of the university lands and funds. The treasurer shall keep account of receipts and expenditures. University lands shall be sold only by order of the State board of education and under its direction. Board may expend part of the income of the university fund for necessary facilities for giving instruction. Object of the university shall be to afford men and women the means of obtaining a liberal education. Graduates may be granted such degrees and diplomas as the board may determine. President of university shall report biennially to the board and board shall report biennially to governor. See also A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kansas: The University of Kansas is located at Lawrence. Departments: (1) Literature, (2) sciences, (3) arts. Board of administration shall ap- point a chancellor, faculty, and other necessary oflScers, who shall hold office at the pleasure of the board. The several departments of the university shall be under the immediate control of the chancellor and their respective faculties. Board of administration shall, with chancellor and faculties, con- fer such degrees as they deem best. Entrance requirements shall be as fixed by board. Tuition in the schools of arts, engineering, pharmacy, law, and medicine shall be free to residents of the State; nonresident students and students of fine arts shall pay tuition as fixed by board. Tax shall be levied annually sufficient to raise amount appropriated by legislature for current expenses ; permanent university fund shall remain unreduced. Matriculation, P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 723 incidental, and laboratory fees may be collected from students. The uni- versity shall make, as nearly as possible, a complete geological survey of the State. See also A (bl), State boards; B (c), Permanent State school funds; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky: The government, administration, and control of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky is vested in a board of trustees. The governor shall be its chairman ex officio; 15 men shall be nominated by governor and appointed trustees with advice and consent of senate ; they shall hold office six years, 5 retiring at each regular session of assembly ; there shall be added to board of trustees of State university at Lexington 6 addi- tional members nominated and elected by alumni, names of those receiving highest vote to be certified to governor for appointment ; this nomination and election held biennially, beginning on or before December 1, 1914; board of trustees at first meeting in 1915 shall elect an executive committee of 7, of whom 3 shall be from alumni trustees; of trustees appointed by gov- ernor other than those elected by the alumni one-fifth shall be alumni. Trustees when appointed and qualified shall be a body corporate under name Agricultural and Mechanical CJollege of Kentucky, with corporate powers to hold and administer all revenues, to determine the departments of study and their relations to each other, and devise means of effective instruction, ad- ministration, and government; they shall also appoint presidents and pro- fessors, determine salaries and duties; they shall grant degrees, prescribe postgraduate honors and honorary degrees; they shall meet twice a year in Lexington; shall elect a secretary, a treasurer, and a business agent; they shall, at each regular meeting, appoint an executive committee of 5, residing in or near Lexington, who shall be charged with the general administration of affairs; treasurer shall give bond, pay out no money except on authoriza- tion of board of trustees, and render monthly statements of receipts and ex- penditures; trustees shall fill vacancies in their board; necessary expenses of board in attending meetings shall be paid ; called meetings may be held. Collegiate period of the agricultural and mechanical college shall be four years; at least one year's attendance in the college required; trustees are empowered to establish regulations for government of the college, for physical or military training of students, for suspension or dismissal of students; they shall make reports to each regular session of the general assembly. Teachers or persons preparing to teach may be admitted at rate of four from each county ; these appointments shall be vested in the county superintendents. Appropriations of $60,000 to the agricultural and mechanical college for purchase of ground and erection of suitable building for dormitory for women, also for building for military instruction, physical culture, and rooms for Young Men's Christian Association, also for building for normal depart- ment and academy, dormitory for men, and annex for use of engineering department ; $30,000 of this sum set aside for women's dormitory. Board of trustees shall appoint three prudent, discreet, intelligent women, who shall constitute a board of supervision to manage women's dormitory; $2,000 appro- priated for running expenses of women's dormitory ; president of the college to have the same general authority over women's dormitory as over the college; women appointees of the counties shall have preference in women's dormitory. County superintendent required under penalty to distribute to every school in his county circulars of information in regard to the competi- tive examinations to be held for scholarships; $15,000 appropriated annually 724 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. to agricultural and mechaiiical college to liquidate passed indebtedness and provide additional income. Diploma of B. Pd. from Agricultural and Mechan- ical College of Kentucky shall be sufficient evidence of qualification to teach in public schools for life, unless such person shall cease to teach for five years ; assent of legislature given Federal act to provide for increased annual appropriations for agricultural experiment stations. The sum of $20,000 appropriated to State University aimually to meet additional annual expendi- ture. Normal department of university eliminated ; " department of educa- tion " established in its place with collegiate rank leading to degree in peda- gogy. The degrees of B. A. in education and B. S. in education conferred here shall entitle holder to privilege of teaching in common and high schools of State without further examination during life or good behavior. " The diplomas granting degrees may be revoked for cause by the said board of trustees or by the State superintendent of public instruction." Trustees shall have power to confer certificates: (1) Elementary certificate for one year's work, entitling holder to teach in public schools for two years; (2) inter- mediate certificate for two years' work, entitling holder to teach four years; (3) advanced certificate for three years' work, entitling holder to teach three years, when his certificate may be extended for life. Any certificate may be revoked for cause. From tind after 1910 all subfreshman work shall begin to be eliminated as part of university curriculum as fast as educational con- ditions in Kentucky will justify. The institution founded under land-grant act of 1862 and known as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Ken- tucky, now changed in name and to be known as the State University, Lexington, Ky. Previous acts passed by general assembly making provisions for Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky and the acts of Con- gress creating and endowing college under land-grant act of 1862 shall not be affected by this change of name, and revenue accruing from these sources shall be paid to the State University. The act of Congress of July 2, 1862, shall be carried out, and in addition to other colleges of the said university one shall be denominated the Agricultural College and another the College of Mechanical Arts of the State University; departments of law and of medicine and surgery shall be established. Each county shall be entitled to send to the university each year one student for each 3,000 white school chil- dren or fraction thereof over 1,500, free from all charges for tuition, fees, rent, light, and fuel. Selection shall be made by county superintendent on competitive examination; free tuition shall be given to candidates for the ministry. Board of trustees shall be bipartisan after January 1, 1910 ; loca- tion of institution shall not be affected by change of name. County certificates may be issued to students of the university. The sum of $50,000 appropriated annually to the university, " a necessary part of which shall be used to meet as far as possible the pressing demands for agricultural instruction and in- struction in domestic science in the Agricultural College " ; it shall be illegal for any officer or other person connected with the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School, the Western Kentucky State Normal School, or the State University to contract any obligation when there is no money to pay, under penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both. The sum of $50,000 appropriated annually for agricultural experiment station for purpose of making field experiments in the several sections of State on fertility, stock, etc. : $10,000 for poultry interests, for production of hog-cholera serum, etc. liouisiana: Louisiana State University and Agricultural College shall be under control of a board of supervisors consisting of governor. State superintendent, and president of said university ex officio and 12 persons appointed by gover- nor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; 3 members appointed P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 725 every year to serve 4 years; 6 of supervisors shall be graduates of Louisiana State University or of the Ijouisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College; one member shall be appointed from parish (county) of East Baton Rouge; board shall hold four meetings annually; board shall do all acts for benefit of said institution incident to bodies corporate. Said board shall appoint and fix salaries of president and professors; fix fees; establish rules; prescribe duties of all employees; confer diplomas; do other things for welfare of institution. Property of said institution is vested in the State. Said university and agricultural and mechanical college shall provide instruction in all the departments of literature, science, art, and industrial and professional pursuits; and shall provide special instruction in agricul- ture, the mechanical arts, mining, military science and art, civil engineering, law, medicine, commerce, and navigation. Board of supervisors may afllliate with said institution any incorporated university or college, or school of medicine, or other special course of instruction; such afliliated institutions may retain control of their property and have their own boards of trustees, faculties, and presidents ; upon recommendation of faculties of such affiliated institutions graduates of such institutions may receive degrees from the State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Each parish shall have the right to delegate one beneficiary cadet to said university and agri- cultural and mechanical college, and city of New Orleans shall have right to so delegate 17 such cadets, ^pointment of cadets to be for period of four years; no such cadet shall resign from said institution except for lawful cause; such cadets shall be elected by police jury of each parish and city council of New Orleans, respectively, appointments being given to needy eligible persons; such cadets shall be supported at said institution by the parish or city of New Orleans, cost to be not exceeding $250 per year for each cadet. Degrees conferred by said institution shall be recognized as equivalent to any degrees issued by any other institution of learning whatso- ever. Board of supervisors is authorized to accept offer of Carnegie Founda- tion granting benefits of retiring allowance system. Said board may fix fees, but no tuition fee shall be charged to any student or cadet bona fide resident of the State unless for special graduate or professional course. See A (b2), State officers; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Maine: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, providing for Federal aid to State agricultural and mechanical colleges, are accepted. Board of trustees of State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts shall consist of nine members, seven appointed by governor with consent of the council; term seven years, one being appointed each year; one member nominated by alumni association and appointed by governor for term of three years; secretary of State board of agriculture is member ex officio. Trustees may, in addition to endowment made by Congress, accept gifts of real and personal property. Governor and council may inquire into transactions of trustees and may institute proceedings in courts to correct their acts. Trustees shall elect instructors and other officers; shall arrange course of study and fix entrance requirements; may grant degrees. Trustees shall charge a reasonable tuition fee, but" may abate such fee to residents of State unable to pay the same and to students pursuing courses in agriculture and home economics. Under chapter 551, acts of 1897, the name of the corpora- tion known as the State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts is changed to the University of Maine, and said university is given all rights, powers, privileges, property, duties, and responsibilities which belong to said college of agriculture and mechanical arts. Annual State appropriations for main- tenance. 726 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Maryland: A seminary of learning by the name Maryland State University is created; trustees appointed and declared a body iwlitic with corporate powers; any 10 incorporators may meet, accept this charter, and organize. No religious belief or opinions required as a test for office, privileges, honors, or degrees. Governing board of the university shall be its board of regents, the governor, comptroller, treasurer. State superintendent, and one person from each of the six congressional districts ; these shall serve six years, and two shall be appointed biennially. In addition to the above, the regents shall consist of two representatives from each affiliated institution, who may be changed as often as affiliated institution shall see fit. Regents shall elect a provost, who shall be the executive head. Governor shall be ex officio chair- man of the board. It shall be lawful for the Maryland State University to enter into contract with any existing or hereafter created college, university, conservatory, insti- tute, technical, professional, military, or agricultural, or similar institution, and to affiliate it on such terms as seem mutually proper ; it shall also be law- ful for the Maryland State University to enter into contract with any exist- ing or hereafter created hospital, infirmary, laboratory, home, asylum, or similar institution, with any normal school, school of pedagogy, institute of art and design, library, or other institution of a similar character, on terms deemed mutually meet and proper; affiliation with the university shall not deprive the affiliated institution of its corpoij^te rights. Regents shall pro- vide for closer relations between the high schools of the State and the affili- ated colleges and between the colleges and professional schools constituting the university. The Maryland State University shall have power to pass by- laws, name its own officers and employees, fix duties and compensation, regu- late requirements for admission and graduation, receive gifts, hold or expend the same, hold convocations for the faculties of the allied institutions and of others for furtherance of education, hold commencements, grant degrees, in course and honorary. If any affiliated institution shall fail to abide by its agreements the regents may declare the affiliation terminated. Michigan: The board of regents of the university shall consist of eight mem- bers; term, eight years, two being elected by vote of the people every two years. Such board shall be a body corporate. They shall have power to make rules and regulations and to employ and dismiss president, faculty, and other officers. The university shall consist of at least three departments, viz, a department of literature, science, and the arts; a department of law; a department of medicine; and other departments as the regents may deem necessary. The immediate government of the departments shall be intrusted to the president and the several faculties. The fee of admission to the de- partment of literature, science, and arts shall not exceed $10. The university shall be open to all residents of the State, without charge of tuition, under regulations made by regents, and to all other persons under regulations and restrictions made by regents. Branches of the university shall be established In each judicial district, but such branches shall not confer degrees, and not exceeding $1,500 annually shall be appropriated to each. A board of visitors to consist of three members shall be appointed biennially by the superin- tendent of public instruction. A school of mines is established in connection with the polytechnic department of the university. The university is sup- ported by the income of the university fund. State appropriations, and a tax of three-eighths of a mill on each dollar of taxable property of the State. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 727 Minnesota: The State university shall be controlled by a board of 12 regents, consisting of governor, State superintendent, president of university, ex officio, and 9 regents appointetl by the governor with advice and consent of senate; such board shall be a body corporate; term of regents shall be six years; board shall elect one of its members president, and also a record- ing secretary and treasurer, neither of whom shall be a member of the board, and may elect a vice president ; president of board shall file $10,000 bond and treasurer $50,000 bond. Said board shall enact necessary by-laws; elect professors — including a professor in Scandinavian language and literature — teachers, and employees, and fix their salaries; determine admission require- ments; prescribe textbooks and courses; confer degrees; have control of experiment stations; make annual report to governor. Board may receive bequests for university. Board shall appoint purchasing agent for univer- sity ; said purchasing agent shall make estimates and purchases, and submit such reports as board of regents may require. No member of board of regents or normal-school board, and no person in employ of either board shall be paid for any expense incurred, unless such expense shall have been approved by the executive committee or president of board; when such expense has been approved, the auditor shall pay the same as monthly expenses and salaries are paid. Board of regents or normal-school board shall not expend funds in excess of appropriations. The board of control of the several institutions named in this act shall have full financial authority over construction of buildings and insurance of same. The university shall comprise a college of science, literature, and arts; a college of agriculture, including military tactics; a college of medicine; a college of dentistry. No discrimination shall be shown in the election of instructors on account of religious or political beliefs, nor shall any sectarian instruction be given. A teachers' college shall be organized as a part of the university. For sup- port of school of mines there shall be annually appropriated $5,000; for salaries therein, $4,500. Regents are authorized to establish a division of agricultural extension and home education in the department of agriculture of the University of Minnesota; officers of said division shall be a chief, associates, and editor ; instruction in said department shall be free ; bulletins shall be sent free to persons requesting the same. (State appropriates moneys for aiding county agricultural agents; such moneys shall be ex- pended under the direction of the dean of department of agriculture of university ; no county shall receive for this purpose more than $1,000 in any one year, and not then until same amount has been raised by the county for such work.) President of university, in addition to his administrative duties, shall be ex officio corresponding secretary of board of regents, and may be charged with duties of one of professorships; and shall make full annual report to State superintendent. There is annually appropriated for maintenance of the university the interest and income of the permanent university fund; proceeds of twenty-three one-hundredths mills on dollar of the State school tax. The permanent school and university funds shall be invested in bonds of United States, State of Minnesota, and bonds of other States, and in county, city, town, or village bonds of Minnesota. See also E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; N (a). High schools. Mississippi: University of Mississippi, incorporated February 24, 1844, shall continue to exist as body politic and corporate with all its franchises, rights, powers, and privileges; government is vested in the board of trustees of the university and colleges of Mississippi. Said board shall have all the power 728 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. necessary to aceomplishment of trust reposed in them, viz, the establishment of a first-class institution in the different departments of learning; trustees shall elect treasurer; he may be removed and shall give bond; trustees shall make biennial report to legislature exhibiting every item of receipts and expenditure; sale of liquor within 5 miles of university forbidden; any act which would be a violation of the law if committed elsewhere shall be criminal and punishable if done on campus, grounds, or roads of university ; proctor vested with police powers; billiard tables and tenpins prohibiteti under penalty of fine or imprisonment or both; if any person appears intoxicated in Oxford, he shall be fined and imprisoned till fine is paid; any peace officer failing to enforce this regulation shall be fined and removed from office; property of university not subject to State, county, or municipal taxation ; lands of university not to be leased save for an annual rent ; bodies of persons who die in State-supported hospitals that are not claimed to be given to university for anatomical uses; bodies of travelers dying suddenly and Confederate soldiers excepted from this provision. Diploma from de- partment of pharmacy in university entitles holder to receive license from State board of pharmaceutical examiners to practice pharmacy without fur- ther examination. Chancellor of university shall be member of the board of the geological survey. Fraternities, sororities, Greek-letter societies, " and all other secret orders, chapters, fraternities, sororities, societies, and organizations of whatever name, or without a name, of similar name and purpose," are abolished and prohibited " to exist in the University of Mississippi and in all other educa- tional institutions supported in whole or in part by the State"; student members not permitted to receive class honors, diplomas, or distinctions, but student may agree in writing not to affiliate with same while at said school ; any trustee, member of faculty, or officer permitting violation of this " shall be removed from such ix)sition " ; trustees authorized to purchase any build- ings owned by said orders. See also A (bl). State boards. Missouri: The government of the university shall be vested in a board of curators, who shall constitute a body corporate; said board shall consist of nine members appointed by the governor, not more than one of whom shall be from the same congressional district and not more than five of whom shall be from the same political party; term, six years, two being appointed every two years. Said board shall appoint annually three of their number to act as an executive board, who shall meet each month to audit claims and attend to such other business as may be intrusted to them by the board; said board shall also appoint annually three of their number as an execu- tive committee of the School of Mines and Metallurgy, at Rolla ; governor shall fill vacancies in board. Curators shall appoint president, faculty, and other employees of the university and fix their powers, duties, and compensa- tion. Board shall not expend in any year more than the income of the university ; an inventory and appraisement of all university property shall be made each year. No person who is related to any member of the board by blood or marriage shall be appointed an officer, member of faculty, or em- ployee of the university. Board shall report to each biennial session of the legislature. Board may confer such degrees as are usually conferred by colleges and universities. Board shall have care and custody of university property. Officers, teachers, and employees of the university shall not be personally interested in any contract for any supplies, work, etc., for the same. All youths, resident of the State, who are over 16 years old and P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 729 possess scholastic attainments prescribed by curators shall be eligible for admission without payment of tuition, but fees may be charged for tuition in professional departments and for incidental expenses in laboratories, libraries, etc. There is created a fund for the support of the State university, the Col- lege of Agriculture, and the School of Mines; said fund shall be perpetual, and only the income thereof shall be used; it shall consist of certain lands, State certificates of indebtedness, and other funds and assets applied to such purpose. It is a misdemeanor to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of intoxicating liquors to any student of the university or of any college or academy in the State, but druggists may sell the same on prescription; this section shall not apply to any mercantile or business college. See also Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Montana: The University of Montana is located at Missoula; it shall be under control of State board of education; State treasurer shall be treas- urer of such institution. Duties of State hoard: To enact by-laws for govern- ment of university; elect president, faculty, and other employees and fix their compensation and terms, but no sectarian or partisan test shall be applied and no sectarian or partisan instruction shall be given; may regulate course of study , and prescribe textbooks; may grant diplomas and confer honorary degrees. President of university shall be executive head of insti- tution ; he shall make amiual report to State board and such special reports as may be required. Following departments shall be established: (1) Pre- paratory; (2) literature, science, and the arts; (3) professional and tech- nical colleges. University open to both sexes. Tuition shall be free to resi- dents of State for one year, except for law and medical departments and for extra studies. Appropriations: (1) University-fund income and other State appropriations, (2) tuition and matriculation fees, (3) donations. By act of March 14, 1913, the State university at Missoula, the College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts at Bozeman, the School of Mines at Butte, the State Normal School at Dillon, and such other departments as may hereafter be established shall constitute the University of Montana; State board of education shall control ; a chancellor of the university may be elected, but presidents of constituent institutions shall have immediate direction of their schools. See also A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Nebraska: Object shall be to afford inhabitants of State the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and the arts. Controlled by board of six regents elected by the electors of the State at large; vacancies shall be filled by the governor, but such appointees shall serve only for time until next general election. Board shall appoint own officers; shall be a corporate body and have seal; may acquire and dispose of property, except that upon which buildings of university are located, which shall require consent of legislature. Board shall have right of eminent domain. Board shall elect a chancellor and professors, prescribe their duties, and fix their compensation. The professor of botany shall be ex officio the acting State bontanist; the professor of geology, acting State geologist; the professor of chemistry, acting State chemist; the professor of ento- mology, acting State entomologist. The university may embrace a gradu- ate college, a college of arts and sciences, a college of agriculture, a college of engineering, a college of law, a teachers' college, a college of medi- cine. The governor shall set aside two sections of any agricultural college 730 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. lands belonging to State for tlie purpose of a model farm as a part of the college of agriculture. The several buildings of the university shall be erected within a radius of 4 miles from the statehouse. Regents may elect tutors, but such tutors shall not be considered as belonging to the faculty. The imme- diate government of each college shall be by its own faculty, but no course of study shall be adopted or series of textbooks used without approval of re- gents. Regents shall have exclusive authority to confer degrees and grant diplomas, but each college may grant rewards of merit to its own students. Admission to any college of university shall be $5; applicants for admission shall pass examination, except graduates of accredited high schools. All per- sons residing in the State, conforming to requirements, may be admitted to any college of the university, and students entering the college of literature, science, and art or the industrial college shall not pay any other than the matriculation fee for term of four years ; students remaining longer than four years may be required to pay additional fees; special fees may be charged students of law, medicine, and fine arts ; nonresidents may be admitted upon payment of certain fees. Textbooks shall be furnished by regents at cost; regents may furnish books and money to worthy indigent students for services rendered or with the understanding that the same will be repaid within five years. No person shall, because of age, sex, color, or nationality, be deprived of the privileges of said institution; females shall be educated apart from males, but both may, when of same proficiency, attend college lectures to- gether. Regents shall provide a rule for attendance upon the agricultural college and civil engineering and scientific courses for students who can attend only part of year. Regents shall submit to governor a report of the university prior to each meeting of legislature. The several funds for sup- port of the university shall be designated as follows : Permanent endowment fund; temporary university fund; the university cash fund; the United States Morrill fund ; the United States experiment-station fund. State treas- urer shall be treasurer of State university ; regents shall receive no compensa- ion for services, but may be reimbursed their actual expenses. Cadet bat- talion shall be organized. An agricultural experiment station and substation shall be purchased, equipped, and controlled by regents from donations made by the United States Government for the same. The object of the substation shall be to determine the adaptability of the arid and semiarid portions of the State to agriculture, horticulture, and forest-tree growing. The county commissioners of any county may appropriate $100 per year for holding farm- ers' institutes under the direction of the university. See also G (c), County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools. Nevada: There shall be established in the University of Nevada a school for the instruction of teachers, in which shall be taught all branches which are taught in common schools of the State, together with theory and practice of teaching, school law, botany, physiology, and geology ; there shall be taught in said university chemistry, assaying, mineralogy, surveying, and geology, so far as they relate to the theory and practice of mining, agriculture, and the mechanic arts; typewriting, shorthand, telegraphy, bookkeeping, and com- mercial law, so far as they relate to practical life, shall be taught in the preparatory department of said university. Board of regents shall be com- posed of five members, elected at each general election, two for four years and one for two years ; regents shall take oath of olfice ; in case of vacancy gov- ernor shall appoint member to serve until next regular election. Regents shall prescribe rules for own government; prescribe rules for reports of university officers and teachers ; prescribe course of study ; prescribe textbooks P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 731 and supply apparatus ; appoint president of university with proper qualifica- tions ; prescribe duties of president and fix his salary ; maintain training and model schools ; control expenditures of university funds ; keep open to public inspection all accounts ; make annual report to governor ; revoke diplomas for just cause. Regents may employ a clerk at salary of $25 per month ; board must hold four meetings in each year. President of university shall make annual report to board of regents. Regents shall issue diplomas to graduates of university and of normal school. State board of education shall issue high- school certificates to graduates who have had at least 16 units in education and to graduates of normal school elementary certificates of first grade good for five years. Life diplomas may be given to holders of high school and ele- mentary certificates after five years' successful experience in teaching. To those completing three-year normal course a grammar-grade diploma and grammar-grade certificate shall be issued. There shall be no discrimination in admission of students on account of sex, race, or color ; no person under 15 years old shall be admitted ; tuition shall be free. State superintendent shall visit university at least once a year and report to board of regents. Uni- versity shall analyze and report to sender any ores, minerals, soil, or water ; sample assays shall be made for gold and silver and tests reported. Honorary board of visitors of Nevada State University shall consist of one member from each county and chief justice of the supreme court shall be ex oflicio chair- man; term of office of such board shall be two years; members shall be in- terested in higher education and shall be appointed by governor. Said visitors shall meet annually at university during commencement week, make inspection of same and reiK)rt to governor; board shall receive no compensa- tion, except expenses for board and lodging while inspecting university, which shall be paid out of contingent fund. The interest derived from investment of all moneys from the sale of the 90,000 acres of land granted to Nevada by act of Congress, 1862; that granted by Congress in 1866; all money paid as interest on deferred installments on purchase of land named in this act which may be sold ; all money arising from ad valorem tax of 2 per cent shall con- stitute the maintenance fund of the university; board of regents shall be trustees of all university funds and property. State controller shall report in detail to regents. New Mexico: There is hereby established an institution of learning, known as the University of New Mexico. The object of the university shall be to provide the inhabitants of the State with means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and arts. The State university shall be under the control of a board of regents consisting of five members appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term, four years; not more three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of appointment. Board of regents shall constitute a body corporate; said board shall elect a president and a secretary and treasurer from their number annually; said secretary and treasurer shall give bond in sum not less than $20,000, shall attest all instruments required to be signed by the president, and shall keep record of the affairs of the board of regents; the president of said board shall generally direct the affairs of said university, nominate, and, by and with the advice of the board of regents, appoint all professors, tutors, instructors, and other employees of said university. The regents shall enact by-laws, rules, and regulations for the government of said university. The university shall have departments for instruction in science, literature, and the arts, law, medicine, engineering, and such other departments as regents may determine, including military 732 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. training and tactics. The immediate government of the several depart- ments shall be intrusted to the respective faculties, but the regents shall have power to regulate courses of study, prescribe books, and also to confer degrees and diplomas. The said university shall be open to the children of this State and such others as regents may determine, under the rules and regulations of said regents. • No sectarian tenets or opinions shall be re- quired to entitle any person to become a student or a teacher in said uni- versity; said university shall forever be nonsectarian in character. The meetings of said board may be called in such manner as the board of regents may determine, and a majority of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Regents may prescribe entrance requirements, shall keep accurate record of all funds of university, and shall insure prop- erty of university for three-fourths its value; may use proceeds of lands for permanent improvements. Board of regents of said university shall be al- lowed expenses incident to board meetings; shall make annual report to the legislature through the governor; may pay secretary and treasurer a salary not to exceed $50 per month ; shall take oath of office. The governor and superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio advisory mem- bers of board of regents. At least one member of board shall be a resident of place of location of the university. Records of board shall be open to inspection of any citizen. No employee or member of board shall be pecu- niarily interested in any contract of said university. Said university may receive any property which may be granted to it by Congress. Tuition fee of no less than $5 nor more than $25 shall be charged by boards New York: See A (bl), State boards; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. North Carolina: A State university shall be established; all property accruing to the State from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or unclaimed shares of estates of deceased persons shall be appropriated to use of university. Eighty trustees shall be elected by legislature for terms of eight years ; State super- intendent shall be ex officio a member; board of trustees shall be a body corporate, and as such shall hold property, receive gifts, etc.; all property of university shall be exempt from taxation; governor shall be ex officio president of trustees. Trustees shall elect a president, professors, and other officers of university, and may remove them for cause ; trustees may appoint an executive committee and confer such powers on it as are deemed proper. They may confer such degrees as are usually conferred by colleges and uni- versities. Regular meetings shall be held annually and special meetings may be called by governor or the board ; quorum, at least 10 members ; vacancies shall be filled by legislature. Trustees shall reduce tuition fees to $60 per annum; they shall adopt such rules for the admission of ministers' sons, candidates for the ministry, young men having bodily infirmity, and stu- dents preparing to teach as are adopted by other colleges throughout the State; students in normal department shall receive free tuition on agreeing to teach one year after leaving. Trustees shall report annually to governor for legislature. Intoxicating liquors shall not be sold within 4 miles of university; billiard tables and games of chance shall not be kept within 5 miles; theatrical and other shows shall not be exhibited within 5 miles without permission from president or member of faculty. Annual appropria- tions are made for maintenance ($95,000 for 1914). North Dakota: The University of North Dakota is located at Grand Forks. Board of trustees shall consist of five members appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate. Board shall have control of uni- versity proi)erty; shall elect a president and a secretary of the board. Not P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 733 more than 12 meetings shall be held in any one year ; four members a quorum. Board shall elect a president, professors, and other necessiiry employees, and fix their salaries and terms of office; ^hall determine the qualifications of ap- plicants for admission. Board may expend the income of the university fund and may accept any college of the State as a branch of the university ; it shall report to the governor at the end of each fiscal year. The president of the university shall be the executive head of the instructional force, but the trus- tees shall have power to regulate the courses of study, determine books to be used, and confer such degrees as are usually conferred by universities. Uni- versity shall consist of the following branches or departments: (1) Arts, (2) letters, (3) teachers' college, (4) school of mines, (5) military, (6) profes- sional departments. University shall be open to both sexes. Graduate of university shall, after having taught successfully for 16 months, be entitled to certificate to teach in any public school. No resident of the State for one year shall be required to pay tuition fees, except in law department and for extra studies. A biological station is established at Devils Lake. Each trus- tee shall receive $3 per day and expenses while attending meetings. See also (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions. Ohio: Miami and Ohio Universities shall be colleges of liberal arts, but not to include technical or graduate instruction, aside from the usual graduate work for degree of master of arts. The Miami University fund shall consist of proceeds of a tax levy of eighty-five ten-thousandths of 1 mill on all tax- able property of State; such levy shall not be increased, but appropriations may be made from time to time to purchase apparatus for university pur- poses, exclusive of buildings; the Ohio University fund shall consist of pro- ceeds of a like levy which shall not be increased, but appropriations may be made for purchase of apparatus. The Ohio normal-school fund and the Mi- ami normal-school fund shall consist of the proceeds, respectively, of a five one-thousandths and a thirty-five ten- thousandths of a mill levy on the taxable property of the State; each of such schools may receive such additional ap- propriations as the legislature may make from time to time for support and equipment. Appropriations hereinbefore enumerated shall be only for courses in liberal arts in the normal schools or college branches. For the purpose of affording free the advantages to the youth of the State of a higher, technical, liberal, professional, agricultural, graduate, and industrial education, includ- ing manual training, there shall be levied on taxable property of State five hundred and thirty-five ten-thousandths of a mill, the proceeds to constitute the Ohio State University fund ; Ohio State University shall not maintain a normal school, but may establish a teachers' college ; board of trustees of Siiid institution may charge incidental expense fees and also reasonable tuition fees for professional education. A levy of five one-thousandths of a mill each shall be made for the normal schools at Bowling Green and Kent. All insti- tutions hereinbefore named may charge reasonable tuition to students hon- resident in State. Expenditures of all moneys for aforesaid institutions shall be subject to inspection of State bureau of inspection and supervision of public offices. Government of Miami University shall be vested in 27 trus- tees, appointed by governor with advice and consent of senate, nine every third year, to serye nine years; said trustees shall make annual report to governor; legislative standing committee on colleges and universities shall examine into condition of said university and report needs of the same to legislature. Board of trustees of Ohio State University shall be composed of seven mem- bers, appointed by governor with advice and consent of senate, one appointed 734 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. each year, to serve seven years ; said trustees shall receive no compen^tion, but shall be allowed expenses ; said trustees shall be a body corporate ; secre- tary, treasurer, and librarian of said board of trustees may be members of board, and may receive such compensation as board prescribes ; treasurer shall give bond; meetings of board shall be held at least three times annually, a ma- jority of those present constituting a quorum, but a majority of entire board shall be necessary to elect or remove a president or professor ; board of trus- tees shall make annual report to governor; board may adopt by-laws, rules, and regulations for government of university; board shall elect and fix com- pensation of president, professors, and other employees of university; no person related by blood or marriage to any member of board shall be elected to any position in university the compensation of which is payable out of State treasury or university fund; board shall not contract any debt not previously authorized by legislature; a high-school building may be con- structed on campus of said university to be used as practice school by col- lege of education, but shall not be any expense to State ; board may receive and apply any gifts made to university; attorney general shall be legal ad- visor to board ; said university shall be open to all persons over 14 years old, subject to rules of board, and several counties of State shall be entitled to representation as to students in proportion to population; board shall cause to be collected agricultural and science specimens, the same to be kept at university; board shall establish a department of ceramics, and a school of mines ; the proper professor shall make analyses of artificial fertilizers when requested so to do; the college of agriculture and domestic science shall ar- range for extension of its teachings throughout the State ; a college of medi- cine, a college of dentistry, and an engineering experiment station shall be established and maintained at said university. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b). State normal schools. Oklahoma: State university is hereby located at Norman; said institution shall be under control of State board of education. Said board shall elect president, professors, instructors, officers, and employees, and fix their terms and salaries ; shall prescribe entrance requirements. No sectarian or partisan tests shall be required of any person connected with said institution, and no sectarian or partisan instruction shall be given therein. The president of uni- versity shall be president of the several faculties and executive head of the instructional force; may be charged with duties of one of professorships. Immediate government of the several colleges of said university shall be in- trusted to their respective faculties, but State board may regulate courses, prescribe books, confer degrees, and grant diplomas and confer on faculty power to suspend or expel students for proper cause. Object of university shall be to impart knowledge of branches connected with scientific, industrial, and professional pursuits, training in art of teaching, and training in citizen- ship ; university shall be composed of colleges of arts, letters, education, and of the professions. College of arts shall give instruction in mathematical, physical, and natural sciences, with their application to industrial arts; col- lege of letters shall be coexistent with college of arts and shall embrace lib- eral course of instruction in language, literature, and philosophy; college of education shall give instruction in theory and art of teaching and in aca- demic branches. Said university shall be open to female as well as male students; able-bodied male students may receive instruction and discipline in military tactics, requisite arms to be furnished by State. Any graduate of university satisfying State superintendent as to moral character, and upon P (c). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 735 application to sjiid superintendent, shall be granted a permannt first-grade teachers' certificate. State board may require students in college of education to pay tuition fees unless they agree to teach in common schools of State for one year, but no student who has resided in State for one year preceding his admission shall be required to pay any tuition fees, except in law department or for extra courses. State board may receive any gifts for use of university. See also A (bl). State boards; N (a), High schools. Oregon : The " regents of the university " shall consist of 9 members ; they shall be appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate ; term, 12 years. Regular meetings shall be held in January and June; special meetings may be called by the president or held on request of 3 members. Regents shall elect a secretary and a treasurer and fix their compensation. Powers and duties of regents: To have custody and control of university property; employ a president of the university and necessary professors, teachers, and other employees; receive interest on the university fund and also sums ac- cruing to the university for tuition and apply the same to the payment of employees; prescribe admission fee and rate of tuition; supervise the course of study and make rules and by-laws for the university ; confer degrees usually conferred by universities; prescribe qualifications for admission to the uni- versity. Five members of board shall constitute a quorum ; an executive com- mittee may perform duties of board in recess time. Regents shall receive only necessary expenses in attending meetings. President of board shall be- port annually to governor. The faculty shall have the immediate control and discipline of the university, and, under supervision of regents, shall prescribe course of study and textbooks. The president of the university shall be presi- dent of the faculty and shall give general directions to the work. The interest on the fund accruing from the sale of university lands shall be applied to the payment of president, faculty, and other current expenses. For the support of the university a tax of three-tenths of 1 mill shall be levied on the taxable property of the State. Separate appropriations are made for the medical de- partment and for extension work. South Carolina: The trustees of the University of South Carolina shall con- sist of the governor, superintendent of education, chairmen of the committees on education of the senate and house of representatives, ex ofllcio, and seven members elected by the legislature; term of elective members, six years, two or three, as the case requires, being elected every two years; compensation, actual expenses when attending meetings. Said board shall be a body cor- porate. Governor shall be president; two stated meetings a year, and gov- ernor may call special meetings ; majority a quorum, but a majority vote of the whole board shall be necessary for the election or removal of a president or professor or for the creation or abolition of a professorship or for the expulsion of a student. Trustees may appoint a board of visitors. No sale of property of the university shall be made without the consent of the legis- lature. Board may receive and invest funds offered to found scholarships. Board shall appoint a president and faculty, who shall have immediate control of the university. The president of the university shall not be an atheist or infidel; one of the professors shall be chaplain. Board shall appoint a librarian. The tuition fee shall be $40 per annum, except in the law depart- ment, where additional fees may be charged ; except in the law department, the faculty may grant beneficiary scholarships to deserving youths who may be unable to pay tuition; trustees may remit all fees to teachers who take the special courses offered teachers by the university. The university may confer degrees. Trustees may admit as normal students, without fees, two 736 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. young men from each county; young women may be admitted to the uni- versity, but not below the junior class. The universities and colleges of the State may provide a course, to be approved by the State board of education, the completion of which will entitle student to the degree of licentiate of instruction, and the diploma therefor shall entitle holder to a first-grade county teacher's certificate. See also A (bl). State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. South Dakota: The University of South Dakota, located at Vermillion, shall be under the control of the State board of regents. Object: To impart to young men and women a " liberal education and thorough knowledge of the different branches of literature, the arts, and sciences." No student who has been a resident of the State for one year shall be required to pay tuition fees, except in the law department and for extra studies. University shall include a collegiate, scientific, law, normal, and such other departments as the regents may determine; regents may confer degrees and grant diplomas. Board shall elect a president, oflicers, tutors, and other necessary employees and fix their compensation; it may remove such officers in its discretion. President of the university shall report biennially to the board of regents, who shall report biennially to the governor. Tennessee: The University of Tennessee is established at Knoxville. Board of trustees shall consist of the governor, State superintendent, commissioner of agriculture, president of the university ex officio, and two members from the city of Knoxville and one member from each congressional district, ap- pointed by the governor; term of appointive members, 12 years, two being appointed every 2 years. Board may appoint an executive committee of five of its members to transact such business of the university as said board may delegate. The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and subsequent acts granting Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical colleges are accepted ; such fund is divided between the said university and the State agricultural and industrial normal school for negroes at Nashville in propor- tion to the scholastic population of the white and colored races. See also B (a), General State finance and support. Texas: Permanent fund constituted for State University. — ^All lands heretofore set apart; 1,000,000 acres of land set apart by constitution and 1,000,000 acres set apart by legislature in 1883 ; bonds that may be purchased with proceeds of university lands; proceeds of sale of university lands that are placed in treasury; receipts from donations, etc. State shall hold such permanent fund in trust, and income therefrom shall be used for maintenance of uni- versity. Donations may be accepted for professorships and scholarships. Board of regents shall consist of eight members, nominated by governor and appointed with advice and consent of senate; term, eight years, two being appointed biennially. Regents shall establish the departments of a first-class university; they shall appoint a president and professors and fix their sal- aries; they may regulate the course of study and prescribe books and authori- ties to be used ; they may grant such degrees and diplomas as are usually granted by universities. Admission fee shall never exceed $30, and male and female students residing in the State may be admitted free under regulations prescribed by regents. All expenditures shall be made on authority of the regents. No religious qualification shall be required and no sectarian in- struction shall be given. Regents shall reiwrt annually to State board of edu- cation and biennially to legislature. Legislature shall at each regular session appoint a board of visitors. P (c). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 737 Utah: The University of Utah is constituted a body corporate, and as such may take and hold property, convey property, and receive gifts and bequests for puri)oses appropriate to the objects of the university. Purpose of uni- versity: To afford a thorough education to students of both sexes in the arts, sciences, literature, and the civil professions, including engineering. Board of regents: Secretary of state, president of university after election, and 12 citizens appointed by the governor; members shall hold 4 years, with over- lapping terms. Between meetings of board its powers as to ordinary business may be transacted by an executive committee of 5 members appointed by the board. Board shall elect a president and a secretary from its membership and a treasurer who is not a member. Board shall elect a president and faculty and fix their compensation ; it may commit to faculty the selection of instructors and employees and the determination of their compensation; regents shall receive no compensation except necessary expenses in attending meetings. University may confer degrees upon those completing prescribed courses and may also confer special, honorary, and emeritus degrees upon former members of the faculty. The State normal school shall be continued as a department of the university. In the department of education 400 scholarships shall be maintained, but not more than 200 of these shall be in the secondary training department ; holders shall be exempt from payment of matriculation fees; appointment of holders shall be made by State superin- tendent on nomination of county board of examiners; State superintendent shall apportion scholarships to counties on basis of school census ; holders of normal scholarships shall declare their intention to complete course elected, and, after completion of course, to teach in the public schools of the State. Holders of teachers' certificates issued by the department of education shall be entitled without further examination to teach in grades or subjects men- tioned in certificates for a period of 5 years; holder of grammar-school diploma, after teaching 2 years, shall be entitled to a life grammar-grade diploma, to be issued by State board of education. A course of studies pre- paratory to regular university courses may be maintained by regents. In- struction in preparatory, normal, and regular university courses shall be free to all residents of State, but a matriculation fee of $10 for. residents and $50 for nonresidents may be required annually. Fees may be charged for special and postgraduate courses. Benefactors may establish professorships, fellow- ships, and lectureships. See also P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions; Q (d), Mining schools. Vermont: See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Virginia: The " Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia " shall be a body corporate. There shall be nine visitors appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate; term, 4 years, four or five, as the case requires, being appointed every 2 years; superintendent of public instruction shall be ex oflacio a member. Meetings shall be held once a year and at such other times as board may determine ; majority, a quorum ; visitors shall elect from their number a rector and shall also elect a secretary; they shall annually elect an executive committee of not less than 3 nor more than 5 members to transact business in recess. Duties of visitors: To care for and pre- serve the property of the university ; appoint a president, professors, and other necessary ofl3cers; prescribe the duties of professors and the courses of in- struction; make regulations for the government of the university; report annually to legislature. State appropriation of $40,000 annually is made on 3966°— 15 47 738 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK. condition that students resident of tlie State and over 16 years old shall be admitted to academic departments free of tuition charges. Rector and visitors shall not issue obligations secured by deed of trust on property of university without consent of legislature. Gifts and bequests may be ac- cepted and shall be deposited in the State treasury to be invested in bonds or certificates of indebtedness of Virginia, the United States, or any State thereof; income shall be appropriated to the general purposes of the uni- versity unless otherwise specified by donor. A donation shall be irrevocable by donor or his representative, but visitors may reject a donation. The State shall be trustee of funds of the university. See also A (b2). State officers; P (a), Higher institutions, general. Washington: Government of University of Washington shall be vested in board of regents to consist of 7 members appointed governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate ; term, 6 years ; 4 members a quorum ; governor shall fill any vacancy on said board until close of following session of legislature ; members of said board shall take oath of office. Said board shall organize by electing from its number a president and an executive committee, said president to be ex officio chairman of such committee; board shall hold quarterly meetings; executive committee shall transact business during the interim, and may call special meetings of full board. Powers and duties of regents: To have control of university and its property; appoint and fix terms of president, members of faculty, assistants, and other em- ployees of the institution; prescribe course of study with assistance of faculty ; confer diplomas and degrees ; receive bequests and gratuities which may be granted to the university, and expend the same according to terms of said bequests and gratuities; give and execute bonds and other papers re- quired by the War Department for safe-keeping of arms and equipment loaned to said university by the United States; transmit a printed report biennially to governor prior to session of legislature. Members of said board shall serve without compensation, but traveling expenses shall be allowed. Faculty of said university shall consist of the president and professors, and shall have immediate government of the institution subject to rules of regents. Object of said university shall be to provide instruction for students of both sexes in branches of literature, science, art, law, medicine, military science, and such other departments as regents may establish; tuition, ex- cept for arts and special courses, shall be free to bona fide residents of State ; nonresidents may be admitted on terms prescribed by regents; no student under age of 16 years shall be admitted to said university; said university shall, as far as practicable, begin courses in literary and scientific departments at points where same are completed in public high schools of the State; no student shall be admitted except upon examination, but students possessing certificates from accredited high schools and other educational institutions shall be admitted without such examination. Said university shall never be under control of any religious or sectarian denomination or society what- ever. State attorney general shall be legal adviser of president and regents of said university. The museum of the University of W^ashington is hereby constituted the State museum, to be under the management of regents of said university. See also A (bl). State boards; P (d), Carnegie fund. West Virginia: The financial control of West Virginia University shall be vested in State board of control, educational affairs in State board of regents; said board of regents shall elect president, professors, instructors, officers, and employees, and fix salary and term of office of each. Regents shall establish P (C). STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 739 and maintain such colleges, schools, departments, divisions, chairs, and courses of study as they may see fit; shall confer degrees; diploma issued to any student who has taken at least six courses in department of education shall entitle holder to a first-grade certificate. Regents may admit, as regular students therein, not more than GOO cadets, between ages of 16 and 24 years, in military department; such cadets shall be appointed for term of 2 years, but may reenlist for term of 2 years ; cadets shall be appointed by members of legislature, but number necessary to make full complement of the corps shall be appointed by regents; cadets must be of good moral character and sound physical condition ; not more than 15 cadets shall be appointed from one senatorial district, and not more than 8 from any one county; tuition and other charges shall be free to cadets. Regents shall invest funds derived from United States land warrants in securities as may be prescribed by act of (Congress. Said university is designated as institution of the State to receive appropriations made by Congress for agricultural education; State treasurer shall be custodian of such funds. An agricultural-extension de- partment is created at said university to promote improvement and advance- ment of agriculture, domestic science and rural life among the people of the State. The preparatory branches of the West Virginia University located at Montgomery and at Keyser shall be under the control and direction of the State board of control and State board of regents. See also A (bl), State boards; O (a). Industrial education, general. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin shall be governed by a board of regents, consisting of one member from each congressional district and two from State at large, at least two of whom shall be women, appointed by governor, term six years; State superintendent and president of university shall be ex officio members of said board ; said president shall be member of all standing committees, but shall vote only in case of a tie; said board shall be a corporate body ; State treasurer shall be treasurer of said board ; said board shall hold an annual meeting, and may hold special meetings; majority, a quorum for transaction of business; meetings and records of board shall be open to public; board may hold executive sessions, records of same to be open to public. Duties of hoard of regents: To enact laws for government of university; elect and fix Siilaries and terms of office of presi- dent, professors, instructors, officers, and employees; determine admission requirements; prescribe rules and regulations for management of property of university; expend income of university fund for needs of university; make biennial report to governor and legislature; shall make other reports to governor as often as may seem desirable relative to special investigations ; have accounts audited by responsible audit company and approved by governor. Regents may receive in connection with the university any col- lege of the State upon application of its board of trustees; such college shall become a branch of university and be subject to visitation of regents. President of said university shall be president of the several faculties and executive head of instructional force; shall, subject to regents, direct in- struction and investigations; shall, if necessary, be charged with a pro- fessorship; immediate government of the several colleges shall be intrusted to their faculties; regents may regulate courses, prescribe books, confer degrees, grant diplomas, and confer upon faculty power to suspend or expel students for cause; no partisan or sectarian instruction shall be allowed in any department of university ; no partisan or sectarian tests shall be allowed in said university for any purpose whatever. The object of the university shall be to provide means of acquiring knowledge of branches 740 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLEC EDUCATION, connected with literary, scientific, industrial, and professional pursuits. University shall consist of following colleges : Letters and science, mechanics and engineering, agriculture,* law, medicine, and others, as may be added. University shall be open to students of both sexes; all able-bodied male students may be given military instruction and discipline. The diploma of a graduate from a regular collegiate course, after one year's successful experience in teaching in public schools, shall have force of an unlimited State certificate. Students who are bona fide residents of State for ore year preceding admission shall pay no tuition except for extra studies; regents shall fix tuition of nonresidents and fees for extra courses. For sup- port and endowment of university there is annually and permanently appro- priated: University fund income and all other sums appropriated by law to- such fund; agricultural fund income; contributions from public or private bounty. Regents shall control funds and care for all donations. A tax of three-eighths of 1 mill for each dollar of assessed valuation of taxable general property of the State shall be levied annually for current and ad- ministration expenditures and for improvement and increase of facilities of university. Commissioners of public lands may loan trust funds for use of university in certain cases. Regents may provide for a model school for use of department of education. Secretary of state, with approval of gov- ernor, may transfer sum from the general fund to university fund income, not to exceed $150,000 in any year, as temporary loan. Plans and contracts for buildings must be approved by the governor. Regents shall provide edu- cational extension and correspondence teaching; shall carry on experiments and conduct traveling schools of agriculture. An astronomical observatory shall be maintained at said university. Regents may maintain a summer school; may establish three agricultural demonstration stations; shall es- tablish a State soils laboratory in connection with college or agriculture; shall establish, equip, and maintain in connection with department of pharmacy of university a pharmaceutical experiment station; shall elect county agricultural representatives. Regents shall receive amount of ex- penses for time officially employed, but no other pay. Any university or college may receive in connection with it any other university or college upon resolution of boards of trustees of such institutions affected. See also A (c2). County officers; Q (d), Mining schools. Wyoming: A State university is established at Laramie; departments of letters, science, arts, and professions shall be established. Trustees: Nine members, with president of university and State superintendent ex officio, who may speak but have no vote; appointed by governor; term, six years, three being appointed every two years ; vacancy filled by governor. Board is body corporate ; it shall possess powers necessary to accomplish the objects of the law; routine business may be intrusted to an executive committee. Board shall elect officers and instructors and fix their salaries, prescribe studies to be pursued, and textbooks to be used; it may grant usual degrees and diplomas ; it shall have control of property and the expenditure of funds ; it shall make annual report to governor. Faculty shall enforce rules adopted by trustees. Tuition shall be as nearly free as possible, and shall be wholly free to such students from each county as may be selected and appointed by the board of county commissioners therein. Graduates receiving the degree of bachelor of arts, letters, philosophy, or science who have subsequently taught successfully one year shall be entitled to certificate to teach in any public school when diplomas have been countersigned by State superintendent. The provisions of the acts of Congress granting Federal aid to colleges of Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 741 agricultural and mechanical arts are accepted and proceeds applied to uni- versity. Legislature shall appropriate money for maintenance; State tax of three-eighths of a mill on the dollar for current expenses, and any excess of revenue thus collected shall be paid into a "permanent building fund," to be used for erecting or repairing buildings. Money appropriated by Con- gress for an agricultural experiment station is accepted and shall be applied to such purpose. Moneys arising from rental of " agricultural college lands," interest and profits from " agricultural college permanent land fund," and interest and profits from " agricultural college permanent fund of 1903 " shall be available for trustees to use for maintenance of university. See also N (a), High schools. P (d) . Carnegie Fund. Louisiana: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Washington: Board of regents of the University of Washington and the board of regents of State College of Washington may apply for participation in the fund of the Carnegie Foundation for the advancement of teaching. Q. PROFESSIONAL AND HIGHER TECHNICAL EDUCATION. (a) Teachers' Colleges and Normal Schools. See G (b). State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Q (b) . Agricultural Colleges. See also Appendix A : State constitutional provisions relating to public educa- tion. Alabama: Board of trustees: Governor, State superintendent, two members from congressional district where institute is located, and one from each remaining district; board is a body corporate; annual interest on $253,500 from proceeds of land donated by Congress July 2, 1862, is pledged by the State; additional appropriation of $40,000 annually. Powers of hoard: To employ and remove instructors and other oflficers and fix their compensation ; regulate the government of the institute as they deem advisable; prescribe courses of study, rates of tuition, fees, etc. ; confer academic and honorary degrees; establish and maintain a military department. Trustees, who shall hold for 12 years, shall be divided into three classes, so that about one-third shall be appointed annually; appointed by governor with the consent of the senate; regular meeting once a year and special meetings at call of governor on petition of four members; quorum, six members; members paid actual expenses; board shall report to each session of the legislature. The Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes is established at Normal. This institution receives 45 per cent of the Federal grants of 1890 and subsequent years. 742 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Arizona: See B (b), State school lands; P (c), State nniverslties and colleges. Arkansas; A branch normal college is established at Pine Bluff. This institu- tion is for the colored race and receives ^ of Federal grants to State for agricultural and mechanical colleges. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. California: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Colorado: The object of the agricultural college at Fort Collins is to afford thorough instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences connected therewith; said college shall be open to both sexes; no student shall be admitted who is under 15 years old and who does not pass a satisfactory- examination in arithmetic, geography, grammar, reading, spelling, and .writing. The full course of study shall embrace not less than four years; State board of agriculture may institute winter courses; said board may fix the number of terms in the academic year ; said board may charge for tuition. The state board of agriculture shall have general control and supervision of the institution; said board shall elect president, faculty, and other em- ployees; it shall, with the advice of the faculty, prescribe books to be used and confer such degrees and testimonials as are usually conferred by such institutions. Students shall, if boys, work three hours a day on the farm, and if girls three hours a day at work designated by board. There is established at Fort Lewis a school of agriculture, mechanic arts, and household arts; the State board of agriculture shall have control and supervision of said school; Indians shall be admitted free of charge and on terms of equality with white students. There is established at Grand Junc- tion a school of horticulture, forestry, and vocational training; said school shall be under the control and supervision of the State board of agriculture. Connecticut: The Connecticut Agricultural College shall remain an institution for the education of youth whose parents are residents of the State. Opject: Without excluding scientific and classical studies and including military science, to teach branches relating to agriculture and the mechanical arts. The senate shall biennially appoint 3 trustees who shall hold office for 4 years; the Connecticut Board of Agriculture shall annually elect a trustee; the governor shall be ex officio president of the board; the graduates of said college of 2 years' standing shall biennially elect as trustee a graduate of said college of 10 years' standing, who shall hold office for 4 years. Said trustees may, on behalf of the State, hold lands, money, and other property for the benefit of said college. Duties: To apply the funds for the support of the college, appoint managers and teachers, prescribe course of study and rules, report annually to the governor. The bonds of the State, indorsed and known as the agricultural college bonds and con- stituting the agricultural college fund, and all funds received under act of Congress of July 2, 1862, shall not be transferable except by special act of the legislature, but shall remain in the custody of the commissioner of the school fund. The treasurer of the State and said commissioner may invest said fund in any securities in which savings bank of the State may invest; said treasurer shall pay quarterly to the agricultural college interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum. The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, are accepted. Delaware: Delaware College is established at Newark; its object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including mili- tary tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts. Board of trustees shall consist of 28 members and (b). AGRICXJLTURAL COLLEGES. 743 goveraor, president of college, president of State board of education, and master of State grange ex officio; 8 members shall be appointed by the gov- ernor and vacancies in said 8 shall be filled by governor; other 20 members shall be appointed by the board. Said board shall have general control of said college, and may appoint or remove all subordinate oflicers and agents ; board shall be a body corporate. Faculty, with approval of the board, shall have charge of the management and instruction of the students, and may confer degrees. Board shall report to each biennial session of the legislature. Free instruction for at least 10 students from each county shall be provided, if such students agree to teach in the public schools at least one year. The pro- visions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and subsequent acts granting Federal aid to colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts are accepted. The interest on the endowment of the college shall be applied to the free instruc- tion of one student from each "hundred " (one-tenth of a county) in the State. A college for the instruction of women shall be aflaiiated with Delaware College. Trustees may organize a department of education in said college. The State College for Colored Students is established. Board of trustees: Two persons from each county, who shall be appointed by the governor for terms of four years. Ohject of college: To impart instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various branches of mathe- matical, physical, natural, and economic sciences. Board shall elect a president and faculty, who, subject to said board, may confer degrees and grant diplomas. Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical colleges is ac- cepted, and 20 per cent of such funds are allotted to said College for Colored Students. Florida: See G (d). Teachers' inctitutes and summer schools; P (a). Higher institutions, general. Georgia: See O (b), Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges. Idaho: See A (bl). State boards; P (c). State universities and colleges. Illinois: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Indiana: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supple- mentary acts granting Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical colleges are accepted. The name of the Indiana Agricultural College is permanently changed to Purdue University, in consideration of donation made by John Purdue. Said university is located in Tippecanoe County. Trustees shall be a body corporate and shall hold all property and moneys belonging to said uni- versity. They shall organize said university in conformity with the purposes of said acts of Congress. They may employ and remove all professors and teachers and do all acts necessary to keep said institution in operation. Board of trustees shall consist of nine members, appointed by the governor, two to be nominated by the State board of agriculture, one by the State board of horti- culture, one by the Purdue Alumni Association, and five selected by the gov- ernor himself; not more than two of snid trustees shall be from the same congressional district; term, three years, three being appointed each year. Board shall elect one of its members president and shall also elect a secretary and treasurer, not members of the board. County commissioners of each county may appoint two students therefrom who shall not be chargeable with room, light, heat, water, tuition, janitor, or matriculation fees, but no more than two such students shall be allowed from the same county at the same time. Trustees may establish an institute of technology in connection with said university when a gift is made of money or other property for establish- 744 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ing the same. Trustees shall encourage and direct farmers' reading courses. Annual appropriation is made to said university for the advancement of agri- culture, domeseic science, and rural life in the several counties of the State ; said appropriation shall be used to employ lecturers, extension worljers, etc. ; an extension department is established. Annual appropriation of $75,000 is made for an agricultural experiment station at said university. See also A (bl), State boards; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; O (a), Industrial education, general. Iowa: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supplementary acts are accepted. Course shall include agriculture and the mechanic arts, military tactics, and a school of mines as a separate department. Tuition shall be free to residents of the State over 16 years old; each county shall have prior right to free tuition for three students and the remainder of the capacity of the college shall by the State board of education as trustees be distributed to the counties according to population. See also A (bl), State boards; E (b). Teachers' certificates, generaL Kansas: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, providing Federal aid to State agricultural and mechanical colleges, are accepted. College Is located in Riley County. Controlled by State board of administra- tion. Board shall elect president, professors, and other officers. Four depart- ments: (1) Agriculture, (2) mechanic arts, (3) military science and tactics, (4) literature and science. Immediate government shall be under president and faculty, but board may prescribe course of study and, with advice of faculty, the boolis and authorities to be used, and may grant such degrees and diplomas as are conferred by institutions of the highest grade. The college shall be open to all persons under regulations prescribed by board. Board shall malie annual report. Governor shall appoint a board of three visitors to examine personally, at least once a year, the several departments of the college. The 90,000 acres of land granted by Congress shall be used solely for the endowment of the college; moneys received from the sale of such land shall constitute a fund to remain forever undiminished, but interest may be used for current expenses ; board may sell lands. To residents of the State tuition shall be free, but incidental fee of $3 shall be charged ; nonresidents shall pay $10 matriculation and $10 incidental fees. Board may establish county demonstration farms, and county commissioners in counties where farms are located may devote not exceeding 40 acres for such purpose. Branch experiment stations are established on the Fort Hays Reservation and at Colby and Lakin. In consideration of 15 acres of land deeded by Western University there is established at said university a State industrial department. Seven trus- tees, viz, president of Western Universiy, four members appointed by the gov- ernor, and two members appointed by the trustees of said university. No sec- tarian influence or instruction shall be allowed in said department. Trustees shall have exclusive control of said department ; they shall determine branches of industry to be pursued, furnish necessary equipment, and select a superin- tendent and fix his compensation. See also A (bl). State boards; B (c). Permanent State school funds; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Kentucky: See G (b). State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Louisiana: Board of trustees of the Southern University shall consist of the governor, State superintendent, and one white person, appointed by governor, from each congressional district; term, four years. Said board shall estab- Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 745 lish as department of said university the Industrial and Agricultural Normal School, for training colored teachers; shall establish the Model Industrial and Agricultural School, with at least eight grades therein. Said board shall enact rules and by-laws and shall elect a president, professors, teachers, and other employees, and fix their salaries; president, professors, teachers, and other employees shall be persons of the colored race. See also A (b2), State officers; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (f). Other technical and professional schools. Maine: See P (c), State imiversities and colleges. Maryland: Board of trustees shall consist of 18 persons; 5 shall be elected by a majority of the private stockholders of the college ; ^ 6 shall represent the State, namely, the governor, comptroller, treasurer, president of senate, speaker of house, and attorney general ; United States Secretary of Agricul- ture shall be ex officio a member, and one person from each congressional district, who shall be a practical farmer or immediately interested in agricul- ture; these shall serve for six years, and two shall be appointed biennially by governor. Assent of State given to congressional act of March 2, 1887 (Hatch Act), and to that of first session of Fifty-ninth Congress. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station is designated as the institution to receive moneys appropriated for Maryland. Assent of Maryland to grants of money in accord with conditions of previous section is given. Trustees Maryland Agricultural and Mechanical College required to make chemical analysis of soils of the State, classify same, and conduct field ex- periments ; to be done by State experiment station ; to be undertaken only on property owned by State or furnished without cost ; $10,000 appropriated for 1915 and same for 1916. Department of farmers' institutes shall be established ; purpose shall be to furnish farmers such information as will remedy existing evils in agriculture ; one institute in each county yearly, additional one if desirable; institutes shall be under a director, appointed by trustees of Maryland Agricultural College, and be a department of said college similar to the experiment station; $6,000 appropriated; accurate separate accounts shall be kept and detailed report published. See also G (b). State normal schools. Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Agricultural College shall be under the control of 14 trustees, appointed by the legislature; the governor, commis- sioner of education, commissioner of agriculture, and president of the faculty shall be ex officio members of the corporation; trustees may remove any of their number for cause. Powers and duties of trustees: To elect officers of board of trustees; fix times and places of meetings; elect president, pro- fessors, and other employees of said college, determine their duties, and fix their compensation; prescribe course of instruction; confer degrees; establish rules for control of said college; make annual report to legislature; receive gifts to be applied to purposes of said college. No corporate business shall be transacted at any meeting unless one-half, at least, of trustees are present. The State board of agriculture shall be a board of overseers for said college, with powers and duties prescribed by the governor and council, not to con- flict with powers and duties of trustees. The location, plan of organization, government, and course of study of said college shall be subject to approval of the legislature. Said college is designated as State institution to receive 1 Mortgage given by private stockholders foreclosed under ch. 128, laws 1914, so that the institution is now entirely State property. 746 STATE LAWS RELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. grants from Congress for agricultural instruction. An agricultural experi- ment station is established and maintained at said college. See also G (b), State normal schools. Michigan: The Michigan Agricultural College shall provide the people of the State with the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of agriculture and allied branches, the mechanic arts, domestic arts, domestic science, and mili- tary science. Said college shall be under the control of the State board of agriculture. Said board shall employ president, faculty, and other officers of the college and fix their compensation; it shall fix the qualifications for the admission of students, who shall be admitted free of tuition if residents of the State. The said board may hold institutes and establish courses in read- ing for the instruction of citizens of the State in the various branches of agriculture. The said college is supported by the income from lands granted for that purpose, State appropriations, and a tax of one-sixth of a mill on each dollar of taxable property. The State superintendent shall prepare for district schools a course of study to be known as the agricultural college course, upon the completion of which pupils shall be admitted to the agricul- tural college without further examination. The State superintendent shall receive at least twice a year from the president of the college questions for examination for admission to said college, and shall distribute the same, to be used by county commissioners of schools in examining applicants for such admission. County boards of supervisors may appropriate or raise money by tax to cooperate with the agricultural college in improving farm methods. See also E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; O (b), Agricultural schools. Minnesota: See P (c). State universities and colleges. Mississippi: The college, incorporated on February 28, 1878, shall continue to exist as a body politic and corporate by the name of Mississippi Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, with all its franchises, rights, and powers; government shall be vested in the board of trustees of the university and colleges of Mississippi, Powers and duties of doard: The establishment and maintenance of first-class institution where white persons " may acquire a common-school education and a scientific and practical knowledge of agri- culture, horticulture, and the mechanic arts " ; one-half of agricultural land- scrip fund devoted to the college ; tuition free for five years ; students from other States must pay; privilege of rooming in dormitories belongs to the free students; each county entitled to students in proportion to its white educable males ; this apportionment shall be made by president of college and announced annually ; selection of new students shall be made by county superintendent and by drawing if more than county's quota apply; trustee shall make biennial report of gross receipts and gross disbursements, etc. Money received from Congress under act of March 2, 1887, for experiment sta- tion shall be expended under direction of the college ; billiard tables and other gambling devices prohibited within 5 miles of college. Salary of president reduced from $4,500 to $3,500 per year. Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, created by act of February 28, 1878, shall continue a body politic and corporate; shall receive for its sup- port one-half of the interest of the land-scrip fund; the sections of the chapter on the Agricultural and Mechanical College on number of students entitled to free tuition and apportioning the same among the several counties and the dormitory privileges shall not apply; otherwise the provisions of the chapter on the Agricultural and Mechanical College shall apply to the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College. (This institution is for colored persons. ) See also A (bl), State boards; P (c). State universities and colleges. Q(b) AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 747 Missouri: There is established a College of Agriculture at Columbia and a School of Mines at Rolla, provided for by the grant of the United States Congress, as departments of the university. The leading object of said colleges shall be to teach branches related to agriculture and mining, includ- ing military tactics. Said colleges shall be under the control of the board of curators of the university. Students shall be admitted to said colleges as to other departments of the university. There is created a perpetual fund, to be styled the " Fund of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts," to be derived from the sale or lease of the 330,000 acres of land granted by Congress July 2, 1862, and from all additions to the same from public or private bounty; three-fourths of the income of said fuud shall be for the support of the Agricultural College and the remaining one-fourth for the School of Mines. The College of Agriculture and School of Mines may confer degrees suitable to their designs and courses of study. Curators shall report annually to the governor regarding the College of Agriculture and the School of Mines. Governor shall appoint a board of five visitors to visit and examine annually the affairs of the university. The office of treasurer of the School of Mines is created and the treasurer of the university is required to turn over to the treasurer of the School of Mines all moneys belonging to said school. The Lincoln Institute, for the higher education of the colored race, is established at Jefferson City. Board of regents shall consist of six members appointed by the governor and State superintendent, ex officio. Board may introduce such studies as are taught in the academic department of the State university; shall employ necessary instructors; shall confer degrees usually conferred by colleges; may make rules and regulations. An industrial de- partment shall be established. Federal aid granted to the State for the benefit of agricultural and mechanical colleges shall be divided between the Agricultural College and School of Mines for whites and Lincoln Institute for colored persons on the basis of white and colored children of school age. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Montana: The Agricultural College of Montana is established at Bozeman; such college shall be under control and supervision of State board of educa- tion ; an agricultural experiment station is established in connection with said college, which station shall also be controlled by said board. Provisions of act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supplementary acts are accepted. United States grant of 50,000 acres of land in 1889 for establishment and mainte- nance of an agricultural college. Executive board authorized to establish a station for experimental work in horticulture; experiment stations are also established at Billings and in Fergus County. Treasurer of executive board of agricultural college shall have authority to receive all moneys appropriated by acts of Congress for such purpose and such money shall be expended under direction of State board of education and for purpose designated in acts of Congress. See also A (bl). State boards; P (c), State universities and colleges. Nebraska: See N (a). High schools; P (c). State universities and colleges. Nevada: See P (c). State universities and colleges. New Hampshire: The leading object of the State agricultural college is, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts. The general government of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts shall be vested in a board of 12 trustees and all vacancies hereafter occurring in said board shall be filled as follows : The governor and ^748 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the president of said college shall be members ex oflacio; the alumni of said college may elect two trustees, one of whom shall be a resident of the State, and their term of office shall be three years; all other trustees shall be ap- pointed by the governor, with the advice of the council ; one at least shall be a resident of each councilor district and hold their office for three years, and not more than five of the trustees shall belong to same political party and at least seven of them shall be practical farmers; seven members shall consti- tute a quorum for transaction of business, and not less than eight affirmative votes shall be necessary to elect a president of said college. Trustees shall receive no compensation, but reasonable expenses shall be paid; shall choose a secretary, who ^all be sworn and shall keep a record of ^their proceedings, and a treasurer, who shall give bond ; treasurer shall receive such comiDensation as the trustees may determine. Trustees appoint a faculty of instruction for the college and prescribe their duties; shall furnish free tuition to indigent students as far as practicable; shall file annually with secretary of state a report of the college. Funds derived from the sale of land scrip of the United States shall be held as a trust fund for said college and State shall pay to the treasurer of the college, semiannually, interest on the fund at rate of 6 per cent per annum. The trustees, with consent and approval of the governor and council, except as otherwise provided, may make changes in investment of funds of institution as its interests may require. The property of said college shall be exempt from taxation. A two-year course in practical and theoretical agriculture is hereby established in said college, to which students shall be admitted who can pass a satisfactory examination in read- ing, spelling, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, and the geography and histoi'y of the United States; in this course students shall not be required to take higher mathematics or any foreign language; in addition, they may take other studies for which they are qualified; those completing the two- year course shall receive diplomas as graduates of that course; those who take this course may continue for four years in all to take other courses for which they are qualified; and if qualified for a degre of a four-year course they shall receive it. A department of horticulture is hereby established in said college. Every student, to receive a diploma for a two-year course, shall devote not less than 10 hours per week to practical instruction and manual training in branches of agriculture that require special knowledge and skill. Treasurer of said college is authorized to receive grants of money made therefor. New Jersey: The State agricultural college is established in connection with Rutgers College; said Rutgers College is designated as the institution to receive grants from the United States Government for agricultural educa- tion, and trustees of said college shall have control of said agricultural col- lege. Instruction shall be free to students in agriculture in such manner as the legislature shall prescribe. Trustees shall make and distribute reports as prescribed by law. Board of visitors of agricultural college shall consist of . two members, appointed by governor from each congressional district, with advice and consent of the senate, to serve two years ; members of said board shall be allowed official expenses; said board shall have general super- vision and control of agricultural college and shall make recommendations to legislature ; said board shall cause to be delivered annually in each county of the State one or more public lectures upon subject of agriculture free of charge. Students shall be admitted to agricultural college upon the recom- mendation of board of chosen freeholders of respective counties ; number shall be same as or in proportion to number of representatives in the legislature for Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 749 such counties. Additional free scholarships, equal to number of representa- tives in legislature, shall be granted; students shall be selected by examina- tion ; for each such scholarship the State shall pay to said college the sum of $126; moneys received by Rutgers College for said agricultural college shall be used only for instruction in agriculture, mechanic arts, English language, and the various sciences with special reference to their application in the industries. A deparement of ceramics is established at said college; short courses in agriculture shall be given. New Mexico: There is hereby created and established an institution of learn- ing, known as the Agricultural College and Agricultural Station of New Mexico. Said institution shall be open to the children of all residents of New Mexico, and such other persons as board of regents may determine, under such terms, rules, and regulations as said board may prescribe ; shall be non- sectarian in character and devoted to practical instruction in agriculture, mechanic arts, natural sciences connected therewith, as well as a thorough course of instruction in all branches of learning bearing upon agriculture and other industrial pursuits. Course of instruction of said college shall embrace the English language, literature, mathematics, philosophy, civil engineering, chemistry, and animal and vegetable anatomy and physiology, the veterinary art, entomology, geology, and political, rural, and household economy, horti- culture, moral philosophy, history, mechanics, and such other courses of instruction as shall be prescribed by the board of regents. Said college shall be under the control of a board of regents, consisting of five members appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate ; term four years ; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at time of appointment. Said board shall be a body corporate; shall elect own oflficers; a majority of members shall constitute a quorum for transaction of business. Duties of regents: To receive and disburse moneys for use of college; adopt plans for buildings and improvements; elect professors, teachers, and other employees, and fix salaries of the same ; fix tuition fees ; prescribe rules and regulations for the management of said college; determine time of their meet- ings; regulate course of study; prescribe, under advice of the faculty, books to be used ; confer degrees and grant diplomas ; set entrance standards ; use proceeds of sale of college lands for permanent improvements ; account for all funds handled by them ; insure property for at least three-fourths of its value. No liquor shall be sold within 1 mile of such college. Said college shall be entitled to receive any grants made by Congress for the benefit of said institu- tion. Board of regents of said college shall be allowed expenses incident to board meetings; shall make annual report to the legislature through the governor ; may pay secretary and treasurer a salary of $100 per month ; shall take oath of oflice. The governor and State superintendent shall be ex officio advisory members of board of regents. At least one member of board shall be a resident of the place of location of the said college. Records of board shall be open to inspection of any citizen. No employee or member of board shall be interested pecuniarily in any contract of said college. All orders for disbursements shall be signed by the president of board of regents and attested by the secretary and treasurer; said secretary and treasurer shall give bond. A tuition fee of not less than $5 nor more than $25 shall be charged by said board. New York: The corporation known as Cornell University, is continued. The board of trustees shall be composed of the following: The governor, lieu- tenant governor, speaker of the house of assembly, commissioner of educa- tion, president of State agricultural society, commissioner of agriculture, 750 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. librarian of the Cornell Library, and the president of said university shall be trustees ex officio, and the eldest lineal male descendant of Ezra Cornell shall be trustee thereof during his life; governor shall appoint 5 trustees, with advice and consent of the senate, 1 each year, to serve 5 years; there shall also be 26 elective trustees, 15 of whom shall be elected by board of trustees, 10 elected by alumni of said university, and 1 each year by the executive committee of the New York State grange to serve 1 year ; at no time shall a majority of the board be of any one religious sect or of no religious sect; the trustees elected by the board of trustees shall be elected in groups of 3, 1 group each year ; trustees elected by the alumni shall be elected in groups of 2, 1 group each year ; election of trustees shall be by ballot and 15 ballots shall concur before anyone is elected ; 12 members shall constitute a quorum for transaction of business. Each alumnus may vote for the alumni trustees either by direct or transmitted ballot ; alumni receiving highest number of votes shall be declared elected, but each must receive at least one-third of all votes cast ; if no candidate shall receive one-third of votes cast, alumni present at meeting shall elect the alumni trustees. Farm and grounds of said uni- versity shall consist of not less than 200 acres ; upon recommendation of board, not more than 3 constables may be appointed by the supervisor of town of Ithaca for protection of university property, salaries to be paid by university. The leading object of said institution shall be to teach branches related to agriculture and mechanic arts, including military tactics, but such other branches may be taught as trustees may direct. Said university may estab- lish faculties, departments, and branches, and carry on its work anywhere in the State, confer degrees, and award certificates and diplomas in testimony thereof. Persons of every religious denomination or of no religious denomi- nation shall be equally eligible to offices and appointments. Said corpora- tion may take and hold real and personal property and may receive any gift, grant, devise, or bequest, in trust or otherwise, and apply same as specified to needs of university. Trustees shall conform to requirements of act of Congress relative to agricultural colleges. Said university shall be subject to visita- tion of regents of University of State of New York. The property of said university shall not be incumbered, aliened, or otherwise disposed of except by act of legislature. University shall be open to applicants for admission at lowest expense consistent with its efficiency and welfare. There shall be at said university as many free State scholarships as there are assembly dis- tricts; materials used or property destroyed may be charged to holders of such scholarships. State scholarships shall be awarded on following condi- tions : Competitive examination held annually in each county under direction of education department; applicants shall be at least 16 years old and of 6 months' standing on common schools or academies of State during year pre- ceding; subjects designated by president of university and prepared under direction of commissioner of education; examination papers shall be for- warded to commissioner of education ; other qualifications being equal, prefer- ence shall be given to children of those who have died in military or naval service of the United States ; due notice shall be given of examinations. New York State Veterinary College established at Cornell University shall be under the control and management of said university ; funds appropriated for said college shall be used exclusively for purposes of said college; tuition shall be free to students who shall have resided in the State one year prior to ad- mission ; all fees and charges shall be used for current expenses of said col- lege; said university shall make annual report to governor relative to said college. Cornell University shall have control and management of property Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 751 and affairs of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell Uni- versity; funds appropriated for said college; fees and charges shall be used exclusively for current expenses of said college ; said university shall annually make report to commissioner of agriculture relntive to said college. State school of agriculture at Alfred University shall be under control of Alfred University. Objects of said school shall be: To give elementary and practical instruction in agriculture and allied subjects; conduct agricultural experiments; stimulate agricultural pursuits; give preparatory training for courses in State college of agriculture at Cornell. Powers and duties of hoard of Alfred University relative to said school: To appoint and fix compensation of officers, teachers, and other em.ployees; prescribe admission requirements and courses of study; and exercise such other powers as may be necessary for welfare of school. The commissioner of sigriculture, the director of State college of agriculture at Cornell University, and a person appointed by State grange shall be ex officio members of the board of managers to be appointed by trustees of Alfred University to have immediate management of said school of agriculture. All moneys appropriated for said school shall be used exclusively for said school. Alfred University shall make annual report to State commissioner of agriculture and to legislature relative to said school. Students who have been residents of State for one year preceding admission shall receive free tuition. All fees and sale receipts shall be reported to State treasurer, and same may be reappropriated to school. New York State School of Agriculture of the St. Lawrence University shall have for its objects and purposes elementary and practical instruction in agri- culture and allied subjects; instruction through extension courses; agricul- tural investigations and experiments; printing and distributing agricultural bulletins. The board of trustees of the St. Lawrence University shall have care, supervision, and control of said school, and shall employ and fix com- pensation of officers, teachers, and other employees; adopt rules for said school ; prescribe courses of instruction ; acquire by deed, gift, devise, or lease real property for experimental purposes. Treasurer of St. Lawrence Univer- sity shall give bond in sum of one-fourth of moneys appropriated by legisla- ture for said agricultural school. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; F (c), Teachers' pen- sions; L (j), Agriculture; O (b). Agricultural schools. North Carolina: Appropriations made by Congress for colleges of agricultural and mechanical arts shall be divided in this State between white and colored institutions in the ratio of white population to colored; the North Carolina College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts is constituted a body corporate ; management and control of college is vested in a board of 16 trustees ap- pointed by the governor; term, 8 years, 4 retiring every 2 years; governor shall be president ex officio ; board shall elect an executive committee of 5 members which shall perform duties delegated to it by board. Board shall control property of college and may accept gifts; board shall appoint presi- dent and instructors of college and other necessary officers; board shall have charge of disbursement of funds. Board shall admit free of tuition fees 120 youths (one for each member of the house of representatives) who are of good moral character and are unable to pay such tuition. The agricultural experiment station shall be connected with Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege. President and instructors under direction of board may grant degrees and arrange curriculum. Board shall make annual report to governor. Annual State appropriation fnade for maintenance. 752 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. A college of agriculture and mechanical arts for the colored race is estab- lished ; board of trustees composed of 15 members shall be elected by legisla- ture; term, 6 years, 5 being elected every 2 years. Board may elect from their number an executive committee who shall have immediate management of institution. Board may make rules governing institution, elect president and teachers and other officers, and have charge of disbursement of funds. President and faculty may grant degrees. Board may fix rules of admission. Annual State appropriation is made for maintenance. See also O (b), Agricultural schools. North Dakota: The agricultural college is established at Fargo. The board of trustee shall consist of seven members appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate; term, four years, a part of members being appointed every two years. Board shall elect a president, a secretary, and treasurer, but treasurer shall not be a member of board. Not exceeding six regular meetings shall be held in a year ; majority, a quorum ; each member shall re- ceive $3 per day and 5 cents a mile traveled when attending meetings. Board shall have control of the property and of the exiDenditure of the funds of the college; it shall elect a president, faculty, and other necessary employees. The object of the institution shall be to afford instruction in agriculture and in the natural sciences connected therewith and in the sciences which bear directly upon all industrial arts and pursuits; a full course shall consist of not less than four years. Board shall fix salaries of employees and rate of wages to be allowed students for labor. Faculty shall make annual report to board, which shall report annually to the governor. Board may confer degrees. The grants of lands and funds by the Federal Government are accepted. See also A (bl). State boards; O (b), Agricultural schools; P (b), Finanae, lands, support of higher institutions. Ohio: A combined normal and industrial department shall be maintained at Wilberforce University, an institution for the education of the colored race; board of trustees of said department shall consist of nine members, five ap- pointed by governor, by and with consent of senate, and three chosen by trustees of university; treasurer of such department shall give bond in sum of $25,000; said department board shall make annual report to governor; each member of legislature may designate one or more youth to receive tuition free at such department; there shall be levied annually for sup- port of said department a tax of thirty-five ten-thousandths of a mill on all taxable property of State, unless the legislature shall designate some other rate. See also P (c). State universities and colleges. Oklahoma: The Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College is hereby located in Payne County; said college shall be a corporate institution under control of State board of agriculture. Object of said college shall be to give instruction in agriculture, mechanical arts, English language, and various branches of mathematical, physical, natural, and economic sciences with reference to industries. Experiment station is established in connection with agricultural college. Full course of study shall cover four years, each year to consist of nine months. Faculty shall consist of president and professors, who shall make rules and regulations for government and discipline of col- lege and for preservation of morals, decorum, and health. President of college shall be executive officer, and the subordinate officers and em- ployees, not members of faculty, shall be under his direction. The president and board of Control shall fix wages to be paid students for labor at college. Board of control and the faculty may confer degrees on graduates of col- Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 753 lege. Said college may receive any appropriations made by United States Government for agricultural colleges within the State. Citizens of Olvlahoma between ages of 14 and 30 years who shall pass examination in reading, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, and United States history, and are of good moral character, may be admitted to said institution. The Colored Agricultural and Normal University is hereby established at Langston; same shall be under control of State board of education. Pur- pose of said institution shall be the instruction of both male and female colored i^ersons in art of teaching, in common-school branches, in certain branches of higher education, in fundamental laws of Oklahoma and United States, and in agricultural, mechanical, and industrial arts. State board shall determine entrance requirements, and may charge tuition to all stu- dents except to those in normal department who pledge themselves to teach in schools of the State. A board of visitors, appointed by governor, at least one of whom shall be colored, shall visit said institution at least once each year and shall report to State superintendent and State board. State board shall see to moral welfare of students; no religious or sectarian tests shall be applied in selection of teachers nor adopted in institution. Graduates from said Institution shall receive diplomas. See also A (bl). State boards; L (j). Agriculture. Oregon: The agricultural college is located at Corvallis. The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supplemental acts are accepted. The " board of regents of the State agricultural college " shall consist of 15 members, of whom the members of the State board of education and the master of the State grange shall be ex officio members ; other nine members shall be appointed by the governor, with consent of the Senate ; not more than five of said nine shall be of the same political party; ter mof appointive members, nine years, three retiring every three years. Seven members a quorum. An executive committee of five members may transact busi- ness in recess time. President of board shall report annually to governor. The course of study shall be prescribed by the regents and shall be in ac- cordance with the purposes of the act of Congress. Regents shall fix ad- mission and tuition fees, but each senatorial and each representative dis- trict and each county shall be entitled to one free scholarship. The interest on funds arising from the sale of lands granted by Congress for the agri- cultural college shall be applied only to the payment of salaries of faculty and officers and current expenses. For the support of the agricultural col- lege four-tenths of 1 mill on each dollar of taxable property of the State is levied. Agricultural extension is provided for. See also C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness. Pennsylvania: The institution, originally founded as the Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania, shall be continued under the name of the Pennsylvania State College. Said college shall be under the control of board of trustees consisting of the following : Governor, president of the college. State superin- tendent of public instruction, president of the State Agricultural Society, secretary of the State board of agriculture, all ex officio ; tw^o members to be elected each year by alumni of said college, to serve three years ; two mem- bers appointed by governor each year and confirmed by senate; term, three years; three elected every year by the executive committee of the Pennsyl- vania State Agricultural Society, together with three representatives duly chosen by each agricultural society in the State; term, three years. Such subjects shall be taught as are conducive to the education of a farmer; stu- dents shall perform all labor necessary in the cultivation of a farm ; admis- 3966°— 15 48 754 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. sion from the several counties shall be in proportion to their number of taxables; analyses of soils and manures shall be made free of charge; re- sults of experimentation shall be published; special appropriation made for study of growing and curing tobacco. Said college is designated to receive appropriations made by Congress for agricultural instruction and experi- mentation; course of study broadened to include military training; branches related to agriculture and mechanic arts to be included. Rhode Island: The board of managers of the Rhode Island State College shall consist of seven members, including the State commissioner of public schools, one member appointed by and from the State board of agriculture for term of two years, and five members, one appointed each year by the governor, with advice and consent of the senate, for term of five years ; every member appointed by governor shall be a domiciled inhabitant of same county as his predecessor ; each of the five counties of the State shall be represented. Said board shall elect one of its members president of the board and shall appoint a treasurer and a clerk, who may or may not be members of said board; treasurer shall file bond, and shall make annual financial report to legislature. Powers and duties of hoard: To receive and supply funds granted by United States Government for agricultural education ; have general care of all property of said college; authorize, supervise, and control activities of said college; appoint, prescribe duties, and fix compensation of all faculty members and other employees of said college; confer degrees, with approval of faculty. The faculty shall, with approval of said board, arrange courses of study, prescribe entrance requirements, and prescribe rules and regulations for control of college. Said board may summon witnesses, com- pel attendance, and administer oaths. Necessary expenses of said board shall be paid by State, upon approval by governor of vouchers submitted. Leading object of said college shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach branches re- lated to agriculture and mechanic arts, to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes. Sum of $40,000 is annually appropriated for said institution. South Carolina: The bequest by Thomas G. Clemson of 814 acres of land in Oconee County for the purpose of establishing an agricultural and mechanical college is accepted, and Clemson Agricultural College is established on said Fort Hill plantation. The board of trustees shall consist of 13 members, 7 of whom shall be those nominated in the will of said Thomas G. Clemson and their successors, and 6 of whom shall be elected by the legislature; term of elective members, 4 years, three being elected every 2 years. Said trustees shall prescribe the course of study and elect professors and other employees. Tuition fee shall be $40 per year, but trustees may grant free tuition to competent and deserving youths of the State who are unable to pay the same. Said board shall be a body corporate; it shall require a two- thirds vote to authorize the expenditure of appropriations made by the State or sale or transfer of any property. Board shall report annually to the legislature. The State treasurer shall invest the funds derived from the Clemson bequest, and shall collect the interest on the same. One-half of the "land-scrip" fund ($95,000) is vested in the 6 trustees elected by the legislature, income to be used for the maintenance of said college; the funds received under act of Congress of July 21, 1862, and supplementary acts are likewise vested in said 6 members. Said trustees may establish and operate 2 or more experiment stations. Powers and duties of board: To prescribe reports of county agricultural societies ; furnish county auditors Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. . 755 with blanks for the collection of agricultural statistics, which blanks shall be filled and returned by said auditors; investigate all subjects relating to agricultural improvement, the inducement of immigration to the State, and the investment of foreign capital therein; promote veterinary science; make rules prohibiting the importation to the State of diseased live stock; establish quarantine in case of live stock affected with contagious diseases; supervise the execution of laws relating to sale of fertilizers and seeds ; keep register of lands for sale and of persons desiring employment; may hold agricultural conventions; shall detail one scientific agriculturist to visit different parts of the State. Trustees may construct and maintain a railroad from Clemson College to Calhoun Station on the Southern Railway. The privilege tax on fertilizers shall be used for the benefit of said college. There are established in said college as many scholarships of $100 each as there are members in the legislature. In addition, there are created 51 beneficiary scholarships in agriculture of the value of $100 each. There is established a normal, industrial, agricultural, and mechanical col- lege for the higher education of the colored youth. Board of trustees shall consist of governor and six members elected by the legislature ; term of elec- tive members, six years, two being elected every two years. Said board shall succeed to all the property of Claflin College, which shall be separated from Claflin University. It shall fix a course of study covering the " normal, industrial, agricultural, and mechanical sciences," provide buildings and appliances, and select instructors and fix their salaries. One-half of the "land-scrip" fund ($95,900) shall be for the benefit of said college and shall be held in trust as a perpetual fund, the income to be used for the maintenance thereof. All sums received under act of Congress of August 30, 1890, shall be divided equally between said college and Clemson Agricultural College. See also A (bl). State boards. South Dakota: The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is located at Brookings and shall be under the control of the State board of regents. OhjeH: Instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences connected there- with and in the industrial arts. Regents are authorized to employ a presi- dent, teachers, and other necessary employees and fix their duties and sal- aries. Course of study shall embrace not less than four years. President of the college and president of the regents shall constitute a committee to fix the wages of students for labor. Faculty shall report annually to re- gents. The experiment station established in connection with the college shall be under the control of the board of regents. The subexperimental station at Highmore, established for the investigation of drought-resisting plants, shall also be under the control of the regents. Tennessee: An agricultural and industrial normal school for negroes is located in Davidson County. Such institution shall be under the control of the State board of education. Funds received from the Federal Government under acts of Congress of August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, shall be divided between the University of Tennessee and said school for negroes in the ratio of 38 to 12, such being the ratio between white and colored school population of the State. See also B (a). General State finance and support; P (c), State universi- ties and colleges. Texas: Purpose of agricultural and mechanical college, established in the county of Brazos as a department of the State university, shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, to teach branches related to agriculture and the mechanical arts. Board of directors: Commissioner of 756 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. agriculture and seven members appointed by governor, with advice and con- sent of Senate; term, eight years, two being appointed biennially. Meetings as called by the president. There shall be maintained at such college free of charge three students from each senatorial district; one-half of such students shall be required to take an agricultural course and the other half a mechanical course. Board shall appoint president, professors, and other necessary officers; board shall make rules, regulate course of study, fix tuition rates, etc. Proceeds ot sale of 180,000 acres of land granted by United States July 2, 1862, and July 23, 1866, shall constitute a permanent fund for such college, and income shall be used for maintenance; interest heretofore collected on bonds belonging to agricultural and mechanical col- lege shall also constitute a part of said permanent fund. The agricultural and mechanical college for colored youth, located in Waller County, shall be under the supervision and control of the board of directors of the agricultural and mechanical college located in Brazos County. See Also G (b). State normal schools. Utah: The Agricultural College of Utah shall be established and located at Logan, in the county of Cache. Board of trustees: Secretary of state, presi- dent of faculty, and 12 citizens appointed by the governor; term of ap- pointive members, four years, six being appointed every two years. The board shall have charge of the general interests of the institution and may make rules and regulations not inconsistent with law. Trustees' traveling ex- penses paid while attending meetings. Board shall elect professors and in- structors, and in the appointment of faculty and determination of study no sectarian or religious preference shall be shown. Course of study shall com- prise agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal industry, veterinary science, domestic science and art, elementary commerce, surveying, irrigation, mili- tary science, history, language, and the various branches of mathematics, physical and natural science, and the mechanic arts; full course shall be four years, but winter short courses may be instituted. Students entering must be at least 15 years old and must have passed an examination in arithmetic, geography, grammar, reading, spelling, and penmanship. Courses shall be free to residents of State, but entrance fee of $10 may be charged, and for nonresidents entrance fee of $25 to $50 may be charged. Board shall prescribe, with advice of faculty, textbooks to be used and may confer de- grees, etc., " similar to those conferred by agricultural colleges elsewhere." See also P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions. Vermont: Sixty scholarships shall be supported at University of Vermont and State Agricultural College; instruction in said institution shall be in prin- ciples and methods of farming, branches in English language and literature, ancient and modern languages, and history, mathematics, political, social, moral, and industrial sciences. Thirty scholarships shall be supported at Middlebury College; instruction in said college shall be given in preparation of students as high-school teachers and in forestry and the industries. Trus- tees of said institution shall make annual reports to the governor. Each senator in the legislature shall in each odd year appoint students to scholar- ships in each of said institutions; appointments shall be made by senators from their respective counties if suitable candidates apply from such coun- ties ; preference shall be given in appointments to University of Vermont and State Agricultural College to candidates for agricultural and industrial department. Scholarships are granted for period of two years. Virginia: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supple- mental acts granting Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical colleges are accepted and it is provided that the proceeds of two-thirds of said Federal Q (b). AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 757 grants shall be appropriated to the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute and one-third to Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (colored). A number of students equal to four times the number of members of the house of delegates, to be apportioned in the same manner, shall have privilege of attending the Polytechnic Institute with- out charge for tuition, use of laboratories, or public buildings, such students to be selected by the school trustees of the respective counties, cities, and elec- tion districts for said delegates. Curriculum shall embrace studies relating to agriculture and the mechanic arts, including military science, and not ex- cluding other scientific and classical studies. Board of visitors shall be com- posed of eight persons appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, and the superintendent of public instruction and president of board of agriculture ex oflicio; term of appointive members, four years, four being appointed every two years; said board shall be a body corporate; members shall elect from their own number a rector and shall also appoint a clerk to board. Duties of hoard: To have care and preservation of property belonging to the college; appoint as many professors and officers as they deem proper and, with assent of two-thirds of members, may remove a professor or other officer ; prescribe duties of professors and officers and courses of instruction ; regulate the government and discipline of students ; fix salaries of professors and other employees; fix tuition fees, etc., of students not allowed the same free, as hereinbefore provided. A portion of the fund, not exceeding 10 per cent thereof, may be expended by visitors for experimental farms. The experiment station shall be continued at Blacksburg in connection with said college. Board shall require treasurer dt the college to give bond in the sum of $50,000. Board may accept donations and hold them in trust for the benefit of the college. Board of education shall turn over to said treasurer all funds belonging to college. Both the Polytechnic Institute and Hampton Institute shall report annually to the State superintendent, to be laid before the legislature. The grants to Hampton Institute are made on condition that approved instruction be offered in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and military tactics. Every four years the governor shall appoint six curators (three of whom shall be colored) of the fund appropriated to Hampton Institute. One hundred colored students may attend Hamilton Institute on the same terms that State students are allowed to attend the polytechnic institute. See also A (b2). State officers; G (b). State normal schools; O (a), Indus- trial education, general. Washington: The State College of Washington shall be under control of board of five regents appointed by the governor, by and with consent of the senate ; appointed in groups of one, two, and two, one group appointed every two years; term, six years; each regent shall give bond in sum of not less than $5,000 ; said board shall annually elect its president and treasurer from their own number; said treasurer shall give bond in sum of not less than $40,000; president of said college shall be secretary of said board, but shall have no vote ; said secretary shall give bond in sum of not less than $5,000. Powers and duties of regents: To enact laws for government of said college, experi- ment stations, and school of science; have control of funds and property of said college, experiment stations, and school of science; fix salaries of pro- fessors, teachers, and other employees; fix tuition fees; take oath of office; make annual reix)rt to governor, who shall transmit same to succeeding ses- sion of legislature; furnish copy of report to superintendent of public in- struction ; grant diplomas and degrees. No employee or member of said board shall be pecuniarily interested in any contract of said college. Regents shall 758 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. be allowed expenses for time officially engaged. Regents shall meet annually and at other times, as they may determine; majority a quorum. Governor shall be ex officio advisory member of board of regents, but shall not vote nor be eligible to office therein. Treasurer of board shall make disbursements on order of board, countersigned by secretary. Said institution shall be open to children of all residents of this State and to nonresidents, under rules of regents; shall be nonsectarian and devoted to instruction in agriculture, mechanical arts, natural sciences, and allied subjects. No students, except those holding certificates from accredited public high schools and other educa- tional institutions, shall be admitted to said college except upon examination ; faculty may specify preparation required for admission to any department of said college. One object of said college shall be to train teachers of physical science, to collect information relative to similar institutions else- where, and to conduct farmers' institutes. No student under age of 16 years shall be admitted to said institution. Regents shall provide adequate labora- tories, military instruction, department of elementary science, experiment station, and other needed departments. Said college is designated as the institution of the State to receive any appropriations made by Congress for agricultural education. The governor, superintendent of public instruction, members of legislature, and county commissioners shall be ex officio visitors of said college. Funds received from the National Government shall be used for experiment station ; board of regents of State College of Washington may receive any gifts for uses of experiment station. See also A (bl). State boards; P (d), Carnegie fund. West A^irginia: The financial affairs of the West Virginia Colored Institute shall be under control of State board of control, and educational affairs under direction of State board of regents; regents shall establish in said institute such departments of education in literature, science, art, and agriculture not inconsistent with terms of acts of Congress whereby certain funds are de- voted to education of colored persons as they may see fit. State superin- tendent of free schools shall prepare diplomas to be awarded to graduates of normal department of said school, same to be equivalent to first-grade cer- tificates, valid for five years ; when conditions warrant, regents may add pay department to said school. State treasurer shall be custodian of funds of said school. Regents shall appoint and fix salaries of teachers and officers of said school. See also A (bl). State boards; P (c), State universities and colleges. Wisconsin: See A (c2), County officers; P (c). State universities and colleges. Wyoming: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Q (c). United States Grant. See P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Appendix B : Federal laws relating to agricultural and mechanical colleges. Q (d). Mining Schools. Arizona: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Colorado: The State School of Mines at Golden is declared a body corporate. Board of trustees shall consist of five members appointed by the governor; term, four years, vacancies being filled at each session of the legislature ; said trustees shall have the general management and control of said school. Q(d). MINING SCHOOLS. 769 School of mines shall furnish such instruction as is furnished by lilte techni- cal schools of a high grade and may confer appropriate degrees. Said school shall be open to all residents of the State, and students from other States may be admitted on payment of tuition fees prescribed by trustees. Iowa: See Q (b), Agricultural schools. Michigan: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Minnesota: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Missouri: See P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Montana: A State school of mines is established at Butte; such school shall be under control and supervision of State board of education. Said school shall be open and free to all residents of State, male or female, and non- residents may be admitted on terms fixed by board. (Lands granted by United States for establishment and maintenance of school of mines.) See also A (bl), State boards; O (a), Industrial education, general; P (c), State universities and colleges. Nevada: Virginia City School of Mines shall be under control of State board of education; principal of said school shall receive salary of $2,000 per year, payable in monthly installments ; for the years 1913 and 1914, $1,000, in ad- dition to principal's salary, shall be expended for support of said school. New Mexico: There is established an institution of learning, to be known as the New Mexico School of Mines. The object of said school is to furnish facilities for the education of those persons desiring instruction in chemistry, metallurgy, geology, mining, milling, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, drawing, the fundamental laws of the United States, and the rights and duties of citizenship, and such other courses of study, not including agricul- ture, as may be prescribed by the board of regents. The State school of mines shall be under the control of a board of regents consisting of five mem- bers appointed by the governor by and with the advice of the senate ; term, four years; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of appointment. Board of regents shall constitute a body corporate; majority, a quorum; officers shall be a president and a secretary and treasurer; the secretary and treasurer shall give bonds in sum of $10,000. Duties of president of hoard of regents ; To preside at all meetings of board ; sign all instruments required to be executed by the board; direct generally the affairs of said school of mines ; nominate and by and with advice of said board of regents appoint and fix salaries of professors, instructors, tutors, and other employees of said school. The secretary and treasurer shall be the financial and recording officer of said board, keep account of receipts and disbursements, attest all instruments signed by president of said board, keep a record of proceedings of board. Duties of regents; To enact by-laws, rules, and regulations for the government of said school ; prescribe course of study, textbooks, branches to be taught, and number of departments into which said school shall be divided; fix the scholastic year; provide apparatus, mineral and geological cabinets. The immediate government of the several departments shall be intrusted to their several faculties. Board of regents may confer degrees and grant diplomas; may remove any of its appointees for cause. Nonresidents may be admitted to said school upon terms pre- scribed by board. Board shall require such compensation for assays, analyses, mill tests, or other services performed by said institution as may appear rea- sonable. Said institution shall be entitled to receive the benefits of all grants made to the State by Congress for the endowment of such school. The school 760 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of mines shall maintain a preparatory department. The board of regents shall charge a tuition fee of not less than $5 nor more than $25 per session for each student. Said school of mines may use the proceeds of the sale of its lands for permanent improvements. The board of regents of said school shall insure the property of the same for three-fourths its value. Board of regents of said school may be allowed expenses incident to board meetings; shall make annual report to the legislature through the governor; may pay secretary and treasurer a salary not to exceed $50 per month; shall take oath of office. The governor and State superintendent shall be ex officio advisory members of said board of regents. At least one member of board shall be a resident of the place of location of said school. Records of board shall be open to inspection of any citizen. No emplyee or member of board shall be pecuniarily interested in any contract of said university. North Dakota: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Oklahoma: Oklahoma School of Mines is hereby located at Wilburton. Pur- pose of school shall be to give technical knowledge of mines and mining and related subjects, including physics and mining engineering, mathematics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, metallurgy, shopwork, drawing, properties of mine gases, assaying and surveying, drafting of maps and plans. Said school shall have a separate and distinct faculty; shall give courses leading to de- grees and also special courses as required. Regular courses shall extend over a period of four years. Said school shall be under control of State board of education. See also A (bl), State boards. South Dakota: The school of mines at Rapid City shall be under the control of the State board of regents. Ohject: To furnish instruction in chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, geology, mining, milling, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, drawing, the fundamental laws of the country, and the rights and duties of citizens. Said institution shall be open to residents of the State without regard to sex or color; persons from without the State may be ad- mitted on terms prescribed by the regents. Regents shall appoint a dean, instructors, and other necessary employees; prescribe books to be used; and make rules for the government of the institution. Texas: A school of mines and metallurgy is established at or near the city of El Paso; said school shall be under the supervision of the board of regents of the University of Texas; said school shall have a separate and distinct faculty ; regular course of study shall extend over a period of two years. Utah: A school of mines is established in connection with and under control of 4;he University of Utah ; said school shall be the beneficiary of grants by the United States or the State for maintenance of a school of mines. Wisconsin: The Wisconsin Mining Trade School shall be under control of a board consisting of three members, including State superintendent of public Instruction and two members appointed by governor, one every two years, to serve four years; appointive members must be residents of lead and zinc district. Course of study at said school shall be two years in length, em- bracing geology, mineralogy, chemistry, assaying, mining and mining survey- ing, and allied subjects ; course of study must be approved by dean of college of engineering of State university ; students, bona fide residents of State for one year, shall pay no tuition, but shall pay for material used ; other students shall pay tuition at not less than $50 nor more than $200 per year. Said board shall regulate affairs of school and grant diplomas to graduates. Said board shall contract no debt beyond income of school ; shall not sell any property of Q(e). MILITARY SCHOOLS. 761 school without authority of the legisature; shall make annual report to gov- ernor and to secretary of state. Counties may appropriate money for equip- ment and maintenance of said school. Any city wherein a mining trade school is located may annually appropriate money for equipment and mainte- nance of such school. Q (e). Military Schools. Arizona: See B (b), State school lands. California: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Mexico: The Goss Military Institute is hereby constituted one of the educational institutions of New Mexico, to be linown as the New Mexico Military Institute. The New Mexico Military Institute shall be under the control of a board of regents, consisting of five members appointed by gov- ernor, by and with advice of the senate; term, four years; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of their appointment. Duties of regents: To maintain and control a military insti- tute of proper standards ; make rules and regulations for said institute ; make contracts with teachers ; erect proper buildings ; make suitable disposition of property; charge tuition, if necessary, for support of institution. All deeds for sale of land and all contracts shall be signed by the president of said board. The superintendent, commandant of cadets, and instructors in said institute shall be commissioned as aids-de-camp on the staff of the governor and commander in chief. Adjutant general shall make annual inspection of said institute. The two cadets who shall at graduation have the highest standing shall receive commissions as second lieutenants in the National Guard of New Mexico. The governor and each member of the senate and house of representatives shall have the privilege of appointing one cadet from his district to said institute, and such appointees shall receive training and equipment, tuition, lodging, and medical attendance free of cost, and board at actual cost for two scholastic years; said appointees shall be no less than 14 nor more than 21 years old, and shall possess such other quali- fications as regents may determine. Ilegents shall fix entrance requirements for said institute; account for all funds; make annual report to governor; keep record of all accounts; insure property at three-fourths of estimated value. The secretary and treasurer shall receive compensation for their services. South Carolina: The board of visitors of the Citadel, the military college of the State, shall consist of the governor, adjutant and inspector general. State superintendent of education, the chairmen of the military committees of the senate and house of representatives, ex officio, and five members, graduates of said academy, elected by joint vote of the legislature; term of elective members six years, one or two, as the case requires, being elected every two years. Said board shall have the management and control of said > academy, shall elect professors therefor, and may confer the degrees of bachelor of science and civil engineer. The Citadel shall be open for the free education of as many beneficiary cadets as the annual appropriations may provide, but each county shall be entitled to at least one such scholarship; board may receive cadets without expense to the State; after graduation, beneficiary cadets must teach two years in the public schools; such bene- ficiary shall give bond conditioned that he will teach two years or as long as he has been in the college. Board of visitors shall make annual report. See also A (bl), State boards. 762 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Vermont: Norwich University is hereby recognized as the military college of the State. Each senator shall appoint annually one person to a scholar- ship in said institution ; such appointee shall be a resident of the State, and preference shall .be given by such senator to an applicant from his county. Sum of $11,000 shall be annually appropriated for use of siiid institution. Each scholarship shall have value of $80 per year for four years. The gov- ernor shall, biennially, appoint three persons, with advice and consent of the senate, who, with auditor of accounts and superintendent of education, shall constitute a board of visitors to said institution ; said board shall visit said institution, and report findings to governor, who shall transmit the same to the State board of education and to the legislature; such visitors shall receive $3 per day and expenses for not to exceed five days in each year, to be a charge against the institution. Virginia: The visitors of the Virginia Military Institute shall be a body corporate. Composition of l)oard of visitors: Adjutant general, superinten- dent of public instruction, and nine members appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate ; term, four years ; four or five, as the case requires, being appointed every two years. Board shall meet at least once a year; special meetings may be called by superintendent of the institute or presi- dent of board; five members a quorum. Board may make by-laws and regulations for its own government and the management of the institute. The arsenal shall belong to the institute. Visitors shall annually appoint a treasurer, whose accounts shall be examined by visitors; they shall ap- point professors to give instruction in military science and in such other branches as they may deem proper; they shall fix salaries and may remove professoDS for cause. Officers of the institute shall be commissioned officers of the Virginia volunteers, subject to orders of the governor, who shall issue commissions to professors, assistant professors, and other officers according to rank. Visitors shall prescribe terms of admission, courses of instruction, and nature and duration of cadets' service. Board shall admit free of charge for board and tuition State cadets between 16 and 25 years old; not fewer than 50 such cadets shall be admitted, 1 from each senatorial district and 11 from the State at large. Any commissioned officer of the State militia may be a student free of tuition charge for not exceeding 10 months. Board of visitors may confer the degree of graduate upon qualified cadets. Every cadet received on State account who remains in the institute two years or more shall teach in some school of the State for two years after leaving the Institute ; in lieu thereof he may serve in the State militia or serve two years as an engineer on the State highway commission ; he shall on entering school give bond conditioned that he will comply with the provisions of this section. State appropriations are made for the support of the institute. See also A (b2), State officers. Wisconsin: See 11(b), Corporations of educational character. Q (f ) . Other Technical and Professional Schools. Alabama: The Alabama Girls' Technical Institute is a body corporate. Trustees: Governor, State superintendent, one member from each congres- sional district, and two from the State at large; term, eight years, about one-half retiring every four years; governor appoints. Classical and voca- tional courses are prescribed; trustees may establish other departments; trustees may confer academic and honorary degrees and grant certificates of Q (f). TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 763 proficiency. President elected by trustees ; salaries of president and instruc- tors fixed by trustees ; with consent of trustees, president appoints instructors ; trustees shall elect a secretary and a treasurer; officers hall keep account of their transactions. White girls of Alabama over 15 years of age and possessing required qualifications may be admitted; if accommodations are sufficient, girls from outside the State may be admitted. Each trustee may grant a scholarship to a girl unable to pay, or whose parents are unable to pay, for her education. Girls may be employed to assist in any department. Instruction free to residents of State. Trustees may acquire land by con- demnation. Annual appropriation, $36,000. Proceeds from the sale of lands granted by Congress for such school shall be paid into State treasury as a perpetual fund for the school; State shall pay 6 per cent interest on such fund ; State treasurer shall make quarterly payments to the institute. California: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Delaware: See G (b), State normal schools. Georgia: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Idaho: See A (bl). State boards. Indiana: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Kentucky: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Louisiana: Industrial institute and college of Louisiana shall be under control of a board of trustees consisting of the governor, ex officio, and one person from each congressional district and two from State at large appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate ; one-half membership appointed every two years, to serve four years ; board shall be a body corpo- rate. Said board shall provide at said institution instruction in the arts and sciences, that students may acquire knowledge of kindergarten instruction, of telegraphy, stenography, and photography, of drawing, painting, designing, and engraving in their industrial application; also a knowledge of fancy, practical, and general needlework; also knowledge of bookkeeping and agri- cultural and mechanical arts, and such other subjects as board may deter- mine. Each police jury in the State and city of New Orleans, for each ward, shall have right to appoint one female beneficiary to said institution, said beneficiary to remain at said institution until graduated; said police jury or ward may appropriate not exceeding $250 per year for such purpose. Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute shall be under control of a board of trustees, consisting of the governor, ex officio, and one person from each congressional district and two from State at large, appointed by gov- ernor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; one-half membership appointed every two years to serve four years ; board shall be a body corpo- rate. Other provisions same as those for industrial institute and college. See also P (c). State universities and colleges. Maryland: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Massachusetts: There is appropriated annually $100,000 by the State to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the last five installments shall be conditioned on the raising of $1,000,000 by said institution; said institution shall maintain 80 free scholarships, 2 to each senatorial district. The sum of $50,000 is annually appropriated by the State to the Worcester Polytechnic Institute for term of 10 years; the appropriation of last five in- stallments shall be conditioned on the raising of $350,000 by said institution ; said institution shall maintain 40 free scholarships, 1 of which shall be al- lotted to each senatorial district. See also 0(c), Trade schools. 764 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Minnesota: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Mississippi: The institute incorporated by act of March 12, 1884, under the name Mississippi Industrial Institute and College, shall continue to exist as a body politic and corporate with all its property and franchises, rights, pow- ers, and privileges; its aim is "the moral and intellectual advancement of the girls of the State by the maintenance of a first-class institution for their education in the arts and sciences and their training in normal-school meth- ods and kindergarten," in bookkeeping, photography, stenography, telegraphy, typewriting; In designing, drawing, engraving, and painting, and their in- dustrial application; in needlework and other industrial branches. Govern- ment vested in board of trustees of the university and colleges of Mississippi. Powers of board are such as are necessary to accomplish purpose and aim of institution; tuition free for five years to girls of State in all branches, except music; dormitory privileges belong to the free students in preference to others; each county to send pupils in proportion to its number of white educable girls; president shall make apportionment; county superintendent shall examine applicants and give certificates of appointment; applicants must be 16 years of age; board shall make biennial reports to legislature, with summary of gross receipts and gross disbursements; president shall be elected by trustees ; he shall appoint and remove teachers and other employees, arrange courses, etc. See also A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Missouri: See P (c). State universities and colleges. New Jersey: A "qualifying academic certificate" shall mean any certificate issued by commissioner of education to any person who has had the pre- liminary academic education required by rules of the supreme court or by any law of the State for admission to an examination for license to practice law, medicine, dentistry, chiropody, pharmacy, or for license as public accountant, and for any other profession or vocation for which such certificate is re- quired. New Mexico : The State board of education shall adopt a standard of efficiency for business colleges and commercial departments of other schools ; issue cer- tificates of recognition to such schools; issue permits to the same when deemed advisable. No such school shall canvass prospective students in the State for the purpose of selling such students scholarship or tuition in said schools or accepting money or notes before the registration of such student in said school without a permit issued by the State board for, such purpose. The State board may revoke such permit for cause. A violation of these provisions shall constitute a misdemeanor. Nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent canvassing for students where no scholarship is sold nor fees for tui- tion are collected in advance or prevent legitimate advertising of any such school. New York: The State College of Forestry at Syracuse University shall be under control of board of 12 trustees, composed of chairman of State con- servation commission, commissioner of education, and chancellor of Syracuse University, ex officio, and three members appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, and six by board of trustees of Syracuse University ; two of appointive members shall be appointed every two years, term six years; members shall serve without pay, but shall be allowed necessary ex- penses. Powers and duties of hoard: To employ teachers and other em- ployees, adopt rules, prescribe courses, make annual report to legislature. Primary object of said college shall be to conduct experiments in forestry and Q (f). TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 765 forestation. All property t)f said college acquired with State moneys shall remain property of State. Tuition shall be free to students who are residents of State for one year preceding admission; all fees and receipts from sales shall be reported to State treasurer and may be reappropriated to said college. The New Yorli-American Veterinary College at the New York University, of the city of New York, is hereby adopted as a State veterinary college. All property furnished by State for said college shall remain property of State, and all appropriations made for said college shall be used exclusively for said college. New York University shall make annual report to governor relative to said college. Tuition shall be free to one student from each assembly dis- trict of part of State lying east of line drawn from Port Jervis to Utica and thence to Ogdensburg; said free tuition scholarship shall be awarded by fac- ulty of college upon competitive examination. Tuition fees from other stu- dents and all other fees shall be used for current expenses of said college. In the event that the board of education of city of New York shall dis- continue the New York Nautical School and shall transfer the property of such school to the State, the New York State Nautical School shall be estab- lished in its place and shall be under control of board of governors, consisting of commissioner of education and eight members appointed by the governor. One of appointive members shall be a member of Chamber of Commerce of State of New York, one of Maritime Association of Port of New York, one of Marine Society, one of New York Board of Trade and Transportation, one alumnus of New York Nautical School, one of Buffalo Chamber of Commerce, one of Albany Chamber of Commerce, one a New York State member of Na- tional Board of Steam Navigation; three of members shall be appointed annually, to serve three years; members shall serve without compensation, but shall be allowed expenses. Board shall appoint all officers and teachers, fix their salaries and prescribe their duties ; shall do other things necessary to welfare of school. Tuition shall be free, but initial fee of $50 shall be charged for uniforms, equipment, etc. Instruction shall be given in science and prac- tice of navigation, steamship, steam, and electrical engineering. Candidates for admission shall possess physical fitness, an elementary education, and shall be of good moral character. See also A (bl). State boards; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. North Dakota: The object of the North Dakota Academy of Science is to furnish such instruction in the pure and applied sciences as is usually given in schools of technology below the junior year. Board of trustees shall consist of five members, appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate. A State school of forestry is located at Botineau. Purpose: To furnish in- struction of an agricultural high school, emphasizing those subjects that have a bearing on forestry and horticulture. Board of directors shall consist of three members, appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate; term, four years; one or two, as the case requires, being appointed every two years. See also P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions; P (x), State universities and colleges. Oklahoma: A college for women is hereby created and located at Chickasha, shall be under control of State board of education; purpose of said college* shall be to give instruction in industrial arts, English language, mathematics, physics, natural and economic sciences, with special reference to their appli- cation in industries of life, but such instruction shall not conflict with in- struction in applied science provided at State agricultural colleges. Full course of study shall embrace at least four years of nine calendar months 766 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. each, state board shall appoint president, professors, and other employees, and fix their salaries. Faculty shall consist of the president of the college and professors, who shall make all rules and regulations for said college. President shall be chief executive officer of college, and all officers and em- ployees, not professors, shall be under his direction. State board and faculty may confer degrees upon graduates. All white female citizens between ages of 12 and 35 years, who shall pass examination in reading, arithmetic, geog- raphy, English grammar, and United States history^ and are of good moral character, may be admitted to said college. See also A (bl), State boards. Oregon: See P (c). State universities and colleges. South Carolina: The Winthrop Normal and Industrial College is established for the practical training and higher education of white girls. The board of trustees shall consist of the governor, superintendent of education, and the chairmen of the committees on education of the senate and house of representatives, ex officio, and seven members elected by joint vote of the legislature: term of elective members, six years, two or three as the case re- quires being elected every two years; compensation, actual expenses when attending meetings. Board shall be a body corporate; it shall make rules and by-laws for the government of the institution. Objects of college: (1) To fit young women for teaching; (2) to give instruction to young women in stenography, tyi^ewriting, telegraphy, bookkeeping, drawing, designing, en- graving, sewing, dressmaking, millinery, art needlework, cooking, house- keeping, and other industrial arts. Board shall appoint a president, pro- fessors, and other necessary officers and fix their compensation. No girl shall be admitted unless she shall receive instruction in at least one industrial subject. Tuition charge shall be $40 a session, but students unable to pay tuition shall be admitted free. Trustees may confer degrees and grant diplomas. Diploma from the normal department shall entitle holder to teach in the public schools as a first grade teacher. Each county shall receive as many scholarships as it has members of the house of representatives; each scholarship shall amount to $100 and shall be awarded on competitive exam- ination. The State accepts the conveyance of the propei'ty of the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, located in Charleston Board of trustees shall consist of the governor, superintendent of education, and the chairmen of the committees on medical affairs of the senate and house of representatives, ex officio, and eight members elected by the general assembly; term of elec- tive members four years, four being elected every two years. Board shall assume control of said medical college, elect professors, and make rules and by-laws for the government of the college. Governor shall annually appoint seven students in the medical department and seven in the department of pharmacy, who shall be entitled to free tuition. Board shall report annually to the legislature. See also A (bl) State boards. Texas : An industrial institute and college for white girls is established ; board of six regents, three of whom shall be women; terms, six years, two being appointed by the governor every two years. Such board shall have general control of said institute ; shall provide buildings and equipment ; shall ap- point president, instructors, and other officers; shall establish literary, in- dustrial, commercial, household arts, and other like courses. Wisconsin: See P (c). State universities and colleges. R (b). PRIVATE HIGHER INSTITUTIONS. 767 R. PRIVATE AND ENDOWED HIGHER INSTITUTIONS; STATE CONTROL. (a) Higher Institutions. Arkansas: See A (bl), State boards. Maryland: See P (a), Higher institutions, general. New Jersey: See A (b2), State officers. New York: See A (bl), State boards. Oregon: See A (b2), State officers. Wisconsin: See P (c), State universities and colleges. R (b) . Corporations of an Ediicational Character. Arkansas: See A (bl), State boards. Illinois: See A (b2), State officers. Kansas: It shall be unlawful for any representative or agent of any business college or commercial department of any other school to canvass in the State for the purpose of selling tuition in advance or of contracting therefor before the registration of said student in said college without first securing a permit from the State superintendent of public instruction. Louisiana: The Academy of the Sacred Heart shall be a body corporate; may confer degrees and literary honors and grant diplomas. The Sisters of Divine Providence shall be a body corporate; may confer degrees and literary honors and grant diplomas. Loyola University shall be a body corporate ; may confer degrees and give diplomas or certificates thereof, but courses of study in learned professions shall equal that maintained by other standard universities. The Ursuline Nuns shall be a body corporate; may issue literary honors and degrees and grant diplomas. Maine: See N (a), High schools. Maryland: Empowered to receive white minors under 21, who may be lawfully received by or committed to any of the juvenile institutions or societies under State laws ; it may also receive such white minors under 21 as may be com- mitted to it by any court or justice of peace after conviction, and with respect to minors so committed the Junior Republic shall have and exercise such authority as is prescribed by the laws for juvenile institutions and societies. See also A (bl), State boards; P (c) State universities and colleges. Massachusetts: It shall be unlawful for any person or persons engaged in publishing or selling books or doing business as a correspondence school to sell stocks, bonds, or other securities of such person or persons until neces- sary papers have been filed with the State commissioner of corporations ; any pupil who is defrauded by such person or persons may recover three times amount paid by him to such person or persons. Every person, firm, associa- tion or corporation doing business in this Commonwealth as a correspondence school shall conform to the law thereto appertaining and with the rules and regulations established by the board of education. See also A (bl), State boards. Michigan: The president of the board of trustees of every organized academy or literary or collegiate institution duly incorporated shall annually cause to be made a financial and statistical report of such institution to the State superinendent. 768 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. New Hampshire: See N (a), High schools. New Jersey: See A (b2), State officers. New York: See A (bl), State boards: A (d), District boards and officers. Ohio: When a college, university, or other institution has been incorporated, and has property of $25,000, a schedule of which property has been filed with the secretary of state, the trustees of such institution may appoint a presi- dent and faculty and all other needed employees, and fix their compensation. Trustees may, upon recommendation of the faculty, confer degrees; but no college or university shall confer any such degree until the president or board of trustees thereof has filed with the State superintendent of public instruction a certificate showing that such institution is qualified to issue such degree. Any such institution may hold in trust any property devised, bequeathed, or donated to it, consistent with objects of such institution. The president and professors shall constitute the faculty of such institution, may enforce rules and regulations, and suspend and expel offending students. Such institution may own mechanical shops and machinery, or lands for agricultural purposes, not exceeding 300 acres ; may change stock into scholar- ships; may change its location by vote of three-fourths of its trustees, or if institution is owned In shares or by stock, by vote of holders of three-fourths of stock. The trustees of a corporation incorporated to manage a college endowment fund may apply to common pleas court of the county to apply such fund to any object not inconsistent with purposes of education different from that particularly specified therein if such provision be included in articles of incorporation. In case of vacancy in board of trustees of such institution, and there is no provision of law for filling it, the governor shall fill such vacancy. Property of such corporation may be increased, but use of such property shall not be divested from the express will of the donor. Trustees of such corporation may borrow money for enlarging or adding to buildings, and issue bonds for it and secure them by mortgage. Before the trustees of such corporation may acquire and hold additional property, they shall file with secretary of state a statement setting forth the amount and use of such property. Any college or university operating under the patron- age of any religious body may accept the provisions of this act, which shall in no way affect its rights under its charter or any law of the State. The president of such university shall ex officio be a trustee; such board shall divide its number, not including president, into classes, one class for each religious body patronizing such institution, one class for alumni, and one class at large; no such class shall contain less than 5 nor more than 10 members ; those members apportioned to said religious bodies shall constitute not less than three-fifths of entire board, excluding president; said trustees shall be appointed in rotation, the several classes being properly represented, term, five years ; alumni association shall elect " alumni class " of trustees, such trustees to constitute not less than one-fifth of entire board; 11 shall constitute quorum, if board shall contain 20 or more members; a majority, if less than 20 members. The trustees of a corporation incorporated for purpose of creating a fund for promotion of education, may receive subscrip- tions for membership in such corporation. The board of trustees of a uni- versity or college heretofore incorporated, and under patronage of one re- ligious body, may increase number of its trustees, not exceeding six, such additional members to be chosen from alumni of such institution and to be of three years' standing. A corporation may be formed for promotion of education under religious influences, the articles of incorporation to set forth such fact; existing corporations may avail themselves of provisions herein prescribed; the patronizing body of such institution shall elect 21 R (b). PRIVATE HIGHER INSTITUTIONS. 769 trustees, divided into 3 classes of 7 each, one class elected each year, to serve three years ; president of such institution shall be ex officio member of board ; such board may be increased by 6 members; 10 members shall constitute a quorum. The terms " academy," " college," and " university " may be used interchangeably. The academic board of an institution incorporated for military and polytechnical education shall consist of the superintendent thereof, commandant of cadets, and the professors; may make and enforce rules and regulations for government of cadets, to be approved by governor ; board of visitors shall be composed of governor, of two other persons ap- pointed by governor, and such other persons as may be appointed by super- intendent of institution. Trustees of educational institutions not endowed by voluntary subscriptions and not located at some particular place by charter may change location of such institution as they may see fit. By a three- fourths vote of stockholders the trustees of any educational institution, Incorporated under special charter, may dispose of property of such institu- tion. The trustees of any educational institution, incorporated under au- thority of the State, owned in shares of stock subscribed and paid up in full, by a majority vote of owners of such stock, may change the name and enlarge the purposes of such institution; such amendment shall be filed with secretary of state; secretary shall receive fee of 25 cents per 100 words, to be in no case less than $5. A mechanics' institute, incorporated under laws of State prior to year 1851, may borrow money, issue bonds or notes therefor at no more than legal rate of interest, and secure them by mortgage; the directors and trustees of such corporation shall not be personally liable for debts so contracted. When any person sets apart any property for the endowment of any school, not previously established, but does not provide for management thereof, the common pleas court of the county shall appoint five trustees for same, one each year, to serve five years ; said trustees shall give bond ; the trustees of such school may, when said school is nonsectarian in character, and instruc- tion shall be as provided for public schools, receive pupils from the school district, and receive public-school aid; such aid may be given if not incon- sistent with purpose of endowment; trustees shall make annual report as prescribed by court ; said court shall annually appoint three visitors for such school, to report condition of school to the court. See also A (b2). State officers. Oregon: Any correspondence school giving instruction in the State must conduct a resident school of at least the same grade and character that it rep- resents itself to conduct through correspondence ; it must file with the super- intendent of public instruction proof of the conduct of such a school. Pennsylvania: See G (b), State normal schools. Rhode Island: See A (bl), State boards. South Carolina: Persons in charge of all literary, scientific, or professional institutions of learning incorporated, supported, or aided by the State, and of all schools or private educational institutions shall report annually to the State superintendent of education. See also A (b2). State officers. Tennessee: Misdemeanor to interfere with, disturb, or disquiet pupils or teachers of female boarding school while in a public place or on school prem- ises, or to communicate for such purposes with pupils either orally, in writing, or by signs, or to enter upon premises of such school, except on business, without permision of principal. Misdemeanor to loiter about such schools. See also N (a), High schools. 3966°— 15 49 770 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. V^ermont: See A (b2), State officer; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: President of board of trustees of every organized incorporated academy, seminary, and literary or collegiate institution shall cause principal or other proper officer of such institution to make rei)ort to State superin- tendent in even-numbered years. President or other pincipal officer of any incorporated college or school under military discipline or maintaining a military department, with not less than 100 cadets, upon application to gov- ernor, may have corps of cadets annually inspected by adjutant general or other officer appointed by governor ; such inspecting officer shall report results of inspection to governor; graduates from such military institutions shall be entitled to honorary rank of second lieutenant in the unorganized militia of the State. Wyoming: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. S. LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS. (a) General. See S (b), Public-school libraries. S (b). Public-School Libraries. Alabama: Annual appropriation of $100 for each county to aid in establishing and maintaining school libraries ; no part of appropriation shall be expended in cities and towns of l,0OO inhabitants or more ; county commissioners may appropriate not less than $10 to each district ; patrons or friends of district school must raise $10 before benefits of this act may be had ; three amounts thus provided shall be turned over to county school treasurer. State superin- tendent shall prepare list from which books shall be chosen and shall pre- scribe rules for the conduct of libraries ; district trustees shall have control, appoint a librarian, provide bookcase, etc. ; books selected from prescribed list by trustees on recommendation of teacher. When books are delivered, county school treasurer shall draw order to cover charges. Unexpended bal- ances of the State appropriation shall be reapportioned equally among the counties; no person charged with duties under this act shall receive com- pensation. Arizona: The board of district trustees may use 3 per cent of school funds received for the purpose of purchasing books for a district library, but total amount expended in any one year shall not exceed $300; said trustees shall have control of said library. California: County boards of supervisors may maintain county free libraries for territory outside of incorporated cities and towns and library districts maintaining libraries; such cities, towns, and library districts may elect to become a part of the county system ; county may contract with incorporated city or town to give privileges of county library to such city or town ; county supervisors may contract with supervisors of another county for the exten- sion of privileges of library ; State librarian and librarians of San Francisco and Los Angeles shall constitute State board of library examiners; county supervisors where library is established shall appoint a county librarian; supervisors may make rules governing library; supervisors may establish S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL LIBRARIES. 771 branch libraries and appoint employees. Librarian shall take oath of office and give bond. County libraries shall be under the general supervision of the State librarian ; county librarian shall report to supervisors and to State librarian. Tax for library, not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar ; county bonds may be issued for erection of buildings, etc. County librarian may have control of county law library. County library may be disestablished simi- larly to its establishment; supervisors may contract with trustees of an existing library to make it the county library. School boards shall expend library fund and donations in purchase of apparatus and books for a school library ; all orders for books or apparatus must be submitted to superintendent of schools for his approval. Library fund shall consist of not less than 5 nor more than 10 per cent of county school fund apportioned to district; in cities not divided into districts library fund shall consist of $50 for every 1,000 children or fraction thereof of 500 or more; fund shall be apiwrtioned to each school in proportion to number of pupils belonging. In a city and county fund shall be $10 to each teacher. School board shall control library which shall when practicable be kept open in vacation time and on nonschool days ; school library may be made a branch of county library. School board may appoint a librarian. See also A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; G (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; N (a), High schools. Colorado: See C (c). Local taxation. Connecticut: The State treasurer, upon the order of the secretary of the State board of education, shall pay $10 to every school district and to every town maintaining a high school which shall raise by tax or otherwise a like sum for the establishment of a school library, and the further sum of $5 annually to every district or town which shall raise a like sum for the main- tenance of said library. If the number of pupils in attendance in such dis- trict or high school shall exceed 100, the treasurer shall pay $10 in the first instance and $5 annually thereafter for each 100 pupils or fraction thereof in excess of 100. The town school committee or the joint board of selectmen and school visitors may appropriate money for the purchase of books and apparatus; said money shall be expended by a committee on libraries and apparatus annually appointed by the town school committee or by the school visitors. Any town, city, or borough may establish a free public library and may expend such sum of money as may be necessary to maintain the same. Any town, borough, or city may at any meeting duly called for such purpose fix by a proper by-law the amount which shall be annually expended; it may provide site and building for such library; it may receive and hold gifts and bequests. In the absence of other lawful provision any town or borough may elect a board of directors to manage its public library; town shall determine number; term, three years, one-third being elected each year. The State board of education shall annually appoint five persons as a State library committee. The librarian or director of any library or any public-school teacher may ask the State library committee for advice as to selection of books, administration of library, etc. Said committee may give such advice and help, may visit and inspect libraries, and may purchase books and pictures to be loaned to libraries, schools, associations, etc.; for such purposes $3,250 may be expended. Any town having no free library may establish the same and State aid not to exceed the amount expended by town and not to exceed $200 may be granted. In towns having a valuation of over $600,000, State library committees may expend for the increase of the 772 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. library a sum not to exceed that expended by the town ; in towns having less than $600,000 valuation, said committee may expend an amount equal to that expended from any source for such library; but State expenditure for such library shall not exceed $100. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Delaware: A State library commission, to be composed of nine members ap- pointed by the governor is created ; term, five years ; no member shall receive any compensation except expenses. Commission may expend not exceeding $700 annually, exclusive of expenses. Said commission shall have supervision over libraries established under this act and over traveling libraries. Any single, united, consolidated, or incorporated district may receive and hold any devise, bequest, or donaton for the support of a public library; such district may establish a public library if a majority of the qualified voters voting at an election favor such establishment. For the purposes of this act school districts shall be divided into seven classes, according to the amount of school money which said district is authorized by law to raise. A library tax shall be levied according to classification of the district if district votes for the establishment of a library; tax within minimum and maximum shall be fixed by vote of the district. District shall elect a district library commission, the number of members depending upon the class of the district. Said commission shall have the custody and manage- ment of the library of the district, of the property belonging thereto, and of library tax raised by the district; it shall report annually to the district meeting; it shall recommend to the school committee or school board the amount of tax needed for library purposes; it may acquire by purchase, lease, or gift a room or rooms for said library; it may with the consent of the school board use the schoolhouse for library purposes; it may purchase or accept as gifts books, magazines, etc.; it may employ a librarian. Any two or more school districts may unite for the purpose of obtaining the benefits of this act. Whenever a school district raises the minimum amount prescribed by law for the class to which said district belongs, the State treas- urer shall pay to said district for library purposes one-half of the minimum amount required by law to be raised by said district for library purposes. When authorized by vote of the district, library commission may borrow money and issue bonds to provide building and site for library. An annual appropriation of $100 is made to the " committee on traveling libraries" of the Federation of Women's Clubs for the purchase of books and cases for traveling libraries for the public schools. Georgia: The governor shall appoint five persons as a State library com- mission; no member shall be interested in any publishing house or the sale of any book ; term, three years ; such commission shall give advice and assist in the establishment and improvement of libraries; no compensation. Any city may, through its properly constituted authorities, raise money and establish and maintain a public library. Idaho: State library commission shall be composed of attorney general, secre- tary of state, superintendent of public instruction, and president of State university; commission shall manage State traveling library or libraries; commission may employ a librarian and define his duties, may receive gifts of real and personal property, and shall report annually to governor. Common council of every incorporated city or village may establish a public library and may levy a tax of not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar for its maintenance. On petition of 20 electors, school trustees of district not S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL LIBRARIES. 773 an incorporated city or village shall give notice that at next election of a school trustee the question of establishing a library will be voted on; majority vote shall determine; tax of 1 mill on the dollar may be levied for maintenance; school trustees shall have control. In incorporated cities and villages common council shall appoint a board of five directors of the library; directors shall have control of expenditure of library fund; they shall make rules for their own government and the government of the library; they may, with approval of the council, acquire a building. Such libraries shall forever be free, subject to rules of boards. Directors shall report aimually to State library commission. Directors may accept gifts and hold property in trust. Where a free subscription library has been established, the council in an incorporated city or village may levy a tax for its support, but it must become a free library. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units- districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Illinois: See A (d). District boards and officers; G (c), Local taxation. Indiana: Any city or incorporated town may levy a tax of not exceeding 1 mill on each dollar of taxable property for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a public library ; such city or town shall levy such tax if tax- payers raise by subscription a sum equal to two-tenths of 1 mill on each dollar of taxable property. If such a tax is levied and subscriptions are made, a public library board shall be appointed. If the township advisory board shall levy in the township a tax of five-tenths of a mill for library purposes, a library board shall be appointed. Any incorporated town or city shall make its library free to all inhabitants of the township, if such township shall levy a tax of five-tenths of a mill on each dollar of taxable property for the support of said library; such township tax shall be levied by the township advisory board on petition of 50 taxpayers; in case town- ship levies no tax for the support of such library, the library board may sell library cards to inhabitants of said township for such fee as may be deemed just compensation for library privileges. A State library commis- sion to be composed of three members shall be appointed by the governor; term, four years. Said commission shall have the management of the traveling libraries ; shall make rules for the loaning of books ; shall prepare lists for libraries and furnish information as to the organization and main- tenance of libraries; shall provide courses of library instruction; shall print circulars of information and perform such other services for libraries as it may consider best. Any 5 or more citizens may form an association to receive benefits of traveling libraries. Where 50 or more legal voters of a township so petition, the question of levying a library tax in any township shall be submitted to an election, and if vote carries township advisory board shall levy a tax of not less than five-tenths of a mill and not more than 1 mill on the dollar for library purposes; in any township having a library established by private donation of $10,000 or more a tax of not ex- ceeding 6 cents on each $100 of taxable property shall be levied. Township trustee and two residents shall constitute the township library board where a township library is established ; such board shall have the control of the pur- ' chase of books and the management of such library ; two or more town- ships may unite to maintain a library. In incorporated towns and cities school boards may establish and maintain libraries in connection with pub- lic schools, but where a library open to the people is already established no tax shall be levied for such school library. In any township where there is a library established by private donation of $1,000 or more for the use of 774 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. all the inhabitants, township trustee shall levy a tax of not exceeding 1 cent on each $100 for the purchase of books. In any city having 30,000 inhabit- ants or more a tax of not exceeding 4 cents on each $100 may be levied by the board of school commissioners for the support of libraries in connection with the public schools. In cities having 15,000 inhabitants or more bonds for library purposes may be issued to the amount of $100,000. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general. Iowa: The treasurer of each school township and each rural independent district shall annually withhold from the apportionment to districts be- tween 5 and 15 cents for each person of school age, as the directors may direct, for the purchase of books; when so ordered by the directors, this provision shall apply to other independent districts. The president and secretary of the board shall annually, with assistance of the county superin- tendent, expend amount withheld ; the State board of educational examiners shall prepare lists of books and presidents and secretaries shall make their purchases therefrom. Unless the board of directors shall elect some other person, the secretary in independent districts and the director in sub- districts shall act as librarian. The board of library trustees of any free public library may contract with any school corporation, trustees of any civil township, board of supervisors of county where library is situated, and the council of any city or town, whether such corporation be in the county or an adjoining county, for the free use of said library by the residents of the corporation with which contract is made. The trustees of a civil township may, and on petition of a majority of the resident taxpayers thereof shall, contract for library service as herein provided, and when such contract is made shall levy a tax therefor of not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar. The council of any city or town in which there is no free public library accom- modations as herein provided, when such contract is made, shall levy a tax therefor of not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar. County authorities may likewise contract for library privileges for residents outside of cities and towns. The directors of any school corporation in which there is no free public library may contract for library accommodations as herein pro- vided, and when such contract is made shall levy a tax therefor of not ex- ceeding 1 mill on the dollar. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Kansas: School district libraries. — For purchase of library books any school district may vote a tax in addition to school tax. Limitation of levy: Dis- tricts having less than $20,000 of taxable property, one-half of 1 mill ; $20,000 to $30,000, three-eighths of 1 mill; $30,000 to $50,000, one-fourth of 1 mill; more than $50,000, one-eighth of 1 mill. District clerk shall be librarian, un- less trustees shall appoint some other competent person. State traveling library. — The Kansas Traveling Libraries Commission shall control the traveling department of the State library; they may send out from the miscellaneous department of said library such books as the directors thereof may prescribe, such books to go to any library or to any community or organization not having a library. Kentucky: There shall be a county teachers' library in each county, under care and in office of county superintendent, supported out of funds collected for that purpose at annual institute and by donation. County superintendent and two others shall be library commission for purchase of books, periodicals, and furniture; State superintendent shall supply certain public documents; library commission shall make extended report to institute annually. S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL LIBRARIES. 776 Wiien 40 volumes can be collected subdistrict trustees shall organize a district library ; may make " suitable arrangements for keeping the books " and may appoint a librarian ; trustees shall have control over library as over other property ; may receive donations ; library free to pupils and to others on payment of membership fee. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools. Louisiana: The parish school board shall appropriate $10 as aid to library of any school or grade in a school when patrons of said school have raised $10 for such purpose ; such action shall be reported to State superintendent, who shall submit list and prices of approved books; books must be selected from such list; secretary of parish board shall order books; parish school board shall furnish for each such library, at expense of public-school funds, a book- case ; manager of each such library shall make annual report to State super- intendent ; such libraries may be enlarged from year to year by additional aid when patrons raise supplementary amounts ; legal possession of such libraries shall vest in the parish school board. Maine: Any town may establish a free public library, and may appropriate for the "foundation and commencement" of such library not exceeding $2, and for maintenance and annual increase not exceeding $2, for each ratable poll in the year next preceding. Any village corporation in a town not main- taining a library may establish and maintain one. Any town may secure for its inhabitants the free use of a library of an adjoining town. Two or more adjoining towns may unite in establishing and maintaining a library. State aid shall be extended to any city, town, or village corporation maintaining a free public library ; such aid shall be equal to 10 per cent of amount expended by such city, town, or village. Any town or city in which a library is main- tained by a corporation or association may expend $1 for each ratable poll to secure the free use of such library to the inhabitants of such town or city. Maryland: The sum of $10 is ordered paid by county board out of State school fund " to any schoolhouse district as library money as long as the people of the district raise the same amount annually " ; books must be selected by district board and teachers from a list furnished by State borad. Governor shall biennially appoint four persons, at least two being women, who, with the State librarian. State superintendent, and librarian of Enoch Pratt Free Library, shall constitute the Maryland Public Library Commis- sion. This commission shall organize and serve without pay; necessary ex- penses may be paid; commission shall give advice and report annually; it shall organize and conduct traveling libraries; $1,500 appropriated annually for its use ; commission on application of library directors of a county, munici- pality or election district may expend $100 for books for a free public library. County commissioners shall have power to establish and maintain free public libraries at county seat, with branches elsewhere ; it may levy annual tax not over 5 cents for library fund ; on petition of voters of election district county commissioners shall establish a public library in said district and control it as is done in an incorporated municipality; they may also levy tax on district for the library; municipality may levy library tax not to ex- ceed 7 cents. When it is determined to establish a library a board of nine directors shall be appointed to serve six years, two being elected biennially. Directors shall serve without pay, adopt by-laws, and have exclusive control of expenditures, erection of buildings, purchasing grounds, appointment of librarian, etc.; moneys collected for such libraries shall be kept in county 776 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. treasury separate from other funds; libraries thus established shall be free; directors shall make a detailed annual report to library commission; library board may receive and hold gifts; shall receive most of State publications; provisions of this chapter, except of the first section, shall not apply to Balti- more County. Massachusetts: Any city or town public library may lend its books to non- residents upon terms determined by the trustees of such library. The free public-library commissioners may appoint a general secretary and adviser, with the consent of the governor, for a period not exceeding three years. The board of free public-library commissioners may, with the consent of the governor and council, appoint an agent or secretary to direct educational work for the benefit of the alien population of the Commonwealth at a salary of such amount, not exceeding $2,000, as the governor and council may approve. Michigan: A library may be maintained in each organized township or city which shall be the property of such township or city, and be under the control of the township board or the board of education of the village or city ; town- ship board may dispose of said library to the several school districts of the township or may merge said library into a free public library ; when any town- ship is organized as a township district the control of the library shall pass from the township board to the board of education. All residents of the town- ship shall be entitled to privileges of the library, but residents of a school district maintaining a library shall be entitled to privileges of such library only. Township board or board of education shall make for the government of said library such rules and regulations as they may deem proper or the State superintendent of public instruction may advise; said board shall ap- point a librarian for a term of one year. Any district may by a majority vote establish a school-district library and shall be entitled to its proportion of books of township library and of library funds; the district board of any district or the board of education of any township school district, village, or city in which a library has been established shall have charge of such library. Township clerk and district board or board of education shall make such reports to the State superintendent as he may require. In case board fails to make required report or uses library money contrary to law, library moneys to be apportioned for the ensuing year shall be forfeited. State superin- tendent shall annually furnish to county clerks and to township clerks and city clerks a statement of townships, districts, township districts, villages, and cities entitled to receive library moneys. The proceeds of all fines for breach of the penal laws shall be apportioned by the county treasury for the support of libraries. The qualified voters of each township and those of any school district in which a library shall be established may vote a tax for the support of libraries. The governor shall appoint four persons, who, with State librarian, ex oflBcio, shall constitute a board of library commissioners; term of appointive mem- bers four years, two being appointed every two years. It shall be the duty of said board to give advice to the free libraries of the State. All free libraries organized under the laws of the State shall report annually to said commis- sioners. Boards of education in cities where free public libraries are under control of such boards may include in their annual estimates a sum sufiicient to main- tain and purchase new books for said libraries; said boards may issue bonds for sites and buildings. The librarian of all public libraries, including town- ship, school district, village, or city libraries, shall report annually to the S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL UBRARIES. 777 county commissioner of schools; said commissioner slinll transmit such re- ports, together with a list of libraries in the county, to the State board of library commissioners. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Minnesota: See A (e), School meetings, elections, etc. Mississippi: When any public free school shall raise $10 and furnish suitable bookcase, with lock and key, county superintendent may pay $10 out of county common-school fund; not more than $100 to be paid by the county in any year ; no school shall receive a second donation so long as there are applica- tions from schools that have not been supplied; county superintendent shall name two first-grade teachers, who, with himself, shall constitute a county library commission; their duty to select list of books for libraries, make rules, appoint a librarian, who shall make annual report to the county com- mission. See also A (d). District boards and officers. Missouri: There is created a State library board. Composition: Four mem- bers appointed by the State board of education. State superintendent ex officio chairman. Said board shall select, classify, and recommend a list of suitable books for school libraries, supplementary reading, and school refer- ence; it shall contract with publishers of selected books to furnish them, transportation prepaid, at the lowest possible cost ; State superintendent shall publish and distribute list. For purpose provided by this act district board shall set aside from incidental fund not less than 5 nor more than 25 cents per child enumerated. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Montana: A library fund is created which school trustees shall expend for support of school library, except that such fund may be expended for current expenses of schools where free-public library is maintained; in districts of third class such fund shall consist of 5 to 10 per cent of county fund appor- tioned to districts, but not exceeding $50; in districts of first and second classes such fund shall consist of not exceeding $50 for each 500 children of school age or majority fraction thereof. School library shall be under control of school trustees who shall report library statistics annually to county super- intendent Books shall be selected by county superintendent and trustees from list prepared by State superintendent; State superintendent shall make rules for government of school libraries. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers. Nebraska: See A (d), District boards and officers. Nevada: The library fund of each district shall consist of a sum set aside by the State superintendent annually out of district school fund, not less than $3 nor more than $5 per teacher in such district, calculating 1 teacher for every 75 census children, and the further sum of not less than 5 cents nor more than 10 cents for each census child; library fund shall be expended for books, approved by State superintendent; school trustees are authorized to purchase library books. See also A (bl). State boards; B (a). General State finance and support. New Hampshire: Upon application of any town having no free public library owned and controlled by the town, State aid of not exceeding $100 may be granted for the purchase of books, but town must first have accepted at a town meeting the provisions of this act and provided for the care, custody, and distribution of books. Town accepting these provisions must annually make appropriations as follows : Not less than $50 in towns having valuation t^S Sl'ATE LAWS BELAtiiSfG TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOl^. of $1,000,000 or more ; not less than $25 in towns having valuation of $250,000 to $1,000,000 ; not less than $15 in towns having valuation less than $250,000. Any town may vote to levy a tax and maintain a free public library. New Jersey: Any school district raising $20 for establishing a school library, or for procuring books of reference, school apparatus, or educational works of art for any public school therein, shall receive a like sum from the State; further sum of $10 per year shall be likewise received upon the raising of a like sum by the district. Public library commission shall adopt rules and regulations for such libraries ; said commission may consolidate and. establish in one place the school libraries of any district. School district may appro- priate moneys for school libraries. If any county shall raise by subscription a sum not less than $100 for es- tablishment of a library of pedagogical books for use of teachers, such county shall receive $100 from the State for such library ; such county shall annually receive from the State a sum of not less than $50 nor more than $100 upon condition that a like sum be raised by subscription in the county. County superintendent and three teachers appointed by him shall constitute a committee to purchase books for and have management of such library. New York: All library material belonging to the State, unless otherwise placed by law, shall be in charge of the regents and shall constitute the State library; the State medical library shall be a part of the New York State library, open to the people of the State ; all State records, not otherwise placed by law, shall be part of State library ; use of books of State library shall be subject to rules and regulations of regents ; there shall be a duplicate depart- ment of State library from which publications may be sold, exchanged, or distributed ; State library shall make annual report to legislature. The word " library " shall include reference and circulating libraries and reading rooms ; law applies equally to libraries and museums, whether separate or combined. By a majority vote at any election, any city, village, town, school district, or other body authorized to levy taxes, or the authorities of a city or village may levy taxes for establishing and maintaining a free public library, either by itself or in connection with some other library ; vote on said question shall be taken upon petition of 25 taxpayers of the tax-levying unit. By a majority vote at any election any municipality or district or by three-fourths vote of its council, any city, or any public library in the university may accept gifts, grants, devises, or bequests for public-library purposes on condition that an annual appropriation be made for support of such library, and may levy tax for such support. By a majority vote, any tax-levying unit may contribute to support of a library not owned by the public but maintained for its welfare and free use ; such libraries shall be subject to inspection of regents, and pub- lic support for such library shall not exceed 10 cents for each volume in cir- culation. Trustees of a museum may at certain hours and for certain pur- poses charge admission fees, such fees to go into maintenance fund of museum. Free public libraries shall be managed by boards of trustees elected by the legal voters, except that in cities they shall be appointed by the mayor with consent of the common council ; said trustees shall have powers similar' to trustees of other educational institutions; unless otherwise specified in the charter, said library shall have five trustees, selected in rotation, term 5 years. Within 1 month after taking office, the first trustees of such library shall apply to regents for a charter. Public libraries shall be free to the people, subject to rules of the library trustees. Every library receiving State aid or enjoying privileges not accorded to business corporations shall make required reports to regents or commissioner of education. Whoever S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL LIBRABIES. 779 willfully injures public library property shall be imprisoned for not more than three years or fined not exceeding $500, or both ; whoever willfully detains any books or other property of such library for 30 days after written notice to return the same shall be fined not less than $1 nor more than $25, or be im- prisoned not exceeding six months. A public library may, by majority vote, approved by the regents, be transferred to the control of some other muni- cipality, district or public library in the university. State aid for public libraries may be withheld by the regents for good cause. Regents may lend books from State library to approved public libraries. The trustees, librarian, or any citizen interested in any public library may receive advice or instruc- tion from the officers of the State library relative to public libraries. Funds appropriated by the legislature for free libraries shall be paid from the in- come of the United States deposit fund, and apportioned by the regents; no locality shall receive any portion of such fund unless it shall raise an amount equal to its apportionment. Any public library may be abolished by a majority vote of electors or by action of school authorities, with approval of regents. The school library shall be used exclusively by the school except as otherwise provided by commissioner of education, and except in a district having no public library, in which case such library may be used by residents of district. Commissioner of education shall prescribe rules for school libra- ries. Any city or union free-school district maintaining an academic depart- ment or high school may employ and fix compensation of a librarian; such city or district shall receive apportionment of a teacher's quota on account of such librarian ; in all other districts the school authorities may appoint a librarian; in said cities and union districts where no librarian is appointed, English teacher shall serve as librarian, and in other districts, the principal teacher ; school authorities shall report names of librarians to commissioner of education. School authorities may levy taxes to support school libraries ; may transfer school library property to free public library. Where a school library is a circulating library the same may be incorporated by the regents and library trustees appointed therefor. For good cause, regents may with- hold school library moneys from any district or city. North Carolina: When patrons of school, not having State-aided library, raise $10 for school library, county and State boards of education shall each appro- priate $10 for such library ; county board shall airpoint a competent person to select books; on application of county superintendent county board shall furnish bookcase; State superintendent shall make rules; libraries may ex- change books. When patrons raise $5 for enlargement, county, and State boards shall each appropriate $5. Not more than six libraries in any county may be established in any two years under this act and not more than six may be aided in enlarging. No district or town having over 1,000 population may be aided. State appropriation of $7,500 is made biennially. See also H (c), School year, month, day, etc. North Dakota: See A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers. Ohio: The board of any school district may provide for the establishment, control, and maintenance in such district of a public library free to all the in- habitants thereof; such board may annually levy a 1-mill tax in addition to all other taxes allowed by law, and may receive any property donated for such purpose. When a donation has been made to two or more districts jointly for library purposes, the school boards of the several districts may levy a tax not exceeding 1 mill, in addition to all other taxes, for a fund for the establishment and support of a joint library; such joint libraries shall be governed by a board of six members, three to be appointed by each school 780 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. board, and said trustees shall receive no compensation for such services; school board may provide for the management and control of such library by a board of trustees to be elected ; such library board shall consist of seven members, elected one each year for seven years; members of library board shall receive no compensation for services. Powers and duties of library hoard: To have custody of library property ; elect and fix compensation of librarian and assistants; by a two-thirds vote may purchase or lease grounds and buildings and erect buildings for library purposes; make annual report to school board. By a tvro-thirds vote said library board may set aside any sur- plus as a sinking fund for building purposes; said board may receive any gifts for library purposes; no member of board shall be interested in any contract made by board. Library board shall annually submit to school board estimate of funds needed for library purposes for ensuing year, and school board shall levy a tax not to exceed 11 mills in addition to all other levies authorized by law for such purposes. The school board in any district may contract annually with any organization maintaining a library for the public use of the same, and said board may levy a tax annually not to exceed 1 mill to pay therefor. In any district where there is no public library school board may annually appropriate an amount not to exceed $250 for a school library, the same to be paid from board's contingent fund. The school board or library board in any district may found and maintain a museum in connection with library, and may receive gifts for the same. Oklahoma: Cities of the first class are authorized to establish and maintain public libraries. Oregon: The governor shall appoint one person, who, with the governor, State superintendent, president of the State university, and librarian of the Library Association of Portland, shall constitute the Oregon Library Com- mission; the library heretofore known as the Library Commission shall be known as the State Library, and the commission shall be trustees of the State Library. Books of the State Library shall be loaned to the people free of charge through local public and traveling libraries and to individuals where there are no libraries. Said commission shall give advice to schools free and other public libraries; it may purchase and operate traveling libra- ries ; may publish circulars of information, and may conduct a summer school for library instruction. County court of each county having less than 100,000 population shall annually levy a school library tax of not less than 10 cents for each person between 4 and 20 years old in the county ; county superintendent shall apportion school-library fund on the basis of school population. The directors of each district and the county superintendent shall annually select books from the lists furnished by the library commis- sion ; the county superintendent shall forward list of books selected to library commission and said commission shall order the same from dealer ; said com- mission shall annually prepare lists suitable for school libraries, said lists to be made after obtaining lowest bids. County superintendent shall appoint a librarian who shall have the care and custody of books. Pennsylvania: In each district of second, third, or fourth class, the public- school library may be controlled by a board of seven library trustees, five of whom, not school directors, shall be elected at large, and remaining members shall be president of board of school directors and district superintendent or vice president of board of school directors; term of trustees shall be five years, one elected each year ; secretary of board of school directors shall be secretary of board of library trustees; library trustees may make rules for government of school libraries, and may purchase books and supplies for the S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL LIBRAEIES. 781 same upon approval of board of directors. School directors may make appro- priation out of annual school taxes for public libraries, but such appropria- tion shall not exceeil 1 mill on the dollar of taxable property in the district, but when library is first established or is enlarged directors may make pro- vision therefor; library funds shall be disbursed as are other school funds; but such disbursement must first meet with approval of library trustees, if any. Library trustees shall serve without compensation; vacancy in library board shall be filled by board of school directors. By a two-thirds vote, school directors may join with an individual or association in supporting a library; branch libraries may be established; no books shall be placed in school libraries without the consent of library trustees or school board; board of directors may permit use of books by residents of other districts. Library trustees shall make reports to State librarian and to State superin- tendent Two or more districts may jointly maintain a public-school library. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Rhode Island: The council of any city or town may accept a gift of a library or of funds for establishment of the same, and may maintain the same ; the said council shall elect a board of trustees for such library, consisting of not less than three nor more than seven members ; trustees shall be divided into three classes, one class elected each year; term, three years. No fees shall be exacted for use of books of such library. Each city or town maintaining such library shall appropriate for such maintenance at least as much as State shall appropriate for said library. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (f), Administra- tive units — districts, etc. South Carolina: Whenever the patrons of a public school shall raise by subscription $10 for a school library, the county board of education shall appropriate from the funds of the district where such library is to be located $10, together with $10 from the county funds, for such purpose : State board of education shall also appropriate $10 to such district. Books shall be selected by trustees from lists prescribed by the State board of education; said State board shall make rules for the management of school libraries. Not more than 25 schools in any one county shall receive such aid; State board may expend any balance of State appropriation to provide traveling libraries. Such school library may be enlarged by raising $5 by private subscription and the appropriation of $5 of State funds. Trustees of districts in which are towns or cities of more than 3,000 population may appropriate not exceeding 3 per cent of the annual school levy for library purposes. Whenever the trustees of any public-school district shall raise not less than $5 nor more than $25 for the purpose of providing supplementary reading books, the county shall pay to such district a like sum and the State a like sum; books shall be selected from a list furnished by State board of education. See also B (d), State taxation for school purposes. South Dakota: The county treasurer of each county shall annually withhold from the income for the schools 10 cents per capita of persons of school age for school-library purposes. County superintendent, county auditor, State's attorney, and all superintendents of city schools and principals of village schools employing more than one teacher shall constitute the county library board ; said board shall meet annually and expend the money above provided for library books selected from lists prepared by the State free-library com- mission. District clerk shall be librarian and while schools are in session shall keep library in the schoolhouse, where teacher shall have charge under 782 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Ms direction. County library board may designate library circuits, to be composed of not more than 10 schools, for the circulation of books. The free libraries of the State shall consist of the supreme court library, the State library, the free public libraries of the several cities, towns, town- ships, and school districts, and the traveling libraries. The supreme court library shall be under the control of the supreme court ; the State library and traveling libraries, of the free library commission; city, town, and township libraries, of the respective boards of library trustees; school libraries, of school boards. The State Free Library Commission shall consist of the gov- ernor, State superintendent, State librarian, and two members appointed by the governor. Duties: (1) To supervise the State library, (2) arrange col- lections of books and pictures to be loaned to libraries, institutions, clubs, etc., (3) establish a clearing house whereby libraries, institutions, etc., may exchange periodicals, (4) designate annually a list of books from which county library boards shall select, (5) render advice and assistance to com- munities in establishing and conducting libraries, (6) report biennially to governor. The chief civil authority in any civil division having a library shall appoint three library trustees, who shall provide library accommoda- tions, select and purchase books, appoint a librarian, and otherwise manage the library ; in said civil division a tax of not exceeding 2 mills shall be levied for the support of the library. Upon petition of 5 per cent of the voters of any city, town, or township, an election shall be held therein on the question of establishing a free public library ; majority vote shall determine. A State appropriation of $3,000 is made annually for traveling libraries. Tennessee: Free library commission shall consist of State superintendent. State librarian, and three members appointed by governor for terms of six years, one being appointed every two years. Commission shall elect one of its members chairman and a person not a member secretary, who shall re- ceive such compensation as commission may fix. Duties of commission: To promote establishment of public, school, and traveling libraries and to aid in the administration thereof and of libraries already established; hold annual meeting in January and special meetings on call of chairman ; report annually to governor. (No funds are now provided for this commission.) See also A (bl), State boards; B (a), General State finance and support. Utah: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. Vermont: State board of library commissioners shall consist of five members, appointed by the governor; term, five years, one being appointed each year. Said board shall advise and assist in the maintenance and administration of public libraries ; it may annually hold a school of instruction. It may extend aid for the purchase of books to extent of $100 to any town, city,, or incor- porated village not having a free public library owned and controlled by itself ; in addition said board may expend not exceeding $1,500 per annum to aid towns whose " grand list " does not exceed $10,000 each, exclusive of polls. Books bought with State money shall revert to State library commissioners if local authorities fail to provide for the safety and public usefulness of the same. Board may expend $3,(X)0 annually for necessary expenses, including transportation of books. In order to receive State aid of $100, town, city, or village not having a library must annually appropriate money as follows: For a " grand list " of $10,000 or more, not less than $50 ; $2,500 to $10,000, not less than $25; less than $2,500, not less than $15. A board of library trustees must be elected. State board of library commissioners may expend not exceeding $1,500 annually for traveling libraries. Trustees to whom S (b). PUBLIC-SCHOOL LIBRARIES. 783 property has been donated to establish a free public library may, unless other- wise provided by donor, form a corix>ration to consist of not more than nine nor fewer than five members. Any town, city, or incorporated village may establish and maintain a library and appropriate money therefor. Virginia: When patrons and friends of any public school shall raise by private subscription and tender to the clerk of the district or city school board for the establishment of a school library the sum of $15, the school board shall appropriate $15 ; books shall be selected from lists approved by State board of education. When books are selected division superintendent shall certify list to State board of education and said board on approving the same shall appropriate $10 for such library. No school board shall be compelled to appropriate for more than five schools. There is appropriated $7,500 to establish a system of traveling libraries. - The system shall be under the supervision of the library board of the State library, but the selection of books must be approved by the State board of education. Books may be loaned to any public school in the State. See also A (bl), State boards. Washington: County superintendent of each county may establish a circulat- ing library for common schools; county commissioners may levy a tax for such purpose, not to exceed one-tenth of 1 mill on dollar; books for such library must be recommended by State board of education or superintendent of public instruction. County superintendent shall purchase books for such library, and shall make necessary rules and regulations relative thereto. See also A (d), District boards and oflicers. West Virginia: Board of education of any district may purchase books for school libraries ; not more than $10 may be so expended in any year in any district, and books shall be selected from list approved by State superin- tendent. The trustees of any subdistrict where there Is a library of at least 200 volumes may, upon petition of at least one-half of taxpayers of sub- district, appoint a librarian for time school is not in session, librarian to receive $5 per year payable out of building fund. Wisconsin: The clerk of the district, or such other person as may be designated by voters of district shall be librarian of district library; two or more ad- joining districts may, by vote of electors, unite their libraries ; district may donate or sell books of district library to town library. Library books of one district, by mutual consent of school boards, may be exchanged or loaned for library books of another district ; county or district superintendents may ar- range such exchanges or loans. Each county treasurer shall annually with- hold from apportionment received from school fund, or other income for school districts, an amount equal to 10 cents for each person of school age residing in towns, villages, and cities of fourth class, said money to be used for purchase of library books; county or district superintendent shall an- nually provide for expenditure of such money for library books, to be selected from list prepared by State superintendent, and distributed to districts in proportion to money so withheld from each. The teacher or principal of every school undef the jurisdiction of a county, district, or city superin- tendent of a city of the fourth class shall annually make a report to the proper superintendent relative to school library. A school board and directors of any free public library may make exchanges and loans of books. Superin- tendent of agricultural institutes shall send to town clerks farmers' institute bulletins for district-school libraries. The State superintendent, secretary of Wisconsin Free Library Commission, and the attorney general shall be a 784 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. committee to secure bids and make contracts for supplying books and periodi- cals to schools of the State for library purposes ; list of approved books shall be furnished dealers; each dealer who bids shall deposit $1,000 as evidence of good faith; such deposits shall be returned to unsuccessful bidders, and to successful bidders when proper bond has been furnished for faithful per- formance of terms of contract ; such bond shall be in sum of $10,000. Library purchasing officers shall be given notice of contracts made by said committee with dealers; any such officer who uses the 10-cent per capita fund to buy other than lawfully authorized books, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. State superintendent, secretary of Free Library Commission, and the attorney general shall constitute a State committee on the rebinding of library books ; payment for rebinding such books shall be made from any funds in district treasury not otherwise appropriated. The railroad commissioner shall bi- ennially publish railroad map of the State, 8,000 copies of which shall be dis-. tributed among the schools. The common council of every city of second, third, or fourth classes, and board of trustees of every village, and board of every town may establish, equip, and maintain a public library and read- ing room, and levy a tax for same. School districts may expend their own funds for school library purposes. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc. Wyoming: When county commissioners of any county shall receive guarantee that a suitable place will be permanently furnished for the protection of a public library, they shall levy a tax of not less than one-eighth nor more than one-half of a mill on the dollar for the establishment and maintenance of a public library at the county seat ; when such place is furnished without rent, directors of library may pay for maintenance out of taxes thus col- lected. Commissioners shall appoint three directors; term, three years, one being appointed each year. Library maintained under this act shall be free to all residents of county. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. T. EDUCATION OF SPECIAL CLASSES. (a) General. Nebraska: See A (bl). State boards. North Carolina: Separate schools shall be provided for Indian children between 6 and 21 years old residing in Richmond, Sampson, and Robeson Counties. General school law shall be applicable as far as practicable. T (b) . Deaf and Dumb. Alabama: Institution for deaf, located at Talladega. Trustees: Governor, State superintendent, and 11 appointed by the governor; 3 appointive mem- bers from congressional district where institute is located and 1 each from other districts; term, 6 years, about one-third retiring bienniallly. Board is a body corporate and shall have entire control of the institute. A majority may transact business and meet at their discretion; they shall appoint a T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 785 secretary and a treasurer; treasurer shall pay out funds on order of prin- cipal countersigned by the secretary ; board shall appoint principal who shall nominate assistants; board shall fix compensation for officers and teachers. Deaf persons residents of the State and between 7 and 21 years old may be admitted for a period of 10 years; trustees may allow 4 additional years. Board may elect an executive committee of three members. Annual appro- priation, $235 per pupil. School for negro deaf and blind located at Talladega. Under control of trustees of Alabama School for the Deaf; annual appropriation, $230 per pupil; laws relating to School for the Deaf applicable to government of Negro School for the Deaf and Blind. See also T (c), Schools for the blind. Arizona: Five thousand dollars is annually appropriated for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind; census marshals shall report deaf, dumb, and blind of school age to county superintendent who shall certify the same to State board of education ; said board shall provide for the education of those whose parents or guardians are unable to educate them; said board shall contract with some State having a suitable institution, but not exceeding $350 a year shall be paid by Arizona for the education of such child ; deaf or dumb person shall, on presentation of a certificate from State board of edu- cation, be admitted to the University of Arizona and expenses to the extent of $250 a year shall be paid on the order of said board. Said board may pro- vide for the education of blind children under school age. See also A (bl), State boards; B (b), State school lands; P (c), State universities and colleges. Arkansas: The Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute is ^established. Board of trustees consists of six members appointed by the governor. Trustees shall appoint a principal, matron, and other teachers and employees and shall have general control of the institution and its property. Mutes admitted shall be between 6 and 21 years old, of " fair intellect," and free from any contagious disease. An indigent orphan under 6 years old may be admitted. Parent or guardian shall provide pupil with clothing and traveling expenses to and from school. When clothing and traveling expenses are not other- wise provided, or where pupil is indigent, the superintendent or principal shall make such provision and the same shall be charged to the county of pupil's residence. See also A (bl). State boards. California: California Institution for the Deaf and Blind shall be under control of board consisting of five members appointed by governor, with con- sent of senate; term, four years. Powers and duties of toard: To make by- laws; elect and fix compensation of officers, teachers, and other employees; meet once every three months; make reports to governor. The principal teacher shall have had not less than three years of experience in teaching the deaf, dumb, or blind; salary shall not exceed $3,000 per year; he shall execute bond in sum of $5,000. Treasurer shall execute bond in sum of $10,000; shall receive salary not to exceed $1,200 per year. Object of in- stitution shall be education of deaf and blind who can not be taught in public schools; every deaf, dumb, or blind person, resident of State, of suit- able age and capacity shall be educated therein free of charge ; nonresidents may be admitted upon payment of $85 quarterly; indigent pupils shall be clothed free of charge, but other pupils must furnish clothing. See also A (d). District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for ele- mentally education; H (f), Compulsory attendance; L (a), Course of study. 3966°— 15 50 786 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Colorado: The Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind shall be maintained at Colorado Springs and shall be a body corporate. The board of trustees shall consist of five members appointed by the governor ; board shall appoint a superintendent who, with approval of board, shall appoint instructors and other employees. Every blind, deaf, and mute person in the State who is over 6 and under 21 years old shall be admitted to said school freei of charge; adults may be admitted as board determines; residents of other States may be admitted on payment of a sum fixed by trustees. Each county superintendent shall report blind and deaf persons of suitable age to the superintendent of the school. Where deaf or blind person is too poor to furnish himself with clothing and pay transportation to the school the county of his residence shall pay the same. The State board of education shall employ, at a salary of $1,000 a year, a State teacher for the adult blind, whose duty it shall be to provide instruction for the adult blind at their homes. See also A (c2), County officers. Connecticut: The governor may appoint, for a period of not more than 12 years, any deaf minor person residing in the State as a pupil in any institu- tion in the State for the education of the deaf ; he may, on the recommenda- tion of principal or superintendent of such school, extend the term of said minor six years; he may contract with such institutions for such schooling; expense of such pupil shall be borne by the State, except where pupil or parent or guardian pays the same. Delaware: For the fiscal year ending in January, 1915, an appropriation of $12,0XX) was made *' for the maintenance and instruction of the indigent deaf and dumb, indigent blind, and indigent idiotic children " in institutions out- side of the State. Florida: See P (a). Higher institutions, general. Georgia: The Georgia School for the Deaf is located at Cave Spring and shall be under the control of seven trustees appointed by governor, with con- sent of the senate. Trustees shall elect a principal, who shall nominate subordinate oflicers and other employees, subject to approval of trustees. Governor may appoint for said institution a board of visitors, to consist of such a number as he thinks best. Trustees shall elect a secretary and a treasurer. Trustees shall report annually to governor. All persons in the State between 7 and 25 years old who are too deaf to receive instruction in common schools and who are otherwise fit shall be entitled to instruction in said school for the deaf free of cost, but no pupil shall be allowed to remain more than 12 terms. In case parent or guardian is unable to supply clothing, the same shall be furnished free by institution ; all shoes shall be furnished free from shop of school. Day pupils may be admitted, board outside of school being paid by parent or guardian. Idaho : A State school for deaf and blind shall be established. State board of education shall control; such board shall elect a superintendent and neces- sary instructors and other employees, and shall provide for examination of applicants for admission. All children too deaf or blind to be instructed In public schools and between 6 and 21 years old shall be deemed deaf and blind. Census marshal shall ascertain deaf and blind children and report to county superintendent. See also A (bl), State boards. Illinois: State institutions for the education of the deaf and the blind are established at Jacksonville. Boards of education and school directors may establish and maintain classes and schools for deaf and dumb and blind children. Teachers shall T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 787 hold certificates of qualification for teacliing in such schools as required by law. Classes for deaf children shall be for those between 3 and 21 years old. State shall pay the excess cost per pupil in such classes over cost of instruction of normal pupils. Indiana: The board of trustees of the Indiana School for the Deaf shall consist of four members appointed by the governor; term, four years, one being ap- pointed each year; compensation, $300 each per annum, and expenses not to exceed $125. Board shall appoint a superintendent, who, with the approval of the board, shall appoint necessary subordinates; board shall also appoint a medical superintendent. Instruction shall be free to residents of the State ; clothing shall be furnished at public expense in extreme cases. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Iowa: The State School for the Deaf shall be under the control and manage- ment of the board of control of State institutions. Every resident of the State over 5 and under 21 years old who is too deaf to acquire an education in the common schools and every resident between 21 and 35 years old who has the consent of the board of control of State institutions may receive an education at said school at the expense of the State; nonresidents similarly situated may be educated therein on payment of $66 quarterly in advance. County superintendent shall annually report to the superintendent of said school the name, age, and post-office address of each deaf person in his county between 5 and 35 years old. Superintendent of said school shall biennially report to the governor. When pupils are not supplied with cloth- ing or transportation, the superintendent shall pay the same and it shall be charged to the county of the pupil's residence ; the supervisors of said county may proceed to collect the same from parent or guardian. Deaf persons be- tween 12 and 19 years old, when mentally and physically fitted and when not receiving efficient instruction elsewhere, shall attend the school for the deaf. See also A (c2). County officers. Kansas: A State institution for the education of the deaf is established at Olathe; governed by State board of administration. Trustees shall appoint a superintendent and necessary teachers and assistants; they shall also ap- point a steward and a matron. See also A (bl), State boards; H (f). Compulsory attendance. Kentucky: Kentucky School for the Deaf shall be under control of board of commissioners consisting of 12 members appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, four appointed every two years, to serve six years. Board shall be body corporate; may receive property for benefit of said school ; shall keep record of business, open to inspection of legislature or gov- ernor; shall make annual report to governor, to be laid before legislature; may appoint and fix salaries of a superintendent, teachers, and other em- ployees. Said board shall have charge of school for the colored deaf and dumb. Schools for white and colored persons shall be separate. Indigent children shall be maintained and educated gratuitously. Such children may be apportioned among the several counties according to their representation. Pupils may be received from other States, provided cost of maintenance is defrayed. Indigent pupils may be maintained in school by State for period of five years; $150 appropriated annually for each indigent pupil. All deaf and dumb children of suitable age, character, and capacity resident in State shall be received in said school. Children received under age of 13 years may remain as beneficiaries until 21 years old. Parents, guardians, or custo- dians shall, when able, pay expenses of children in said school. See also A (b2), State officers. 788 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Louisiana: Louisiana State School for the Deaf shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of governor, ex officio, and seven persons ap- pointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate ; appointed in groups of two, two, and three, one group each year, to serve four years. Board shall be a body corporate; shall meet once every four months. Said board shall receive, instruct, and support in said school all persons deaf and dumb or of such defective speech or hearing as not to be able to acquire an education in ordinary schools between ages of 8 and 22 years, of sound mind and proper health of body, and residents of State. Such persons shall re- ceive instruction, board, lodging, medicine, and medical attendance at ex- pense of institution, and in cases of indigency shall be furnished clothing and traveling expenses. Persons admitted under 14 years old may continue in institution 10 years ; if over 14 years and under 17 years, 8 years ; if over 17 years, 5 years. Board may in any case extend term two years. Instruc- tion shall be in practical subjects. See also A (b2). State officers. Maine: The Maine School for the Deaf is located at Portland. Five trustees appointed by governor with consent of council, one being appointed each year. They shall have charge of general interests of school, appoint in- structors, etc. With consent of parent or guardian, trustees may admit for not exceeding 12 years any deaf or dumb child in the State over 5 years old. Support and instruction of such child shall be paid for by State. Maryland: It shall be the duty of county commissioners of counties and of the mayor and city council of Baltimore on application from proper parties to inquire into the age and capacity and financial ability of any deaf and dumb person. If satisfied with their mental capacity and their financial in- ability, to certify same to governor. He shall authorize their instruction in the Maryland Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Frederick for not more than seven years, to cost not more than $200 per year. Necessary expenses in traveling to be paid by State. Total funds to be so used not to exceed $7,500 in any one year. Applications to be considered in order made. Sum of $21,000 annually appropriated for education of blind at Maryland School for the Blind. For the indigent who " are of good natural capacity " amount paid for any one individual not to exceed $300 per annum. Governor shall report on those thus instructed. Directors of Maryland school authorized to apply part of their funds to establish workshops and open store for sale of articles manufactured by the blind. Governor shall appoint five persons, to be known as Commission for Im- proving Condition of Adult Blind in the State of Maryland (1906). Duties: To secure list of all blind in State; make record of names, ages, financial condition, capacity for educational and industrial training, and file report. Commission may aid worthy adult blind, furnish them tools to the value of $50, and place blind women in homes. There shall be maintained in Balti- more a workshop for the blind under board of five trustees, two of whom shall be elected by Maryland School for the Blind; term, two years. Said trustees shall be a body corporate, with corporate powers, under name of Maryland Workshop for the Blind. Workshop shall be open for labor and manufactures of all blind citizens of Maryland over 18. Annual appropria- tion fixed at $33,000. Amount to be expended per pupil increased from $300 to $350 (1912). See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical inspection. T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 789 Massachusetts: See A (bl), State boards; T (c), Schools for the blind. Michigan: A State school for the deaf Is located at Flint. Board of trustees shall consist of three members appointed by the governor ; term, six years, one being appointed every two years. Board shall appoint a superintendent who shall nominate for board's action all necessary subordinate oflScers. There shall be admitted to such school all such deaf and partially deaf persons between 7 and 21 years old as are unable to receive instruction in the common schools and are in suitable condition, if such persons are residents of the State, without charge for tuition, board, lodging, washing, medicine, or medical attendance; trustees may admit persons under 7 or over 21 years old; persons from other States may be admitted on payment of expenses; pupils may not remain longer than 13 years. Clothing and other articles necessary for attendance, not to exceed $40 each annually in value, may be furnished indigent pupils and cost thereof shall be charged to county to which pupil belongs. The State superintendent may grant permission to school board to establish and maintain one or more day schools having an average attendance of not less than three for the instruction of deaf persons over the age of 3 years. The school board of such city or district shall include in its estimates a sum sufficient to maintain said school and the State shall reimburse the district the actual expense of teachers' salaries and cost of appliances, but not to exceed the rate of $150 annually for each pupil for nine months of schooling. Teachers shall be employed as other teachers are employed, but shall be graduates of a training school for teachers of the deaf by the " oral " method ; the oral method shall be employed. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Minnesota: Board shall consist of governor and State superintendent ex officio and five members appointed by governor for a term of five years, and the same shall be known as the Board of Directors of the Minnesota Schools for the Deaf and Blind ; said board shall annually elect from its members a president and secretary; shall hold monthly meetings; three members, a quorum. Board shall prescribe rules for admission and government of pupils and all things for education and training of pupils ; teach trades and manual industries most conducive to training for self-support ; appoint superintendent and subordinates for each school. Pupils shall be provided by persons legally liable for their support with sufficient funds to furnish them clothing, postage, and transportation ; in case child is indigent and judge of probate of county in which child resides so certifies, such county shall pay an amount not exceed- ing $40 per year for clothing, postage, and transportation of such child. Any resident of the State graduated from the school for the blind shall be entitled to pursue any work desired in the State university, free of tuition charges. Board may receive bequests for school and place same in State treasury to credit of same. The superintendent of each school shall make a report to board and board shall biennially make report to governor. Every person in authority over any child between 8 and 20 years old too deaf to be benefited by instruction in public schools shall send such child to the School for the Deaf. Mississippi: Institution heretofore established for instruction of deaf and dumb shall continue to exist as the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, with power to hold property, to enjoy all rights and privileges conferred on it and which are necessary to accomplish its purposes; every section in the law on 790 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the Institute for the Blind, beginning with that on government, shall apply to the institution for the deaf and dumb. Report of commission on sale of old site and buildings and erection of new buildings accepted. See also T (c), Schools for the blind. Missouri: The Missouri School for the Deaf shall be under the control of a board of five managers; said board shall elect a superintendent, steward, matron, teachers, and other necessary employees. All deaf persons, residents of the State and between 8 and 21 years old, who are capable of receiving instruction in said school shall be admitted thereto. Instruction shall be given in trades and for the practical duties of life. Deaf persons shall be permitted to attend for a period of 12 years, but may be sooner discharged. County shall pay for clothing and traveling expenses of pupils resident thereof when pupil or parent or guardian is unable to pay for the same or when the same is not otherwise provided. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Montana: See A (bl). State boards. Nebraska: Purpose of the institutions for the deaf and blind shall be the physical, moral, and intellectual culture and training of the resi^ective classes for whose benefit each institution was created, to the end that pupils may be returned to society capable of becoming self-sustaining and useful citizens ; board may grant certificates of character and proficiency to those who com- plete courses of instruction and training. Each county superintendent shall annually report to the respective institutes those persons in his county who between 6 and 21 years old are deaf and dumb or blind. All blind persons and those blind to such an extent that they can not acquire an education in the common schools, and who are of suitable age, capacity, and character, shall be entitled to an education in the Institution for the Blind without charge; likewise, deaf and dumb persons may be educated in the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb without charge. Parents or guardians of inmates of such schools shall furnish clothing, pay transportation, and support them during vacation; the said expenses for indigent children shall be paid from the county general funds of counties where such children are residents; board may admit nonresidents of State to said institutions. In the institute for the deaf, children shall be taught by the oral, aural, and lip-reading method unless incapacitated by mental or physical defects. Institutes for deaf and dumb and blind shall be under control of board of commissioners of State institutions. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Nevada: The State superintendent of public instruction is authorized to make arrangements with the directors of any institutions for the deaf and dumb and blind in the State of California, or in the State of Utah, for the admis- sion, support, education, and care of the deaf and dumb and blind of this State, and may make needful contract and agreements to carry out pro- visions of this act; upon the application of anyone in authority over any child, blind or deaf and dumb, to the county commissioners of any county to the effect that such child is disqualified from being taught by the ordinary process of instruction, and that such person in authority over said child is unable to properly support and educate said child, the said county commis- sioners shall make application to the State superintendent, who shall issue a certificate to such child; said certificate shall admit such child to any of T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 791 aforesaid institutions ; all deaf and dumb or blind persons over 21 years old, seeking admission to the aforesaid institutions, shall have been bona fide citizens of Nevada for the five years preceding such application. New Hampshire: (State makes annual appropriations for support and train- ing of indigent deaf and dumb children in several State institutions). See also U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: The New Jersey School for the Deaf shall be under control of the State board of education; tuition shall be free. Duties of said hoard rela- tive to said school: To have care and control of property; to appoint and fix salaries of a superintendent, teachers, and other employees; purchase text- books and supplies; make rules for said school. Improvements, additions, and repairs to buildings of said school and furnishing thereof shall be by contract; all supplies shall be purchased on competitive basis, contracts to be let to lowest responsible bidders. Deaf persons of suitable age and capacity, residents of the State and not over 21 years old, shall be received in said school for period not exceeding 14 years; if more persons shall apply for admission than can be received, number received shall be apportioned among counties in proportion to number of such persons in said counties. Application for admission shall be made by a parent, guardian, or friend of such deaf person, and shall be accompanied by a certificate of the proper officer stating required facts concerning such deaf person; parent or guar- dian shall, when able, pay for maintenance of such deaf person at said school. State board shall appoint and fix salary of treasurer of said school. An annual sum, not exceeding $300 for each pupil, is appropriated for the instruction and maintenance of indigent deaf and dumb, blind, and feeble- minded persons resident of the State, said appropriation to be applied under direction of the governor; application of any such person for admission to any institution must be accompanied by the certificate of two reputable citizens, stating required facts relative to such person, and such certificate must be approved by judge of court of common pleas of the county ; tei*m of instruction of any such person shall be for three years, but may be extended to period not exceeding in all eight years; principals of institutions caring for such persons shall make annual reports to governor relative to such persons. Any deaf and dumb, blind, or feeble-minded persons, of suitable age and capacity for instruction, may be entitled to benefits of this act. Custodians of such persons shall, when able, pay part of expenses of such persons. The right of custodians to remove such persons from institutions shall be waived, but governor may discharge such persons and principal of institution may grant leaves of absence ; such persons may also be paroled. See also A (bl). State boards; H (a). School population and attendance, general. New Mexico: The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb shall be under the control of a board of regents consisting of five members appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate ; term, four years ; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of appointment. Duties of hoard: To elect as its officers a president and a secretary; make rules and regulations for control of said institution ; appoint superintendent, teachers, and other employees of said institution, and fix their salaries; make biennial reports to governor and legislature. Said board shall receive expenses incident to board meetings. Said institutions shall be devoted ex- clusively to the care and instruction of deaf and mute persons of both sexes between the ages of 8 and 21 years; instruction shall be free, but 792 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. deaf or mute children from other States and Indian children may be re- ceived into said institution under rules of board of regents. The clerks of the several school districts shall report to their respective county superin- tendents the names of deaf and mute children, together with all necessary facts concerning such children, and the names and addresses of parents of such children; said county superintendents shall report the same to the superintendent of said asylum. In cases of indigency, deaf and mute children shall be- cared for in said institution free of charge. Lands donated to said institution may be used by board in making permanent improvements ; said board shall insure property of institution for three-fourths its esti- mated value. New York: All institutions for the instruction of the deaf and dumb and the blind, and other similar incoi*porated institutions, shall be subject to visita- tion of commissioner of education, and it shall be his duty to inquire into organization of and instruction in such schools; prescribe course of study; make appointments and transfers of pupils; appoint visitors; suggest im- provements; make annual report to legislature. All deaf and dumb persons residents of State for one year preceding and upward of 12 years of age, or any minor whose parent, guardian, or custodian shall have been a resi- dent for such time, may be appointed as State pupils in one of deaf and dumb institutions of the State. All blind persons of suitable age may be appointed to institutions for the blind in the city of New York if residents of certain specified counties, or such institution in the village of Batavia if residents of other counties. Blind babies and ' children, except in city of New York, 12 years old or less, possessing proper qualifications, may be appointed State pupils in institutions maintained by the International Sun- shine Society, Brooklyn Home for the Blind, Crippled, and Defective Children, and the Catholic Institute for the Blind ; such children may, when of proper age, be transferred to the institution for the blind in city of New York or village of Batavia by commissioner of education ; persons in parental relation shall, when able, pay part or whole of expenses of such children. Board, lodging, and tuition of State pupils received into aforesaid schools shall be paid by the State; term of instruction of such pupils shall be five years, but said commissioner may extend such term for period not exceeding three years ; State pupils under 12 years old shall be supported at a proper institution at rate of $1 per day, and for a term determined by said com- missioner. The supervisors of counties from which State pupils shall be sent to any institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb or New York institution for the blind shall, when parents or guardians are indigent, raise and appropriate $30 per year for clothing for each such pupil. The supervisors of counties sending pauper children to said institution for the blind shall raise, appropriate, and pay to State comptroller, toward expense of instructing and clothing such children, a sum equal to that paid by counties for support of such children at home; this provision shall not apply to certain specified counties. The supervisors, or like officers, of counties of New York, Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk, from which State pupils are sent to New York institution for the blind, shall, if pupils are indigent, levy and pay to such institution $50 annually for clothing for each such pupil. Whenever a blind or deaf person, who is a citizen of the State and a student at a college, university, technical, or professional school, other than a specified school for the blind or deaf, shall be designated by trustees thereof as deserving such aid, the State shall pay to such person annually sum of $300 for employing readers or other persons to aid in in- T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 793 struction; such moneys shall be paid only to those students who are can- didates for a degree. Indigent deaf-mute children over 5 and under 12 years old, who are charges of any town or county of the State, or shall be liable to become charges, shall be supported and instructed at a proper institution in the State by the county at a cost not to exceed $325 each per year ; said children shall remain in such institution until 12 years old, unless found to be unfit subjects. At the age of 12 such children shall become State pupils. North Carolina: A school for the education of white deaf children is estab- lished at Morganton. Board of directors appointed by the governor ; term, six years. Board shall receive into such school all suitable white deaf mutes residing in the State and between 8 and 23 years old. Instruction shall be given in subjects required for public schools and in such other subjects as may be of special benefit to the deaf and in manual arts. A school for the education of the blind and deaf is established at Raleigh; governor shall appoint board of 11 directors, who shall hold office for six years. Directors shall appoint a principal for term of three years, a physician for two years, and such other officers and teachers as are necessary, and shall otherwise have administration of institution; they shall receive no com- pensation except traveling expenses while at their official duties. Board shall receive into such school all suitable white blind children who are between 7 and 21 years old and reside in the State; persons from other States may be admitted on terms deemed proper. Board may confer degrees. State treasurer shall be treasurer of institution. Board shall report bien- nially to governor. Board may remove officers for cause. Governor may allow to indigent child not exceeding $25 for clothing and traveling expenses to and from the institution, but tax shall be leviod in county of child's residence to repay such sum. Every deaf child of sound mind between 8 and 15 years old must attend a school for the deaf at least five terms of nine months each; misdemeanor for parent, guardian, or custodian not to send such child to school as required. See also A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers. North Dakota: The school for the deaf and dumb is located at Devils Lake. Board of trustees shall consist of five members appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate ; term, four years. Each member shall receive $3 per day and 5 cents per mile traveled when attending meetings. Board shall have general control of the institution and the property thereof and shall appoint all employees and fix their compensation. Deaf children not residents of the State may be admitted on payment of $180 per annum ; deaf residents of the State who are of suitable age shall receive instruction in such school at the expense of the State. Clothing shall be furnished to pupils and shall be paid for by parent or guardian, or by pupil himself if over 21 years old, but when cost thereof is oppressive to parent or guardian the county of pupil's residence shall pay the same. Indigent children shall be transported to such school at the expense of the county. Board shall report biennially to the governor. See also A (d), District boards and officers; H (f). Compulsory attendance; P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions. Ohio: State school for deaf shall be open to persons too deaf to be educated in public schools ; no person shall be received under age of 7 years or remain longer than 13 years; no person of immoral habits or who has a contagious or offensive disease shall be received; children both blind and deaf may be received. Certain suitable trades shall be taught in addition to customary 794 STATE LAWS EELATIKG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. instruction. As far as practicable the bookbinding of the State shall be done at such institution. Compensation of principal shall be fixed by trustees. Maximum salary limit of employees fixed by law. Upon application by a school board of any district to the State superin- tendent he shall grant permission to such board to establish and maintain one or more day schools at an average attendance of not less than three pupils for instruction of deaf persons over age of 3, blind persons over age of 4, and of crippled persons over age of 5 ; the board shall report annually on such schools to the State superintendent ; the board shall annually certify to State auditor the number of children receiving instruction in such schools, and said board shall receive from the State $150 for each deaf or crippled child so instructed for nine months and $200 for each blind child so in- structed; the board shall receive proportionate parts of preceding amounts for such children instructed less than nine months ; teachers for such schools shall have the usual qualifications required of teachers and, in addition, special training for such work ; the " oral " system shall be taught in schools for the deaf, but if such system shall prove ineffective after nine months' trial the " manual " method may be used for such child. Children who are too deaf, blind, or crippled to profit by instruction in the public schools as other children shall be compelled to attend special schools established and main- tained for them. The State superintendent shall select an inspector for such special schools; said inspector shall make annual report to State superin- tendent. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (b), School census. Oklahoma: Oklahoma School for the Deaf is hereby located at Sulphur, and shall be under control of State board of education. All deaf residents of State and those deaf and dumb to such an extent that they can not be edu- cated in common schools, of suitable age and character, shall be admitted to said school without charge. Any person in control of any deaf person between ages of 7 and 21 years shall send such person to a suitable school for the deaf or furnish private instruction to such person. Purpose of said school shall be the physical, moral, and intellectual culture and training of the deaf. Chief executive officer shall be a superintendent ; said superintendent shall be an ex- perienced educator of deaf, shall give bond in sum of $5,000, and shall pre- scribe courses of study and rules and regulations relative to officers, teachers, pupils, and employees, subject to approval of the board. Superintendent shall make biennial report to board. Parents or guardians shall furnish transportation, clothing, and incidental expenses for children at said school ; in cases of indigency, such items shall be paid by the county commissioners out of poor and insane fund of county. Nonresident students may be admitted upon conditions prescribed by State board. See also A (bl). State boards; U (e), Schools for dependents and delin- quents. Oregon: The school for deaf mutes is established at Salem. Board of trustees shall consist of governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruction. Board shall provide sufficient laud and buildings; it shall have the exclusive government of the school and shall make rules and regulations therefor; it may provide equipment, furniture, etc., and make necessary contracts ; it shall provide for the employment of a superintendent, teachers, and officers and other employees, and fix their salaries ; it shall fix the limit of age of admission to such school ; it shall prescribe terms undeT which pupils from other States may be admitted. Superintendent and other employees shall be elected annually. Superintendent shall give bond and, T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 795 under trustees, shall liuve control of property; he shall report biennially to the trustees. Board shall hold meetings once a month and special meetings may be held; majority a quorum; at least once in every six months board shall inspect institution. Clerks of school districts shall report to county superintendent names, ages, and addresses of all deaf or blind children be- tween 6 and 14 years old, together with names of parents; county superin- tendents shall report such children to the superintendent of the school for the deaf or for the blind, as the case requires. Actual and necessary traveling expenses and clothing shall be furnished indigent pupils by counties wherein they reside. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Pennsylvania: No deaf and dumb pupil under tlie age of 10 or over the age of 21 years shall be educated at the expense of the State; no deaf and dumb pupil shall be educated at expense of the State for more than six years ; num- ber of such pupils shall be apportioned among the various counties equitably. The board of school directors of any district having a population of more than 20,000 and containing 8 or more deaf-mute children of school age, may open and maintain a special school for the education of said children. (The State appropriates sufficient funds for the education and maintenance of not more than 510 deaf children at the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb ; to the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, for 240 pupils at an annual rate of $300 per pupil ; to the Home for the Training in Speech of Deaf Children, 60 pupils at annual rate of $390 per pupil ; to the Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf, $60,000 for 100 pupils through two years.) The governor shall appoint five trustees to control the Home for the Training in Speech of Deaf Children, one ap- pointed each year, term five years ; annual report shall be made by said trus- tees to the auditor genei-al ; all deaf and dumb pupils under 16 years old shall be taught by the oral method, unless such children are physically incapacitated for such method of instruction. See also A (d). District boards and officers; H (f). Compulsory attendance. Khode Island: The governor, lieutenant governor, and nine citizens of State, three of whom shall be women, appointed by governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, shall constitute board of trustees for the Rhode Island Institute for the Deaf; appointive members shall be divided into three classes, one class appointed every two years, term six years; members shall receive no compensation for such services. Deaf persons between ages of 3 and 20 years, of sufficient capacity for instruction, who are legal residents of State, may be admitted to said institute without charge; residents of other States may be admitted upon payment of board and tuition. Primary object shall be to furnish oral instruction, and facilities for enjoyment of benefits of free public education. Trustees shall appoint a principal and fix his salary, and, together with such principal, shall appoint and fix compensation of other employees of said institute ; said trustees shall make an annual report to legislature. Every person having control of a deaf child between ages of 7 and 18 years shall cause such child to attend said institute for full time; failing so to do, he shall be fined not exceeding $20, but private instruction shall exempt child from such attendance, and no such child shall be taken from custody of parent or guardian except as a day pupil unless parent or guardian is unfit for such custody. Upon finishijig a prescribed course, stu- dent shall receive certificate from said institute. 796 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The governor, on recommendation of State board of education and upon application of the parent or guardian of any deaf, blind, or imbecile child, resident of the State, may appoint such child a State beneficiary at a suitable institution, within limit of 10 years, but such period may be extended, and any appointment may be revoked for good cause. State board shall annually make report to legislature relative to education of such children ; said board may expend annually for each such child a sum not exceeding $20 for clothing. State board may provide for the suitable care, maintenance, and instruction of indigent babies and children under school age, residing in the State, who may be born blind or become blind ; said board shall secure consent of parents or parent in such cases. See also A (bl), State boards. South Carolina: The board of commissioners of the South Carolina Institu- tion for the Education of the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind shall consist of the su- perintendent of education ex officio and four other members appointed by the governor ; term of appointive members eight years, one being appointed every two years; compensation, actual expenses when attending meetings. Board shall have control of affairs and government of the institution with power to regulate salaries of officers and teachers, to establish conditions of admis- sion, and to prescribe rules and regulations. The superintendent shall be elected by the board and shall be the immediate executive head of the institu- tion ; he shall nominate subordinate officers and teachers. Board shall receive and disburse appropriations for the institution by the legislature; it shall report annually to the legislature. All deaf mutes and blind persons of the State who are of proper age shall be admitted. The whole or part of the expenses of any applicant shall be paid, according as the board may deter- mine; expenses of one person shall not exceed $150 annually, not including traveling expenses, clothing, and medical attendance. On recommendation of faculty, the board shall provide $150 annually for the higher education of any graduate of said institution, said instruction to be received in a chartered college of the State. South Dakota: On complaint to the county judge that any deaf or blind child of proper age is being deprived of proper education, said judge shall investi- gate the case and on finding the complaint to be true shall, after considering the welfare of the child and its parent or guardian, order it to be sent to some public or private school for the deaf or blind, as the case requires ; if parents, guardian, or custodian are able to pay for the transportation of child to such institution, county judge shall order said parents, guardian, or custodian to pay the same, otherwise the same shall be paid from the poor fund of the county. Each county superintendent or city superintendent shall report to the superintendent of the school for the blind at Gary the names of all blind children of proper age in his county or city, and shall report the names of deaf children to the superintendent of the school for the deaf at Sioux Falls. Whenever any county superintendent shall learn that any blind or partially blind person between 6 and 30 years old is not receiving proper education and has not received the same, he shall notify the parents, guardian, or custodian of such person to send such person to the school for the blind at Sioux Falls, and if notice is not complied with within 10 days superintendent shall make complaint to county judge, who shall make neces- sary order In the matter. Blind or partially blind persons between 6 and 30 years old who are incapable of receiving proper instruction in the public schools shall be entitled to instruction and care in the school for the blind for at least 10 years at the expense of the State ; blind pupils under 6 years T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 797 or over 30 years old may be received; like pupils from without the State may be received on payment for bonrd, tuition, and care. Capable pupils quali- fied to receive advanced instruction preparatory to entering college may re- ceive three years of additional training to give such preparation to enter col- lege. Person sending blind child to school for the blind shall deposit with superintendent a sum sufficient to purchase a return ticket to child's home and $10 in addition ; if parent, guardian, or custodian is unable to make such de- posit county commissioners of county where child resides shall make the same. The State school for deaf mutes at Sioux Falls shall be under the control of the State board of charities and corrections. Duties of said board: To care for the property belonging to the school ; employ superintendent, matron, and other employees, and fix their duties and compensation ; prescribe charges for board, tuition, and care of pupils from without the State; apply all funds and property for the use and benefit of the school ; report biennially to the governor; fix the period of the academic year, which shall not be less than 40 weeks. All deaf and dumb residents of the State between 6 and 21 - years old who are capable of receiving instruction and are free from con- tagious or chronic diseases shall be received free of charge. Tennessee: The institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, located in the city of Knoxville is continued a body corporate by the name of the Tennessee Deaf and Dumb School. The present trustees and their suc- cessors, to be appointed by themselves subject to confirmation by the legisla- ture, shall constitute the board of trustees. Each senatorial district shall be entitled to send to said school two pupils free of charge; such pupils shall be chosen by the senator and representative, but preference shall be given to persons unable to pay expenses. Terms of admission for colored pupils, who shall be given separate accommodations, shall be the same as those for white pupils. Texas: The deaf and dumb asylum shall be under the control of a board of six trustees appointed by the governor ; term, six years, tw^o being appointed every two years. Superintendent shall make such provision as he may deem necessary for the maintenance, care, and education of all children of the State who are deaf and dumb. Certain pupils at the deaf and dumb asylum, to be designated by the superintendent and trustees, shall be taught the art of printing. The deaf, dumb, and blind asylum for colored youth is established and is under the control of a board of six trustees appointed by the governor; term, six years, two being appointed every two years. Board shall appoint a superintendent and other necessary officers. Rules for admission, govern- ment, etc., shall conform as nearly as practicable with those for white institutions. Utah: The State school for the deaf shall be under control of a board of trustees consisting of the attorney general and five residents of the State, not more than three of whom shall belong to same political party; said school shall be deemed a public corporation; each appointive trustee shall file bond in sum of $3,000. Purposes of said school shall be to provide a practical education for the deaf, the mute, and the deaf mute of the State who are of sound mind and body, under 30 years of age, capable of receiv- ing instruction, but who are incapacitated for instruction in the common schools; training shall also be given in the trades. Residents shall be received free of charge ; nonresidents may be received on such terms as said board may prescribe. Said board shall meet four times each year; trustees 798 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed oflBcial expenses. Powers of hoard: To adopt by-laws; make rules for management of school; appoint a superintendent; appoint a secretary of the school, who may be a member of the board; appoint a treasurer, not to be a member of the board. Said superintendent must be a competent expert educator of the deaf and dumb ; he may, subject to approval of board, appoint instructors and other employees. Clothing and transportation of indigent pupils shall be furnished by counties of their residence. Every parent, guardian, or custodian of any deaf, mute, or blind child between ages of 8 and 18 years unable to be educated in com- mon schools shall cause such child to attend State school for deaf or State school for blind for at least six months each year, unless such child shall receive equivalent instruction elsewhere or is mentally or physically unable to so attend. See also A (c2), County officers. Vermont: The governor shall be, by virtue of his office, commissioner of the deaf, dumb, blind, idiotic, feeble-minded, or epileptic children of indigent parents, and, as such, shall constitute the board for their instruction; gov- ernor shall make biennial report to the legislature relative to instruction of such children, and shall receive $50 annually as compensation for services as such commissioner. Sum not exceeding $30,000 shall be annually appro- priated for benefit of such children. Such children shall be instructed at following institutions: The deaf and dumb at the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at Hartford, Conn.; the Clark School for the Deaf, at Northampton, Mass. ; the Mystic Oral School, at Mystic, Conn. ; or the Austine Institution, at Brattleboro, Vt. ; the blind at the New England Institute for the Blind, at Boston, Mass. ; and the idiotic or feeble-minded children at the Massachusetts School for the Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth, at Boston: or at such other like institutions as governor shall elect. The board of civil authority in a town shall, annually, certify to county clerk facts relative to such children in such town; county clerks shall, annually, certify such facts to governor ; selectmen may, in their official capacity, give bond to indemnify the State against expenses which may accrue as result of sickness, cloth- ing, or transportation of such children. The town shall pay transportation of such children if parents are unable to pay the same. Sum of $2,500 is appro- priated for continuation of instruction of such children after they are dis- charged from aforesaid institutions. Virginia: The school for the deaf and the blind is continued and the board of visitors thereof shall be a body corporate. Board of visitors shall consist of superintendent of public instruction and six members appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate; term of appointive members, four years, three being appointed every two years. Said board shall elect one of its members president and shall also appoint a secretary. Duties: To care for the property tf the institution; make rules for its government; do all things necessary for the promotion of its objects. Board shall meet annually and special meetings may be called by president or three members. Super- intendent, professors, and other officers shall be elected every two years at the annual meeting; visitors may remove such officers for cause. Visitors shall report annually to the second auditor. In such institution there shall be a district school for the deaf and a district school for the blind. Pupils shall be selected by the board of visitors from among persons unable to pay for maintenance to the extent of the means of the institution ; other resi- dents of the State may be admitted on terms prescribed by visitors, but no charge shall be made for instruction. T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. 799 The Virginia State school for colored deaf and blind children. — Said school shall be under the control of a board of five visitors appointed by the gov- ernor; term, four years, two or three as the case requires being appointed every two years. Said board shall appoint a superintendent, professors, and other necessary oflBcers. There shall be no charge for the education of colored deaf or blind children residents of the State. See also A (b2). State officers; H (b). School census. Washington: The State school for the deaf and the blind at Vancouver shall be under direction of State board of control, and shall be supported by the State. Said school shall be free to residents of State, between ages of 6 and 21 years, who are deaf and blind, or either deaf or blind, if such persons are free from loathsome or contagious diseases; said board may admit chil- dren from other States upon payment of expenses. Said board shall appoint a superintendent for the deaf and a superintendent for the blind, each to be not less than 30 nor more than 70 years old, who shall have had at least 10 years actual experience in teaching in schools for the deaf and blind ; su- perintendents may appoint all subordinates; said board may fix number of employees and salary paid each. Clerljs of all school districts shall annually report to school superintendents of respective counties the names of all deaf, mute, or blind youth residing in such districts between ages of 6 and 21 years; each county superintendent shall annually report names of such youth to county commissioners. State board of control, and superintendents of the school for the deaf and the blind. Parents or guardians of such youth shall send them to the State school for the deaf or for the blind as the case requires, but such youth may, instead of being sent to said school, be in- structed at some other suitable institution or at home. If parents or guard- ians are unabe to send or return such youth to and from said State school, county commissioners shall allow such cost or maintain such youth at said school during vacation, to be paid by county. Any person who violates any provision of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The State school for the deaf and blind shall be divided into two institutions, one for the blind, to be known as State school for the blind, and one for the deaf, to be linown as State school for the deaf, each located at Vancouver ; State board of con- trol shall appoint a superintendent for each of said schools; all provisions relating to said school for the deaf and the blind shall, so far as applicable, govern the two schools hereby created. Regular term of said school shall begin on second Wednesday of September, and close on second Wednesday of following June. West Virginia: The West Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind shall be under control of the State board of control. Governor shall, by and with advice and consent of the senate, appoint a superintendent for said school; said superintendent shall appoint officers, teachers, and employees of said school, and their salaries shall be fixed by said board; said superintendent shall make such reports as said board may require. Said board may provide in said institution accommodations for officers, teachers, assistants, and em- ployees, and for all deaf and blind persons of the State between ages of 8 and 25 years, and for such other deaf and blind persons as pay pupils as board may admit, but all pupils admitted must be of sound mind and not afflicted with any contagious disease. Deaf and blind persons shall be admitted upon application to superintendent of said school and in the order of their applica- tion. No charge shall be made for board and tuition of pupils ; when clothing is not otherwise furnished said school shall supply the same, to be a charge against the county where such pupil lives. Said pupils may remain in said 800 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. school five years and for a longer period, at discretion of the board ; deaf and blind persons not between ages of 8 and 25 years may be admitted to said school when there are accommodations for same. Course of instruction shall be prescribed by board, with advice of superintendent, and shall be suited to needs of such pupils. The assessors of the State shall make annual census of deaf and blind persons, and shall forward same to superintendent of said school. See also A (bl). State boards. Wisconsin: The State school for the deaf shall be under control of State board of control. Object of said school shall be to afford enlightened and practical education to the deaf. All deaf residents of the State between the ages of 10 and 25 years, of suitable capacity to receive instruction, shall be received into said school free of charge ; deaf persons placed in said school by any municipality, when such persons are not entitled to free tuition, shall have expenses paid by such municipality, not to exceed $100 per year each. Nonresidents may be admitted upon payment of required charges ; no nonresi- dent shall be admitted to exclusion of residents of State. Any deaf-mute child deprived of an education through neglect or refusal of parents or guard- ian may be committed to said school by any gounty or municipal judge. Upon application by board of education of any village or city, made to State superintendent, permission may be granted to establish and maintain schools for instruction of deaf and dumb pupils; secretary and treasurer of such board shall annually malie reports to said superintendent relative to such instruction. School board maintaining such school, when approved by State superintendent, shall receive annually from the State $150 for each child in attendance instructed for nine mouths, and a share of such sum proportionate to term of instruction when same is for less than nine months ; an additional sum of $100 shall be received for each nonresident child so instructed, such child to be a resident of the State, when parents or guardian are unable to pay for board or transportation, and such child is instructed for full nine months ; a proportionate part of such $100 shall be received for term of attendance shorter than nine months; no deduction shall be made from such sums on account of absence caused by illness, absence not to exceed one month for any one period ; school board may use such part of State aid as may be needed for board and transportation of said nonresident pupils. Any parent or guardian having under his control a deaf child between ages of 6 and 16 years, who is incapacitated for attending a common school, shall cause such child to attend some school established for instruction of the deaf for at least eight months each year; violation of this provision is punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50, or by imprisonment for three months for each offense; no such child not in proper physical or mental condition shall be required to attend such school. District attorney shall prosecute any violations of this act. Provisions herein made for education of the deaf shall likewise provide for and apply to education of the blind, so far as applicable; $200 State aid shall be received for each blind child instructed for period of nine months and proportionate part for less time ; materials shall be supplied blind children so instructed ; said schools shall be subject to inspection by State superintendent. Board of regents of normal schools shall establish a course in one of normal schools for training of teachers of deaf children. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State oflicers; A (c2), County officers. Wyoming: There is established in the city of Cheyenne an institute for the support and education of the blind, deaf, and dumb, but such institute shall be closed when number of pupils falls below 12. State board of charities and T (C) . SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIND. 801 reform shall control. Every blind or deaf and dumb person of the State, of suitable age and capacity, shall be entitled to admission. When parents or guardians of children are able to pay expenses they shall be required to do so. State appropriation shall be made for maintenance. When institute is closed, eligible persons shall be cared for in other States at the expense of the State of Wyoming. T (c). Schools for the Blind. Alabama: Institution for blind, located at Talladega. Controlled by trustees of Alabama School for the Deaf. Blind persons residents of the State and between 7 and 21 years old may be admitted for a period of 10 years; trus- tees may allow 4 additional years. Annual appropriation, $230 per pupil; officers and teachers appointed and salaries fixed as for the school for the deaf ; laws relating to school for the deaf applicable to government of school for the blind. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Arizona: See A (bl), State boards; B (b), State school lands; P (c), State universities and colleges; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Arkansas: The Arkansas School for the Blind is established. Board of Trustees shall consist of six members, appointed by the governor; they shall make rules for the government of the school, and shall appoint a principal, matron, teachers, and other employees. All blind residents of the State be- tween 6 and 26 years old shall be admitted to the institution free of charge ; persons from other States may be admitted on payment of such sum as the trustees may require; trustees may admit persons over 26 years old who may be benefited thereby. Parent or guardian shall provide clothing and traveling expenses for pupils; when not otherwise provided, principal of school shall make such provision and the same shall be charged to the county of pupil's residence. California: Board of trustees of university or of a State normal school may appropriate not exceeding $300 to employ a reader for a blind student regu- larly matriculated. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Colorado: See A (c2), County officers; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Connecticut: All blind persons of suitable age and capacity who are legal residents of the State shall be entitled to be educated at the expense of the State, to the extent of not exceeding $300 each per annum ; where parents or guardians are unable to provide clothing, $30 additional per annum may be allowed. Board of education of the blind shall consist of governor, chief justice of the supreme court, and two members, a man and a woman, ap- pointed by the governor ; term of appointive members, four years. Said board shall have general supervision and control of the education of the blind by the State; it may contract with suitable institutions for the education of the blind; it may compel attendance of minor blind persons at school. Delaware: See T (b). Schools for the deaf. Florida: See P (a), Higher institutions, general. Georgia: An institution for the education of the blind is located at Macon under the control of seven trustees, a continuing body. Said trustees shall be a body corporate. Powers of trustees: To appoint such officers, teachers, etc., as may be necessary, prescribe their duties, and fix their salaries; pre- scribe course of study, fix rates of tuition, and adjust expenditures; adopt rules and regulations for the government of the academy. All indigent blind 3966°— 15 51 802 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. persons between 7 and 25 years old who have resided in the State for two years or more shall be received and educated gratuitously to extent funds will permit ; when there are more applicants than can be accommodated, ac- commodations shall be apportioned to counties according to population ; bene- ficiary shall not remain at charge of institution longer than four years. Other than indigent pupils shall be received on terms prescribed by trustees. Trustees shall report annually to governor. Governor shall appoint a board of 10 visitors to meet trustees at academy annually. Trustees shall fill vacancies occurring in their own body. The tax receiver of each county shall enumerate blind persons between 7 and 25 years old, and trustees shall annually obtain lists of blind. Idaho: See A (bl), State boards; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Illinois: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. Indiana: The board of trustees of the Indiana School for the Blind shall consist of four members appointed by the governor; term, four years, one being appointed each year ; compensation, $300 each per annum and expenses not to exceed $125. Board shall appoint a sui>erintendent of the school, who, with the approval of the board, shall appoint necessary subordinates; board shall also appoint a medical superintendent. Instruction shall be free to residents of the State. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Iowa: The college for the blind at Vinton shall be under the control and management of the State board of education. All blind residents of the State of suitable age shall be entitled to education therein at the expense of the State and nonresidents may also be educated therein, if they can be accommodated, upon payment of $66 in advance quarterly. Expenses of clothing shall be paid by parent or guardian, or by pupil himself if over 21 years old, or by county of pupil's residence. All blind persons between 12 and 19 years old who are fit mentally and physically and who are not receiv- ing efficient instruction elsewhere shall attend the college for the blind. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers. Kansas: A State school for the education of the blind is established at Kansas City, governed by State board of administration. Overseer of the poor of a township, after ascertaining that any indigent blind child should be sent to the institution for the blind, shall furnish necessary clothing and funds to enable such child to attend said institution, but not to exceed $50 in addition to traveling expenses shall be so expended on any one child. See also A (bl), State boards; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Kentucky: Kentucky institution for education of the blind shall be under control of board of visitors consisting of five citizens of Jefferson County appointed by governor, with approval of senate, to serve four years. Said board may receive property for benefit of said institution; may appoint superintendent, officers, teachers, and other employees, and fix their salaries ; may prescribe course of education, and fix fees, but no charge shall be made for admission of pupils from this State; may pass by-laws; shall meet monthly; shall make annual report to governor, to be laid before legislature; may expel pupils from institution. Treasurer of school shall file bond in sum of $20,000; superintendent shall have had at least five years' experience in education of the blind ; corporal punishment shall not be infiicted upon any pupil of said institution ; said institution shall remain under legislative con- trol; $140 annually appropriated for support and education of each State pupil ; said board shall have control of education of colored blind. See also A (b2), State officers. t(c). schools for the blind. 803 Louisiana: Louisiana State School for the Blind shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of governor, ex officio, and seven persons ap- pointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate, in groups of two, two, and three, one group appointed each year, to serve four years. Board shall be a body corporate; shall meet once every four months. Said board shall receive, instruct, and support in said institution all persons blind, or of such defective vision as not to be able to acquire an education in the ordinary schools, between ages of 7 and 21 years, of sound mind and proper health of body, and residents of State; such persons shall be provided with board, lodging, medicine, and medical attendance, and instruction at expense of the institution, and in cases of indigency, shall be furnished clothing and traveling expenses. Persons admitted under 14 years old may continue in institution 10 years ; if over 14 years and under 17 years, 8 years ; if over 17 years, 5 years ; board may in any case extend term 2 years. See also A (b2). State officers. Maine: Governor, with approval of council, on request of parents or guardians, may send such blind children as are fit subjects for education for a period not exceeding 10 years and thereafter at discretion of governor and council to the Perkins Institute, South Boston, Mass. ; if such institute should refuse to receive such children, they may be sent elsewhere; State shall pay for instruction and support, including traveling expenses, of such children. Maryland: See H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical inspection; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Massachusetts: There shall be a State board, to be known as the Massa- chusetts Commission for the Blind, composed of five members appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council; one appointed each year to serve five years. Powers and duties of said commission: To pre- pare and maintain a register of the blind ; act as bureau of information and industrial aid; establish and maintain one or more industrial schools for Industrial training, and workshops for the blind; make annual estimates and reports. Members shall receive no compensation, but necessary expenses incident to official duties shall be paid. Such sums may be expended by said board as may be appropriated by State. The governor may, upon the request of parents and guardians and with approval of State board of education, send deaf persons for a term not exceeding 10 years — but upon like request and with like approval he may con- tinue for a longer term the instruction of pupils recommended by the prin- cipal of the school — to the American School for the Deaf, at Hartford. Conn.; to the Clarke School for the Deaf, at Northampton; to the Horace Mann School, at Boston; or to any other school for the deaf in the State; no distinction shall be made on account of wealth or poverty of children; no such pupil shall be withdrawn from any such school without the consent of the authorities thereof or the governor; all expenses of instruction, sup- port, and necessary travel of such pupils shall be borne by the State, but the parents or guardians of such children may pay all or part of such expense. The State board shall have like powers and duties in reference to blind pupils in the Perkins Institution and the Massachusetts School for the Blind. See also A (bl). State boards. Michigan: There shall be maintained at Lansing a school for the instruction of the blind. Board of control shall consist of three members appointed by the governor; term, six years, one being appointed every two years. Board shall appoint a superintendent, matron, and necessary teachers, officers, etc., 804 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and fix their duties and compensation. The object of said school shall be to afford instruction to blind persons in such useful arts and trades as they are best adapted to pursue, and in the common-school branches, vocal and instrumental music, and such other branches as the board may prescribe. All blind persons, or persons whose sight is so defective as to prevent their instruction in the common schools, who are residents of the State and between 7 and 19 years old, shall be admitted to said school free of charge for tuition, board, lodging, washing, medicine, and medical attendance; board may admit persons under 7 or over 19 years old; persons from out- side the State may be admitted on payment of 10 per cent in excess of expenses. The period during which pupils shall be entitled to instruction shall be 12 years, but board may extend the term to 14 years. Clothing and other necessary articles required by the rules of said school shall be furnished to indigent pupils by counties of such pupils' residence. The State board of education may provide for the care, maintenance, and instruction of blind babies and children under school age where parents, may be unable properly to educate such children; said board may contract with institutions for the same when contract has approval of parent. Minnesota: See B (e). State aid for elementary education; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Mississippi: Institution heretofore established for instruction of blind shall continue to exist under the name Institute for the Blind, with power to hold property, to enjoy rights and privileges conferred on it and which are neces- sary for its purpose; government vested in five trustees appointed by gov- ernor for four years; majority, a quorum; governor may remove members and fill vacancies. Board may adopt rules and regulations, regulate and fix salaries, and prescribe duties; only bona fide residents of good moral character to be admitted; trustees shall fix charges for board and admit free all eligible invalid and indigent blind; governor shall appoint super- intendent for four years, and may remove him for cause; superintendent, besides his general duties, shall appoint all underofficers and shall dismiss them for cause; he shall make annual report to trustees, who shall make biennial report to legislature; supplies shall be purchased under contract; when a blind person attends till graduation trustees shall furnish such person tools of his or her trade up to $100 in cost. Missouri: The government of the school for the blind shall be vested in a board of five managers; said board shall have control of the property and affairs of the institution; it shall appoint a superintendent and necessary teachers and other employees and may remove them at its pleasure; board shall also appoint a treasurer, who shall have the custody of the moneys, obligations, and securities of the institution. All blind persons of suitable mental and physical capacity, residents of the State and between 6 and 20 years old, shall be admitted to such institution for a period of 12 years, unless sooner* discharged by board or unless board shall determine upon a longer period than 12 years ; board may admit residents of the State who are over 20 years old. The county court of any county in which a blind person between 9 and 25 years old resides, who is unable to pay expenses at said school, may pay said expenses from county funds. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Montana: See A (bl), State boards. Nebraska: See A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Nevada: See T (b), Schools for the de^f. T (C). SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIND. 805 New Hampshire: State board of charities and correction are authorized to prepare and maintain a register of the blind in the State which shall describe their condition, cause of blindness, capacity for education and industrial training, and other data; State board of charities may contribute to blind persons from the State receiving instruction in industrial institutions outside of State. (State makes annual appropriation for the care and education of indigent blind children in several State institutions.) See also U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: Any worthy blind citizen of the State shall, upon application to commissioner of education, receive aid from the State amounting to not more than $500 per year to be used for expenses incurred in attending an approved institution for higher education of the State; such aid shall be given only to such persons as are financially unable to defray their own expenses; in- stitutions receiving such persons shall make reports as required to said com- missioner. See also H (a), School population and attendance, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf. New Mexico: The institute for the blind shall be under the control of a board of regents consisting of five members appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term, four years; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of appointment. Duties of 'board: To make necessary rules and regulations; provide supplies and appara- tus; appoint superintendent, teachers, and other employees, and fix their salaries. Said institute is intended for instruction of blind persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years, free of cost to such persons, except in cases where parents and guardians are able to pay therefor. Board shall insure property of said institute for three-fourths of its estimated value. New York: State commission for the blind shall consist of five persons ap- pointed by the governor, one each year, term five years; no official of any workshop or school for blind shall serve on such commission while serving as said official. Said commission shall prepare a register of blind in the State ; shall maintain a bureau of information and industrial aid for the blind; may establish workshops and schools for the blind ; may provide instruc- tion for the blind at their homes; shall investigate causes of blindness and inaugurate preventive measures for same ; may appoint and fix compensation of its officers and agents ; shall make annual report to governor ; shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses. The sum of $5,000 may be used by commission as working capital for industries for blind. All blind persons who are legal residents of the State, of suitable age and capacity, may be received at the New York State School for the Blind with- out charge and for such period as trustees may determine; if school be overcrowded, counties shall be allowed pro rata representation; children of persons who died in United States service, or from wounds received in such service, shall take precedence over all others in matter of admission. Non- residents may be admitted to said school upon payment of required expenses. Each application for admission shall be accompanied by a certificate of resi- dence issued by the proper municipal or county official. Primary object of said school shall be to furnish blind children facilities for an education and to train them in some useful profession or art; said school may give such chil- dren employment after completing their course, but shall not be an asylum or hospital. Governor every two years shall, with advice and consent of the senate, appoint three trustees to serve for term of six years; two of such 806 STATE LAWS RELATIK^G TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOlsr. trustees shall be residents of Genesee County, and a majority must reside within 50 miles of said school. Trustees shall receive no compensation as such, but may allow themselves mileage; no trustee shall be pecuniarily in- terested in any contract of said school. Board of trustees shall have charge of all affairs of said school; may elect a secretary, not a member of the board, and may prescribe his duties and fix his compensation. The treasurer, a member of the board, shall file bond and pay out funds on order of board or executive committee. Trustees may appoint a superintendent, instructors, subordinate officers, and servants; fix their salaries and prescribe their duties and terms of office; shall purchase equipment and supplies. Parents, guar- dians, or custodians of pupils in said school shall provide clothing and trans- portation for such pupils ; pupils may be removed from said school for good cause. Clothing and transportation of indigent pupils shall be paid by the counties sending such pupils, not to exceed $60 annually for each such child. Upon completion of their course in industrial department, trustees may fur- nish poor pupils a working outfit, not to exceed $75 in cost per pupil, charge- able against county of residence of pupil. Counties may recover from parents or estates of pupils funds expended for care and instruction of such pupils at said school, but $500 of property of such parents or estate shall be exempt from payment of such accounts. Said school may receive bequests or dona- tions of money or any kind of property. Board of trustees shall make annual report to the legislature. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. North Carolina: See A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; T (b), Schools for the deaf. North Dakota: The institution for the feeble-minded is located at Grafton. Board of trustees shall consist of five members appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate ; term, four years, two or three being appointed every two years. All feeble-minded persons resident of the State who, in the opinion of the superintendent, are of suitable age and capacity to receive instruction in said institution, and all idiotic and epileptic persons resident of the State, may be admitted thereto; no inmate shall be removed therefrom except on request of parent or guardian, but any offensive inmate may be committed to the hospital for the insane. The person responsible for the sup- port of any inmate shall pay to said institution $15 per month while inmate is in institution, but if such person be unable to make such payment the county of inmate's residence shall make payment. Until a State institution for the care and instruction of blind children under school age is established, the board of control of State institutions may provide for the care, maintenance, and instruction of such children residing in the State in a suitable institution, inside or outside the State, in any case where parent or guardian may be unable to properly care for and instruct such children until they reach school age. See also A (d). District boards and officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Ohio: Board of trustees of State school for the blind shall consist of five persons, nonresidents of county where said institution is located, appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate; apiwinted one each year to serve five years; said trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed expenses ; no trustee shall be interested in any contract of said insti- tution ; said trustees shall appoint a superintendent for said institution, term four years, and other employees upon nomination of superintendenr, and fix their comi)ensation ; no trustee of such institution shall be appointed super- intendent during period of service as trustee or for one year thereafter ; said t(c). schools foe the blind. 807 trustee may require bond of appointees; said institution must be visited once a montli by at least three trustees; supplies shall be bought through sealed proposals; contingent fund shall consist of 3 per cent of total appropriation for such institution; said board shall make biennial financial report to legis- lature and full report to governor. Trustees may receive into said institu- tion blind and purblind persons of suitable age and capacity; no person ad- dicted to immoral practices or suffering with a contagious or offensive disease shall be received; pupils must be at least 6 years old, and none under 8 years shall be received except for special reasons; pupils admitted under 14 years may remain until 21 years of age, and those admitted between 14 and 21. years may remain seven years; persons over 21 years may be received for one year to learn a trade, and females of such age may be allowed to remain for three years more; former students may be allowed to return for period of one year for review, but not at an age beyond that hereinbefore specified ; nonresidents of State may be admitted under rules of trustees ; said trustees ^ may purchase books and appliances costing no more than $600 in any year, to be paid out of current-expense fund, when the same may be bought at cost of production price. The maximum limit of salaries is fixed by law. Readers may be appointed for blind students in institutions of higher education. See also H (b), School census; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: Oklahoma School for the Blind is hereby created and located at Muskogee. Purpose of school shall be to provide academic, musical, and in- dustrial education for blind persons; said institution shall be under control of State board of education. All persons between ages of 6 and 21 years, whose vision is so defective as to prevent profitable attendance at public schools, and who are of proper physical, mental, and moral character, shall be eligible for admission into said school. Superintendent may allow attend- ance beyond age of 21 years, and may admit persons below 6 years and over 21 years of age. See also A (bl), State boards; U (e), Schools for dependents and delin- quents. Oregon: The State board of education shall constitute the board of trustees of the school for the blind. Said board shall have charge of the funds of the., institution, provide for the proper care of pupils, appoint teachers and officers and fix their salaries and duties, and make an annual statement of expenses and the condition of school. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Pennsylvania: The State appropriations to the Pennsylvania Institute for the Instruction of the Blind shall constitute a sufficient fund for the education and maintenance of 175 pupils at an annual rate not exceeding $300 per pupil ; and to the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind a fund suffi- cient for 130 pupils, at annual rate of $360 per pupil. See also A (d). District boards and officers; H (f). Compulsory attendance. Rhode Island: See A (bl). State boards; T (b), Schools for the deaf. South Carolina: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. Tennessee: The institution for the instruction of the blind in the city of Nashville is continued a body corporate, by the name of the Tennessee School for the Blind. Board of trustees consists of seven members; vacancies in said board filled by board, subject to confirmation by the legislature. Pupils 808 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall be taught such branches as they are capable of acquiring and practicing to advantage. Two free pupils shall be admitted from each senatorial dis- trict, to be selected from among indigent persons by the senator and repre- sentative. Any deaf, dumb, and blind child may be admitted either to the Tennessee School for the Blind or to the School for the Deaf. All other pu- pils shall be admitted upon terms fixed by trustees, but pupils who can not pay shall have preference. When accommodations warrant, pupils from without the State may be admitted on payment of expenses as determined by trustees. Texas: The asylum for the blind shall be under the control of a board of six trustees appointed by the governor. Superintendent, who shall be appointed by trustees, shall appoint an oculist who shall attend regularly at the asylum. Superintendent shall make provision for the maintenance, care, and educa- tion of blind children of the State. Utah: The State school for the blind shall be under control of a board of trustees consisting of the attorney general and five resident citizens of the State, not more than three of whom shall belong to same political party; said school shall be deemed a public corporation. Purposes of said school shall be to provide a practical education for the blind of the State who are of sound mind and body, under 30 years of age, capable of receiving in- struction, but who are incapacitated for instruction in the common schools; training shall also be given in the trades; said school shall provide a circu- lating library for the blind of the State. Residents shall be received free of charge; nonresidents may be received on such terms as said board may prescribe. All provisions governing State school for the deaf, as far as applicable, shall apply to said school for the blind. The trustees and oflicers of said school for the deaf shall be the trustees and officers of said school for the blind; each appointive trustee shall file bond in sum of $3,000. See also A (c2), County officers; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Vermont: See T (b). Schools for the deaf. Virginia: See A (b2), State officers; H (b). School census; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Washington: See T (b). Schools for deaf. West Virginia: See A (bl), State boards; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wisconsin: State school for the blind shall be under control of the State board of control. Object of said school shall be to afford enlightened and practical education to the blind. All blind residents of the State of suit- able age and capacity to receive instruction shall be received into said school free of charge; blind persons placed in said institution by any mu- nicipality, but who are not entitled to free tuition, shall be maintained in said institution at cost of not exceeding $100 per year, to be paid by said mu- nicipally. No nonresident shall be admitted to the exclusion of a resident of the State. Steward of school may pay expenses of indigent pupils in going to and from school. All blind persons of the State shall be entitled to use of library at said school. If any blind child of proper age is being de- prived of an education through neglect or refusal of parent to send such child to proper school, the county or municipal judge may commit such child to said school. The State institution for blind artisans shall be under control of State board of control. Said board shall provide in said school instruction in the trades for blind persons; may allow not exceeding $75 for support of each such person, when indigent, in said school; may provide transportation for T (e). SCHOOLS FOR FEEBLE-MINDED. 809 indigent blind to and from said institution; may employ superintendent for said institution. Any male person over 21 years old, and any female person over 18 years old may, under certain conditions, receive aid of $100 per year from the county, same to be raised by taxation. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (e2), County officers; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. T (d). Crippled and Deformed. Illinois: See A (d), District boards and officers. Minnesota: See T (e), Schools for feeble-minded. Nebraska: A hospital for the care, treatment, and education of crippled, ruptured, and deformed children and those suffering from diseases from which they are likely to become deformed is established. Said hospital shall be under control of board of commissioners of State institutions. Ohio: Purpose of State institution for deformed and crippled children shall be to care for, treat, and educate children of such class ; children admissible shall be apportioned among the several counties on basis of population, but each county shaiy)e allowed at least two such children at all times. Board of trustees of said institution shall consist of six members, appointed one each year by governor, with advice and consent of senate; term, six years; not more than three of such trustees shall belong to same political party. See also T (b). Schools for the deaf. Wisconsin: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. T (e). Feeble-minded. California: Sonoma State home shall be under control of State commission in lunacy : object of said home shall be the care and training of feeble-minded children; training shall be of practical character. Hospital must receive and care for imbeciles, idiots, and epileptics who are not insane; superin- tendent of said home shall make monthly report to State board of examiners, the comptroller. State treasurer, and State commission in lunacy ; said super- intendent shall also make annual report to said commission. Colorado: There is established the State home and training school for mental defectives. Board of control shall consist of three members not more than two of whom shall belong to same political party ; appointed by governor ; term, six years. Board shall appoint a physician as superintendent and also a matron. Superintendent shall, with approval of board, appoint necessary as- sistants, teachers, and other employees. There shall be admitted feeble-minded persons incapable of receiving instruction in the public schools and also feeble- minded and epileptic adults who are unable to take care of 'themselves; when parent or guardian is able to pay the whole or any part of maintenance, the same shall be required. Unobjectionable feeble-minded persons from other States may be admitted on payment of all expenses. Connecticut: Any pauper or indigent imbecile child may, on application of the selectmen of the town, be ordered by the probate court to be sent to the school for imbeciles at Lakeville, but order of the court must have approval of the governor; State shall pay $2.50 for each week said child remains at said school. 810 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Delaware: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. Illinois: A State institution for the care and instruction of feeble-minded children is established at Lincoln. Indiana: The board of trustees of the Indiana School for Feeble-minded Youth shall consist of four members appointed by the governor; term, four years, one being appointed each year; compensation, $300 each per annum; one member shall be a woman. Purpose of institution: The care, support, and instruction of idiotic, epileptic, and i)aralytic children. Two departments — one industrial and the other custodial. Board of trustees shall appoint a su- perintendent for a term of three years; superintendent shall, subject to trustees, appoint necessary subordinates. Feeble-minded children under 16 years old may be admitted. Feeble-minded females between 16 and 45 years old may by circuit court be committed to the custodial department, if court finds such person a proper subject. If parent is unable or if estate of a child having a guardian is insuflacient to pay the whole or a part of the expense of such child, State shall pay such expense not to exceed $15 per month. Iowa: The institution for feeble-minded children at Glenwood shall be under the control and management of the board of control of State institutions. Every person between 5 and 21 years old who by reason of deficient intellect is unable to receive instruction in the common schools shall be entitled to training and care in said institution ; men and women wh<^are under 46 years old and who are similarly situated may also be admitted. See also A (c2). County oflScers. Kansas: A State home for the instruction of feeble-minded youth is estab- lished. Managed by board of control of State charitable institutions. Per- sons having resided in the State for six months or more who are under 15 years old may be admitted; if capacity allows, persons of greater age may be admitted. Kentucky: Kentucky Institution for Feeble-Minded Children shall be under control of State board of control for charitable institutions. Governor shall appoint a medical superintendent and steward, with advice and consent of senate, for term of four years. Said board shall appoint a secretary and a treasurer, not to be members of board ; term, four years ; shall appoint other officers and employees of said institution; shall meet monthly; shall visit institution twice each year and one member shall inspect institution monthly. Feeble-minded children between ages of 6 and 18 years shall, when capable of instruction, be received into said institution; no such child shall be re- tained when found incapable of receiving benefit. Transportation shall be furnished indigent feeble-minded children; commitment shall be by inquest of jury; no child shall be maintained at such institution when capable of self-support. Parents, guardians, or custodians of such children shall, when able, pay cost of support and maintenance at said institution; $155 per year appropriated by State for each such child when indigent. See also A (b2), State officers. Maine: State shall establish a school for the feeble-minded; all such feeble- minded persons supported by towns as may be benefited by school instruction shall be committed to such school ; governor, with consent of council, shall appoint five trustees, one a woman ; term, four years, two of three members, as the case requires, retiring every two years. All indigent persons in the State who are proper persons for such school and have no one to provide for them may be admitted; other proper persons whose parents, kinsmen, or guardians are able to pay may be admitted on payment of such sum as trus- T (e). SCHOOLS FOR FEEBLE-MINDED. 811 tees shall determine; governor shall be ex oflacio a member of board of trustees. Upon application, judge of probate may commit to such school any fit person resident in county, any inmate of the Maine Industrial School for Girls, State School for Boys, Bath Military and Naval Orphan Asylum, or any person supported by any town. When employed trustees shall each receive $5 per day and expenses. Maryland: Maryland Asylum and Training School for Feeble-Minded (incor- porated 1888) shall receive, care for, and educate, free of charge, all idiotic, imbecile, and feeble-minded persons whom board of visitors shall consider proper subjects and who are unable to pay ; board may charge for those who are able to pay in part and in same proportion for those who can pay in full ; may receive pupils from other States or District of Columbia. Visitors shall divide asylum into two departments, one educational, the other custodial ; all feeble-minded capable of improvement to be placed in the educational and taught rudiments of a common-school education, with culture in manual and Industrial occupations; visitors, when they have sufficient funds, shall estab- lish department for epileptic children ; $15,000 annually appropriated for the school ; visitors shall make reports on inmates to the lunacy commission. Massachusetts: There shall be six trustees, on the part of the State, of the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded, one appointed annually by the governor, with advice and consent of the council, for a term of six years. Said school shall be subject to the supervision of the State board of insanity. Trustees shall make annual report to State board of insanity. Said school shall provide educational facilities for those inmates of school age and a cus- todial department for persons who are beyond school age or who are not capable of being benefited by school instruction. Trustees may receive feeble- minded children when committed by a probate judge or by a parent or guardian; in all cases an order of commitment shall be accompanied by a physician's certificate. The governor, with advice and consent of council, shall appoint five trus- tees of the Hospital Cottages for Children, one appointed annually; term, five years. Trustees shall serve without compensation ; shall annually report to State board of insanity. The State board of insanity may send to and keep at said institution such nimaber of epileptic children as may be approved, and such children shall be supported by the State. The board of trustees of the Wrentham State School shall consist of seven members, two of whom may be women, appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council; appointed in rotation to serve five years. Duties and powers of hoard: To establish regulations for said school; appoint superintendent and other officers and employees of said school and fix their salaries, with advice and consent of the governor and council; visit school monthly; make annual report to governor and council. Trustees of said school shall be a body corporate. State board of insanity shall have general supervision over said school. Applications for commitment to said school shall be made to the overseers of the poor or to the registrar of the school if child resides in Boston ; commitment shall be by the probate judge ; certificate of a physician shall accompany each commitment. Indigent inmates shall be cared for free of charge. Said school shall maintain a school department and a custodial department. Said school shall be supported by such funds as the State may appropriate for the purpose. Michigan: The institution for the custody, care, and education of feeble- minded and epileptic persons at Lapeer shall continue as the Michigan Home and Training School. The board of control shall consist of five members 812 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. appointed by the governor; term, six years. Said board shall appoint a physician as superintendent and, subject to board, superintendent shall ap- point necessary assistants and atendants; on nomination of superintendent board shall appoint a steward. Feeble-minded and epileptic persons residents of the State and over 6 years old shall be eligible to admission on certificate of two reputable physicians appointed by the probate court; probate court shall have jurisdiction in the matter of admission. If a bond of $1,000 is made and $50 is paid in advance, patient shall be admitted as a private patient ; otherwise, as public. State shall pay all expenses of public patients, but the estate of patient, if there be any, or persons liable for patient's sup- port, shall be liable to the State for expenses paid. No feeble-minded woman not an epileptic above 48 years old, nor any feeble-minded man not an epileptic, whose condition is due to senility, shall be admitted to said institu- tion. Minnesota: The School for Feble-Minded shall be under the management of the State board of control. All feeble-minded residents of State of suitable age and capacity to receive instruction in said school and whose defects pre- vent them from receiving proper training in the public schools may be ad- mitted to the School for Feeble-Minded. The person in authority over any child committed to such school shall pay annually to the superintendent thereof $40; in case of indigency of such person in authority, county where child is a resident shall pay the same. Any crippled or deformed child who can not be benfited by treatment at State Hospital for Crippled and Deformed Children or child with chronic disease of nervous system or incurable chronic invalidism may be admitted to said school ; the sum of $150 shall be annually paid for care of such children. Nece.ssary surgical operations may be per- formed on such children. Nebraska: Besides shelter and protection, the prime object of the Institution for Feeble-Minded Youth shall be to provide for imbecile or feeble-minded children special means of improvement and by special instruction reclaim them from their helpless condition for usefulness in society ; instruction shall be principally agricultural and mechanical. Superintendent of such institu- tion shall keep a complete record thereof. All imbecile and feeble-minded children between 5 and 18 years old, who have have been residents of State for one year prior to making application for admission and who are in- capable of receiving instruction in common schools, shall be entitled to admis- sion into said institution, maintained, and educated at expense of State, provided such applicant is a suitable person to receive its benefits ; board may admit persons of greater age and nonresidents when conditions shall warrant and at a tuition charge. Clothing, transportation, and incidental exi^enses of such children shall be paid by parents or guardians, but in cases of indigence the same shall be furnished by county where child resides to the extent of $40 per year. Said institution shall be under control of board of commissioners of State institutions. See also A (bl), State boards. Nevada: The State superintendent of public instruction is authorized to arrange with the director of any institution for the feble-minded in Cali- fornia or Utah or other States for the admission, support, education, and care of feeble-minded children of Nevada. Only those children who are unable to pay the expenses of such education and care shall be supported therein by the State; $1,000 shall be set aside from the State fund for the years 1913 and 1914. T (e). SCHOOLS FOR FEEBLE-MINDED. 813 New Hampshire: State school for feeble-minded shall be under the super- vision and adminstration of State board of control. (The State makes annual appropriations for the support and education of indigent feeble-minded children. ) See also A (bl), State boards; U (e), Schools for dependents and delin- quents. New Jersey: See H (a), School population and attendance, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf. New York: The Syracuse State Institution for Feeble-Minded Children shall be under control of board of managers, consisting of commissioner of educa- tion and eight persons appointed by the senate upon recommendation of the governor; said board shall appoint and determine salaries of oflScers and other employees, shall do such other things as are necessary for welfare of said institution, and shall make annual report to the legislature; said board shall meet at institution monthly; board may hold donations for such institution in trust. Commitment shall be by application of county superintendent of the poor or commissioners of charity of any city. Indigent children shall be con- sidered first in receiving appointments ; support of indigent inmates shall be a town or county charge; where able so to do the person in parental relation shall pay expenses of the child. North Carolina: The North Carolina School for the Feeble-minded is estab- lished. Trustees: State superintendent and nine members appointed by the governor ; term six years, three retiring every tow years. Governor shall also appoint a board of three women visitors to advise with and assist trustees. All indigent persons over 6 years old who are fit subjects for such school and residents of the State may be admitted as State charges ; all fit subjects whose parents or guardians are able to pay shall be charged such sum as may be determined by trustees; fit subjects from other States may be ad- mitted on payment of not exceeding $5 per week. North Dakota: See A (d). District boards and officers; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Ohio: Trustees of institution for feeble-minded youth may receive youth of this class not over age of 15 years, residents of State for past year and capable of instruction in common schools; nonresidents may be admitted under rules of trustees; in addition to customary instruction, trades shall be taught. The custodial department of said institution shall be devoted to reception, detention, care, and training of idiotic and feeble-minded children and adults, regardless of sex or color ; cases of paralysis shall be cared for. Particular attention shall be -given to agricultural training. The several counties shall pay for cost of maintenance of custodial inmates. Parents or guardians may enter children in said institution and pay their expenses; parents or guardians shall, when able, pay expenses of children at said in- stitution. See also H (b). School census; H (f). Compulsory attendance. Oklahoma: Oklahoma Institution for Feeble-minded is hereby created and established at Enid; said institution shall be under control of State board of education. Purposes of said institution shall be the care, support, train- ing, and instruction of feeble-minded children, and to care for, support, and control female imbeciles between ages of 16 and 45 years. When there shall be room, feeble-minded persons may be admitted to said institution upon payment of all expenses. Institution shall be divided into two distinct de- partments, the training department and the asylum department; inmates of 814 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. training department shall be the feeble-minded and imbecile children of the higher grades who are capable of receiving instruction and training; in- mates of asylum department shall be the feeble-minded and idiotic children of the lower grade who are not capable of instruction and training and the female adults ; adult females shall be separated from other classes ; inmates may be transferred from training department to asylum department, or vice versa, when advisable; all feeble-minded persons under age of 16 years, all feeble-minded persons received upon full payment of maintenance, and all feeble-minded female adults committed thereto, shall be received at said Institution. State board shall appoint superintendent for said institution; said superintendent shall appoint all employees of said institution, their salaries to be fixed by State board. The physical, manual, and literary training in said institution shall be of practical nature; school work and recreation shall be adapted to promote comfort and happiness; no severe punishment shall be administered, and discipline shall be that of kindness. Nonresident persons may be admitted upon payment of fees fixed by State board. Those in control of feeble-minded children shall, when financially able, pay for instruction and maintenance of such children at said institution, or as much thereof as is possible; Indigent feeble-minded children shall be sup- ported by the county of residence at said institution. Feeble-minded female adults shall be admitted to said institution upon commitment by the courts. Oregon: The State institution for the feeble-minded shall be governed by the State board of control, consisting of the goveraor, secretary of state, and treasurer. It shall be used for the care and training of such feeble-minded, idiotic, epileptic, and defective persons as may be committed thereto. Parent or guardian of such person may apply for admission to either the superin- tendent or the county court ; if parent or guardian is unable to pay cost of transportation of such person, the county shall pay the same. Board shall appoint a superintendent, who shall, with approval of board, appoint officers, teachers, and other employees. Board shall fix sum to be paid by parent or guardian, but not to exceed $40 for each inmate. All feeble-minded persons resident of the State who are of suitable age and capacity may be admitted ; also all idiotic and epileptic i)ersons resident of the State for at least one year. Parent or guardian shall pay traveling expenses of child and amount fixed by board for support, but if parent or guardian is unable to pay the same, county shall pay traveling expenses. Pennsylvania: The State institution for feeble-minded and epileptic of eastern Pennsylvania shall be devoted to the care, maintenance, treatment, training, and education of epileptic, idiotic, imbecile, or feeble-minded persons of both sexes; for male patients especial attention shall be given to agricultural training. The said institution shall be controlled by a board of nine trus- tees appointed by the governor by and with the consent of the senate ; three trustees shall be appointed each year, term, three years; said trustees shall serve without compensation; said board of trustees a corporate body. Per- sons under 20 years old may be admitted ; inoffensive persons over 20 years old may be admitted. The State institution for feeble-minded of western Pennsylvania shaU be controlled by a board of nine trustees, appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate, three appointed each year, to serve three years; said trustees shall serve without compensation; said board a body corporate. (General provisions are same as for similar institution of eastern Pennsylvania.) See also A (d). District boards and officers; H (f). Compulsory attend- ance. T (e) . SCHOOLS FOR FEEBLE-MINDED. 815 Rhode Island: State board of education shall have control of Rhode Island School for the Feeble-minded; board shall appoint oflScers, teachers, and employees, prescribe their duties, and fix their salaries. There shall be two departments In said school, instructional and custodial. Said board may gratuitously receive, maintain, and educate Indigent feeble-minded children of the State, but other residents and nonresidents shall pay such charges as board may make. Applications for admission must be made In writing, and shall be signed by two practicing physicians to the effect that applicants are feeble-minded. Feeble-minded persons may be committed to said school by the district court. State board shall make annual report to the legislature. See also A (bl). State boards; T (b), Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Utah: The State mental hospital shall care for insane persons; shall also care for feeble-minded and nonlnsane epileptics capable of mental Improvement residing In the State ; shall furnish them medical treatment, seclusion, rest, restraint, amusement, occupation, schooling, manual training, and support. Application for admission of such persons shall be made to superintendent of the hospital. Vermont: Vermont School for Feeble-minded Children is established for benefit of mentally defective children between 5 and 21 years old, and shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of governor, ex officio, and four other persons appointed by the governor, two apponted biennially, to serve four years. Powers and duties: To make annual report to governor, hold at least four stated meetings each year, visit and Inspect said institution at least twice a year, receive any moneys given to said Institution, make needed rules and regulations, employ and fix compensation of employees, receive Indigent children into school free of charge. Said board shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed expenses. Children shall be admitted in following order: (1) Such children as are supported at Vermont Industrial School; (2) indigent feeble-minded children; (3) such children as are able to pay for instruction and maintenance. Application for commitment shall be made by parent, guardian, or selectmen to judge of probate; such child must be examined by two reputable physicians before being committed to said school. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Washin^on: State Institution for the Feeble-minded shall be under direction of State board of control and shall be supported by the State. Said institu- tion shall be free to residents of State under 21 years of age who are feeble- minded, idiotic, or epileptic, or who are physically defective to such extent as to prevent attendance at public schools, If such persons are free from contagious diseases. Admission to said institution may be applied for by parents, guardian, oflScer In charge of any Institution or asylum where children are cared for, county superintendent, board of county commissioners, or juvenile courts under order of commitment. Children from other States may be admitted to said Institution on condition that parents or guardians pay cost of maintenance and instruction. School district clerks shall annually report names and addresses of feeble-minded youth under 21 years old to county superintendents, who shall transmit such Information to county commis- sioners. State board of control, and to superintendent of the State Institution for the Feeble-minded. Application for admission to said school shall be, except when committed by the court, through the county superintendent. Parents or guardian of such youth, when application is accepted, shall send such youth to said school. Such youth who are indigent shall be sent to said 816 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. school at expense of county. Inmates arriving at age of 21 years who are unfit to be discharged may be retained in said school by order of the superior court of competent jurisdiction. Adult feeble-minded persons under 50 years of age under certain conditions may be admitted to said school. Inmates in said school shall be detained until they are in normal condition or until they can be properly cared for elsewhere. Parents or guardian may enter a child in said school under tuition fee, subject to regulations of board of control. Clothing of inmates shall be a charge against the parents, guardian, or estate of such inmates, except in cases of indigency, when the same shall be a State charge. Future construction of buildings shall be fireproof as far as possible ; buildings shall be In two groups for each sex, one for the educational and industrial department and one for the custodial department. School term of said school shall begin on September 1 and end on following June 1 of each year; agricultural and manual training and instruction in allied subjects shall be given in said school. The violation of any provision of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor. Wisconsin : The State home for the feeble-minded shall be under control of the State board of control. Object of said home shall be to care for, have custody and training of feeble-minded, epileptic, and idiotic persons; such persons must be examined before being committed by the several courts to said home; all residents of State so committed shall be received free of charge; county of residence shall pay $1.75 per week for each such person committed and $30 per year for clothing ; relatives, friends, or guardians may pay expenses of inmates. Said home shall be divided into following departments: Cus- todial for helpless and lower types; school department; such other depart- ments as may be needed. Trades and manual industries shall be taught. All persons confined in any charitable, reformatory, or penal institution may, if found to be feeble-minded, be transferred to said home. If said home shall be filled to its capacity, board may transfer any of inmates to county asylum of county in which such person last resided. Superintendent may have post mortem examination made of the brain of any inmate. Superintendent may, with consent of board, discharge inmates. Commitment to said home shall be by the county judge. The county may recover cost of maintenance of any person at said home from the estate of such person. Provisions herein made shall likewise govern the southern home for feeble-minded and epileptic. See also A (bl). State boards. Wyoming: The Wyoming Home for the Feeble-minded and Epileptic is estab- lished near the town of Lander ; State board of charities and reform shall control. All feeble-minded and epileptic persons over 6 years old who are residents of the State may be admitted ; where persons liable for inmate are financially able they shall bear expense of such inmate. County .commis- sioners shall cause to be committed proper persons. T (f). Tuberculous Children. Indiana: See D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Rhode Island: The school committee of any city or town may provide open- air schools for children who are physically unfit for instruction in the ordi- nary schools and may furnish necessary medical attention, food, supplies, etc. U (b). WRONGS TO CHILDREN. 817 U. WELFARE OF DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. (a) General. U (b) . Wrongs to Children. See also H (g), Child labor. Arizona: Misdemeanor — to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of intoxicating liquors to minors; to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco in any other form to a minor under 18 years old; to use profane or obscene language in the presence or hearing of a woman or minor ; to sell or give firearms to a minor under 14 years old; for parent or other person to insult or abuse a teacher in the presence of the school; to disturb any public or school meeting. California: Misdemeanor to sell or otherwise furnish intoxicating liquor to minors under 18 years old or for a proprietor to permit a minor under 18 years old to enter a place where such liquor is sold. Unlawful to sell or otherwise furnish tobacco in any form to a minor under 18 years old ; fines range from a minimum of $25 for first offense to a maxi- mum of $300 and 6 months' imprisonment for the third and subsequent offenses. Colorado: Misdemeanor to sell or give cigarettes to a minor under 16 years old ; any person convicted of selling or giving tobacco in any form to a minor under 16 years old without the written order of the father or guardian shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100. Florida: It is a misdemeanor to allow a person under 21 years old to enter a pool or billiard room. Iowa: Boards of directors shall make rules and regulations prohibiting the use of tobacco by pupils of the public schools. Kansas: Misdemeanor to sell or give away cigarettes or cigarette papers, or to have the same in any store or other place for sale or free distribution; misdemeanor for a minor to smoke or use cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco in any form in a public place. Massachusetts: Whoever imports, prints, publishes, sells, or distributes a book, pamphlet, ballad, printed paper, or other thing containing obscene, in- decent, or impure language, or manifestly tending to corrupt the morals of youth, or an obscene, indecent, or impure print, picture, figure, or description, or introduces into a family or school the same, or has in his possession the same, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years and by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000. Minnesota: See A (d). District boards and officers. Missouri: It is a misdemeanor to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of cigarettes or cigarette material to a minor under 18 years old. No minor between 10 and 18 years old shall smoke or use cigarettes in any public place. Nebraska: Whoever, being a minor under 18 years of age, shall use tobacco in any form whatever shall be fined not exceeding $10, but such minor shall be free from prosecution when he shall have furnished evidence for the con- 3966°— 15 52 818 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. viction of any person or persons selling or giving him such tobacco. Whoever shall furnish in any way whatever tobacco in any form to a minor under 18 years old shall be fined for each offense not less than $20 nor more than $50, or be imprisoned from 10 to 50 days. It shall be unlawful to manufacture or furnish any of the component parts of cigarettes. Contagious diseases shall be quarantined and cared for, and buildings occupied by persons suffering from contagious diseases shall be properly disinfected. Nevada: It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to detain, beat, whip, or otherwise interfere with attendance of any child upon the public schools, or on his way to or from school, against the will of such pupil. It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to disturb the peace of any public school by using vile or indecent language or by threatening or assaulting any pupil or teacher within school grounds ; for purpose of this act school grounds shall extend 50 yards in every direction from school building. New Hampshire: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Mexico: Minors under 18 years old are prohibited from attending, frequenting, or loitering about any pool room ; the owners of pool rooms who shall permit any such minors to attend, frequent, or loiter around said pool rooms shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or give to any minor under 18 years old any intoxicating liquor or tobacco in any form without the written consent of the parent or guardian of such minor; no person owning or conducting any establishment where liquor and tobacco are sold shall permit such minor to engage in any game of chance therein ; no proprietor or manager of a saloon or gambling establishment shall permit any minor to frequent or loiter around such places ; a printed copy of this law shall be kept posted in saloons and gambling establishments. Pennsylvania: Any person who shall furnish to a minor any cigarette or cigarette paper shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; any minor being in pos- session of a cigarette or cigarette paper and who shall refuse to disclose to any properly constituted authority the source from which the same was ob- tained shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Tennessee: See R (b), Corporations of educational character. West Virginia: It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to manufacture cigarettes or cigarette papers, or to furnish cigarettes, cigarette paper, cigars, pipe, or tobacco in any form to any person under 21 years old ; no person under age of 21 years shall smolse or have about his person or prem- ises any cigarette or cigarette paper. No person shall smolie or use cigarettes in school buildings or on school grounds. Wisconsin: Every person under age of 16 years who shall smoke or use cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco in any public place, except when in company of a parent or guardian, shall be fined not more than $10 or imprisoned for not exceeding 30 days. No person shall allow such minor to use tobacco in any form, except in presence of parent or guardian, on premises of such person. See also I (c), Suspension and expulsion. Wyoming: It is unlawful to exhibit any child under 14 years old as a public entertainer, except in churches, schools, " respectable entertainments," and in learning music. Misdemeanor to permit any minor under 18 years old in a brothel or where an indecent exhibition is given. Unlawful to endanger the life or health of a child. Unlawful to sell cigarettes, liquor, or tobacco to minor under 16 years old. U (C). JUVENILE COURTS. 819 U (c). Juvenile Courts. See also U (e), Schools for dei>endents and deliuqueuts. Alabama: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. California: Terms "neglected person," "dependent person," and "delinquent person" are defined in the law; superior court in every county shall exercise jurisdiction in juvenile cases; one judge shall be designated as judge of juvenile court. Any person may file petition with clerk of court relative to any neglected, dependent, or delinquent child; citation to appear in court with such child shall issue to custodian of such child upon filing of such petition ; such child may be committed to the care of a suitable person, associ- ation, or institution ; neglected children shall not be confined with dependent or delinquent children. If dependent or delinquent boy be 16 years old or up- ward he may be committed to Preston' School of Industry ; if under 16 years old to Whittier State School ; dependent or delinquent girls may be committed to Whittier State School. Judge shall appoint probation committee of seven I)ersons, not more than four to be of same sex, and two must have been mothers, to serve four years; said committee shall make reports to court, investigate cases of neglect, dependency, or delinquency of juveniles, and • shall have care of detention homes; said committee shall receive no compen- sation, but county shall allow official expenses. Probation officers shall be appointed by the judge of juvenile court upon the nomination of probation committee; salaries of probation officers shall be paid by the counties; said officers shall investigate cases of neglect, dependency, or delinquency of juve- niles, and shall report findings to court. Cases of persons under 18 years old coming up in any court other than superior court shall be transferred to juvenile court. Juvenile court shall have jurisdiction over cases of persons between 18 and 21 years of age for certain offenses. No minor binder 14 years old shall be committed to the penitentiary. Commitment to any reform school or association shall not extend beyond minority of person . so committed. Parents shall, when able, pay expenses of children committed to reform schools. No child under age of 16 years shall be committed to jail before conviction. Purpose of this act shall be that the care, custody, and discipline of a neglected, dependent, or delinquent child shall approximate that which should be given by his parents. No child shall be taken from custody of parents or guardian, except for sufficient cause, to be determined by juvenile court. Colorado: See H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents, and delinquents. Connecticut: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Delaware: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Georgia: "Children's courts" may be established in any county by the con- current recommendation of two successive grand juries; the judge of any superior court may preside ; in his absence judge of city court or probation officer (if deemed qualified by judge of superior court) may act judge of chil- dren's court on order of superior court. Said court shall have jurisdiction in all cases arising under this act, whether involving parent, child, or other person; proceedings shall, as far as practicable, be private; trial by jury shall be had on demand or judge may order a jury trial. " Delinquent child " is any boy or girl under 16 years old guilty of violation of any city ordinance or State law not punishable by death or imprisonment for life ; " wayward child " 820 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. is any boy or girl under 16 who is situated in immoral surroundings. Any county ordinary, recorder, or judge of a superior or city court may, on com- plaint of any probation or police officer or citizen, issue a summons for any delinquent or wayward child to appear before children's court. County com- missioners or other authority having control of county matters shall provide detention rooms separate from jail. If on the hearing court finds child delin- quent or wayward, it may release child on probation, commit child to an in- stitution, or to care of some suitable person, or sentence child according to law if child is over 10 years old. If child breaks conditions of probation, or court thinks best, probation may be terminated. Judge of the superior court may make regulations for the treatment of children committed or placed out under this act ; he may provide for the appointment of a probation officer, who may be a woman. Idaho: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. niinois: Any boy under 17 and any girl under 18 years old who has not proper parental care, etc., shall be deemed a "dependent child"; any boy under 17 and any girl under 18 years old who is incorrigible, etc., shall be deemed a "delinquent child." The circuit and county courts of the several counties shall have jurisdiction under this act. Any reputable person may file with a court having jurisdiction a petition setting forth that a certain child is dependent or delinquent, and all persons (parents, guardians, etc.) named in said petition shall be defendant in the case; person having charge of child shall be summoned to appear with said child before the court; if any de- fendant is unknown or resides without the State, notice to appear as aforesaid shall be published in a newspaper. Action shall be to take from parent or guardian the guardianship of such child. Failure to produce child on sum- mons shall constitute contempt of court. When child is presented, court shall hear evidence and determine the case. Court may appoint one or more proba- tion officers. If the court shall find any male under 17 or any female under 18 years old to be dependent or neglected, said court may permit such child to remain at home if parents are proper, or if parents are unfit child may be taken from their custody and court may appoint a guardian for child and place such child under said guardian in a suitable family home, or court may commit child to some suitable State institution, or to some training or indus- trial school, or to some association caring for or obtaining homes for dependent children. If parents are otherwise proper but are unable to care for said child court may permit child to remain at home and order the county board to , pay such amount as said court may direct for the care of said child. Cases of delinquent children may be treated similarly by the court. When a dependent or delinquent child's health or condition requires it court may order said child to be placed in a hospital. Child committed or placed under guardianship shall remain until further order by the court, but not after the age of 21 is reached. No child under 12 years old shall be placed in any jail or police station ; when committed to a penal institution no child shall be confined in the same inclosure with adult convicts. Institutions to which juvenile de- linquents may be committed shall maintain agents to visit and examine homes of paroled children. Associations receiving children under this act shall be subject to visitation and supervision by the board of State commis- sioners of public charities. The incorporation of associations having as their object the care and disposal of dependent and delinquent children must have the approval of the State commissioners of public charities. County judge of each county may appoint six reputable persons as a board to visit and inspect associations having as their object the care and disposal of dependent and delinquent children. U (C). JUVENILE COURTS. 821 Indiana: There shall be in every county containing a city with a population of 100,000 inhabitants a separate court to be known as the juvenile court; said court shall have jurisdiction, except that of probate, in all cases relating to children. The juvenile court judge shall be elected by the qualified voters of the county ; term, four years ; annual salary, $4,000. He shall be a citizen of and a legal voter of the State and a parent and not less than 40 years of age. Clerk of circuit court shall be the clerk of the juvenile court. A sepa- rate room shall be provided for the juvenile court. In counties not having juvenile courts the circuit court shall have jurisdiction in juvenile cases. Probation officers shall investigate juvenile cases and shall submit their find- ings to the juvenile courts. The juvenile court may commit dependent, neglected, or delinquent children to the care of some suitable person, asso- ciation, or institution; when the health of such child shall require it the court may place such child in a hospital or like institution. No child con- templated within this act shall be confined with adult criminals. See also U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Iowa: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Kansas: The probate judge of each county shall be judge of the juvenile court, which shall have jurisdiction of all dependent, neglected, and delin- quent children. This act shall apply to children under 16 years old who are not inmates of State institutions or industrial school for boys or for girls or some institution incorporated under State law, but jurisdiction when once acquired may continue until child has attained majority; court shall appoint a probation officer or may designate county truant officer as probation officer. Any reputable citizen of the county may make to court a complaint against any delinquent, dependent, or neglected child or against person contributing to delinquency ; on complaint being made child and person in charge thereof shall be summoned and shall appear in court. Court may commit child to care of probation officer or may permit child to remain in its home or be placed in a family heme or with some other proper organization subject to supervision of the probation officer. Parents or other persons responsible for or contributing to delinquency of child are guilty of misdemeanor and subject to fine and imprisonment. In counties having a population of more than 20.000, county commissioners may establish a detention home for homeless children under 16 years old; in county having a city of 25,000 population or more a "juvenile farm " may be established; such home shall be in charge of a matron or man and his wife, who shall be subject to juvenile court; county commissioners shall levy a tax to maintain such home or farm. Judge of juvenile court shall make an annual report to the governor. Jurisdiction over child may continue after the age of 16 is reached if such jurisdiction is begun before child reaches 16. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Kentucky: The county court shall have jurisdiction in juvenile cases; jury trial shall be held when demanded. Any person who shall encourage children to become dependent or delinquent shall be proceeded against ; in each county containing a city of first class a separate room shall be provided for juvenile court. Any reputable person may file petition with clerk of county court calling attention to any neglected, dependent, or delinquent child. Terms "neglected," "dependent," and "delinquent" children are defined in the law; said terms shall include certain male children 17 years old or under and certain female children 18 years old or under. County court shall appoint one or more probation officers. Parents, guardians, or custodians shall, when summoned, appear in court with such children; pending disposition of case, 822 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. child may be placed in care of proper person or of detention home ; court may commit such child to care of proper person, association, or institution ; such children may be given medical treatment by suitable institutions, but without cost to public; custodian of such child shall report to court relative to such child when required; religious belief of parents of child shall be considered in selecting place of commitment; parents shall, when able, support such child; such children shall be considered not as criminals, but as children in need of encouragement and guidance. County judge may appoint an advisory board of juvenile court to consist of from 6 to 10 persons; said board shall visit institutions, societies, or associations receiving such children, and shall cooperate with judge of county court. Duties of prol)ation officer: To investi- gate reported cases of delinquency, neglect, or dependency ; represent interest of child in court; supervise children placed on probation; make required reports to court. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Louisiana: The juvenile court in the parish of Orleans, and the district courts throughout the State, outside of parish of Orleans, shall have juris- diction in juvenile cases; judge of the proper court shall appoint probation officers; probation officers shall be vested with power and authority of sheriffs; juvenile courts shall have jurisdiction of trial of neglected and delinquent children, of persons contributing to the neglect or delinquency of such children when offenders are not punishable by death or hard labor, and of all cases of desertion or nonsupport of children by either parent. Terms " neglected " and " delinquent " are defined in the law ; refer to certain persons under 17 years of age; proceedings against such children shall be by affidavit made before clerk of the court by a reputable person or by district attorney or a probation officer upon information and belief; upon filing of such affidavit, court shall issue summons to persons having custody of such child to appear in court with such child; child shall be placed in custody of a reputable person during term of trial, and may be committed by the court to care of a suitable association or institution; no officer shall place any such child in any police station, jail, or lock-up ; probation officer may appear for child in preliminary proceedings ; the trial of juveniles and adults and of white children and colored children shall be at separate sessions of the court ; commitment shall in no case be beyond minority of the child ; child may be paroled ; child may be placed in a suitable home and supervised by probation officer; court shall retain jurisdiction of child at all times; clerks of courts shall annually make report to State board of charities and corrections rela- tive of neglected and delinquent children. Maine: See H (f). Compulsory attendance. Maryland: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Massachusetts: See H (g). Child labor; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Michigan: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Minnesota: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Missouri: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Montana: See H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Nebraska: In counties having over 40.000 population, the judges of the district court shall designate one of their number to hear all juvenile cases; a special courtroom shall be provided for the hearing of such cases. Any reputable I U (C). JUVENILE COURTS. 823 person, knowing a child to be either neglected, dependent, or delinquent may file with clerk of court a petition setting forth such facts. The judge having charge of the juvenile docket may appoint two or more probation officers, one of whom shall be a woman ; in counties of over 50,000 population, there shall be three probation officers, the chief officer to receive $1,200 per year, and assistants $3 per day each for time actually employed. Dependent and neglected children under 18 years old may be committed to the care of some suitable institution or person, or if under 16 years old, to a State industrial school; such child, if necessary, may be placed in a hospital for treatment and care. Children under 16 years old, when arrested, may be brought before juvenile court instead of before justices and police magistrates. Children under 12 years old shall not be committed to jail. In each county the judge of the juvenile court may appoint a board of four visitors for purpose of visiting institutions of a charitable or corrective nature. County boards may provide detention homes for juvenile offenders. New Hampshire: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Jersey: When any person under 16 years old shall be brought before the court of general quarter sessions of the peace, or the court of special sessions, charged with being a vagrant or incorrigible, or with any crime, in any county in which there is an institution for reformation of juvenile offend- ers, said court may commit said person to such institution ; said court may commit said person to some other institution if deemed advisable ; every per- son so committed shall remain at the institution until 21 years old, unless paroled, discharged or bound out ; persons so- committed and their custodians shall be liable for expenses at any such institution, but the proper authorities may remit such liability. In all counties of the first class, there shall be con- stituted a separate court to be known as the juvenile court; judge of such court shall be a counselor at law of the State, appointed by the governor, with advice and consent of the senate; term, five years; salary, $5,000 per year ; clerks of respective counties shall be clerks of said court. " Delin- quent child" is defined in the law; any person having knowledge of delin- quent child may file with juvenile court a petition stating facts relative to said child; court may order the custodian of such child to appear in court with the child; court may commit such child to a suitable institution, or to the custody of a probation officer or other suitable person; sessions of juvenile court may be private; case of any such child taken before any other court shall be transferred to the juvenile court ; juvenile court may seek the cooper- ation of all societies or organizations, public or private, having for their object the protection or aid of indigent or neglected children; court may arrange with such societies or organizations for the care of such children; board of freeholders may pay expenses of such children so placed, or may establish, maintain, and equip a home for temporary detention of such children; custodians of such children shall be liable for their expenses; court may order medical attention to be given such children, to be a county charge; court shall, as far as practicable, commit such children to institu- tions, associations, or individuals holding to same religious belief as parents of such children; judge of juvenile court shall annually visit institutions caring for children so committed. The care, custody, and discipline of any child so committed shall approximate that which should be given by parents ; such child shall be treated, not as a criminal, but as misdirected and in need of aid and encouragement. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; TJ (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. 824 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. New York: Any child between ages of 7 and 16 years, who shall commit any act or omission which, if he were an adult, would be considered a crime not punishable by death or imprisonment for life shall be guilty not of a crime but of delinquency. No court, magistrate, or lil^e authority shall commit any child under 16 years old as a vagrant, truant, or disorderly person to any jail or county almshouse, but to some reformatory or other institution pro- vided for delinquent children. No child shall be admitted to any institution for orphan, destitute, vagrant, or delinquent children until examined by the physician of such institution and granted a certificate of mental and physical fitness. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Ohio: Courts of common pleas, probate courts, and insolvency courts and superior courts shall have jurisdiction over juvenile cases. Judges of such courts shall designate one of their number to transact business arising under such jurisdiction ; clerk of court shall keep record of juvenile cases. When any delinquent, neglected, or dependent minor under 18 years old shall come into the custody of the court such minor shall continue a ward of the •courts until 21 years old. Any person having knowledge of a minor under 18 years old who appears to be delinquent, neglected, or dependent may file with clerk of court a complaint to that effect. Upon filing of such complaint a citation or warrant shall issue for the minor. County commissioners shall provide a special room not used for trial of criminals, when available, for the hearing of juvenile casesi In the case of a delinquent child the judge may commit such child to the care and custody of a probation officer, and may alow such child to be placed in its own home or some other home under supervision of probation ofl!icer ; or he may authorize the child to be boarded in a family home in case provision be made by voluntary contribution for payment of board ; or the judge may commit such child to a training school or like institution ; or if child is 16 years old and has committed a felony, the Ohio State Reformatory. No child so committed shall be confined in any such institution after attaining age of 21 years. The trustees of any institu- tion to which a delinquent child has been committed shall have control of said child and may parole or discharge said child. When a minor under 18 years old shall be found to be neglected or dependent the judge may make an order committing such child to the care of some suitable State or county institution or to care of a reputable citizen or to some training or industrial school or to some accredited association, to be placed in a suitable home. When the health of such child shall require it, the judge may place such child in a public hospital or in a private hospital or institution which will receive it without charge. No dependent or neglected child shall be com- mitted to the Girls' Industrial School or the Boys' Industrial School, and no delinquent child, unless convicted of an offense punishable by imprisonment, shall be committed thereto. Whoever aids, abets, induces, causes, encourages, or contributes to the delinquency of a minor under 18 years old shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $1,000 or imprisoned not less than 10 days nor more than one year, or both. The judge may impose a fine upon such delinquent not to exceed $10. W^hoever is charged by law with the support and education of a minor under 18 years old and is able to support and educate such minor, but fails, refuses, or neglects to do so, or abandons such minor, shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $500 or imprisoned not less than 10 days nor more than one year, or both. The judge may ap- point one or more persons, one or more of whom may be women, to serve XT (c). JUVENILE COlTBTS. 8^S as probation officers. One of such officers shall be known as chief probation officer, and there may be first, second, and third assistants. Such officers shall receive such compensation as the judge may determine, but the com- pensation of the chief probation officer shall not exceed $2,500 per year, first assistant not to exceed $1,200 per year, second and third assistants not to exceed $1,000 per year. The judge may appoint other probation officers, with or without compensation. No more than $40 per 1,000 inhabitants shall be paid such officers in any county, and in no case shall more than $7,500 be paid for such service in any county ; probation officers shall be paid from county treasury. Probation officers shall examine into alleged cases of de- linquency, neglect, or dependency; shall represent interests of the child in such cases; shall serve warrants, and may make arrests without warrant. All sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, constables, marshals, and police officials shall render assistance to probation officers when requested so to do. Upon re- quest of the judge, the prosecuting attorney of the county shall prosecute per- sons violating any provisions of this chapter. Upon advice of the judge, county commissioners may provide a temporary "detention house" for de- linquent, dependent, or neglected minors. Any child committed to any in- stitution or individual by the court shall become a ward of such institution or individual. Any person having the right to dispose of a dependent or neglected child may enter into an agreement with an approved institution for the purpose of caring for such child. Those in control of institutions for the care of juvenile delinquents may appoint agents for such institutions. All associations and institutions receiving delinquent, neglected, or dependent children shall be subject to the visitation, inspection, and supervision of the board of State charities. Such associations and institutions must first be certificated by said board before they shall receive any such children. No such association shall hereafter be incorporated unless proposed articles of incorporation shall have been first submitted to said board. No association shall bring into the State any child having a contagious disease, deformity, feeble mind, or vicious character. The judge in committing children shall place them, so far as practicable, with persons or associations of same re- ligious belief as such child or its parents. This chapter shall be liberally construed to the end that proper guardianship may be provided for the child, in order that it may be educated and cared for as far as practicable in such manner as best subserves its moral and physical welfare, and that, as far as practicable in proper cases, the parent, parents, or guardian of such child may be compelled to perform their moral and legal duty in the interest of the child. The judges of juvenile courts shall have jurisdiction over all mis- demeanors against minors. No charge shall be made by cities, towns, or villages for water supplied to charitable institutions. For the partial sup- port of por women whose husbands are dead or disabled, or whose husbands are prisoners or have deserted, and who are the mothers of children not entitled to employment certificates and have resided in State two years the juvenile court may give aid in the sum of $15 per month for first child and $7 per month each for others. County commissioners shall levy annually a one-tenth mill, or as much thereof as necessary, for such purpose. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Oklahoma: "Dependent," "neglected," and ^'delinquent," in their application to children under 16 years of age, are defined. County court shall have jurisdiction over juvenile cases. Any reputable person being a resident of a county and knowing of a child in such county who appears dependent, 826 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. neglected, or delinquent may file with clerk of county court a petition setting forth facts, verified by aflidavits, whereupon the person in control of such child shall be summoned to appear before the court with such child. Court may commit such child to the probation oflEicer, to a suitable State insti- tution, or to a suitable private home; no such child shall be confined with adult criminals. The care, custody, and discipline of the child shall ap- proximate that which should be given by its parent; no delinquent child shall be treated as a criminal, but as misdirected and needing encouragement and assistance. See also U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Oregon: See H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Pennsylvania: No child under restraint or conviction, under 16 years old, shall be placed with adult criminals under any conditions whatsoever. The powers of the court of quarter sessions of the peace may be exercised by anyone or more judges of such court, who may be assigned for the purpose at a session of said court, which shall be known as the juvenile court; and all sessions of such juvenile court shall be held separate from the general sessions of such court. In each county containing a population of not less than 300,000 and not more than 1,200,000, there shall be equipped for the care, maintenance, and instruction of such children as may be committed thereto by the juvenile courts, a school for such children; board of managers for each such school shall be composed of nine members, three appointed each year, term, three years-^the same to be appointed by the judges of the court of common pleas and county commissioners. Such schools shall offer instruc- tion in the common branches, and shall give manual and moral instruction; such schools shall be established on farms and shall be maintained out of county funds. Rhode Island: Minors under age of 16 years, when charged with any misde- meanor or crime, shall be arraigned and tried separate and apart from other cases; in juvenile cases no court fees shall be allowed or taxed against the respondent. Juvenile offenders may be committed to a proper institution or to the care of a probation officer or to the State board of charities and corrections. See also U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. South Carolina: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. South Dakota: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Tennessee: This act shall apply to dependent and delinquent children under 16 years old. County judge or chairman of county court shall have jurisdic- tion under this act, except as hereinafter provided. Any reputable person having knowledge of a child in his county who appears to be dependent or delinquent may file complaint with clerk of juvenile court; thereupon a sum- mons shall be issued to person having charge of such child directing such person to present such child in court. Judge of court may appoint one or more probation officers to represent children in court and to have charge of such children before and after trial if so directed by the court. Court may commit any child found dependent or delinquent to some suitable State institution or person or to other approved institution or association. In case of a delinquent child, case may be continued from time to time and child may be committed to care of probation officer or may be permitted to remain at home subject to visitation of probation officer, or may be placed in a suit- able family home, or may be committed to a reform school or industrial school. U (C). JUVENILE COURTS. 827 Child shall not be committed beyond the age of 21 ; court may assume guard- ianship over child until such age is reached. A child charged with rape or murder in the first or second degree shall be remanded for trial in the regular courts; other cases involving children under 16 shall be transferred from regular courts to juvenile court. No court shall commit a child to a jail or lockup as punishment. Court may appoint a board of three visitors to visit institutions in the county which are authorized to receive children under this act. Misdemeanor to contribute to dependency or delinquency of children. In counties having a population of over 148,000 and in counties having between 33,600 and 33,700 population, the city judge of the county seat shall be judge of the juvenile court. This act shall not apply to coun- ties having between 70,000 and 90,000 population. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Texas: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Utah: There shall be a juvenile court in judicial districts containing cities of first or second class; judge of said court shall be appointed by juvenile com- mission ; district courts in other judicial districts shall have jurisdiction over juvenile cases; juvenile court may commit dependent, neglected, or delinquent children to care of suitable persons or institutions ; juvenile court commission shall appoint one or more probation officers for each county. The proper officer may apprehend without warrant and bring before the proper court any dependent neglected child; this provision shall apply only to boys under 14 years and to girls under 16 years old; such children may be committed to care of some suitable society. In any incorporated municipality children under age of 36 years shall not be confined in any jail or lockup. In coun- ties containing cities of first or of second class, detention schools may be established and maintained ; juvenile delinquents may be kept in such schools until their cases are finally disposed of; the board of education or district school board shall provide children in such school with textbooks and sup- plies. See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; H (g) Child labor. Vermont: This act shall apply to children under 16 years old; such child may become ward of court until of age. " Delinquent child " and " neglected child" are defined. Probate courts shall have jurisdiction over juvenile cases. Upon filing by a reputable person with said court of a petition call- ing attention to a delinquent or neglected child, said court shall summon the person in parental relation to the child to appear with such child before the court. Probation officer shall investigate and report cases of delinquency and neglect. Delinquent or neglected children may be committed to some State institution or to care of a reputable citizen or to some suitable association; such child may be given medical treatment when needed by some institu- tion where such treatment is given without charge. Such child shall become ward of person, institution, or association caring for it, but guardianship shall not include estate of child. While juvenile case is pending, child shall be in custody of proper officer or shall be kept in some suitable place. No child under 16 years old shall be confined in any jail or prison unless charged with a crime punishable by death. The care, custody, and discipline of such child shall approximate as nearly as possible that which should be given by its parents; the restraint of a delinquent child shall tend toward his reforma- tion rather than to his punishment as a criminal. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. 828 STATE LAWS EELATn^G TO t>UBLIC EDUCATION. Virginia: Any court of record of general criminal jurisdiction and police and justice courts may commit to the care and custody of the State board of chari- ties and corrections, or any society, association, or reformatory approved by said board and duly chartered, delinquent, dependent, or neglected chil- dren ; delinquent children under 12 years old shall be committed to board of charities and corrections; commitments shall be indeterminate, but shall not extend beyond the age of 21. Said board and societies may place chil- ren so committed in a Suitable home until the age of 21 is reached. "De- linquent children " shall include offenders under 18 years old ; " dependent children " and " neglected children," those under 16 years old who are de- pendent in some manner on the public for support. Except in aggravated cases, no court shall commit a child under 18 years old to a jail, workhouse, or police station, nor send such child to the grand jury, nor sentence child to the penitentiary, but commitment may be made to a reformatory. Court may compel parents to contribute in part to the support of a child. When health or mental condition of child requires it, as shown by medical exam- ination, court may cause child to be placed in a public hospital school. Court may appoint one or more probation officers; any child charged with delin- quency may be released on probation and in charge of a probation officer; at end of probation period court may dismiss child on favorable report of probation officer. Societies receiving children under this act shall be subject to inspection by the board of charities and corrections. The council of any city having a popuation of 50.000 or more may elect a special justice of the peace, to be known as the justice of the juvenile and domestic relations court. Washington: "Delinquent child" and "dependent child" are defined; law shall apply to all such children under age of 18 years; all dependent or de- linquent children shall be wards of the State. Superior courts shall have jurisdiction in juvenile cases; in counties containing 30,000 or more inhabit- ants, judges of such courts shall designate one of their number to hear juvenile cases. The court or judge may designate one or more persons to act as probation officers who shall receive no compensation from the public treasury; such probation officer shall make inquiries concerning the case of such child, and shall have custody of such child ; in counties containing over 30,000 inhabitants probation officers may receive such compensation as may be fixed by county commissioners, such officers to have charge of houses of detention ; probation officers shall have jwlice powers relative to care, custody, and control of delinquent and dependent children. Any person may file with clerk of the superior court a petition calling attention to a dependent or delin- quent child; probation officer shall investigate claims of such petition; clerk shall summon person in parental relation to such child to appear in court with such child ; pending the final disposition of such case, child may be re- tained in possession of person having charge of same, or may be kept in some suitable place provided for the purpose. Any dependent or delinquent child under 18 years old may be committed by the court to some suitable institution, or to care of a reputable citizen, or to some training or industrial school, or to care of some association organized for such purposes; order of commitment may be i^ermanent or temporary, and may be revoked for good cause ; persons in parental relation shall, if able so to do, support such children; in cases of indigency, the county shall support such children wherever committed at cost not to exceed $12 per month per child, but for no longer a period than six months unless a new order is secured at expiration of such period. Court proceedings in juvenile cases may be conducted in rooms especially set apart for the purpose. No court or magistrate shall commit a child under 16 years U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 829 old to a jail, common lockup, or police station. No child shall be sentenced to confinement in any place with adult convicts. Juvenile cases taken before a justice of the peace or magistrate shall be transferred to juvenile court. Counties containing more than 50,000 inhabitants shall, and other countries may, provide and maintain detention rooms for sheltering dependent and delinquent minors. Purpose of this act shall be to provide other means for the maintenance, training, and education of children who can not or do not receive the same at the hands of persons in parental relation to such children. Any person who contributes to the delinquence of such child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Judge of juvenile court may appoint a county board of visitation which shall visit persons, institutions, and associations within such county which care for dependent and delinquent children, and said board shall report its findings to said judge and the court; such board shall consist of four reputable citizens and shall receive traveling expenses officially incurred. With permission of persons in parental relation to such children, such children may be adopted by suitable persons, but such guardianship shall not include the property rights of such child. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. West Virginia: See U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Wisconsin: See H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Wyoming: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. IT (d). Conduct of Children. See I, School discipline; U (c). Juvenile courts. U (e). Truant, Detention, Reform Schools, and Schools for Dependents. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. Alabama: Board of directors. — Governor, commissioner of agriculture and industries, attorney general, and seven women; as nearly as possible one- third of appointive members retire biennially and vacancies filled by con- tinuing members. Delinquent and dependent w^hite boys 6 to 18 years old may be admitted; boys may be committed by parents under regulations of board; any justice of the supreme court, chancellor, judge of probate, circuit judge, or judge of any city or criminal court may commit boys for good and sufficient cause; appeal from order of commitment may be taken within five days; boy committed shall be kept until 21 years old, unless sooner dis- missed by the board ; ex officio members of board shall visit school annually and report to legislature; criminal boys 7 to 16 may, in lieu of a sentence to the penitentiary or hard labor, be committed to the institution; institution shall have exclusive control of child; inmates shall be given instruction, including trade training ; annual appropriation, $150 per pupil. A reform school for training juvenile negro lawbreakers is established at Mount Meigs. Trustees: Governor, State superintendent, and seven members appointed by the governor; course of instruction shall include common-school branches and industrial and agricultural instruction; trustees empowered to elect and remove teachers and officers; trustees may make rules and regula- tions for the government of the school ; annual appropriation $1.75 per week for each pupil. 830 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Arizona: There is established at Fort Grant an institution for the confine- ment, discipline, education, employment, and reformation of juvenile offenders. Said institution shall be under management of the State board of control, consisting of the governor. State auditor, and one citizen appointed by the governor. Board shall appoint a superintendent and assistant at salaries of not exceeding $1,800 and $1,000, respectively ; they shall appoint other neces- sary officers and teachers. Male and female inmates shall be kept separate without means of communication. In case a child is committed at the in- stance of parent or guardian, expenses of such child, including transportation, shall be borne by said parent or guardian, unless by reason of poverty of said parent or guardian board of control shall otherwise direct. Fine of between $200 and $1,000 to aid an inmate to escape or to harbor or secrete an inmate after escape; if such offender be under 16 years old, he shall be committed to said school. Sheriff of any county shall execute writs of commitment issued therein. Arkansas: A State reform school is located at Little Rock. County judges may commit to such school children between 3 and 15 years old who live in houses of bad character or frequent the company of Immoral persons. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. California: The Preston School of Industry shall be under control of board of three trustees appointed by the governor ; term four years ; no trustee shall be interested in contract of school ; trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses; board shall aiipoint a superintendent, a military instructor, and a secretary, who shall give bond, and shall fix their salaries within limits set by law ; board shall meet once every three months ; superintendent shall, except as herein provided, appoint officers and other employees and fix their salaries. Instruction shall be in military, public- school, and vocational subjects ; inmates shall wear uniforms, but not convict stripes. Any boy between ages of 8 and 18 years, of sound mind, convicted of crime not punishable by life imprisonment or death, may be committed by the magistrate or court to said school; commitment by police court or by justice of the peace must be approved by judge of county superior court; commitment shall not extend beyond minority of such boy. Board may give honorable dismissal to inmates deserving the same; may parole inmates; may return incorrigibles to court. Any person who aids an inmate to escape or harbors such inmate shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Board shall contract for supplies, letting contracts to lowest responsible bidders. California School for Girls shall be under control of board of five trustees, appointed by governor, to serve four years; said board shall appoint a woman as superintendent of said school and fix her salary. Said superintendent shall appoint officers and employees ; shall file bond in sum of $10,000. Object of said school shall be the confinement, discipline, and instruction of girls lawfully committed thereto; public-school subjects shall be taught and voca- tional training given; merit system shall be established in said school; in- mates may be paroled ; for good cause inmates may be discharged ; said board may allow inmates pay in lieu of clothing and other necessary articles to better promote discipline and training. Whittier State School shall be under control of board of three trustees ap- pointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate ; term, four years ; board shall be a body corporate; no trustee shall be interested in any contract of school ; shall make by-laws ; shall purchase supplies ; shall appoint, prescribe duties, and fix compensation of a superintendent and other employees; shall make biennial report to governor, to be laid before legislature ; shall receive no U (e). SCHOOLS FOB DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 831 compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses. Boys between ages of 8 and 19 years and girls between ages of 8 and 18 years may, when convicted of any offense not punishable by life imprisonment or death, be committed by proper court to said school ; sexes shall be separated in said institution ; com- mitment shall not extend beyond minority of such boy or girl ; dependent or delinquent children may be committed to said school ; inmates may be honor- ably dismissed, paroled, or, when incorrigible, returned to court. No person shall aid any inmate to escape or harbor such inmate. Parents or guardians shall, when able, pay expenses of inmates, otherwise cost shall be a charge against county of inmate's residence. Said board may contract with suitable persons, charitable institutions, or associations for care of female inmates. State reformatory shall be under control of State board of prison directors. Any male person between ages of 16 and 30 years convicted of a felony for the first time may be committed to said institution. Instruction shall be given In elementary-school courses and in practical pursuits. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (c). Juvenile courts. Colorado: A "delinquent child" is a child under 16 years old, not an Inmate of an institution, who violates any law or city or village ordinance or commits any one of certain other offenses enumerated in this act ; law defining delin- quency shall include all girls under 18 years old. In cities of 100,000 population or more there shall be maintained one or more parental or truant schools. Board of education shall control, and may appoint a superintendent, teachers, and other necessary employees. No re- ligious instruction shall be given, except such as is allowed by law in the public schools. Truant officer or agent shall petition and any reputable citi- zen may petition the county court to inquire into the case of a child of com- pulsory school age not attending school or who persistently violates the rules of the public schools ; such petition shall state the names of parents or guard- ian, if there be such, and shall show whether said parent or guardian is will- ing to have child committed to truant school; county judge shall determine the application and may commit said child until the age of 14 is reached; parent or guardian may appear and resist commitment; no child shall be committed who has ever been convicted of an offense punished by confinement In a penal institution. It shall be the duty of the parent or guardian of any child committed to pay the actual cost of board and clothing of said child. Board of education may make rules providing for the parole of inmates ; principal of school to which child is paroled shall report monthly to superin- tendent of truant school as to attendance and conduct of said child; if attendance and conduct are good for one year, child shall be finally dis- charged ; if a child violates within one year the conditions of a parole, he shall on order of the court be returned to said school and may not be paroled again within three months ; for a second violation of a parole he shall be re- turned and may not be paroled again within one year. County court may commit an incorrigible inmate to some juvenile reformatory. In cities of 25,000 to 100,000 population the board of education may establish a truant school if authorized by vote of the qualified electors. There is established at or near Denver a State home for dependent and neg- lected children under 16 years old ; such children shall be of sound mind and body, but board of control may admit any dependent or neglected child. Board of control shall consist of five members, no more than two of whom shall belong to the same political party, and at least two of whom shall be women; appointed by the governor; term, six years, one being appointed each year, as the case requires. Object of the home shall be to provide a 832 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. home for dependent and neglected children until the age of 16 is reached, but board may retain them longer; board may place such children in suitable family homes. Board shall be guardian of such children until they reach their majority or become self-supporting. Board may return to county from which children came those who have reached 16 years of age and can not be placed in family homes, those of vicious habits or who are incorrigible, or those of unsound mind or body. A State industrial school for girls is established at or near Denver. Board of control shall consist of five members, three of whom shall be women, appointed by the governor; term, five years, one being appointed each year. Board shall appoint a woman as superintendent. The county from which any girl is committed shall be liable for the expenses of such girl to the extent of 50 cents a day. Each girl committed shall be detained in said school until reformed and discharged by the board or until she reaches the age of 21 years. Girls shall be thoroughly trained in household work. When it shall appear that any girl will remain at liberty without violating the law and that her release will not be incompatible with the general welfare or detrimental to her own good, such girl may be released. Board may place any girl in a home of good moral character. Superintendent shall keep a record of all proceedings of the institution, including conduct of oflScers and inmates. Board may parole any girl who shall have become suflaciently reformed, but for incorrigibility she may be returned to the school without further process. When any girl between 6 and 18 years old shall violate any law, except where the penalty is death or imprisonment for life, the court before whom the conviction is had may sentence such girl to the industrial school; commitment shall be during minority or until girl is discharged by law or by the board of control. The district and county courts shall have original jurisdiction in said cases. Peace officers may arrest any girl wandering around improper places at improper hours, and said girl may be committed to the industrial school. The board of control may return to county whence committed any improper subject for its care and management. No girl after sentence shall be confined in a county or city jail. School shall be nonsectarian. The old school of mines building and grounds at Golden are constituted a State industrial school for boys. Board of control shall consist of three members, appointed by the governor; term, six years, one being appointed every two years; said board shall report biennially to the State superin- tendent, who shall transmit the same to the legislature; board shall make rules for the government of said school and shall appoint a superintendent and other employees. Any boy between 10 and 16 years old who may be convicted of violating any law, except one for which the penalty is death or life imprisonment, may be committed to said school during his minority \or until discharged by the board of control; district and county courts shall ?'have jurisdiction; cases may be instituted upon the sworn complaint to the district attorney of any credible person ; parent or guardian may inden- ture a boy to said school, but must pay expenses. Board may place any boy committed to said school in the care of a head of a family who is of good moral character; board shall return any boy to the county whence com- mitted when he shall prove incorrigible or otherwise prejudicial to discipline ; board may let a boy out on parole, but for misconduct he may be returned to the school without further trial or commitment ; board may discharge a boy when he shall become so far reformed as to justify the same. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 833 Connecticut: For the protection of dependent, neglected, and cruelly treated children, and in immoral surroundings, who are between 4 and 18 years old, there shall be provided county " temporary homes " ; no such home shall be located within one-half mile of any penal or pauper institution; children shall be kept in such homes only for such time as is necessary for placing them in suitable family homes. Any court of probate or any city, town, or borough court may commit any such child to the care of any temporary home, if such child be a male, until 16 years old, and if a female, until 18 years old, unless sooner discharged by the board of management of said temporary home; said board may place any such child in a private family, or chartered orphan asylum, or children's home in the State wherein such child will be accepted for the period committed. Board of management shall present to State comptroller a bill for $2.50 per week for the care of each child, and the same shall be paid by the State. The necessary extra expense incurred by any town or school district in providing school accommodations for any temporary home located therein shall be paid by the county ; the board of managers of temporary homes in any county shall be the judge of what are necessary extra expenses. Chil- dren inmates of county homes shall be enumerated in the town or district where said home is located. The county commissioners may maintain schools at county homes, in which case said schools shall receive their proportion of the State funds. County commissioners may employ teachers for said schools, but only those holding certificates from the State board of educa- tion shall be employed; said board shall appoint an acting visitor to visit said schools at least twice each term. State board of education may provide books and apparatus to be used in schools in charge of said board of county temporary homes, but sum paid for same shall not exceed $10 for each school, or $10 for each 100 pupils or fraction thereof where school has more than 100 pupils. Whenever any town wholly maintains the school at the county home it shall be reimbursed by the county. The Connecticut IndustrLal School for Girls shall, so long as it remains incorporated and maintains a school for the benefit of children connected therewith, be a separate district. The directors of said school shall be the school committee of said district and shall have all the powers and duties of town school visitors. The treasurer of said school shall annually draw an order in favor of said district on the treasurer of the town for the pro- portionate amount to which said district may be entitled of all moneys ap- propriated, by law. The parent or guardian of any girl between 8 and 16 years old, or any informing officer of the town, may present a complaint to the judge of the probate court or to any justice of the peace of the town, or to the judge of the police court of the city where she may be found, alleging that she has committed an offense within the final jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, or is rude, incorrigible, or an habitual truant, or that she is dependent, neglected, cruelly treated, or growing up in immoral surroundings, and said judge or justice shall inquire into the complaint and may order said girl to be committed to the guardianship and control of the industrial school for girls until the age of 21 is reached, unless sooner discharged by law; if girl is found to have committed an offense punishable by imprison- ment, she may me committed to said school, or judgment may be suspended; this chapter shall not deprive any girl over 14 of the privilege of choosing her own guardian. Appeal to the criminal court of common pleas shall lie from the commitment of any minor to the Connecticut School for Boys, the Industrial School for Girls, any county home for dependent or neglected 3966°— 15 53 834 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. children, or any institution chartered by the legislature for similar pur- poses ; in cases not in the jurisdiction of the criminal court of common pleas, appeal shall lie to the criminal term of the superior court. Complaints charging a minor with crime shall, on appeal, be tried by jury, but all other cases shall be tried by the judge. No court or justice of the peace shall commit any child under 16 years old as vicious, truant, or incorrigible to any jail, almshouse, or workhouse. When any boy under l6 years old shall be convicted of any crime or mis- demeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment, other than imprisonment for life, the court or justice of the peace may commit such boy to the Con- necticut School for Boys until the age of 21 is reached, or until discharged by the trustees thereof. The following classes of boys may be committed: (1) Any boy under 16 liable to punishment by imprisonment; (2) with con- sent of parent or guardian, any boy under 16 charged with a crime or mis- demeanor; (3) any boy under 16 who is destitute of a suitable home; (4) any boy under 16 who is incorrigible, vagrant, or resorts to immoral places. No boy under 10 years old shall be committed to said school, except upon conviction of an offense punishable by imprisonment in the State prison or county jail. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Delaware: Twelve persons named and their successors are constituted a body corporate by the name of the Delaware Industrial School for Girls; the governor. State treasurer; State auditor, and judge of the juvenile court of Wilmington are added to said board. Said school shall have the care and guardianship of any girl under 18 years old who may be committed thereto by law. Any municipal court or justice of the peace may commit any girl under 18 years old who is incorrigible, or vicious, or in danger of falling into vice, or any girl of said age guilty of vagrancy or habitual truancy; the court of general sessions of any county or said municipal judge or justice of the peace may commit any girl under 18 who is charged with any offense other than murder or arson. Commitment shall be until dis- charged under the regulations of said corporation, but no girl shall be de- tained beyond the age of 21. Any girl committed by any court other than the court of general sessions of the State may appeal to the resident asso- ciate judge of New Castle County. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Florida: The Florida Industrial School for Boys is established at Marianna Board of managers shall consist of five members appointed by the governor; term, four years; said managers shall have charge of said school subject to board of commissioners of State institutions. Managers shall maintain in such school a system of industrial training; only boy offenders shall be committed to said school. Georgia: Whenever the grand jury of any county having a population of 30,000 or more shall recommend the establishment of an industrial farm for " misdemeanor convicts " under 16 years old, the ordinary of said county shall call an election to decide whether such farm shall be established. Purpose of farm shall be to reform such juvenile offenders as may be com- mitted thereto. County ordinary shall provide site and buildings. Farm shall, so far as possible, be made self-sustaining. The sexes and white and colored inmates shall be kept separate. Ordinary shall appoint a superin- tendent, chaplain, and other necessary officers and employees. " Misde- meanor convicts " under 16 years old may, by any court of the county before U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 835 which convicted, be committed to industrial farm or sentenced to chain gang. In all counties having over 100,000 population, commitments to farm shall be during minority of offender, unless authorities in charge shall sooner discharge inmate ; said authorities may bind out such inmates during their minority. Ordinary of county may raise funds to carry out provisions of this act; in counties having county commissioners, said commissioners shall exercise powers herein conferred upon ordinary. Any municipality having 30,000 population or more may in like manner establish an indus- trial farm. See also U (c), Juvenile courts. Idaho: The Idaho Industrial Training School is established at St. Anthony. Purpose: Care and training of dependent and delinquent children and juvenile offenders. State board of education is board of trustees. Trustees shall have power to let contracts and supervise construction of buildings, which shall be on the " cottage plan." Board shall control funds ; shall appoint a superin- tendent and may remove him for cause ; on recommendation of superintendent, board shall appoint assistant. Officers, teachers, etc., shall be appointed by superintendent with consent of trustees who shall fix salaries. Superintend- ent shall make monthly report. State superintendent shall prescribe course of study. Said school constitutes an independent district. President and secre- tary of trustees shall report semiannually to governor. State board of land commissioners shall set aside 40,000 acres for use and benefit of school. Course of study shall include common branches and manual training for boys and household arts for girls. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Illinois: Boards of education and school directors may establish and maintain classes and schools for delinquent children committed by courts of competent jurisdiction. No person shall be employed to teach in such class or school who does not hold a certificate of qualification to teach in the same. State shall pay the excess cost per pupil in such classes over the cost of instruction of normal pupils. Such schools shall be subject to the supervision of the State superintendent. In cities having over 100,000 inhabitants there may be established one or more truant schools for the confinement, discipline, instruction, and mainte- nance of children of compulsory school age ; sites and buildings may be pro- vided and furnished in the same manner as for public schools. Board of education may employ a superintendent, teachers, and other necessary officers, prescribe course of study, and otherwise govern the school. No religious in- struction shall be given, except such as allowed by law. On petition of the truant officer or any reputable citizen any child of compulsory school age who is not in school or is an habitual truant or persistent violator of the rules of the school shall be brought before the county or circuit court and said court may commit said child to said truant school, but no child shall be com- mitted who has ever been convicted of an offense punishable by confinement in any penal institution. Parent or guardian shall furnish child with cloth- ing. Commitment shall be until the age of 14 is reached, unless child is sooner paroled under rules to be prescribed by board of education. Principal of school to which paroled child is returned shall report monthly to super- intendent of truant school regarding such child's conduct and after one year child may be finally released; child violating conditions of parole shall be re- turned to truant school and may not be released for three months ; a second violation shall entail a commitment for one year before parole may again be 836 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. had. An incorrigible inmate may by the county or circuit court be committed to a juvenile reformatory. In cities of 25,000 to 100,000 population, boards of education may establish a truant school if authorized by a majority vote of the qualified electors. See also U (c), Juvenile courts. Indiana: The Indiana Boys' School shall be under the general supervision and government of a board of control, consisting of three commissioners, appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to serA'e four years; said board shall meet at least once each month; each commis- sioner shall receive an annual salary of $500. Said board shall appoint and fix salaries of all employees ; may make rules, regulations, and by-laws. Su- perintendent of said school must file bond in sum of $10,000; shall have im- mediate charge of affairs of the school; shall purchase supplies subject to approval of said board. Said board shall make annual report to governor, to be laid before the legislature. Vicious, vagrant, or incorrigible boys be- tween the ages of 7 and 18 years, when committed by a court of competent jurisdiction, shall be received into said school ; inmates shall remain in said institution until 21 years old, but in the discretion of the board they may be discharged upon reaching the age of 18 years. Boys between the ages of 8 and 16 years, guilty of crime, may be committed to said school instead of to jail or prison ; inmates over 17 years old may be temporarily transferred by said board, with consent of the governor, to the Indiana Reformatory. No boy of unsound mind or suffering from any contagious disease shall be re- ceived into said school. Said board may parole inmates. Inmates under the age of 16 years shall be instructed in principles of reading, writing, and arithmetic. The Indiana Girls' School shall be under the general supervision and gov- ernment of a board of trustees, consisting of four women, appointed by the governor, to serve four years; not more than two of said trustees shall have the same political affiliation or belief; each trustee shall receive an annual salary of $300 and traveling expenses not to exceed $125 annually. Said board shall, with approval of the governor, appoint a superintendent, who shall be a woman. Superintendent shall file bond in sum of $10,000; shall, subject to approval of board, appoint all officers and employees. Said board may make rules, regulations, and by-laws ; shall make annual report to gov- ernor, to be laid before the legislature. Any court of competent jurisdiction may, for sufficient cause, commit any girl between the ages, of 10 and 18 years to said school ; inmates shall remain at said school until 20 years old, unless sooner discharged by said board. The governor may commute the punishment of girls under the age of 20 yearSj sentenced to jail or prison, to commitment to said school. With the approval of the governor, inmates over the age of 18 years may, for good cause, be temporarily transferred to the Indiana Woman's Prison. No girl of ui) sound mind or suffering from a con- tagious disease shall be received into said school. Said board may place inmates in suitable homes. Interference with any inmate of said school shall constitute a misdemeanor. Inmates shall receive instruction in the industries and in such other branches as will lead to their reformation. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. Iowa: An industrial school for girls is established at Mitchell ville ; it shall be under the control and management of the board of control of State institutions. When any girl between 10 and 18 years old of sound mind, except married women, prostitutes, and girls who are pregnant, shall be found guilty in a court of record of any crime except that of murder, the court may commit said girl to the industrial school for girls until the age of 21 is reached. On U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 837 complaint of parent or guardian that any girl over 10 and under 18 years old, a child or ward of Siiid parent or guardian, is habitually vagrant, disorderly, or incorrigible, the judge of a court of record may commit said girl to the industrial school for girls until the age of 21 is reached, but no married woman, prostitute, or girl who is pregnant may be thus committed ; court may require parent or guardian to pay expenses of said girl, including board. An industrial school for boys is located at Eldora ; it shall be under the control and management of the board of control of State institutions. When a boy between 10 and 18 years old and of sound mind shall be found guilty in any court of record of any crime except murder the court may commit such boy to the industrial school until the age of 21 is reached. On complaint of parent or guardian that any boy between 10 and 18 years old, a child or ward of such parent or guardian, is habitually vagrant, disorderly, or incor- rigible, the judge of a court of record may commit said boy to the industrial school until the age of 21 is reached, but the court may in its discretion require parent or guardian to pay expenses, including boy's board. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Kansas : A State industrial school for girls is established at Beloit ; controlled by State board of corrections. When a girl under the age of 18 is convicted of offense punishable by imprisonment the court or justice, as the case may be, may sentence such girl to the State industrial school for girls; Commit- ment shall be until the age of 21 is reached, unless superintendent shall sooner report girl reformed, or girl is placed by board in a suitable home, or is in- dentured on probation or released on probation. The State board of corrections shall have the management of the State industrial school for boys. Courts of record and probate courts may commit to such industrial school (1) any boy under 16 years old who has been con- victed of violating the law; (2) any boy under 16 who is charged with an offense punishable with imprisonment, if parent or guardian consents; (3) any boy under 16 who is incorrigible, vagrant, or immoral. Commitment shall be until the age of 21 is reached, unless superintendent shall sooner report boy reformed, or boy is indentured as an apprentice, or board shall release him on probation. Said school is located at Topeka. A trades school is established in connection with the State industrial re- formatory at Hutchinson for males between 16 and 25 years old. See also U (c), Juvenile courts. Kentucky: In all counties where there is a city of the first class there shall be created a bipartisan commission composed of seven persons, two of whom shall be women and three of whom shall belong to the same jwlitical party as the county judge, who shall be a body politic and corporate and be known as the Parental Home and School Commission. , It shall be appointed by the county judge for a term of two years and serve without pay. It shall have power to appoint a superintendent at a salary of not exceeding $2,000 and such other employees as may be necessary ; to rent and purchase farm lands ; erect, equip, conduct, and maintain suitable buildings and grounds for the care and training of such children as may be committed to it by order of county judge or juvenile-court judge. To provide money for its needs the fiscal court shall levy a tax of 2 cents on the hundred dollars and set the same apart as a separate fund for purchase of farm lands and erection and equip- ment of buildings; any fund hitherto set apart by fiscal court for care and custody of dependent children, and all sums derived from taxation for pur- chase of lands and for care and custody of dependent children, shall be paid over to the commission. 838 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. House of Reform for Girls and the House of Reform for Boys shall be under control of board of penitentiary commissioners. Said board shall, sub- ject to approval of governor, appoint and fix Siilaries of officers and other employees of said institutions ; may receive property for benefit of said insti- tutions; shall meet every three months; shall adopt by-laws. "Cottage family plan " shall be adopted. At least two of trustees, one woman and one man, shall visit each institution once each month. Inmates may be appren- ticed to suitable persons. Upon complaint of parent, guardian, or proper officer that any boy or girl under age of 18 years is delinquent, court may commit such boy or girl to the proper house of reform; such boys or girls arrested or convicted of certain crimes may be so committed; commitment shall not extend beyond minority of such child. No person shall entice away or harbor an escaped inmate. Equal privileges shall be given to the several denominations in giving religious instruction. Said board may, at any time, discharge any inmate for good cause. Inmates shall be instructed in common- school branches and in the industries. First offenders under 21 years old shall, when convicted of certain crimes, be committed to said institutions; inmates may be paroled or hired out; white and colored inmates shall be separated. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. Louisiana: State reform school shall be under control of board of three com- missioners appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; commissioners shall be allowed expenses officially incurred; all male persons 18 years of age or less, convicted of crime, except that of murder, manslaughter, or rape, shall be confined in said school; white and colored inmates shall be separated; inmates shall receive educational, moral, indus- trial, and agricultural training ; inmates may be paroled, and board may make rules for commutation of sentences. See also A (b2), State officers; U (c), Juvenile courts. Maine: See H (f), Compulsory attendance; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded. Maryland: Act of 1914 defines term ** dependent and neglected child," as any male under 20 or female under 18 who is destitute, homeless, abandoned, or dependent on public or without proper parental care or guardianship; judges of the courts of the third judicial circuit, sitting as court of equity, shall have full power to deal with such cases; any person of respectable standing shall have authority by written petition to bring such cases before the court, which shall appoint one or more probation officers; salary and expenses of same provided for ; court may allow child coming under this act to remain at home under supervision of probation officer and report to court; or court may re- move child from care of parent and commit it to custody of " the probation officer or other agency, or to some suitable institution " or place it " in the home of some suitable family"; some responsible representative shall be appointed as guardian and shall visit family once every three months; no justice of peace " shall commit for any reason a child under 14 years of age to a jail or police station to be confined with other prisoners " ; any person who shall contribute to or encourage delinquency or dependency may be fined or imprisoned; this act to be construed as conferring additional powers on the court. Maryland State Training School for Oirls: Established 1914; made body politic and corporate; nine directors ppointed by governor; nonpartisan and nonsectarian; women on board shall never be less than five; three directors shall retire every two years; no compensation; expenses paid; shall secure site and erect buildings in cottage system; appoint a female superintendent U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 839 and other officials and employee;s^ and fix duties and compensation. Justices may commit till 21 and white female convicted of any crime or misdemeanor or who is vicious or incorrigible; no girl shall be committed because she has no home nor because of ix)verty ; each girl shall receive religious instruction provided by the church of her parents; religious services, all denominations represented ; girls may be released on parole when homes are found ; $1,000 for preliminary work. Name Female House of Refuge changed to Maryland Industrial School for Girls; legacies to the former confirmed; 30 directors; 15 chosen annually by the members; 5 appointed annually by mayor of Baltimore; 10 appointed biennially by governor; directors shall have as to female juvenile delin- quents the powers and duties exercised by directors house of refuge ; persons who shall pay $50 to the institution in one year or $10 annually for six years shall be life members; persons paying $5 per year are members. Powers: To place children at employments and "cause them to be in- structed in such branches of useful knowledge as may he suited to their years and capacities"; bind out children to learn trades; children received by commitment and agreement. Empowered to receive orphan and other destitute boys and bind them out till 21 ; any court or justice of peace shall have power to commit any desti- tute white boy convicted before such court or justice of peace ; managers may also receive all such white boys under 16 as shall be taken up as street beggars or vagrants or convicted of criminal offenses; corporation may hold prop- erty up to $500,000. Governor and mayor of Baltimore shall each appoint every two years five persons to represent State and city on board of trustees ; board may make by-laws, etc., and establish regulations respecting religious and moral education, training, employment, discipline; justice of peace may commit white male minors on complaint; corporation may bind out during minority to learn useful trades or callings. Recognized as body corporate and politic. Object: The care, reformation, and instruction of colored female minors ; persons paying $100 become honor- ary members; $50, life members; $5, members; corporation shall be con- trolled by a board of 11 managers, 2 to be appointed for two years by gover- nor, 2 appointed annually by mayor of Baltimore, and 7 elected annually by the corporation; five a quorum; treasurer shall give bond; managers shall provide suitable building, establish regulations respecting religious and moral education; managers shall receive all colored female minors who are committed as street beggars or vagrants, or are convicted of criminal offenses; judges may order minors convicted in their courts removed to the industrial home " as a place of reform and not of punishment " ; managers may bind out girls till they are 18 ; girls may be received by commitment or contract. City of Baltimore authorized to make such appropriation to the home as may be proper ; managers shall make reports to general assembly. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; R (b), Corporations of an educa- tional character. Massachusetts: The county commissioners of each county, except the counties of Barnstable, Berkeshlre, Franklin, Hampshire, Dukes, and Nantucket, shall maintain either separately or jointly with the commissioners of other counties, not at or near a penal Institution, a school for habitual truants, absentees or school offenders. County commissioners of Norfolk, Bristol, and Plymouth counties shall pay to the union training school maintained by said counties $100 annually from each county. The county commissioners of Barnstable, Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Dukes, and Nantucket shall support truants 840 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. and school oCfenders of their counties in a legally established training school, the cost of such support to be paid to, and shall be determined by, the county commissioners maintaining such school; the parental school of Boston shall be deemed the county training school of Suffolk, and commitments from towns of Revere and Winthrop and the city of Chelsea shall be to the training school for the county of Middlesex. The city or town committing a child to such training school shall pay to the county maintaining such school $1 a week toward the support of said child ; reports of the condition and progress of such child shall be made monthly to the superintendent of schools of the city or town from which said child has been committed; the towns of Revere, Winthrop, and city of Chelsea shall pay to the county of Middlesex, for sup- port of each child committed to the training school of said county, $2.50 pec week, and such additional sums as will cover the actual cost of maintenance. County truant schools shall be subject to visitation by the State board of education and State board of charity, and said boards shall report thereon annually to the legislature. A child who willfully and habitually absents himself from school contrary to law shall be deemed an habitual truant, and, unless placed on probation, may, upon complaint by an attendance ofBcer and conviction thereof, be committed to a county training school, such child found wandering about the streets, having no lawful occupation, habitually not attending school, and growing up in idleness and ignorance may, in like manner be committed to a county training school. A child under 16 years of age who persistently violates reasonable school regulations, or otherwise mis- behaves in school, so as to render him a fit subject for exclusion therefrom, shall be deemed to be an habitual school offender, and, unless placed on proba- tion, may, upon complaint by an attendance officer and conviction thereof, be committed to a county training school. The court or magistrate by whom a child has been committed to a county training school may make an order relative to the payment by his parents to the county of the cost of his sup- port while in said school. A court or magistrate by whom a child has been convicted of any of aforesaid offences may place such child on probation under the control of an attendance or probation officer ; if child violates condi- tions of probation, he may be committed to a county training school. County commissioners may, for good cause, and when the superintendent or school committee of the city or town have been heard, parole or discharge any child committed to a county training school; a parole may be revoked for cause. In case of death or serious illness of a near relation of a child confined in a training school, the child so confined may be released for a specified time. An inmate of a county training school who renders himself an unfit subject for retention therein may, if under 15 years old, be committed to the Lyman school for boys ; if over 15 years old, to the industrial school at Shirley. If a girl who is committed to the custody of the State board of charity proves un- manageable in a private family, she may be committed, by said board, to the State industrial school for girls. Police, district, and municipal courts and trail justices shall have jurisdiction over truancy cases; upon a complaint against a child for such offence, parents, guardian, or custodian of the child shall be notified ; a child against whom complaint as an habitual absentee is brought by any person other than an attendance officer shall not be com- mitted to a training school until the State board of charity has been given an opportunity to be heard. The school committee of every city or town shall appoint and fix the compensation of one or more attendance officers, who may be either male or female, and shall make regulations for their government; attendance officers shall receive no fees for their services; the school com- U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. S4l mittees of two or more cities or towns may employ the same attendance officers. Attendance officers shall inquire into all cases arising from pro- visions herein, and may make complaints and serve legal processes under such provisions. Said officers shall have oversight of children placed on pro- bation, of children suffering want, of minors licensed for employment, and of children attending shows or entertainments contrary to law. An attendance officer may apprehend and take to school without warrant any truant wan- dering about the streets or public places. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall appoint five persons to serve as trustees of the Massachusetts Hospital School ; said trustees shall be appointed in rotation to serve five years, and shall consti- tute a body corporate. Trustees shall have same powers and duties in man- agement and control of said institution as are vested in the trustees of the various insane hospitals. Trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses; shall appoint officers and other em- ployees of said school and fix their compensation, subject to the approval of governor and council ; shall visit school monthly and make annual report to governor and council. The State shall provide for support of indigent in- mates, but other inmates shall pay for their support. Said school shall be under the general supervision of the State board of charity. The government of the State industrial school for girls shall be vested in a board of seven trustees, two of whom shall be women; trustees shall be appointed by governor, with advice and consent of council, in rotation, for a term of five years; trustees shall annually elect a superintendent and a physician and, subject to approval of governor and council, fix their compen- sation ; superintendent shall appoint other officers and fix their compensation with consent of trustees. Powers and duties of trustees: To establish regu- lations; provide employment for inmates; exercise vigilant supervision over the institution; cause inmates to be instructed in piety and morality and in branches of useful knowledge, especially in domestic and household labor and duties; visit institution once every three months. Trustees may bind out as an apprentice or servant any inmate of said school. Commitment to said school shall be by the courts ; persons so committed shall be released when 15 years old. The management, government, and care of all reformatory institutions for juveniles, except reformatory at Concord, supported by the State for the custody, care, and reformation of juvenile offenders shall be vested in a board of nine trustees, two of whom shall be women, to be appointed by gov- ernor, with advice and consent of the council ; two appointed each year, to serve five years. Said board shall be known as Trustees of Massachusetts Training Schools. Trustees shall appoint a secretary, who shall not be a member of board, but shall be its executive officer; salary of secretary shall be fixed by trustees with consent of governor and council, and his necessary expenses shall be allowed. No inmate of a juvenile reformatory shall be placed in solitary confinement. The governor, with advice and consent of council, shall appoint a board of seven trustees, two of whom shall be women, for the Industrial School for Boys; said trustees shall be appointed in rotation, to serve five years. Any delinquent boy over 15 years old or any boy between ages of 15 and 18 years convicted of an offense not punishable by life imprisonment may, if a suitable subject, be committed by the court to said school. Inmates may be released on probation. Upon mutual consent of the Lyman School and aforesaid school, inmates may be transferred from one to the other. Trustees shall 842 STATE LAWS KELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. establish regulations, appoint oflBcers, and other employees, and fix their salaries with advice and consent of the governor and council. Said school shall be under the general supervision of the State board of charity. See also T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded. Michigan: Every boy between 10 and 16 years old, and every girl between 10 and 17 years old who shall frequent or reside in a disreputable place or who runs away from school or lawful employment against the will of the parent shall be a juvenile disorderly person ; uix)n complaint before a justice of the peace, police magistrate, or other criminal magistrate by parent, guardian, or other person knowing the facts, such justice or magistrate shall issue a war- rant for the arrest of such minor, and on conviction a boy may be committed to the industrial school for boys at Lansing until 18 years old ; a girl, to the industrial home for girls at Adrian until 21 years old ; but such commitment must have the approval of the recorder's court of Detroit, or judge of the superior court of Grand Rapids, or any circuit judge or probate judge of the county where such conviction is had. Any person contributing to the delin- quency of a child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The industrial school for boys at Lansing shall be under the control of a board of three trustees appointed by the governor ; term, six years, one being appointed every two years. Every male person between 10 and 16 years old .who shall be convicted of any offense punishable by law with fine or impris- onment, or both, may be committed by a court of competent jurisdiction to said school until the age of 21 is reached. Dependent, neglected, and delin- quent boys between the ages of 7 and 16 may be committed to said school or placed on probation by the court. The Industrial Home for Girls at Adrian shall be under the management and control of three trustees, at least one of whom shall be a woman. Such board shall be appointed by the governor, term, six years, one being appointed every two years. The object of said home shall be the care and instruction of dependent, neglected, and delinquent girls between 7 and 17 years old who may be committed thereto by a court of competent jurisdiction. Any girl between 10 and 17 years old who is convicted of any offense not punish- able by imprisonment for life shall, except in cases deemed incorrigible, be sentenced to said house until the age of 21 is reached. Girls found incor- rigible or improper persons may be, transferred to a State reformatory or penal institution. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Minnesota: Purpose of State public school shall be to furnish a temporary home for dependent and neglected children, and to provide them with proper permanent homes, proper care and instruction, while in said home, in branches usually taught in common schools, and with moral, physical, and industrial training. Board of control shall consist of three members, appointed by governor; term six years; each shall be paid $3 per day for time of actual services, and allowed necessary expenses. Board shall elect from members a president and secretary; appoint a superintendent who shall appoint as- sistants and employees; determine salary of superintendent, assistants, and employees ; meet once in every three months. To be admitted, children shall be under 15 years old, of sound mind and free from disease. Preference shall be given in admission to younger children and those in greatest need ; children received shall be divided among the several counties on a just basis ; children of deceased soldiers shall be given preference in admission; before any child under 1 year old shall be received, a written statement shall be received from the superintendent that child can be cared for. It shall be the duty of V (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 843 county board, or any two of them, to make a complaint in writing to probate judge wlien any cliild is dependent upon the public for support, in a state of habitual vagrancy, ill treated, likely to suffer from intemperance or miscon- duct of parents or guardians. Parents or guardians shall be cited to appear In court to show cause why such child shall not be committed; if child be committed, he shall first be examined by a reputable physician; a child so committed to said school shall remain subject to said school until a home is found for him; such children may be adopted in homes, or apprenticed for purpose of learning useful vocations ; when child becomes self-supporting, or parents have become able to properly support him, said child may be dis- charged by board. Suitable persons shall be appointed agents of the school. Board shall make biennial reports to the governor. In every county of more than 50,000 inhabitants a probation officer shall be appointed by the State board of control, subject to approval of district judges of such county ; such officer may appoint deputies. Such officer or his deputy shall be present in every session of municipal court, in district court where any person under 21 years old is on trial, and in probate court where commitment proceedings are being held. Such officer shall be responsible for conveyance of all children committed to State public school, without com- liensation, except exi>enses actually incurred; shall represent the interests of minors in court, and shall have charge of minors during any time that sentence is stayed; shall make reports to court; shall have police powers. Probation officers in counties of 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants shall receive annual compensation of $600; in counties over 100,000 inhabitants, $1,200, and deputy $600. No minor charged with any offense shall be placed with grown-up prisoners; no minor under 14 years shall be confined in any jail, lockup, or police station pending trial. Every minor while in confinement shall be supplied with good reading matter, and his friends shall be allowed the right to visit him. At trial of any minor under 16 years old, the court room shall be cleared of all persons not directly interested in the case. County commissioners shall have authority to purchase, erect, equip, and maintain a detention home for juvenile offenders ; juvenile court may commit minors to such home for not longer than six months under any order. School boards may provide homes and teachers, books and supplies in counties of 200,000 to 300,000 inhabitants. In counties of over 50,000 population the judges of the district court shall designate one of their number as juvenile court judge. State industrial school for girls shall be under management of State board of control. All officers of said school shall be women. Governor shall ap- point advisory board of five women ; said advisory board shall visit school at least twice a year and make complete examination of buildings and inquire into affairs of school ; board of advisors shall make report to board of control ; said board of advisors shall receive no compensation, but«Bhall be allowed actual expenses in performance of duty. Purpose of said school is to so train inmates that upon their release they will live honorable lives. Home schools for wayward girls may be established by county boards in counties having not less than 150,000 nor more than 200,000 inhabitants. State training school shall be under the general management of the State board of control. Whenever any boy over 10 and under 16 years old shall have been convicted of any offense punishable by imprisonment, except that of murder, or shall be a vagrant or incorrigibly vicious, the court or magis- trate may commit such boy to the said school. Such boys may be kept in school during their minority, or until homes or employment have been found 844 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. for them; boys shall be taught branches of useful knowledge and trades; such boys shall be clothed, instructed, and maintained at expense of State. Boys committed by any court of the United States may be admitted if the United States shall pay 50 cents daily for the support of each such child. Board may appoint school agent at no more than $100 per month and ex- penses. Inmates may be transferred to State reformatory when their presence is detrimental to the school. The State reformatory - shall be under management of State board of con- trol. Any person not less than 16 nor more than 30 years old, convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment in State prison, may be, for the first of- fense, sentenced to the State reformatory. Each prisoner shall be credited with good personal demeanor, diligence in labor and study, and shall be charged with offenses; such prisoners may be restored, upon release, to full citizenship upon evidence of good behavior while imprisoned. Inmates shall be instructed in trades or employments for which they seem best fitted. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Missouri: The Missouri Training School for Boys is established at Boonville. Board of managers shall consist of five members appointed by the governor; said board shall elect a superintendent and other necessary oflicers and em- ployees. Any boy under 18 years old who may have been convicted of a felony punishable by death or imprisonment for 10 years or longer may by a court of competent jurisdiction be committed to said school; any boy of said age convicted of any other felony or of a misdemeanor shall be committed to said school; commitment shall not be for a longer period than until the age of 21 is reached. Delinquent and neglected boys under 17 years old may be sent to said school by a juvenile court. There is established a State industrial home for girls. Board of control shall consist of four men and two women, appointed by the governor. Every girl between 7 and 18 years old who may be convicted of vagrancy or any offense not punishable with death or imprisonment for life, or whose associa- tions are immoral or who is incorrigible, may be committed by a court of competent jurisdiction to said industrial home until the age of 21 is reached ; delinquent and neglected girls under 17 years old may by the juvenile court be sent to said institution. Girls who are insane, idiotic, or afflicted with an incurable disease or who are so incorrigible as to be incapable of reformation shall not be committed to said institution. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Montana: In school districts having population of 25,000 or more a school for confinement, discipline, instruction, and maintenance of juvenile disorderly persons shall be maintained; no such school shall be located at or near any penal institution ; school trustees shall provi(Je building, etc., and elect prin- cipal, teachers, and other employees; parent or guardian shall provide clothing. Schl^l board shall make rules for parole of children, but such paroled child shall remain under custody of officers of school; principal of school to which child is returned shall report monthly to principal of indus- trial school as to conduct of child; if child violates conditions of parole, he shall be recommitted by trustees for not less than three months; for second breach of conditions, he shall be recommitted for not less than one year. District court may commit incorrigible child to State reform school. In dis- trict having a population of less than 25,000 trustees may establish such a school, but not until authorized by vote of the people. Where such school is established, trustees may receive pupils from other districts on payment for tuition. Misdemeanor for any ofiBcer, principal, or other person mentioned in U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 845 this chapter to neglect duties prescribed. Mayors, justices of the peace, police judges, and district courts shall have jurisdiction to try offenses under this chapter. See also A (bl), State boards; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Nebraska: There is established a State public school for dependent children, to be located at the Home for the Friendless. There shall be received those who are dependent for support, neglected, or ill treated, who are under 16 years of age, sound of mind, and free from disease. Object shall be to provide temporary home in said school until homes can be provided for children in good families. Whenever there shall be sufficient room for such children in said institutions it shall not be lawful to place them in any county poorhouse ; in admitting children to said school preference shall be given first to de- pendent and indigent orphans or half orphans of deceased soldiers of the State. The children admitted to such school shall be prorated as nearly as possible among the several counties ; expense of transportation shall be paid by counties where children reside; board may receive children either volun- tarily committed to it by parents or guardian or by county commissioners of any county, or by probate or juvenile court. Board may appoint an agent for the school ; agent is authorized to consent to adoption of inmates by suitable persons. A record shall be kept of all children. Biennial reports shall be made to governor. Said school shall be controlled by board of commissioners of State institutions. There is created a board of control for dependent and neglected children. Care of such cliildren shall be under direction of a commissioner ; governor is made such commissioner and shall appoint three deputy commissioners, who shall constitute the board of control ; one member to be appointed every two years ; term, six years. Board shall meet at least once a month ; shall elect from own number a president and secretary; State treasurer shall be treas- urer of board ; board shall provide for the care and training of such children and for placing them in private homes at the earliest practicable date. Those children under 16 years old and of sound mind, committed by any court as dependent, neglected, or ill treated, shall be under control of said board. Parents or guardians shall pay for care of such children, but in cases of in- digency county commissioners shall pay sum of $2 per week for each child committed. Agent of board shall receive salary not to exceed $1,500 per year. Board shall make biennial reports to governor. Delinquent, neglected, or dependent children may under certain conditions remain in their own homes or be maintained in any private home under the supervision of probation officer. The Boys' Industrial School shall be a school for the retention, education, discipline, industrial training, and reformation of male juvenile offenders; inmates shall be instructed in morals and in mechanical arts and trades. When a sane boy under 18 years old shall be found guilty of any crime by any court of record, except for murder or manslaughter, or who for want of proper parental care is growing up in mendicancy or crime, the court may commit said boy to the State industrial school instead of to the State penitentiary. Any boy under 16 years old convicted of crime by a justice of peace or other inferior court may be committed to said institution if crime is not murder or manslaughter. Boys so committed shall remain in said institution until 21 years old, unless paroled or legally discharged. It shall be unlawful for any person to assist any boy or girl to escape from the State industrial schools or to harbor or conceal such boy or girl. Said school shall be under control of board of commissioners of State institutions. 846 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The purpose of the Girls' Industrial School shall be the retention, educa- tion, discipline, industrial training, and reformation of female juvenile delin- quents; girls committed to the school shall be instructed in principles of morality, self-government, and domestic duties, and such other branches of knowledge as are taught in public schools ; suitable practical industries may also be taught. Said school shall be under control of board of commissioners of State institutions. In the Nebraska Reformatory instruction shall be in the elementary school courses and in pursuits by which prisoners may support themselves when released; said instructions shall chiefly be given in agriculture and horticul- ture. Shall be under control of board of commissioners of State institutions. See also A (bl), State boards; U (c), Juvenile courts. Nevada: There is established the Nevada School of Industry. Said school shall provide a suitable home for delinquent boys, where they shall receive moral, industrial, and general education, but the permanent board of gov- ernment of such institution shall be authorized to provide for the care of such children of either sex, or by sending female delinquents to other insti- tutions of like kind. Permanent board shall consist of governor and four persons appointed by him, one each year; term, four years; by a majority vote of board any member may be removed; no board member shall receive •compensation except actual expenses incident to business of said school, said expenses to be paid out of funds of said school ; salary of superintendent of said school shall not exceed $2,400 per year; board may borrow money for school at rate not to exceed 6 per cent; superintendent of said school shall furnish bond. Purpose of school shall be to qualify inmates for profitable and honorable employment after release from institution; inmates may re- ceive small sums in lieu of clothing and other necessary articles, if such course would better promote discipline and training; it shall be lawful for courts to commit to said institution delinquent boys; an ad valorem tax of 2 cents on each $100 of taxable property in the State shall be levied for the support of said school. The children included in the State orphans' home shall be included in the school census of Carson City school district, and in addition $1,500 shall be appropriated annually from the State treasury for school use in said dis- trict. The board of directors of the orphans' home may admit children of living parents when such parents are unable to properly support and educate such children, and also such dependent and neglected children as may be committed to said home by any district court of this State. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. New Hampshire: The governor and council shall appoint five persons, one each year, term five years, to serve as a State board of charities and correction; it shall be the duty of said board to see that dependent minor children re- ceive suitable education, training, and support; the reasonable expenses of said board shall be paid by the State. Dependent or neglected children shall be sent to the New Hampshire Orphans' Home or some similar institution. The State industrial school shall be under the supervision and administra- tion of the State board of control. The superintendent and treasurer of said school shall each give bond and shall keep complete record of affairs of school; superintendent shall annually file with the secretary of state a full report of the institution ; books and accounts shall be open to examination of governor and council or of a committee of the legislature; board of control shall at least once in every six months examine books and accounts of in- stitution. Said institution may receive juvenile convicts sent by United U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 847 States authorities upon payment of reasonable compensation for same. The superintendent and his assistants shall have charge of pupils of said insti- tution, shall discipline, govern, instruct, and employ them, and shall use their best endeavors to preserve their health, promote their improvement in such studies, trades, and employments as may be suited to their ages and capacities, and to secure the formation of moral, religious, and industrial habits; shall keep complete register of pupils. Board may bind out any pupil of industrial school as an apprentice or servant. Any pupil distinguish- ing himself by obedience, diligence, and good conduct may be discharged by the board. Whenever any person is committed to the industrial school the State treasurer shall pay to board of control for board and instruction of such person a sum not exceeding $1.50 per week. The sum of $16,000 is appropriated for years of 1913 and 1914 for the sup- port and education of deaf and dumb and blind persons of the State. Upon the recommendation of the State board of charities and correction, assistance shall be furnished to such persons, asylums, schools, or other institutions designed for the purpose as the governor and council shall direct; such assistance shall not affect the settlement of any person or his right to vote. Cruelty to or neglect of any minor under 14 years old shall be a misde- meanor. No minor under age of 18 years old shall be admitted to a saloon or place where intoxicating liquors are sold, exchanged, or given away, or at dance houses and concert saloons, or at any licensed billiard or pool room unless accompanied by parent or guardian; any violation of these provisions shall be punished by fine not exceeding $20. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in a public exhibition, but such shall not be construed, to prevent the education of children in music or their employment as musicians in church, chapel, school, or school exhibition, or to prevent their taking part in any concert or musical exhibition. No person shall sell or give away toy firearms. If any person shall furnish tobacco in any form to a minor, he shall be fined not exceeding $50 for each offense. No person shall print or publish, or sell, lend, give, or show to any other person obscene literature of any nature whatever, and no person shall advertise such literature, and no person shall in any manner employ any minor to distribute such literature. No minor between the ages of 3 and 15 years shall be supported at any alms- house in the State for more than 60 days unless consent of board of charities shall have been obtained, except such as are under serious physical disa- bility or are mentally incapacitated for education, or are under sentence for crime ; and it shall be the duty of commissioners of the various counties to find homes for such minor children within said period of 60 days ; if suitable homes have not been found for such children within 60 days then State board of charities shall have control over such children and find a home for same at the expense of county. It shall be the duty of the overseers of the towns and cities to procure homes for indigent minor children. The over- seers of the poor may send indigent minor children to the New Hampshire Orphans' Home or to any other suitable like institution in the State. " Minor children " shall mean here children uner 16 years old and also such children over 16 years and under 21 years old as by reason of physical or mental In- firmity are incapable of supporting themselves. Courts shall designate suit- able times for the hearing of cases of juvenile offenders, and dependent or delinquent children, which shall be called the session for children, for which a separate docket shall be kept ; said session shall be separate from that for trial of criminal cases, and when practicable shall be in rooms not used for such trials; no minor shall be present at any such hearing unless his presence Is necessary; no newspaper shall publish proceedings of any juvenile court. 848 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Any reputable person, knowing of a dependent or neglected child, may file with clerk of the court a petition setting forth such facts; a summons or warrant may be issued for the appearance of the person having custody of such child, together with the child, to appear in court; pending final decision of case, child may be left in possession of person having charge of same or in posses- sion of the probation officer, or in some suitable place provided by city, county, or State authorities. The justice of each police court shall appoint a proba- tion officer who shall not be a member of police force but shall have police powers; probation officer shall inquire into criminal cases in courts under whose jurisdiction he acts, and may recommend placing convicted persons on probation ; said officer shall keep a record of all persons placed on proba- tion. Clerk of court, or in absence thereof the justice, shall notify State board of charities and correction of apiwintment of probation officer ; proba- tion officer shall make monthly report to said State board; comi)ensation of said officer shall be determined by justice of court and paid by city or, town. Court may commit a dependent or neglected child under 17 years old to the care of some reputable citizen or to some association willing to receive it for the purpose of placing it in some home; court may cause such child, when health of child demands it, to be treated in some hospital when same is done without charge. Delinquent children may be placed under care of probation officer or in some suitable home; such children, for certain offenses, may be brought before superior court, and may be committed to the State industrial school pending decision of superior court. No court shall commit a child under 17 years old to a jail or police station, but child may instead be placed in care of probation officer ; no child shall be sentenced to confinement with adult convicts. The court in committing children shall place them as far as practicable in homes or institutions of same religious beliefs as parents of children. The probate judge upon application may commit any feeble-minded child or any feeble-minded female of child-bearing age, when not already cared for by a proper institution, to the New Hampshire School for Feeble- minded Children. Feeble-minded persons shall be admitted to the institution in the following order : First, those in public institutions supported entirely at public expense; second, those not supported as aforesaid; third, those of State not in any public institution who have no parents, kinsmen, or guardian able to provide for them, or persons committed by a judge of probate ; fourth, those whose parents, kinsmen, or guardian are able to support them; fifth, children of other States whose parents or guardians are able and willing to pay. Whenever a minor under age of 17 shall be convicted of an offense punishable by imprisonment, otherwise than for life and sentenced accord- ingly, upon application by the proper person, the court may order such child sent to the industrial school instead of to prison, term at industrial school not to extend beyond the age of 21 years. Governor and council authorized to appoint three suitable persons to investigate all matters relating to the welfare of dependent, defective, and delinquent children, and all institutions for the care of such children in the State. It shall be the duty of county commissioners to provide partial support for women who are of good repute and dependent on their own efforts for support, and are mothers of children under 16 years old ; the allowance to each of such women shall not be more than $10 per month for first child, and $5 for each of the other children under 16 years. Such allowance shall be made by county commissioners upon the recommendation of school board and only upon the following conditions: First, child or children must be living with mother; second, such allowance must enable mother to be at home with children; third, mother must be a U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 849 proper person for bringing up tier cliildren; fourtii, such allowance must be necessary to lieep ciiild from neglect ; fifth, mother shall have been a residenlf of the county for at least two years. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. New Jersey: Board of education of any school district may establish and maintain a special school for restraining, instructing, and caring for de- pendent and delinquent children under 16 years old, committed by the juve- nile court to said school; such school shall be a part of the public-school system; such school may have complete control of such child at discretion of the court; such child may be returned to parents and to regular public schools whenever said board may so direct; any child under 16 years old arrested for any cause except murder or manslaughter, and pupils habitually truant or incorrigible, may, by order of juvenile court, be held in such school until final judgment is passed. Such schools shall provide industrial training, and shall be conducted as homes: there shall be a superintendent, teachers, and other employees; teachers shall hold such certificates as are required by teachers in the public schools. School board in a district not main- taining such school shall provide expenses of such children in such school in another district. Parents of such child shall. If able, support such child in such school. Reports shall be made of such schools to State board of education as prescribed by it; superintendent of any such school shall, when so required, make reports to juvenile court. Moneys for lands, buildings, and equipment for such schools shall be appropriated in same manner as for regular public schools. Rules for government of such schools and courses of study shall, subject to approval of State board of education, be prescribed by district board of education; board of education may locate such school outside the school district; location and establishment of such schools must meet approval of said State board. The State home for boys shall be under control of a board of six trustees appointed by the governor, with advice and consent of the Senate; two ap- pointed each year, to serve three years; not more than three trustees shall belong to same political party; governor may remove any trustee from oflBce; said board shall be a body corporate. Powers and duties of hoard: To enact by-laws for their own government; prescribe rules and orders relative to care, discipline, and government of inmates; provide instruction and em- ployment for inmates and discharge, parole, or remand them; appoint, pre- scribe duties, and fix salaries of a superintendent, steward, teachers, and such other officers as may be required. Instruction shall be given in branches of useful knowledge and in some regular course of labor, and also in moral- ity ; a clergyman or clergymen may be employed to give such moral instruc- tion. One or more of trustees shall visit said institution at least once every fortnight, and majority shall make such visit once in every three months; trustees shall make annual report to governor who shall present such report to legislature. Trustees shall elect one of their number treasurer, said treasurer to file bond in sum of $10,000 ; shall elect secretary, who shall keep record of business of trustees; shall make quarterly report to governor. Sum of $160 shall be annually appropriated by State for each inmate in said institution. Superintendent of said institution shall have charge and custody of inmates; shall file bond, keep proper records, and make quar- terly reports to judges; may arrest escaped inmates without warrant. Every commitment to said home shall be until boy attains age of 21 years, and no longer; inmates may be paroled or discharged, or may be transferred to State reformatory when deemed advisable. Any boy under 16 years old '—15 54 850 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. convicted of any crime (except murder or manslaughter), or who is dis- orderly, vagrant, or habitually truant, may be committed by the proper court to said home. Every inmate shall be liable for his expenses; the legal cus- todian of any inmate shall be liable for such expenses ; trustees may remit such liability. No boy under 8 years of age shall be committed to said home. Inmates may be bound out. The State home for girls shall be under control of a board of five trustees, three of whom shall be women, appointed by governor, one each year, to serve five years; said trustees shall elect officers from their own number; secretary shall keep a record of business of board ; trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses. Trustees shall enact by-laws and rules for said home; shall provide instruction and employment for inmates, and may bind them out, discharge, parole, and remand them; shall appoint a superintendent, woman physician, teachers, and other em- ployees and fix their salaries. Said board shall be a body corporate. In- mates shall be Instructed in branches of useful knowledge, in morality, religion, and the trades. One or more trustees shall visit said home at least once in every two weeks; trustees shall visit and inspect said home once every three months; trustees shall make annual report to governor, who shall lay the same before the legislature, and shall also make quarterly re- ports to governor. Superintendent shall have charge and custody of inmates ; shall file bond in sum of $2,000 ; shall make quarterly report to judges of the State; may arrest escaped inmates without warrant. Girls under 19 years and over 10 years old may be committed to said home by the proper court if convicted of any crime (except murder or manslaughter) or of vagrancy or habitual truancy. Inmates and their legal custodians shall be liable for expenses of said inmates. Commitment shall be for period until Inmate at- tains age of 21 years, unless said inmate is paroled or discharged before attaining such age. Governor shall appoint seven persons, two to be women, to compose State board of childrens' guardians; members shall be appointed in groups of two, two and three, one group every two years, to serve six years; members shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses. Powers and duties of said l)oard: To adopt rules and regulations; have care of and maintain general supervision over indigent, helpless, dependent, abandoned, friendless, and poor children who are or may become public charges ; appoint and fix salaries of agents, one such agent to be a woman; place each child in care of some family of same religious faith as parents of such child; place such child in a suitable institution until home may be found, but this provision shall not interfere with placing of such child by any board of chosen freeholders; visit families and institutions where such children are placed; make annual report to governor and legislature. County board of chosen freeholders shall provide funds for objects of this act, to be not less than $1.50 per week for each child; proper officers in any county, township, bor- ough, city, or other municipality shall provide in their budget for such ex- pense. Overseers of the poor shall report facts relative to such children to said State board of childrens' guardians ; such children shall become wards of such board; said board may return children to the parent, parents, or other relative agreeing to assume care and maintenance of such child. Board of inspectors of the State prison shall establish in said prison a school for instruction of inmates; prison school board shall consist of prin- cipal keeper of the prison, two members of board of inspectors, and the moral instructors in said prison. Duties of said school hoard: To make rules; U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 851 to appoint and fix terms and salaries of teachers; purchase textbooks and supplies; prescribe course of study. Course of study shall be equivalent to that of public schools, and must be approved by State board of education; teachers must possess certificates issued under rules of State board; head teacher shall not be an inmate of said prison, but inmates may be appointed as assistants ; no inmate of prison shall be admitted as a pupil in said school except upon consent of principal keeper. Prison school board shall annually make report to board of inspectors and to State board of education. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. New Mexico: The management of State reform school shall be vested in a board of five regents appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term, four years; not more than three of regents shall belong to same political party at the time of their appointment. Said board shall be a body corporate ; majority, a quorum ; secretary and treasurer shall give bond in the sum of $10,000; the governor shall be ex officio an advisory member of said board. Duties of board :-To pass and enforce by-laws, rules, and regulations for said school ; provide books, apparatus, instruments, medicines, clothing, food, and supplies, and other necessary material ; employ teachers, physicians, and other employees, and fix their salaries. Said school is for purpose of confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of any persons of idle, vicious, or vagrant habits, of both sexes, under age of 18 years, who may be convicted of any offense less than a felony punishable by imprisonment for life. Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcohol and narcotics, shall be taught in said school The Asylum of the Sisters of Charity of Santa Fe is constituted an orphans home and industrial school for the care, support, and education of the orphan and indigent children of the State, the same to be known as the Orphans' Home and Industrial School of New Mexico. The board of super- visors shall consist of the governor and two persons appointed by the legis- lature; term, two years; said institution shall be under the care, charge, control, and custody of the Sisters of Charity of Santa Fe, subject to the supervision of the board of supervisors ; such institution shall be allowed the sum of $10 per month for each child cared for therein, to be paid out of the State treasury.. It shall be the duty of probate judges to place orphan and indigent children in proper private homes; it shall be the duty of the Sisters of Charity to likewise place such children in suitable homes. No more than $5,000 shall be expended in any one year by the State for the Orphans' Home and Industrial School. New York: The schools of the incorporated orphan asylum societies, other than those in city of New York, shall receive school moneys, in same man- ner and to same extent as the common schools; said schools shall be sub- ject to the rules and regulations of the common schools ; person in charge of each such school shall make annual report to commissioner of education. The New York State Training School for Girls shall be under control of board of seven managers, appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, one each year, to serve seven years; two of managers shall be women, and one a physician of 10 years' practice. Said board shall have charge of all matters relating to the government, discipline, contracts, and fiscal concerns of said school, and shall make rules therefor. Superintendent of said school shall be a woman. Said school shall be open to delinquent girls under 16 years old, committed by a court or magistrate. Every female com- mitted to said school shall continue to be a ward of said school until 21 years 852 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. old, notwithstanding her discharge or parole; inmates may be bound out. Inmates shall be taught useful trades. Female juvenile delinquents under sentences by the courts of the United States may be admitted to said school. The State Agricultural and Industrial School at Industry shall be under control of a board of managers of seven members appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, one each year, to serve seven years. Powers and duties: To make rules and by-laws; employ and fix salaries of officers; make annual report to legislature ; do such other things as are necessary for welfare of said school. Commitment shall be by the courts; boys under 16 years old received ; inmates may be bound out. Instruction shall be given in branches of useful knowledge and industries; military drill may be insti- tuted. Inmates may be transferred to other suitable institutions. Juvenile delinquents under sentences by courts of United States may be received. No female shall be received into said school. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. North Carolina: The Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School is established. Trustees: Four women named in the act and eleven appointed by the governor. Trustees may receive for training and moral de- velopment such criminally delinquent children under 16 years old as may be committed to said school by the judges of the superior court or the recorders or other presiding officers of the city or criminal courts; trustees may detain such children during their minority. They may employ a superintendent and necessary assistants and make rules for the government of the school. In- corrigible inmates may, on recommendation of the trustees, be transferred by the governor to the State prison, a jail, or chain gang. Boys and girls shall be kept separate. North Dakota: A State reform school for the detention, instruction, and reformation of such juvenile offenders of both sexes under 18 years old as may be committed thereto according to law is located at Mandan. Said school shall be under the management and control of the State board of con- trol. Officers shall be a superintendent, a matron, and such teachers and assistants as may be deemed necessary. A district court or county court of competent jurisdiction may commit any minor under 18 years old guilty of a crime or offense other than murder to said school ; commitment shall be until the age of 21 is reached, but board of control may parole 'any inmate com- mitted when under 16 years old or any other inmate committed between the ages of 16 and 18 if not guilty of a felony. Ohio: Boys' Industrial School shall have as its object the reformation of those committed to its care; inmates shall remain until of age, unless sooner re- formed. Boys not under 10 nor over 18 years old may be committed to said school on conviction of any offense against laws of State. The superintend- ent of said school may apprentice inmates. Trustees may appoint a record officer who shall keep in communication with apprenticed and former inmates for the purpose of aiding them; such officer shall report to trustees; super- intendent shall appoint chaplain for school; trustees shall establish rules under which inmates may be paroled. The county shall pay transportation of a youth committed to said school, except in case crime is punishable by penitentiary imprisonment, when the State shall bear such expense. Such branches of education and industry shall be taught as trustees may prescribe. Juvenile offenders from other correctional or penal institutions may, under certain conditions, be transferred to said school ; inmates of said school may be transferred to Ohio State Reformatory when advisable. Officers shall par- ticipate in manual labor and other exercises of inmates. Trustees may pur- U (e). SCHOOLS FOE DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 853 chase materials for manufacture, and sell the products thereof and of the farm for the use of the said school. Girls' Industrial School shall be for Instruction, employment, and reforma- tion of evil-disposed, incorrigible, and vicious girls; trustees shall appoint a chief matron for said school ; such matron shall direct management of school farm, appoint employees, keep accounts, and divide pro rata the profits of school among inmates when honorably discharged. Inmates shall receive in- struction in the customary branches — industry, morality, and physical train- ing. Chief matron, subject to approval of trustees, shall appoint a woman physician for said school, salary not less than $1,200 nor more than $1,800 per year. A girl under 18 years old sentenced to any penal institution may, under certain conditions, be transferred to said school. Inmates shall remain in said school until age of 21 years unless reformed, discharged, bound out, or paroled ; chief matron may, with consent of trustees, appoint four women as parole oflScers. In case an inmate is bound out, one-third of her wages shall be deposited by the chief matron in a savings bank, to be held in trust for such inmate. Discharged inmates may, under certain conditions, be re- ceived back into said school. Any girl between ages of 9 and 18 years guilty of an offense punishable by fine or imprisonment, other than life imprison- ment, and a proper subject for commitment to said school, shall be brought before juvenile judge of the county, whereupon she may be committed to said school. County commissioners may receive any gift of property for purchase of site, to erect thereon and maintain an orphans' asylum, to be approved by board of State charities. Said commissioners may, upon petition of 200 tax- payers, submit question of county children's home to voters. County com- missioners of any county having no county children's home may aid an in- corporated children's home, the same to be known as a semipublic home. The director of public safety may place children committed to his care in private homes. Counties may unite for purpose of establishing and maintaining children's homes. The Ohio State Reformatory shall be under control of board of six members, appointed one each year by governor, with advice and consent of the senate, to serve six years; not more than three such members shall belong to same political party. Board shall receive all male criminals between ages of 16 and 30 years if not previously sentenced to a State prison ; male persons be- tween ages of 16 and 21 years, convicted of felony, shall be sentenced to said reformatory ; no person convicted of murder in first or second degree shall be sentenced or transferred to said reformatory. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c). Juvenile courts. Oklahoma: Oklahoma State Home is hereby created and etsablished as home of white children of sound mind and body under age of 16 years, who are de- pendent on the public for support; shall be under control of State board of education; said board may admit dependent and neglected children regard- less of physical condition. Said board shall make rules and regulations for said home ; shall appoint a superintendent, who shall appoint other employees of institution; shall prescribe duties of employees and fix their salaries. Said home shall be a temporary home for children until they can be placed in fam- ily homes, but inmates may be retained until 18 years old or until self-support- ing after 16 years of age. Said board shall be guardian of children committed to said home. Said children shall be placed in private homes only under written contract. Those children who are vicious or incorrigible or are un- suited in other ways to remain inmates of said home shall be returned to 854 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. counties from which they were sent. Said board may employ some person as State agent for said home. No child shall be received in said home except by commitment by juvenile court of the county of child's residence. When there are more children in counties than can be admitted to said home, the number to be admitted shall be prorated among counties on basis of number of such children in the several counties. Those having charge of such children placed in private homes shall make quarterly reports relative to such children to the State home. Any person desiring to take a child from said home by indenture or adoption may apply to superintendent ; to receive such children, private homes shall be suitable in every respect, and children shall receive kind treatment. Records shall be kept of children committed to State home. Expenditures of said home shall not exceed appropriations therefor. Board shall make annual report to governor and to commissioner of charities. The State board of education shall have control of the State training school ; said board shall appoint a superintendent for said school at a salary of $2,500 per year. Boys committed shall remain until 21 years old unless sooner reformed; girls until 18 years old unless sooner reformed. System of credits shall be used in said school; inmates may be placed in suitable private homes. Superintendent shall give bond in sum of $5,000. Inmates may, upon certain conditions, be bound out. Any boy vicious or incorrigible, between ages of 7 and 16 years, may be committed to said school by the magistrate or justice of the peace. State board shall appoint officers and employees of said school and fix their salaries. Transportation of children committed shall be paid by the counties. Instruction shall be of practical character. Girls may be received into said school. The institute for the deaf, blind, and orphans of the colored race is hereby located at Taft; same shall be under control of State board of education; purpose shall be to teach inmates the rudiments of English and practical industries. All persons between ages of 16 and 25 years convicted of crime punishable by imprisonment shall be confined in Oklahoma State Reformatory; trans- fers may be made to or from State penitentiary when advisable; inmates of said institution may be worked on the public roads, in granite quarries, or in other legitimate classes of work. Said institution shall be under control of a warden appointed by board of prison control. See also A (bl), State boards; U (c), Juvenile courts. Oregon: This act shall apply only to persons under 18 years old. A "de- pendent child" is any child who is homeless, found begging, or in immoral surroundings, or, if under 14, who is found begging or selling any article or taking part in any public entertainment. A " delinquent child " is any child under 18 who violates the law, is incorrigible, a truant, or frequents immoral places. County courts shall have jurisdiction under this act, except that in counties having 100,000 population or more a judge of the circuit court named by said court shall have jurisdiction. Cases under this act shall be tried separately from other cases ; when any child is adjudged dependent or delin- quent the court may order only a temporary record kept. Any reputable person of the county may file complaint against a child. When complaint is filed a citation or notice shall issue to parent, guardian, or person in posses- sion of the child or to relative of child, and the child shall be presented in court and the judge shall determine the case. The juvenile court may ap- point one or more persons of the county as probation officers, who shall appear for child, give evidence in the case, and have charge of child be- fore and after trial. In any county having 100,000 or more population a detention house or home shall be maintained, to which court may commit U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 855 children for limited periods. A dependent child under 18 years old may be committed to some suitable State institution, to the care of some reputable citizen, or to some other suitable institution or association, and court may thereafter set aside such order. A delinquent child may be kept under pro- bation by court, be placed in a family home, or committed to a suitable institution; commitment may not extend beyond the age of 21. A child ad- judged delinquent shall remain a ward of the juvenile court; a vicious, incapable, or criminal child under 18 may be remanded to the regular court for disposition of the case. No child under 14 years old shall be committed to a jail or police station. Court may require parent or parents to support their child or children. The Oregon State training school shall be governed by the State board of control. Said board shall appoint a superintendent and necessary officers and teachers. Said school shall be maintained for the confinement, disci- pline, education, employment, and reformation of juvenile offenders ; commit- ments shall be made by county court or juvenile court, and shall be limited to youths between 10 and 16 years old who are incorrigible or found guilty of an offense punishable by imprisonment. Traveling and other necessary expenses connected with commitment of youth shall be borne by county. All commitments shall be until youth reaches majority, but board may discharge inmate on parole. Any boy continuing incorrigible may be returned to the county from which committed and proceeded against in other court as though no commitment had been made by juvenile court. Male and female inmates shall be kept entirely separate. See also A (f), Administrative units — district, etc. Pennsylvania: The governor shall appoint a board of managers for said reformatory which shall consist of five members, one member appointed every two years, term 10 years. Male criminals between 15 and 25 years old may be admitted to said reformatory. Purpose of said reformatory shall be to prevent young first offenders from becoming confirmed criminals. Inmates shall be instructed in such subjects as will make them self-supporting, honest citizens upon their release. Subjects of instruction shall include rudiments of English, manual handicraft, and vocational training. See also A (d), District boards and officers; U (c). Juvenile courts. Rhode Island: The governor, with advice and consent of senate, shall appoint six members, three of whom shall be women, to compose board of control of State home and school for children ; term, three years ; board of control may appoint and fix compensation of secretary, who shall be a member of board ex officio and who shall file bond and keep records of board ; board inembers, except secretary, shall receive no compensation for services, but shall be allowed traveling expenses. Board shall make rules and regulations for school and shall appoint and fix compensation of all employees. Children be- tween 4 and 14 years of age who are vagrant, neglected, or dependent on the public for support shall be received into said school; children under 4 years old may be received under certain conditions ; pupils shall remain until 18 years old unless otherwise ordered by board ; board may exclude children for good cause. Board may place children committed to their care in suitable private homes. Commitment of children to said school shall be by the court of probate upon a certification of facts by any superintendent of the poor or agent of the Rhode Island Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chil- dren; parents or guardians shall be heard in such cases. Board shall keep a record of all children committed to said school and shall make an annual report to legislature. 856 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The State reform school shall be maintained for the confinement, instruc- tion, and reformation of juvenile offenders and of young persons of idle, vicious, or vagrant habits; it shall be divided into two departments, one for boys and one for girls; shall be governed by State board of charities and corrections. Duties of said hoard: To have general charge of said school; adopt rules and regulations; maintain strict discipline; provide employment for inmates, bind them out, discharge or remand them, or permit them to live at home or elsewhere under its control ; appoint a superintendent, who shall, with approval of board, appoint other employees ; fix salaries of all employees. Children may be admitted upon requests of parents. Board may receive children between ages of 7 and 18 years; children shall remain for at least two years, but not longer than the period of their minority. Commitment to said school may be by any court. Board may bind out inmates as servants or apprentices. Instruction shall be in principles of virtue and morality and in the branches of useful labor. See also A (bl), State boards; H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. South Carolina: The South Carolina Industrial School is established; it is a body corporate. Board of trustees: Governor, superintendent of education, and attorney general, ex officio, and seven members appointed by the gov- ernor ; term of appointive members, six years, two or three, as case requires, being appointed every two years; compensation, $3 per day and 4 cents per mile traveled for attending meetings, but total expenditure for this purpose shall not exceed $600 per annum. Said board may make rules for the gov- ernment of the institution and appoint necessary employees. White boys between 8 and 17 years old may be voluntarily committed to said school by parents or guardians with the approval of a judge of the circuit court, pro- bate court, or county court, but trustees may require reasonable sums to pay for maintenance and tuition of boys voluntarily committed; boy having no one in control of him may commit himself. Commitments shall be during minority, unless boy is sooner discharged by trustees or released by order of supreme court or circuit court. Court may commit to said school any boy convicted of an offense punishable by imprisonment or hard labor. Board may parole an inmate. A reformatoi-y for colored boys is established. South Dakota: The South Dakota Training School shall be under the control of the State board of charities and corrections. Said school shall be located at or near Plankinton and shall be for the reformation and instruction of such boys and girls under 18 years old as may be lawfully committed thereto. Board with consent of parents or guardians, or if there may be none, may bind out an inmate during his or her minority or for a shorter period. The superintendent and such subordinate officers as the board may appoint shall have immediate control of inmates. When a boy or girl under 18 years old shall in any county court or court of record be convicted of any crime except murder, said court may commit the accused to the training school ; upon complaint of parent or guardian that any boy or girl (child or ward) is incorrigible, court may commit such boy or girl to said school. Com- mitments shall not extend beyond the minority of the child ; board may dis- charge an inmate as a reward for good conduct. Any inmate found to be epileptic or feeble-minded may by a county court or circuit court be trans- ferred to the Northern Hospital for the Insane. Board may parole an inmate. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Tennessee: The Tennessee Reformatory for Boys is established in Davidson County. Board of five trustees appointed by the governor ; term, five years, one being appointed each year; governor shall be ex officio a member. A U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 857 superintendent and a manager of the experiment station shall be appointed by board; board shall regulate employment of other employees. All boys under 18 years old convicted of an offense punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary shall be committed to said reformatory. Board may at any time introduce any mechanical, industrial, or agricultural pursuit. An incor- rigible or otherwise unfit inmate may be removed by the superintendent and sent to the penitentiary if convicted of an offense punishable by imprison- ment therein. Board may place an inmate on probation with a proper citizen of the State. An agricultural and horticultural experiment station is estab- lished in connection with said reformatory; such station shall be under the direction of the manager of the same. The Tennessee Industrial School for orphan, helpless, wayward, and abandoned children is established. Board of directors composed of governor, secretary of state, comptroller and treasurer, ex ofllcio, and seven members, appointed first by governor, two for two years, two for four years, and three for six years; thereafter vacancies filled by nomination of board and con- firmation by senate. Dependent and neglected children between 8 and 16 years old may be committed to said school by any judge or chairman of a county court. Said school may receive any child placed in its care by the parent or parents of such child without authority of any court, and such child may be kept until 21 years old, unless withdrawn by parent or parents. Parent or parents may, and guardian other than parent must, invoke the authority of the court when it is desired to place child in said school on the ground of incorrigibility ; children received at request of parents or guardians must be provided by said parents or guardians with sufficient funds for maintenance. Instruction shall be given in branches of useful knowledge. White and colored races shall be kept separate, as shall also the sexes. Com- mitments other than those made on motion of parents or guardians shall be until the age of 21 is reached, unless child is sooner paroled or discharged by proper officers of the school. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c). Juvenile courts. Texas: An "institution for the training of juveniles" is established; board of trustees composed of three men and two women; trustees appointed by gov- ernor for term of two years. Board shall make rules governing such insti- tution and shall report biennially to governor. Instruction shall be provided in common-school, industrial, manual, and agricultural branches. Said board shall, with approval of governor, appoint a superintendent. Duties of sv/per- intendent: To keep a record of all inmates; carry out orders of trustees or governor; see to care of buildings and premises; keep accounts of receipts and expenditures ; make semiannual reports to trustees and governor and sup- plemental reports when required; sell products of institution when not needed ; appoint subordinate officers needed. All juveniles sentenced to insti- tution by competent courts and all male persons under 16 years old who have been convicted of a felony and whose terms of confinement shall not exceed five years shall be committed to such institution, but white inmates shall be kept separate. When superintendent is satisfied that an inmate has acquired self-control, moral habits, and industrial efficiency, and suitable employment can be found, such inmate may be granted leave on probation; after favorable reports for six months parole may be made permanent. The State orphan asylum shall be under the control of six trustees appointed by the governor; term, six years, two being appointed every two years. Said board may admit all orphan children of the State, subject to such restrictions as said board may deem requisite. 858 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Utah: The State industrial school shall be under control of a board of trustees, consisting of the attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, and five residents of the State, not more than three of whom shall belong to same political party, appointed by the governor ; term, four years ; each appointive trustee shall file bond in sum of $1,000. Said school shall be for confinement, discipline, education, employment, and reformation of juvenile offenders com- mitted to it according to law. Power of hom'd: To enact by-laws, rules, and regulations; provide employment and instruction for inmates; appoint, pre- scribe duties, and fix salaries of a steward, teachers, and other employees. Trustees shall serve without pay, but shall be allowed official expenses ; treas- urer of school shall be one of trustees and he shall file bond in sum of $20,000 ; board shall appoint a secretary and a superintendent, not to be mem- bers of the board, and such officers shall file bond ; one or more trustees shall visit said school once each month and entire board shall make such visits when deemed necessary. Instruction shall be given in morality, branches of useful knowledge, and in the trades; inmates may be bound out, with consent of parents or guardians or of such inmates themselves, as apprentices. Any person under 18 years old convicted in any district court of any crime except murder may be committed by said court to said school ; incorrigible or vicious persons under 18 years old may, upon application of parents, guardians, or other persons, be committed to said school ; persons between ages of 8 and 16 who are habitual truants from school or are vicious, immoral, or ungovern- able in conduct may be committed to said industrial school. Parents or guardians shall, when able, pay expenses of children so committed to said school. Inmates of said school shall remain until 21 years old unless paroled or discharged. Female inmates may, with consent of industrial school board, be placed in other institutions ; funds of said school may be used to support such persons in such institutions. Any person who shall aid any inmate to escape, or who shall harbor such inmate, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Board may return any inmate whose presence is detrimental to welfare of school to the county of his or her residence. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; U (c), Juvenile courts. Vermont: The Vermont Industrial School at Vergennes shall be the reform school of the State for the discipline, correction, and reformation of juvenile offenders. Board of control of such school shall consist of three persons ap- pointed by governor, one every two years; term, six years. Duties of said hoard: To visit school once in three months; make inquiries relative to school and advise superintendent; purchase supplies for said school; fix salaries of employees of such school as are appointed by superintend- ent of school; make biennial report to the governor; may bind out in- mates; appoint superintendent for said school for a term of two years. Superintendent shall have immediate control of said school; shall make biennial report to legislature. When any boy under 16 years old or a girl under 16 years old but not less than years old is convicted of an offense not punishable by death the court may sentence such offender to said school ; a boy under 10 years old shall not be committed to said school for offense punishable by fine only. County courts may commit persons over 16 years old to said school ; commitment may be made for period until child is of age. Children may be admitted to said school on application of parents or guard- ians; parents or guardians shall in such cases, when able, pay expenses of child, otherwise child may be admitted without compensation to school. Charitable institutions may apply to probate court for admission of children to said school. Board may discharge children for cause. Inmates shall be instructed in religion and morality and in useful branches of knowledge. U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 859 Inmates may, when deemed wise, be transferred to house of correction ; may be placed in private homes. Said school shall be in parental relation to inmates. See also U (c), Juvenile courts. Virginia: A public school is established on the grounds of the Prison Asso- ciation of Virginia, at Laurel, for the instruction of boys and youths confined therein. Said school shall be under control of State board of education, except that discipline shall be under control of association; pupils shall attend at least three hours each school day, but association may require longer hours. State appropriates $1,000 annually to pay teachers. A public school is established on the grounds of the Negro Reformatory Association of Virginia, in Hanover County, for the instruction of boys and youths in that institution ; said school shall be under the control of the State board of education, except that discipline^ shall be under control of associa- tion. Pupils shall attend at least three hours each school day. The sum of $600 is annually appropriated for the payment of teachers. Washington: Parental or truant schools may be established and maintained in cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more for purpose of confinement, discipline, instruction, and maintenance of truant and incorrigible children, committed thereto. No such school shall be located more than 10 miles from the city so establishing it, and such school shall not be located near a penal institu- tion. Directors may employ a superintendent and subordinates for such school, prescribe course of instruction, and shall have such other powers as are prescribed by law for management of public schools. No religious instruc- tion shall be given in such school, but religious services may be held therein. Commitment shall be by the court upon petition of truant officer or of any reputable citizen of the community; no child shall be committed to such school who has been convicted of an offense punishable by confinement in any penal institution. Upon receipt of petition clerk of court shall order sheriff of county to bring such child before the court; court may commit child to such school until he or she arrives at age of 14 years unless sooner discharged. Parent or guardian shall furnish clothing for children committed to such school; if parent or guardian shall fail to furnish clothing, directors may furnish same and may take action against such parent or guardian to re- cover cost of same. Board of directors may parole inmates of such school, but no child shall be paroled within four weeks from time of commitment. Principal or teacher shall make monthly reports to superintendent of said school relative to such children who are paroled. The court may transfer any incorrigible child in such school to some reformatory institution. Reform school at Chehalis shall be known as the Washington State Train- ing School. State board of control shall have management of said school; said board shall appoint a superintendent for said school, to hold office dur- ing pleasure of board. Said superintendent shall appoint assistants and em- ployees of said school, the number of same to be determined by said board. Purposes of said school shall be the keeping and reformation of all youths between ages of 8 and 18 years, residents of State, committed thereto by the proper court. All branches taught in first eight grades of public schools shall be taught in said school; inmates shall be taught and trained in morality, temperance, frugality, and instructed in suitable trades. When a boy of sane mind between ages of 8 and 16 years, or a girl of sane mind between ages of 8 and 18 years, shall be found guilty of any crime except murder, manslaughter, or highway robbery, or is neglected or incorrigible, or has been expelled from a public school, the court may commit such child to said school. 860 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The State training school shall be under control of the State board of con- troL Purpose of said school shall be the keeping and reformation of boys between ages of 8 and 18 years, residents of the State, committed thereto by the court. Said board shall appoint a superintendent, who shall have imme- diate control of said school, and who shall, with consent of said board, ap- point subordinates; said superintendent shall give bond in sum of $5,000. Public-school branches shall be taught in said school ; also morality, temper- ance, and frugality, and instruction in trades and vocations shall be given. Said superintendent shall make annual report to said board. The control and management of the State school for girls shall be vested in the State board of control ; said board shall, with approval of the gov- ernor, appoint and fix salaries of a superintendent and subordinates and make and enforce rules and regulations; the superintendent and all subordi- nate officers shall be women ; if a married woman be appointed to any ix)si- tion in said school, her husband may, with consent of the board, reside at the institution and may be assigned such duties as board may determine. Super- intendent shall give bond. Said superintendent shall have immediate con- trol and management of said school. Any girl more than 10 and under 18 years old, if found delinquent, may be committed, to said school by the court, there to remain until 21 years old unless paroled or discharged. Board of control, acting with superintendent of school, shall arrange a system of marks whereby an inmate may be paroled or discharged. Every girl shall be en- titled to a parole of at least one year before reaching the age of 21 years. No girl shall be received into said school who is not of sound mind or who is physically unfit for discipline of said school. Board of control shall arrange for transportation of girls to and from school. Only teachers shall be em- ployed in said school who have been certified by State board of education; instruction shall be in common-school branches and in trades and vocational occupations. Inmates may be apprenticed under certain conditions and may receive part of their earnings. See also B (e), State aid far elementary education; H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c), Juvenile courts. West Virginia: West Virginia Industrial School for Boys shall be under control of State board of control ; governor shall, by and with advice and con- sent of the senate, appoint a superintendent for said school, who shall appoint officers, teachers, and emi^loyees for same ; salaries of all persons employed in said school shall be fixed by said board. Any boy under 18 years old and not under 10 years old may be committed to said school by a justice of the peace upon complaint of the person in parental relation to such boy or of some other person to effect that said boy is delinquent; any such boy convicted of a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment may be committed by the court to said school; any such boy likewise convicted in the courts of the United States for district of West Virginia may be received into said school ; boys so committed shall remain until 21 years old unless sooner discharged or bound out as apprentices. In all proceedings before justices of the peace for commitment of minors to said school justice shall appoint some person guardian ad litem for said minor. White and colored inmates of said school shall be kept separate. With the consent of an inmate, the board of control may bind him out as an apprentice to learn some trade. Any inmate com- mitted for an offense punishable by imprisonment may, when his presence is detrimental to said school, be transferred to the penitentiary. Any person who interferes with the control of inmates in said school shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100 or not more than 12 months' imprisonment, or both. CJounty shall pay trans- U (e). SCHOOLS FOR DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS. 861 portation of boys to and from said school. County court of each county shall pay into State treasury $50 per year for each boy committed to said school from such county ; when parents or guardians voluntarily request com- mitment of boys, they shall, if able, pay expenses of such boys at said school. Superintendent of said school shall annually report list of inmates to State auditor. Inmates may be paroled. The West Virginia Home for Girls shall be under control of State board of control; said board shall appoint a superintendent for said home, who shall appoint all officers and employees; salaries of such officers and employees shall be fixed by said board; all officers and employees shall be women. Girls shall be received in said home who are committed thereto by justices of the peace or by any court of the State, if between ages of 7 and 18 years ; any such girl convicted of a misdemeanor or felony punishable by Imprisonment may be, in discretion of the judge, committed to said home; every girl com- mitted to said school shall remain there until 21 years old unless sooner dis- charged. A guardian ad litem shall be appointed for each such girl during action for commitment. Said home shall be primarily for care and reforma- tion of girls; white and colored inmates shall be held separate as far as practicable. Inmates may be bound out as apprentices to reputable persons for purposes of learning some trade; masters shall send such apprentices to free schools at least five months each year ; any wages earned by such appren- tices shall be kept by board and turned over to such girls upon reaching age of 21 years, or sooner if they marry. For cruelty or inhuman treatment of such apprentice the master shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $100 and may in addition be confined in jail not to exceed 90 days. Any person who interferes with the control of such girls shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25. See also A (bl), State boards. Wisconsin: State public school shall be under control of the State board of control; object of said school shall be to care for and educate physically, mentally, and morally dependent or neglected children placed in said school. " Dependent child " and " neglected child " are defined in the law ; said terms apply to certain minors under 16 years old, " Delinquent child " is defined in the law ; said term applies to certain boys under age of 17 years and to certain girls under 18 years old. Judges of the courts of record in each county shall designate one of their number to act as judge of juvenile court; juvenile court shall be a separate branch of the court. Judges of courts of record in counties having over 150,000 population shall biennially appoint four or more probation officers of the juvenile court, one such officer to be a woman; in other counties one or more probation officers shall be appointed ; county board shall fix compensation of probation officers; probation officers may be re- . moved from office for cause. Any person interested may demand a jury of six in trial of any juvenile case. Court may appoint special probation offi- cers. The probation officer shall become conversant with conditions surround- ing the child ; shall report to chief probation officer. Chief probation officer shall attend juvenile court and assist at session thereof. Probation officers shall have police powers. Any reputable citizen being a resident in the county may petition the clerk of the court relative to minors apparently neg- lected, dependent, or delinquent; upon receipt of such petition the parent, guardian, or custodian of such child shall be summoned to appear in court with such child : court may commit such child to some suitable institution or to care of a suitable association, person, or probation officer ; such child when needing medical attention may be placed in a public hospital or institution when no charge is made against the public treasury. Appeal from decision 862 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of juvenile court may be made to the supreme court. Cases coming under this act may be transferred from the justice court to the juvenile court. No child under 14 years old shall be confined in any jail or police station, but may be given into the charge of the proper officer; no child under 16 years old shall be confined with adult criminals. Judge of juvenile court may appoint a board of six inhabitants, who shall serve without compensation, to constitute a board of visitation; said board shall, at least once each year, visit institutions, associations, and- societies receiving such children. Chil- dren under 14 years old of sound body and mind may be received into the State public school ; preference shall be given to children under 12 years old and to dependent and indigent orphan children of deceased soldiers and sailors of the State ; children so received shall remain until 16 years old, and for longer time if advisable; such children may be discharged from such school for good cause; such children may be placed in suitable homes; crip- pled or deformed children capable of receiving instruction may be received into said school. The wishes of parents or guardians shall be considered in selecting the institution to which dependent or neglected children are com- mitted. Children in the State public school shall be educated in the branches usually taught in common schools. State board of control is made legal guardian of children committed to said school. Under certain conditions de- pendent children may be given State aid; under certain conditions parents, guardians, or custodians may be given State aid for such children. Superin- tendent of said school shall make a biennial report to State board of control. State board of control may consent to the adoption of any inmate of said school by a suitable person. Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys shall be place of confinement and instruction of all male children between ages of 8 and 16 years committed thereto as vagrants, or on conviction of any criminal offense, or for incor- rigible or vicious conduct. Said school shall be under control of State board of control; inmates may be discharged by said board when deemed advisable. The county of residence of each inmate shall pay cost of maintenance of such inmate at rate of $1 per week each. Said board shall make necessary rules and regulations; shall cause inmates to be instructed in branches of useful knowledge ; may bind inmates out with their consent or consent of parents or guardians. Religious opinions of inmates shall not be interfered with. Board shall appoint officers, teachers, and employees for said school. Under certain conditions boys between ages of 16 and 18 years may be ceived in said school. Commitment shall be for period until 21 years old; child must be given a hearing before being committed. See also A (bl), State boards. Wyoming: The district court may commit to the custody and guardianship of the house of refuge or reform or industrial school of any State where provision is made for such persons any child or children under 16 years old who may have been convicted of any offense except homicide. State board of charities and reform may contract with a house of refuge or correction for caring for delinquent children ; State shall pay expenses not to exceed $4 per week. When a child under 14 years old is brought before a court of competent jurisdiction for commitment to the reform school, such court shall give notice to incorporated or other society doing active work in placing children in family homes and, if society is willing to accept such child, court may commit child to custody of such society. If society declines to accept child or -if society becomes unable to exercise proper restraint, court may commit child to reform school. APPENDIX A. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ALABAMA. Abt. IV, Sec. 73. No appropriation shall be made to any charitable or educa- tional institution not under the absolute control of the State, other than normal schools established by law for the professional training of teachers for the public schools of the State, except by a vote of two-thirds of all members elected to each house. Sec. 91. The legislature shall not tax * * * lots 1 mile or more distant from such cities or towns, to the extent of 5 acres, with the buildings thereon, when same are used exclusively for religious worship, for schools, or for pur- poses purely charitable. Sec. 104. The legislature shall not pass a special, private or local law in any of the following cases : * * ♦ (17). Authorizing any county, city, town, village, district, or other political subdivision of a county, to issue bonds or other securities unless the issuance of said bonds or other securities shall have been authorized before the enactment of such local or special law, by a vote of the duly qualified electors of such county, township, city, town, village, district, or other political subdivision of a county, at an election held for such purpose, in the manner that may be pre- scribed by law : Provided, The legislature may without such election pass special laws to refund bonds issued before the date of the ratification of this constitu- tion; * * * (22). Establishing separate school districts. * * * Art. V, Sec. 112.- The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieu- tenant governor, attorney general. State auditor, secretary of state. State treas- urer, superintendent of education, commissioner of agriculture and industries, and a sheriff for each county. Sec 114. The * * * superintendent of education * * * shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State at the same time and places ap- pointed for the election of members of the legislature in the year 1902, and in every fourth year thereafter. Sec. 115. The returns of every election for ♦ ♦ * superintendent of edu- cation ♦ * * shall be sealed up and transmitted by the returning officers to the seat of government, directed to the speaker of the house of representatives, who shall, during the first week of the session to which such returns shall be made, open and publish them in the presence of both houses of the legislature in joint convention ; but the speaker's duty and the duty of the joint convention shall be purely ministerial. The result of the election shall be ascertained and declared by the speaker from the face of the returns without delay. The person having the highest number of votes for any one of said offices shall be declared duly elected; but if two or more persons shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for the same office, the legislature by joint vote, without delay, shall choose one of said persons for said office. Contested elections for * * * superintendent of education * * * shall be determined by both houses of the legislature in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec 116. The * * * superintendent of education * * * elected after the ratification of this constitution, shall hold their respective offices for the term of four years from the first Monday after the second Tuesday in January next succeeding their election, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. After the first election under this constitution no one of said officers shall be eligible as his own successor. ♦ * ♦ 863 864 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 118. The * * * superintendent of education * * * shall receive compensation to be fixed by law, which shall not be increased or diminished dur- ing the term for which they shall have been elected, and shall * * * reside at the State capital during the time they continue in office, except during epi- demics. * * ♦ Sec. 121. The governor may require information in writing, under oath, from the officers of the executive department, named in this article, or created by statute, on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he may at any time require information in writing, under oath, from all officers and managers of State institutions, upon any subject relating to the condition, man- agement, and expenses of their respective offices and institutions. Any. such officer or manager who makes a willfully false report or fails without sufficient excuse to make the required report on demand, is guilty of an impeachable offense. Sec. 132. No person shall be eligible to the office of * * * superintendent of education * * * unless he shall have been a citizen of the United States at least seven years, and shall have resided in this State at least five years next preceding his election, and shall be at least 25 years old when elected. Sec. 136. Should the office of * * * superintendent of education * * ♦ become vacant from any cause the governor shall fill such vacancy until the disability is removed or a successor elected and qualified. In case any of said officers shall become of unsound mind, such unsoundness shall be ascertained by the supreme court upon the suggestion of the governor. Sec. 137. The ♦ * * superintendent of education * * * shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. * * * Art. VII, Sec. 173. The * * * superintendent of education ♦ * * may be removed from office for willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, incompe- tency, or intemperance in the use of intoxicating liquors or narcotics to such an extent, in view of the dignity of the office and importance of its duties, as unfits the officer for the discharge of such duties, or for any offense involving moral turpitude while in office, or committed under color thereof, or connected there- with, by the senate sitting as a court of impeachment, under oath or affirmation, on articles or charges preferred by the house of representatives. * * ♦ Sec. 175. The * * * county superintendents of education * * * may be removed from office for any of the causes specified In section 173 of this constitution, by the circuit or other courts of like jurisdiction or a criminal court of the county in which such officers hold their office, under such regula- tions as may be prescribed by law : Provided, that the right of trial by jury and ap])eal in such cases shall be secured. Sec. 176. The penalties in cases arising under the three preceding sections shall not extend beyond removal from office, and disqualifications from holding office, under the authority of this State, for the term for which the officer was elected or appointed ; but the accused shall be liable to indictment and punish- ment as prescribed by law. Art. VIII, Sec. 193. Returns of elections * * * except the * * * superintendent of education * * * shall be made to the secretary of State. Sec. 194. The poll tax mentioned in this article shall be $1.50 upon each male inhabitant of the State over the age of 21 years and under the age of 45 years who would not now be exempt by law ; but the legislature is authorized to in- crease the maximum age fixed in this section to not more than 60 years. Such poll tax shall become due and payable on the 1st day of October in each year, and become delinquent on the first day of the next succeeding February, but no legal process, nor any fee or commission shall be allowed for the collection thereof. The tax collector shall make returns of poll-tax collections separate from other collections. Art. XI, Sec. 216. No city, town, village, or other municipal corporation, other than as provided in this article, shall levy or collect a higher rate of taxa- tion in any one year on the property situated therein than one-half of 1 per centum of the value of such property as assessed for State taxation during the preceding year; * * * this section shall not apply to the city of Mobile, which city may, from and after the ratification of this constitution, levy a tax not to exceed the rate of three-fourths of 1 per centum to pay the expenses of the city government, and * * * this section shall not apply to the cities of Birmingham, Huntsville, and Bessemer, and the town of Andalusia, which cities and town may levy and collect a tax not to exceed one-half of 1 per centum, in addition to the tax of one-half of 1 per centum as hereinbefore allowed to be CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 865 levied and collected, such special tax to be applied exclusively to the payment of interest on bonds of said cities of Birmingham, Huntsville, and Bessemer, and town of Andalusia, respectively, heretofore issued in pursuance of law, or now authorized by law to be issued, and for a sinking fund to pay off said bonds at maturity thereof: And provided further, That this section shall not apply to the city of Montgomery, which city shall have the right to levy and collect a tax of not exceeding one-half of 1 per centum per annum upon tlie value of taxable property therein, as fixed for State taxation, for general purposes, and an addi- tional tax of not exceeding three-fourths of 1 per centum per annum upon the value of the property therein, as fixed for State taxation, to be devoted exclu- sively to the payment of its public debt, interest thereon, and renewals thereof, and to the maintenance of its public schools, and public conveniences: And provided further, That this section shall not apply to Troy, Attalla, Gadsden, Woodlawn, Brewton, Pratt City, Ensley, Wylam, and Avondale, which cities and towns may, from and after the ratification of this constitution, levy and collect an additional tax of not exceeding one-half of 1 per centum : And provided fur- ther, That this section shall not apply to the cities of Decatur, New Decatur, and Cullman, which cities may, from and after the ratification of this constitu- tion, levy and collect an additional tax of not exceeding three-tenths of 1 per centum per annum; such special tax of said city of Decatur to be applied exclusively for the public schools, public-school buildings, and public im- provements; and such special tax of New Decatur and Cullman to be applied exclusively for educational purposes, and to be expended under their respective boards of public-school trustees ; but this additional tax shall not be levied by Troy, Attalla, Gadsden, Woodlawn, Brewton, Pratt City, Ensley, Wylam, Avon- dale, Decatur, New Decatur, or Cullman unless authorized by a majority vote of the qualified electors voting at a special election held for the purpose of as- certaining whether or not said tax shall be levied : And provided further, That the purposes for which such special tax is sought to be levied shall be stated in such election call, and, if authorized, the revenue derived from such specail tax shall be used for no other purpose than that stated : And provided further. That the additional tax authorized to be levied by the city of Troy, when so levied and collected, shall be used exclusively in the payment of the bonds and interest coupons thereon, hereafter issued in the adjustment of the present bonded Indebtedness of said city: And provided further. That the additional tax au- thorized to be levied and collected by the city of Attalla shall, when so levied and collected, be used exclusively in the payment of bonds to the amount of not exceeding $25,000, and the interest coupons thereon, hereafter to be issued in the adjustment of the present indebtedness of said city: Provided further, That the governing boards of said cities, which are authorized to levy an additional tax, after the holding of an election as aforesaid, are hereby authorized to pro- vide by ordinance the necessary machinery for the holding of said election and declaring the result thereof. Sec. 217. The property of private corporations, associations, and individuals of this State shall forever be taxed at the same rate : Provided, This section shall not apply to institutions devoted exclusively to religious, educational, or charitable purposes. Art. XII, Sec. 222. The legislature, after the ratification of this constitution, shall have authority to pass general laws authorizing the counties, cities, towns, villages, districts, or other political subdivisions of counties to issue bonds, but no bonds shall be issued under authority of a general law unless such issue of bonds be first authorized by a majority vote by ballot of the qualified voters of such county, city, town, village, district, or other political subdivision of a county voting upon such proposition. The ballot used at such election shall contain the words " For bond issue " and "Against bond issue " (the character of the bond to be shown in the blank space), and the voter shall indicate his choice by placing a cross mark before or after the one or the other. This section shall not apply to the renewal, refunding,' or reissue of bonds law- fully issued, nor to the issuance of bonds in cases where the same have been authorized by laws enacted prior to the ratification of this constitution. * ♦ * Sec 224. No county shall become indebted in an amount, including present indebtedness, greater than 3^ i)er centum of the assessed value of the property therein: Provided, This limitation shall not affect any existing indebtedness in excess of such 3J per centum, which has already been created or authorized by existing law to be created : Provided, That any county which has already in- curred a debt exceeding Zl per centum of the assessed value of the property 3966°— 15 55 866 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. therein shall be authorized to incur an indebtedness of li per centum of the assessed value of such property in addition to the debt already existing. Nothing herein contained shall prevent any county from issuing bonds, or other obligations, to fund or refund any Indebtedness novr existing or authorized by existing laws to be created. Sec. 225. No city, town, or other municipal corporation having a population of less than 6,000, except as hereinafter provided, shall become indebted in an amount, including present indebtedness, exceeding 5 per centum of the assessed value of the property therein, except for the construction or purchase of waterworks, gas or electric lighting plants, or sewerage, or for the improve- ment of streets, for which purposes an additional indebtedness not exceeding 3 per centum may be created: Provided, This limitation shall not affect any debt now authorized by law to be created, nor any temporary loans to be paid within one year, made in anticipation of the collection of taxes, not exceeding one-fourth of the annual revenues of such city or town. All towns and cities having a population of 6,000 or more, also Gadsden, Ensley, Decatur, and New Decatur, are hereby authorized to become indebted in an amount, including l»resent indebtedness, not exceeding 7 per centum of the assessed valuation of the property therein, provided that there shall not be included in the limitation of the indebtedness of such last-described cities and towns the following classes of indebtedness, to wit : Temporary loans, to be paid within one year, made in anticipation of the collection of taxes, and not exceeding one-fourth of the general revenues, bonds, or other obligations already issued, or which may hereafter be issued for the purpose of acquiring, providing, or constructing schoolhouses, waterworks, and sewers; and obligations incurred and bonds issued for street or sidewalk improvements, where the cost of the same, in whole or in part, is to be assessed against the property abutting said im- provements: Provided, That the proceeds of all obligations issued as herein provided in excess of said 7 per centum shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which said obligations were issued. Nothing contained in this article shall prevent the funding or refunding of existing indebtedness. Tiiis section shall not apply to the cities of Sheffield and Tuscumbia. Sec. 226. No city, town, or village, whose present indebtedness exceeds the limitation imposed by this constitution, shall be allowed to become indebted in any further amount, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, until such indebtedness shall be reduced wuthin such limit : Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall prevent any municipality, except the city of Gadsden, from issuing bonds already authorized by law : Provided further, That this section shall not apply to the cities of Sheffield and Tuscumbia. Art. XIV, Sec. 256. The legislature shall establish, organize, and maintain a liberal system of public schools throughout the State for the benefit of the children thereof between the ages of 7 and 21 years. The public-school fund shall be apportioned to the several counties in proportion to the number of school children of school age therein, and shall be so apportioned to the schools in the districts or townships in the county as to provide, as nearly as prac- ticable, school terms of equal duration in such school districts or townships. Separate schools shall be provided for white and colored children, and no child of either race shall be permitted to attend a school of the other race. Sec 257. The principal of all funds arising from the sale or other disposition of lands or other property, which has been or may hereafter be granted or intrusted to this State or given by the United States for educational purposes shall be preserved inviolate and undiminished; and the income arising there- from shall be faithfully applied to the specific object of the original grants or appropriations. Sec. 258. All lands or other property given by individuals, or appropriated by the State for educational purposes, and all estates of deceased persons who die without leaving a will or heir shall be faithfully applied to the maintenance of the public schools. Sec. 259. All poll taxes collected in this State shall be applied to the support of the public schools in the respective counties where collected. Sec. 260. The income arising from the sixteenth-section trust fund, the sur- plus-revenue fund, until it is called for by the United States Government, and the funds enumerated in sections 257 and 258 of this constitution, together with a special annual tax of 30 cents on each $100 of taxable property in this State, which the legislature shall levy, shall be applied to the support and mainte- nance of the public schools, and it shall be the duty of the legislature to in- crease the public-school fund from time to time, as the necessity therefor and CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 867 the condition of the treasury and the resources of tlie State may justify : Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to authorize the legislature to levy in any one year a greater rate of State taxation for all purposes, including schools, than 65 cents of each $100 worth of taxable property : And provided further. That nothing herein contained shall prevent the legislature from first providing for the payment of the bonded indebtedness of tlie State and interest thereon out of all the revenues of the State. Sec. 2G1. Not more than 4 per cent of all moneys raised, or which may here- after be approi)riated for the support of public schools, shall be used or ex- pended otherwise than for the payment of teachers employed in such schools : Provided, That the legislature may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, suspend the operation of this section. Sec. 262. The supervision of the public schools shall be vested in a superin- tendent of education, whose powers, duties, and compensation shall be fixed by law. Sec 263. No money raised for the support of the public schools shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian or denominational school. Sec. 264. The State university shall be under the management and control of a board of trustees which shall consist of two members from the congres- sional district in which the university is located, one from each of the other congressional districts in the State, the superintendent of education, and the governor, who shall be ex officio president of the board. The members of the board of trustees as now constituted shall hold office until their respective terms expire under existing law, and until their successors shall be elected and con- firmed as hereinafter required. Successors to those trustees whose terms expire in 1902 shall hold office until 1907; successors to those trustees whose terms expire in 1904 shall hold office until 1911; successors to those trustees whose terms expire in 1906 shall hold office until 1915; and thereafter their succes- sors shall hold office for a term of 12 years. When the term of any member of such board shall expire, the remaining members of the board shall by secret ballot elect his successor: Provided, That any trustee so elected shall hold office from the date of his election until his confirmation or rejection by the senate, and, if confirmed, until the expiration of the term for which he was elected, and until his successor is elected. At every meeting of the legislature the superintendent of education shall certify to the senate the names of all who have been so elected since the last session of the legislature, and the senate shall confirm or reject them, as it shall determine is for the best in- terest of the university. If it reject the names of any members, it shall thereupon elect trustees in the stead of those rejected. In case of a vacancy on said board by death or resignation of a member, or from any cause other than the expiration of his term of office, the board shall elect his successor, who shall hold office until the next session of the legislature. No trustee shall receive any pay or emolument other than his actual expenses incurred in the discharge of his duties as such. Sec. 265. After the ratification of this constitution there shall be paid out of the treasury of this State, at the time and in the manner provided by law, the sum of not less than $36,000 per annum as interest on the funds of the University of Alabama, heretofore covered into the Treasury, for the mainte- nance and support of said institution : Provided, That the legislature shall have the power at any time they deem proper for the best interest of said university to abolish the military system at said institution, or reduce the said system to a department of instruction, and that such action on the part of the legislature shall not cause any diminution of the amount of the annual inter- est payable out of the treasury for the support and maintenance of said university. Sec 266. The Alabama Polytechnic Institute, formerly called the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, shall be under the management and control of a board of trustees, which shall consist of two members from the congres- sional district in which the institute is located, and one from each of the other congressional districts in the State, the State superintendent of education, and the governor, who shall be ex officio president of the board. The trustees shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, and shall hold office for a term of 12 years, and until their successors shall be appointed and qualified. The board shall be divided into three classes, as nearly equal as may be, so that one-third may be chosen quadriennially. Vacancies occurring in the office of trustees from death or resignation, and 868 STATE LAWS RELATIl^G TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the vacancies regularly occurring in the year 1905, shall be filled by the gov- ernor, and such appointee shall hold office until the next meeting of the legis- lature. Successors to those trustees whose terms expire in 1903 shall hold office until 1911 ; successors to those whose terms of office expire in 1905 shall hold office until 1915 ; and successors to those whose terms of office expire in 1907 shall hold office until 1919. No trustee shall receive any pay or emolu- ment other than his actual expenses incurred in the discharge of his duties as such. Sec. 267. The legislature shall not have power to change the location of the State university, or the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, or the Alabama School for the Deaf and Blind, or the Alabama Girls' Industrial School, as now estab- lished by law, except upon a vote of two-thirds of the legislature taken by yeas and nays and entered upon the journals. Sec. 268. The legislature shall provide for taking a school census by town- ships and districts throughout the State not oftener than once in two years, and shall provide for the punishment of all persons or officers making false or fraudulent enumerations and returns: Provided, The State superintendent of education may order and supervise the taking of a new census in any township, district, or county, whenever he may have reasonable cause to believe that false or fraudulent returns have been made. Sec. 269. The several counties in this State shall have power to levy and collect a special tax not exceeding 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property in such counties for the support of public schools : Provided, That the rate of such tax, the time it is to continue, and the purpose thereof shall have been first submitted to a vote of the qualified electors of the county, and voted for by three-fifths of those voting at such election; but the rate of such special tax shall not increase the rate of taxation, State and county combined, in any one year, to more than $1.25 on each $100 of taxable property ; excluding, however, all special county taxes for public buildings, roads, bridges, and the payment of debts existing at the ratification of the constitution of 1875. The funds arising from such special school tax shall be so apportioned and paid through the proper school officials to the several schools in the townships and districts in the county that the school terms of the respective schools shall be extended by such supplement as nearly the same length of time as practicable: Provided, That this section shall not apply to the cities of Decatur, New Decatur, and Cullman. Sec. 270. The provisions of this article and of any act of the legislature passed in pursuance thereof to establish, organize, and maintain a system of public schools throughout the State, shall apply to Mobile County only so far as to authorize and require the authorities designated by law to draw the portions of the funds to which said county shall be entitled for school purposes and to make reports to the superintendent of education as may be prescribed by law ; and all special incomes and powers of taxation as now authorized by law for the benefit of public schools in said county shall remain undisturbed until otherwise provided by the legislature : Provided, That separate schools for each race shall always be maintained by said school authorities. ARIZONA. Art. II, Sec 12. * * * No public money or property shall be appropri- ated for or applied to any religious worship, exercise, or instruction, or to the support of any religious establishment. * * ♦ Art. IV, Sec 20. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the different departments of the State, for State institutions, for public schools, and for interest on the public debt. * * * Art. V, Sec 1. The executive department of the State shall consist of gover- jj^j. H: * « and superintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for two years beginning on the first Monday of January next after his election, except that the terms of office of those elected at the election provided for in the enabling act approved June 20, 1910, shall begin v/hen the State shall be admitted into the Union, and shall end on the first Monday in January, A. D. 1913, or when their successors are elected and qualify. The persons, respectively, having the highest number of votes cast for the office voted for shall be elected ; but if two or more persons shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for any one of said offices, the two houses of CONSTITXTTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 869 the legislature at its next regular session shall elect forthwith, by joint ballot, one of such persons for said office. The officers of the executive department during their terms of office shall reside at the seat of government, where they shall keep their offices and the public records, books, and papers. They shall perform such duties as are pre- scribed by this constitution and as may be provided by law. Sec. 2. No person shall be eligible to any of the offices mentioned in section 1 of this article except a male person of the age of not less than 25 years, who shall have been for 10 years next preceding his election a citizen of the United States, and for five years next preceding his election a citizen of Arizona. Sec. 9. The powers and duties of * * * superintendent of public instruc- tion shall be as prescribed by law. Sec. 13. Until otherwise provided by law the salaries of the State officers shall be as follows: * * * Superintendent of public instruction, $2,500 per annum. Art. VI, Sec 6. * * * The superior court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all proceedings and matters effecting dependent, neglected, in- corrigible, or delinquent children, or children accused of crime, under the age of 18 years. The judges of said courts must hold examinations in chambers of all such children concerning whom proceedings are brought, in advance of any criminal prosecution of such children, and shall have the power, in their dis- cretion, to susiiend criminal prosecution for any offenses that may have been committed by such children. The powers of said judges to control such children shall be as prescribed by law. * * * Art. VII, Sec. 8. Qualifications for voters at school elections shall be as are now, or as may hereafter be, provided by law. Sec 13. Questions upon bond issues or special assessments shall be submitted to the vote of property taxpayers, who shall also in all repects be qualified electors of the State, and of the political subdivision thereof affected by such question. Art. IX, Sec 2. * * * Property of educational, charitable, and religious associations or institutions not used or held for profit may be exempted from taxation by law. * * * Sec 8. No county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation shall for any purpose become indebted in any manner to an amount exceeding 4 per centum of the taxable property in such county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation, without the assent of a majority of the property taxpayers, who must also in all respects be qualified electors, therein voting at an election provided by law to be held for that purpose, the value of the taxable property therein to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county purposes, previous to incurring such indebtedness ; except, that In incorporated cities and towns assessments shall be taken from the last assessment for city or town purposes : Provided, That under no circumstances shall any county or school district become indebted to an amount exceeding 10 per centum of such taxable property, as shown by the last assessment roll thereof; * * *. Sec 10. No tax shall be laid or appropriation of public money made in aid of any church, or private or sectarian school, or any public service corporation. Art. X, Sec 1. All lands expressly transferred and confirmed to the State 3by the provisions of the enabling act approved June 20, 1910, including all lands granted to the State and all lands heretofore granted to the Territory of Arizona, and all lands otherwise acquired by the State, shall be by the State accepted and held in trust to be disposed of in whole or in part, only in manner as in the said enabling act and in this Constitution provided, and for the several objects specified in the respective granting and confirmatory provisions. The natural products and money proceeds of any of said lands shall be subject to the same trusts as the lands producing the same. Sec 2. Disposition of any of said lands, or of any money or thing of value directly or indirectly derived therefrom, for any object other than that for which such particular lands (or the lands from which such money or thing of value shall have been derived) were granted or confirmed, or in any manner contrary to the provisions of the said enabling act, shall be deemed a breach of trust. Sec 3. No mortgage or other incumbrance of the said lands, or any thereof, shall be valid in favor of any person or for any purpose or under any circum- stances whatsoever. Said lands shall not be sold or leased, in whole or in part, except to the highest and best bidder at a public auction to be held at the 870 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATlOK. county seat of the county wherein the lands to be affected, or the major portion thereof, shall lie, notice of which public auction shall first have been duly given by advertisement, which shall set forth the nature, time, and place of the transaction to be had, with a full description of the lands to be offered, and be published once each week for not less than 10 successive weeks in a news- paper of general circulation published regularly at the State capital, and in that newspaper of like circulatton which shall then be regularly published nearest to the location of such lands so offered; nor shall any sale or contract for the sale of any timber or other natural product of such lands be made, save at the place, in the manner, and after the notice by publication thus provided for sales and leases of the lands themselves: Provided, That nothing herein con- tained shall prevent the leasing of said lands referred to in this article, for a term of five years or less, without said advertisement herein required. Sec. 4. All lands, leaseholds, timber, and other products of land, before being offered, shall be appraised at their true value, and no sale or other disposal thereof shall be made for a consideration less than the value so ascertained, nor In any case less than the minimum price hereinafter fixed, nor upon credit unless accompanied by ample security, and the legal title shall not be deemed to have passed until the consideration shall have been paid. Sec. 5. No lands shall be sold for less than $3 per acre, and no lands which are or shall be susceptible of irrigation under any projects now or hereafter completed or adopted by the United States under legislation for the reclama- tion of lands, or under any other project for the reclamation of lands, shall be sold at less than $25 per acre; Provided, That the State, at the request of the Secretary of the Interior, shall from time to time relinquish such of its lands to the United States as at any time are needed for irrigation works in connec- tion with any such Government project, and other lands in lieu thereof shall be selected from lands of the character named and in the manner prescribed in section 24 of the said enabling act. Sec 6. No lands reserved and excepted of the lands granted to this State by the United States, actually or prospectively valuable for the development of water powers or power for hydroelectric use or transmission, which shall be ascertained and designated by the Secretary of the Interior within five years after the proclamation of the President declaring the admission of the State, shall be subject to any disposition whatsoever by the State or by any officer of the State, and any conveyance or transfer of such lands made within said five years shall be null and void. Sec. 7. A separate fund shall be established for each of the several objects for which the said grants are made and confirmed by the said enabling act to the State, and whenever any moneys shall be in any manner derived from any of said lands, the same shall be deposited by the State treasurer in the fund cor- responding to the grant under which the particular land producing such moneys was, by said enabling act, conveyed or confirmed. No moneys shall ever be taken from one fund for deposit in any other, or for any object other than that for which the land producing the same was granted or confirmed. The State treasurer shall keep all such moneys invested in safe, interest-bearing securities, which securities shall be approved by the governor and secretary of state, and shall at all times be under a good and sufficient bond or bonds conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties in regard thereto. Sec 8. Every sale, lease, conveyance, or contract of or concerning any of the lands granted or confirmed, or the use thereof or the natural products thereof made to this State by the said enabling act, not made in substantial conformity with the provisions thereof, shall be null and void. Sec 9. All lands expressly transferred and confirmed to the State by the pro- visions of the enabling act approved June 20, 1910, including all lands granted to the State, and all lands heretofore granted to the Territory of Arizona and all lands otherwise acquired by the State, may be sold or leased by the State in the manner and on the conditions and with the limitations prescribed by the said enabling act and this constitution, and as may be further prescribed by law: Provided, That the legislature shall provide for the separate appraise- ment of the lands and of the improvements on school and university lands which have been held under lease prior to the adoption of this constitution, and for reimbursement to the actual bona fide residents or lessees of such lands upon which such improvements are situated, as prescribed by Title 65, Civil Code of Arizona, 1901, and in such cases only as permit reimbursements to lessees in said Title 65. CONSTITUTIONAL PEOVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 871 Sec. 10. The legislature shall provide by proper laws for the sale of all State lands or the lease of such lands for terms not longer than five years, and shall further provide by said laws for the protection of the actual bona fide residents and lessees of said lands, whereby such residents and lessees shall be protected in their rights to their improvements, including water rights, in such manner that in case of lease to other parties the former lessee shall be paid by the suc- ceeding lessee the value of said improvements and rights, and actual bona fide residents and lessees shall have preference to renewal of their leases at a re- assessed rental, fixed as provided by law. Sec. 11. No individual, corporation, or association shall ever be allowed to purchase or lease more than 160 acres of agricultural land or more than 640 acres of grazing land. Art. XI. Sec. 1. The legislature shall enact such laws as shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of a general and uniform public-school system, which system shall include kindergarten schools, common schools, high schools, normal schools, industrial schools, and a university (which shall include an agricultural college, a school of mines, and such other technical schools as may be essential, until such time as it may be deemed advisable to establish separate State institutions of such character). The legislature shall also enact such laws as shall provide for the education and care of the deaf, dumb, and blind. Sec. 2. The general conduct and supervision of the public-school system shall be vested in a State board of education, a State superintendent of public in- struction, county school superintendents, and such governing boards for the State institutions as may be provided by law. Sec. 3. The State board of education shall be composed of the following mem- bers: The governor, the superintendent of public instruction, the president of the university, and principals of the State normal schools, as ex officio members, and a city superintendent of schools, a principal of a high school, and a county superintendent of schools, to be appointed by the governor. The powers and duties of the board shall be such as may be prescribed by law. The members of the board shall serve without pay, but all their necessary expenses incurred in attending the meetings of the board, and for printing, shall be provided for by law. Sec. 4. The State superintendent of public instruction shall be a member and secretary of the State board of education and, ex officio, a member of any other l>oard having control of public instruction in any State institution. His powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 5. The regents of the university and the governing boards of other State educational institutions shall be appointed by the governor, except that the gov- ernor shall be, ex officio, a member of the board of regents of the university. Sec. 6. The university and all other State educational institutions shall be open to students of both sexes, and the Instruction furnished shall be as nearly free as possible. The legislature shall provide for a system of common schools by which a free school shall be established and maintained in every school district for at least six months in each year, which school shall be open to all pupils between the ages of 6 and 21 years. Sec. 7. No sectarian instruction shall be imparted in any school or State edu- cational institution that may established under this constitution, and no re- ligious or political test or qualification shall ever be required as a condition of admission into any public educational institution of the State, as teacher, student, or pupil ; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to justify practices or conduct inconsistent with the good order, peace, morality, or safety of the State, or with the rights of others. Sec. 8. A permanent State school fund for the use of the common schools shall be derived from the sale of public-school lands or other public lands specified in the enabling act approved June 20, 1910; from all estates or dis- tributive shares of estates that may escheat to the State; from all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corporation incorporated under the laws of Ari- zona ; and from all gifts, devises, or bequests made to the State for general educational purposes. The income derived from the investment of the permanent State school fund and from the rental derived from school lands, with such other funds as may be provided by law shall be apportioned annually to the various counties of the State in proportion to the number of pupils of school age residing therein. 872 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 9. The amount of this apportionment shall become a part of the county- school fund, and the legislature shall enact such laws as will provide for in- creasing the county fund suflaciently to maintain all the public schools of the county for a minimum term of six months in every school year. The laws of the State shall enable cities and towns to maintain free high schools, industrial schools, and commercial schools. Sec. 10. The revenue for the maintenance of the respective State educational institutions shall be derived from the investment of the proceeds of the sale, and from the rental of such lands as have been set aside by the enabling act approved June 20, 1910, or other legislative enactment of the United States, for the use and benefit of the respective State educational institutions. In addi- tion to such income the legislature shall make such appropriations, to be met by- taxation, as shall insure the proper maintenance of all State educational insti- tutions, and shall make such special appropriations as shall provide for their development and improvement. Art. XII, Sec. 3. Subject to change by law, there are hereby created in and for each organized county of the State the following officers, who shall be elected by the qualified electors thereof: * * * school superintendent * * * elected for a term of two years. * * * Sec. 4. The duties, powers, and qualifications of such oflacers shall be as pre- scribed by law. * * * Art. XVIII, Sec. 2. No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed in any gainful occupation at any time during the hours in which the public schools of the district in which the child resides are in session; nor shall any child under 16 years of age be employed underground in mines, or in any occupation injurious to health or morals or hazardous to life or limb ; nor in any occupa- tion at night or for more than eight hours in any day. Art. XX, Seventh. Provisions shall be made by law for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools which shall be open to all the chil- dren of the State and be free from sectarian control, and said schools shall always be conducted in English. Art. XXII, Sec. 15. Reformatory and penal institutions, and institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and mute, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 16. It shall be unlawful to confine any minor under the age of 18 years, accused or convicted of crime, in the same section of any jail or prison in which adult prisoners are confined. Suitable quarters shall be prepared for the con- finement of such minors. ARKANSAS. Art. VII, Sec. 46. The qualified electors of each county shall elect * * * one treasurer, who shall be ex officio treasurer of the common-school fund of the county. * * * Art. XII, Sec. 2, The general assembly shall pass no special act conferring corporate powers, except for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory purposes, where the corporations created are to be and remain under the patronage and control of the State. Sec. 4. No municipal corporation shall be authorized to pass any laws contrary to the general laws of the State, nor levy any tax on real or personal property to a greater extent, in one year, than 5 mills on the dollar of the assessed value of the same. * * * Art. XIV, Sec. 1. Intelligence and virtue being the safeguards of liberty and the bulwark of a free and good government, the State shall ever maintain a general, suitable, and efficient system of free schools whereby all persons in the State between the ages of 6 and 21 years may receive gratuitous instruction. Sec. 2. No money or property belonging to the public-school fund or to this State, for the benefit of schools or universities, shall ever be used for any other than for the respective purposes to which it belongs. Sec. 3. The general assembly shall provide by general laws for the support of common schools by taxes, which shall never exceed in any one year 3 mills on the dollar on the taxable property of the State, and by an annual per capita tax of $1, to be assessed on every male inhabitant of this State over the age of 21 years : Provided, The general assembly may, by general law, authorize school districts to levy by a vote of the qualified electors of such district a tax not to exceed 7 mills on the dollar in any one year for school purposes : Provided CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 873 further, That no such tax shall be appropriated to any other purpose nor to any other district than that for which it was levied. Sec. 4. The supervision of public schools, and the execution of the laws regulating the same, shall be vested in and confided to, such officers as may be provided for by the general assembly. Akt. XIX, Sec. 19. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the blind. * * ♦ CALIFORNIA. Art. IV, Sec. 25. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases ; that is to say : * * * Twenty-seventh — Providing for the management of common schools. * * * Sec. 30. Neither the legislature nor any county, city and county, township, school district, or other municipal corporation shall ever make an appropriation or pay from any public fund whatever or grant anything to * * * support or sustain any school, college, university, hospital, or other institution controlled by any religious creed, church, or sectarian denomination whatever; * * * Art. IX, Sec 1. A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, the legis- lature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scien- tific, moral, and agricultural improvement. Sec 2. A superintendent of public instruction shall, at each gubernatorial election after the adoption of this constitution, be elected by the qualified elec- tors of the State. He shall receive a salary equal to that of the secretary of state, and shall enter uix)n the duties of his office on the first Monday after the first day of January next succeeding his election. Sec 3. A superintendent of schools for each county shall be elected by the qualified electors thereof at each gubernatorial election: Provided, That the legislature may authorize two or more counties to unite and elect one superin- tendent for the counties so uniting. Sec. 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to this State for the support of common schools, which may be, or may have been, sold or disposed of, and the 500,000 acres of land granted to the new States under an act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A. D. 1841, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as may be granted, or may have been granted, by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the legislature may provide, shall be inviolably appro- priated to the support of common schools throughout the State. Sec 5. The legislature shall provide for a system of common schools by which a free school shall be kept up and supported in each district at least six months in every year, after the first year in which a school has been established. Sec 6. The public-school system shall include day and evening elementary schools and such day and evening secondary schools, normal schools, and tech- nical schools as may be established by the legislature or by municipal or district authority. The entire revenue derived from the State school fund and from the general State school tax shall be applied exclusively to the support of day and evening elementary schools; but the legislature may authorize and cause to be levied a special State school tax for the support of day and evening secondary schools and technical schools, or either of such schools, included in the public- school system, and all revenue derived from such special tax shall be applied exclusively to the support of the schools for which such special tax shall be levied. Sec 7. The legislature shall provide for the appointment or election of a State board of education, and said board shall provide, compile, or cause to be compiled, and adopt, a uniform series of textbooks for use in the day and evening elementary schools throughout the State. The State board may cause such textbooks, when adopted, to be printed and published by the superintendent of State printing, at the State printing office ; and wherever and however such textbooks may be printed and published, they shall be furnished and distributed by the State free of cost or any charge whatever, to all children attending the day and evening elementary schools of the State, under such conditions as the S74 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. legislature shall prescribe. The textbooks, so adopted, shall continue in use not less than four years, without any change or alteration whatsoever which will require or necessitate the furnishing of new boolis to such pupils, and said State board shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. The legis- lature shall provide for a board of education in each county in the State. The county superintendents and the county boards of education shall have control of the examination of teachers and the granting of teachers' certificates within their respective jurisdictions. Sec. 8. No public money shall ever be appropriated for the support of any sectarian or denominational school or any school not under the exclusive control of the officers of the public schools ; nor shall any sectarian or denominational doctrine be taught, or instruction thereon be permitted, directly or indirectly, in any of the common schools of this State. Sec. 9. The University of California shall constitute a public trust, and its organization and government shall be perpetually continued in the form and character prescribed by the organic act creating the same, passed March 23, 1868 (and the several acts amendatory thereof), subject only to such legisla- tive control as may be necessary to insure compliance with the terms of its endowments and the proper investment and security of its funds. It shall be entirely independent of all political or sectarian influence, and kept free there- from in the appointment of its regents, and in the administration of its affairs : Provided, That all the moneys derived from the sale of the public lands donated to this State by act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862 (and the several acts amendatory thereof), shall be invested as provided by said acts of Congress, and the interest of said moneys shall be Inviolably appropriated to the endow- ment, support, and maintenance of at least one college of agriculture, where the leading objects shall be (without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics) to teach such branches of learning as are related to scientific and practical agriculture and the mechanic arts, in accordance with tlie requirements and conditions of said acts of Congress; and the legislature shall provide that if, through neglect, misappropriation, or any other contin- gency, any portion of the funds so set apart shall be diminished or lost, the State shall replace such portion so lost or misappropriated so that the principal thereof shall remain forever undiminished. No person shall be debarred admis- sion to any of the collegiate departments of the university on account of sex. Sec. 10. The trusts and estates created for the founding, endowment, and maintenance of the Leland Stanford Junior University, under and in accord- ance with "An act to advance learning, etc.," approved March 9, 1885, by the endowment grant executed by Leland Stanford and Jane Lathrop Stanford on the 11th day of November, A. D. 1885, and recorded in liber 83 of deeds, at page 23, et seq., records of Santa Clara County, and by the amendments of such grant, and by gifts, grants, bequests, and devises supplementary thereto, and by confirmatory grants, are permitted, approved, and confirmed. The board of trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, as such, or in the name of the institution, or by other intelligible designation of the trustees or of the institution, may receive property, real or personal, and wherever situated, by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, for the benefit of the institution, or of any depart- ment thereof, and such proi^erty, unless otherwise provided, shall be held by the trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University upon the trusts provided for in the grant founding the university, and amendments thereof, and grants, be- quests, and devises supplementary thereto. The legislature, by special act, may grant to the trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University corporate pow- ers and privileges, but it shall not thereby alter their tenure or limit their pow- ers or obligations as trustees. All property now or hereafter held in trust for the founding, maintenance, or benefit of the Leland Stanford Junior University, or of any department thereof, may be exempted by special act from State taxa- tion, and all personal property so held, the Palo Alto farm as described in the endowment grant to the trustees of the university, and all other real property so held and used by the university for educational purposes exclusively, may be similarly exempted from county and municipal taxation: Provided, That resi- dents of California shall be charged no fees for tuition unless such fees be authorized by act of the legislature. . «^ , ^ Sec. 11. All property now or hereafter belonging to the California School of Mechanical Arts, an institution founded and endowed by the late James Lick to educate males and females in the practical arts of life, and incorporated under the laws of the State of California, November 23, 1885, having its school build- ings located in the city and county of San Francisco, shall be exempt from taxa- tion The trustees of said institution must annually report their proceedings COI^STITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. - 875 and financial accounts to the governor. The legislature may modify, suspend, and revive at will the exemption from taxation herein given. Sec. 12. All property now or hereafter belonging to the California Academy of Sciences, an institution for the advancement of science and maintenance of a free museum, and chiefly endowed by the late James Lick, and incorporated under the laws of the State of California, January 16, 1871, having its buildings located in the city and county of San Francisco, shall be exempt from taxation. The trustees of said institution must annually report their proceedings and financial accounts to the governor. The legislature may modify, suspend, and revive at will the exemption from taxation herein given. Sec. 13. All property now or hereafter belonging to the Cogswell Poly- technical College, an institution for the advancement of learning, incorporated under the laws of the State of California, and ha\ing its buildings located in the city and county of San Francisco, shall be exempt from taxation. The trustees of said institution must annually report their proceedings and financial accounts to the governor. The legislature may modify, suspend, and revive at will the exemption from taxation herein given. Art.* X, Sec. 2. The board of directors shall have the charge and superintend- ence of the State prisons, and shall possess such powers and perform such duties, in respect to other penal and reformatory institutions of the State, as the legislature may prescribe. Art. XI, Sec. 5. The legislature, by general and uniform laws, shall provide for the election or appointment in the several counties of boards of supervisors * * * and such other county, township, and municipal officers as public con- venience may require, and shall prescribe their duties and fix their terms of office. It shall regulate the compensation of all such officers * * *. Sec. 18. No county, city, town, township, board of education, or school dis- tricts shall incur any indebtedness or liability in any manner or for any pur- pose exceeding in any year the income and revenue provided for such year without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified electors thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, nor unless before or at the time of incurring such indebtedness provision shall be made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such indebtedness as it falls due, and also provision to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof on or before the maturity, which shall not exceed 40 years from the time of contracting the same: Provided, however. That the city and county of San Francisco may at any time pay the unpaid claims, with interest thereon at the rate of 5 per cent per annum * * * for unpaid teachers' salaries for the fiftieth fiscal year, out of the income and revenue of any succeeding year or years, the amount to be paid in full of said claims not to exceed in the aggre- gate the sum of $500,000, and that no statute of limitations shall apply in any manner to these claims. * * * Art. XIII, Sec. 1. ♦ ♦ ♦ that property used for free public libraries and free museums, growing crops, property used exclusively for public schools * * * shall be exempt from taxation, * * * Sec la. Any educational institution of collegiate grade within the State of California, not conducted for profit, shall hold exempt from taxation its build- ing and equipment, its grounds within which its buildngs are located, not ex- ceeding 100 acres in area, its securities and income used exclusively for the purposes of education. Sec If. All bonds hereafter issued by the State of California, or by any county, city and county, municipal corporation, or district (including school, reclamation, and irrigation districts) within said State, shall be free and exempt from taxation. Sec 12. The legislature shall provide for the levy and collection of an annual poll tax. of not less than $2, on every male inhabitant of this State over 21 and under 60 years of age, except paupers, idiots, insane persons, and Indians not taxed. Said tax shall be paid into the State school fund. COLORADO. Art. IV, Sec 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor * * * and superintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall ho^d his office for the term of two years, beginning on the second Tuesday of January next after his election. ♦ * * They shall perform such duties as are prescribed by this constitution or by law. 876 . STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 3. The officers named in section 1 of this article shall be chosen on the day of the general election by the qualified electors of the State. The returns of every election for said officers shall be sealed up and transmitted to the secretary of state, directed to the speaker of the house of representatives, who shall immediately, upon the organization of the house, and before proceeding to other business, open and publish the same in the presence of a majority of the members of both houses of the general assembly, who shall for that purpose assemble in the house of representatives. The person having the highest num- ber of votes for either of said offices shall be declared duly elected, but if two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes for the same office, one of them shall be chosen thereto by the two houses, on joint ballot. Contested elections for the said offices shall be determined by the two houses, on joint ballot, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 4. No person shall be eligible to the office of * * * superintendent of public Instruction, unless he should have attained the age of 30 years. * * * At the first election under this constitution, any person being a quali- fied elector at the time of the adoption of this constitution, and having the qualifications above herein prescribed for any one of said officers, shall be eligible thereto; but thereafter no person shall be eligible to any one of said offices, unless, in addition to the qualifications above i)rescribed therefor, he shall be a citizen of the United States, and have resided within the limits of the State two years next preceding his election. Sec. 17. The officers of the executive department, and of all public institutions of the State, shall at least 20 days preceding each regular session of the general assembly, make full and complete report of their actions to the governor, who shall transmit the same to the general assembly. Sec. 20. The superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio State librarian. Art. V, Sec. 25. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say .- * * * providing for the management of common schools. * * ♦ Sec. 34. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educational, or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation, or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association. Art. VIII, Sec. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and mute, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State, in such manner as may be prescribed law. Sec 5. The following educational Institutions, to wit, the university at Boulder, the agricultural college at Fort Collins, the school of mines at Golden, and the institute for the education of mutes (which shall hereafter be known as Colorado School for Deaf and Blind) at Colorado Springs, are hereby de- clared to be institutions of the State of Colorado, and the management thereof subject to the control of the State, under the provisions of the constitution, and such laws and regulations as the general assembly may provide, and the loca- tion of said institutions, as well as all gifts, grants and appropriations of money and property, real and personal, heretofore made to said several institutions, are hereby confirmed to the use and benefit of the same respectively : Provided, This section shall not apply to any institution, the property, real or personal, of which is now vested in the trustees thereof, until such property be trans- ferred by proper conveyance, together with the control thereof, to the officers provided for the management of said institution by this constitution or by law : And provided further, That the regents of the university may, whenever in their judgment the needs of the institution demand such action, establish, main- tain, and conduct all but the first two years of the departments of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy of the university at Denver: And provided further. That nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent State educational in- stitutions from giving temporary lecture courses, commonly called " University extension work," and " Farmers' institute and short courses," in any part of the State, or conducting class excursions for the purpose of investigation and study. Art. IX, Sec 1. The general supervision of the public schools of the State shall be vested in a board of education, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law; the superintendent of public instruction, the secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute the board, of which the superin- tendent of public instruction shall be president. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 877 Sec. 2. The general assembly shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the establishment and maintenance of a thorough and uniform system of free public schools throughout the State wherein all residents of the State between the ages of 6 and 21 years may be educated gratuitously. One or more public schools shall be maintained in each school district within the State at least three months in each year; any school district failing to have such school shall not be entitled to receive any portion of the school fund for that year. Sec. 3. The public-school fund of the State shall forever remain inviolate and intact; the interest thereon only shall be expended in the maintenance of the schools of the State, and shall be distributed among the several counties and school districts of the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. No part of this fund, principal or interest, shall ever be transferred to any other fund, or used or appropriated except as herein provided. The State treasurer shall be the custodian of this fund, and the same shall be securely and profitably invested as may be by law directed. The State shall supply all losses thereof that may in any manner occur. Sec 4. Each county treasurer shall collect all school funds belonging to his county, and the several school districts therein, and disburse the same to the proper districts upon warrants drawn by the county superintendent, or by the proper district authorities, as may be provided by law. Sec. 5. The public-school fund of the State shall consist of the proceeds of such lands as- have heretofore been, or may hereafter be, granted to the State by the General Government for educational purposes; all estates that may escheat to the State ; also all other grants, gifts, or devises that may be made to this State for educational purposes. Sec. 6. There shall be a county superintendent of schools in each county whose term of office shall be two years, and whose duties, qualifications, and compensation shall be prescribed by law. He shall be ex officio commissioner of lands within his county, and shall discharge the duties of said office under the direction of the State board of land commissioners, as directed by law. Sec. 7. Neither the general assembly, nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other public corporation shall ever make any appropriation, or pay from any public fund or moneys whatever, anything in aid of any church or sectarian society, or for any sectarian purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sectarian denomination whatsoever; nor shall any grant or donation of land, money, or other per- sonal property ever be made by the State, or any such public corporation, to any church or for any sectarian purpose. Sec 8. No religious test or qualification shall ever be required of any per- son as a condition of admission into any public educational institution of the State, either as teacher or student; and no teacher or student of any such institution shall ever be required to attend or participate in any religious service whatever. No sectarian tenets or doctrines shall ever be taught in the public schools, nor shall any distinction or classification of pupils be made on account of race or color. Sec 9. The governor, superintendent of public instruction, secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute the State board of land commis- sioners, who shall have the direction, control, and disposition of the public lands of the State, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Sec 10. It shall be the duty of the State board of land commissioners to provide for the location, protection, sale, or other disposition of all the lands heretofore, or which may hereafter be, granted to the State by the General Government, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and in such manner as will secure the maximum possible amount therefor. No law shall ever be passed by the general assembly granting any privileges to persons who may have settled upon any such public lands subsequent to the survey thereof by the General Government, by which the amount to be derived by the sale, or other disposition of such lands, shall be diminished, directly or indirectly. The general assembly shall, at the earliest practicable period, provide by law that the several grants of land made by Congress to the State shall be judi- ciously located and carefully preserved and held in trust subject to disposal for the use and benefit of the respective objects for which said grants of land were made, and the general assembly shall provide for the sale of said lands from time to time, and for the faithful application of the proceeds thereof in accordance with the terms of said grants. 878 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 11. The general assembly may require, by law, that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public school during the period between the ages of 6 and 18 years, for a time equivalent to three years, unless educated by other means. Sec. 12. There shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at the first general election under this constitution, six regents of the university, who shall, immediately after their election, be so classified, by lot, that two shall hold their office for the term of two years, two for four years, and two for six years; and every two years after the first election there shall be elected two regents of the university, whose term of office shall be six years. The regents thus elected, and their successors, shall constitute a body corporate, to be known by the name and style of " The Regents of the University of Colorado." Sec. 13. The regents of the university shall, at their first meeting, or as soon thereafter as practicable, elect a president of the university, who shall hold his office until removed by the board of regents for cause; he shall be ex officio a member of the board with the privilege of speaking, but not of voting, except in cases of a tie ; he shall preside at the meetings of the board, and be the principal executive officer of the university, and a member of the faculty thereof. Sec. 14. The hoard of regents shall have the general supervision of the university, and the exclusive control and direction of all the funds of, and appropriations to, the university. Sec. 15. The general assembly shall, by law, provide for organization of school districts of convenient size, in each of which shall be established a board of education, to consist of three or more directors, to be elected by the qualified electors of the district. Said directors shall have control of instruc- tion in the public schools of their respective districts. Sec. 16. Neither the general assembly nor the State board of education shall have power to prescribe textbooks to be used in the public schools. Art. XI, Sec. 1. Neither the State, nor any county, city, town, township, or school district shall lend or pledge the credit or faith thereof, directly or indi- rectly, in any manner to, or in aid of, any person, company, or corporation, public or private, for any amount or for any purpose whatever, or become responsible for any debt, contract, liability of any person, company, or corporation, public oi; private, in or out of the State. Sec. 2. Neither .the State, nor any county, city, town, township, or school district shall make any donation or grant to, or in aid of, or become a sub- scriber to, or shareholder in, any corporation or company, or a joint owner with any person, company, or corporation, public or private, in or out of the State, except as to such ownership as may accrue to the State by escheat, or by forfeiture, by operation or provision of law ; and except as to such owner- ship as may accrue to the State, or to any county, city, town, township, or school district, or to either or any of them, jointly with any person, company, or corporation, by forfeiture or sale of real estate for nonpayment of taxes, or by donation or devise for public use, or by purchase by or on behalf of any or either of them, jointly with any or either of them, under execution in cases of fine, penalties, or forfeiture of recognizance, breach of condition of official bond, or of bond to secure public moneys, or the performance of any contract in which they or any of them may be jointly or severally interested. Sec. 7. No debt by loan in any form shall be contracted by any school dis- trict for the purpose of erecting and furnishing school buildings or purchasing grounds, unless the proposition to create such debt shall first be submitted to such qualified electors of the districts as shall have paid a school tax therein in the year next preceding such election, and a majority of those voting thereon shall vote in favor of incurring such debt. Art. XIV, Sec. 8. There shall be elected in each county on the first Tuesday of October, in the year 1877, and every alternate year forever thereafter * * * one county superintendent of schools. * * * Aet. XV, Sec. 2. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, extended, changed, or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory corporations as are or may be under the control of the State; but the general assembly shall provide by general laws for the organization of corporations hereafter to be created. Art, XX, Sec. 7. The city and county of Denver shall alone always con- stitute one school district, to be known as District No. 1, but its conduct, affairs, and business shall be in the hands of a board of education, consisting of such members, elected in such manner as the general school laws of the CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 879 State shall provide, and until the first election under said laws of a full board of education, which shall be had at the first election held after the adoption of this amendment, all the directors of school district No. 1 and the resi>ective presidents of the school boards of school districts Nos. 2, 7, 17 and 21 at the time this amendment takes effect, shall act as such board of education, and all districts or special charters now existing are hereby abol- ished. The said board of education shall perform all the acts and duties required to be performed for said district by the general laws of the State. Except as inconsistent with this amendment, the general school laws of the State shall, unless the context evinces a contrary intent, be held to extend and apply to the said " District No. 1." Upon the annexation of any contiguous municipality which shall include a school district or districts, or any part of a district, said school district or districts or part shall be merged in said "District No. 1," which shall then own all the property thereof, real and personal, located within the boundaries of such annexed municipality, and shall assume and pay all the bonds, obliga- tions, and indebtedness of each of the said included school districts, and a proper proportion of those partially included districts. CONNECTICUT. Art, VIII, Sec. 1. The charter of Yale College, as modified by agreement with the corporation thereof, in pursuance of an act of the general assembly, passed in May, 1792, is hereby confirmed. Sec. 2. The fund, called the school fund, shall remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated to the support and en- couragement of the public, or common schools throughout the State, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof. The value and amount of said fund shall, as soon as practicable, be ascertained in such manner as the general assembly may prescribe, published, and recorded in the controller's office; and no law shall ever be made, authorizing said fund to be diverted to any other use than the encouragement and support of public, or common schools, among the several school societies, as justice and equity shall require. Art. XXIV. Neither the general assembly, nor any county, city, borough, town, or school district, shall have power to pay or grant any extra compensa- tion to any public officer, employee, agent or servant, or increase the compen- sation of any public officer or employee, to take effect during the continuance in office of any person whose salary might be increased thereby, or increase the pay or compensation of any public contractor above the amount specified in the contract. DELAWARE. Art. X, Sec. 1. The general assembly shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of a general and efficient system of free public schools, and may require by law that every child, not physically or mentally disabled, shall attend the public school, unless educated by other means. Sec. 2. In addition to the income of the investments of the public-school fund, the general assembly shall make provision for the annual payment of not less than $100,000 for the benefit of the free public schools which, with the income of the investments of the public-school fund, shall be equitably apportioned among the school districts of the State as the general assembly shall provide; and the money so apportioned shall be used exclusively for the payment of teachers' salaries and for furnishing free textbooks: Provided, however, That in such apportionment, no distinction shall be made on account of race or color, and separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained. All other exx)enses connected with the maintenance of free public schools, and all expenses connected with the erection or repair of free public-school buildings shall be defrayed in such manner as shall be provided by law. Sec. 3. No portion of any fund now existing, or which may hereafter be ap- propriated, or raised by tax, for educational purposes, shall be appropriated to, 880 Sl^ATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. or used by, or in aid of any sectarian, church, or denominational school : Pro- vided, That all real or personal property used for school purposes, where the tuition is free, shall be exempt from taxation and assessment for public purposes. Sec. 4. No part of the principal or income of the public-school fund, now or hereafter existing, shall be used for any other i)urpose than the support of free public schools. FLORIDA. Art. Ill, Sec. 25. The legislature shall provide by general law for incorporat- ing such educational, agricultural, mechanical, mining, and other useful com- panies or associations as may be deemed necessary. Art. IV, Sec. 20. The governor shall be assisted by administrative oflBcers as follows: * * * superintendent of public instruction, * * * ^ho shall be elected at the same time as the governor, and shall hold their offices for the same term; * * *. Sec. 25. The superintendent of public instruction shall have supervision of all matters pertaining to public instruction ; the supervision of State buildings de- voted to educational purposes, and perform such other duties as the legislature may provide by law. Sec. 29. The salary of the governor of the State shall be $3,500 a year; of * * * the superintendent of public instruction $1,500 a year ; * * * : Provided, further, That the legislature may, after eight years from the adop- tion of this constitution, increase or decrease any or all of said salaries. Art. VI, Sec. 8. The legislature shall have power to make the payment of the capitation tax a prerequisite for voting, and all such taxes received shall go into the school fund. Art. VIII, Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the election by the quali- fied electors in each county of * * * a superintendent of public instruc- tion and a county surveyor. The term of office of all county officers mentioned in this section shall be for four years, * * *. Their powers, duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. The legislature shall provide by law for the care and custody of all county funds and shall provide the method of reporting and paying out all such funds. * * * Art. IX, Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform and equal rate of taxation, and shall prescribe such regulations as shall secure a just valua- tion of all property, both real and personal, excepting such property as may be exempted by law for municipal, educational, literary, scientific, religious or charitable purposes. Art. XII. Section 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform system of public free schools, and shall provide for the liberal maintenance of the same. Sec. 2. There shall be a superintendent of public instruction, whose duties shall be prescribed by law and whose term of office shall be four years and until the election and qualification of his successor. Sec. 3. The governor, secretary of state, attorney general, State treasurer, and State superintendent of public instruction shall constitute a body corporate, to be known as the State Board of Education of Florida, of which the governor shall be president, and the superintendent of public instruction secretary. This board shall have power to remove any subordinate school officer for cause, upon notice to the incumbent; and shall have the management and investment of all State school funds under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and such supervision of schools of higher grades as the law shall provide. Sec. 4. The State school fund, the interest of which shall be exclusively ap- plied to the support and maintenance of public free schools, shall be derived from the following sources : The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to the State by the United States for public-school purposes. Donations to the State when the purpose is not specified. Appropriations by the State. The proceeds of escheated property or forfeitures. Twenty-five per cent of the sales of public lands which are now or may here- after be owned by the State. Sec. 5. The principal of the State school fund shall remain sacred and invio- late. CONSTITUTIONAT. PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 881 Sec. 6. A special tax of 1 mill on the dollar of all taxable property in the State, in addition to the other means provided, shall be levied and apportioned annually for the support and maintenance of public free schools. Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by law for the apportionment and distribu- tion of the interest on the State school fund and all other means provided, in- cluding the special tax, for the support and maintenance of public free schools, among the several counties of the State in proportion to the average attendance upon schools in the said counties, respectively. Sec. 8. Each county shall be required to assess and collect annually for the support of public free schools therein," a tax of not less than 3 mills nor more than 5 mills on the dollar of all taxable property in the same. Sec. 9. The county school fund shall consist, in addition to the tax provided for in section 8 of this article, of the proportion of the interest of the State school fund and of the 1-mill State tax apportioned to the county; the net proceeds of all fines collected under the penal laws of the State within the county ; all capitation taxes collected within the county ; and shall be disbursed by the county board of public instruction solely for the maintenance and sup- port of public free schools. Sec. 10. The legislature may provide for the division of any county or counties into convenient school districts ; and for the election biennially of three school trustees, who shall hold their office for two years, and who shall have the supervision of all the schools within the district ; and for the levying and col- lection of a district school tax, for the exclusive use of public free schbols within the district, whenever a majority of the qualified electors thereof that pay a tax on real, or personal property shall vote in favor of such levy: Pro- vided, That any tax authorized by this section shall not exceed 3 mills on the dollar in any one year on the taxable property of the district. Sec. 11. Any incorporated town or city may constitute a school district. The fund raised by section 10 may be expended in the district where levied for building or repairing schoolhouses, for the purchase of school libraries and textboolis, for salaries of teachers, or for other educational purposes, so that the distribution among all the schools of the district be equitable. Sec. 12. White and colored children shall not be taught in the same school, but impartial provision shall be made for both. Sec. 13. No law shall be enacted authorizing the diversion or the lending of any county or district school funds, or the appropriation of any part of the permanent or available school fund to any other than school purposes; nor shall the same, or any part thereof, be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school. Sec. 14. The legislature at its first session shall provide for the establishment, maintenance, and management of such normal schools, not to exceed two, as the interests of public education may demand. Sec. 15. The compensation of all county school officers shall be paid from the school fund of their respective counties, and all other county officers receiving stated salaries shall be paid from the general funds of their respective counties. Sec. 17. The legislature may provide for special-tax school districts, to issue bonds for the exclusive use of public free schools within any such special-tax school district, whenever a majority of the qualified electors thereof, who are freeholders, shall vote in favor of the issuance of such bonds. Whenever any such special-tax school district has voted in favor of the issu- ance of such bonds, a tax not to exceed 5 mills on the dollar, in any one year, on the taxable property within the district voting for the issue of bonds shall be levied in accordance with law providing for the levying of taxes, to become a fund for the payment of the interest and redemption of such bonds. Art. XIII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf, and such other benevolent institutions as the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Art. XVI, Sec. 16. The property of all corporations, except the property of a corporation which shall construct a ship or barge canal across the peninsula of Florida, if the legislature should so enact,- whether heretofore or hereafter Incorporated, shall be subject to taxation unless such property be held and used exclusively for religious, scientific, municipal, educational, literary, or charitable purposes. 3966'— 15 56 882 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. GEORGIA. Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XIV. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any * * * sectarian institution. Art. VII, Sec. I, Par. I. The powers of taxation over the whole State shall be exercised by the general assembly for the following purposes only ; * * * For educational purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only. ♦ * * Sec. II, Par. II. The general assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation * * * all buildings erected for and used as a college, incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning; * * * Provided, the property so exempted be not used for purposes of i^rivate or corporate profit or income. Par. III. No poll tax shall be levied except for educational purposes, and such tax shall not exceed $1 annually upon each poll. Sec. VI, Par. II. The general assembly shall not have power to delegate to any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educational pur- poses, to build and repair the public buildings and bridges; * ♦ ♦. Sec. VII, Par, I. The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal cor- poration, or political division of this State, except as in this constitution provided for, shall never exceed 7 per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable proi>erty therein ; and no such county, municipality, or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of 1 per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law ; but any city, the debt of which does not exceed 7 per centum of the assessed value of the taxable property at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the amount of said debt, 3 per centum upon such assessed valuation. Art. VIII, Sec. I, Par. I. There shall be a thorough system of common schools for the education of the children, as nearly uniform as practicable, the expense of which shall be provided for by taxation, or otherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State, but separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored races. Sec. II, Par. I. There shall be a State school commissioner, appointed by the governor, and confirmed by the senate, whose term of office shall be two years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified. His office shall be at the seat of government, and he shall be paid a salary not to exceed $2,000 per annum. The general assembly may substitute for the State school commissioner such officer, or officers, as may be deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education. Sec. Ill, Par. I. The poll tax, any educational fund now belonging to the State (except the endowment of, and debt due to, the University of Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and of the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, which the general assembly is hereby authorized to assess, and the proceeds of any commutation tax for military service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits, are de- structive to other property, are hereby set apart and devoted for the support of common schools. Sec. IV, Par. I. Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recommenda- tion of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations, upon the recommenda- tion of the corporate authority, to establish and maintain public schools in their respective limits by local taxation; but no such local laws shall take efl^ect until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the qualified voters in each county or municipal corporation, and approved by a two-thirds vote of persons qualified to vote at such election; and the general assembly may pre- scribe who shall vote on such question. Sec. V, Par. I. Existing local school systems shall not be affected by this con- stitution. Nothing contained in section first of this article shall be construed to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from participation in the educational fund of the State, as to all pupils therein taught in the elementary branches of an English education. Sec. VI, Par. I. The trustees of the University of Georgia may accept be- quests, donations, and grants of land, or other property, for the use of said university. In addition to the payment of the annual interest on the debt due by the State to the universitj^ the general assembly may, from time "to time, make such donations thereto as the condition of the treasury will authorize. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 883 And the general assembly may also, from time to time, make such appropria- tions of money as the condition of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceeding one in number) now established, or hereafter to be established in this State for the education of persons of color. IDAHO. Art. I, Sec. 20. No property qualification shall ever be required for any per- son to vote or hold office except in school elections or elections creating indebt- edness. Art. Ill, Sec. 19. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say .- * * * Providing for the management of common schools. Creating offices or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, townships, election districts, or school districts, except as in this consti- tution otherwise provided. * * * Art. IV, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * * * and superintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for two years, beginning on the first Monday in January next after his election, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. * * * They shall per- form such duties as are prescribed by this constitution and as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 3. No person shall be eligible to the ♦ * * office of secretary of state, State auditor, superintendent of public instruction, or State treasurer unless he shall have attained the age of 25 years ; * * * In addition to the quali- fications above described each of the officers named shall be a citizen of the United States and shall have resided within the State or Territory two years next preceding his election. Sec 6. * * * if the office of * * * superintendent of public instruc- tion shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified in such manner as may be provided by law. Sec 19. The governor, secretary of state, State auditor, State treasurer, attorney general, and superintendent of public instruction shall, quarterly as due, during their continuance in pffice, receive for their services compensation, which for the term next ensuing after the adoption of this constitution is fixed as follows: * * * Superintendent of public instruction, $1,500 per annum. * * * The legislature may provide for the payment of actual and necessary expenses to the superintendent of public instruction while traveling within the State in the performance of official duty. Art. V, Sec 27. The legislature may by law diminish or increase the compen- sation of any or all the following officers, to wit: * * * Sui>erintendent of public instruction, * * * but no diminuation or increase shall affect the compensation of the officer then in office during his term ; * * * Art. VI, Sec 2. * * * until otherwise provided by the legislature, women who have the qualifications prescribed in this article may continue to hold such school offices and vote at such school elections as provided by the laws of Idaho Territory. Sec 5. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence * * * while a stu- dent of any institution of learning. * * * Alrt. VII. Sec 8. The power to tax corporations or corporate property, both real and personal, shall never be relinquished or suspended, and all corpora- tions in this State, or doing business therein, shall be subject to taxation for State, county, school, municipal, and other purposes, on real and personal prop- erty owned or used by them, and not by this constitution exempted from taxa- tion within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax. Sec 9. The rate of taxation of real and personal property for State purposes shall never exceed 10 mills on each dollar of assessed valuation ; and if the tax- able property in the State shall amount to $50,000,000 the rate shall not exceed 5 mills on each dollar of valuation ; and whenever the taxable property in the State shall amount to $100,000,000 the rate shall not exceed 3 mills on each dollar of valuation; and whenever the taxable property in the State shall amount to $300,000,000 the rate shall never thereafter exceed 1^ mills on eagh 884 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. dollar of valuation, unless a proposition to increase such rate, specifying the rate proposed and the time during which the same shall be levied, shall have been submitted to the people at a general election and shall have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election. Sec. 10. The making of profit, directly or indirectly, out of State, county, city, town, township, or school district money, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any public officer, shall be deemed a felony, and shall be punished as provided by law. Sec. 15. The legislature shall provide by law such a system of county finance as shall cause the business of the several counties to be conducted on a cash basis. It shall also provide that whenever any county shall have any warrants outstanding and unpaid, for the payment of which there are no funds in the county treasury, the county commissioners, in addition to other taxes provided by law, shall levy a special tax, not to exceed 10 mills on the dollar of taxable property, as shown by the last preceding assessment, for the creation of a spe- cial fund for the redemption of said warrants ; and after the levy of such spe- cial tax all warrants issued before such levy shall be paid exclusively out of said fund. All moneys in the county treasury at the end of each fiscal year, not needed for current expenses, shall be transferred to said redemption fund. Art. VIII, Sec. 3. No county, city, town, township, board of education, or school district, or other subdivision of the State, shall incur any indebtedness, or liability in any manner, or for any purpose, exceeding in that year the in- come and revenue provided for it for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified electors thereof, voting at an election to be held for that pur- pose, nor unless, before or at the time of incurring such indebtedness, provision shall be made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such indebtedness as it falls due, and also to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, within 20 years from the time of con- tracting the same. * * * Sec. 4. No county, city, town, township, board of education, or school dis- trict, or other subdivision, shall lend, or pledge the credit or faith thereof directly or indirectly. In any manner, to, or in aid of any individual, association or corporaton, for any amount or for any purpose whatever, or become responsi- ble for any debt, contract or liability of any individual, association or corpora- tion in or out of this State. Art. IX, Sec. 1. The stability of a republican form of government depending mainly upon the intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legis- lature of Idaho to establish and maintain a general, uniform, and thorough sys- tem of public free common schools. Sec. 2. The general supervision of the State educational institutions and public-school system of the State of Idaho shall be vested in a State board of education, the membership, powers, and duties of which shall be prescribed by law. The State superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio member of said board. Sec. 3. The public-school fund of the State shall forever remain inviolate and intact; the interests thereon only shall be expended in the maintenance of the schools of the State, and shall be distributed among the several counties and school districts of the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. No part of this fund, principal or Interest, shall ever be transferred to any other fund, or used or appropriated except as herein provided. The State treas- urer shall be the custodian of this fund, and the same shall be securely and profitably invested as may be by law directed. The State shall supply all losses thereof that may in any manner occur. Sec. 4. The public-school fund of the State shall consist of the proceeds of such lands as have heretofore been granted, or may hereafter be granted, to the State by the General Government, known as school lands, and those granted in lieu of such; lands acquired by gift or grant from any person or corpora- tion, under any law or grant of the General Government ; and of all other grants of land or money made to the State from the General Government for general educational purposes, or where no other special purpose is indicated in such grant; all estates or distributive shares of estates that may escheat to the State ; all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corjwration incorporated un- der the laws of the State ; and all other grants, gifts, devises, or bequests made to the State for general educational purposes. Sec. 5. Neither the legislature, nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other public corporation, shall ever make any appropriation, or pay from any public fund or moneys whatever, anything in aid of any church or CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 885 sectarian or religious society, or for any sectarian or religious purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sectarian or religious denomination whatsoever; nor shall any grant or donation of land, mone3% or other personal property ever be made by the State, or any such public corporation, to any church or for any sectarian or religious purpose. Sec. 6. No religious test or qualification shall ever be required of any person as a condition of admission into any public educational institution of the State, either as teacher or student ; and no teacher or student of any such institution shall ever be required to attend or participate in any religious service what- ever. No sectarian or religious tenets or doctrines shall ever be taught in the public schools, nor shall any distinction or classification of pupils be made on account of race or color. No books, papers, tracts, or documents of a political, sectarian, or denominational character shall be used or introduced in any schools established under the provisions of this article, nor shall any teacher or any district receive any of the public-school moneys in which the schools have not been taught in accordance with the provisions of this article. Sec. 7. The governor, superintendent of public instruction, secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute the State board of land commissioners, who shall have the direction, control, and disposition of the public lands of the State, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the State board of land commissioners to pro- vide for the location, protection, sale, or rental of all the lands heretofore, or which may be hereafter be, granted to the State by the General Government, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and in such manner as will secure the maximum possible amount therefor : Provided, That no school lands shall be sold for less than $10 per acre. No law shall ever be passed by the legislature granting any privileges to persons who may have settled upon any such public lands, subsequent to the survey thereof by the General Government, by which the amount to be derived by the sale, or other disposition of such lands, shall be diminished, directly or indirectly. The legislature shall, at the earliest practicable period, provide by law that the general grants of land made by Congress to the State shall be judiciously located and carefully preserved and held in trust, subject to disposal at public auction for the use and benefit of the respective objects for which said grants of land were made, and the legis- lature shall provide for the sale of said lands from time to time, and for the sale of timber on all State lands, and for the faithful application of the pro- ceeds thereof in accordance with the terms of said grants: Pro'cided, That not to exceed 25 sections of school lands shall be sold in any one year, and to be sold in subdivisions of not to exceed 160 acres to any one individual, company, or corporation. Sec. 9. The legislature may require by law that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public school throughout the period be- tween the ages of 6 and 18 years, for a time equivalent to 3 years, unless educated by other means. Sec 10. The location of the University of Idaho, as established by existing laws, is hereby confirmed. All the rights, immunities, franchises, and endow- ments heretofore granted thereto by the Territory of Idaho are hereby per- petuated unto the said university. The regents shall have the general super- vision of the university, and the control and direction of all the funds of, and appropriations to, the university, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No university lands shall be sold for less than $10 per acre, and in sub- divisions not to exceed 160 acres, to any one person, company, or corporation. Sec. 11. The permanent educational funds, other than funds' arising from the disposition of university lands belonging to the State, shall be loaned on first mortgage on improved farm lands within the State, or on State or United States bonds, under such regulations as the legislature may provide: Provided, That no loan shall be made of any amount of money exceeding one-third of the market value of the lands at the time of the loan, exclusive of buildings. Art. X, Sec 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and dumb, and such other insti- tutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Art. XI, Sec 2. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, extended, changed, or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable, edu- cational, penal, or reformatory corporations as are or may be under the control 886 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of the State ; but the legislature shall provide by general law for the organiza- tion of corporations hereafter to be created : Provided, That any such general law shall be subject to future repeal or alteration by the legislature. Aet. XII, Sec. 4. * * * That cities and towns may contract indebtedness for school, water, sanitary, and illuminating purposes : Provided, That any city or town contracting such indebtedness shall own its just proportion of the prop- erty thus created, and receive from any income arising therefrom its proportion to the whole amount so invested. Aet. XVIII, Sec. 6. The legislature, by general and uniform laws, shall pro- vide for the election biennially in each of the several counties of the State, of * * * a county superintendent of public instruction. * * * The salary and qualifications of the county superintendent shall be fixed by law. ILLINOIS. Art. IV, Sec. 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say, for — * * * Providing for the management of common schools, * * * Aet. V, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * * * superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general, who shall each * * * hold his office for the term of four years from the second Monday of January next after his election and until his successor is elected and quali- fied. * * * Sec. 3. An election * * * shall be held * * * for superintendent of public instruction on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November in the year 1870, and every four years thereafter. ♦ * * Sec. 5. * * * Neither the governor, * * * superintendent of public instruction, nor attorney general shall be eligible to any other office during tlie period for which he shall have been elected. Sec 20. If the office of * * * superintendent of public instruction shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the gov- ernor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified in such manner as may be provided by law. * * * Sec 21. The officers of the executive department, and of all the public in- stitutions of the State, shall, at least 10 days preceding each regular session of the general assembly, severally report to the governor, who shall transmit such reports to the general assembly, * * * Art. VIII, Sec 1. The general assembly shall provide a thorough and ef- ficient system of free schools whereby all children of this State may receive a good common-school education. Sec 2. All lands, moneys, or other property, donated, granted, or received for school, college, seminary, or university purposes, and the proceeds thereof, shall be faithfully applied to the objects for which such gifts or grants were made. Sec 3. Neither the general assembly nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other public corporation shall ever make any appropriation or pay from any public fund whatever anything in aid of any church or sectarian purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sectarian denomination whatever; nor shall any grant or donation of land, money, or other personal property ever be made by the State or any such public corporation to any church or for any sectarian purpose. Sec 4. No teacher. State, county, township, or district school officer shall be interested in the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book, apparatus, or furni- ture, used or to be used in any school in this State, with which such officer or teacher may be connected, under such penalties as may be provided by the general assembly. Sec 5. There may be a county superintendent of schools in each county, whose qualifications, powers, duties, compensation, and time and manner of election and term of office shall be prescribed by law. Aet. IX, Sec 3. * * * Such other property as may be used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural societies, for school, religious, cemetery, and corporate purposes all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to be only by general law. * * * Sec 8. County authorities shall never assess taxes the aggregate of which shall exceed 75 cents per $100 valuation, except for the payment of indebtedness CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 887 existing at the adoption of this constitution, unless authorized by a vote of the people of the county. Sec. 9. The general assembly may vest the corporate authorities of cities, towns, and villages with power to make local improvements by special assess- ment or by special taxation of contiguous property, or otherwise. For all other corporate puriwses all municipal corix)rations may be vested with authrity to assess and collect taxes. * * * Sec. 12. No county, city, township, school district, or other municipal cor- poration shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding 5 per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, school district, or other municipal cor- poration incurring any indebtedness as aforesaid, shall before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof within 20 years from the time of contracting the same. This section shall not be construed to prevent any county, city, township, school district, or other municipal corporation from issuing their bonds in compliance with any vote of the people which may have been had prior to the adoption of this constitution in pursuance of any law providing therefor. INDIAXA. Abt. I, Sec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution. Aet. IV, Sec 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say ; * * * Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school funds; * * * Aet. VIII, Sec. 1. Knowledge and learning generally diffused throughout a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement, and to provide by law for a general and uniform system of common schools, wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all. Sec. 2. The common-school fund shall consist of the congressional township fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; The surplus revenue fund ; The saline fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; The banli-tax fund, and the fund arising from the one hundred and four- teenth section of the charter of the State Bank of Indiana ; The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and the moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries; from the fines assessed for breaches of the penal laws of the State; and from all forfeitures which may accrue; All lands and other estate which shall escheat to the State for want of heirs or kindred entitled to the inheritance; All lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to the State, where no special purpose is expressed in the grant, and the proceeds of the sales thereof ; including the proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to the State of Indiana by the act of Congress, of the 28th of September, 1850, after deduct- ing the expense of selecting and draining the same; Taxes on the property of corporations that may be assessed by the general assembly for common-school purposes. Sec 3. The principal of the common-school fund shall remain a perpetual fund, which may be increased, but shall never be diminished ; and the income thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools, and to no other purpose whatever. Sec 4. The general assembly shall invest, in some safe and profitable manner, all such portions of the common-school fund as have not heretofore been in- trusted to the several counties; and shall make provisions, by law, for the dis- tribution, among the several counties, of the interest thereof. Sec 5. If any county shall fail to demand its proportion of such interest for common-school purposes, the same shall be reinvested for the benefit of such county. 888 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK. Sec. 6. The several counties shall be held liable for the preservation of so much of the said fund as may be intrusted to them, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. Sec. 7. All trust funds held by the State shall remain inviolate, and be faithfully and exclusively applied to the purposes for which the trust was created. Sec 8. The general assembly shall provide for the election, by the voters of the State, of a State superintendent of public instruction, who shall hold his office for two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. Art. IX, Sec. 1. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the blind ; and, also, for the treatment of the insane. Sec. 2. The general assembly shall provide houses of refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. Art. X, Sec 1. The general assembly shall provide, by law, for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation ; and shall prescribe such regulations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both real and per- sonal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, literary, scientific, religious, or charitable purposes, as may be specially exempted by law. IOWA. FIRST. EDUCATION. Art. IX, Sec 1. The educational interest of the State, including common schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management of a board of education, which shall consist of the lieutenant governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. Sec 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and shall have been one year a citizen of the State. Sec 3. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified electors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under this con- stitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the expiration of two years ; and one-half of the board shall be chosen every two years thereafter. Sec 4. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the seat of government on the first Monday of December after their election; after which the general assembly may fix the time and place of meeting. Sec '5. The session of the board shall be limited to 20 days, and but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinary occasions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of the board, the governor may order a special session. Sec 6. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be the executive officer of the board, and perform such duties as may be imposed upon him by the board, and the laws of the State. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be published and distributed in the same man- ner as the journals of the general assembly. Sec 7. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published and distributed, they shall have the force and effect of law. Sec 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to legis- late and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted to receive aid from the school or university fund of this State; but all acts, rules, and regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the general assembly; and when so altered, amended, or repealed they shall not be reenacted by the board of education. Sec 9. The governor of the State shall be ex officio a member of said board. Sec 10. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appropriations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the general assembly, CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 889 Sec. 11. The State university shall be established at one place without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution and no other. Sec 12. The board of education shall provide for the education of all the youths of the State, through a system of common schools, and such schools shall be organized and kept in each school district at least three months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive years, to organize and keep up a school, as aforesaid, may be deprived of their portion of the school fund. Sec. 13. The members of the board of education shall each receive the same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and returning therefrom, as members of the general assembly. Sec. 14. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transac- tion of business ; but no rule, regulation, or law for the government of common schools or other educational institutions shall pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the board, which shall be expressed by the yeas and nays on the final passage. The style of all acts of the board shall be, " Be it enacted by the Board of Education of the State of Iowa." Sec. 15. At any time after the year 1863, the general assembly shall have power to abolish or reorganize said board of education, and provide for the educational interest of the State in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper. SECOND.— SCHOOL FUNDS AND SCHOOL LANDS. Sec. 1. The educational and school funds and lands shall be under the con- trol and management of the general assembly of this State. Sec. 2. The university lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all moneys be- longing to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole use of the State university. The interest arising from the same shall be annually appropriated for the support and benefit of said university. Sec. 3. The general assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States to this State, for the support of schools, which may have been, or shall hereafter be, sold or disposed of, and the 500,000 acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved In the year of our Lord 1841, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as has been or may hereafter be granted by Congress, on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the general assembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State. Sec. 4. The money which may have been or shall be paid by persons as an equivalent from exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in which such money is paid, or fine collected, among the several school districts of said counties, in proportion to the number of youths subject to enumeration in such districts, to the support of common schools, or the establishment of libraries, as the board of education shall from time to time provide. Sec 5. The general assembly shall take measures for the protection, im- provement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may hereafter be, reserved or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, to this State, for the use of the university, and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose aforesaid, shall be, and remain, a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the general assembly as soon as may be to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said university. Sec 6. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same that, by law, receive and control the State and county revenue for other civil purposes, under such regulations as may be provided by law. Sec 7. The money subject to the support and maintenance of common schools shall be distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of youths, 890 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOlT. between the ages of 5 and 21 years, in such manner as may be provided by the general assembly. Art. XII, Sec. 4. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due, or to become due, or accruing to the State, or to any county therein, or to the school fund, shall inure to the State, county, or school fund, in the manner prescribed by law. KANSAS. Art. I, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * * * and superintendent of public instruction, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State at the time and place of voting for members of the legislature, and shall hold their offices for the term of two years from the second Monday of January next after their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, an abstract of the returns of every election of the officers named in the foregoing section shall be sealed up and transmitted by the clerks of the boards of canvassers of the several counties to the secretary of state, who with the liteutenant governor and attorney gen- eral shall constitute a board of State canvassers, whose duty it shall be to meet at the State capital on the second Tuesday of December succeeding each elec- tion for State officers, and canvas the vote for such officers and proclaim the result; but in case any two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes, the legislature shall by joint ballot choose one of said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for said office. Sec. 14. Should either the secretary of state, * * * or superintendent of public instruction, become incapable of performing the duties of his office, for any of the causes specified in the thirteenth section of this article, the governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than 30 days after it shall have hap- pened ; and the person chosen shall hold the office for the unexpired term. Art. II, Sec. 23. The legislature, in providing for the formation and regula- tion of schools, shall make no distinction between the rights of males and females. Art. V, Sec. 3. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while * * * a student of any seminary of learning. * * * Art. VI, Sec. 1. The State superintendent of public instruction shall have the general supervision of the common-school funds and educational interests of the State, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected in each county, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be pre- scribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall encourage the promotion of intellectual, moral, scientific, and agricultural improvement, by establishing a uniform system of common schools, and schools of a higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, collegiate, and university departments. Sec. 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for the support of schools, and the 500,000 acres of land granted to the new States under an act of Congress distributing the pro- ceeds of public lands among the several States of the Union, approved Sep- tember 4, A. D. 1841, and all estates of persons dying without heir or will, and such per cent as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be the common property of the State, and shall be a perpetual school fund, which shall not be diminished, but the interest of which, together with all the rents of the lands and such other means as the legislature may provide, by tax or otherwise, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools. Sec. 4. The income of the State school funds shall be disbursed annually, by order of the State superintendent, to the several county treasurers, and thence to the treasurers of the several school districts, in equitable proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein between the ages of 5 and 21 years : Provided, That no school district in which a common school has not been maintained at least three months in each year shall be entitled to receive any portion of such funds. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 891 Sec. 5. The school lands shall not be sold unless such sale shall be authorized by a vote of the people at a general election ; but, subject to revaluation every 5 years, they may be leased for any number of years, not exceeding 25, at a rate established by law. Sec. 6. All money which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemp- tion from military duty; the clear proceeds of estrays, ownership of which shall vest in the talier-up ; and the proceeds of fines for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied in the several counties in which the money is paid or fines collected to the support of common schools. Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, at some eligible and central point, of a State university, for the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, including a normal and an agricultural department. All funds arising from the sale or rents of lands granted by the United States to the State for the support of a State university, and all other grants, donations, or bequests, either by the State or by individuals, for such purpose shall remain a perpetual fund, to be called the "university fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State university. Sec. 8. No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of the common- school or university funds of the State. Sec. 9. The State superintendent of public instruction, secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute a board of commissioners for the management and investment of the school funds. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum. Abt. VII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the benefit of the Insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Trustees of such benevolent institutions as may be here- after created shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate ; * * *. Abt. XI, Sec. 1. * * * All property appropriated and used exclusively for municipal, literary, educational, scientific, or charitable purposes * * * shall be exempted from taxation * ♦ *. KENTUCKY. Sec. 5. No preference shall ever be given by law to any religious sect, society, or denomination; * * * nor shall any man be compelled to send his child to any school to which he may be conscientiously opposed ; * * * Sec. 59. The general assembly shall not pass local or special acts concerning any of the following subjects, or for any of the following purposes, namely : * * * To provide for the management of common schools. * * * Sec. 60. * * * No law, except such as relates to * * * common schools, * * * shall be enacted to take effect upon the approval of any other authority than the general assembly, unless otherwise expressly provided in this constitution. Sec. 91. A treasurer * * * and superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the same time the governor is elected, for the term of four years, each of whom shall be at least 30 years of age at the time of his election and shall have been a resident citizen of the State at least two years next before his election. The duties of all these officers shall be such as may be prescribed by law, ♦ * *. Sec. 93. The treasurer, * * * superintendent of public instruction and register of the land office shall be ineligible to reelection for the succeeding four years after the expiration of the term for which they shall have been elected. The duties and responsibilities of these officers shall be prescribed by law, and all fees collected by any of said officers, shall be covered into the treasury. * * * Sec. 95. The election under this constitution for * * * superintendent of public instruction, * * ♦ shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 1895, and the same day every four years thereafter. Sec. 157. The tax rate of cities, towns, counties, taxing districts, and other municipalities, for other than school purposes, shall not, at any time, exceed the following rates upon the value of the taxable property therein, viz: For all towns or cities having a population of 15,000 or more, $1.50 on the $100 ; for all 892 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. towns or cities having less than 15,000 and not less than 10,000, $1 on the $100; for all towns or cities having less than 10,000, 75 cents on the $100; and for counties and taxing districts, 50 cents on the $100; unless it should be neces- sary to enable such city, town, county, or taxing district to pay the interest on, and provide a sinking fund for the extinction of, indebtedness contracted before the adoption of this constitution. No county, city, town, taxing district, or other municipality shall be authorized or permitted to become indebted, in any manner or for any purpose, to an amount exceeding, in any year, the income and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the voters thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose; and any indebtedness con- tracted in violation of this section shall be void. Nor shall such contract be enforceable by the person with whom made ; nor shall such municipality ever be authorized to assume the same. Sec. 158. The respective cities, towns, counties, taxing districts, and muni- cipalities shall not be authorized or permitted to incur indebtedness to an amount. Including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding the fol- lowing-named maximum percentages on the value of the taxable property therein, to be estimated by the assessment next before the last assessment pre- vious to the incurring of the indebtedness, viz: Cities of the first and second classes, and of the third class having a population exceeding 15,000, 10 per centum; cities of the third class having a population of less than 15,000, and cities and towns of the fourth class, 5 per centum; cities and towns of the fifth and sixth classes, 3 per centum; and counties, taxing districts, and other municipalities, 2 per centum : Provided, Any city, town, county, taxing district, or other municipality may contract an indebtedness in excess of such limita- tions when the same has been authorized under laws in force prior to the adop- tion of this constitution, or when necessary for the completion of and payment for a public improvement undertaken and not completed and paid for at the time of the adoption of this constitution : And provided further. If, at the time of the adoption of this constitution the aggregate indebtedness, bonded or float- ing, of any city, town, county, taxing district, or other municipality, including that which it has been or may be authorized to contract as herein provided, shall exceed the limit herein prescribed, then no such city or town shall be authorized or permitted to increase its indebtedness in an amount exceeding 2 per centum, and no such county, taxing district, or other municipality, in an amount exceeding 1 per centum, In the aggregate ui>on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained as herein provided, until the aggregate of its indebtedness shall have been reduced below the limit herein fixed, and thereafter it shall not exceed the limit, unless in case of emergency, the public health, or safety should so require. "Nothing herein shall prevent the issue of renewal bonds or bonds to fund the floating indebtedness of any city, town, county, taxing district, or other municipality. Sec. 159. Whenever any county, city, town, taxing district, or other muni- cipality is authorized to contract an indebtedness, it shall be required, at the same time, to provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on said indebtedness, and to create a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, within not more than 40 years from the time of con- tracting the same. Sec. 170. There shall be exempt from taxation * * * institutions of educa- tion not used or employed for gain by any person or corporation, and the income of which is devoted solely to the cause of education ; * * * Sec. 183. The general assembly shall, by appropriate legislation, provide for an efficient system of common schools throughout the State. Sec. 184. The bond of the Commonwealth issued in favor of the board of education for the sum of $1,327,000 shall constitute one bond of the Common- wealth in favor of the board of education, and this bond and the $73,500 of the stock in the Bank of Kentucky, held by the board of education, and its proceeds, shall be held inviolate for the purpose of sustaining the system of common schools. The interest and dividends of said fund, together with any sum which may be produced by taxation or otherwise for purposes of common- school education, shall be appropriated to the common schools, and to no other purpose. No sum shall be raised or collected for education other than in com- mon schools until the question of taxation is submitted to the legal voters, and the majority of the votes cast at said election shall be in favor of such taxation: Provided, The tax now imposed for educational purposes, and for the endowment and maintenance of the agricultural and mechanical college, shall remain until changed by law. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 893 Sec. 185. The general assembly shall make provision, by law, for the pay- ment of the interest of said school fund, and may provide for the. sale of the stock in the Bank of Kentucky; and in case of a sale of all or any part of said stock, the proceeds of sale shall be invested by the sinking-fund commis- sioners in other good interest-bearing stocks or bonds, which shall be subject to sale and reinvestment, from time to time, in like manner, and with the same restrictions, as provided with reference to the sale of the said stock in the Bank of Kentucky. Sec. 186. Each county in the Commonwealth shall be entitled to its pro- portion of the school fund on its census of pupil children for each school year; and if the pro rata share of any school district be not called for after the second school year, it shall be covered into the treasury and be placed to the credit of the school fund for general apportionment the following school year. The surplus now due the several counties shall remain a perpetual obligation against the Commonwealth for the benefit of said respective coun- ties, for which the Commonwealth shall execute its bond, bearing interest at the rate of 6 per centum per annum, payable annually to the counties respectively entitled to the same, and in the proportion to which they are entitled, to be used exclusively in aid of common schools. Sec. 187. In distributing the school fund no distinction shall be made on account of race or color, and separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained. Sec. 188. So much of any moneys as may be received by the Commonwealth from the United States under the recent act of Congress refunding the direct tax shall become a part of the school fund, and be held as provided in section 184 ; but the general assembly may authorize the use by the Commonwealth of the moneys so received or any part thereof, in which event a bond shall be executed to the board of education for the amount so used which bond shall be held on the same terms and conditions, and subject to the provisions of sec- tion 184 concerning the bond therein referred to. Sec 189. No portion of any fund or tax now existing, or that may hereafter be raised or levied for educational puri)oses, shall be appropriated to or used by or in aid of any church, sectarian, or denominational school. LOUISIANA. Art. 48. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law on the following specified subjects ; * * * Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolhouses, and the raising of money for such purposes. * * * Art. 53. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or Indirectly, in aid of any church, sect, or denomination of religion, or in aid of any priest, preacher, minister, or teacher thereof, as such, and no preference shall ever be given to nor any discrimination made against any church, sect, or creed of religion or any form of religious faith or worship; nor shall any appro- priation be made for private, charitable, or benevolent purposes to any person or community: Provided, This shall not apply to the State asylum for the insane and State institution for the deaf and dumb, and State institution for the in- struction of the blind, and the charity hospitals and public charitable institu- tions conducted under State authority. Art. 55. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropria- tions for the ordinary expenses of the Government, interest on the public debt, public schools, and public charities. * * * Art. 60. No educational or charitable institution, other than the State institu- tions now existing, or expressly provided for in this constitution, shall be estab- lished by the State, except upon a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the general assembly. Art. 198. No person less than 60 years of age shall be permitted to vote at any election in this State who shall not, in addition to the qualifications above prescribed, have paid on or before the 31st day of December of each year, for the two years preceding the year in which he offers to vote, a poll tax of $1 per annum, to be used exclusively in aid of the public schools of the parish in which such tax shall have been collected ; which tax is hereby imposed on every male resident of this State between the age of 21 and 60 years, * * ♦ 894 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Art. 227. The taxing power shall be exercised only to carry on and maintain the government of the State and the public institutions thereof, to educate the children of the State. * * * Art. 230. The following shall be exempt from taxation, and no other, viz : * * * All charitable institutions, all buildings and property used exclusively for public monuments or historical collections, colleges, and other school pur- poses, the real and personal estate of any public library, and that of any other library association used by or connected with such library, all books and philo- sophical apparatus, and all paintings and statuary of any company or associa- tion, kept in a public hall : Provided, The property so exempted be not leased for purposes of private or corporate profit or income. * * * Art. 231. The general assembly shall levy an annual poll tax of $1 upon every male inhabitant in the State between the ages of 21 and 60 years, for the main- tenance of the public schools in the parishes where collected. Art. 232. The State tax on property for all purposes whatever, except those otherwise provided for in this constitution, including expense of government, schools, levees, public roads, and the public debt and interest thereon, shall not exceed, in any one year, 6 mills on the dollar of its assessed valuation, unless additional tax is required under the terms of the article of this constitution relating to public debt ; and except as otherwise provided In this constitution, no parish, municipal, or public-board tax for all purposes whatsoever, shall exceed in any one year 10 mills of the dollar of assessed valuation : Provided, That for giving additional support to public schools and for the purpose of erecting and constructing public buildings, public schoolhouses, bridges, wharves, levees, sew- erage work, fire departments, and buildings, and other works of permanent public improvement, the title to which shall be in the public, and any parish, municipal corporation, ward or school district may levy a special tax in excess of said limitation, whenever the rate of such increase and the number of years it is to be levied and the purpose for which the tax is intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the property taxpayers of such parish, municipality, ward, or school district, entitled to vote under the laws of the State, and a majority of the same in number and in amount voting at such election shall have voted therefor. Art. 248. There shall be free public schools for the white and colored races, separately established by the general assembly, throughout the State, for the education of all the children of the State between the ages of 6 and 18 years : Provided, That where kindergarten schools exist, children between the ages of 4 and 6 may be admitted into said schools, all funds raised by the State for the support of public schools, except the poll tax, shall be distributed to each parish in proportion to the number of children therein between the ages of 6 and 18 years. The general assembly, at its next session, shall provide for the enumera- tion of educable children. Art. 249. There shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State a super- intendent of public education, who shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor is qualified. His duties shall be prescribed by law, and he shall receive an annual salary of $5,000, payable monthly, on his warrant. Art. 250. The general assembly shall provide for the creation of a state board and parish board of public education. The parish boards shall elect a parish superintendent of public education for their respective parishes, whose qualifi- cations shall be fixed by the legislature, and who shall be ex officio secretary of the parish board. The salary of the parish superintendent shall be provided for by the general assembly, to be paid out of the public-school funds accruing to the respective parishes. Art. 251. The general exercises in the public schools shall be conducted in the English language: Provided, That the French language may be taught in those parishes or localities w^here the French language predominates, if no addi- tional-expense is incurred thereby. Art. 252. The funds derived from the collection of the poll tax shall be applied exclusively to the maintenance of the public schools as organized under this constitution, and shall be applied exclusively to the support of the public schools in the parish in which the same shall be collected, and shall be ac- counted for and paid by the collecting officer directly to the treasurer of the local school board. Art. 253. No funds raised for the support of the public schools of the State shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any private or sectarian schools, CONSTITUTIONAL PEOVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 895 Art. 254. The school funds of the State shall consist of : First. Not less than li mills of the 6 mills tax levied and collected by the State. Second. The pro- ceeds of taxation for school purposes as provided by this constitution. Third. The interest on the proceeds of all public lands heretofore granted or to be granted by the United States for the support of the public schools, and the revenue derived from such lands as may still remain unsold. Fourth. Of lands and other prop'erty heretofore or hereafter bequeathed, granted, or donated to the State for school purposes. Fifth. All funds and property, other than unim- proved lands, bequeathed or granted to the State, not designated for any other purpose. Sixth. The proceeds of vacant estates falling under the law to the State of Louisiana. Seventh. The legislature may appropriate to the same fund the proceeds of public lands not designated or set apart for any other purpose, and shall provide that every parish may levy a tax for the public schools therein, which shall not exceed the entire State tax : Provided, That with such a tax the whole amount of parish taxes shall not exceed the lirtiits of parish taxation fixed by this constitution. The city of New Orleans shall make such appropriation for the support, maintenance, and repair of the public schools of said city as it may deem proper, but not less than eight-tenths of 1 mill for any one year; and said schools shall also continue to receive from the board of liquidation of the city debt the amounts to which they are now entitled under the constitutional amendment adopted in the year 1892. That the police juries of the several parishes and boards of trustees and municipal councils of incorporated cities and towns (the parish of Orleans excepted) shall levy, collect, and turn over to the parish school boards of their respective parishes for the support of the public schools of their respective parishes, cities, or towns, the proceeds of at least 3 mills of the annual tax which they are empowered to levy on each dollar of the assessed valuation of the property thereof: Provided, That cities and towns that are not exempted by the terms of their charters from the payment of parish taxes and which are subjected to the similar burdens of taxation as are the parishes shall not pay this tax, as same is included in the taxes imposed by the parish in which the town is situated, " unless the parish boards of school directors of that parish certify that the needs of the schools can be met by a smaller levy of such taxes." Art. 255. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, founded upon the land grants of the United States to endow a seminary of learning, and a college for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts now established and located in the city of Baton Rouge, is hereby recognized ; and all revenues derived and to be derived from the seminary fund, the agri- cultural and mechanical college fund, and other funds or lands donated or to be donated by the United States to the State of Louisiana for the use of a seminary of learning or of a college for the benefit of agriculture or the mechanic arts, shall be appropriated exclusively to the maintenance and sup- port of said Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege; and the general assembly shall make such additional appropriations as may be necessary for its maintenance and support and improvement, and for the establishment, in connection with said institution, of such additional scientific or literary departments as the public necessities and the well-being of the people of Louisiana may require. The Tulane University, located in New Orleans, is hereby recognized as created and to be developed in accordance with the provisions of legislative act No. 43, approved July 5, 1884, and, by approval of the electors, made part of the constitution of the State. Art. 255. Sec. 1. Be it resolved ty the General Assembly of the State of Loui- siana, two-thirds of all memhers elected to each house concurring. That the legislature may appropriate to the same funds the proceeds of public lands not designated or set apart for any other purpose, and shall provide that each parish may levy a tax for the public schools therein, which shall not exceed the entire State tax: Provided, That with such tax the whole amount of parish taxes shall not exceed the limits of parish taxation fixed by this constitution. The city of New Orleans shall make such appropriation for the support, maintenance, and repair of the public schools of said city as it may deem proper, but not less than eight-tenths of 1 mill for any one year; and said schools shall also continue to receive from the board of liquidation of the city debt the amounts to which they are now entitled under the constitution amendment adopted in the year 1892: Provided, That this shall not apply to cities that under legislative authority now conduct, maintain, and support 896 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. public schools, open and free to the youth of the parish in which said city is located, and levy, collect, and expend annually for the conduct, maintenance, and support of said schools the proceeds of at least 3 mills of the annual tax which they are empowered to levy on each dollar of the assessed valuation of property; and such cities shall not pay and turn over to the parish school board the proceeds of at least 3 mills of the annual tax, or any part thereof, as herein provided, and shall be exempted from the same so long as such cities con- tinue to conduct, maintain, and support free schools as herein provided, under the supervision and control of the State board of education and independent of parochial school authorities: Provided further, That such city shall not be entitled to membership on the parish board of school directors and that the electors of such city shall not be eligible to vote at the elections for such directors for the parish in which such city is situated. * * * Art. 256, The Louisiana State Normal School, established and located at Natchitoches ; the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana, whose name is hereby changed to the Louisiana Industrial Institute, established and located at Ruston, and the Southern University, now established in the city of New Orleans, for the education of persons of color, are hereby recognized; and the general assembly is directed to make such appropriations from time to time as may be necessary for the maintenance, support, and improvement of these insti- tutions: Provided, That the appropriation for the maintenance and support of the Southern University shall not exceed $10,000 per annum. Art. 257. The debt due by the State to the free-school fund is hereby declared to be the sum of $1,130,867.51 in principal, and shall be kept on the books of the auditor and treasurer to the credit of the several townships entitled to the same; the said principal being the proceeds of the sales of lands heretofore granted by the United States for the use and support of free public schools, which amount shall be held by the State as a loan, and shall be and remain a perpetual fund, on which the State shall pay an annual interest of 4 per cent, and that said interest shall be paid to the several townships in the State en- titled to the same, in accordance with the act of Congress, No. 68, approved February 15, 1843. Art. 258. The debt due by the State to the seminary fund is hereby declared to be $136,000, being the proceeds of the sale of lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a seminary of learning, and said amount shall be kept to the credit of said fund on the books of the auditor and treasurer of the State as a perpetual loan, and the State shall pay an annual interest of 4 per cent on said amount. Art. 259. The debt due by the State to the agricultural and mechanical col- lege fund is hereby declared to be the sum of $182,313.03, being the proceeds of the sale of lands and land scrip heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a college for the benefit of agricultural and mechanical arts; and said amount shall be kept to the credit of said fund on the books of the auditor and treasurer of the State as a perpetual loan, and the State shall pay an annual interest of 5 per cent on said amount. Art. 260. The interest due on the free-school fund, the seminary fund, and the agricultural and mechanical college fund shall be paid out of any tax that may be levied and collected for the payment of the interest on the State debt. Art. 261. All pupils in the primary grades in the public schools throughout the parish of Orleans, unable to provide themselves with the requisite books, an affidavit to that effect having been made by one of the parents of such pupils, or if such parents be dead, then by the tutor or other person in charge of such pupils, shall be furnished with the necessary books, free of expense, to be paid for out of the school fund of said parish ; and the school board of the parish of Orleans is hereby directed to appropriate annually not less than $2,000 for the purpose named, provided such amount be needed. Art. 317. * * * The city of New Orleans shall have power and it shall be its duty to issue $200,000 of bonds, known as " School-teachers' salary bonds," for the purposes and under the provisions and conditions set forth in the special act of the legislature adopted to that end and for that purpose, at the regular session of 1906, which said act is hereby ratified and approved. * * * [Amendment.] The act adopted by the legislature at the regular session begun and held on May 11, 1908, regulating the care, treatment, and control of neglected and delinquent children. 17 years of age and under, and for the trial of adults charged with any violation of the laws for protecting the physical, moral, and mental well-being of children or with desertion or failure to support CONSTITUTIONAL PEOVISIOITS AS TO EDTJCATIOIT. 897 wife or children; organizing the juvenile court in the parish of Orleans, provid- ing a judge and oflScers therefor; providing for separate sessions, as juvenile courts, of the district court outside of said parish; defining the jurisdiction of said courts; and providing them with probation officers of either sex, for inde- terminate sentences by said courts and for appeals therefrom, and making other provisions cognate thereto, is hereby ratified and approved, and all provisions of the present constitution in confiict with the provisions of said act and this amendmeit are to that exent and for that purpose only repealed. Act No. 83, adopted June 30, 1008, as amended by the act adopted by the legislature at the regular session begun and held on May 9, 1910, regulating the care, treatment, and control of neglected and delinquent children, 17 years of age and under, and for the trial of adults charged with any violation of the laws for protecting the physical, moral, and mental well-being of children, or with desertion or failure to support wife or children; organizing the juvenile court in the parish of Orleans, providing a judge and officers therefor; pro- viding for separate sessions, as juvenile courts, of the district courts outside of said parish; defining the jurisdiction of sr.id courts; and providing them with probation officers of either sex for indeterminate sentences by said courts, and for appeals therefrom, and making other provisions cognate thereto, and sus- pending the same in so far r.s it affects all parishes outside of the parish of Orleans, except parishes which contain an incorporated town of more than 7,000 inhabitants, and providing therein formalities by which the effect and operation of the act No. 83 of 1908, as amended by the act of the legislature of 1910, herein referred to, may be extended to other parishes, and more fully declaring and defining the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts in regard to chil- dren and other persons who may be charged before said courts, providing said amendment, if adopted, shall go into effect on and after January 1, 1911, is hereby ratified and approved : And further provided, That all provisions of the present constitution in conflict with the provisions of said act as amended, and this amendment, are to that extent, and for that purpose only, repealed. Section 1. Be it enacted 'by the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, two-thirds of all the members elected to each house concurring, That, subject to the ratification of the people of the State of Louisiana, by an amendment to the constitution of the State, hereinafter submitted to them, the board of directors of the public schools for the parish of Orleans, of the State of Louisiana, is hereby au+^horized and empowered to issue bonds not to exceed $2,000,000 in amount, to be dated January 1, 1915, bearing 5 per cent per an- num interest, payable semiannually, the principal of which shall be payable in 40 annual installments of $50,000 each, payable on the 1st day of January in each of the years 1916 to and including 1955, respectively, as hereinafter set forth. * ♦ * MAINE. Abt. 1, Sec. 3. * * * all religious societies in this State, whether Incor- porate or unincorporate, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting with them for their support and main- tenance. Art. VIII. A general diffusion of the advantages of education being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people ; to promote this im- portant object, the legislature are authorized, and it shall be their duty to re- quire, the several towns to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public schools; and it shall further be their duty to encourage and suitably endow, from time to time, as the circumstances of the people may authorize, all academies, colleges, and seminaries of learn- ing within the State : Provided, That no donation, grant, or endowment shall at any time be made by the legislature to any literary institution now established, or which' may hereafter be established, unless, at the time of making such en- dowment, the legislature of the State shall have the right to grant any further powers to alter, limit, or restrain any of the powers vested in any such literary institution, as shall be judged necessary to promote the best interests thereof. Art. XXII. No city or town having less than 40,000 inhabitants, according to the last census taken by the United States, shall hereafter create any debt or liability, which single or in the aggregate, with previous debts or liabilities, 3966"— 15 57 898 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. shall exceed 5 per centum of tlie last regular valuation of said city or town: Provided, however. That cities having a population of 40,000 or more, according to the last census taken by the United States, mt^y create a debt or liability which single or in the aggregate, with previous debts or liabilities, shall equal 7i per cent of the last regular valuation of said city, that cities of 40,000 in- habitants, or over, may, by a majority vote of their city government, increase the present rate of 5 per centum of one-fourth of 1 per cent in any one municipal year, until, in not less than 10 years, the maximum rcte of 7$ per cent is reached, that any city failing to take the increase in any one municipal year then the increase fcr that year is lost and no increase can be made until the next year as provided above. * * * MARYLAND. Art. VIII, Sec. 1. The general assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, shall, by law, establish throughout the State a thorough and efficient system of free public schools; and shall provide by taxation, or otherwise, for their maintenance. Sec. 2. The system of public schools, as now constituted, shall remain in force until the end of the said first session of the general assembly, and shall then expire, except so far as adopted or continued by the general assembly. Sec. 3. The school fund of the State shall be kept inviolate, and appropriated only to the purposes of education. MASSACHUSETTS. Chap. V, Sec. 1. Whereas our wise and pious ancestors, so early as the year 1636, laid the foundation of Harvard College, in which university many per- sons of great eminence have, by the blessing of God, been initiated in those arts and sciences which qualified them for public employments, both in church and state; and whereas the encouragement of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor of God, the advantages of the Christian religion, and the great benefit of this and the other United States of America, it is declared, that the president and fellows of Harvard College, in their corporate capacity, and their successors in that capacity, their officers and servants, shall have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy, all the powers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and franchises, which they now have, or are entitled to have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy; and the same are hereby ratified and confirmed unto them, the said president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors, and to their officers and servants, respectively, forever. And whereas there have been at sundry times, by divers persons, gifts, devises of houses, lands, tenements, goods, chattels, legacies, and conveyances, here- tofore made, either to Harvard College in Cambridge, in New England, or to the president and fellows of Harvard College, or to the said college by some other description, under several charters, successively, it is declared, that all the said gifts, grants, devises, legacies, and conveyances, are hereby forever confirmed unto the president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their suc- cessors in the capacity aforesaid, according to the true intent and meaning of the donor or donors, grantor or grantors, devisor or devisors. And whereas, by an act of the General Court of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, passed in the year 1642, the governor and deputy governor, for the time being, and all the magistrates of that jurisdiction, were, with the president, and a number of the clergy in the said act described, constituted the over- seers of Harvard College; and it being necessary, in this new constitution of government to ascertain who shall be deemed successors to the said governor, deputy governor, and magistrates, it is declared, that the governor, lieutenant governor, council, and senate of this Commonwealth, are, and shall be deemed, their successors, who, with the president of Harvard College, for the time being, together with the ministers of the congregational churches in the towns of Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester, mentioned in the said act, shall be, and hereby are, vested with all the powers and authority belonging, or in any way appertaining to the overseers of Harvard College: Provided, That nothing herein shall be constructed to pre- OOITSTITTJTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. S99 vent the legislature of this Commonwealth from making such alterations in the government of the said university as shall be conducive to its advantage, and the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a manner as might have been done by the legislature of the late Province of the Massachusetts Bay. Sec. 2. Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally among the body of the people, being necessary for the preservation of their rights and liberties ; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts of the country, and among the different orders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools and grammar schools in the towns ; to encourage private societies and jjublic institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agri- culture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and frugality, honesty und punctuality in their dealings; sincerity, good humor, and all social affec- tions, and generous sentiments, among the people. Art. XVIII. All moneys raised by taxation in the towns and cities for the support of public schools, and all moneys which may be appropriated by the State for the support of common schools, shall be applied to, and expended in, no other schools than those which are conducted according to law, under the order and superintendence of the authorities of the town or city in which the money is to be expended; and such moneys shall never be appropriated to any religious sect for the maintenance, exclusively, of its own school. MICHIGAN. Art. II, Sec. 3. * * * No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or society, theological or religious seminary; nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such purpose. * * * Art. Ill, Sec 2. No elector shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his being employed in the service of the United States or of this State, ♦ * * nor while a student at any institution of learning. * * * Art. IX, Sec. 8. Any officer elected by a county, city, village, township, or school district may be removed from office in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law. Art. X, Sec. 1. All subjects of taxation now contributing to the primary-school interest fund under present laws shall continue to contribute to that fund, and all taxes from such subjects shall be first applied in paying the interest upon the primary school, university, and other educational funds in the order herein named, after which the surplus of such moneys shall be added to and become a part of the primary-school interest fund. Sec c. ♦ * * The legislature shall provide by law a uniform rule of taxa- tion for such property as shall be assessed by a State board of assessors, and the rate of taxation on such property shall be the rate which the State board of assessors shall ascertain and determine is the average rate levied upon other property upon which ad valorem taxes are assessed for State, county, township, school, and municipal purposes. Art. XI, Sec 1. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. Sec 2. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at the regular election to be held on the first Monday in April, 1909, and every second year thereafter. He shall hold office for a period of two years from the first day of July following his election and until his successor is elected and qualified. He shall have general supervision of public instruction in the State. Pie shall be a member and secretary of the State board of education. He shall be ex officio a member of all other boards having control of public instruction in any State institution, with the right to speak but not to vote. His duties and compensa- tion shall be prescribed by law. Sec 3. There shall be a board of regents of the university, consisting of eight members, who shall hold the office for eight years. There shall be elected at I 900 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. each regular biennial spring election two members of such board. When a va- cancy shall occur in the office of regent it shall be filled by appointment of the governor. Sec. 4. The regents of the university and their successors in office shall con- tinue to constitute the body corporate known as The Regents of the University of Michigan. Sec. 5. The regents of the university shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the university. The president of the university and the superin- tendent of public instruction shall be ex officio members of the board of regents, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. The president shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the uni- versity. The board of regents shall have the general supervision of the univer- sity and the direction and control of all expenditures from the university funds. Sec. 6. The State board of education shall consist of four members. On the first Monday in April, 1909, and at each succeeding biennial spring election, there shall be elected one member of such board, who shall hold his office for six years from the first day of July following his election. The State board of education shall have general supervision of the State normal college and the State normal schools, and the duties of said board shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 7. There shall be elected on the first Monday in April, 1909, a State board of agriculture, to consist of six members, two of whom shall hold the office for two years, two for four years, and two for six years. At every regular biennial spring election thereafter there shall be elected two members, whose term of office shall be six years. The members thus elected and their successors in office shall be a body corporate to be known as the State Board of Agriculture. Sec. 8. The State Board of Agriculture shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the agricultural college, who shall be ex officio a member of the board, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the college. The board shall have the general supervision of the college, and the direction and control of all agricultural college funds, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Sec 9. The legislature shall continue a system of primary schools, whereby every school district in the State shall provide for the education of its pupils without charge for tuition; and all instruction in such schools shall be con- ducted in the English language. If any school district shall neglect to maintain a school within its borders as prescribed by law for at least five months in each year, or to provide for the education of its pupils in another district or districts for an equal period, it shall be deprived for the ensuing year of its proportion of the primary-school interest fund. If any school district shall, on the second Monday in July of any year, have on hand a sufficient amount of money in the primary-school interest fund to pay its teachers for the next ensuing two years as determined from the pay roll of said district for the last school year, and in case of a primary district, all tuition for the next ensuing two years, based upon the then enrollment in the seventh and eighth grades in said school district, the children in said district shall not be counted in making the next apportion- ment of primary-school money by the superintendent of public instruction ; nor shall such children be counted in making such apportionment until the amount of money in the primary-school interest fund in said district shall be insufficient to pay teachers' wages or tuition as herein set forth for the next ensuing two years. Sec 10. The legislature shall maintain the university, the college of mines, ^the State agricultural college, the State normal college and such State normal 'schools and other educational institutions as may be established by law. Sec 11. The proceeds from the sales of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to the State for educational purposes and the proceeds of all lands or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the in- terest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the specific objects of the original gift, grant, or appropriation. Sec. 12. All lands, the titles to which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall escheat to the State, and the interest on the clear proceeds from the sales thereof shall be appropriated exclusively to the support of the primary schools. Sec 13. The legislature shall appropriate all salt-spring lands now unappro- priated, or the money arising from the sale of the same, where such lands have CONSTITUTIONAL PKOVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 901 already been sold, and any funds or lands which may hereafter be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of the agri- cultural college. Sec. 14. The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of at least one library in each township and city; and all fines assessed and collected in the several counties, cities, and townships for any breach of the penal laws shall be exclusively applied to the support of such libraries. Sec. 15. Institutions for the benefit of those inhabitants who are deaf, dumb, blind, feeble-minded, or insane shall always be fostered and supported. Art. XIII. Sec. 4. The regents of the University of Michigan shall have power to take private property for the use of the university, in the manner prescribed by law. MINNESOTA. Art. IV, Sec. 33. ♦ ♦ * The legislature shall pass no local or special law regulating the affairs of, or incorporating, erecting, or changing the lines of, any county, city, village, township, ward or school district, or creating the oflices, or prescribing the powers and duties of the oflicers of, or fixing or re- lating to the compensation, salary or fees of the same, or of the mode of elec- tion or appointment thereto, * ♦ * regulating the management of public choosing any officer of schools or any members of library boards, or upon any such purposes. * * * Art. VII, Sec. 7. Every person who by the provisions of this article shall be entitled to vote at any election sha.l be eligible to any office which now is, or hereafter shall be, elective by the people in the district wherein he shall have resided 30 days previous to such election, except as otherwise provided in the constitution or the Constitution and laws of the United States. Sec 8. Women may vote for school officers and members of library boards, and shall be eligible to hold any office pertaining to the management of schools or libraries. Any woman of the age of 21 years and upward and possessing the qualifica- tions requisite to a male voter may vote at any election held for the purpose of choosing any officer of schools or any members of library boards, or upon any measure relating to schools or libraries, and shall be eligible to hold any office pertaining to the management of schools and libraries. Art. VIII, Sec. 1. The stability of a republican form of government depending mainly upon the intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the legislature to establish a general and uniform system of public schools. Sec. 2. The proceeds of such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township of this State shall re- main a perpetual school fund to the State ; and not more than one-third of said lands may be sold in 2 years, one-third in 5 years, and one-third in 10 years; but the lands of the greatest valuation shall be sold first: Provided, That no portion of said lands shall be sold otherwise than at public sale. The principal of all funds arising from sales or other disposition of lands or other property, granted or intrusted to this State in each township for educational purposes, shall forever be preserved inviolate and undiminished ; and the income arising from the lease or sale of said school land shall be distributed to the different townships throughout the State, in proportion to the number of scholars in each township, between the ages of 5 and 21 years; and shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants or appropriations. Suitable laws shall be enacted by the legislature for the safe investment of the principal of all funds which have heretofore arisen or which may hereafter arise from the sale or other disposition of such lands, or the income from such lands accruing in any way before the sale or disposition thereof, in interest- bearing bonds of the United States, or of the State of Minnesota, issued after the year 1860, or of such other State as the legislature may, by law, from time to time direct. All swamp lands now held by the State, or that may hereafter accrue to the State, shall be appraised and sold in the same manner and by the same officers, and the minimum price shall be the same less one-third, as is provided by law for the appraisement and sale of the school lands under the provisions of title 1 of chapter 38 of the general statutes. The principal of all funds derived from sales of swamp lands, as aforesaid, shall forever be preserved inviolate and un- diminished. One-half of the proceeds of said principal shall be appropriated to 902 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the common-school fund of the State. The remaining one-half shall be appro- priated to the educational and charitable institutions of the State in the rela- tive ratio of cost to supiwrt said institutions. Sec. 3. The legislature shall make such provisions, by taxation or otherwise, as, with the income arising from the school fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of public schools in each township in the State. But in no case shall the moneys derived as aforesaid, or any portion thereof, or any public moneys or property, be appropriated or used for the support of schools wherein the distinctive doctrines, creeds, or tenets of any particular Christian or other religious sect are promulgated or taught. Sec. 4. The location of the University of Minnesota, as established by exist- ing laws, is hereby confirmed, and said institution is hereby declared to be the University of the State of Minnesota. All the rights, immunities, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted or conferred are hereby perpetuated unto the said university ; and all lands which may be granted hereafter by Congress, or other donations for said university purposes, shall vest in the institution re- ferred to in this section. Sec. 5. The permanent school funds of the State may be loaned upon interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum to the several counties or school districts of the State, to be used in the erection of county or school buildings. No such loan shall be made until approved by a board consisting of the governor, the State auditor, and the State treasurer, who are hereby constituted an invest- ment board for the purpose of the loans hereby authorized; nor shall any such loan be for an amount exceeding 3 per cent of the last preceding assessed valu- ation of the real estate of the county or school district receiving the same. The State auditor shall annually, at the time of certifying the State tax to the several county auditors, also certify to each auditor to whose county, or to any of the school districts of whose county, any such loan shall have been made, the tax necessary to be levied to meet the accruing interest or principal of any such loan, and it shall be the duty of every such county auditor forthwith to levy and extend such tax upon all the taxable property of his county, or of the several school districts, respectively, liable for such loans — as the case may be — and in all such cases the tax so assessed shall be 50 per cent in excess of the amount actually necessary to be raised on account of such accruing principal or interest. It shall be levied, collected, and paid into the county and State treasuries in the same manner as State taxes, and any excess collected over the amount of such principal or interest accruing in any given year shall be credited to the general funds of the respective counties or school districts. No change of the boundaries of any school district after the making of any such loan shall operate to withdraw any property from the taxation herein provided for; nor shall any law be passed extending the time of payment of any such principal or interest, or reducing the rate of such interest, or in any manner waiving or Impairing any rights of the State in connection with any such loan. Suitable laws, not inconsistent with this amendment, may be passed by the legislature for the purpose of carrying the same into effect. Sec 6. The permanent school and university fund of this State may be in- vested in the bonds of any county, school district, city, town, or village of this State, but no such investment shall be made until approved by the board of commissioners designated by law to regulate the investment of the permanent school fund and the permanent university fund of this State; nor shall such loan or investment be made when the bonds to be issued or purchased would make the entire bonded indebtedness exceed 15 per cent of the assessed valua- tion of the taxable real property of the county, school district, city, town, or village issuing such bonds; nor shall such loans or indebtedness be made at a lower rate of interest than 3 per cent per annum, nor for a shorter period than 5 years, nor for a longer period than 20 years, and no change of the town, school district, city, village, or of county lines shall relieve the real property in such town, school district, county, village, or city in this State at the time of the issuing of such bonds from any liability for taxation to pay such bonds. Art. IX, Sec i. * * * Taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects, and shall be levied and collected for public purposes, but public bury- ing grounds, public schoolhouses, public hospitals, academies, colleges, universi- ties, and all seminaries of learning * * *, Sec 12. Suitable laws shall be passed by the legislature for the safe-keeping, transfer, and disbursements of the State and school funds * ♦ *. CONSTITUTIOITAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 90S MISSISSIPPI. Art. IV, Sec. 66. No law granting a donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person or object shall be enacted, except by the concurrence of two-thirds of. each branch of the legislature, nor by any vote for a sectarian purpose or use. Sec. 69. General appropriation bills shall contain only the appropriation to defray the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial depart- ments of the government, to pay interest on State bonds, and to support the common schools. * * * Sec. 90. The legislature shall not pass local, private, or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, but such matters shall be provided for only by general laws, viz: ♦ * * (p) Providing for the management or support of any private or common school, incorporating the same or granting such school any privileges. ♦ ♦ ♦ Art. VIII, Sec. 201. It shall be the duty of the legislature to encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricul- tural improvement, by establishing a uniform system of free public schools, by taxation, or otherwise, for all children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and, as soon as practicable, to establish schools of higher grade. Sec. 202. There shall be a superintendent of public education elected at the same time and in the same' manner as the governor, who shall have the qualifi- cations required of the secretary of state, and hold his ofiice for four years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified, who shall have the general supervision of the common schools, and of the educational interests of the State, and who shall perform ruch other duties and receive such compensation, as Fhall be prescribed by law. Sec. 203. There shall ba a board of education, consisting of the secretary of state, the attorney general, and the superintendent of public education, for the management and investment of the school funds, according to law, and for the performance of such other duties as may be prescribed. The superintendent and one other of said board shall constitute a quorum. Sec. 204. There shall be a superintendent of public education in each county, who shall be appointed by the board of education by and with the advice and consent of the senate, whose term of ofiice shall be four years, and whose qualifications, compensation, and duties shall be prescribed by law : Provided, That the legislature shall have power to make the office of county school super- intendent of the several counties elective, or may otherwise provide for the dis- charge of the duties of county superintendent, or abolish said ofiice. Sec. 205. A public school shall be maintained in each school district in the county at least four months during each scholastic year. A school district neglecting to maintain its school four months, shall be entitled to only such part of the free school fund as may be required to pay the teacher for the time actually taught. Sec. 206. There shall be a common-school fund which shall consist of the poll tax (to be retained in the counties where the Fame is collected) and an additional sum from the general fund in the State treasury which together shall be sufl5cient to maintain the common schools for the term of four months in each scholastic year. But any county or separate school district may levy an additional tax to maintain its schools for a longer time than the term of four months. The common-school fund shall be distributed among the several counties and separate school districts, in proportion to the number of edncable children in each, to be determined from data collected through the oflSce of the State superintendent of education, in the manner to be prescribed by law. Sec. 207. Separate schools shall be maintained for children of the white and colored rnces. Sec. 208. No religious or other sect, or sects, shall ever control any part of the school or other educational funds of this State; nor shall any funds be appropriated toward the support of any sectarian school ; or to any school that at the time receiving such appropriation is not conducted as a free school. Sec. 209. It shall be the duty of the legislature to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind. Sec. 210. No public officer of this State, or any district, county, city, or town thereof, nor any teacher or trustee of any public school, shall be inter- ested in the sale, proceeds or profits of any books, apparatus, or furniture to be used in any public school in this State. Penalties shall be provided by law for the violation of this section. 904 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 211. The legislature shall enact such laws as may be necessary to as- certain the true condition of the title to the sixteenth sections of land in this State, or land granted in lieu thereof, in the Choctaw purchase, and shall pro- vide that the sixteenth-section lands reserved for the support of township schools shall not be sold, nor shall they be leased for a longer term than 10 years for a gross sum ; but the legislature may provide for the lease of any of said lands for a term not exceeding 25 years for a ground rental payable annu- ally, and, in case of uncleared lands, may lease them for such short term as may be deemed proper in consideration of the improvement thereof, with right thereafter to lease for a term or to hold on payment of ground rent. Sec. 212. The rate of interest on the fund known as the Chickasaw school fund, and other trust funds for educational purposes, for which the State is responsible, shall be fixed and remain as long as said funds are held by the State, at 6 per centum per annum, from and after the close of the fiscal year A. D. 1891, and the distribution of said interest shall be made semiannually on the 1st of May and November of each year. Sec. 213. The State having received and appropriated the land donated to it for the support of agricultural and mechanical colleges, by the United States, and having, in furtherance of the beneficent design of Congress in granting said land, established the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, and the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, it is the duty of the State to sacredly carry out the conditions of the act of Congress, upon the subject, approved July 2, A. D. 1862, and the legislature shall preserve intact the en- dowments to, and support, said colleges. Art. XII, Sec. 243. A uniform poll tax of $2, to be used in aid of the com- mon schools, and for no other purpose, is hereby imposed on every male in- habitant of this State between the ages of 21 and 60 years, except persons who are deaf and dumb or blind, or who are maimed by loss of hand or foot ; said tax to be a lien only upon taxable property. The board of supervisors of any county may, for the purpose of aiding the common schools in that county, in- crease the poll tax in snid county, but in no case shall the entire poll tax ex- ceed in any one year $3 on e'^ch poll. No criminal proceedings shall be allowed to enforce the collection of the poll tax. MISSOURI. Abt. II, Sec. 7. That no money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in cid of any church, sect, or denomination of religion, or in aid of any priest, preacher, minister, or teacher thereof as such. * * * Art. IV, Sec. 43. * * * All appropriations of money by the successive gen- eral assemblies shall be made in the following order: * * * Third. For free public school purposes. * * ♦ Sec. 47. The general assembly shall have no power to authorize any county, city, town, or township, or other political corporation or subdivision of the State now existing, or that may be hereafter established, to lend its credit or to grant public money or thing of value in aid of or to pay individual, associa- tion, or corporation whatsoever, or to become a stockholder in such corpora- tion, association, or company: Provided further, That this shall not be so con- strued as to prohibit the general assembly from authorizing by law school boards or boards of education in this State in cities which now contain, or may hereafter contain, a population of 100,000 or more, to create, maintain, and manage a fund out of the school moneys under their control, for pensioning public-school teachers who have become mentally or physically incapacitated for further service : And provided further, That no part of the said pension fund shall be taken out of the general revenue fund of the State apportioned to the counties or cities for school purposes, but must be paid out of the (""istrict fund of the district seeking to enforce this provision of the constitution relating to teachers' pensions. Sec. 53. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law : * * * Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, townships, wards, or school dis- tricts; * * * Erecting new townships, or changing township lines, or the lines of school districts ; CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 905 Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, townsliips, election, or school districts; * * * Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolhouses, and the raising of money for such purposes ; * * * Aet. V, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * ♦ ♦ attorney general, and superintendent of public schools, all of whom ♦ ♦ ♦ shall reside at the seat of government during their term of office, and keep the public records, books, and papers there, and shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The term of office of the governor, ♦ * * attorney general, and superintendent of public schools shall be four years from the second Monday of January next after their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. ♦ * ♦ At the general election to be held in the year 1876, and every four years thereafter, all of such officers, except the superintendent of public schools, shall be elected, and the superintendent of public schools shall be elected at the general election in the year 1878, and every four years thereafter. Sec. 19. No person shall be eligible to the office of * * * superintendent of public schools unless he be a male citizen of the United States and at least 25 years old and shall have resided in this State at least five years next before his election. Aet. VIII, Sec. 7. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his presence or lost it by reason of his absence * * * while a student of any institution of learning. * * * Aet. IX, Sec. 6. No county, township, city, or other municipality shall here- after * ♦ * loan its credit to or in aid of any such corporation or associa- tion, or to or in aid of any college or institution of learning or other institution, whether created for or to be controlled by the State or others. * * * Aet X, Sec. 5. All railroad corporations in this State, or doing business therein, shall be subject to taxation for State, county, school, municipal, and other purposes, on the real and personal property owned or used by them, and on their gross earnings, their net earnings, their franchises, and their capital stock. Sec. 6. * * * Lots in incorporated cities or towns, or within 1 mile of the limits of any such city or town, to the extent of 1 acre, and lots 1 mile or more distant from such cities or towns, to the extent of 5 acres, with the buildings thereon, may be exempted from taxation when the same are used exclusively for religious worship, for schools, or for purposes purely charitable. * * ♦ Sec. 8. The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay the bonded debt of the State, shall not exceed 20 cents on the $100 valuation ; and whenever the taxable property of the State shall amount to $900,000,000 the rate shall not exceed 15 cents. Sec. 11. Taxes for county, city, town, and school purposes may be levied on all subjects and objects of taxation; but the valuation of property therefor shall not exceed the valuation of the same property in such town, city, or school district for State and county purposes. For county purposes the annual rate on property in counties having $6,000,000 or less shall not, in the aggregate, exceed 50 cents on the $100 valuation ; in counties having $6,000,000 and under $10,000,000, said rate shall not exceed 40 cents on the $100 valuation; in coun- ties having $10,000,000 and under $30,000,000, said rate shall not exceed 50 cents on the $100 valuation; and in counties having $30,000,000 or more said rate shall not exceed 35 cents on the $100 valuation. For city and town pur- poses the annual rate on property in cities and towns having 30,000 inhabitants or more shall not, in the aggregate, exceed 100 cents on the $100 valuation ; in cities and towns having less than 30,000 and over 10,000 inhabitants said rate shall not exceed 60 cents on the $100 valuation; in cities and towns having less than 10,000 and more than 1,000 inhabitants said rate shall not exceed 50 cents on the $100 valuation ; and in towns having 1,000 inhabitants or less said rate shall not exceed 25 cents on the $100 valuation. For school purposes in districts composed of cities which have 100,000 inhabitants or more the annual rate on property shall not exceed 60 cents on the $100 valuation, and in other districts 40 cents on the $100 valuation : Provided, The aforesaid an- nual rates for school purposes may be increased in districts formed of cities and towns to an amount not to exceed $1 on the $100 valuation, and in other ^districts to an amount not to exceed 65 cents on tlie $100 valuation, on the 906 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. condition tliat a majority of the voters who are taxpayers, voting at an election held to decide the question, vote for said increase. For the purpose of erecting public buildings in counties, cities, or school districts, the rates of taxation herein limited may be increased when the rate of such increase and the pur- pose for which it is intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the people and two-thirds of the qualified voters of such county, city, or school district, voting at such election, shall vote therefor. The rate herein allowed to each county shall be ascertained by the amount of taxable property therein, accord- ing to the last assessment for State and county purposes, and the rate allowed to each city or town by the number of inhabitants, according to the last census taken under the authority of the State or of the United States ; said restriction as to rates shall apply to taxes of every kind and description, whether general or special, except taxes to pay valid indebtedness now existing or bonds which may be issued in renewal of such indebtedness: Provided, That the city of St. Louis may levy for municipal purposes, in addition to the municipal rate of taxation above provided, a rate not exceeding the rate which would be allowed for county purposes if said city were part of a county. Sec. 22. The general assembly shall separate the sources of State and local (that is, county, school, and municipal) revenue and establish local option for the counties and municipalities of the State in the selection of the subject of taxation. Sec. 24. * ♦ * The taxation for school purposes within such county or city, by whatever authority levied, shall be made according to the plan of taxa- tion adopted in the county wherein such school district is located, or in the city if the district is located wholly in an incorporated city. Sec. 25. The taxing power in counties shall be exercised by the county courts thereof, except in counties where the township organization has been, or may be, effected, and there the taxing power shall be exercised by the township board of directors, and the taxation for school purposes in such townships in the counties under township organization shall conform to the taxation adopted in such townships. In cities, the taxing power shall be exercised by the munici- pal assembly or other body wherein the legislative power thereof is vested by law, subject to the limitations of their respective charters. Sec. 26. The interest on the certificates of indebtedness of the State for the " public-school fund " and the " seminary fund " shall be paid by the State out of the general revenue of the State, in lieu of the general tax now levied for such purposes: And provided further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as impairing the obligation of the general assembly to set apart the revenues for the support of the public schools r s now provided. All certificates of indebtedness of the State to the " public-school fund " and to the "seminary fund" are hereby confirmed as sacred obligations of the State to said funds, and they shall be renewed as they mature for such period of time and at such rate of interest as may be provided for by law. The gen- eral assembly shall have the power to provide by law for the issuing certificates to the public-school fund and seminary fund as the money belonging to said funds accumulates in the State treasury: Provided, That after the outstand- ing bonded indebtedness has been extinguished, all money accumulating in the State treasury for the above-named purposes shall be invested in registered county, municipal, or school-district bonds of this State of not less than par value. Whenever the State bonded debt is extinguished, or a sum sufficient therefor has been received, there shall be levied and collected, in lieu of the 10 cents on the $100 valuation now provided for by the statutes, an annual tax not to exceed 3 cents on the $100 valuation to pay the accruing interest on all the certificates of indebtedness, the proceeds of which tax shall be paid into the State treasury and appropriated and paid out for the specific purpose herein mentioned. Art. XI, Sec. 1. A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essen- tial to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, the general assembly shall establish and maintain free public schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this State between the ages of 6 and 20 years, and may establish and maintain free public schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this State between 5 and 6 years of age and over 20 years of age. Sec. 2. The income of all the funds provided by the State for the support of free public schools shall h'e paid annually to the several county treasurers, to be disbursed according to law; but no school district in which a free public CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 907 school has not been maintained at least three months during the year for which the distribution is made shall be entitled to receive any portion of such funds. Sec. 3. Separate free public schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent. Sec 4. The supervision of instruction in the public schools shall be vested in a " board of education," whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. The superintendent of public schools shall be president of the board. The gov- ernor, secretary of state, and attorney general shall be ex officio members, and, with the superintendent, compose said board of education. Sec. 5. The general assembly shall, whenever the public-school fund will per- mit, and the actual necessity of the same may require, aid and maintain the State university, now established, with its present departments. The govern- ment of the State university shall be vested in a board of curators, to consist of nine members, to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. Sec. 6. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by this State or the United States; also all moneys, stocl^s, bonds, lands, and other property now belonging to any State fund for purposes of education; also the net pro- ceeds of all sales of lands and other property and effects that may accrue to the State by escheat, from unclaimed dividends and distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons ; also any proceeds of the sales of the public lands which may have been or hereafter may be paid over to this State (if Congress will consent to such appropriation) ; also all other grants, gifts, or devises that have been or hereafter may be made to this State, and not otherwise appro- priated by the State or the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, shall be paid Into the State treasury, and sec-urely invested and sacredly preserved as a public-school fund ; the annual income of which fund, together with so much of the ordinary revenue of the State as may be by law set apart for that pur- pose, shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining the free public schools and the State university in this article provided for, and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever. Sec 7. In case the public-school fund now provided and set apart by law for the support of free public schools shall be insufficient to sustain a free school at least four months in every year in each school district in this State, the general assembly may provide for such deficiency in accordance with section 11 of the article on revenue and taxation ; but in no case shall there be set apart less than 25 per cent of the State revenue, exclusive of the interest and sinking fund, to be applied annually to the support of the public schools. Sec 8. All moneys, stoclis, bonds, lands, and other property belonging to a county school fund; also the net proceeds from the sale of estrays; also the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures, and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal or military laws of the State, and all moneys which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, shall belong to . and be securely invested and sacredly pre- served in the several counties, as a county public-school fund; the income of which fund shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining free public schools in the several counties of this State. Sec 9. No part of the public-school fund of the State shall ever be Invested in the stocli or bonds or other obligations of any other State, or of any county, city, town, or corporation; and the proceeds of the sales of any lands or other property which now belong, or may hereafter belong, to said school fund, shall be invested in the bonds of the State of Missouri or of the United States. Sec 10. All county school funds shall be loaned only upon unencumbered real estate security, of double the value of the loan, with personal security in addi- tion thereto. Sec 11. Neither the general assembly, nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall ever make an appropriation or pay from any public fund whatever anything in aid of any religious creed, church, or sectarian purpose; or to help to support or sustain any private or public school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other institution of learning, controlled by any religious creed, church, or sectarian denomination whatever; nor shall any grant or donation of personal property or real estate ever be made by the State, or any county, city, town, or other municipal corpo- ration, for any religious creed, church, or sectarian purpose whatever. 908 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. 5 MONTANA. Art. V, Sec. 26. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws In any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say : * * * providing for the management of common schools; ♦ ♦ * creating offices, or pre- scribing the powers or duties of officers in counties, cities, township, or school districts; * * *. Sec. 33. The general appropriation bills shall embrace nothing but appro- priations for the ordinary expenses of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the State, interest on the public debt and for public schools. * * * Sec. 35. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educa- tional, or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation, or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association. Aet. VII, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * * * and sui)erintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for four years, or until his successor is elected and qualified, begin- ning on the first Monday of January next succeeding his election, ♦ * *. They shall perform such duties as are prescribed in this constitution and bv the laws of the State. * * * Sec. 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor, lieutenant gov- ernor, or superintendent of public instruction, unless he shall have attained the age of 30 years at the time of his election. * * *. In addition to the qualifications above prescribed, each of the officers named shall be a citizen of the United States, and have resided within the State or Territory two years next preceding his election. Sec. 4. Until otherwise provided by law, the * * ♦ superintendent of public instruction, shall quarterly as due, during their continuance in office, receive for their services compensation, which is fixed as follows: ♦ * * superintendent of public instruction, $2,500 per annum. * * * Sec. 7. * * * If the office of * * * superintendent of public instruc- tion shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified. Art. IX, Sec. 3. For the purpose of voting no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence * * * while a student at any institution of learning. * * ♦ Sec. 10. Women shall be eligible to hold the office of county superintendent of schools or any school-district office and shall have the right to vote at any school-district election. Art. X, Sec. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and mute, soldiers' home, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and sup- ported by the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Art. XI, Sec. 1. It shall Jbe the duty of the Legislative Assembly of Montana to establish and maintain a general, uniform, and thorough system of public, free common schools. Sec. 2. The public-school fund of the State shall consist of the proceeds of such lands as have heretofore been granted, or may hereafter be granted, to the State by the General Government, known as school lands ; and those granted In lieu of such ; lands acquired by gift or grant from any person or corporation imder any law or grant of the General Government; and all other grants of land or money made to the State from the General Government for general educa- tional purposes, or where no other special purpose is indicated in such grant; all estates, or distributive shares of estates that may escheat to the State ; all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corporation incorporated under the laws of the State, and all otjier grants, gifts, devises, or bequests made to the State for general educational purposes. Sec. 3. Such public school fund shall forever remain inviolate, guaranteed by the State against loss or diversion, to be invested, so far as possible, in public securities within the State, including school bonds, issued for the erec- tion of school buildings, under the restrictions to be provided by law. Sec. 4, The governor, superintendent of public instruction, secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute the State board of land com- missioners, which shall have the direction, control, leasing, and sale of the school lands of the State, and the lands granted or which may hereafter be 00KSTITT7TI0NAL PltOVTSTONS AS TO EDUCATION. 909 granted for the support and benefit of the various State educational Institutions, as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 5. The interest on all invested school funds of the State, and all rents accruing from the leasing of any school lands, shall be apportioned to the sev- eral school districts of the State in proportion to the number of children and youths between the ages of 6 and 21 years, residing therein respectively, but no district 'shall be entitled to such distributive share that does not maintain a public free school for at least three months during the year for which dis- tribution shall be made. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the legislative assembly to provide by taxation, or otherwise, sufficient means, in connection with the amount received from the general school fund, to maintain a public, free, common school in each organized district in the State, for at least three months in each year. Sec. 7. The public free schools of the State shall be open to all children and youth between the ages of 6 and 21 years. Sec. 8. Neither the legislative assembly, nor any county, city, town, or school district, or other public corporations, shall ever malie directly or indirectly, any appropriation, or pay from any public fund or moneys whatever, or make any grant of lands or other property in aid of any church, or for any sectarian purpose, or to aid in the support of any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary, scientific institution, controlled in whole or in part by any church, sect, or denomination whatever. Sec 9. No religious or partisan test or qualification shall ever be required of any person as a condition of admission Into any public educational institution of the State, either as teacher or student; nor shall attendance be required at any religious service whatever, nor shall any sectarian tenets be taught in any public educational institution of the State ; nor shall any person be debarred admission to any of the collegiate departments of the university on account of sex. Sec 10. The legislative assembly shall provide that all elections for school district officers shall be separate from those elections at which State or county officers are voted for. Sec. 11. The general control and supervision of the State university and the various other State educational institutions shall be vested in a State board of education, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed and regulated by law. The said board shall consist of 11 members, the governor. State superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general, being members ex officio, the other 8 members thereof shall be appointed by the governor, subject to the confirma- tion of the senate, under the regulations and restrictions to be provided by law. Sec. 12. The funds of the State university and of all other State institutions of learning, from whatever source accruing, shall forever remain inviolate and sacred to the purpose for which they were dedicated. The various funds shall be respectively invested under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and shall be guaranteed by the State against loss or diversion. The interest of said invested funds, together with the rents from leased lands or properties, shall be devoted to the maintenance and perpetuation of these respective insti- tutions. Art. XII, Sec 2. The property of * * * school districts, * ♦ * shall be exempt from taxation ; and such other property as may be used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural societies, for educational purposes, * * * may be exempt from taxation. Sec 5. Taxes for city, town, and school purposes may be levied on all sub- jects and objects of taxation, but the assessed valuation of any property shall not exceed the valuation of the same property for State and county purposes. Art. XIII, Sec 6. No city, town, township, or school district shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding 3 per centum of the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for the State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness, * * * Art. XVII, Sec 1. All lands of the State that have been, or that may here- after be granted to the State by Congress, and all lands acquired by gift or grant or devise, from any person or corporation, shall be public lands of the State, and shall be held in trust for the people, to be disposed of as hereafter (provided, for the respective purposes for which they have been or may be granted, donated, or devised ; and none of such land, nor any estate or interest fiierein, shall ever be disposed of except in pursuance of general laws providing 910 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. disposed of, to be ascertaiued in such manner as may be provided by law, be paid or safely secured to tlie State ; nor shall any lands which the State holds by grant from the United States (in any case in which the manner of disposal and minimum price are so prescribed) be disposed of, except in the manner and for at least the price prescribed in the grant thereof, without the consent of the United States. Said lands shall be classifled by the board of land commissioners, as follows: First, lands which are valuable only for grazing purposes. Second, those which are principally valuable for the timber that is on them. Third, agricultural lands. Fourth, lands within the limits of any town or city or within 3 miles of such limits : Provided, That any of said lands may be reclassi- fied whenever, by reason of increased facilities for irrigation or otherwise, they shall be subject to different classification. Sec. 2. The lands of the first of said classes may be sold or leased, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. The lands of the second class may be sold, or the timber thereon may be sold, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. The agricultural lands may be either sold or leased, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. The land of the fourth class shall be sold in alternate lots of not more than 5 acres each, and not more than one-half of any one tract of such lands shall be sold prior to the year 1910. Sec. 3. All other public lands may be disposed of in such manner as may be provided by law. NEBRASKA. Art. Ill, Sec. 15. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following cases; that is to say: * * * Providing for the management of public schools. * * * Art. V, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieuten- ant governor, * * * superintendent of public instruction, attorney general, and commissioner of public lands and buildings, who shall each hold his office for the term of two years from the first Thursday and the first Tuesday in January next after his election, and until his successor is elected and quali- fied. * * * Sec 19. The governor shall, prior to the adjournment of the thirty-third ses- sion of the legislature, nominate and, with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the senate in executive session, appoint three electors of the State, not more than two of whom shall belong to the same political party and no two of whom shall reside at the time of their appointment in the same con- gressional district, as members of a board to be known as a " board of commis- sioners of State institutions." Said members shall hold office as designated by the governor for two, four, and six years respectively. Subsequent appoint- ments shall be made as provided and, except to fill vacancies, shall be for a period of six years. The board shall at all times be subject to the above restric- tions and limitations. The board of commissioners shall have full power to manage, control, and govern, subject only to such limitations as shall be estab- lished by law, the State soldiers' home, hospitals for the insane, institute for the deaf, institute for the blind, industrial schools, institute for feeble-minded children,' Nebraska Industrial Home, orthopedic hospital, the State penitentiary, and all charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions that shall be by law estab- lished and maintained by the State of Nebraska. They shall each give bonds, receive compensation for service, perform all duties, and comply with all regu- lations that shall be established by law. * * * Sec 24 The salaries of * * * the secretary of state, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, and commissioner of public lands and buildings shall be $2,000 each per annum. * * * There shall be no allow- ance for clerk hire in the offices of the superintendent of public instruction and attorney general. Art YIII Sec. 1. The governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, and commissioner of public lands and buildings shall, under the direction of the legislature, constitute a board of commissioners, for the sale, leasing, and gen- eral management of all lands and funds set apart for educational purposes, and for the investment of school funds in such manner as may be prescnbed by ^^ Sec 2 All lands, money, or other property granted or bequeathed or in any manner' conveyed to this State for educational purposes shall be used and expended in accordance with the terms of such grant, bequest, or conveyance. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 911 Sec. 3. The following are hereby declared to be perpetual funds for common- school purposes, of which the annual interest or income only can be appro- priated, to wit: First. Such per centum as has been, or may hereafter be, granted by Con- gress on the sale of lands in this State. Second. All moneys arising from the sale or leasing of sections Nos. 16 and 86 in each township in this State, and the lands selected, or that may be selected, in lieu thereof. Third. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or may hereafter be, granted to this State, where, by the terms and conditions of such grant, the same are not to be otherwise appropriated. Fourth. The net proceeds of lands and other property and effects that may come to this State, by escheat or forfeiture or from unclaimed dividends or dis- tributive shares of the estates of deceased persons. Fifth. All moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property now belonging to the common-school fund. Sec. 4. All other grants, gifts, and devises that have been, or may hereafter be, made to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, the interest arising from all the funds mentioned in the preceding section, together with all the rents of the unsold school lands, and such other means as the legislature may provide, shall be exclusively applied to the support and maintenance of common schools in each school district in the State. Sec. 5. All fines, penalties, and license moneys arising under the general laws of the State shall belong and be paid over to the counties respectively, where the same may be levied or imposed, and all fines, penalties, and license moneys aris- ing under the rules, by-laws, or ordinances of cities, villages, towns, precincts, or other municipal subdivision less than a county shall belong and be paid over to the same, respectively. All such fines, penalties, and license moneys shall be appropriated exclusively to the use and support of the common schools in the respective subdivisions where the same may accrue. Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the free instruction in the common schools of this State of all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years. Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by general law for an equitable distribution of the income of the fund set apart for the support of the common schools, among the several school districts of the State, and no appropriation shall be made from said fund to any district for the year in which school is not main- tained at least three months. Sec. 8. University, agricultural college, common-school, or other lands which are now held or may hereafter be acquired by the State for educational pur- poses shall not be sold for less than $7 per acre, nor less than the appraised value. Sec. 9. All funds belonging to the State for educational purposes, the inter- est and income whereof only are to be used, shall be deemed trust funds held by the State, and the State shall supply all losses thereof, that may in any manner accrue, so that the same shall remain forever inviolate and undiminished ; and shall not be invested or loaned except on United States or State securities, or registered county bonds of this State, or registered school-district bonds of this State, and such other securities as the legislature may from time to time direct. And such funds with the interest and income thereof are hereby solemnly pledged to the purposes for which they are granted and set apart, and shall not be transferred to any other fund for other uses. Sec. 10. The general government of the University of Nebraska shall, under direction of the legislature, be vested in a board of six regents to be styled the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, who shall be elected by the electors of the State at large, and their term of office, except those chosen at the first election as hereinafter provided, shall be six years. . Their duties and powers shall be prescribed by law ; and they shall receive no compensation, but may be reimbursed their actual expenses incurred in the discharge of their duties. Sec. 11. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in any school or institu- tion supported in whole or in part by the public funds set apart for educational purposes ; nor shall the State accept any grant, conveyance, or bequest of money, lands, or other property to be used for sectarian purposes. Sec. 12. The legislature may provide by law for the establishment of a school or schools for the safe-keeping, education, employment, and reformation of all children under the age of 16 years, who for want of proper parental care, or other cause, are growing up in mendicancy or crime. 912 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ? NEVADA. Aet. V, Sec. 22. The secretary of state, * * * superintendent of public instruction sliall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Art. VIII, Sec. 2. All real property and possessory rights to the same, as well as personal property in this State, belonging to corporations now existing or hereafter created, shall be subject to taxation the same as property of in- dividuals: Provided, That the property of corporations formed for municipal, charitable, religious, or educational purposes may be exempted by law. Sec. 9. The State shall not donate or loan money or its credit, subscribe to, or be Interested in the stock of any company, association, or corporation, except corporations formed for educational or charitable purposes. Art. XI, Sec. 1. The legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, literary, scientific, mining, mechanical, agricultural, and moral improvements, and also provide for the election by the people, at the general election, of a superintendent of public instruction, whose term of office shall be two years from the first Monday of January, A. D. 1865, and until the election and the qualification of his successor, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for a uniform system of common schools, by which a school shall be established and maintained in each school district at least six months in every year; and any school district neglecting to estab- lish and maintain such a school, or which shall allow instructions of a sec- tarian character therein, may be deprived of its proportion of the interest of the public-school fund during such neglect or infraction ; and the legislature may pass such laws as will tend to secure a general attendance of the children in each school district upon said public school. Sec 3. All lands, including the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections in any township donated for the benefit of public schools in the act of the Thirty- eighth Congress, to enable the people of Nevada Territory to form a State government, the 30,000 acres of public lands granted by an act of Congress, ap- proved July 2, A. D. 1862, for each Senator and Representative in Congress, and all proceeds of lands that have been or may hereafter be granted or appro- priated by the United States to this State, and also the 500,000 acres of land granted to the new States under the act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A. D. 1841 : Provided, That Congress may provision for or authorize such diversion to be made for the purpose herein contained; all estates that may escheat to the State; all of such per centum as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands; all fines collected under the penal laws of the State; all property given or bequeathed to the State for educational purposes, and all pro- ceeds derived from any or all of said sources shall be and the same are hereby solemnly pledged for educational purposes and shall not be transferred to any other fund for other uses; and the interest thereon shall, from time to time, be apportioned among the several counties as the legislature may provide by law ; and the legislature shall provide for the sale of floating land warrants to cover the aforesaid lands, and for the investment of all proceeds derived from any of the above-mentioned sources, in United States bonds, or the bonds of this State, or the bonds of other States of the Union: Provided, That the interest only of the aforesaid proceeds shall be used for educational purposes, and any surplus interest shall be added to the principal sum: And provided further, That such portions of said interest as may be necessary may be appro- priated for the support of the State university. Sec 4. The legislature shall provide for the establishment of a State uni- versity, which shall embrace departments for agriculture, mechanic arts, and mining, to be controlled by a board of regents, whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec 5. The legislature shall have power to establish normal schools, and such different grades of schools, from the primary department to the university, as in their discretion they may deem necessary, and all professors in said uni- versity, or teachers in said schools, of whatever grade, shall be required to take and subscribe to the oath as prescribed in Article XV of this constitution. No. professor or teacher who fails to comply with the provisions of any law framed in accordance with the provisions of this section shall be entitled to receive any portion of the public moneys set apart for school purposes. Sec 6. The legislature shall provide a special tax, which shall not exceed 2 mills on the dollar of all taxable property in the State, in addition to other COITSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 913 means provided for the support and maintenance of said university and common schools. Sec. 7. The governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruc- tion shall, for the first four years, and until their successors are elected and qualified, constitute a board of regents, to control and manage the affairs of the university and the funds of the same, under such regulations as may be provided by law. But the legislature shall at its regular session next preceding the expiration of the term of office of said board of regents, provide for the election of a new board of regents, and diefine their duties. Sec. 8. The board of regents shall, from the interest accruing from the first funds which come under their control, immediately organize and maintain the said mining department in such manner as to make it most effective and use- ful: Provided, That all the proceeds of the public lands donated by act of Congress approved July 2, A. D. 1862, for a college for the benefit of agri- culture, the mechanic arts, and including military tactics, shall be invested by the said board of regents in a separate fund, to be appropriated exclusively for the benefit of the first-named departments to the university, as set forth in section 4 above; and the legislature shall provide that if, through neglect or any other contingency, any portion of the fund so set apart shall be lost or mis- appropriated, tlie State of Nevada shall replace said amount so lost or mis- appropriated in said fund, so that the principal of said fund shall remain forever undiminished. Sec. 9. No sectarian instruction shall be imparted or tolerated in any school or university that may be established under this constitution. Sec. 10. No public funds of any kind or character whatever, State, county, or municipal, shall be used for sectarian purposes. Art. XII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the public good may re- quire, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Part I, Art. 6. ♦ * ♦ the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance. * * * Part II, Art. 82. Knowledge and learning generally diffused through a com- munity being essential to the preservation of a free government, and spread- ing the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the legislators and magistraties, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interest of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools; to encourage private and public institutions, rewards, and immunities for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufac- tures, and natural history, of the country; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industi-y and economy, honesty and punctuality, sincerity, sobriety, and all social affections and generous sentiments, among the people: Provided, never- theless, That no money raised by taxation shall ever be granted or applied for the use of the schools or institutions of any religious sect or denomination. * * ♦ NEW JERSEY. Art. IV, Sec. VII (6). The fund for the support of free schools, and all money, stock, and other property which may hereafter be appropriated for that purpose, or received into the treasury under the provision of any law heretofore passed to augment the said fund, shall be securely invested ana remain a perpetual fund; and the income thereof, except so much as it may be judged expedient to apply to an increase of the capital, shall be annually appropriated to the support of public free schools, for the equal benefit of all the people of the State; and it shall not be competent for the legislature to I^^rrow, appropriate, or use the said fund, or any part thereof, for any other ^■Brpose. under any pretense whatever. The legislature shall provide for the H 3966°— 15 58 914 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient system of free public schools for the instruction of all the children in this State between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Sec. VII (11). The legislature shall not pass private, local, or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases ; that is to say : * * * Providing for the management and support of free public schools. * * ♦ NEW MEXICO. Art. IV, Sec. i. * * * The i)eople reserve the power to disapprove, suspend, and annul any law enacted by the legislature, except general appropriation laws * * * for the maintenance of the public schools or State institutions, and local or special laws. * * * Sec. 24. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the fol- lowing cases : * * * the management of public schools ; * * * Sec. 31. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, educational, or other benevolent purposes to any person, corporation, association, institution, or com- munity, not under the absolute control of the State, but the legislature may, In its discretion, make appropriations for the charitable institutions and hospitals. * * * Art. V, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * * ♦ superintendent of public instruction ♦ * * who shall be elected for a term of two years beginning on the 1st day of January next after their election. Such officers shall, after having served two consecutive terms, be ineligible to hold any State office for two years thereafter. The officers of the executive department, except the lieutenant governor, shall during their terms of office reside and keep the public records, books, papers, and seals of office at the seat of government. Sec 3. No person shall be eligible to any office specified in section 1 hereof, unless he be a citizen of the United States, at least 30 years of age, nor unless he shall have resided continuously in New Mexico for five years next preceding his election ; * * * nor to the office of superintendent of public instruction unless he be a trained and experienced educator. Sec. 12. The annual compensation to be paid to the officers mentioned in sec- tion 1 of this article shall be as follows: ♦ * * superintendent of public Instruction, $3,000, * * * Art. VII, Sec i. * * * All school elections shall be held at different times from other elections. Women possessing the qualifications prescribed in this section for male electors shall be qualified electors at all such school elections : Provided, That if a majority of the qualified voters of any school c"i strict shall, not less than 30 days before any school election, pressnt a petition to the board of county commissioners against woman suffrage in such district, the provisions of this section relating to woman suffrage shall be suspended therein, and such provision shall become again operative only upon the filing with said board of a petition signed by a majority of the qualified voters favoring the restoration thereof. The board of county commissioners shall certify the sus- pension or restoration of such suffrage to the proper school district. * * * Sec 2. * * * women possessing the qualifications of male electors pre- scribed in paragraph 1 of this article shall be qualified to hold the office of county school superintendent, and shall also be eligible for election to the office of school director or members of a board of education. Sec 4. No person shall be deemed to have acquired or lost residence by reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States or of the State, nor while a student at any school. Art. VIII, Sec 2. Taxes levied upon real or personal property for ^ate revenue shall not exceed 4 mills annually on each dollar of the assessed valua- tion thereof except for the support of the educational, penal, and charitable institutions of the State, payment of the State debt and interest thereon; and the total annual tax levy upon such property for all State purposes exclusive of necessary levies for the State debt shall not exceed 10 mills. Sec 3. The property of the United States, the State and all counties, towns, cities, and school districts, and other municipal corporations, public libraries, community ditches and all laterals thereof, all church property, all property used for educational or charitable purposes, all cemeteries not used or held for private or corporate profit, and all bonds of the State of New Mexico, and CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 915 of the counties, municipalities, and districts thereof shall be exempt from tax- ation. Sec. 7. No execution shall issue upon any judgment rendered against the board of county commissioners of any county, or against any incorporated city, town, or village, school district, or board of education ; or against any officer of any county, incorporated city, town, or village, school district, or board of educa- tion, upon any judgment recovered against him in his official capacity and for which the county, incorporated city, town, or village, school district, or board of education, is liable, but the same shall be paid out of the proceeds of a tax levy as other liabilities of counties, incorporated cities, towns, or villages, school dis- tricts, or boards of education, and when so collected shall be paid by the county treasurer to the judgment creditor. Aet. IX, Sec. 11. No school district shall borrow money, except for the pur- pose of erecting and furnishing school buildings or purchasing school grounds, and in such cases only when the proposition to create the debt shall have been submitted to the qualified electors of the district, and approved by a majority of those voting thereon. No school district shall ever become indebted in an amount exceeding 6 per centum on the assessed valuation of the taxable prop- erty within such school district, as shown by the preceding general assessment. Sec 14. Neither the State, nor any county, school district, or municipality, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, shall directly or indirectly lend or pledge its credit, or make any donation to or in aid of any person, association or public or private corporation, or in aid of any private enter- prise for the construction of any railroad ; * * * Art. XII, Sec. 1. A uniform system of free public schools sufficient for the education of, and open to, all the children of school age in the State shall be es- tablished and maintained. Sec 2. The permanent school fund of the State shall consist of the proceeds of sales of sections 2, 16, 32, and 36 in each township of the State, or the lands selected in lieu thereof; the proceeds of sales of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to the State not otherwise appropriated by the terms and conditions of the grant; such portion of the proceeds of sales of lands of the United States within the State as has been or may be granted by Congress ; also all other grants, gifts, and devises made to the State, the purpose of which is not otherwise specified. Sec 3. The schools, colleges, universities, and other educational institutions provided for by this constitution shall forever remain under the exclusive control of the State, and no part of the proceeds arising from the sale or dis- posal of any lands granted to the State by Congress, or any other funds appro- priated, levied, or collected for educational purposes, shall be used for the sup- port of any sectarian, denominational, or private school, college, or university. Sec 4. All fines and forfeitures collected under general laws; the net pro- ceeds of property that may come to the State by escheat; the rentals of all school lands and other lands granted to the State, the disposition of which ia not otherwise provided for by the terms of the grant or by act of Congress ; and the income derived from the permanent school fund, shall constitute the cur- rent school fund of the State. The legislature shall provide for the levy and collection of an annual tax upon all the taxable property in the State for the maintenance of the public schools, the proceeds of such tax levy to be added to the current school funds above provided for. The current school fund shall be distributed among the school districts of the State in the proportion that the number of children of school age in each district bears to the total number of such children in the State, and shall provide for the levy and collection of addi- tional local taxes for school purposes. A public school shall be maintained for at least five months in each year in every school district in the State. Before making the distribution above provided for, there shall be taken from the current school fund as above created, a sufficient reserve to be distributed among school districts in which the proceeds of the annual local tax, when levied to the limit allowed by law, plus the regular quota of current school funds allotted to said district, shall not be sufficient for the maintaining of a school for the full period of five months, and this reserve fund shall be so dis- tributed among such districts as to enable each district to hold school for the said period. rSEc. 5. Every child of school acre and of sufficient physical and mental ability all be required to attend a public or other school during such period and for 916 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 6. A State board of education is hereby created, to consist of seven members. It sliall have the control, management, and direction of all public schools under such regulations as may be provided by law. The governor and the State superintendent of pub:ic instruction shall be ex officio members of said board and the remaining five members shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the consent of the senate; and shall inc.ude the head of some State educational institution, a county superintendent of schools, and one other person actually connected with educational work. The legislature may pro- vide for district or other school officers, subordinate to said board. Sec. 7. The principal of the permanent school fund shall be invested in the bonds of the State or Territory of New Mexico, or of any county, city, town, board of education, or school district therein. The legislature may by three- fourths vote of the members elected to each house provide that said funds may be invested in other interest-bearing securities. All bonds or other securities in which any portion ^of the school fund shall be invested must be first approved by the governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. All losses from such funds, however occurring, shall be reimbursed by the State. Sec. 8. The legislature shall provide for the training of teachers in the nor- mal schools or otherwise so that they may become proficient in both the Eng- glish and Spanish languages, to qualify them to teach Spanish-speaking pupils and students in the public schools and educational institutions of the State; and shall provide proper means and methods to facilitate the teaching of the English language and other branches of learning to such pupils and students. Sec. 9. No religious test shall ever be required as a condition of admission into the public schools or any educational institution of this State, either as a teacher or student, and no teacher or student of such school or institution shall ever be required to attend or participate in any religious service whatso- ever. Sec. 10. Children of Spanish descent in the State of New Mexico shall never be denied the right and privilege of admission and attendance in the public schools or other public educational institutions of the State, and they shall never be classed in separate schools, but shall forever enjoy perfect equality with other children in all public schools and educational institutions of the State, and the legislature shall provide penalties for the violation of this sec- tion. This section shall never be amended except upon a vote of the people of this State, in au election at which at least three-fourths of the electors voting in the whole State and at least two-thirds of those voting in each county in the State shall vote for such amendment. Sec. 11. The University of New Mexico at Albuquerque, the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts near Las Cruces, the New Mexico School of Mines at Socorro, the New Mexico Military Institute at Roswell, the New Mexico Normal University at Las Vegas, the New Mexico Normal School at Silver City, the Spanish-American School at El. Rito, the New Mexico Asy- lum for the Deaf and Dumb at Santa Fe, apd the New Mexico Institute for the Blind at Alamogordo, are hereby confirmed as State educational institutions. The appropriations made and that may hereafter be made to the State by the United States for agriculture and mechanical colleges and experiment stations in connection therewith, shall be paid to the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Sec. 12. All lands granted under the provisions of the act of Congress, entitled, "An act to enable the people of New Mexico to form a constitution and State government and be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States; and to enable the people of Arizona to form a constitution and State government and be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States," for the purposes of said several institutions are hereby accepted and confirmed to said institutions, and shall be exclusively used for the pur- poses for which they were granted: Provided, That 170.000 acres of the land granted by said act for normal-school purposes are hereby equally apportioned between said three normal institutions, and the remaining 30,000 acres thereof is reserved for a normal school which shall be established by the legislature and located in one of the counties of Union, Quay, Curry, Roosevelt, Chaves, or Eddy. Sec. 13. The legislature shall provide for the control and management of each of said institutions by a board of regents, for each institution, consisting of five members to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, for a term of four years, and not more than three of CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 917 whom shall belong to the same political party at the time of their appointment. The duties of said boards shall be prescribed by law. Art. XIII, Sec. 1. * * * That such of school sections 2, 32, 16, and 36 as are not contiguous to other State lands shall not be sold within the period cf 10 years next after the admission of New Mexico as a State for less than $10 per acre. Art. XIV, Sec. 1. The penitentiary at Santa Fe, the Miners' Hospital of New Mexico at Raton, the New Mexico Insane Asylum at Las Vegas, and the New Mexico Reform School at Springer, are hereby confirmed as State in- stitutions. Sec. 2. All lands which have been or which may be granted to the State by Congress for the purpose of said several institutions are hereby accepted for said several institutions with all other grants, donations, or devises for the benefit of the same, and shall be exclusively used for the purpose for which they were or may be granted, donated, or devised. Sec 3. Each of said institutions shall be under the control and management of a board whose title, duties, and powers shall be as may be provided by law. Each of said boards shall be composed of five members who shall hold office for the term of four years, and shall be appointed by the governor by and with the consent of the senate, and not more than three of whom shall belong to the same political party at the time of their appointment. Art. XV, Sec. 1. There shall be a department of agriculture which shall be under the control of the board of regents of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts; and the legislature shall provide lands and funds necessary for experimental farming and demonstrating by said departments. Art. XX, Sec. 10. The legislature shall enact suitable laws for the regulation of the employment of children. Sec 15. The penitentiary is a reformatory and an industrial school, and all persons confined therein shall, so far as consistent with discipline and the public interest, be employed in some beneficial industry ; * * *. Sec 17. There shall be a uniform system of textbooks for the public schools which shall not be changed more than once in six years. Art. XXI, Sec 4. Provision shall be made for the establishment and mainte- nance of a system of public schools which shall be open to all the children of the State and free from sectarian control, and said schools shall always be conducted in English. NEW YORK. Art. II, Sec 3. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence, by reason of his presence or absence, while * * * a student of any seminary of learning. ♦ * * Art. VII, Sec 4. Except the debts specified in sections 2 and 3 of this article, no debts shall be hereafter contracted by or In behalf of this State, unless such debt shall be authorized by a law, for some single work or object, to be dis- tinctly specified therein ; and such law shall impose and provide for the collec- tion of a direct annual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay, the interest on such debt as It falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt within 50 years from the time of the contracting thereof. No such law shall I take effect until it shall, at a general election have been submitted to the people, I and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such I election. ♦ * ♦ Sec 5. The sinking funds provided for the payment of Interest and the extinguishment of the principal of the debts of the State shall be separately kept and safely Invested, and neither of them shall be appropriated or used In any manner other than for the specific purpose for which It shall have been provided. Art. VIII, Sec 9. Neither the credit nor the money of the State shall be given or loaned to or in aid of any association, corporation, or private under- taking. This section shall not, however, prevent the legislature from making such provision for the education and support of the blind, the deaf and dumb, and juvenile delinquents, as to it may seem proper. Nor shall it apply to any I fund or property now held, or which may hereafter be held, by the State for educational purposes. 918 SiTATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 10. * ♦ * No county or city shall be allowed to become indebted for any purpose or in any manner to an amount which, including existing in- debtedness, shall exceed 10 per centum of the assessed valuation of the real estate of such county or city subject to taxation, as it appeared by the assess- ment rolls of said county or city on the last assessment for State or county taxes prior to the incurring of such indebtedness * * ♦. The amount here- after to be raised by tax for county or city purposes, in any county containing a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, or any such city of this State, in addition to providing for the principal and interest of existing debt, shall not in the aggre- gate exceed in any one year 2 per centum of the assessed valuation of the real and personal estate of such county or city, to be ascertained as prescribed in this section in respect to county or city debt. Sec. 11. The legislature shall provide for a State board of charities, which shall visit and insiject all institutions, whether State, county, municipal, incor- porated, or not incorporated, which are of a charitable, eleemosynary, correc- tional, or reformatory character, excepting only such institutions as are hereby made subject to the visitation of either of the commissions hereinafter mentioned, but including all reformatories except those in which adult males convicted of felony shall be confined. * * ♦ Sec. 14. Nothing in this constitution contained shall prevent the legislature from making such provision and support of the blind, the deaf and dumb, and juvenile delinquents, as to it may seem proper; or prevent any county, city, town, or village from providing for the care, support, maintenance, and secular education of inmates of orphan asylums, homes for dependent children, or cor- rectional institutions, whether under public or private control. Payments by counties, cities, towns, and villages to charitable, eleemosynary, correctional, and reformatory institutions, wholly or partly under private control, for care, sup- port, and maintenance, may be authorized, but shall not be required by the legis- lature. No such payments shall be made for any inmate of such institutions who is not received and retained therein pursuant to rules established by the State board of charities. Such rules shall be subject to the control of the legis- lature by general laws. Art. IX, Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide for the maintenance and sup- port of a system of free common schools, wherein all the children of this State may be educated. Sec 2. The corporation created in the year 1784, under the name of the regents of the University of the State of New York, is hereby continued under the name of the University of the State of New York. It shall be governed, and its corporate powers, which may be increased, modified, or diminished by the legislature, shall be exercised by not less than nine regents. Sec. 3. The capital of the common-school fund, the capital of the literature fund, and the capital of the United States deposit fund shall be respectively preserved inviolate. The revenue of the said common-school fund shall be applied to the support of the common schools; the revenue of the literature fund shall be applied to the support of academies; and the sum of $25,000 of the revenues of the United States deposit fund shall each year be appropriated to and made part of the capital of the said common-school fund. Sec. 4. Neither the State nor any subdivision thereof shall use its property or credit or any public money, or authorize or permit either to be used, directly or indirectly, in aid or maintenance, other than for examination or inspection, of any school or institution of learning wholly or in part under the control or direc- tion of any religious denomination or in which any denominational tenet or doctrine is taught. NORTH CAROLINA. Art. I, Sec. 27. The people have the right to the privilege of education, and it Is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right. * * * Art. Ill, Sec 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, a superintendent of public instruction, and an attorney general, who shall be elected for a term of four years by the qualified electors of the State, at the same time and places and in the same manner as members of the general assembly are elected. Their term of office shall commence on the 1st day or January next after their election, and continue until their successors are elected ^^Sec^IS.^ The respective duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general shall be prescribed by CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 919 law. If the office of any of said officers shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to appoint another until the disability be removed or his successor be elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than 30 days after the vacancy has taken place, and the person chosen shall hold the office for the remainder of the unexpired term fixed in the first section of this article. Sec. 14. The secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and superintendent of pub- lic instruction shall constitute, ex officio, the council of State, who shall advise the governor in the execution of his office. * ♦ ♦ Art. V, Sec. 2. The proceeds of the State and county capitation tax shall be applied to the purposes of education and the support of the poor, but in no one year shall more than 25 per cent thereof be appropriated to the latter purpose. Sec. 5. Property belonging to the State or to municipal coi-porations shall be exempt from taxation. The general assembly may exempt cemeteries and prop- erty held for educational, scientific, literary, charitable, or religious pur- poses. ♦ ♦ * Sec. 6. The taxes levied by the commissioners of the several counties for county purposes shall be levied in like manner with the State taxes and shall never exceed the double of the State tax, except for a special purpose, and with the special approval of the general assembly. Art. VII, Sec. 5. * ♦ * In every township there shall also be biennially elected a school committee, consisting of three persons, whose duties shall be pre- scribed by law. Art. ]X, Sec.1. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. Sec. 2. The general assembly, at its first session under this constitution, shall provide by taxation and otherwise for a general and uniform system of pub- lic schools, wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all the children of the State between the ages of 6 and 21 years. And the children of the white race {>nd the children of the colored race shall be taught in separate public schools; but there shall be no discrimination in favor of or to the prejudice of either race. Sec. 3. Each county of the State shall be divided into a convenient number of districts, in which one or more public schools shall be maintained at least four months in every year: and if the commissioners of any county shall fail to comply with the aforesaid requirements of this section they shall be liable to indictment. Sec 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State and not otherwise appropriated by this State or the United States, also all moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property now belonging to any State fund for purposes of education, also the net proceeds of all sales of the swamp lands belonging to the State, and all other grants, gifts, or devises that have been or hereafter may be made to the State and not otherwise appropriated by the State or by the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, shall be paid into the State treasury, and, together with so much of the ordinary revenue of the State as may be by law set apart for that purpose, shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining in this State a sys- tem of free public schools and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever. Sec 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging to a county school fund, also the net proceeds from the sale of estrays, also the clear pro- ceeds of all penalties and forfeitures and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal or military laws of the State, and all moneys which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, shall belong to and remain in the several counties, and shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining free public schools in the several counties in this State: Provided, That the amount collected in each county shall be annually reported to the superintendent of public instruction. Sec 6. The general assembly shall have power to provide for the election of trustees of the University of North Carolina, in whom, when chosen, shall be vested all the privileges, rights, franchises, and endowments thereof in any wise granted to or conferred upon the trustees of said university ; and the gen- eral assembly may make such provisions, laws, and regulations from time to time as may be necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of said university. 920 QTATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 7. The general assembly shall provide that the benefits of the university, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth of the State free of expense for tuition; also that all the property which has heretofore accrued to the State or shall hereafter accrue from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons, shall be appropriated to the use of the university. Sec. 8. The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, audi- tor, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general shall constitute a State board of education. Sec. 9. The governor shall be president and the superintendent of public In- struction shall be secretary of the board of education. Sec. 10. The board of education shall succeed to all the powers and trusts of the president and directors of the literary fund of North Carolina, and shall have full power to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in rela- tion to free public schools and the educational fund of the State; but all acts, rules, and regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the general assembly, and when so altered, amended, or repealed they shall not be reenacted by the board. Sec 11. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the capi- tal of the State within 15 days after the organization of the State government under this constitution ; the time of future meetings may be determined by the board. Sec. 12. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transac- tion of business. Sec 13. The contingent expenses of the board shall be provided by the general assembly. Sec 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this constitution the gen- eral assembly shall establish and maintain in connection with the university a department of agriculture, of mechanics, of mining, and of normal instruction. Sec 15. The general assembly is hereby empowered to enact that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public schools during the period between the ages of 6 and 18 years for a term of not less than 16 months, unless educated by other means. Art. XI, Sec 8. There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures devised by the State for the establishment of one or more orphan houses, where desti- tute orphans may be cared for, educated, and taught some business or trade. NORTH DAKOTA. Art. II. Sec. 62. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial de- partments of the State, interest on the public debt, and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. Sec 69. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say : * * * 12. Providing for the management of common schools. * * * Art. III. Sec 82. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the times and places of choosing members of the legislative assembly, a sec- retary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction ♦ * * who shall have attained the age of 25 years, shall be citizens of the United States, and shall have the qualifications of State electors. They shall severally hold their offices at the seat of government, for the term of two years and until their successors are elected and duly qualified. * * ♦ Sec 83. The powers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction * * * shall be as prescribed by law. Sec 84. Until otherwise provided by law, the * * * superintendent of public instruction * * * shall * * * receive an annual salary of $2,000. * * * Art. V. Sec 128. Any woman having the qualifications enumerated in sec- tion 121 of this article as to age, residence, and citizenship, and including those now qualified by the laws of the Territory, may vote for all school officers, and upon all questions pertaining solely to school matters, and be eligible to any school office. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 921 Abt. VII. Sec. 131. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, changed, or amended by special law, except in the case of such municipal, charitable, edu- cational, penal, or reformatory corporations as may be under the control of the State ♦ * *. Art. VIII. Sec. 147. A high degree of intelligence, patriotism, Integrity, and morality on the part of every voter in a government by the people being neces- sary in order to insure the continuance of that government and the prosperity and happiness of the people, the legislative assembly shall make provision for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools which shall be open to all children of the State of North Dakota and free from sectarian con- trol. This legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of North Dakota. Sec. 148. The legislative assembly shall provide, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, for a uniform system for free public schools throughout the State, beginning with the primary and extending through all grrdes up to and including the normal and collegiate course. Sec 149. In all schools instruction shall be given as far as practicable in those branches of knowledge that tend to impress upon the mind the vital im- portance of truthfulness, temperance, purity, public spirit, and respect for hon- est lat)or of every kind. Sec 150. A superintendent of schools for each county shall be elected every two years, whose qualifications, duties, powers, and compensation shall be fixed by law. Sec 151. The legislative assembly shall take such other steps as may be nec- essary to prevent illiteracy, secure a reasonable degree of uniformity in course of study, and to promote industrial, scientific, and agricultural improvements. Sec 152. All colleges, universities, and other educational institutions, for the support of which lands have been granted to this State, or which are supported by a public tax, shall remain under the absolute and exclusive control of the State. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the State shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school. Art. IX. Sec 153. All proceeds of the public lands that have heretofore been, or may hereafter be granted by the United States for the support of the common schools in this State; all such per centum as may be granted by the United States on the sale of public lands; the proceeds of property that shall fall to the State by escheat; the proceeds of all gifts and donations to the State for common schools, or not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gift, and all other property otherwise acquired for common schools, shall be and remain a perpetual fund for the maintenance of the common schools of the State. It shall be deemed a trust fund, the principal of which shall forever remain In- violate and may be increased but never diminished. The State shall make good all losses thereof. Sec 154. The interest and income of this fund, together with the net proceeds of all fines for violation of State laws, and all other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the benefit of the common schools of the State, and shall be for this purpose apportioned among and between all the several common-school corporations of the State in proportion to the number of children in each of school age, as may be fixed by law, and no part of the fund shall ever be diverted even temporarily from this purpose or used for any other purpose whatever than the maintenance of com- mon schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the State : Provided, how- ever, That if any portion of the interest or income aforesaid be not expended during any year, said portion shall be added to and become a part of the school fund. Sec. 155. After one year from the assembling of the first legislative assembly the lands granted to the State from the United States for the support of the common schools may be sold upon the following conditions and no other: No more than one-fourth of all such lands shall be sold within the first 5 years after the same become salable by virtue of this section. No more than one- half of the remainder within 10 years after the same become salable as afore- said. The residue may be sold at any time after the expiration of said 10 years. The legislative assembly shall provide for the sale of all school lands subject to the provisions of this article. The coal lands of the State shall never be sold, but the legislative assembly may by general laws provide for leasing the same. The words " coal lands " shall include lands bearing lignite coaL 922 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 156. The superintendent of public instruction, governor, attorney gen- eral, secretary of state, and State auditor shall constitute a board of commis- sioners, which shall be denominated the Board of University and School Lands, and subject to the provisions of this article and any law that may be passed by the legislative assembly ; said board shall have control of the appraisement, sale, rental, and disposal of all school and university lands, and shall direct the investment of the funds arising therefrom in the hands of the State treas- urer, under the limitations in section 160 of this article. Sec. 157. The county superintendent of common schools, the chairman of the county board, and the county auditor shall constitute boards of appraisal, and under the authority of the State Board of University and School Lands shall appraise all school lands within their respective counties which they may from time to time recommend for sale at their actual value under the prescribed terms, and shall first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands. Sec. 158. No lands shall be sold for less than the appraised value, and in no case for less than $10 per acre. The purchaser shall pay one-fifth of the price in cash and the remaining four-fifths as follows: One-fifth in 5 years, one- fifth on or before the expiration of 10 years, one-fifth on or before the expira- tion of 15 years, and one-fifth on or before the expiration of 20 years, with interest at the rate of not less than 5 per cent per annum, payable annually in advance: Provided, That when payments are made before due they shall be made at an interest-paying date, and one year's interest in advance shall be paid on all money so paid. All sales shall be held at the county seat of the county in which the land to be sold is situated, and shall be at public auction and to the highest bidder, after 60 days' advertisement of the same in a news- paper of general circulation in the vicinity of the land to be sold, and one at the seat of government. Such lands as shall not have been especially sub- divided shall be offered in tracts of one-quarter section, and those subdivided in the smallest subdivision. All lands designated for sale and not sold within two years after appraisal shall be reappraised before they are sold. No grant or patent for such lands shall issue until payment is made for the same: Pro- vided, That the land contracted to be sold by the State shall be subject to taxa- tion from the date of such contract In case the taxes assessed against any of said lands for any year remain unpaid until the first Monday in October of the following year, then and thereupon the contract of sale for such lands shall, if the Board of University and School Lands so determine, become null and void. Any lands under the provision of section 158 of the constitution of the State of North Dakota that have heretofore been sold may be paid for, except as to interest, as provided herein: Provided further, That any school or institution lands that may be required for town-site purposes, schoolhouse sites, church sites, cemetery sites, sites for other educational or charitable institutions, pub- lic parks, fair grounds, public highways, railroad right of way or for other railroad uses and purposes, reservoirs for the storage of water for irrigation, drain ditches or irrigation ditches, and lands that may be required for any of the purposes over which the right of eminent domain may be exercised under the constitution and the laws of the State of North Dakota, may be sold under the provisions of this section, and shall be paid for, principal and interest, in full, in advance, at the time of sale, or at any time thereafter, and patent issued therefor when principal and interest are paid. Sec. 159. All land, money, or other property donated, granted, or received from the United States or any other source for a university, school of mines, reform school, agricultural college, deaf and dumb asylum, normal school, or other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the proceeds of all such lands and other property so received from any source, shall be and remain perpetual funds, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and applied to the specific objects of the original grants or gifts. The principal of every such fund may be increased, but shall never be diminished, and the interest and income only shall be used. Every such fund shall be deemed a trust fund held by the State, and the State shall make good all losses thereof. Sec. 160. All lands mentioned in the preceding section shall be appraised and sold in the same manner and under the same limitations and subject to all the conditions as to price and sale as provided above for the appraisal and sale of lands for the benefit of common schools; but a distinct and separate account shall be kept by the proper officers of each of said funds : Provided, That the limitations as to the time in which school land may be sold shall apply only to lands granted for the support of common schoola CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 923 Seo. 161. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by law for the leasing of lands granted to the State for educational and charitable pur- poses, but no such law shall authorize the leasing of said lands for a longer period than five years. Said lands shall only be leased for pasturage and meadow purposes and at a public auction after notice as heretofore provided in case of sale : Provided, That all of said school lands now under cultivation may be leased, at the discretion and under the control of the Board of Uni- versity and School Lands, for other than pasturage and meadow purposes until sold. All rents shall be paid in advance. Sec. 162. The moneys of the permanent school fund and other educational funds shall be invested only in bonds of school corporations or of counties, or of townships, or of municipalities within the State, bonds issued for the con- struction of drains under authority of law within the State, bonds of the United States, bonds of the State of North Dakota, bonds of other States pro- vided such States have never repudiated any of their indebtedness, or on first mortgages on farm lands in this State, not exceeding in amount one-third of the actual value of any subdivision on which the same may be loaned, such value to be determined by the board of appraisal of school lands. Sec. 163. No law shall ever be passed by the legislative assembly granting to any person, corporation, or association any privileges by reason of the occupation, cultivation, or improvement of any public lands by said person, corporation, or association subsequent to the survey thereof by the General Government. No claim for the occupation, cultivation, or improvement of any public lands shall ever be recognized, nor shall such occupation, cultivation, or improvement of any public lands ever be used to diminish, either directly or indirectly, the purchase price of said lands. Sec. 164. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by law for the sale or disposal of all public lands that have been heretofore or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State for purposes other than set forth and named in sections 153 and 159 of this article. And the legislative assembly, in providing for the appraisement, sale, rental, and disposal of the same, shall not be subject to the provisions and limitations of this article. Sec. 165, The legislative assambly shall pass suitable laws for the safe-keep- ing, transfer, and disbursement of the State school funds ; and shall require all oflacers charged with the same or the safe-keeping thereof to give ample bonds for all moneys and funds received by them, and if any of said oflScers shall convert to his own use in any manner or form, or shall loan with or without interest or shall deposit in his own name, or otherwise than in the name of the State of North Dakota, or shall deposit in any banks or with any person or persons, or exchange for other funds or property any portion of the school funds aforesaid, or purposely allow any portion of the same to remain in his own hands uninvested, except in the manner prescribed by law, every such act shall constitute an embezzlement of so much of the aforesaid school funds as shall be thus taken or loaned, or deposited, or exchanged, or withheld, and shall be a felony; and any failure to pay over, produce, or account for the State school funds or any part of the same Intrusted to any such oflBcer, as by law required or demanded, shall be held and be taken to be prima facie evidence of such embezzlement. Abt. XI, Sec. 176. * ♦ * The legislative assembly shall by a general law exempt from taxation property used exclusively for school, religious, fraternal, cemetery, or charitable purposes. * * ♦ Abt. XII, Sec. 183. The debt of any county, township, city, town, school dis- trict, or any other political subdivision, shall never exceed 5 per cent upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein: Provided, That any in- corporated city may, by a two-thirds vote, increase such indebtedness 3 per cent on such assessed value beyond said 5 per cent limit. In estimating the indebtedness which a city, county, township, school district, or any other political subdivision may incur, the entire amount of existing indebtedness, whether contracted prior or subsequent to the adoption of this constitution shall be included. ♦ * * Sec. 184. Any city, county, township, town, school district, or any other poli- tical subdivision incurring indebtedness shall at or before the time of so doing provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest and also the principal thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing for the payment of the interest or principal of any debt shall be irrepealable until such debt be paid. 924 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 185. Neither the State nor any county, city, township, town, school dis- trict, or any other political subdivision shall loan or give its credit or make donations to or In aid of any individual, association, or corporation, except for necessary support of the poor. * * * Art. XYII, Sec. 209. The labor of children under 12 years of age shall be prohibited in mines, factories, and workshops in this State. Aet. XIX, Sec. 215. The following public institutions of the State are perma- nently located at the places hereinafter named, each to have the lands specifi- cally granted to it by the United States, in the act of Congress, approved February 22, 1SS9, to be disposed of and used in such manner as the legislative assembly may prescribe, subject to the limitations provided in the article on school and public lands contained in this constitution : * ♦ * Second. The State university and the school of mines at the city of Grand Forks, in the county of Grand Forks. Third. The agricultural college at the city of Fargo, in the county of Cass. Fourth. A State normal school at the city of Valley City, in the county of Barnes; and the legislative assembly in apportioning the grant of 80,000 acres of land for normal schools made in the act of Congress referred to shall grant to the said normal school at Valley City as aforementioned 50,000 acres, and said lands are hereby appropriated to said institution for that purpose. Fifth. The deaf and dumb asylum at the city of Devils Lake, in the county of Ramsey. Sixth. A State reform school at the city of Mandan, in the county of Morton. Seventh. A State normal school at the city of Mayville, in the county of Traill; and the legislative assembly in apportioning the grant of lands made by Congress in the act aforesaid for State normal schools shall assign 30,000 acres to the institution hereby located at Mayville, and said lands are hereby appro- priated for said purpose. Eighth. A State hospital for the insane and institution for the feeble-minded in connection therewith at the city of Jamestown, in the county of Stutsman. And the legislative assembly shall appropriate 20.000 acres of the grant of lands made by the act of Congress aforesaid for "other educational and charitable institutions " to the benefit and for the endowment of said institution. Sec. 216. The following named public institutions are hereby permanently located as hereinafter provided, each to have so much of the remaining grant of 170,000 acres of land made by the United States for " other educational and charitable institutions " as is allotted by law, namely ; * ♦ * Second. A blind asylum, or such other institution as the legislative assembly may determine, at such place in the county of Pembina as the qualified electors of the said county may determine at an election to be held as prescribed by the legislative assembly, with a grant of 80,000 acres. Third. An industrial school and school for manual training, or such other educational or charitable institution as the legislative assembly may provide, at the town of Ellendale, in the county of Dickey, with a grant of 40.000 acres. Fourth. A school of forestry, or such other institution as the legislative as- sembly may determine, at such place in one of the counties of McHenry, Ward, Bottineau, or Rolette as the electors of the said counties may determine by an election for that purpose, to be held as provided by the legislative assembly. Fifth. A scientific school, or such other educational or charitable institution as the legislative assembly may prescribe, at the city of Wahpeton, couAty of Richland, with a grant of 40.000 acres. Sixth. A State normal school at the city of Minot, in the county of Ward : Provided, That no other institution of a character similar to any one of those located by this article shall be established or maintained without a revision of this constitution. OHIO. Art. VI, Sec. 1. The principal of all funds arising from the sale or other dis- position of lands or other property granted or intrusted to this State for educa- tional and religious purposes shall forever be preserved inviolate and undi- minished, and the income arising therefrom shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants or appropriations. Sec. 2. The general assembly shall make such provisions, by taxation or other- wise, as, with the income arising from the school trust fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State ; but no CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 925 religious or other sect or sects shall ever have any exclusive right to or control of any part of the school funds of this State. Sec. 3. Provision shall be made by law for the organization, administration, and control of the public-school system of the State supported by public funds: Provided, That each school district embraced wholly or in part within any city shall have the power by referendum vote to determine for itself the number of members and the organization of the district board of education, and provision shall be made by law for the exercise of this power by such school districts. Sec. 4. A superintendent of public instruction to replace the State commis- sioner of common schools shall be included as one of the officers of the executive department to be appointed by the governor, for the term of four years, with the powers and duties now exercised by the State commissioner of common schools until otherwise provided by law, and with such other powers as may be provided by law. Art. VII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb shall always be fostered and supported by the State and be subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by the general assembly. Sec. 2. The directors of the penitentiary shall be appointed or elected in such manner as the general assembly may direct; and the trustees of the benevolent and other State institutions, now elected by the general assembly, and of such other State institutions as may be hereafter created, shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate ; and upon all nomi- nations made by the governor the question shall be taken by yeas and. nays and entered upon the journals of the senate. Sec. 3. The governor shall have power to fill vacancies that may occur in the offices aforesaid until the next session of the general assembly and until a suc- cessor to his appointee shall be confirmed and qualified. Art. XII, Sec. 2. * * * all bonds at present outstanding of the State of Ohio or of any city, village, hamlet, county, or township in this State or which have been issued in behalf of the public schools in Ohio and the means of in- struction in connection therewith, which bonds so at present outstanding shall be exempt from taxation; but burying grounds, public schoolhouses * ♦ * may, by general laws, be exempted from taxation. * * * Art. XVII, Sec 2. * * * The term of office of all elective county, town- ship, municipal, and school officers shall be such even number of years, not exceeding four years, as may be so prescribed. OKLAHOMA. Art. I, Sec. 5. Provisions shall be made for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of the State and free from sectarian control; and said schools shall always be con- ducted in English: Provided, That nothing herein shall preclude the teaching of other languages in said public schools: And provided further, That this shall not be construed to prevent the establishment and maintenance of separate schools for white and colored children. Art. II, Sec. 5. No public money or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, donated, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or sup- port of any * ♦ * religious teacher or dignitary, or sectarian institution as such. Art. V, Sec 46. The legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, pass any local or special law ♦ ♦ ♦ regulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards, or school districts; * ♦ ♦ creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers, in counties, cities, towns, election or school districts; ♦ ♦ * regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolhouses, and the raising of money for such pur- poses * ♦ *, Art. VI, Sec 1. The executive authority of the State shall be vested in a governor, ♦ ♦ ♦ superintendent of public instruction, * * * each of whom shall keep his office and public records, books, and papers at the seat of L^^overnment, and shall perform such duties as may be designated in this con- I^Btitution or prescribed by law. I^K Sec 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of * ♦ ♦ superintendent of I^H^blic instruction, * ♦ * except a male citizen of the United States, of the 1 926 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. age of not less than 30 years, and who shall have been three years next pre- ceding his election a qualified elector of this State. * ♦ * Sec. 4. The term of office of the * * * superintendent of public instruc- tion shall be four years from the second Monday of January next after their election. * ♦ ♦ Art. X, Sec. 6. All property used for free public libraries, free museums, public cemeteries, property used exclusively for schools, colleges, and all prop- erty used exclusively for religious and charitable purposes, * * * shall be exempt from taxation. * * * Sec. 9. Except as herein otherwise provided, the total taxes, on an ad valorem basis, for all purposes, State, county, township, city, or town, and school district taxes, shall not exceed in any one year 31i mills on the dollar, to be divided as follows : State levy, not more than 3i mills ; county levy, not more than 8 mills : Pro- vided, That any county may levy not exceeding 2 mills additional for county high school and aid to the common schools of the county, not over 1 mill of which shall be for such high school, and the aid to said common schools shall be apportioned as provided by law; township levy, not more than 5 mills; city or town levy, not more than 10 mills; school district levy, not more than 5 mills on the dollar for school district purposes, for support of common school : Provided, That the aforesaid annual rate for school purposes may be increased by any school district by an amount not to exceed 10 mills on the dollar valua- tion, on condition that a majority of the voters thereof voting at an election vote for said increase. Sec 10. For the purpose of erecting public buildings in counties, cities, or school districts, the rates of taxation herein limited may be increased, when the rate of such increase and the purpose for which it is intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the people, and a majority of the qualified voters of such county, city, or school district, voting at such election, shall vote therefor : Provided, That such increase shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar of the assessed value of the taxable property in such county, city, or school district. Sec. 12a. All taxes collected for the maintenance of the common schools of this State, and which are levied upon the property of any railroad company, pipe-line company, telegraph company, or upon the property of any public- service corporation which operates in more than one county in this State, shall be paid into the common-school fund and distributed as are other common- school funds of this State. Sec 26. No county, city, town, township, school district, or other political corporation, or subdivision of the State, shall be allowed to become indebted, in any manner, for any purpose, to an amount exceeding, in any year, the in- come and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of three-fourths of the voters thereof, voting at an election, to be held for that purpose, nor in cases requiring such assent, shall any indebtedness be allowed to be incurred to an amount including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding 5 per centum of the valuation of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained from the last assessment for State and county purposes previous to the in- curring of such indebtedness : Provided, That any county, city, town, township, school district, or other political corporation, or subdivision of the State, in- curring any indebtedness, requiring the assent of the voters as aforesaid, shall, before or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such indebtedness as it falls due, and also to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof within 25 years from the time of contracting the same. Sec 28. Counties, townships, school districts, cities, and towns shall levy sufficient additional revenue to create a sinking fund to be used, first, for the payment of interest coupons as they fall due; second, for the payment of bonds as'they fall due; third, for the payments of such parts of judgments as such municipality may, by law, be required to pay. Sec 31. The legislature shall have power to levy taxes in the aid of the common schools of the State and to provide for the apportionment and distri- bution thereof. Whenever the amount realized from 10-mill ad valorem levy and all other sources shall be insufficient to maintain the common schools in any district five months in any year, the remaining sum necessary to so main- tain such schools shall be apportioned and paid out of such State levy. Aet. XI, Sec 2. All proceeds of the sale of public lands that have heretofore been or may be hereafter given by the United States for the use and benefit of the common schools of this ^tate, all such per centum as may be granted by the CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 927 United States on the sales of public lands, the sum of $5,000,000 appropriated to the State for the use and benefit of the common schools in lieu of sections 16 and 36, and other lands of the Indian Territory, the proceeds of all .property that shall fall to the State by escheat, the proceeds of all gifts or donations to the State for common schools not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gifts, and such other appropriations, gifts, or donations as shall be made by the legislature for the benefit of the common schools, shall con- stitute the permanent school fund, the income from which shall be used for the maintenance of the common schools in the State. The principal shall be deemed a trust fund held by the State, and shall forever remain inviolate. It mny be increased, but shall never be diminished. The State shall reimburse said permanent school fund for all losses thereof which may in any manner occur, and no portion of said fund shall be diverted for any other use or purpose. Sec. 3. The interest and income of the permanent school fund, the net in- come from the leasing of public lands which have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for the use and benefit of the common schools, together with any revenues derived from taxes authorized to be levied for such purposes, and any other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be used and applied each year for the benefit of the common schools of the State, and shall be, for this purpose, apportioned among and between all the several common-school districts of the State in proportion to the school popu- lation of the several districts, and no part of the fund shall ever be diverted from this purpose, or used for any other purpose than the support and mainte- nance of common schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the State. Sec. 4. All public lands set apart to the State by Congress for charitable, penal, educational, and public-building purposes, and all lands taken in lieu thereof, may be sold by the State under such rules and regulations as the legislature mny prescribe, in conformity with the regulations of the enabling act. Sec. 5. Section 13 in every portion of the State which has been granted to the State shall be preserved for the use and benefit of the University of Okla- homa and the University Preparatory School, one-third; of the normal schools now established, or hereafter to be estrblished, one-third; and of the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College and Colored Agricultural and Normal Uni- versity, one-third. The said lands or the proceeds thereof as above appor- tioned to be divided between the institutions as the legislature may prescribe: Provided, That the said lands so reserved, or the proceeds of the sale thereof, or of any indemnity lands granted in lieu of section 13 shall be safely kept or invested and preserved by the State as a trust, which shall never be dimin- ished, but may be added to, and the income thereof, interest, rentals, or other- wise, only shall be used exclusively for the benefit of said educational institu- tions. Such educational institutions shall remain under the exclusive control of the State and no part of the proceeds arising from the sale or disposal of any lands granted for educational purposes, or the income or rentals thereof, shall be used for the support of any religious or sectarian school, college, or university, and no portion of the funds arising from the sale of sections 13 or any indemnity lands selected in lieu thereof, either principal or interest, shall ever be diverted, either temporarily or permanently, from the purpose for which said lands were granted to the State. Sec 6. The permanent common-school and other educational funds shall be invested in first mortgages upon good and improved farm lands within the State (and in no case shall more than 50 per centum of the reasonable valuation of the lands without improvements be loaned on any tract), Oklahoma State bonds, county bonds of the counties of Oklahoma, school-district bonds of the school districts of Oklahoma, United States bonds; preference to be given to the securities in the order named. The legislature shall provide the manner of selecting the securities aforesaid, prescribe the rules, regulations, restrictions, and conditions upon which the funds aforesaid shall be loaned or invested, iind do all things necessary for the safety of the funds and permanency of the investment. Art. XIII, Sec 1. The legislature shall establish and maintain a system of free public schools wherein all the children of the State may be educated. Sec 2. The legislature shall provide for the establishment and support of Institutions for the care and education of the deaf, dumb, and blind of the State. Sec 3. Separate schools for white and colored children with like accommo- 928 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. term " colored children," as used in this section, shall be construed to mean children of African descent The term "white children" shall Include all other children. Sec. 4. The legislature shall provide for the compulsory attendance at some public or other school, unless other means of education are provided, of all the children in the State who are sound in mind and body, between the ages of 8 and 16 years, for at least three months in each year. Sec. 5. The supervision of instruction in the public schools shall be vested In a board of education, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. The superintendent of public instruction shall be president of the board. Until otherwise provided by law, the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general shall be ex oflacio members, and with the superintendent compose said board of education. Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for a uniform system of textbooks for the common schools of the State. Sec. 7. The legislature shall provide for the teaching of the elements of agri- culture, horticulture, stock feeding, and domestic science in the common schools of the Stnte. Art. XXI, Sec. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and mute, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Art. XXIII, Sec. 3. The employment of children under the age of 15 years in any occupation injurious to health or morals or especially hazardous to life or limb is hereby prohibited. Sec 4. Boys under the age of 16 years and women and girls shall not be employed underground in the operation of mines; and, except in cases of emer- gency, eight hours shall constitute a day's work underground in all mines of the State. OREGON. Art. I, Sec. 5. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution, r.or shall any money be appropriated for the payment of ony religious service, in either house of the legislative assembly. Art. II, Sec. 4. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while * * ♦ a student of any seminary of learning. ♦ * ♦ Art. IV. Sec 23. The legislative assembly shall not pass special or local laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say — * * * Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school funds. * * ♦ Art. VIII, Sec. 1. The governor shall be superintendent of public Instruction, and his powers and duties in that capacity shall be such as may be prescribed by law; but after the term of five years from the adoption of this constitution it shall be competent for the legislative assembly to provide by law for the election of a superintendent, to provide for his compensation, and prescribe his powers and duties. Sec 2. The proceeds of all the lands which have been, or hereafter may be, granted to this State for educational purposes (excepting the lands heretofore granted to aid in the establishment of a university), all the moneys and clear proceeds of all property which may accrue to the State by escheat or forfeiture; all moneys which may b-Q paid as exemption from military duty; the proceeds of all gifts, devices, and bequests made by any person to the State for common- school purposes; the proceeds of all property granted to the State, when the purposes of such grant shall not be stated ; all the proceeds of the 500,000 acres of land to which the State is entitled by the provisions of an act of Congress, entitled "An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands^ and to grant preemption rights," approved the 4th of September, 1S41; and also the 5 per centum of the net proceeds of the sales of the public lands to which this State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall assent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned) shall be set apart as a separate and irreducible fund, to be called the common-school fund, the interest of which, together with all other revenues derived from the school lands meationed in this section, shall be exclusively applied to the support and CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 929 maintenance of common schools in each school district, and purchase of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor. Sec. 3. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the establishment of a uniform and regular system of common schools. Sec. 4. Provision shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the common-school fund among the several counties of the State, in proportion to the number of children resident therein between the ages of 4 and 20 years. Sec. 5. The governor, secretary of state, and State treasurer shall constitute a board of commissioners for the sale of school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom, and their powers and duties shall be such as may be prescribed by law : Provided, That no part of the university funds, or of the interest arising therefrom, shall be expended until the period of 10 years from the adoption of this constitution, unless the same shall be other- wise disposed of, by the consent of Congress, for common-school purposes. Art. IX, Sec. 1. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation, and shall prescribe such regulations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both real and per- sonal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, literary, scientific, relig- ious, or charitable purposes as may be specially exempted by law. PENNSYLVANIA. Abt. Ill, Sec. 7. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law: * * * Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, townships, wards, boroughs, or school districts: * * * Erecting new townships or boroughs, changing township lines, borough limits, or school districts: * * * Regu- lating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of school- houses, and the raising of money for such purposes : ♦ * * Sec. 15. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropria- tions for the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial depart- ments of the Commonwealth, interest on the public debt, and for public schools ; * * *^ Sec. 17. No appropriation shall be made to any charitable or educational in- stitution not under the absolute control of the Commonwealth, other than normal schools established by law for the professional training of teachers for the public schools of the State, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each liouse. Art. IV, Sec. 1. The executive department of this Commonwealth shall con- sist of a governor, * * * and a superintendent of public instruction. Sec. 8. He [the governor] shall nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of two-thirds of all the members of the senate, appoint a secretary of the Commonwealth and an attorney general during pleasure, a superintendent of public instruction for four years, * * *. Sec. 20. The superintendent of public instruction shall exercise all the powers and perform all the duties of the superintendent of common schools, subject to such changes as shall be made by law. Art. VIII, Sec. 13. For the purpose of voting no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his presence, or lost it by reason of his absence, while * * * a student of any institution of learning, * * *, Art. IX, Sec. i, * * * the general assembly may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property used for public purposes, * * *. Sec. 8. The debt of any county, city, borough, township, school district, or other municipality or incorporated district, except as herein provided, shall never exceed 7 per centum upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein, nor shall any such municipality or district incur any new debt, or in- crease its indebtedness to an amount exceeding 2 per centum upon such assessed valuation of property, without the assent of the electors thereof at a public election in such manner as shall be provided by law ; but any city, the debt of which now exceeds 7 per centum of such assessed valuation, may be authorized by law to increase the same 3 per centum, in the aggregate, at any one time upon such valuation ♦ ♦ * Sec. 10. Any county, township, school district, or other municipality in- curring any indebtedness shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the collection of an annua! tax suflQcient to pay the interest and also the prin- cipal thereof within 30 years. 930 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Art. X. The general assembly shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient system of public schools, wherein all the children of this Commonwealth above the age of 6 years may be educated, and shall appropriate at least $1,000,000 each year for that purpose. Sec. 2. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the Common- wealth shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school. Sec. 3. Women 21 years of age and upward shall be eligible to any office of control or management under the school laws of this State. RHODE ISLAND. Art. IX, Sec. 1. No person shall be eligible to any civil office (except the office of school committee) unless he be a qualified elector for such office. Art, XII, Sec. 1. The diffusion of knowledge, as well as of virtue, among the people, being essential to the preservation of their rights and liberties, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to promote public schools, and to adopt all means which they may deem necessary and proper to secure to the people the advantages and opportunities of education. Sec. 2. The money which now is or which may hereafter be appropriated by law for the establishment of a permanent fund for the support of public schools, shall be securely invested, and remain a perpetual fund for that purpose. Sec. 3. All donations for the support of public schools, or for other purposes of education, which may be received by the general assembly, shall be applied according to the terms prescribed by the donors. Sec. 4. The general assembly shall make all necessary provisions by law for carrying this article into effect. They shall not divert said money or fund from the aforesaid uses, nor borrow, appropriate, or use the same, or any part thereof for any other purpose under any pretense whatsoever. Art. VII, Sec. 2 [amendment]. The assessors of each town and city shall an- nually assess upon every person, who, if registered, would be qualified to vote, a tax of $1, or such sum as with his other taxes shall amount to $1, which tax shall be paid into the treasury of such town or city and be applied to the sup- port of the public schools therein : * * *. SOUTH CAROLINA. Art. Ill, Sec. 34. The general assembly of this State shall not enact local or special laws concerning any of the following subjects or for any of the follow- ing purposes, to wit: * * * IV. To incorporate educational, religious, charitable, social, manufacturing, or banking institutions not under the control of the State, or amend or extend the charters thereof. V. To incorporate school districts. * * * Art. IV, Sec. 24. There shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State a secretary of state, * * * and a superintendent of education, who shall hold their respective offices for the term of two years, and until their several succes- sors have been chosen and qualified; and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. Art. VIII, Sec. 6. The corporate authorities of cities and towns in this State shall be vested with power to assess and collect taxes for corporate purposes, said taxes to be uniform in respect to persons and property within the jurisdic- tion of the body composing the same ; * * *^ Sec. 7. No city or town in this State shall hereafter incur any bonded debt which, including existing bonded indebtedness, shall exceed 8 per centum of the assessed value of the taxable property therein, and no such debt shall be created without submitting the question as to the creation thereof to the quali- fied electors of such city or town, as provided in this constitution for such spe- cial elections ; and unless a majority of such electors voting on the question shall be in favor of creating such further bonded debt, none shall be created : Pro- vided, * * * That such cities and towns shall on the issuing of such bonds create a sinking fund for the redemption thereof at maturity. * * * Sec. 8. Cities and towns may exempt from taxation, by general or special ordinance, except for school purposes, manufacturies established within their CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 931 limits for five successive years from the time of the establishment of such manufactories: * * ♦. Art. IX. Sec. 2. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, changed, or amended by special law, except in the case of such charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory corporati-ons as may be under the control of the State, or may be provided for in this constitution, * * *^ Art. X. Sec. 4. There shall be exempted from taxation * * * the property of all schools, colleges, and institutions of learning. * * ♦ except where the profits of such institutions are applied to private uses; * * * Provided, That as to real estate this exemption shall not extend beyond the buildings and premises actually occupied by such schools, colleges, institutions of learn- ing, ♦ * ♦ Sec. 5. The corporate authorities of counties, townships, school districts, cities, towns, and villages may be vested with power to assess and collect taxes for corporate purposes ; * * * The bonded debt of any county, township, school district, municipal corporation, or political division or subdivision of this State shall never exceed 8 per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein. * * * Sec. 12. Suitable laws shall be passed by the general assembly for the safe- keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the State, county, and school funds; * * *. Art. XI, Sec. 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State superintendent of education, who shall be elected for the term of two years by the qualified electors of the State, in such manner and at such time as the other State officers are elected; his powers, duties, and compensation shall be defined by the general assembly. Sec. 2. There shall be a State board of education, composed of the governor, the State superintendent of education, and not exceeding seven persons to be appointed by the governor every four years, of which board the governor shall be chairman and the State superintendent of education secretary. This board shall have the regulation of examination of teachers applying for certificates of qualification, and shall award all scholarships, and have such other powers and duties as may be determined by law. The traveling exi>enses of the per- sons to be appointed shall be provided for by the general assembly. Sec. 3. The general assembly shall make provision for the election or appoint- ment of all other necessary school officers, and shall define their qualifications, powers, duties, comi)ensation, and terms of office. Sec. 4. The salaries of the State and county school officers and compensa- tion of county treasurers for collecting and disbursing school moneys shall not be paid out of the school funds, but shall be otherwise provided for by the general assembly. Sec 5. The general assembly shall provide for a liberal system of free public schools for all children between the ages of 6 and 21 years, and for the division of the counties into suitable school districts, as compact in form as practicable, having regard to natural boundaries, and not to exceed 49 nor be less than 9 s(iuare miles in area : Provided, That in cities of 10,000 inhabitants and over this limitation of area shall not apply: Provided further, That when any school district laid out under this section shall embrace cities or towns already organ- ized into special school districts in which graded school buildings have been erected by the issue of bonds or by special taxation, or by donation, all the ter- ritory included in said school district shall bear its just proportion of any tax that may be levied to liquidate such bonds or support the public schools therein : Provided further, TTiat nothing in this article contained shall be construed as a repeal of the laws under which the several graded school districts of this State are organized. The present division of the counties into school districts and the provisions of law now governing the same shall remain until changed by the general assembly. Sec 6. The existing county boards of commissioners of the several counties, or such officer or officers as may hereafter be vested with the same or similar powers and duties, shall levy an annual tax of 3 mills on the dollar upon all taxable property in their respective counties, which tax shall be collected at the same time and by the same officers as the other taxes for the same year, and shall be held in the county treasury of the respective counties; and the said fund shall be apportioned among the school districts of the county in pro- portion to the number of pupils enrolled in the public schools of the respective districts, and the officer or officers charged by law with making said appor- tionment shall notify the trustees of the respective school districts thereof, 932 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Who shall expend and disburse the same as the general assembly may presciibe. The general assembly shall define " enrollment." JSot less than three trustees for each school district shall be selected from the qualified voters and tax- payers therein, in such manner and for such terms as the general assembly may determine, except in cases of special school districts now existing, where the provisions of law now governing the same shall remain unchanged by the general assembly: Provided, The manner of the selection of said trustees need not be uniform throughout the State. There shall be assessed on all taxable polls in the State between the ages of 21 and 60 years (excepting Confederate soldiers above the age of 50 years) an annual tax of $1 on each poll, the pro- ceeds of which tax shall be expended for school purposes In the several school districts in which it is collected. Whenever during the three next ensuing fiscal years the tax levied by the said county boards of commissioners or similar officers and the poll tax shall not yield an amount equal to $3 per capita of the number of children enrolled in the public schools of each county for the scholastic year ending the 31st day of October in the year 1895, as it appears in the report of the State superintendent of education for said scho- lastic year, the comptroller general shall, for the aforesaid three next ensuing fiscal years, on the first day of each of said years, levy such an annual tax on the taxable property of the State as he may determine to be necessary to make up such deficiency, to be collected as other State taxes, and apportion the same among the counties of the State in proportion to the respective defi- ciencies therein. The sum so apportioned shall be paid by the State treasurer to the county treasurers of the respective counties, in proportion to the respec- tive deficiencies therein, on the warrant of the comptroller general, and shall be apportioned among the school districts of the counties and disbursed as other school funds ; and from and after the 31st day of December, in the year 1898, the general assembly shall cause" to be levied annually on all the taxable property of the State such a tax, in addition to the said tax levied by the said county boards of commissioners or similar officers, and poll tax above provided, as may be necessary to keep the schools open throughout the State for such length of time in each scholastic year as the general assembly may prescribe; and said tax shall be apportioned among the counties in proportion to the deficiencies therein and disbursed as other school funds. Any school district may by the authority of the general assembly levy an additional tax for the support of its schools. Sec. 7. Separate schools shall be provided for children of the white and colored races, and no child of either race shall ever be permitted to attend a school provided for children of the other race. Sec. 8. The general assembly may provide for the maintenance of Clemson Agricultural College, the University of South Carolina, and the Winthrop Kormal and Industrial College, a branch thereof, as now established by law, and may create scholarships- therein; the proceeds realized from the land scrip given by the act of Congress, passed the second day of July, 1862, for the support of an agricultural college, and any lands or funds which have hereto- fore been or may hereafter be given or appropriated for educational purposes by the Congress of the United States, shall be applied as directed in the acts appropriating the same: Provided, That the general assembly shall, as soon as practicable, wholly separate Claflin College from the Claflin University, and provide for a separate coi-ps of professors and instructors therein, representa- tion to be given to men and women of the negro race; and it shall be the Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College of this State. Sec. 9. The property or credit of the State of South Carolina, or of any county, city, town, township, school district, or other subdivision of the said State, or any public money, from whatever source derived, shall not, by gift, donation, loan, contract, appropriation, or otherwise, be used, directly or Indirectly, in aid or maintenance of any college, school, hospital, orphan house, or other institution, society, or organization of whatever kind, which is wholly or in part under the direction or control of any church or of any religious or sectarian denomination, society, or organization. Sec. 10. All gifts of every kind for educational purposes, if accepted by the general assembly, shall be applied and used for the purposes designated^ by the giver, unless the same be in conflict with the pro^isions of this constitution. Sec. 11. All gifts to the State where the purpose is not designated, all escheated property, the net assets or funds of all estates or^ copartnerships in the hands of the courts of the State where there have been no claimants for CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 933 the same within the last 70 years, and other money coming into the treasury of the State by reason of the twelfth section of an act entitled "An act to provide a mode of distribution of the moneys as direct tax from the citizens of this State by the United States in trust to the State of South Carolina," approved the 24th day of December, 1S92, together with such other means as the general assembly may provide, shall be securely invested as the State school fund, and the annual income thereof shall be apportioned by the general assembly for the purpose of maintaining the public schools. Sec. i2. All the net income to be derived by the State from the sale or license for the sale of spirituous, malt, vinous, and intoxicating liquors and beverages, not including so much thereof as is now or may hereafter be allowed by law to go to the counties and municipal corporations of the State, shall be applied annually in aid of the supplementary taxes provided for in the sixth section of this article; and if after said application there should be a surplus, it shall be devoted to public-school purposes, and apportioned as the general assembly may determine: Provided, howevet'. That the said supplementary taxes shall only be levied when the net income aforesaid from the sale or license for the sale of alcoholic liquors or beverages are not sufficient to meet and equalize the deficiencies for which the said supplementary taxes are pro- vided. Art. XII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the care of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, and the poor shall always be fostered and suported by this State, and shall be subject to such regulations as the general assembly may enact. Sec. 7. Provision may be made by the general assembly for the establish- ment and maintenance by the State of a reformatory for juvenile offenders .s(15arate and apart from hardened criminals. SOUTH DAKOTA. Art. Ill, Sec. 23. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any priyate or special laws in the following cases: * * * 10. Providing for the management of common schools. * ♦ * Art. IV, Sec. 12. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the times and places of choosing members of the legislature, a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of school and public lands, and attorney general, who shall severally hold their offices for the term of two years. * * * Sec 13. The powers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of school and public lands, and attorney general shall be as prescribed by law. Art. VII, Sec. 9. Any woman having the qualifications enumerated in section 1 of this article as to age, residence and citizenship, and including those now qualified by the laws of the Territory, may vote at any election held solely for school purposes, and may hold any oflice in this State except as otherwise pro- vided in this constitution. Ajrt. VIII, Sec. 1. The stability of a republican form of government depend- ing on the morality and intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the legislature to establish and maintain a general and uniform system of public schools wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all; and to adopt all suitable means to secure to the people the advantages and oppor- tunities of education. Sec 2. The moneys of the permanent school and other educational funds shall be invested only in first mortgages upon good improved farm lands within this State, as hereinafter provided or in bonds of school corporation^ within this State, or in bonds of the United States or of the State of South Dakota, or of any organized county, township, or incorporated city in said State. The legis- lature shall provide by law the method of determining the amount of said funds, which shall be Invested from time to time in such classes of securities respectively, taking care to secure continuous investments as far as possible. All moneys of said funds which may from time to time be designated for investment in farm mortgages and in the bonds of school corporations, or in bonds of organized counties, townships, or incorporated cities within this State, shall for such purpose be divided among the organized counties of the State in proportion to population as nearly as provisions by law to- secure continuous investment may permit. The several counties shall hold and manage the 934 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. same as trust funds, and they shall be and remain responsible and accountable for the principal and interest of all such moneys received by them from the date of receipt until returned because not loaned; and in case of loss of any money so apportioned to any county, such county shall make the same good out of its common revenue. Counties shall invest said money in bonds of school corporations, counties, townships, or cities, or in first mortgages upon good improved farm lands within their limits respectively. The amount of each loan shall not exceed one-third of the actual value of the lands covered by the mortgage given to secure the same, such value to be determined by the board of county commissioners of the county in which the land is situated, and in no case shall more than $5,000 be loaned to any one person, firm or corporation, and the rate of interest shall not be less than 5 per cent per annum, and shall be such other and higher rate as the legislature may provide, and shall be payable semiannually on the first day of January and July: Provided, That whenever there are moneys of said fund in any county amount- ing to $1,000 that can not be loaned according to the provisions of this section, and any law pursuant thereto, the said sum may be returned to the State treasurer to be intrusted to some other county or counties, or otherwise in- vested under the provisions of this section. Each county shall semiannually, on the first day of January and July, render an account of the condition of the funds intrusted to it to the auditor of State, and at the same time pay to or account to the State treasurer for the interest due on all funds intrusted to it. The legislature may provide by general law that counties may retain from interest collected in excess of '5 per centum per annum upon all said funds in- trusted to them, not to exceed 1 per centum per annum. But no county shall be exempted from the obligation to make semiannual payments to the State treasurer of interest at the rate provided by law for such loans, except only said 1 per centum, and in no case shall the interest, so to be paid, be less than 5 per centum per annum. The legislature shall provide by law for the safe investment of the permanent school and other educational funds and for the prompt collection of interest und income thereof, and to carry out the objects and provisions of this section. Sec. 3. The interest and income of this fund, together with the net proceeds of all fines for violation of State laws and all other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the benefit of the public schools of the State, and shall be for this purpose apportioned among and between all the several public-school corporations of the State in proportion to the number of children in each of school age, as may be fixed by law; and no part of the fund, either principal or interest, shall ever be diverted, even temporarily, from this purpose or used for any other purpose whatever than the maintenance of public schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the State. Sec. 4. After one year from the assembling of the first legislature, the lands granted to the State by the United States for the use of public schools may be sold upon the following conditions and no other : Not more than one-third of all such lands shall be sold within the first 5 years, and no more than two-thirds within the first 15 years after the title thereto is vested in the State and the legislature shall, subject to the provisions of this article, provide for the sale of the same. The commissioner of school and public lands, the State auditor and the county superintendent of schools of the counties severally, shall constitute boards of appraisal and shall appraise all school lands within the several counties which they may from time to time select and designate for sale, at their actual value under the terms of sale. They shall take care to first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands; and they shall ascertain all such lands as may be of special and peculiar value, other than agricultural, and cause the proper sub- division of the same in order that the largest price may be obtained thereof. Sec. 5. No land shall be sold for less than the appraised value and in no case for less than $10 an acre. The purchaser shall pay one-fourth of the purchase price in cash, and the remaining three-fourths as follows, one-fourth in 5 years, one-fourth in 10 years, one-fourth in 15 years, with interest thereon at the rate of not less than 5 per centum per annum, payable annually; and all such subidivided lands may be sold for cash : Provided further, That the pur- chaser or purchasers shall have the right and option of paying the balance of the purchase price or any installment thereof at any time. AH sales shall be at CONSTITUTIONAL PEOVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 935 public auction to the highest bidder, after 60 days' advertisement of the same in at least two newspapers of general circulation in the vicinity of the lands to be sold, and one at the seat of government. Such lands as shall not have been specially subdivided shall be offered in tracts of not more than 80 acres, and these subdivided in the smallest subdivision of lands designated for sale and not sold within two years after their appraisal shall be reappraised by the board of appraisal as hereinbefore provided before they are sold. Sec. 6. All sales shall be conducted through the office of the commissioner of school and public lands as may be prescribed by law, and returns of all ap- praisals and sales shall be made to said office. No sale shall operate to convey any right or title to any lands for 60 days after the date thereof, nor until the same shall have received the approval of the governor in such form as may be provided by law. No grant or patent for any such lands shall Issue until final payment be made. Sec. 7. All lands, money, or other property donated, granted, or received from the United States or any other source for a university, agricultural college, normal schools, or other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the proceeds of all such lands and other property so received from any source, shall be and remain perpetual funds, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably ap- propriated and applied to the specific objects of the original grants or, gifts. The principal of every such fund may be increased, but shall never be dimin- ished, and the interest and income only shall be used. Every such fund shall be deemed trust fund held by the State, and the State shall make good all losses therefrom that shall in any manner occur. Sec. 8. All lands mentioned in the preceding section shall be appraised' and sold in the same manner and by the same officers and boards under the same limitations and subject to all the conditions as to price, sale, and approval provided above for the appraisal and sale of lands for the benefit of public schools, but a distinct and separate account shall be kept by the proper officers of each of such funds. Sec. 9. The lands mentioned in this article shall be leased for pasturage, meadow, farming, the growing of crops of grain, and general agricultural purposes, and at public auction after notice as hereinbefore provided in case of sale and shall be offered in tracts not greater than one section. All rents shall be payable annually in advance, and no term of lease shall exceed five years, nor shall any lease be void until it receives the approval of the governor. Sec. 10. No claim to any public lands by any trespasser thereon by reason of occupancy, cultivation, or improvement thereof, shall ever be recognized; nor shall compensation ever be made on account of any improvements made by such trespasser. Sec. 11. The moneys of the permanent school and other educational funds shall be invested only in first mortgages upon good improved farm lands within this State as hereinafter provided, or in bonds of school corporations within the State, or in bonds of the United States, or of the State of South Dakota. The legislature shall provide by law the method of determining the amounts of said funds which shall be invested from time to time in such classes of securities, respectively, taking care to secure continuous investments as far as possible. All moneys of said funds which may from time to time be designated for in- vestment in farm mortgages and in the bonds of school corporations shall for such purpose be divided among the organized counties of the State in pro- l)ortion to population as nearly as provisions by law to secure continuous in- vestments may permit. The several counties shall hold and manage the same ns trust funds, and they shall be and remain responsible and accountable for the principal and interest of all such moneys received by them from the date of receipt until returned because not loaned; and in case of loss to any money so ai)portioned to any county, such county shall make the same good out of its common revenue. Counties shall invest said money in bonds of school corpora- tions, or in first mortgages upon good improved farm lands within their limits respectively; but no farm loan shall exceed $500 to any one person, nor shall it exceed one-half the valuation of the lands as assessed for taxation, and the rate of interest shall not be less thnn 5 per centum per annum, and shall be such other and higher rate as the legislature may provide, and shall be payable semiannually on the first days of January and July : Provided, That whenever there are moneys of said funds in any county amountig to $1,000 that can not 936 SJTATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. be loaned according to tlie provisions of this section and any law pursuant thereto, the said sum may be returned to the State treasurer to be intrusted to some other county or counties, or otherwise invested under the provisions of this section. Each county shall semiannually, on the 1st day of January and July, render an account of the condition of the funds intrusted to it to the auditor of State, and at the same time pay to or account to the State treasurer for the interest due on all funds intrusted to it. The legislature may provide by general law that counties may retain from interest collected in excess of 5 per centum per annum upon all said fimds intrusted to them not to exceed 1 per centum per annum. But no county shall be exempted from the obligation to make semiannual payments to the State treasury of interest at the rate provided by law for such loans, except only said 1 per centum, and in no case shall the interest so to be paid be less than 5 per centum per annum. The legislature shall provide by law for the safe investment of the perma- nent school and other educational funds, and for the prompt collection of inter- est and income thereof, and to carry out the objects and provisions of this section. Sec. 12. The governor may disapprove any sale, lease, or investment other than such as are intrusted to the counties. Sec. 13. All losses to the permanent school or other educational funds of this State which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, negligence, misman- agement, or fraud of the agents or officers controlling and managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the State in favor of the fund sus- taining the loss upon which not less than 6 per centum of annual interest shall be paid. The amount of indebtedness so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness mentioned in Article XIII, section 2. Sec. 14. The legislature shall provide by law for the protection of the school lands from trespass or unlawful appropriation, and for their defense against all unauthorized claims or efforts to divert them from the school fund. Sec. 15. The legislature shall make such provisions by general taxation, and by authorizing the school corporations to levy such additional taxes, as with the income from the permanent school fund shall secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State. Sec. 16. No appropriation of lands, money, or other property or credits to aid any sectarian school shall ever be made by the State, or any county or munici- pality within the State, nor shall the State or any county or municipality within the State accept any grant, conveyance, gift, or bequest of lands, money, or other property to be used for sectarian purposes, and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed in any school or institution aided or supported by the State. Sec 17. No teacher. State, county, township, or district school officer shall be interested in the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book, apparatus, or furni- ture used or to be used in any school in this State, under such penalties as shall be provided by law. Art. IX, Sec 5. In each organized county at the first general election held after the admission of the State of South Dakota into the Union, and every two years thereafter, there shall be elected a * * * superintendent of schools, whose terms of office respectively shall be two years. * * * Sec 7. All laws exempting property from taxation, other than that enu- merated in sections 5 and 6 of this article, shall be void. Sec 11. The making of profit, directly or indirectly, out of State, county, city, town, or school-district money, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, shall be deemed a felony and shall be punished as provided by law. Sec 12. . An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public moneys shall be published annually in such manner as the legislature may provide. Art. XII, Sec 2. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of the State, the current expenses of State institutions, interest on the public debt, and for common schools. * * * Sec 4. The debt of any county, city, town, school district, civil township, or other subdivision shall never exceed 5 per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein for the year preceding that in which said indebtedness is incurred. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 937 In estimating the amount of the indebtedness which a municipality or sub- division may incur, the amount of indebtedness contracted prior to the adoption of this constitution shall be included: Provided, That any county, municipal corporation, civil township, district, or other subdivision may incur an addi- tional indebtedness not exceeding 10 per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein for the year preceding that in which said in- debtedness is incurred for the purpose of providing water and sewerage for irrigation, domestic uses, sewerage, and other purposes: And provided, That in a city where the population is 8,000 or more, such city may incur an indebted- ness not exceeding 8 per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein for the year next preceding that in which said indebtedness is incurred for the purpose of constructing street railways, electric lights, or other lighting plants: Provided further, That no county, municipal corpora- tion, civil township, district, or subdivision shall be included within such dis- trict or subdivision without a majority vote in favor thereof of the electors of the county, municipal corporation, civil township, district, or other subdivision as the case may be, which is purposed to be included therein, and no such debt shall ever be incurred for any of the purposes in this section provided, unless authorized by a vote in favor thereof by a majority of the electors of such county, municipal corporation, civil township, district, or subdivision incurring the same. Sec. 5. Any city, county, town, school district, or any other subdivision in- curring indebtedness shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest and also the principal thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing for the payment of the interest or principal of any debt shall be irrepealable until such debt be paid. Art. XIV, Sec. 1. The charitable and penal institutions of the State of South Dakota shall consist of a penitentiary, insane hospital, a school for the deaf and dumb, a school for the blind, and a reform school. Sec. 2. The State institutions provided for in the preceding section shall be under the control of a State board of charities and corrections, under such rules and restrictions as the legislature shall provide ; such board to consist of not to exceed five members, to be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate, and whose compensation shall be fixed by law. Sec. 3. The State university, the agricultural college, the normal schools, and other educational institutions that may be sustained either wholly or in part by the State shall be under the control of a board of five members appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate under such rules and restrictions as the legislature shall provide. The- legislature may increase the number of members to nine. Sec. 4. The regents shall appoint a board of five members for each institu- tion under their control, to be designated the board of trustees. They shall hold office for five years, one member retiring annually. The trustees of each institution shall appoint the faculty of the same, and shall provide for the cur- rent management of the institution, but all appointments and removals must have the approval of the regents to be valid. The trustees of the several in- stitutions shall receive no compensation for their services, but they shall be reimbursed for all expenses incurred in the discharge of their duties, upon presenting an itemized account of the same to the proper officer. Each board of trustees at its first meeting shall decide by lot the order in which its mem- bers shall retire from office. Sec. 5. The legislature shall provide that the science of mining and metal- lurgy be taught in at least one institution of learning under the patronage of the State. Sec. 6. The Legislature of the State of South Dakota shall not have the power to establish any charitable, penal, educational, or other institution as a State institution until the same has been duly authorized by a majority vote of the people of the State, voting to establish said institution, at any regular election in the State; and the legislature shall not make any appropriation to any institution except those now established by law unless expressly authorized so to do by a majority vote of the people of this State at a regular general election upon a proposition duly submitted to the electors of the State as provided by law. Art. XXI, Sec. 2. * * * The commissioner of school and public lands shall receive an annual salary of $1,800 ; the superintendent of public instruction shall receive an annual salary of $1,800 * * *. 938 STATE LAWS EELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Art. XXII. The following articles shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of the State of South Dakota expressed by their legislative assembly : * * * Fourth. That provision shall be made for the establishment and maintenance of systems of public schools, which shall be opened to all the children of this State, and free from sectarian control. TEXNESSEE. Art. II, Sec. 28. Taxation, merchant's and privileges. — ^AU property, real, personal, or mixed, shall be taxed ; but the legislature may except such as may be held by the State, by counties, cities, or towns, and used exclusively for public or corporation purposes, and such as may be held and used for purposes purely religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational. * * * Art. XI, Sec. 12. Edncation to he cherished; comnwn-school fund; poll tax; whites and negroes; colleges, etc., rights of. — Knowledge, learning, and virtue, being essential to the preservation of republican institutions, and the diffusion of the opportunities and advantages of education throughout the different por- tions of the State being highly conducive to the promotion of this end, it shall be the duty of the general assembly, in all future periods of this government, to cherish literature and science. And the fund called the common-school fund, and all the lands and proceeds thereof, dividends, stocks, and other property of every description whatever, heretofore by law appropriated, by the general assembly of this state for the use of common schools, and all such as shall here- after be appropriated, shall remain a perpetual fund, the principal of which shall never be diminished by legislative appropriations; and the interest thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support and encouragement of common schools throughout the State, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof ; and no law shall be made authorizing said fund or any part thereof to be diverted to any other use than the support and encouragement of common schools. The State taxes derived hereafter from polls shall be appropriated to educational purposes, in such manner as the general assembly shall, from time to time, direct by law. No school established or aided under this section shall allow white and negro children to be received as scholars together in the same school. The above provisions shall not prevent the legislature from carrying into effect any laws that have been passed in favor of the colleges, universities, or acad- emies, or from authorizing heirs or distributees to receive and enjoy escheated property under such laws as shall be passed from time to time. TEXAS. Art. Ill, Sec. 48. The legislature shall not have the right to levy taxes or im- pose burdens upon the people, except to raise revenue sufficient for the economi- cal administration of the government, in which may be included the following purposes: * * * The support of public schools, in which shall be included colleges and univer- sities established by the State ; and the maintenance and support of the Agricul- tural and Mechanical College of Texas; * * *, Sec. 49. No debt shall be created by or on behalf of the State, except to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, repel invasion, suppress insurrection, defend the State in war, or pay existing debt ; and the debt created to supply deficiencies in the revenue shall never exceed in the aggregate at any one time $200,000. Sec 56. The legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this consti- tution, pass any local or special law, authorizing — * * * Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolhouses, and the raising of money for such purposes; * * *. Art. VII, Sec. 1. A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the preservation of the liberties and rights of the people, it shall be the duty of the legislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for the sup- port and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools. Sec 2. All funds, lands, and other property heretofore set apart and appro- priated for the support of public schools ; all the alternate sections of land re- served by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may hereafter be made, to railroads or other corporations of any nature whatsoever ; one-half of CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 939 the public domain of the State; and all sums of money that may come to the State from the sale of any portion of the same, shall constitute a perpetual public-school fund. Sec. 3. One-fourth of the revenue derived from the State occupation taxes and a poll tax of $1 on every male inhabitant of this State between the ages of 21 and 60 years shall be set apart annually for the benefit of the public free school, and in addition thereto there shall be levied and collected an annual ad valorem State tax of such an amount, not to exceed 20 cents on the $100 valuation, as with the available school fund arising from all other sources, will be sufficient to maintain and support the public free schools of this State for a period of not less than six months in each year, and the legislature may also provide for the formation of school districts by general or special law, without the local notice required in other cases of special legislation, and all such school districts, whether created by general or special law, may embrace parts of two or more counties. And the legislature shall be authorized to pass laws for the assess- ment and collection of taxes in all said districts and for the management and control of the public school or schools of such districts, whether such districts are composed of territory wholly within a county or in parts of two or more counties. And the legislature may authorize an additional ad valorem tax to be levied and collected within all school districts, heretofore formed or hereafter formed, for the further maintenance of public free schools, and the erection and equipment of school buildings therein, provided that a majority of the qualified property-tax-paying voters of the district, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, shall vote such tax, not to exceed in any one year 50 cents on the $100 valuation of the property subject to taxation in such district, but the limi- tation upon the amount of school-district tax herein authorized shall not apply to incorporated cities or towns, constituting separate and independent school districts. Sec. 3a. Every school district heretofore formed, whether formed under the general law or by special act, and whether the territory embraced within its boundaries lies wholly within a single county or partly in two or more counties, is hereby declared to be, and from its formation to have been, a valid and lawful district. All bonds heretofore issued by any such districts which have been approved by the attorney general and registered by the comptroller are hereby declared to be, and at the time of their issuance to have been, issued in conformity with the constitution and laws of this State, and any and all such bonds are hereby in all things validated and declared to be valid and binding obligations upon the district or districts issuing the same. Each such district is hereby authorized to, and shall, annually levy and col- lect an ad valorem tax sufficient to pay the interest on all such bonds and to provide a sinking fund sufficient, to redeem the same at maturity, not to exceed such a rate as may be provided by law under other provisions of this constitu- tion. And all trustees heretofore elected in districts made up from more than one county are hereby declared to have been duly elected, and shall be and are hereby named as trustees of their respective districts, with power to levy the taxes herein authorized until their successor shall be duly elected and qualified as is or may be provided by law. Sec. 4. The lands herein set apart to the public free-school fund shall be sold under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may be prescribed by law; and the legislature shall not have power to grant any relief to pur- chasers thereof. The comptroller shall invest the proceeds of such sales, and of those heretofore made, as may be directed by the board of education herein provided for, in the bonds of the United States, the State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other securities, and under such restrictions as may be prescribed by law; and the State shall be responsible for all investments. Sec 5. The principal of all bonds and other funds, and the principal arising from the sale of the lands hereinbefore set apart to said school fund, shall be the permanent school fund; and all the interest derivable therefrom and the taxes herein authorized and levied shall be the available school fund, to which the legislature may add not exceeding 1 per cent annually of the total value of the permanent school fund; such value to be ascertained by the board of edu- cation until otherwise provided by law; and the available school fund shall be applied annually to the support of the public free schools. And no law shall ever be enacted appropriating any part of the permanent available school fund to any other puiposes whatever; nor shall the same or any part thereof ever be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school; and the 940 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. available school fund herein provided shall be distributed to the several counties according to their scholastic population and applied in such manner as may be provided by law. Sec. 6. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties of this State for educational purposes, are of right the property of said counties respectively to which they were granted, and title thereto is vested in said counties, and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be available against the title of any county. Each county may sell or dispose of its lands in whole or in part, in manner to be provided by the commissioners' court of the county. Actual settlers residing on said lands shall be protected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their settlement, not to exceed 160 acres, at the price fixed by said court, which price shall no include the value of existing improvements made thereon by such settlers. Said lands, and the proceeds thereof, when sold, shall be held by said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of public schools therein ; said proceeds to be invested in bonds of the United States, the State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other securities, and under such restrictions as may be prescribed by law : and the counties shall be responsible for all investments; the interest thereon, and other revenue, except the principal, shall be available fund. Sec. 7. Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored children, and impartial provision shall be made for both. Sec. 8. The governor, comptroller, and secretary t)f state shall constitute a board of education, who shall distribute said funds to the several counties and perform such other duties concerning public schools as may be prescribed by law. * * * Sec. 10. The legislature shall, as soon as practicable, establish, organize, and provide for the maintenance, support, and direction of a university of the first class, to be located by a vote of the people of this State, and styled the Uni- versity of Texas, for the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, in- cluding an agricultural and mechanical department. Sec. 11. In order to enable the legislature to perform the duties set forth in the foregoing section, it is hereby declared that all lands and other property heretofore set apart and appropriated for the establishment and maintenance of the University of Texas, together with all the proceeds of sales of the same, heretofore made or hereafter so to be made, and all grants, donations, and ap- propriations that may hereafter be made by the State of Texas, or from any other source, shall constitute and become a permanent university fund. And the same as realized and received into the treasury of the State (together with such sums, belonging to the fund, as may now be in the treasui-y) shall be invested in bonds of the State of Texas, if the same can be obtained ; if not, then in United States bonds, and the interest accruing thereon shall be subject to appropriation by the legislature to accomplish the purpose declared in the foregoing section: Provided, That one-tenth of the alternate sections of the lands granted to railroads, reserved by the State, which were set apart and ap- propriated to the establishment of the University of Texas, by an act of the legislature of February 11, 1858, entitled "An act to establish * the University of Texas,'" shall not be included in or constitute a part of the permanent university fund. Sec 12. The land herein set apart to the university fund shall be sold under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may be provided by law ; and the legislature shall provide for the prompt collection, at maturity, of all debts due on account of university lands heretofore sold or that may here- after be sold, and shall in neither event have the power to grant relief to the purchasers. Sec. 13. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, established by an act of the legislature, passed April 17, 1871, located in the county of Brazos, is hereby made and constituted a branch of the University of Texas, for instruc- tion in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and the natural sciences connected there- with. And the legislature shall at its next session make an appropriation, not to exceed $40,000, for the construction and completion of the buildings and im- provements and for providing the furniture necessary to put said college in Immediate and successful operation. Sec 14. The legislature shall also, when deemed practicable, establish and provide for the maintenance of a college or branch university for the instruc- tion of the colored youth of the State, to be located by a vote of the people : Provided, That no tax shall be levied and no money appropriated out of the CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 941 general revenue either for this purpose or for the establishment and erection of the buildings of the University of Texas. Sec. 15. In addition to the lands heretofore granted to tlie University of Texas, there is hereby set apart and appropriated for the endowment, mainte- nance, and support of said university and its branches 1,000,000 acres of the unappropriated public domain of the State, to be designated and surveyed as may be provided by law; and said lands shall be sold under the same regula- tions and the proceeds invested in the same manner as is provided for the sale and investment of the permanent university fund; and the legislature shall not have power to grant any relief to the purchasers of said lands. Art. VIII, Sec. 9. The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay the public debt, shall never exceed 50 cents on the hundred dollars valu- ation, and no county, city, or town shall levy more than one-half of said State tax, except for the payment of debts already incurred and for the erection of public buildings, not to exceed 50 cents on the hundred dollars in any one year, and except as in this constitution is otherwise provided. Art. XI, Sec. 4. Cities and towns having a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less may be chartered alone by general law. They may levy, assess, and collect an annual tax to defray the current expenses of their local government, but such tax shall never exceed, for any one year, one-fourth of 1 per cent, and shall be collectible only in current money. And all license and occupation tax levied, and all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and other dues accruing to cities and towns, shall be collectible only in current money. Sec. 5. Cities having more than 10,000 inhabitants may have their charters granted or amended by special act of the legislature, and may levy, assess, and collect such taxes as may be authorized by law; but no tax for any purpose shall ever be lawful, for any one year, which shall exceed 2^ per cent of the taxable property of such city; and no debt shall ever be created by any city unless at the same time provision be made to assess and collect annually a sufficient sum to pay the interest thereon and create a sinking fund of at least 2 per cent thereon. Sec. 6. Counties, cities, and towns are authorized, in such mode as may now or may hereafter be provided by law, to levy, assess, and collect the taxes necessary to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund to satisfy any indebt- edness heretofore legally made and undertaken; but all such taxes shall be assessed and collected separately from that levied, assessed, and collected for current expenses of municipal government, and shall when levied specify in the act of levying the purpose therefor, and such taxes may be paid in the coupons, bonds, or other indebtedness for the payment of which such tax may have been levied. Art. XVI, Sec. 30a. The legislature may provide by law that the members of the board of regents of the State university and boards of trustees or managers of the educational, eleemosynary, and penal institutions of the State, and such boards as have been or may hereafter be established by law, may hold their respective offices for the term of six years, one-third of the members of such boards to be elected or appointed every two years in such manner as the legis- lature may determine ; vacancies in such offices to be filled as may be provided ])y law, and the legislature shall enact suitable laws to give effect to this section. UTAH. Art. I, Sec. 4. * * * Xo public money or property shall be appropriated for or applied to any religious worship, exercise, or instruction, or for the support of any ecclesiastical establishment * * ♦ Art. III. The following ordinance shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of this State ; * * * Fourth. The legislature shall make laws for the establishment and main- tenance of a system of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of the State and be free from sectarian control. Art. IV, Sec. 9. * * * Municipal and school officers shall be elected at such time as may be provided by law. Art. VI, Sec. 26. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special laws in the following cases ; * * * Seventeenth. Providing for the management of common schools, * * * 942 SJTATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Aet. VII, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of governor, * * * superintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for four years, beginning on the first Monday of January next after his election. * * * They shall perform such duties as are pi-escribed by this constitution and as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 10. * * * If the office of * * * superintendent of public instruc- tion be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified, as may be by law provided. Sec. 15. Until otherwise provided by law, the governor, attorney general, and superintendent of public instruction shall constitute a board of reform-school commissioners. Said board shall have such supervision of all matters connected with the State reform school as may be provided by law. Sec. 19. The superintendent of public instruction shall perform such duties as may be provided by law. Sec. 20. The governor, * * * superintendent of public instruction, and such other State and district officers as may be provided for by law shall re- ceive for their services quarterly a compensation as fixed by law, which shall not be diminished or increased so as to affect the salary of any officer during his term. * * * The compensation of the officers provided for by this article, until otherwise provided by law, is fixed as follows ; * * * Superintendent of public instruction, $1,500 per annum. * * * Art. X, Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide for the establishment and main- tenance of a uniform system of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of the State and free from sectarian control. Sec. 2. "The public-school system shall include kindergarten schools, com- mon schools, consisting of primary and grammar grades, high schools, an agri- cultural college, a university, and such other schools as the legislature may establish. The common schools shall be free. The other departments of the system shall be supported as provided by law : Provided, That high schools may be maintained free in all cities of the first and second class now constituting school districts, and in such other cities and districts as may be designated by the legislature. But where the proportion of school moneys apportioned or accruing to any city or district shall not be sufficient to maintain all the free schools in such city or district, the high schools shall be supported by local taxation: Provided, That when any cities or districts shall establish high scho#ls the legislature may authorize the use of State school funds to assist in supporting such schools, said funds being apportioned to the cities or districts concerned by the State board of education." Sec 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to this State for the support of the common schools, the proceeds of all property that may accrue to the State by escheat or forfeiture, and all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corporation incorporated under the laws of this State, the proceeds of the sale of timber, minerals, or other property from school and State lands other than those granted for specific purposes, and the 5 per centum of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands lying within the State, which shall be sold by the United States subsequent to the admission of this State into the Union, shall be and remain a pei^petual fund, to be called the State school fund, the interest of which only, together with such other means as the legislature may provide, shall be distributed among the several school districts according to the school population residing therein. Sec 4. The location and establishment by existing laws of the University of Utah and agricultural college are hereby confirmed, and all the rights, immuni- ties, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted or conferred are hereby perpetuated unto said university and agricultural college, respectively. Sec 5. The proceeds of the sale of lauds reserved by an act of Congress ap- proved February 21, 1855, for the establishment of the University of Utah, and all the lands granted by an act of Congi-ess approved July 16, 1894, shall con- stitute permanent funds, to be safely invested and held by the State; and the income thereof shall be used exclusively for the support and maintenance of the different institutions and colleges, respectively, in accordance witii the requirements and conditions of said acts of Congress. Sec 6. Separate control of city schools. — In cities of the first and second class the public-school system shall be controlled by the board of education of such cities, separate and apart from the counties in which said cities are located. Sec 7. All public-school funds shall be guaranteed by the State against loss or diversion. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 943 Sec. 8. The general control and supervision of the public-school system shall be vested in a State board of education, consisting of the superintendent of public instruction and such other persons as the legislature may provide. Sec. 9. Neither the legislature nor the State board of education shall have power to prescribe textbooks to be used in the common schools. Sdc. 10. Institutions for the deaf and dumb and for the blind are hereby established. All property belonging to the school for the deaf and dumb, heretofore connected with the University of Utah, shall be transferred to said institution for the deaf and dumb. All the proceeds of the lands granted by the United States for the support of a deaf and dumb asylum and for an institution for the blind shall be a perpetual fund for the maintenance of said Institutions. It shall be a trust fund, the principal of which shall remain inviolate, guar- anteed by the State against loss or diversion. Sec. 11. The metric system shall be taught in the public schools of the State. Sec. 12. Neither religious nor partisan test or qualification shall be required of any person as a condition of admission, as teacher or student, into any public educational Institution of the State. Sec. 13. Neither the legislature nor any county, city, town, school district, or other public corporation shall make any appropriation to aid in the support of any school, seminary, academy, college, university, or other institution controlled in whole or in part by any church, sect, or denomination whatever. Art. XI, Sec 1. The several counties of the Territory of Utah existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution are hereby recognized as legal sub- divisions of this State, and the precincts and school districts now existing in the said counties as legal subdivisions thereof, and they shall so continue until changed by law in pursuance of this article. Abt. XIII, Sec 3. * * * Provided further, That the property of the United States, of the State, counties, cities, towns, school districts, municipal corporations, and public libraries, lots with the buildings thereon used exclu- sively for either religious worship or charitable purposes, * * ♦ shall be exempt from taxation. Sec 7. The rate of taxation on property for State purposes shall never ex- ceed 8 mills on each dollar of valuation; and whenever the taxable property within the State shall amount to $200,000,000 the rate shall not exceed 5 mills on each dollar of valuation, and whenever the taxable property within the State shall amount to $300,000,000 the rate shall never thereafter exceed 4 mills on each dollar of valuation ; unless a proposition to increase such rate, specifying the rate proposed and the time during which the same shall be levied, be first submitted to a vote of such of the qualified electors of the State as, in the year next preceding such election, shall have paid a property tax assessed to them within the State, and the majority of those voting thereon shall vote In favor thereof, in such manner as may be provided by law. Art. XIV, Sec 3. No debt in excess of the taxes for the current year shall be created by any county or subdivision thereof, or by any school district therein, or by any city, town, or village, or any subdivision thereof In this State, unless the proposition to create such debt shall have been submitted to a vote of such qualified electors as shall have paid a property tax therein in the year preced- ing such election, and a majority of those voting thereon shall have voted in favor of incurring such debt. Sec 4. When authorized to create indebtedness as provided in section 3 of this article, no county shall become indebted to an amount, including existing indebtedness, exceeding 2 per centum. No city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation shall become indebted to an amount. Including existing indebtedness, exceeding 4 per centum of the value of the taxable property therein, the value to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county purposes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness; except that in incor- porated cities the assessment shall be taken from the last assessment for city purposes: Provided, That no part of the indebtedness allowed in this section shall be incurred for other than strictly county, city, town, or school-district purposes: Provided further. That any city or town, when authorized as pro' vided in section 3 of this article, may be allowed to incur a larger indebtedness, not exceeding 4 per centum additional for supplying such city or town with water, artificial light, or sewers, when the works for supplying such water, light, and sewers shall be owned and controlled by the municipality. Sec 6. The State shall not assume the debt, or any part thereof, of any county, city, town, or school district. 944 S^ATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Art. XIX, Sec. 2. Reformatory and penal institutions, and those for tlie benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State in such manner and under such boards of control as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 3. The public institutions of the State are hereby permanently located at the places hereinafter named, each to have the lands sjDecifically granted to it by the United States in the act of Congress approved July 16, i894, to be dis- posed of and used in such manner as the legislature may provide ; * * * Second. The institutions for the deaf and dumb and the blind and the State reform school, at Ogden City, in the county of Weber. * * * Art. XXI, Sec. 1. All State, district, city, county, town, and school officers, excepting notaries public, boards of arbitration, court commissioners, justices of the peace, and constables, shall be paid fixed and definite salaries. * * * VERMONT. Chap. II, Sec. 41. * * ♦ A competent number of schools ought to be main- tained in each town for the convenient instruction of youth, and one or more grammar schools be incorporated and properly supported in each county in this State. And all religious societies or bodies of men that may be hereafter united or incorporated for the advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, and estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the general assembly of this State shall direct. Art. 30. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, extended, changed, or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory corporations as are to be and remain under the patronage or control of the State. * * * VIRGINIA. Art. II, Sec. 24. No * * * inmate of any charitable institution or a student in any institution of learning [shall] be regarded as having either gained or lost a residence, as to the right of suffrage, by reason of his location or sojourn in such institution. Art. IV, Sec. 67. The general assembly shall not make any appropriation of public funds, of personal property, or of any real estate, to any church, sec- tarian society, association, or institution of any kind whatever, which is entirely or partly, directly or indirectly, controlled by any church or sectarian soci- ety; * * *. Art. VIII, Sec. 127. No city or town shall issue any bonds or other interest- bearing obligations for any purpose or in any manner to an amount which, including existing indebtedness, shall at any time exceed 18 per centum of the assessed valuation of the real estate in the city or town subject to taxation, as shown by the last preceding assessment for taxes: Provided, however. That nothing above contained in this section shall apply to those cities and towns whose charters existing at the adoption of this constitution authorize a larger percentage of indebtedness than is authorized by this section: * * * Sec. 128. In cities and towns the assessment of real estate and personal prop- erty for the purpose of municipal taxation shall be the same as the assessment thereof for the purpose of State taxation, whenever there shall be a State assess- ment of such property. Art. IX, Sec. 129. The general assembly shall establish and maintain an efficient system of public free schools throughout the State. Sec.130. The general supervision of the school system shall be vested in a State board of education, composed of the governor, attorney general, super- intendent of public instruction, and three experienced educators to be elected ■ quadrennially by the senate, from a list of eligibles, consisting of one from each of the faculties, and nominated by the respective boards of visitors or trustees, of the University of Virginia, the Virginia Military Institute, the Virginia Poly- technic Institute, the State Female Normal School, at Farmville, the School for the Deaf and Blind, and also of the College of William and Mary, so long as the State continue its annual appropriation to the last-named institution. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 945 The board thus constituted shall select and associate with itself two divi- sion superintendents of schools, one from a county and the other from a city, who shall hold office for two years, and whose powers and duties shall be identical with those of other members, except that they shall not participate in the appointment of any public-school official. Any vacancy occurring during the term of any member of the board shall be filled for the unexpired term by said board. Sec. 131. The superintendent of public instruction, who shall be an experi- enced educator, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the same time and for the same term as the governor. Any vacancy in said office shall be filled for the unexpired term by the said board. His duties shall be prescribed by the State board of education, of which he shall be ex officio president ; and his compensation shall be fixed by law. Sec. 132. The duties and powers of the State board of education shall be as follows : First. It may, in its discretion, divide the State into appropriate school divi- sions, comprising not less than one county or city each, but no county or city shall be divided in the formation of such divisions. It shall, subject to the confirmation of the senate, appoint, for each of such divisions, one superin- tendent of schools, who shall hold office for four years, and shall prescribe his duties, and may remove him for cause and upon notice. Second. It shall have, regulated by law, the management and investment of the school fund. Third. It shall have authority to make all needful rules and regulations for the management and conduct of the schools, which, when published and dis- tributed, shall have the force and effect of law, subject to the authority of the general assembly to revise, amend, or repeal the same. Fourth. It shall select textbooks and educational appliances for use in the schools of the State, exercising such discretion as it may see fit in the selec- tion of books suitable for the schools in the cities and counties respectively. Fifth. It shall appoint a board of directors, consisting of five members, to serve without compensation, which shall have the management of the State library, and the appointment of a librarian and other employees thereof, sub- ject to such rules and regulations as the general assembly shall prescribe ; but the supreme court of appeals shall have the management of the law •library and the appointment of the librarian and other employees thereof. Sec. 133. Each magisterial district shall constitute a separate school dis- trict, unless otherwise provided by law. In each school district there shall be three trustees selected, in the manner and for the term of office prescribed by law. Sec. 134. The general assembly shall set apart as a permanent and perpetual literary fund, the present literary fund of the State ; the proceeds of all public lands donated by Congress for public free-school purposes; of all escheated property; of all waste and unappropriated lands; of all property accruing to the State by forfeiture, and all fines collected for offenses committed against the State, and such other sums as the general assembly may appropriate. Sec. 135. The general assembly shall apply the annual interest on the literary fund ; that portion of the capitation tax provided for in the constitution to be paid into the State treasury, and not returnable to the counties and cities; and an annual tax on property of not less than 1 nor more than 5 mills on the dollar to the schools of the primary and grammar grades, for the equal benefit of all of the people of the State, to be apportioned on a basis of school popu- lation; the number of children between the ages of 7 and 20 years in each school district to be the basis of such apportionment; but if at any time the several kinds or classes of property shall be segi'egated for the purposes of taxation, so as to specify and determine upon what subjects State taxes and upon what subject local taxes may be levied, then the general assembly may otherwise provide for a fixed appropriation of State revenue to the support of the schools not less than that provided in this section. Sec. 136. Each county, city, town, if the same be a separate school district, and school district is authorized to raise additional sums by a tax on property, not to exceed in the aggregate 5 mills on the dollar in any one year, to be apportioned and expended by the local school authorities of said counties, I cities, towns, and districts in establishing and maintaining such schools as ^in their judgment the public welfare may require: Provided, That such pri- ' mary schools as may be established in any school year shall be maintained at 3966"— 15 60 946 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. least four montlis of that school year before any part of the fund assessed and collected may be devoted to the establishment of schools of higher grade. The boards of supervisors of the several counties, and the councils of the several cities, and towns if the same be separate school districts, shall pro- vide for the levy and collection of such local school taxes. Sec. 137. The general assembly may establish agricultural, normal, manual- training, and technical schools, and such grades of schools as shall be for the public good. Sec. 138. The general assembly may, in its discretion, provide for the com- pulsory education of children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, except such as are weak in body or mind, or can read and write, or are attending private schools, or are excused for cause by the district school trustees. Sec. 139. Provision shall be made to supply children attending the public schools with necessary textbooks in cases where the parent or guardian is unable, by reason of poverty, to furnish them. Sec. 140. White and colored children shall not be taught in the same school. Sec. 141. No appropriation of public funds shall be made to any school or institution of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the State or some political subdivision thereof : Provided, First, that the general assembly may, in its discretion, continue the appropriations to the College of William and Mary ; second, that this section shall not be construed as requiring or prohibiting the continuance or discontinuance by the general assembly of the payment of inter- est on certain bonds held by certain schools and colleges as provided by an act of the general assembly approved February 23, 1892, relating to bonds held by schools and colleges ; third, that counties, cities, towns, and districts may make appropriations to nonsectrian schools of manual, industrial, or technical train- ing, and also to any school or institution of learning owned or exclusively con- trolled by such county, city, town, or school district. Sec. 142. Members of the boards of visitors or trustees of educational institu- tions shall be appointed as may be provided by law and shall hold for the term of four years: Provided, That at the first appointment, if the board be of an even number, one-half of them, or, if of an odd number, the least majority of them, shall be appointed for two years. Art. X, Sec. 146. The president of the board of agriculture and immigration shall be ex officio a member of the board of visitors of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Art XIII, Sec. 173. The general assembly shall levy a State capitation tax of, and not exceeding, $1.50 per annum on every male resident of the State not less than 21 years of age, except those pensioned by this State for military services, $1 of which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public free school. * * * The general assembly may authorize the board of super- visors of any county or the council of any city or town to levy an additional capitation tax not exceeding $1 per annum on every such resident within its limits, which shall be applied in aid of the public schools of such county, city, or town, or for such other county, city, or town purposes as they shall determine. WASHINGTON. Art. I, Sec. 33. Every elective public officer in the State of Washington except judges of courts of record is subject to recall and discharge by the legal voters of the State or of the political subdivision of the State from which he was elected whenever a petition demanding his recall, reciting that such officer has committed some act or acts of malfeasance or misfeasance while in office, or who has violated his oath of office, stating the matters complained of, signed by the percentages of the qualified electors thereof, hereinafter provided. * * * Sec. 34. * * * The percentages required shall be, State officers, other than judges, senators, and representatives, city officers of cities of the first class, school district boards in cities of the first class, county officers of counties of the 'first, second, and third classes, 25 per cent. Officers of all other political subdivisions, cities, towns, townships, precincts, and school districts not herein mentioned, and State senators and representatives, 35 per cent. Art. II, Sec 28. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special law in the following cases: * * * For authorizing the apportion- ment of any part of the school fund. * * * Providing for the management of common schools, * ♦ * CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 947 Art. Ill, Sec 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, * * ♦ superintendent of public instruction, and a commissioner of public lands, who shall be severally chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the same time and place of voting as for the members of the legislature. Sec. 3. The * * ♦ superintendent of public instruction and commissioner of public lands shall hold their offices for four years, respectively, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 4. The returns of every election for the offices named in the first section of this article shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning officers, directed to the secretary of state, who shall deliver the same to the speaker of the house of representatives at the first meeting of the house thereafter, who shall open, publish, and declare the result thereof in the presence of a majority of the members of both houses. The person having the highest number of votes shall be declared duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given to such person, signed by the presiding officers of both houses; but if any two or more shall be highest and equal in votes for the same office, one of them shall be chosen by the joint vote of both houses. Contested elec- tions for such officers shall be decided by the legislature in such manner as shall be decided by law. The terms of all officers named in section 1 of this article shall commence on the second Monday in January after their election until otherwise provided by law. Sec. 22. The superintendent of public instruction shall have supervision over all matters i)ertaining to public schools, and shall perform such specific duties as may be prescribed by law. He shall receive an annual salary of $2,500, which may be increased by law, but shall never exceed $4,000 per annum. Sec. 24. The * * * superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of public lands, and attorney general shall severally keep the public records, books, and papers relating to their respective offices at the seat of government. * * * Art. VI, Sec. 4. For the purix)se of voting and eligibility to office no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his presence, or lost it by reason of his absence, * * * while a student at any institution of learning. * * * Art. VII, Sec. 2. * * * The property of * * * school districts * * ♦ shall be exempt from taxation. Art. VIII, Sec. 6. No county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation shall for any purpose become indebted in any manner to an amount exceeding 1^ per cent of the taxable property in such county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation without the assent of three- fifths of the voters therein at an election to be held for that purpose, nor in cases requiring such assent shall the total indebtedness at any time exceed 5 per cent on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county purposes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. * * * . Art. IX, Sec. 1. It is the paramount duty of the State to make ample pro- vision for the education of all children residing within its borders without distinction or preference on account of race, color, caste, or sex. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for a general and uniform system of public schools. The public-school system shall include common schools and such high schools, normal schools, and technical schools as may hereafter be established. But the entire revenue derived from the common-school fund and the State tax for common schools shall be exclusively applied to the sup- port of the common schools. Sec. 3. The principal of the common-school fund shall remain permanent and irreducible. The said fund shall be derived from the following-named sources, to wit : Appropriations and donations by the State to this fund ; donations and bequests by individuals to the State or public for common schools ; the proceeds of lands and other property which revert to the State by escheat and forfeiture ; the proceeds of all property granted to the State when the purpose of the grant is not specified or is uncertain ; funds accumulated in the treasury of the State for the disbursement of which provision has not been made by law ; the proceeds of the sale of timber, stone, minerals, or other property from school and State lands, other than those granted for specific purposes; all moneys received fi'om persons appropriating timber, stone, minerals, or other property from school and State lands other than those granted for specific purposes, and all moneys other than rental recovered from persons trespassing on said lands : 5 per cent of the proceeds of the sale of public lands lying within the State, which shall be sold by the United States subsequent to the admission of the 948 State laws relating to public education. state into the Union as approved by section 13 of the act of Congress enabling the admission of the State into the Union; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands and other property which have been, and hereafter may be, granted to the State for the support of common schools. The legislature may make further provisions for enlarging said fund. The interest accruing on said fund, together with all rentals and other revenues derived therefrom, and from lands and other property devoted to the common-school fund, shall be exclusively applied to the current use of the common schools. Sec. 4. All schools maintained or supported wholly or In part by the public funds shall be forever free from sectarian control or influence. Sec. 5. All losses to the permanent common school or any other State educa- tional fund, which shall be occasioned by defalcation, mismanagement, or fraud of the agents or officers controlling or managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the State in favor of the particular fund sus- taining such loss, upon which not less than 6 per cent annual interest shall be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the Indebtedness authorized and limited elsewhere in this constitution. Art. XIII, Sec. 1. Educational, refonnatory, and penal institutions ; those for the benefit of blind, deaf, dumb, or otherwise defective youth, for the insane or idiotic, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. The regents, trustees, or commissioners of all such institu- tions existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, and of such as shall thereafter be established by law, shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. * * * Art. XVI, Sec. 2. None of the lands granted to the State for educational purposes shall be sold otherwise than at public auction to the highest bidder. The value thereof, less the improvements, shall, before any sale, be appraised by a board of appraisers, to be provided by the law, the terms of payment also to be prescribed by law, and no sale shall be valid unless the sum bid be equal to the appraised value of said land. In estimating the value of such lands for disposal, the value of the improvements thereon shall be excluded: Provided, That the sale of all school and university land heretofore made by the com- missioners of any county or the university commissioners, when the purchase price has been paid in good faith, may be confirmed by the legislature. Sec. 3. No more than one-fourth of the land granted to the State for educa- tional purposes shall be sold prior to January 1, 1895, and not more than one- half prior to January 1, 1905 : Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed as to prevent the State from selling the timber or stone off of any of the State lands in such manner and on such terms as may be prescribed by law: And provided further, That no sale of timber lands shall be valid unless the full value of such lands is paid or secured to the State. Sec. 4. No more than 160 acres of any granted lands of the State shall be offered for sale in one parcel, and all lands within the limits of any incor- porated city, or within 2 miles of the boundary of any incorporated city, where the valuation of such lands shall be found by appraisment to exceed $100 per acre, shall, before the same be sold, be platted into lots and blocks of not more than 5 acres in a block, and not more than one block shall be offered for sale in one parcel. Sec. 5. None of the permanent school fund of this State shall ever be loaned to private persons or corporations, but it may be invested in national. State, county, municipal, or school-district bonds. WEST VIRGINIA. Art. VII, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, sec- retary of state. State superintendent of free schools, auditor, treasurer, and attorney general. * * * Their terms of office, respectively, shall be four years, and shall commence on the 4th day of March next after their elec- tion. * * * Sec. 2. An election for governor, secretary of state, State superintendent of free schools, auditor, treasurer, and attorney general, shall be he]d at such times and places as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 17. If the office of secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, State superin- tendent of free schools, or attorney general, shall become vacant by death, CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 949 resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified in such manner as may be prescribed by law. * * * Art. X, Sec. 1. * * * Property used for educational, literary, scientific, religious, or charitable purposes; all cemeteries and public property may, by law, be exempted from taxation. ♦ ♦ ♦ Sec. 2. The legislature shall levy an annual capitation tax of $1 upon each male inhabitant of the State who has attained the age of 21 years, which shall be annually appropriated to the support of free schools. Persons afflicted with bodily infirmity may be exempted from this tax. Sec. 5. The power of taxation of the legislature shall extend to provisions for the payment of the State debt and interest thereon, the support of free schools, and the payment of the annual estimated expenses of the State. * * * Sec. 7. County authorities shall never assess taxes, in any one year, the aggregate of which shall exceed 95 cents per $100 valuation, except for the support of free schools, payment of indebtedness existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, and for the payment of any indebtedness with the interest thereon, created under the succeeding section, unless such assess- ment, with all questions involving the increase of such aggregate shall have been submitted to the vote of the people of the county, and have received three-fifths of all the votes cast for and against it. Sec. 8. No county, city, school district, or municipal corporation, except in cases where such corporations have already authorized their bonds to be issued, shall hereafter be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate, exceeding 5 per centum on the value of the taxable property therein to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness ; nor without at the same time providing for the collection of a direct annual tax sufficient to pay annually the interest on such debt and the principal thereof within and not exceeding 34 years: Provided, That no debt shall be contracted under this section unless all questions connected with the same shall have been first submitted to a vote of the people, and have received three-fifths of all the votes cast for and against the same. Art. XII, Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide by general law for a thorough and efficient system of free schools. Sec. 2. The State superintendent of free schools shall have a general sui)er- vision of free schools, and perform such other duties in relation thereto as may be prescribed by law. If in the performance of any such duty imposed upon him by the legislature he shall incur any expenses, he shall be reimbursed therefor : Provided, The amount does not exceed $500 in any one year. Sec 3. The legislature may provide for county superintendents and such other officers as may be necessary to carry out the objects of this article and define their duties, powers, and compensation. Sec 4. The existing permanent and invested school fund, and all money accruing to this State from forfeited, delinquent, waste, and unappropriated lands ; and from lands heretofore sold for taxes and purchased by the State of Virginia, if hereafter redeemed or sold to others than this State; all grants, devises, or bequests that may be made to this State for the purposes of educa- tion, or where the purposes of such grants, devices, or bequests are not specified ; this State's just share of the literary fund of Virginia, whether paid over or otherwise liquidated; and any sums of money, stocks, or property which this State shall have the right to claim from the State of Virginia for educational purposes; the proceeds of the estates of persons who may die without leaving a will or heir, and of all escheated lands ; the proceeds of any taxes that may be levied on the revenues of any corporation; all moneys that may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty; and such sums as may from time to time be appropriated by the legislature for the purpose, shall be set apart as a separate fund to be called the " school fund," and invested under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, in the interest-bearing securities of the United States, or of this State, or If such interest-bearing securities can not be obtained, then said " school fund " shall be invested in such other sol- vent, interest-bearing securities as shall be approved by the governor, superin- tendent of free schools, auditor, and treasurer, w^ho are hereby constituted the board of the school fund, to manage the same under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and the interest thereof shall be annually applied to the support of free schools throughout the State, and to no other purpose whatever. But any portion of said interest remaining unexpended at the close of a fiscal 950 feTATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. year shall be added to and remain a part of the capital of the " school fund " : Provided, That all taxes which shall be received by the State upon delinquent lands, except the taxes due to the State thereon, shall be refunded to the county or district by or for which the same were levied. (The accumulation of the school fund provided for in section 4 of article 12, of the constitution of this State, shall cease upon the adoption of this amend- ment, and all money to the credit of said fund over $1,000,000, together with the interest on said fund, shall be used for the support of the free schools of this State. All money and taxes heretofore payable into the treasury under the provision of the said section 4, to the credit of the school fund shall be hereafter paid into the treasury to the credit of the general school fund for the support of the free schools of the State.) Sec. 5. The legislature shall provide for the support of free schools by appro- priating thereto the interest of the invested " school fund," the net proceeds of all forfeitures and fines accruing to this State under the laws thereof ; the State capitation tax, and by general taxation of persons and property or other- wise. It shall also provide for raising in each county or district, by the au- thority of the people thereof, such a proportion of the amount required for the support of free schools therein as shall be prescribed by general laws. Sec. 6. The school districts into which any county is now divided shall con- tinue until changed in pursuance of law. Sec. 7. All levies that may be laid by any county or district for the purpose of free schools shall be reported to the clerk of the county court; and shall, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, be collected by the sheriff or other collector, who shall make annual settlement with the county court; which settlement shall be made a matter of record by the clerk thereof, in a book to be kept for that purpose. Sec. 8. White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school. Sec. 9. No person connected with the free school system of the State, or with any educational institution of any name or grade under State control, shall be interested in the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book or other thing used, or to be used therein, under such penalties as may be prescribed by law : Pro- vided, That nothing herein shall be construed to apply to any work written, or thing invented, by such person. Sec 10. No independent free-school district or organization shall hereafter be created, except with the consent of the school district or districts out of which the same is to be created, expressed by a majority of the voters voting on the question. Sec 11. No appropriation shall hereafter be made to any State normal school, or branch thereof, except to those already established and in operation, or now chartered. Sec 12. The legislature shall foster and encourage moral, intellectual, scien- tific, and agricultural improvement; it shall, whenever it may be practicable, make suitable provision for the blind, mute, and insane, and for the organiza- tion of such institutions of learning as the best interests of general education in the State may demand. WISCONSIN. Art. IV, Sec 31. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any special oir private laws in the following cases : * * * Eighth. For authorizing the appor- tionment of any part of the school fund. * * * Art. X, Sec 1 [Amendment]. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State superintendent and such other officers as the legislature shall direct ; and their qualifications, powers, duties, and compensation shall be pre- scribed by law. The State superintendent shall be chosen by the qualified elec- tors of the State at the same time and in the same manner as members of the supreme court, and shall hold his office for four years from the succeeding firsc Monday in July. * * * Sec 2. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State for educational purposes (except the lands heretofore granted for the purposes of a university) and all moneys, and the clear proceeds of all property that may accrue to the State by forfeiture of escheat, and all moneys which may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty ; and the clear proceeds of all fines collected, in the several coun- ties for any breach of the penal laws, and all moneys arising from any grant to CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 951 the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified, and the 500,000 acres of land, to which the State is entitled by the provisions of an act of Con- gress entitled "An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, and to grant preemption rights," approved the 4th day of September, 3841 ; and also the 5 per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall consent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned) shall be set apart as a separate fund, to be called " the school fund," the interest of which and all otlier revenues derived from the school lands, shall be exclu- sively applied to the following objects, to wit : First. To the support and maintenance of common schools, in each school dis- trict, and the purchase of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor. Second. The residue shall be appropriated to the support and maintenance of academies and normal schools, and suitable libraries and apparatus therefor. Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of district schools, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable; and such schools shall be free and without charge for tuition to all children between the ages of 4 and 20 years ; and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. Sec. 4. Each town and city shall be required to raise, by tax, annually, for the support of common schools therein, a sum not less than one-half the amount received by such town or city respectively for school purposes from the income of the school fund. Sec. 5. Provision shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the school fund among the several towns and cities of the State for the support of common schools therein in some just proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein between the ages of 4 and 20 years, and no appropria- tion shall be made from the school fund to any city or town for the year in which said city or town shall fail to raise such tax ; nor to any school district for the year in which a school shall not be maintained at least three months. Sec. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State uni- versity at or near the seat of State government, and for connecting with the same, from time to time, such colleges in different parts of the State as the in- terests of education may require. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State for the support of a university shall be and remain a perpetual fund, to be called " the university fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State university, and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Sec. 7. The secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney general shall constitute a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum for the transaction of all business pertaining to the duties of their office. Sec. 8. Provision shall be made by law for the sale of all school and univer- sity lands after they shall have been appraised ; and when any portion of such lands shall be sold and the purchase money shall not be paid at the time of sale the commissioners shall take security by mortgage upon the land sold for the sum remaining unpaid, with 7 per cent interest thereon, payable annually at the office of the treasurer. The commissioners shall be authorized to execute a good and sufficient conveyance to all purchasers of such lands and to discharge any mortgage taken as security when the sum thereon shall have been paid. The commissioners shall have power to withhold from sale any portion of such lands when they shall deem it expedient, and shall Invest all moneys arising from the sale of such lands, as well as all other university and school funds, in such manner as the legislature shall provide, and shall give such security for the faithful performance of their duties as may be required by law. Abt. XI, Sec. 3. * * * No country, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to any amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggre- gate exceeding 5 per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation incurring any indebtedness as aforesaid shall, before or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on said debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof within 20 years from the time of contracting the ym, 952 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. J WYOMING. Art. I, Sec. 19. No money of the State shall ever be given or appropriatecl to any sectarian or religious society or institution. Sec. 23. The right of citizens to opportunities for education should have practical recognition. The legislature shall suitably encourage means and agencies calculated to advance the sciences and liberal arts. Art. Ill, Sec. 27. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say : For * * * providing for the management of common schools; * * * creating offices or prescrib- ing the powers or duties of officers in counties, cities, townships, or school districts; * * *^ Sec. 34. The general appropriation bills shall embrace nothing but appro- priations for the ordinary expenses of the legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the State, interest on the public debt and for public schools. * * * Sec. 36. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educa- tional, or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation, or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association. Art. IV, Sec. 11. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the times and places of choosing members of the legislature, a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction, who shall have attained the age of 25 years respectively, shall be citizens of the United States, and shall have the qualifications of State electors. They shall severally hold their offices at the seat of government, for the term of four years and until their successors are elected and duly qualified. * ♦ * Sec. 12, The powers and duties of the secretary of state, of State auditor, treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction shall be as prescribed by law. Sec. 13. Until otherwise provided by law, * * * ^he secretary of state, State auditor, State treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction shall each receive an annual salary of $2,000, and the salaries of any of the said officers shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which they were elected. * * * Art. VII, Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of a complete and uniform system of public instruction, embrac- ing free elementary schools of every needed kind and grade, a university with such technical and professional departments as the public good may require and the means of the State allow, and such other institutions as may be necessary. Sec. 2. The following are declared to be perpetual funds for school purposes, of which the annual Income only can be appropriated, to wit : Such per centum as has been or may hereafter be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State; all moneys arising from the sale or lease of sections Nos. 16 and 36 in each township in the State, and the lands selected or that may be selected in lieu thereof; the proceeds of all lands that have been or may here- after be granted to this State, where by the terms and conditions of the grant the same are not to be otherwise appropriated ; the net proceeds of lands and other property and effects that may come to the State by escheat or forfeiture, or from unclaimed dividends or distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons; all moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property now belonging to the common-school fund. Sec. 3. To the sources of revenue above mentioned shall be added all other grants, gifts, and devises that have been or may hereafter be made to this State and not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gi'ant, gift, or devise. Sec. 4. All moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property belonging to a county school fund, except such moneys and property as may be provided by law for current use in aid of public schools, shall belong to and be securely invested and sacredly preserved in the several counties as a county public- school fund, the income of which shall be appropriated exclusively to the use and support of free public schools in the several counties of the State. Sec. 5. All fines and penalties under general laws of the State shall belong to the public-school fund of the respective counties and be paid over to the custodians of such funds for the current support of the public schools therein. Sec. 6. All funds belonging to the State for public school purposes, the Interest and income of which only are to be used, shall be deemed trust funds CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 953 in the care of the State, which shall keep them for the exclusive benefit of the public schools, and shall make good any losses that may in any manner occur, so that the same shall remain forever Inviolate and undiminished. None of such funds shall ever be. invested or loaned except on the bonds issued by school districts, or registered county bonds of the State, or State securities of this State, or of the United States. Sec. 7. The income arising from the funds mentioned in the preceding section, together with all the rents of the unsold school lands and such other means as the legislature may provide, shall be exclusively applied to the support of free schools in every county in the State. Sec. 8. Provision shall be made by general law for the equitable distribution of such income among the several counties according to the number of children of school age in each; which several counties shall in like manner distribute the proportion of said fund by them received respectively to the several school districts embraced therein. But no appropriation shall be made from said fund to any district for the year in which a school has not been maintained for at least three months; nor shall any portion of any public-school funds ever be used to support or assist any private school, or any school, academy, seminary, college, or other institution of learning controlled by any church or sectarian organization or religious denomination whatsoever. Sec. 9. The legislature shall make such further provision, by taxation or otherwise, as with the income arising from the general school fund will create and maintain a thorough and eflacient system of public schools, adequate to the proper instruction of all the youth of the State, between the ages of 6 and 21 years, free of charge ; and in view of such provision so made, the legislature shall require that every child of sufficient physical and mental ability shall attend a public school during the period between 6 and 18 years for a time equivalent to three years, unless educated by other means. Sec. 10. In none of the public schools so established and maintained shall distinction or discrimination be made on account of sex, race, or color. Sec. 11. Neither the legislature nor the superintendent of public instruc- tion shall have power to prescribe textbooks to be used in the public schools. Sec. 12. No sectarian instruction, qualifications, or tests shall be imparted, exacted, applied, or in any manner tolerated in the schools of any grade or character controlled by the State, nor shall attendance be required at any religious service therein, nor shall any sectarian tenets or doctrines be taught or favored in any public school or institution that may be established under this constitution. Sec. 13. The governor, secretary of state, State treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction shall constitute the board of land commissioners, which, under direction of the legislature, as limited by this constitution, shall have the direction, control, leasing, and disposal of the lands of the State granted, or which may be. hereafter granted for the support and benefit of public schools, subject to the further limitations that the sale of all lands shall be at public auction, after such delay (not less than the time fixed by Congress), in portions at proper intervals of time, and at such minimum prices (not less than the minimum fixed by Congress), as to realize the largest possible proceeds. Sec. 14. The general supervision of the public schools shall be intrusted to the State superintendent of public instruction, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 15. The establishment of the University of Wyoming is hereby con- firmed, and said institution, with its several departments, is hereby declared to be the University of the State of Wyoming. All lands which have been heretofore granted or which may be granted hereafter by Congi'ess unto the university as such, or in aid of the instruction to be given in any of its departments, with all other grants, donations, or devises for said university, or for any of its departments, shall vest in said university, and be exclusively used for the purposes for which they were granted, donated, or devised. The said lands may be leased on terms approved by the land commissioners, but may not be sold on terms not approved by Congress. Sec. 16. The university shall be equally open to students of both sexes, irrespective of race or color; and, in order that the instuction funished may be as nearly free as possible, any amount in addition to the income from its grants of lands and other sources above mentioned, necessary to its support and maintenance in a condition of full efficiency shall be raised by taxation or otherwise, under provisions of the legislature. 954 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 17. The legislature shall provide by law for the management of the university, its lands and other property by a board of trustees, consisting of not less than seven members, to be appointed by the governor by and vrith the advice and consent of the senate, and the president of the university, and superintendent of public instruction, as members ex officio, as such having the right to speak but not to vote. The duties and powers of the trustees shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 18. Such charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions as the claims of humanity and the public good may require shall be established and sup- ported by the State in such manner as the legislature may prescribe. They shall be under the general supervision of a State board of charities and reform, whose duties and powers shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 23. The legislature shall have no power to change or to locate the seat of government, the State university, insane asylum, or State penitentiary, but may, after the expiration of 10 years after the adoption of this constitution, provide by law for submitting the question of the permanent location thereof, respectively, to the qualified electors of the State, at some general election, and a majority of all votes upon said question cast at said election shall be necessary to determine the location thereof. * * * Art. IX, Sec. 3. No boy under the age of 14 years and no woman or girl of any age shall be employed or permitted to be in or about any coal, iron, or other dangerous mines for the purpose of employment therein : Provided, how- ever, This provision shall not affect the employment of a boy or female of suitable age in an office or in the performance of clerical work at such mine or colliery. Art. XIV, Sec. 1. All State, * * * and school officers, * * * shall be paid fixed and definite salaries. The legislature shall, from time to time, fix the amount of such salaries as are not already fixed by this constitution, which shall in all cases be in proportion to the value of the services rendered and the duty performed. Sec. 2. * * * State, county, city, town, and school officers shall be re- quired to keep a true and correct account of all fees collected by them, and to pay the same into the proper treasury when collected, and the officer whose duty it is to collect such fees shall be held responsible, under his bond, for neglect to collect the same. * * * Sec. 3. The salaries of county officers shall be fixed by law within the fol- lowing limits, to wit: In counties having an assessed valuation not exceeding two millions of dollars, * * * the county superintendent shall not be paid more than $500 per year, * * * in counties having an assessed valu- ation of more than two millions of dollars and not exceeding five millions of dollars, * * * the county superintendent of schools shall not be pjiid more than $750 per year. * * * in counties having more than $5,000,000 assessed valuation, * * * ^j^e county superintendent of schools shall not be paid more than $1,000 per year. * * * Art. XV, Sec. 4. For State revenue there shall be levied annually a tax not to exceed 4 mills on the dollar of the assessed valuation of the property in the State except for the support of State educational and charitable institutions, the payment of the State debt, and the interest thereon. Sec. 5. For county revenue there shall be levied annually a tax not to exceed 12 mills on the dollar for all purposes, including general school tax, exclusive of State revenue, except for the payment of its public debt and the interest thereon. An additional tax of $2 for each person between the ages of 21 years and 50 years, inclusive, shall be annually levied for county school purposes. Sec. 6. No incorporated city or town shall levy a tax to exceed 8 mills on the dollar in any one year, except for the payment of its public debt and the interest thereon. Sec. 7. All moneys belonging to the State, or to any county, city, town, vil- lage, or other subdivision therein, except as herein otherwise provided, shall, whenever practicable, be deposited in a national bank or banks, or in a bank or banks incorporated under the laws of this State : Provided, That the bank or banks in which such money is deposited shall furnish security to be approved as provided by law, and shall also pay a reasonable rate of interest thereon. Such interest shall accrue to the fund from which it is derived. Sec. 8. The making of profit, directly or indirectly, out of State, county, city, town, or school-district money or other public fund, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any public officer, shall be deemed a felony, and shall be punished as provided by law. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 955 Sec. 12. The property of * * * school districts, ♦ * * shall be ex- empt from taxation. * * * Art. XVI, Sec. 6. Neither the State nor any county, city, township, town, school district, or any other political subdivision, shall loan or give its credit or make donations to or in aid of any individual, association, or corporation, except for the necessary support of the poor, nor subscribe to or become the owner of the capital stock of any association or corporation. * * * Art. XVIII, Sec. 1. The State of Wyoming hereby agrees to accept the grants of lands heretofore made, or that may be hereafter made by the United States to the State, for educational purposes, for public buildings and institutions and for other objects, and donations of money with the conditions and limitations that may be imposed by the act or acts of Congress, making such grants or dona- tions. Such lands shall be disposed of only at public auction to the highest responsible bidder, after having been duly appraised by the land commissioners at not less than three-fourths of the appraised value thereof, and for not less than $10 per acre. * * * Sec. 3. The governor, superintendent of public instruction, and secretary of state shall constitute a board of land commissioners who, under such regula- tions as may be provided by law, shall have the direction, control, disposition, and care of all lands that have been heretofore or may hereafter be granted to the State. APPENDIX B. FEDERAL LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Act of 1862 Donating Lands for Agricultural Colleges. [First Morrill Act.] AN ACT Donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Bg it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemUed, That there be granted to the several States for the purposes hereinafter mentioned an amount of public land, to be appor- tioned to each State a quantity equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which the States are respectively entitied by the apportionment under the census of 1860: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under the provisions of this act. Sec. 2- And he it further enacted, That the lands aforesaid, after being sur- veyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less than one-quarter of a section ; and whenever there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 per acre, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limis of such State, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 per acre to which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act land scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share ; said scrip to be sold by said States and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act and for no other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided, That in no case shall any State to which land scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State or of any Territory of the United States, but their assignees may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappro- priated lands of the United States subject to sale at private entry at $1.25, or less, per acre : And provided further. That not more than 1,000,000 acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the States: And provided further. That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage of this act. Sec. 3. And he it further enacted, That all the expenses of management, superintendence, and taxes from date of selection of said lands, previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement of the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be paid by the States to which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied without any diminution what- ever to the purposes hereinafter mentioned. Sec. 4 (original). And he it further enacted. That all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States or of the States, or some other safe stocks, yielding not less than 5 per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished (except so far as may be provided in section 5 of this act), and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, sup- port, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively 956 FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 957 prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the indus- trial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. Sec. 4 (as amended Mar. 3, 1883). That all moneys derived from the sale of lands aforesaid by the States to which lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States or of the States, or some other safe stocks ; or the same may be invested by the States having no State stocks in any other manner after the legislatures of such States shall have assented thereto, and engaged that such funds shall yield not less than 5 per centum upon the amount so invested and that the prin- cipal thereof shall forever remain unimpaired: Provided, That the moneys so invested or loaned shall constitute a pei^petual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished (except so far as may be provided in section 5 of this act), and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, sup- port, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. Sec. 5. And he it further enacted, That the grant of land and land scrip hereby authorized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts : First. If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing sec- tion, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished ; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum, not exceeding 10 per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions of this act, may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms whenever authorized by the respective legislatures of said States. Second. No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings. Third. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act shall provide, within five years, at least not less than one college, as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid. Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each col- lege, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical sta- tistics, as may be supposed useful, one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior. Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they shall be com- puted to the States at the maximum price and the number of acres proportion- ately diminished. Sixth. No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the Government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act. Seventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its legislature within two years from the date of its approval by the President. Sec. 6. And &e it further enacted. That land scrip issued under the provision's! of this act shall not be subject to location until after the 1st day of January, 1863. Sec. 7. And he it further enacted. That the land officers shall receive the same fees for locating land scrip issued under the provisions of this act as is now nllowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws: I'rovided, That their maximum compensation shall not be thereby increased. Sec 8. And he it further enacted. That the governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to report annually to 958 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION, Congress all sales made of such scrip until tlie whole shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation has been made of the proceeds. Approved, July 2, 1862 (12 Stat. L., 503). Act of 1866 Extending the Time Within Which Agricultural Colleges May Be Established. AN ACT To amend the fifth section of an act entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agri- culture and the mechanic arts," approved July 2, 1862, so as to extend the time within which the provisions of said act shall be accepted and such colleges established. Be it enacted ty the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemUed, That the time in which the several States may comply with the provisions of the act of July 2, 1862, entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may pro- vide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," is hereby extended so that the acceptance of the benefits of the said act may be expressed within three years from the passage of this act, and the colleges required by the said act may be provided within five years from the date of the filing of such acceptance with the Commissioner of the General Land Office: Provided, That when any Territory shall become a State and be admitted into the Union such new States shall be entitled to the benefits of the said act of July 2, 1862, by expressing the acceptance therein required within three years from the date of Its admission into the Union, and providing the college or colleges within five years after such acceptance, as prescribed in this act : Provided further. That any State which has heretofore expressed its acceptance of the act herein referred to shall have the period of five years within which to provide at least one college, as described in the fourth section of said act, after the time for pro- viding said college, according to the act of July 2, 1862, shall have expired. Approved, July 23, 1866 (14 Stat. L., 208). Act of 1890 for the Further Endowment of Agricultural Colleges. [Second Morrill Act] AN ACT To apply a portion of the proceeds of the public lands to the more complete endowment and support of the colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts established under the provisions of an act of Congress approved July 2, 1862. Be it enacted ty the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, arising from the sales of public lands, to be paid as hereinafter provided, to each State and Territory for the more complete endowment and maintenace of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts now established, or which may be hereafter established, in accordance with an act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, the sum of $15,000 for the year ending June 30, 1890, and an annual increase erf the amount of such appropriation thereafter for 10 years by an additional sum of $1,000 over the preceding year, and the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each State and Territory shall be $25,000, to be applied only to instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various branches of mathematical, physical, natural, and economic science, with special reference to their applications in the industries of life and to the facilities for such instruction: Provided, That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State or Territory for the support and maintenance of a college where a distinction of race or color is made in the admission of students, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges separately for white and colored students shall be held to be a compliance with the provisions of this act if the funds received in such State or Territory be equitably divided as hereinafter set forth: Provided, That in any State in which there has been one college established in pursuance of the act of July 2, 1862, and also in which an educational institution of like character has been established, or may be hereafter established, and is now aided by such State from its own revenue, for the education of colored students in agriculture and the mechanic arts, however named or styled, or whether or not it has received money heretofore under the act to which this act is an amendment, the legislature of such State may propose and report to the Secretary of the Inte- FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 959 rior a just and equitable division of the fund to be received under this act, between one college for white students and one institution for colored students, established as aforesaid, which shall be divided into two parts, and paid accordingly, and thereupon such institution for colored students shall be entitled to the benefits of this act and subject to its provisions, as much as it would have been if it had been included under the act of 1862, and the fulfillment of the foregoing provisions shall be taken as a compliance with the provision in reference to separate colleges for white and colored students. Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for the further endowment and support of colleges shall be annually paid on or before the 31st day of July of each year, by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the warrant of the Secretary of the Interior, out of the Treasury of the United States, to the State or Territorial treasurer, or to such oflScer as shall be desig- nated by the laws of such State or Territory to receive the same, who shall, upon the order of the trustees of the college or the institution for colored students, immediately pay over said sums to the treasurers of the respective colleges or other institutions entitled to receive the same, and such treasurers shall be required to report to the Secretary of Agriculture and to the Secretary of the Interior on or before the 1st day of September of each year a detailed statement of the amount so received and of its disbursement. The grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purpose of said grants: Provided, That payments of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of legis- lature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated oflScer of the State or Territory for the further and more complete endowment, sup- port, and maintenance of colleges, or of institutions for colored students, as provided in this act, shall, by any action or contingency, be dismissed or lost, or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by the State or Territory to which it be- longs, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State or Territory; and no portion of said moneys shall be apphed, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings. An annual report by the president of each of said colleges shall be made to the Secretary of Agri- culture, as well as to the Secretary of the Interior, regarding the condition and progress of each college, including statistical Information in relation to its re- ceipts and expenditures, its library, the number of its students and professors, and also as to any Improvements and experiments made under the direction of any experiment stations attached to said colleges, with their cost and results and such other industrial and economical statistics as may be regarded as use- ful, one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free to all other colleges further endowed under this act. Sec. 4. That on or before the 1st day of July in each year, after the passage of this act, the Secretary of the Interior shall ascertain and certify to the Secre- tary of the Treasury as to each State and Territory, whether it is entitled to receive its share of the annual appropriation for colleges, or of institutions for colored students, under this act and the amount which thereupon each is en- titled, respectively, to receive. If the Secretary of the Interior shall withhold a certificate from any State or Territory of its appropriation, the facts and reasons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the close of the next Congress, in order that the State or Territory may, if it should so desire, appeal to Congress from the determination of the Secretary of the Interior. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into the Treasury. And the Secretary of the Interior is hereby charged with the proper adminis- tration of this law. Sec. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior shall annually report to Congress the disbursements which have been made in all the States and Territories, and also whether the appropriation of any State or Territory has been withheld, and, if so, the reasons therefor. Sec 6. Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all of the provisions of this act. Approved, August 30, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 417), 960 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Clause in Act Making Appropriations for the United States Department of Agriculture for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1908, for the Further Endowment of Agricultural Colleges. [Nelson amendment.] * * * That there shaU be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid as hereinafter provided to each State and Territory for the more complete endowment and maintenance of agricultural colleges now established, or which may hereafter be established, in accordance with the act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890, the sum of $5,000, in addition to the sums named in the said act, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, a*nd an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation thereafter for four years by an additional sum of $5,000 over the preceding year, and the annual sum to be paid thereafter to each State and Territory shall be $50,000, to be applied only for the purposes of the agricultural colleges as defined and limited in the act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890. That the sum hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for the fur- ther endowment and support of the colleges shall be paid by, to, and in the manner prescribed by the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890, entitled "An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of. the public lands to the more complete endowment and support of the colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts established under the provisions of an act of Congress approved July 2, 1862," and the expenditure of the said money shall be gov- erned in all respects by the provisions of the said act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and the said act of Congress approved August 30, 1890 : Provided, That said colleges may use a portion of this money for providing courses for the special preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Approved, March 4, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1256, 1281). Acts of 1888 and 1891 Providing for Detail of United States Army and Navy Officers to the Land-Grant Colleges. [Act of 1888.] AN ACT To amend section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, concerning details of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institutions, etc. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemUed, That section 1225 of the Kevlsed Statutes of the United States, as amended by an act of Congress approved July 5, 1884, be, and the same is hereby, further amended so as to read as follows : " Sec. 1225. The President may, upon the application of any established military institute, seminary or academy, college or university, within the United States having capacity to educate at the same time not less than 150 male students, detail an officer of the Army or Navy to act as superintendent or professor thereof; but the number of officers so detailed shall not exceed 50 from the Army and 10 from the Navy, being a maximum of 60, at any time, and they shall be apportioned throughout the United States, first, to those State institu- tions applying for such detail that are required to provide instruction in mili- tary tactics under the provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, donating lands for the establishment of colleges where the leading object shall be the practical instruction of the industrial classes in agriculture and the mechanic arts, including military tactics; and after that, said details to be distributed, as nearly as may be practicable, according to population. The Secretary of War is authorized to issue, at his discretion and under proper regulations to be prescribed by him, out of ordnance and ordnance stores belonging to the Government, and which can be spared for that purpose, such number of the same as may appear to be required for military instruction and practice by the students of any college or university under the provisions of this section, and the Secretary shall require a bond in each case, in double the value of the property, for the care and safe-keeping thereof and for the return of the same when required : Provided, That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 961 prevent the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific schools or colleges as now provided by act of Congress approved February 26, 1879, entitled 'An act to promote a knowledge of steam engineering and iron-ship building among the students of scientific schools or colleges in the United States'; and the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to issue ordnance and ordnance stores belonging to the Government on the terms and conditions hereinbefore provided to any college or university at which a retired officer of the Army may be assigned as provided by section 1260 of the Revised Statutes. " Sec. 2. That the said section 1225 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by the said act of Congress approved July 5, 1884, and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent or in conflict with the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed, saving always, however, all acts and things done under the said amended section as heretofore existing." Approved, September 26, 1888 (25 Stat. L., 491). [Act of 1891.] AN ACT To amend section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, concerning details of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institutions. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, concerning details of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institutions, be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to permit the President to detail under the provisions of said act, not to exceed 75 officers of the Army of the United States; and the maximum number of officers of the Army and Navy to be de- tailed at any one time under the provisions of the act passed September 26, 1888, amending said section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, is hereby increased to 85: Provided, That no officer shall be detailed to or maintained at any of the educational institutions mentioned in said act where instruction and drill in military tactics is not given : Provided further. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific schools or colleges as now provided by act of Congress approved February 26, 1879, entitled "An act to promote a knowledge of steam engineering and iron-ship building among the students of scientific schools or colleges in the United States." Approved, January 13, 1891 (26 Stat. L., 716). Extract from Act of 1914 Permitting Sales by the Supply Departments of the Army to Certain Military Schools and Colleges. Under such regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe, educational institutions to which an officer of the Army is detailed as professor of military science and tactics may purchase from the War Department for cash, for the use of their military students, such stores, supplies, materiel of war, and mili- tary publications as are furnished to the Army, such sales to be at the price listed to the Army, with the cost of transportation added. Approved, July 17, 1914. Clause in Act Providing for the Printing, Binding, and Distribution of Public Documents Constituting the Land-Grant Colleges Depositories. "All land-grant colleges shall be constituted as depositories for public docu- ments, subject to the provisions and limitations of the depository laws." Approved, March 1, 1907. Act of 1887 Establishing Agricultural Experiment Stations. [Hatch Act] AN ACT To establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and of the acts supplementary thereto. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That in order to aid in acquiring and diffus- ing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on ^—15 61 962 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science, there shall be established under direction of the college or colleges or agricul- tural department of colleges in each State or Territory established, or which may hereafter be established, in accordance with the provisions of an act ap- proved July 2, 1862, entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," or any of the supplements to said act, a department to be known and designated as an " agricultural experiment station " : Provided, That in any State or Territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established the appropriation hereinafter made to such State or Territory shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the legislature of such State or Territory shall otherwise direct. Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals ; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies of the same ; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued under the varying series of crops ; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test the comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic ani- mals ; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed ad- visable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of methods and results in the work of said stations, it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner [now Secretary] of Agriculture to furnish forms, as far as prac- ticable, for the tabulation of results of investigation or experiments; to indicate from time to time such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important, and, in general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purpose of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before the 1st of February, to make to the governor of the State or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a state- ment of receipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the said Commissioner [now Secretary] of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published at said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States or Territories in w^hich they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the same and as far as the means of the station will permit. Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said stations shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the Postmaster General may from time to time prescribe. Sec. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of conducting investigations and experiments and printing and distributing the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of $15,000 per annum is hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year, and to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section 8 of this act, out of any money in the Treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quarterly payments on the 1st day of January, April, July, and October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive the same, the first payment to be made on the 1st day of October, 1887 : Provided, however. That out of the first annual appropriation so received by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended in the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings necessary for carrying on the work of such station; and thereafter an amount not exceeding 5 per centum of such annual appropri- ation may be so expended. Sec. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of the Treasury from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures of any of said stations that FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AGEICULTURAL COLLEGES. 963 a portion of the preceding annual appropriation remains unexpended, sucli amount shall be deducted from the next succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and necessarily required for its mainte- nance and support. Sec. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges and the government of the States or Territories in which they are respectively located. Sec. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this section to the bene- fits of this act and having also agricultural experiment stations established by law separate from said colleges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations so established by such States; and in case any State shall have established, under the provisions of said act of July 2 aforesaid, an agricultural department or experimental station in connection with any university, college, or institution not distinctly an agricultural college or school, and such State shall have established or shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental farm or station, the legislature of such State may apply in whole or in part the appropriation by this act made to such separate agricul- tural college or school, and no legislature shall by contract, express or implied, disable itself from so doing. Sec. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purposes of said grants : Provided, That payment of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of its legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as binding the United States to continue any payments from the Treasury to any or all the States or institutions mentioned in this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all the provisions of this act. Approved, March 2, 1887 (24 Stat K, 440). Act of 1888 Amending (Hatch) Act of 1887. AN ACT To amend an act entitled "An act to establish agricultural stations in connec- tion with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and the acts supplementary thereto." Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemUed, That the grant of money authorized by the act of Congress entitled "An act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provi- sions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and of acts supplementary thereto," are subject as therein provided to the legislative assent of the States or Territories to be affected thereby; but as to such installments of the appropriations as may be now due or may hereafter become due, when the legislature may not be in session, the governor of said State or Territory may make the assent therein provided, and upon a duly certified copy thereof to the Secretary of the Treas- ury he shall cause the same to be paid in the manner provided in the act of which this is amendatory, until the termination of the next regular session of the legislature of such State or Territory. Approved, June 7, 1888 (25 Stat. L., 176.) Proviso in Act Making Appropriations for the United States Department of Agriculture for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1890, Further Defining Work of Stations Established Under Act of March 2, 1887 (Hatch Act). That, as far as practicable, all such stations shall devote a portion of their work to the examination and classification of soils of their respective States and Territories, with a view to securing more extended knowledge and better de- velopment of their agricultural capabilities. Approved, March 2, 1889 (25 Stat. L., 841.) I 964 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Act of 1906 for the Further Endowment of Agricultural Experiment Stations. [Adams Act] AN ACT To provide for an increased annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations and regulating the expenditure thereof. Be it enacted "by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That there shall be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid as hereinafter provided, to each State and Territory, for the more com- plete endowment and maintenance of agricultural experiment stations now es- tablished or which may hereafter be established in accordance with the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887, the sum of $5,000 in addition to the sum named in said act for the year ending June SO, 1906, and an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation thereafter for five years by an additional sum of $2,000 over the preceding year, and the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each State or Territory shall be $30,000, to be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experi- ments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, hav- ing due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for the further endowment and support of agricultural experiment stations shall be annually paid in equal quarterly payments on the 1st day of January, April, July, and October of each year by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the war- rant of the Secretary of Agriculture, out of the Treasury of the United States, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said experiment stations to receive the same, and such officers shall be required to report to the Secretary of Agriculture on or before the 1st day of September of each year a detailed statement of the amount so received and of its disburse- ment, on schedules prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The grants of money authorized by this act are made subject to legislative assent of the sev- eral States and Territories to the purpose of said grants : Provided, That pay- ment of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State or Territory before the adjournment of the regular session of legis- lature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified by the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer of any State or Territory for the further and more complete endowment, support, and maintenance of agricultural experiment stations as provided in this act shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by said State or Territory to which it belongs, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State or Territory; and no portion of said moneys exceeding 5 per cent of each annual appropriation shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings, or to the purchase or rental of land. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before the 1st day of February, to make to the gov- ernor of the State or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the Secretary of Agricul- ture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec 4. That on or before the 1st day of July in each year after the passage of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as to each State and Territory whether it is complying with the provisions of this act and is entitled to receive its share of the annual appropria- tion for agricultural experiment stations under this act and the amount which thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. If the Secretary of Agricul- ture shall withhold a certificate from any State or Territory of its appropria- tion, the facts and reasons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the close of the next Congress, in order that the State or Territory may, if it shall so desire, appeal to Congress from the determination of the Secretary of Agriculture. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid, it shall be covered into FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 965 the Treasury; and the Secretary of * Agriculture is hereby charged with the proper administration of this law. Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall make an annual repoit to Con- gress on the receipts and expenditures and worlj; of the agricultural experiment stations in all of the States and Territories, and also whether the appropriation of any State or Territory has been withheld, and if so, the reason therefor. Sec. 6. That Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all of the provisions of this act. Approved, March 16, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 63). Clause in Act Making Appropriations for the United States Department of Agriculture for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1907, Interpret- ing the Act of March 16, 1906 (Adams Act) . The act of Congress approved March 16, 1906, entitled "An act to provide for an increased annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations and regulating the expenditure thereof," shall be construed to appropriate for each station the sum of $5,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, the sum of $7,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, the sum of $9,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, the sum of $11,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909, the sum of $13,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, and the sum of $15,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911. The sum of $5,000 appropri- ated for the fiscal year 1906 shall be paid on or before June 30, 1906, and the amounts appropriated for the subsequent years shall be paid as provided in the said act to each State and Territory for the more complete endowment and maintenance of agricultural experiment stations now established or which may hereafter be established in accordance with the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887. Approved, June 30, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 669, 696). Act of 1914 Providing for Cooperative Extension Work. [Smith-Lever Act.] AN ACT To provide for cooperative agricultural extension work between the agricultural colleges in the several States receiving the benefits of an act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and of acts supplementary thereto, and the United States Department of Agriculture. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemNed, That in order to aid in diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on sub- jects relating to agriculture and home economics, and to encourage the applica- tion of the same, there may be inaugurated in connection with the college or colleges in each State now receiving, or which may hereafter receive, the bene- fits of the act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts" (12 Stat. L., p. 503), and of the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890 (26 Stat. L., p. 417, chap. 841), agricultural extension work which shall be carried on in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture : Provided, That in any State in which two or more such colleges have been or hereafter may be established the appro- priations hereinafter made to such State shall be administered by such college or colleges as the legislature of such State may direct : Provided further, That, pending the inauguration and development of the cooperative extension work herein authorized, nothing in this act shall be construed to discontinue either the farm-management work or the farmers' cooperative demonstration work as now conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agri- culture. Sec. 2. That cooperative agricultural extension work shall consist of the giv- ing of instruction and practical demonstrations in agriculture and home eco- nomics to persons not attending or resident in said colleges in the several com- munities, and imparting to such persons information on said subjects through field demonstrations, publications, and otherwise; and this work shall be carried on in such manner as may be mutually agreed upon by the Secretary of Agriculture and the State agricultural college or colleges receiving the bene- fits of this act. 966 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. Sec. 3. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of said cooperative agri- cultural extension work and the necessary printing and distributing of informa- tion in connection with the same, there is permanently appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $480,000 for each year, $10,000 of which shall be paid annually, in the manner hereinafter provided, to each State which shall by action of its legislature assent to the provisions of this act: Provided, That payment of such installments of the appropriation hereinbefore made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of the legislature meeting next after the passage of this act may, in the absence of prior legislative assent, be made upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury : Provided further, That there is also appropriated an additional sum of $600,000 for the fiscal year following that in which the foregoing appropria- tion first becomes available, and for each year thereafter for seven years a sum exceeding by $500,000 the sum appropriated for each preceding year, and for each year thereafter there is permanently appropriated for each year the sum of $4,100,000 in addition to the sum of $480,000 hereinbefore provided: Provided further, That before the funds herein appropriated shall become avail- able to any college for any fiscal year plans for the work to be carried on under this act shall be submitted by the proper oflScials of each college and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture. Such additional sums shall be used only for the purposes hereinbefore stated, and shall be allotted annually to each State by the Secretary of Agriculture and paid in the manner hereinbefore provided, in the proportion which the rural population of each State bears to the total rural population of all the States as determined by the next preceding Federal census : Provided further. That no payment out of the additional appropriations herein provided shall be made in any year to any State, until an equal sum has been appropriated for that year by the legislature of such State, or pro- vided by State, county, college, local authority, or individual contributions from within the State, for the maintenance of the cooperative agricultural ex- tension work provided for in this act. Sec. 4. That the sums hereby appropriated for extension work shall be paid in equal semiannual payments on the 1st day of January and July of each year by the Secretary of the Treasury upon the warrant of the Secretary of Agri- culture, out of the Treasury of the United States, to the treasurer or other officer of the State duly authorized by the laws of the State to receive the same ; and such officer shall be required to report to the Secretary of Agriculture, on or before the 1st day of September of each year, a detailed statement of the amount so received during the previous fiscal year, and of its disbursement, on forms prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture. Sec. 5. That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer of any State for the support and maintenance of cooperative agricultural extension work, as provided in this act, shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by said State to which it belongs, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to said State, and no portion of said moneys shall be applied, directly or indi- rectly, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings, or the purchase or rental of land, or in college-course teaching, lec- tures in colleges, promoting agricultural trains, or any other purpose not speci- fied in this act, and not more than 5 per centum of each annual appropriation shall be applied to the printing and distribution of publications. It shall be the duty of each of said colleges annually, on or before the 1st day of January, to make to the governor of the State in which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations in the direction of extension work as defined in this act, including a detailed statement of receipts and expenditures from all sources for this purpose, a copy of which report shall be sent to the Secretary of Agri- culture and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 6. That on or before the 1st day of July in each year after the passage of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secre- tary of the Treasury as to each State whether it is entitled to receive its share of the annual appropriation for cooperative agricultural extension work under this act, and the amount which it is entitled to receive. If the Secretary of Agriculture shall withhold a certificate from any State of its appropriation, the facts and reasons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the expiration of the Con- gress next succeeding a session of the legislature of any State from which a certificate has been withheld, in order that the State may, if it should so desire. FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. S6Y appeal to Congress from the determination of the Secretary of Agriculture. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid, it shall be covered into the Treasury. Sec. 7. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall make an annual report to Congress of the receipts, expenditures, and results of the cooperative agricul- tural extension work in all of the States receiving the benefits of this act, and also vi^hether the appropriation of any State has been withheld, and if so, the reasons therefor. Sec. 8. That Congress may at any time alter, amend, or repeal any or all of the provisions of this act. Approved, May 8, 1914. Franking Privilege in Connection with the Smith-Lever Act. [Extract from act making appropriations for the United States Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915.] All correspondence, bulletins, and reports for the furtherance of the purposes of the act approved May 8, 1914, entitled "An act to provide for cooperative agricultural extension work between the agricultural colleges in the several States receiving the benefits of an act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and the acts supplementary thereto, and the United States Department of Agricul- ture," may be transmitted in the mails of the United States free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the Postmaster General, from time to time, may prescribe, by such college officer or other person connected with the exten- sion department of such college as the Secretary of Agriculture may designate to the Postmaster General. Annual Appropriations for the Experiment Stations and the Relations of the Office of Experiment Stations Thereto. [Extract from act making appropriations for the United States Department of Agricul- ture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915.] To carry Into effect the provisions of an act approved March 2, 1887, entitled "An act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act ap- proved July 2, 1862, and of the acts supplementary thereto," the sums appor- tioned to the several States and Territories to be paid quarterly in advance, $720,000 ; To carry into effect the provisions of an act approved March 16, 1906, en- titled "An act to provide for an increased annual appropriation for agricul- tural experiment stations and regulating the expenditure thereof," the sums apportioned to the several States and Territories to be paid quarterly in ad- vance, $720,000: Provided, That not to exceed $15,000 shall be paid to each State and Territory under this act; To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to enforce the provisions of the above acts and the act approved May 8, 1914, entitled "An act to provide for coopera- tive agricultural extension work between the agricultural colleges in the several States receiving the benefits of an act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and of acts supplementary thereto, and the United States Department of Agriculture," relative to their administration, including the employment of clerks, assistants, and other persons in the city of Washington and elsewhere, freight and express charges, official traveling expenses, office fixtures, supplies, apparatus, telegraph and telephone service, gas, electric current, and rent out- side of the District of Columbia, $50,500 ; and the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial statement required under the above acts, ascertain whether the expenditures are in accordance with their pro- visions, and make report thereon to Congress. * * * To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to establish and maintain agricultural experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the island of Guam, including the erection of buildings, the preparation, illustration, and distribu- tion of reports and bulletins, and all other necessary expenses, $120,000, as follows: Alaska, $40,000; Hawaii, $35,000; Porto Rico, $30,000; and Guam, $15,000; and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to sell such products as are obtained on the land belonging to the agricultural exi)eriment stations in Alasks, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the island of Guam, and this fund shall be 968 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. available until used : Provided, That of the sum herein appropriated for the ex- periment station in Hawaii $5,000 may be used in agricultural extension work in Hawaii. Agricultural Education Work of the Office of Experiment Stations. [Extract from act making appropriations for the United States Department of Agricul- ture for ttie fiscal year ending June 30, 1915.] To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate and report upon the organization and progress of farmers' institutes and agricultural schools in the several States and Territories, and upon similar organizations in foreign countries, with special suggestions of plans and methods for making such organizations more effective for the dissemination of the results of the work of the Department of Agriculture and the agricultural experiment stations, and of improved methods of agricultural practice, including the employment of labor in the city of Washington and elsewhere, and all other necessary expenses, $23,000. APPENDIX C. PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN AMERICAN TERRITORIES, DISTRICTS, AND INSULAR POSSESSIONS. ALASKA. The education of Eskimos, Indians, and other aboriginal races in Alaska is under the direction and control of the Secretary of the Interior, who delegates such direction and control to the United States Commissioner of Education. An annual appropriation is made by Congress for the support of this work. The regulations governing the Alaska school service give to the local employees as much freedom of action as is consistent with the ultimate responsibility of the Commissioner of Education. The superintendent of education of natives of Alaska has general supervision of the work of the bureau of education in Alaska. Each of the five school districts is under the immediate charge of a district superintendent, appointed by the Secretary of the Interior upon the recommendation of the Commissioner of Education. The district superintendent delegates to the teachers large powers in local affairs. The Commissioner of Education annually distributes to the purchasing agent in Seattle and to the district superintendents, from the appropriation made by Congress for education in Alaska, definite sums for the purchase of supplies, furniture, equipment, and fuel, for the payment of rental, for furnishing medical relief to natives, for the relief of destitute natives, and for the payment of traveling expenses. District superintendents, under authorizations from the Commissioner of Education, dis- tribute to teachers, physicians and nurses " subauthorizations " to enable them to make expenditures for local needs. Except in grave emergency no unau- thorized expenditure is permitted. The school service is for adults as well as for children. Instruction is given in native industries, household arts, personal hygiene, village sanitation, morality, nature and effects of alcholic drinks and narcotics, as well as in elementary English subjects. The English language is used in teaching. Children between the ages of 8 and 16 years, unless men- tally or physically incapacitated, residing within 1 mile of a United States public school, are compelled to attend. The governor is ex officio superintendent of public instruction of the " Nelson " schools, and schools in incorporated towns. All moneys derived from liquor licenses, occupation, or trade licenses outside of incorporated towns are de- posited in the Treasury of the United States, and there constitute the "Alaska fund " ; one-fourth of this fund is devoted to the establishment and maintenance of public schools (known as Nelson schools) for the education of white children and children of mixed blood (outside of incorporated towns) who lead a civilized life. The clerk of the district court is required, upon petition of not less than 12 qualified voters who reside in any camp, village, or settlement outside of the limits of an incorporated town, to establish a school district at such place. Each such district shall embrace not more than 40 square miles nor contain fewer than 20 children between 6 and 20 years old. It is also the duty of the clerk upon establishing a district to cause an election to be held for the selection of a school board to serve one year to consist of a clerk, a treasurer, and a director. The school board is authorized to acquire school property, provide supplies and equipment, employ teachers, and to do everything else necessary for the maintenance of the school. It is the duty of the governor to apportion to each district from the "Alaska fund " not less than $300 nor more than $1,000 for the construction and equipment of a schoolhouse ; the residue of such fund must be apportioned among the several school districts for teachers' salaries, fuel, and light for a five months' school each year. The common council of each incorporated town is required, for the purpose of providing public-school facilities, to appropriate not less than 25 per cent nor more than 50 per cent of the moneys derived from the issuance of various licenses in such town. The board in each incorporated town consists of a 970 STATE LAWS RELATll^G TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK. director, a clerk, and a treasurer, elected by the qualified voters of the town for terms of three years, one being elected each year. The board has general supervision and control of the public school, and is authorized to employ teachers, provide fuel and light, and to do everything else necessary for the maintenance of the school. Public schools in incorporated towns are for the education of white children and children of mixed blood who lead a civilized Ufe. CANAL ZONE. The President is authorized by act of Congress to "complete, govern, and operate the Panama Canal and govern the Canal Zone, or cause them to be com- pleted, governed, and operated, through a governor of the Panama Canal and such other persons as he may deem competent to discharge the various duties connected with the completion, care, maintenance, sanitation, operation, govern- ment, and protection of the canal and Canal Zone." The governor of the Canal Zone has, under authority delegated by the President, established in the executive department of the Canal Zone govern- ment a division of schools which is under the immediate control of a super- intendent. The governor appoints and fixes the salaries of the superintendent and teachers. Separate schools are maintained for white and colored children. School privileges and transportation are free to children of employees and non- employees residing in the Canal Zone and to the children of nonresident em- ployees. No child under 6 years of age is admitted to the schools. Medical inspection is provided. Two schools with high-school grades are maintained for white children ; other schools for whites are elementary ; schools for colored children are all elementary. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Congress provides for the control of the public schools of the District of Columbia by a board of education consisting of nine members appointed by the supreme court judges of the District; three members are appointed each year for a term of three years ; three must be women, and all must have been residents of the District for five years immediately preceding their appointment. The board of education determines the general policy of the public schools; appoints its own ofiicers, including a secretary who must not be a board member; directs expenditures, and annually transmits to the Commissioners of the District an estimate of funds needed for public-school purposes, such estimate to be included in the estimate of appropriations needed for all municipal purposes for the ensuing fiscal year. The board is authorized to appoint a superintendent of schools, an assistant superintendent for white schools, an assistant superintendent for colored schools, directors, principals, supervising principals, teachers, and other employees. The superintendent is appointed for a term of three years, unless sooner removed. He has a seat in the board, but no vote. He directs and supervises all matters pertaining to instruction. No subordinate to the superintendent shall be appointed, trans- ferred, promoted, or dismissed without the written recommendation of the superintendent. Schools are divided into the following classes ; Elementary, high, normal, and manual training. Separate schools for white and colored children are main- tained. The boards of examiners for the examination and certification of teachers consist of the superintendent and two heads of departments of the white schools for the white teachers, and of the superintendent and two heads of de- partments of the colored schools for colored teachers. The board of education annually designates the appointive members of these boards. Teachers in elementary schools must be graduates of a Washington normal school, or must pass required examinations. Teachers are divided into classes for purposes of payment and promotion. Children between the ages of 8 and 14 years are required to attend school, unless excused for lawful cause. Textbooks are furnished free to pupils in the elementary schools. Medical inspection is provided. The board of education is authorized to grant the use of school property for civic and certain other community public uses. SCHOOLS IN THE TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS. 971 GUAM. Public instrnction in the island of Guam is under the direction of the com- mandant of the naval stntion and governor, who is commissioned by the Presi- dent and is executive officer of the Navy Department in the island. The com- mandant-governor issues general executive orders which have the force of law, subject to the United States statutes and higher executive authority. He ap- points the superintendent of public instruction, principals, and teachers. Funds for the maintenance of the public schools are appropriated from insular revenues, with the exception of teachers' salaries, which are for the most part paid from naval appropriations. A high school, a night school, classes in industrial arts, and elementary schools are maintained. Attendance is compulsory between certain ages for children residing within 2 miles of a schoolhouse. Backward children are given industrial training. Schools are not coeducational ; one-half of the school time is given to boys, the other half to girls. Teachers are classified by exam- ination and a systematic course of instruction; they are required to inform themselves and the pupils in facts pertaining to the organization and operation of the National Government and the government of Guam. Instruction in agriculture is given particular attention. HAWAn. The department of public instruction of the Territory of Hawaii consists of a superintendent of public instruction and six commissioners. The superintend- ent is appointed for a term of four years by the governor, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Territorial senate ; the commissioners are appointed by the governor for a term of two years. The department adopts rules and regu- lations which, when approved by the governor, have the force and effect of law ; has entire charge and control of public schools, and is responsible for the con- duct of the affairs of public education; may establish schools at such places and for such terms as may be deemed necessary; may organize classes for spe- cial instruction; has supervision over private schools; establishes school dis- tricts; furnishes textbooks to pupils at cost and loans them free of charge to indigent children ; appoints and prescribes duties of school officials and servants when not otherwise provided by law ; fixes salaries of teachers, supervisors, and principals according to a schedule based on the classification of schools, classi- fication of teachers' certificates, length of service, and, in the case of supervisors and principals, upon the number of teachers under their supervision ; and estab- lishes and maintains teachers' conventions and institutes. The superintendent Is the chief administrative officer of the department. He signs all drafts for the payment of moneys, all commissions and appointments, all deeds and offi- cial acts or other documents of the department. He prepares annually and files with the proper officers a list of items of all school property belonging to the Territory of Hawaii and an estimate of the cash value of the same. The inspector general of schools, who is appointed by the department of public in- struction, when authorized by the department, appoints and dismisses teachers, arranges courses of study, conducts teachers' examinations, issues certificates, and performs such other duties as may be required of him. The board of county supervisors of each county is authorized to build, repair, equip, and maintain schoolhouses other than those belonging to certain Territorial institutions. Schools are classified as follows : Normal schools, high schools, kindergartens, technical schools, evening schools, and day schools. Tuition is free in public schools, but fees may be charged at certain schools termed " select." Instruc- tion must be in the English langunge in all public and private schools. All children between the ages of 6 and 17 years are required to attend unless law- fully excused ; deputy sheriffs and police officers act as truant officers. Indus- trial and reform schools are maintained for dependent and delinquent children who are committed thereto by the several circuit judges. An estimate of funds needed for school purposes is biennially submitted by the superintendent of public instruction to the committee of estimate. This committee consists of the secretary of the Territorial treasury, the superin- tendent of public instruction, the mayor of the city and county of Honolulu, and the chairmen of the boards of supervisors of the several counties. The 972 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. estimate is submitted to the governor who lays it before the legislature. Reve- nues derived from the school tax are used for the salaries of teachers, super- visors, principals, and the support of schools within the county or city where col- lected ; additional funds needed for the purposes of public instuction are appro- priated out of the treasury of the Territory. The commissioner of public lands, upon the recommendation of the department of public instruction and with the approval of the governor, is authorized to set apart lands for school purposes. The College of Hawaii is under the general charge of a board of regents con- sisting of five members, one appointed each year by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Territorial senate. This board appoints the president and faculty of the college. Instruction is given in agriculture, mechanic arts, natural sciences, military science, and in such other subjects as the board of regents may determine. The College of Hawaii is designated as the institution of the Territory to receive appropriations made by Congress for agricultural education. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The management and supervision of public education in the Philippine Islands is vested in a department of public instruction which has executive control of the bureau of education. The secretary of the department, who is also a member of the Philippina Commission, is named by the President of the United States. The director of the bureau of education is appointed by the governor-general of the islands, with the approval of the commission; the director is aided by two assistant directors, a chief clerk and clerical force. There are seven divisions in the ofiice of the bureau of education, namely, property, accounts, industrial instruction and publications, technical, buildings, academic, and records. The director has direct charge of salaries, discipline, appointments, assignments of teachers, buildings, appropriations, and questions of policy and administration. The assistant director has charge of industrial instruction, property, and office management; the second assistant director of publications, statistics, except industrial information, courses of study, text- books, and examinations. For purposes of administration, the Philippine Islands are divided into "divisions." The city of Manila, the Philippine School of Arts and Trades, the Philippine Normal School, and the School of Household Industries are con- sidered as distinct divisions; the Philippine School of Commerce and the School for the Deaf and Blind are insular schools under the administration of the superintendent of the city of Manila. Each division is in charge of a division superintendent of schools, appointed by the director of education with the approval of the secretary of public instruction and of the director of civil service. The division superintendent is the representative of the director of education in his division. Each division is divided into supervising districts according to the class of school work done, one or more municipalities constitut- ing each district ; each such district is in charge of a supervising teacher. The entire school course covers a i)eriod of 11 years. The primary course covers 4 years; the intermediate, 3 years; the secondary course, 4 years. All primary schools, and most intermediate schools, are under the charge of supervising teachers ; some large and important intermediate schools are under the charge of principals who are directly responsible to the division superin- tendent. Schools are classified as insular, provincial, or municipal. Insular schools are those supported by the insular government for uncivilized tribes and communities unable to maintain schools; provincial schools are secondary or intermediate and are jointly supported by the province and the insular government; municipal schools are supported by the municipality. Each municipality maintains a central school ; the principal or teacher in charge of the central school is named by the division superintendent and is responsible to the supervising teacher ; each municipality has from 1 to 20 *' barrio " schools, the teacher of each such school being responsible to the supervising teacher of the district. In every municipality there is a school board; this board has advisory powers only. Provincial schools give from one to four years of high-school work and are under the control of division superintendents ; principals of provincial trade schools are responsible to division superintend- ents; manual-training departments are attached to provincial high schools in provinces not having trade schools. All American teachers are insular employees; they are appointed by the director of education with the consent of the director of civil service. Most SCHOOLS IN THE TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS. 973 of the Filipino teacliers are municipal employees and when so employed are appointed by the division superintendents; other Filipino teachers are insular employees and are appointed by the director of education. American teachers are employed as supervising teachers and principals, and teachers in the higher academic grades in certain technical and special branches ; Filipino teachers are employed in all branches of the work. The number of teachers allotted to each division is determined by the general oflBce. Municipal teachers are divided into three classes : Regular teachers, temporary teachers, and " as- pirantes" (apprentice teachers). Eligibility requirements are: Scholastic at- tainments, ability to teach, and executive ability. Summer assemblies are held for teachers. The insular government renders financial assistance in all branches of school work. A system of scholarship appointments to higher schools, particularly to insular schools, is maintained by the bureau of education. For provincial high schools, the insular government pays salaries of teachers, the Provinces provide buildings and equipment, and pupils purchase their own books. Inter- mediate schools, where not provincial schools, are supported by the municipali- ties in which they are located, but they receive assistance from the insular government in payment of teachers' salaries and in equipment and supplies; buildings are provided by the municipality; pupils in the seventh grade pro- vide their own books. Municipal schools are supported by the municipalities. The entire cost of superintending and supervising is borne by the insular gov- ernment. Municipal school funds are derived from a land tax, a proportion ol the internal revenue collections and direct transfers to the school fund from the general municipal fund. For educational purposes in non-Christian Prov- inces the bureau of education receives funds from the Philippine Commission. For public schools and other municipal purposes any municipality may be authorized by the insular government, with the approval of the President of the United States, to incur indebtedness, borrow money, and issue bonds at not less than par, to bear not exceeding 5 per cent interest annually; the indebted- ness of any municipality shall not at any time exceed 5 per cent of the assessed valuation of real estate of the municipality. PORTO RICO. The commissioner of education, appointed by the President for a term of four years or at the pleasure of the President, by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, is the head of the department of education of the island of Porto Rico. He appoints all the subordinates in the depart- ment, with the exception of certain classes of teachers; he determines the length of the school term within fixed limitations, the length of the school day, and the course of study ; he examines and issues certificates to teachers ; he is a member of the Executive Council of Porto Rico and Is ex officio president of the University of Porto Rico and of the board of trustees of the insular library ; he makes reports to the governor to be laid beore Congress, and performs such other duties as are required by law. The personnel of the department, aside from the teaching force, consists of an assistant commissioner of education, a secretary of the department, a chief of the division of property and accounts, general superintendents of schools, supervising principals, supervisors of si)ecial subjects, and a secretary to the commissioner and other clerical help. The assistant commissioner is head of the division of school supervision and serves as commissioner during the absence of that official. The secretary is the chief of the division of records and officially countersigns departmental papers. The chief of the division of property and accounts is custodian of all property of the department and keeps the departmental salary list. The chief of the division of school board accounts brings the school boards of the island into official touch with the department of education. The three general superin- tendents perform such duties as may be prescribed by the commissioner of education. The units of political organization In Porto Rico are known as munici- palities. Within each municipality is elected a school board, consisting of three members, that has the management and supervision of the schools of the municipality whether located in urban or rural wards. The commissioner of education fills vacancies arising in school boards. School boards have charge of the buildings of common schools, and employ janitors; they hold 974 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. title to the property and may negotiate loans and issue bonds under certain legal restrictions; they may, with the approval of the commissioner of education, as may also supervising principals, dismiss pupils from school, and may suspend teachers to await the action of the commissioner of education; they annually submit lists of teachers to be appointed and budgets of expenditures to be made to the commissioner for his approval. Teachers are divided into the following classes: Rural, graded, principal, teachers of English, and special. Teachers of each class are divided into three grades for the purpose of payment of salaries. Upon entering the service, teachers are placed in the third grade and must teach for three years before being advanced to the second, and five years before being admitted to the first. With the approval of the commissioner, holders of diplomas or certifi- cates from certain institutions of the United States and Porto Rico, and holders of first-class State certificates may be admitted to the second grade immediately upon beginning service. Rural teachers have charge of ungraded schools found largely in rural districts; graded teachers have charge of graded schools in the cities and smaller centers of population and are divided into Spanish graded teachers and English graded teachers; principals have charge of school buildings containing eight or more separate classrooms and are responsible to the commissioner of education ; special teachers are appointed by the commissioner of education and are employed to teach continuation schools, agriculture, high schools, music, drawing, and such other special subjects as may be determined by the commissioner. The legislature of Porto Rico makes provision for the following classes of scholarships: Graded, high school, college of agriculture, normal school, indus- trial, professional, and municipal ; some of these scholarships are available for study in Porto Rico, and others for study in the United States. Examinations throughout the islands are uniform and are conducted by an examining board, consisting of the assistant commissioner, the three gen- eral superintendents, and the chief of the division of records. The usual examinations are for the common-school diploma, teachers' licenses, permanent diplomas, for authority to teach in the English language, and for students in continuation schools. Rural teachers must be at least 17 years old; graded teachers, 19 years old ; principals, 21 years old. Children between the ages of 8 and 14 years are required to attend school unless lawfully excused. Employment of children is regulated by law. The department of education furnishes books for use in the public schools. A teachers' pension fund is administered by a board consisting of five members appointed by the governor. Twenty-five per cent of every dollar derived from the 9-mill tax levy in each municipality must be used for school purposes within the municipality ; an additional " school tax " of 1 mill on the dollar may be levied. The University of Porto Rico is under the control of a board of trustees, composed of the commissioner of education, the speaker of the house of repre- sentatives, and the treasurer of Porto Rico, ex officio, and four other persons appointed by the governor ; the board of trustees is a body corporate ; it is em- powered to adopt necessary rules and regulations for the government of the university and to appoint, fix salaries, and prescribe duties of professors, teachers, and other employees. The course of study must be approved by the commissioner of education. The board is directed to receive from Congress any appropriations made for agricultural education in Porto Rico. Funds for the current expenses of the university are derived from escheated inher- itances, 50 per cent of fines imposed by the courts of Porto Rico, and certain royalties; 25 per cent of the proceeds from the sales of public lands in Porto Rico constitutes a " permanent fund " for the university. SAMOA. In American Samoa, which is composed of Rose Island, Manua, Olosega, Ofu. Tutuila, and Aunuu, elementary schools are conducted by native pastors and are without government supervision, except that all children between the ages of 6 and 13 years are required to attend regularly. The natives, with the approval of the governor, have established in the western district of the islands a boys' school taught by white teachers and supported by special taxation. INDEX Academies. See Private schools; Second- ary education. Adams Act, further endowment of agri- tural experiment stations, 964-965. Administrative control, 15-270. Administrative units (districts, townships, municipalities), 191-270. See also Con- solidation of schools. Agricultural colleges, 702-709, 741-758; Federal aid, 758, 956-974. See also Col- leges and universities ; Universities. Agricultural education, 641-644, 900. Agricultural experiment stations, 956-974. Agricultural high schools, Mississippi, 831. Alabama, agricultural education, 641, 702— 703, 741 ; appropriations for schools, 270— 271 ; blind, 801 ; bonds and indebted- ness, 325 ; child labor, 559-560, 648, 872 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitu- tional provisions relating to education, 863-868 ; county boards, 69 ; county su- perintendents, 85 ; course of study, 626, 633-634; deaf and dumb, 784-785; dis- trict officers, 115 ; employment of teach- ers, 436 ; high schools, 317, 655 ; juve- nile courts, 819 ; reform schools, 829, 872 ; school attendance, 504 ; school cen- sus, 505 ; school discipline, 587-588 ; school districts, 191 ; school elections, 181; school funds, 295, 305, 872-873; schoolhouses, 354, 367 ; school lands, 292, 869-871 ; school libraries, 770 ; school supervision, 871 ; school taxation, 339- 340, 352, 863-870 ; school year, 510 ; sec- tarian instruction forbidden, 647, 867, 871 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State board of education, 15 ; State normal schools, 465 ; State university, 716-717 ; superintendent of public instruction, 43, 863-864, 869; support of higher educa- tion, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 373 ; teachers' examinations , and certificates, 376-377, 431-432 ; teachers' institutes and summer schools, 492; technical education, 762-763; text- books, 607 ; townships, 191. Alabama, University of, management, 867. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, manage- ment, 867-868. Alaska, public schools, 969-970. Alcohol, 634-637. Animals, humane treatment, 637-638. Arbor Day, 644-646. Arizona, agricultural education, 641, 742 ; Arbor Day, 644 ; blind, 801 ; child labor, 560-561 ; compulsory attendance, 527 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitu- tional provisions relating to education, 868-872 ; corporal punishment, 589 ; county superintendents, 85 ; course of study, 626, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 785 ; district officers, 115-116 ; employment of teachers, 436 ; flag in schools, 372 ; free textbooks, 603 ; high schools, 317, 656 ; Industrial education, 639 ; kindergartens, 648 ; military education, 761 ; mining schools, 758 ; music teaching, 638 ; re- form schools, 830 ; school census, 505 ; school districts, 192 ; school fund, 295, 305 ; school holidays, 516 ; schoolhouses, 354 ; school lands, 292 ; school libraries, 770; school taxation, 300-301, 340; school year, 510 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647, 868 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State board of education, 15 ; State normal schools, 465—466 ; superin- tendent of public instruction, 43-44* support of higher education, 715 ; sus- pension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 373 ; teachers' examinations and cer- tificates, 377, 431-432 ; teachers' insti- tutes, 492-493 ; teachers' pensions, 447 ; teaching drawing, 638 ; technical educa- tion, 692 ; textbooks, 607 ; wrongs to children, 817. Arizona, University of, 717-718. Arkansas, agricultural education, 641, 708, 742 ; blind, 801 ; bonds and indebtedness, 325 ; child labor, 561 ; compulsory at- tendance, 527 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions relating to education, 872-873 ; county and local normal schools, 487 ; county boards, 69 ; county superintendents, 86-87 ; course of study, 626, 633, 635; deaf and dumb, 785 ; district officers, 116-117 ; educa- tional corporations, 767 ; employment of teachers, 436 ; free textbooks, 604 ; high schools, 317, 656-657 ; higher education, 767 ; reform schools, 830 ; State board of education, 15-16 ; school census, 505 ; school districts, 192-194 ; school finance, 318 ; school fund, 271, 295, 305 ; school holidays, 516 ; schoolhouses, 354, 367, 369 ; school lands, 292 ; school meetings, elections, and qualifications of voters, 181-182 ; school taxation, 301, 340, 353 ; school year, 510 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State normal schools, 466 ; superintendent of public instruction, 44 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 373 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teach- ers' diplomas, 433-434 ; teachers' exam- inations and certificates, 377, 431, 432; teachers' institutes, 493 ; teachers' sal- aries, 444 ; textbooks, 607-608. Arkansas, University of, 718. Athletics, public schools, 634. Attendance, school. See School attend- ance. B. Bible in the school, 647-648. Bird Day, 644-646. Blind, education, 801-809. See also Deaf and dumb. Boards of education, city, 117-118, 126-130, 138, 150-152, 158-160, 191-192, 209- 210; county, 69-84; State, 15-42, 916, 943-945. See also District officers. Township officers, and under names of States. Boards of supervisors, county, 875. Bonds and indebtedness, local, 325-338. Buildings and sites. See Schoolhouses. California, agricultural education, 641, 742 ; Bird and Arbor Day, 644 ; blind, 801 ; boards of supervisors, 875 ; bonds and in- debtedness, 325-326; child labor, 561- 975 976 INDEX. 562 ; commissioners of elementary and secondary schools, 45 ; commissioner of industrial and vocational education, 45 ; compulsory attendance, 528-529 ; con- solidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions relating to education, 873- 875 ; county boards, 69-70 ; county super- intendents, 87-88 ; course of study, 626- 627, 634-635, 648 ; deaf and dumb, 785 ; district officers, 117-119 ; election of school trustees, 182 ; employment of teachers, 436-437 ; evening schools, 651 ; feeble-minded, 809 ; flag in schools, 372 ; high schools, 317, 657-660 ; industrial education, 639 ; juvenile courts, 819 ; kindergartens, 648 ; medical inspection of schools, 596 ; military education, 761 ; moral education, 637 ; reform schools, 830-831, 875 ; school discipline, 588 ; school districts, 194-195 ; school finance, 318 : school fraternities, 591 ; school fund, 271, 295, 875, 305-306; school • holidays, 516 ; schoolhouses, 354, 367 ; school lands, 292, 873 ; school libraries, 770-771 ; school taxation, 301, 340, 353, 875 ; school year, 510 ; sectarian instruc- tion forbidden, 647, 873-874 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State board of educa- tion, 16-17 ; State normal schools, 466- 467 ; superintendent of public instruc- tion, 44 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 373-374 ; teachers' associations. 435 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 377, 431- 432 ; teachers' institutes, 493 ; teachers' pensions, 447-448 ; teachers' salaries, 444 : technical education, 692, 763 ; text- books, 604, 608, 873-874; vacation schools, 654 ; vaccination, 601 ; wrongs to children, 817. ^ „^o rr-... orr^ California, University of, 718-719, 874. California Academy of Sciences, exemption from taxation, 875. Canal Zone, public schools, 970. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, work, 741. Census, school. See School census, 505- Certifi'cation of teachers. See Teachers, ex- amination and certification. Child labor, 559-585, 872. See also Com- pulsory attendance. Children, wrongs to, 817-818. Christmas Day. See School holidays. City school systems, finance and support, 318-353 ; taxation, 339-352. Civics, teaching, 633-634. Classification, plan of, 12-14. . , , „ Claxton, P. P., letter of transmittal, 7. Colleges and universities, 711-715 ; degrees, 714 ; finance and support, 715-716 ; foun- dation of Harvard, 898 ; recognition of diplomas, 433-436 ; State, 716-741. See also Agricultural colleges ; Universities. Colorado, agricultural education, 641, 106, 742 ; blind, 801 ; bonded indebtedness, 326; child labor, 562-563; compulsory attendance, 529 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions relating to education, 875-879 ; continuation schools, 710 ; county superintendents, 88 ; course of study, 627, 633, 635, 648; deaf and dumb, 786; district officers, 119-120 ; employment of teachers, 437 ; feeble- minded, 809 ; flag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 593; high schools, 317,660- 661 ; humane treatment of animals, 637 ; juvenile courts, 819 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical inspection of schools, 596; re- form schools, 831-832, 876; school cen- sus, 505; school districts, 196; school elections and qualifications of voters, 182 ; school fraternities, 591 ; school fund, 271, 295, 306, 319, 877 ; school holidays, 644, 516 ; schoolhouses, 354 ; school lands, 293 ; school libraries, 771 ; school taxation, 340-341, 878 ; school year, 510 ; State board of education, 17 ; State nor- mal schools, 467 ; State school of mines, 758-759 ; superintendent of public in- struction, 45, 875 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 377-378, 431 ; teachers' institutes, 494 ; teachers' pensions, 448 ; teachers' salaries, 444; textbooks, 604, 608; wrongs to children, 817. Colorado, University of, 719, 876. Columbus Day, 645. Community centers, schoolhouses for, 654. Compulsory attendance, 527-559. See also Child labor. Juvenile courts. Truancy and truant officers. Connecticut, agricultural education, 742 ; blind, 801; bonded indebtedness, 326; child labor, 563 ; compulsory attendance, 529-530 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions relating to edu- cation, 879 ; continuation schools, 710 ; county boards, 71 ; county superintend- ents, 88 ; course of study, 627, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 786 ; district committee, 122- 123 ; employment of teachers, 437 ; even- ing schools, 651 ; feeble-minded, 809 ; flag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 593- 594 ; high schools, 317, 661 ; industrial education, 692-693 ; juvenile courts, 819 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical inspection of schools, 597 ; music teaching, 638 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 833-834 ; school census, 505 ; school dis- tricts, 197-200 ; school finance, 319 ; school fund, 272-273, 295-296, 306; school holidays, 644 ; schoolhouses, 354, 367, 369 ; school libraries, 771-772 ; school meetings, elections and qualifica- tions of voters, 182 ; school taxation. 341 ; school year, 510 ; State board of education, 17-18 ; State normal schools, 467 ; State officers, 45 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 378, 431 ; teachers' institutes, 494 ; teachers' pen- sions, 448 ; teachers' salaries, 444 ; text- books, 604, 608 ; town school officers, 120- 121 ; townships, 196-197 ; trade schools, 709 ; vacation schools, 654 ; vaccination, 601. Consolidation of schools, 518-526. Constitutional provisions, public education, 863-955. Continuation schools, 710-711. Corporal punishment, 589. Corporations, educational, 767-770. County boards, 69-84, 123. See also under names of States. County normal schools, 487-492. County officers, 85-115. County schools, finance and support, 318- 353 ; taxation, 339-352. • Courses of study, 626-648. See also under special topics. Crippled and deformed, education, 809. D. Deaf and dumb, education, 784-801. Deformed. See Crippled and deformed,, education. Degrees, New Jersey, 714. Delaware, agricultural education, 641 ; blind, 801 ; bonded indebtedness, 326- 327; child labor, 563-564; commissioner of education, 45 ; compulsory attendance, 530-531 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions regarding educa- tion, 879-880; county boards, 123; county school commission, 71-72 ; county superintendents, 88-89 ; course of study, 627, 635; deaf and dumb, 786; employ- ment of teachers, 437 ; feeble-minded, 810 ; fiag in schools, 372 ; health regula- tions, 594 ; high schools, 661 ; juvenile courts, 819; kindergartens, 649; medical INDEX. 977 Inspection of schools, 597 ; moral educa- tion, 637 ; reform schools, 834 ; school census, 505 ; school districts, 200 ; school elections, 182; school fund, 273, 306, 879-880; schoolhouses, 354, 367, 369; school libraries, 772 ; school taxation, 341 ; school year, 510 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State board of education, 18 ; State normal schools, 467-468 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 378, 431- 432 ; teachers' institutes, 494 ; teachers' pensions, 448 ; teachers' salaries, 444 ; technical education, 763 ; textboolcs, 604, 608; vaccination, 601. Delaware College, agricultural education, 742-743. Dependents and delinquents, 817-862. Diplomas, recognition of normal school, college, or university, 433—436. Discipline, school. See School discipline. Dismissal of teachers. See Teachers, em- ployment. District of Columbia, public schools, 970. District officers, 115-181. See also Boards of education ; Township officers. District schools, taxation, 339-352. Drawing, instruction, 638-639. Drinlsing cups. See under School hygiene. E. Education, schools of, 465-487. Elections, 181-190. Elementary education, special State aid, 305-317. Ethical education, 637. Evening schools, kindergartens, 651-653. Examinations, teachers. See Teachers, ex- amination and certification. Experiment stations, Federal legislation re- garding, 956-974. Expulsion from school. See Suspension and expulsion. F. Farmers' institutes, 655. Federal aid to education, 758, 956-974. Feeble-minded, education, 809-816. Finance, local, 318-353; State, 270-318. See also under names of States. Fire day. State, 645. Fire drill, 590-591. Fire escapes. See Schoolhouses, provisions against fire. Flag, United States, and schools, 372-373. Flag Day. See School holidays. Florida, agricultural education, 641, 743 ; blind, 801 ; bonded indebtedness, 327 ; child labor, 564-565 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions re- garding education, 880-881 ; county boards, 72-73, 123 ; county superinten- dents, 89 ; course of study, 627, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 786 ; employment of teachers, 437 ; fire drills, 590 : high schools, 662 ; higher educational institu- tions, 711-713, 719 ; kindergartens, 649 ; Mothers' Day, 644 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 834 ; rural school in- spectors, 68 ; school attendance, 504 ; school census, 505 ; school discipline, 588 ; school districts, 200-201 ; school finance, 319 ; school fund, 296, 306, 880 ; school holidays, 516 ; schoolhouses, 354, 369 ; school lands. 293 ; school taxation, 301, 341, 353 881 ; school year, 510-511 ; sepa- ration of the races, 585 ; State board of ed- ucation, 18-19 ; superintendent of public instruction, 45-46, 880 ; support of higher education, 715 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 378-380, 432; teachers' institutes, 494 ; teachers' salaries, 444 ; textbooks, 604, 608-609; training of teachers, 468 ; wrongs to children, 817. Fraternities, school, 591-592. Funds, school. See School funds. G. Georgia, agricultural educa^.ion, 641, 703, 743; Bible in schools, 647; blind, 801- 802 ; bonded indebtedness, 327 ; child labor, 565-566 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 882-883 ; county and local normal schools, 487 ; county boards, 73- 74 ; county superintendents, 89-90 ; course of study, 627, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 786; district boards, 123; employment of teachers, 437 ; evening schools, 651 ; farmers' institutes, 655 ; high schools, 662 ; higher education, 713 ; industrial education, 639, 693; juvenile courts, 819-820; reform schools, 834- 835 ; school census, 505 ; school districts, 201-202; school funds, 273, 296, 306- 307 ; school holidays, 644-645 ; school- houses, 354 ; school libraries, 772 ; school taxation, 341, 353, 882 ; school year, 511 ; separation of the races. 585 ; State board of education, 19 ; superintendent of public instruction, 43 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 380-381 ; teachers' institutes, 494 ; teachers' salaries, 444 ; technical educa- tion, 763 ; textbooks, 602, 609-610 ; trade schools, 709 ; training of teachers, 468 ; vaccination, 601. Georgia, University of, 719-720, 882-883. Guam, public schools, 971. Harvard College, constitutional provisions regarding, 898-899. Hatch Act, establishing agricultural ex- periment stations, 961-963. Hawaii, public schools, 971-972. Hazing, law against, Rhode Island, 714-715. See also under Colleges and universities. Health regulations, 593-602. High schools, 655-692 ; normal training, 487-492; State aid, 310, 317-318. See also Agricultural high schools, and under names of States. Higher education, 711-741. See also Col- leges and universities ; Universities. History, teaching, 633-634. Holidays, school. See School holidays. Hygiene, school. See School hygiene. Idaho, agricultural education, 641, 743 ; Ar- bor Day, 645; blind, 802; board of dis- trict trustees, 123-124 ; bonded indebt- edness, 327 ; child labor, 566 ; compulsory attendance, 531-532 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 883-886 ; county boards, 74 ; county superintendents, 90- 91 ; course of study, 627, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 786 ; employment of teachers, 437 ; flag in schools, 372 ; health regula- tions, 594 ; high schools, 317, 662 ; higher education, 713 ; industrial education, 639, 693 ; juvenile courts, 820 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical inspection of schools, 597 ; reform schools, 835 ; school census, 505 ; school districts, 202-203 ; school fund, 273-274, 296, 307-308, 885; school- houses, 354, 369 ; school lands, 293, 885; school libraries, 772-773; school taxation, 341, 886 ; school year, 511 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647, 885; State board of education, 19-20; State normal schools, 468 ; superintend- ent of public instruction, 47, 884 ; sus- pension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 381-382, 431 ; teachers' institutes, 494 ; technical education, 763; textbooks, 604, 610; va- cation schools, 654. I 3966°— 15- -62 978 INDEX. Idaho, University of, 720-721, 885. Illinois, agricultural education, 743 ; Arbor and Bird Day, 645; blind, 802; bonded Indebtedness, 327-328; child labor, 566- 567 ; city boards, 126-128 ; compulsory attendance, 532 ; consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 886-887 ; county boards, 74 ; county superintendents, 91 ; county nor- mal schools, 487 ; course of study, 627, 635 ; crippled and deformed, 809 ; deaf and dumb, 786-787 ; educational corpora- tions, 767; employment of teachers, 437; evening schools, 651 ; feeble-minded, 810 ; flag In schools, 372 ; health regulations, 594; high schools, 317, 662-663; Indus- trial education, 639 ; kindergartens, 649 ; reform schools, 835-836 ; school census, 506 ; school districts, 203-204 ; school finance, 319 ; school fund, 274, 296, 307 ; school holidays, 516 ; schoolhouses, 354, 369 ; school lands, 293 ; school libraries, 773 ; school meetings, 183 ; school taxa- tion, 301, 341, 886-887 ; school year, 511 ; State board of education, 20 ; State nor- mal schools, 468 ; superintendent of public Instruction, 47, 886 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers. 374 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 382-384, 431-432 ; teachers' institutes, 495 ; teachers' pensions, 448-450 ; teachers' salaries, 444 ; textbooks, 604, 610 ; town- ship ofiicers, 124-128. Illinois, University of, 721. Illiteracy, Kentucky, 22. Indebtedness. See Bonds and indebtedness. Indiana, agricultural education, 641, 703. 743-744 ; Arbor Day, 645 ; bonded in- debtedness, 328; child labor, 567; city school boards, 129-130 ; compulsory at- tendance, 532-533 ; consolidation of schools, 518-519 ; constitutional pro- visions regarding education, 887-888 ; continuation schools, 710 ; county boards, 75 ; county superintendents, 92 ; course of study, 628, 634-635, 648; election of school commissioners, 204-206 ; employ- ment of teachers, 437—438 ; evening schools, 652 ; feeble-minded, 810 ; fire drills, 590; flag in schools, 372; health regulations, 594 ; high schools, 317, 663 ; industrial education, 639, 693-694 ; juvenile courts, 821 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical inspection of schools, 597 ; music teaching, 638 ; reform schools, 836 : school census, 506 ; school elec- tions, 183; school fund, 274-275, 296, 307-308, 319, 884, 887; school lands, 293; school libraries, 773-774; schoolhouses, 354-356, 367, 369; school taxation, 301-302, 342, 353, 883-884, 887-888 ; school year, 511 ; sectarian in- struction forbidden, 647 ; separation of the races, 585 ; social centers in schools, 654 ; State normal schools, 469 ; super- intendent of public instruction, 47-48 ; support of higher education, 715 ; sus- pension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 384-385 ; 432 ; teachers' pensions, 450—451 ; teach- ers' salaries, 444 ; teaching drawing. 638 ; technical education, 763 ; text- books, 604, 610-611 ; township officers, 128-129 ; trade schools, 709 ; tubercu- lous children, 816. Indiana, University of, 721-722. Indians, education, North Carolina, 784. Industrial education, 639-641, 692-711. Industrial reform schools. See Reform schools. Inspection of schools. State, 68-69. Instruction, subject matter, 626-648. Iowa, agricultural education, 641, 744 ; Bible in schools, 647 ; blind, 802 ; bqard of directors, 130-131 ; board of education, powers and duties, 888 ; bonded indebt- edness, 328-329; child labor, 567-568; compulsory attendance, 533-534 ; consoli- dation of schools, 519-520; constitu- tional provisions regarding education, 888-890 ; county boards, 75 ; county su- perintendents, 92-93 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb. 787 ; em- ployment of teachers, 438 ; feeble-minded, 810 ; fire drill, 590 ; flag in schools, 372 ; high schools, 317, 664, 692; industrial education, 639 ; kindergartens, 649 ; min- ing schools, 759 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training in high schools, 487-488 ; reform schools, 836-837 ; school census, 506 ; school districts, 206-207 ; school elections, 183 ; school fraternities, 591 ; school fund, 296, 889-890; schoolhouses, 356, 367 ; school lands, 293, 887 ; school libraries, 774 ; school taxation, 342 ; school townships, 206-207 ; school year, 511 ; State board of education, 20-21 ; State normal schools, 469 ; superinten- dent of public Instruction, 48 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certifl- cates, 385-387, 431 ; teachers' institutes, 495 ; teachers' salaries, 444—445 ; teach- ing drawing, 638 ; textbooks, 604, 611- 612 ; vacation schools, 654 ; wrongs to children, 817. Iowa, University of, 722. J. Jefferson Davis, observance of birthday, 646. Juvenile courts, 819-829. See also Com- pulsory attendance ; Dependents and de- linquents. Kansas, agricultural education, 641, 703, 744; blind, 802; child labor, 568; com- pulsory attendance, 534-535 ; consolida- tion of schools, 520-521 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 890-891 ; county superintendents, 93-94 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 787 ; district officers, 131 ; educational corporations, 767 ; employment of teach- ers, 438 ; evening schools, 652 ; feeble- minded, 810; fire drill, 590; flag In schools, 372 ; health regulations, 594 ; high schools, 317, 664-666; Industrial education, 639, 694 ; juvenile courts, 821 ; kindergartens, 649 ; music teach- ing, 638 ; normal training, 487-488 ; re- form schools, 837 ; school census, 506 ; school discipline, 588 ; school districts, 207-211 ; school elections, 183 ; school finance, 319 ; school fraternities, 591 ; school fund, 296-297, 308, 890; school- houses, 356, 367, 369 ; school lands, 293 ; school libraries, 774 ; school taxation, 302, 342 ; school year, 511 ; sectarian in- struction forbidden, 647 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State normal schools, 469-470 ; superintendent of public In- struction, 48-49 ; support of higher edu- cation, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 387-389, 431-432 ; teachers' in- stitutes, 495; textbooks, 604, 612-613; trade schools, 709 ; vacation schools, 654 ; wrongs to children, 817. Kansas, University of, 722-723. Kentucky, agricultural education, 723-724, 744 ; blind, 802 ; bonded Indebtedness, 329-330 ; child labor, 568-569 ; compul- sory attendance, 535 ; consolidation of schools, 521 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 891-893 ; corporal punishment, 589 ; county boards, 75 ; county superintendents, 94-95 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 787 ; district officers, 131-132 ; employ- INDEX. 979 ment of teachers, 438 ; feeble-minded, 810; high schools, 666; illiteracy com- mission, 22 ; industrial education, 639, 694 ; juvenile courts. 821-822 ; kinder- gartens, 649 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 837-838 ; school census, 506 ; school discipline, 588 ; school dis- tricts, 211-215 ; school elections and qualifications of voters, 183 ; school fi- nance, 319; school fund, 275-276, 297, 308, 893 ; schoolhouses, 357 ; school libra- ries, 774-775 ; school taxation, 302, 342, 353, 891-893 ; school year, 511 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State board of education, 21-22 ; State normal schools, 470-471 ; superintendent of public instruction, 49, 891 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 389-390, 432 : teachers' institutes, 495 ; teachers' pensions, 451-452 ; teachers' salaries,i 445 ;technical education, 763 ; textbooks, 604, 613-614 ; vacation schools, 654. Kindergartens, 648-651. L. Land-grant colleges. See Agricultural col- leges. Languages, modern, 648. Lantern slides, 646. Lectures, public, 655. Leland Stanford Junior University, powers of trustees, 874. Libraries, public school, 770-784. See also under names of States. Lincoln's Birthday. See School holidays. Louisiana, agricultural education, 641, 744- 745; blind, 803; bonded indebtedness, 330 ; Carnegie fund, 741 ; child labor, 569 ; compulsory attendance, 535-536 ; con- solidation of schools, 521 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 893—897 ; county boards, 75—76 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635, 648 ; deaf and dumb, 788 ; employment of teachers, 438 ; evening schools, 652 ; health regulations, 594 ; high schools, 666, 692 ; higher education, 713; industrial education, 639, 694; ju- venile courts, 822 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical inspection of schools, 597 ; normal training, 488 ; parish oflScers, 95- 96, 133 ; reform schools, 838, 897 ; school census, 506 ; school districts, 215 ; school elections, 183 ; school fund, 276- 277, 297, 308, 319, 894-896 ; school holi- days, 645 ; schoolhouses, 357, 367, 369 ; school lands, 293 ; school libraries, 775 ; school taxation, 302, 342, 353, 894; school year, 511 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647, 893 ; separation of the races, 585 ; State board of education, 22 ; State normal schools, 471—472 ; superin- tendent of public instruction, 49-50, 894 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 390-391 : teachers' institutes, 495—496 ; teachers* pensions, 452-453 ; teachers' salaries, 445 ; technical education, 763 ; textbooks, 604, 614. Louisiana State University, endowment, 895. M. Maine, agricultural education, 641, 703, 725, 745; blind, 803; child labor, 570; com- pulsory attendance, 536 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 897-898 ; consolidation of schools, 521 ; course of study, 628, 635, 648; deaf and dumb, 788 ; educational corporations, 767 ; em- ployment of teachers, 438 ; evening schools, 652 ; feeble-minded, 810-811 ; fiag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 594 ; high schools, 317, 666-668, 692 ; industrial education, 609, 694-695; juvenile courts, 822 ; medical inspection of schools, 597 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training, 488 ; reform schools, 838 ; school census, 506 ; school com- mittee, 133-134; school districts, 215- 216 ; school elections, 183 : school finance, 319 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 277, 297, 308; school holi- days, 645, 516; schoolhouses, 357, 368, 369 ; school lands, 293 ; school libraries, 775 ; school taxation, 302, 342-343, 897- 898 ; school year, 511 ; sectarian instruc- tion forbidden, 647 ; State board of edu- cation, 22 ; State normal schools, 472 ; superintendent of public schools, 50 ; sus- pension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 391 ; teachers' institutes, 496 ; teachers' pen- sions, 453-454 ; teaching drawing, 638 ; textbooks, 604, 614 ; trade schools, 709 ; vacation schools, 654 ; vaccination, 601. Manual training, 639-641. See also Indus- trial education. Maryland, agricultural education, 641, 703, 745; blind, 803; child labor, 570-571; constitutional provisions regarding edu- cation, 898 ; county boards, 76-77 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635; compulsory at- tendance, 537 ; consolidation of schools, 521 ; deaf and dumb, 788 ; district offi- cers, 134 ; educational corporations, 767 ; employment of teachers, 438 ; feeble- minded, 811 ; free scholarships, 713-714 ; high schools, 318, 668, 692 ; higher edu- cation, 767 ; industrial education, 639, 695 ; juvenile courts, 822 ; medical in- spection of schools, 597-598 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training, 488 ; reform schools, 838-839 ; school census, 506; school districts, 216; school fund, 277-278, 297, 308, 898; school holidays, 516 ; schoolhouses, 357, 369 ; school li- braries, 775-776 ; school taxation, 302, 343 ; school year, 511-512 ; sectarian in- struction forbidden, 647 ; separation of the races, 585-586 ; State board of edu- cation, 22-23 ; State normal schools, 472-473; superintendent of public in- struction, 50-51 ; suspension and expul- sion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' asso- ciations, 435 ; teachers' Institutes, 496 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 391-392, 432 ; teachers' pensions, 454 ; teachers' salaries, 445 ; teaching drawing, 638 ; technical education, 763 ; text- books, 604, 614 ; vacation schools, 654 ; vaccination, 601, 602. Maryland, University of, 726. Massachusetts, agricultural education, 641, 703, 745-746; Bible in schools, 647; blind, 803; child labor, 571-573; com- missioner of education, 51 ; compulsory attendance, 537-539 ; consolidation of schools, 521 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 898-899 ; continua- tion schools, 710-711 ; course of study, 628. 633-635, 648 ; deaf and dumb, 789 ; educational corporations, 767 ; employ- ment of teachers, 438-439 ; evening schools, 652 ; feeble-minded, 811 ; flag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 594 ; high schools, 318, 668-669, 692; indus- trial education, 640, 695-696 ; juvenile courts, 822 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical inspection of schools, 598 ; moral educa- tion, 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training, 488; reform 'schools, 839-842; savings of children, 646 ; school census, 506; school committees, 134-137; school discipline, 588; school districts, 216; school elections, 183 ; school fund, 278, 297-298, 308 ; school holidavs, 516, 645 ; schoolhouses, 357-358, 268-369 ; school libraries, 776; school taxation, 302, 343, 353, 899 ; school year, 512 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of edu- cation, 2.3-24 ; State normal schools, 473 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; 980 INDEX, teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 392, 431-432 ; teachers' institutes, 496- 497 ; teachers' pensions, 454—455 ; teach- ers' salaries, 445 ; teaching drawing, 638 ; technical education, 763 ; textbooks, 604, 614 ; township oflScers, 139 ; trade schools, 709 ; vacation schools, 654 ; vac- cination, 602 ; wrongs to children, 817. Medical inspection of schools, 596—601. See also Schoolhouses, inspection, and sani- tation. Memorial Daj^. See School holidays. Michigan, agricultural education, 641, 703- 704, 746, 900; blind, 803-804; bonded indebtedness, 330 ; child labor, 573-547 ; compulsory attendance, 539—540 ; con- solidation of schools, 521 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 899-901 ; county boards, 77 ; county normal schools, 488-489 ; county superintendents, 96-98 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635 ; deaf and dumb, 789 ; district officers, 137-138 ; educational corporations, 767 ; employ, ment of teachers, 439 ; farmers' insti- tutes, 655 ; feeble-minded, 811-812 ; fire drills, 590; flag in schools, 372; high schools, 318, 669-670 ; higher education, 714 ; humane treatment of animals, 637 ; industrial education, 640, 696 ; juvenile courts, 822 ; kindergartens, 649-650 ; mining school, 759 ; reform schools, 842 ; school census, 506 ; school districts, 216- 221, 323-324 ; school elections, 183 ; school finance, 319 ; school fraternities. 592 ; school fund, 298, 308, 899 ; school holidays, 516, 645 ; schoolhouses, 358, 370 ; schoolhouses for public meetings, 654 ; school lands, 293 ; school libraries, 776-777 ; school taxation, 302, 343-344 ; school year, 512 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647, 899 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of education, 24 ; State normal schools, 473 ; superintend- ent of public instruction, 51-52, 899- 900 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 392-393, 431-432 ; teachers' institutes, 497 ; teachers' pen- sions, 455; textbooks, 604, 614-615; trade schools, 709. Michigan, University of, 726, 900-901. Military schools, 761-762. Military training, agricultural colleges, 960-961. Mining schools, 758-761. Minnesota, agricultural education, 641, 746 ; blind, 804; bonded indebtedness, 330; child labor, 574 ; compulsory attendance, 540-541 ; consolidation of schools, 521 ; constitutional provisions regarding edu- cation, 901-902 ; corporal punishment, 589 ; county boards, 77 ; county superin- tendents, 98-99 ; course of study, 628, 633, 635 ; crippled and deformed, 809 ; deaf and dumb, 789 ; district officers, 139- 141 ; employment of teachers, 439 ; even- ing schools, 652 ; feeble-minded, 812 ; high schools, 310, 318, 670, 692; indus- trial education, 640, 696 ; kindergarten, 650 ; juvenile courts, 822 ; moral educa- tion, 637 ; normal training, 489 ; pro- hibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 842-844 ; school census, 506 ; school dis- tricts, 221-223 ; school elections, and qualifications of voters, 183-184 ; school finance, 319 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 298, 308-311, 902; school holidays, 645, 516 ; schoolhouses, 358, 368, 370 ; school land, 901 ; school libra- ries, 777 ; school taxation, 302-303, 344 ; school year, 512 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of education, 24-25 ; State normal schools, 473-474 ; superin- tendent of education, 52-53 ; support of higher education, 715 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 393-395 ; teachers' institutes, 497 ; teach- ers' pensions, 455 ; teachers' salaries, 445 ; technical education, 764 ; textbooks, 604, 615-616 ; women and education, 901 ; wrongs to children, 817. Minnesota, University of, 727, 902. Mississippi, agricultural education, 642, 704, 746 ; bonded indebtedness, 330-332 ; child labor, 574 ; consolidation of schools, 521-522 ; constitutional provisions re- garding education, 903-904 ; county boards, 77 ; county superintendents, 99- 100; course of study, 629, 633, 635; deaf and dumb, 789-790 ; district officers, 141-142 ; employment of teachers, 439 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools, 670, 692 ; industrial education, 640, 696 ; kindergartens, 650 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; school elections, 184 ; school fi- nance, 319 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 298, 903-904; school holi- days, 645 ; schoolhouses, 358 ; school lands, 293-295 ; school taxation, 344, 353, 904 ; school year, 512 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of educa- tion, 25 ; State normal schools, 474-475 ; superintendent of public education, 53, 903 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' exami- nations and certificates, 395-396, 432; teachers' salaries, 445 ; technical educa- tion, 764; textbooks, 602-603, 616-617. Mississippi, University of, 727-728. Missouri, agricultural education, 642, 704, 747 ; blind, 804 ; bonded indebtedness, 332 ; child labor, 574-575 ; compulsory attendance, 541—542 ; consolidation of schools, 522 ; constitutional provisions re- garding education, 904-907 ; county boards, 77 ; county superintendents, 100- 101 ; course of study, 629, 634-635 ; dis- trict officers, 142-143 ; employment of teachers, 439 ; evening schools, 652 ; health regulations, 595 ; high» schools, 318, 670-671, 692 ; higher education, 714 ; industrial education, 640, 696 ; juvenile courts, 822 ; kindergartens, 650 ; medical inspection of schools, 598 ; mining school, 759 ; normal training in high schools, 489 ; reform schools, 844 ; school census, 506 ; school discipline, 588 ; school dis- tricts, 224-227; school elections, 184; school finance, 320 ; school fund, 278, 311, 906-907; school holidays, 516, 645; schoolhouses, 358 ; school land, 907 ; school libraries, 777 ; school taxation, 344, 905-906 ; school year, 512 ; sectarian education forbidden, 904 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of education, 25-26 ; superintendent of public schools, 53-54, 904; support of higher educa- tion, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 396-398 ; teachers' institutes, 497 ; teachers' salaries, 445; technical educa- tion, 764; textbooks, 604, 617; wrongs to children, 817. Missouri, University of, 728-729. Montana, agricultural education, 642, 704, 747 ; blind, 804 ; bonded indebtedness, 332 ; child labor, 575 ; compulsory attend- ance, 542-543 ; consolidation of schools, 522 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 908-910 ; corporal punish- ment, 589 ; county boards, 77 ; course of study, 629, 634, 636; deaf and dumb, 790; district officers, 143-144; employ- ment of teachers, 439-440 ; fiag in schools, 372 ; fire drills, 590 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools, 318, 671 ; industrial education, 640, 696; junvenile courts, 822 ; kindergartens, 650, 652 ; reform schools, 844-845; school census, 506; school elections, 184 ; school finance, 320 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 278 298, 311, 908-909 ; school holidays, 516, 645 ; schoolhouses, 359, 368 ; school INDEX. 981 land, 909-910 ; school libraries, 777 ; school taxation, 344 ; school year, 512- 513 ; sectiirian instruction forbidden, 647 ; State board of education, 26 ; State normal school, 475 ; State school of mines, 759 ; superintendent of public in- struction, 54-55, 908 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expul- sion, 589 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' diplo- mas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 398-399, 431, 433 ; teachers' institutes, 497^98; textbooks, 604,617- 618. Montana, University of, 729. Moral and ethical education, 637. Morrill Act, first, 956-958 ; second, 958- 959 ; Nelson amendment, 960. Mothers' Day, 644. Municipal boards. See Boards of educa- tion (city). Municipal universities, 714. Museums. See also Libraries, public schools. Music, instruction, 638. N. Narcotics, 634-637. Nebraska, agricultural education, 642, 704, 747 ; blind, 804 ; bonded indebtedness, 332-333 ; child labor, 575 ; compulsory attendance, 543 ; consolidation of schools, 522 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 910-911 ; county boards, 77 ; county superintendents, 101-102 ; course of study, 629, 636, 648 ; crippled and de- formed, 809 ; deaf and dumb, 790 ; district officers, 144-146 ; education of special classes, 784 ; employment of teachers, 440 ; farmers' institutes, 655 ; feeble- minded, 812 ; fire drills, 590 ; high schools, 318, 672-675, 692 ; higher education, 729-730; industrial education, 640; ju- venile courts, 822-823 ; kindergartens, 650 ; moral education, 637 ; normal train- ing in high schools, 489 ; reform schools, 845-846 ; school census, 506 ; school dis- tricts, 228-231 ; school elections, and qualifications of voters, 184-186 ; school finance, 321 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 311-312, 911 ; school holi- days, 517 ; schoolhouses, 359 ; school li- braries. 777 ; school meetings, 184 ; school taxation, 344 ; school year, 513 ; State normal schools, 475—476 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 911 ; State board of education, 26-27; State Fire Day, 645 ; superintendent of public instruction, 55, 910 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 589 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 399-401, 433; teachers' institutes, 498 ; teachers' pensions, 455 ; teachers' salaries, 445 ; textbooks, 605, 618 ; wrongs to children, 817-818. Nevada, agricultural education, 642, 747 ; blind, 804; bonded Indebtedness, 332; child labor, 575 ; compulsory attendance, 543-544 ; consolidation of schools, 522 ; constitutional provisions regarding edu- cation, 912-913 ; county boards, 77 ; course of study, 629, 634, 636, 648 ; deaf and dumb, 790-791 ; district officers, 146- 147 ; employment of teachers, 440 ; flag in schools, 372 ; feeble-minded, 812 ; high schools, 318, 675-676; humane treat- ment of animals, 637 ; industrial educa- tion, 640 ; kindergartens, 650 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training in high schools, 490 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 846 ; school census, 506- 507 ; school discipline, 588 ; school dis- tricts, 231-232 ; school elections, 186 ; school finance, 321 ; school fund, 278- 279, 298, 312; school holidays, 517; schoolhouses, 359, 368 ; school lands, 295, 912 ; school libraries, 777 ; school taxa- tion, 303, 344 ; sectarian instruction for- bidden, 647, 913; State board of educa- tion, 27-28; State normal school, 476; superintendent of public instruction, 55- 56, 913 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; support of higher education, 715 ; teach- ers, 375 ; teachers' certificates and ex- aminations, 401-402, 433 ; teachers' insti- tutes, 498 ; teachers' salaries, 445 ; teach- ing drawing, 638; textbooks, 605, 618- 619 ; Virginia City school of mines, 759 ; wrongs to children, 818. Nevada, University of, 730-731. New Hampshire, agricultural education, 747-748; blind, 805; bonded indebted- ness, 333-334 ; child labor, 575 ; com- pulsory attendance, 544-546 ; consolida- tion of schools, 523 ; course of study, 629, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 791 ; district officers, 147-149 ; educational corpora- tions, 768 ; employment of teachers, 440 ; feeble-minded, 813 ; flag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools, 318, 676, 692 ; humane treatment of animals, 637 ; industrial education, 696 ; juvenile courts, 823 ; kindergartens, 652 ; medical inspection of schools, 598-599 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 846-849 ; school census, 507 ; school dis- cipline, 588 ; school districts, 232-233 ; school elections and qualifications of voters, 186-187; school fund, 279-280, 312 ; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 359-360, 370; schoolhouses for com- munity purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295 ; school libraries, 777-778 ; school meet- ings, 186 ; school taxation, 344-345, 353 ; sectarian Instruction forbidden, 647, 913 ; State board of education, 28 ; State normal schools, 476-477 ; superintendent of public instruction, 56 ; suspension and expulsion, 590; teachers, 375; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 403 ; teachers' institutes, 498 ; textbooks, 605, 619 ; vaccination, 602 ; wrongs to children, 818. New Jersey, agricultural education, 642, 704, 748-749 ; blind, 805 ; bonded indebt- edness, 334 ; child labor, 575-576 ; com- missioner of education, 56-57 ; compul- sory attendance, 546-547 ; consolidation of schools, 523 ; constitutiom 1 provisions regarding education, 913-914 ; continua- tion schools, 711 ; corporal punishment, 589 ; county boards, 77 ; county superin- tendents, 102-103 ; course of study, 629, 634, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 791 ; district officers, 149 ; educational corporations, 768 ; employment of teachers, 440 ; feeble- minded, 813 ; fiag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools, 318, 676, 692 ; higher education, 714, 767 ; indus- trial education, 640, 696-698 ; juvenile courts, 823 ; kindergartens, 650, 652-653 ; medical Inspection of schools, 599 ; nor- mal training in high schools, 490 ; pre- vention of accidents, 646 ; reform schools, 849-851 ; school attendance, 504-505 ; school census, 507 ; school districts, 233- 236 ; school elections, 187 ; school ex- tension work, 655 ; school lands, 295 ; school fund, 280, 298, 312, 913 ; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 360-361, 368, 370 ; schoolhouses for community purposes, 654 ; school libraries, 778 ; school taxation, 303-304, 345 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of education, 28 ; State normal schools, 477 ; suspen- sion and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' associations, 435 ; teachers' ex- aminations and certificates, 403, 431, 433 ; teachers' institutes and summer schools, 498-499 ; teachers' pensions, 455- 457 ; teachers' salaries, 445-446 ; techni- cal education, 764 ; textbooks, 605, 619 ; trade schools, 709 ; vaccination, 602. New Mexico, agricultural education, 642, 749 ; blind, 805 ; board of education, 916 ; bonded indebtedness, 334 ; city boards of 982 INDEX. education, 150-152 ; compulsory attend- ance, 547 ; consolidation of schools, 523 ; constitutional provisions regarding educa- tion, 914-917 ; county superintendents, 103 ; course of study, 629-630, 634, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 791-792 ; district officers, 149-150 ; employment of teachers, 440 ; flag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 595; high schools, 318, 676-677; indus- trial education, 640, 698 ; kindergartens, 650 ; military schools, 761 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 851 ; school census, 507 ; school districts, 236-237 ; school elections, 187 ; school finance, 321 ; school funds, 280-281, 298, 312, 915; school holidays, 517, 645 ; schoolhouses, 361, 368 ; schoolhouses for community purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295, 916— 917 ; school taxation, 304, 345-346, 353, 914-915 ; school year, 513 ; sectarian education forbidden, 647, 916 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of educa- tion, 28-29 ; State normal schools, 477- 478 ; superintendent of public instruc- tion, 57-58, 914 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' diplomas, 434 ; teachers^ examinations and certificates, 403^05, 433 ; teachers' institutes and summer schools, 499 ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; technical educa- tion, 704 ; textbooks, 605, 619 ; vaccina- tion, 602 ; wrongs to children, 818. New Mexico, University of, 731-732 ; School of Mines, 759-760. New Orleans, public schools, 895-896. New York, agricultural education, 642, 704- 705, 749-751 ; blind, 805-806 ; boards of education, city and union free-school dis- tricts, 152-156 ; bonded indebtedness, 334 ; child labor, 576-577 ; commissioner of education. 58-59 ; compulsory attend- ance, 547-549 ; consolidation of schools, 523 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 917-918 ; continuation schools, 711 ; courses of study, 630, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 792-793 ; educational corpo- rations, 768 ; employment of teachers, 440 ; feeble-minded, 813 ; fire drills, 591 ; fiag in schools, 372 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools, 318, 677, 692 ; higher education, 714, 732, 767 ; industrial edu- cation, 640, 698-699 ; juvenile courts, 824 ; kindergartens, 650, 653 ; medical inspection of schools, 599 ; normal train- ing in high schools, 490 ; prohibition dis- tricts, 371 ; reform schools, 851-852 ; school census, 507 ; school districts, 237- 239 ; school elections and qualifications of voters, 187-188 ; school finance, 322 ; school funds, 281-284, 298, 312, 917 ; school holidays, 517, 645 ; schoolhouses, 361-362, 370 ; schoolhouses for commu- nity purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295 ; school libraries, 778-779 ; school meet- ings, 187 ; school savings' banks, 646 ; school taxation, 346-347, 918; school year, 513 ; sectarian education forbid- den, 918 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of education, 29-31 ; State normal schools, 478-479 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 405, 431, 433 ; teachers' institutes, 499 ; teachers' pensions, 457-459 ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; technical education, 764-765 ; text- books, 605, 619 ; trade schools, 709 ; vac- cination, 602. Normal schools, 741 ; county and local, 487- 492 ; recognition of diplomas, 433-436 ; State training of teachers, 465-487. North Carolina, agricultural schools, 705- 707, 751-752; blind, 806; child labor, 577 ; consolidation of schools, 523 ; con- stitutional provisions regarding educa- tion, 918-920 ; county boards, 78 ; county superintendents, 104 ; courses of study, 630, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 793 ; education of Indians, 784 ; employment of teachers, 441 ; feeble-minded, 813 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools. 318, 677-678, 692; industrial education, 699 ; medical inspection of schools, 599 ; reform schools, 852 ; school census, 507 ; school districts, 239 ; school elections, 188; school finance, 322-323; school fund, 298-299, 312; schoolhouses, 362, 368 ; school lands, 919 ; school libraries, 779 ; school taxation, 304, 347, 353 ; school year, 513-514 ; separation of the races, 586 ; State board of education, 31 ; State normal schools, 479 ; superin- tendent of public instruction, 59, 918- 919 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 405-406 ; teachers' institutes, 49P ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; textbooks, 619-620; township officers, 156. North Carolina, University of, 732. North Dakota, agricultural education, 642, 707, 752; blind, 806; bonded indebted- Bess, 334 ; child labor, 577-578 ; compul- sory attendance, 549-550 ; consolidation of schools, 523 ; constitutional pro- visions regarding education, 920- 924 ; county superintendents, 104-105 ; courses of study, 630, 634, 636; deaf and dumb, 793; district officers, 157- 158 ; employment of teachers, 441 ; feeble- minded, 813 ; flag in schools, 372 ; high schools, 318, 678, 692: humane treat- ment of animals, 637 ; industrial educa- tion, 640, 699-700; kindergartens, 650; medical inspection of schools, 599-600 ; mining schools, 760 ; moral education, 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; reform schools, 852 ; school census, 508 ; school districts, 239-242 ; school elections, 188 ; school funds, 284, 299, 312-313, 922-923; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 362- 363, 368, 370 ; schoolhouses for com- jiiunity purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295, 921-922 ; school libraries, 779 ; school taxation, 304, 347 ; school year, 514 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647 ; State aid to common schools, 312- 313 ; State normal schools, 479-480 ; su- perintendent of public instruction, 59-60, 920 ; support of higher education, 715- 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers. 375 ; teachers' (tiplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 406-407, 431 ; teachers' institutes, 499- 500 ; teachers' pensions, 459 ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; teaching drawing, 638 ; technical education, 765 ; textbooks, 605- 606, 620. North Dakota, University of, 732-733. O. Ohio, agricultural education, 642, 752; blind, 806-807 ; boards of education, 158-160 ; bonded indebtedness, 335 ; child labor, 578 ; compulsory attendance, 555-551 ; consolidation of schools, 523 ; constitutional provisions regarding edu- cation, 924-925 ; continuation schools, 711 ; county boards, 78-80 ; county superintendents, 105 ; course of study, 630, 634, 636, 648 ; crippled and de- formed, 809 ; deaf and dumb, 793-794 ; educational corporations, 768-769; em- ployment of teachers, 441 ; feeble-minded, 813 ; fire drills, 591 ; flag in schools, 372 ; high schools, 318, 678, 692; higher edu- cation, 714; industrial education, 640, 700; juvenile courts, 824-825; kinder- gartens, 650, 653 ; medical inspection of schools, 600 ; moral education, 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training in high schools, 490 ; prevention of acci- dents, 646; reform schools, 852-853; school census, 508 ; school districts, 242- 249 ; school finance, 323 ; school fra- ternities, 592 ; school fund, 284-286, 299, 313, 924-925 ; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 363-364, 368, 370; school- houses for community purposes, 654 ; INDE^. 983 school lands, 295 ; school libraries, 779- 780; school taxation, 304, 347-348; school year, 514 ; State board of educa- tion, 32 ; State normal schools, 480 ; superintendent of public instruction, 60- 61, 925 ; support of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 407-410 ; teachers' in- stitutes, 500 ; teachers' pensions, 459- 460 ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; teaching drawing, 639; textbooks, 606, 620; trade schools, 710 ; tuberculous children, 816; vaccination, 602. Ohio, University of, 733-734. Olilahoma, agricultural edu(;ation, 643, 707, 752-753 ; blind, 807 ; bonded indebted- ness, 335; child labor, 578-579; com- pulsory attendance, 551 ; consolidation of schools, 523-524 ; constitutional provi- sions regarding education, 925-928 ; county boards, 80 ; county superintend- ents, 105-106 ; course of study, 630, 634, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 794 ; district officers, 160-161 ; employment of teachers, 441 ; feeble-minded, 813-814 ; flag in schools, 373 ; high schools, 678 ; humane treat- ment of animals, 637 ; industrial educa- tion, 640 ; juvenile courts, 825-826 ; Ijin- dergartens, 650 ; moral education, 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; reform schools, 853- 854 ; school attendance, 505 ; school cen- sus, 508; school districts, 250-251; school elections, 188 ; school finance, 324 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 313, 927; school holidays, 645; school- houses, 364, 370 ; schoolhouses for com- munity purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295 ; school libraries, 780 ; school taxation, 348, 926-927 ; school year, 514 ; secta- rian instruction forbidden, 647 ; separa- tion of the races, 587 ; State board of education, 32-33 ; State normal schools, 480-481 ; superintendent of public in- struction, 61 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' associa- tions, 436 ; teachers' certificates and ex- aminations, 410—412 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' institutes, 500-501 ; tech- nical education, 765-766 ; textbooks, 606, 620-621. Oklahoma, University of, 734-735, 927. Oklahoma School of Mines, 760. Oregon, Arbor Day, 645; blind, 807; bonded Indebtedness, 335 ; child labor, 579 ; compulsory attendance, 551-552 ; consolidation of schools, 524 ; constitu- tional provisions regarding education, 928-929 ; county boards, 81 ; county su- perintendents, 106—107 ; course of study, 630, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 794-795 ; dis- trict officers, 161-162 ; educational cor- porations, 769 ; employment of teachers, 441 ; feeble-minded. 814 ; fire drills, 591 ; flag in schools, 373 ; health regulations, 595; high schools, 318, 678-680; higher education, 767 ; industrial education, 640, 700 ; juvenile courts, 826 ; kindergartens, 650, 653 ; medical inspection of schools, 600 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal train- ing in high schools, 490 ; reform schools, 854-855 ; school census, 508 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school discipline, 588 ; school districts, 251-254 ; school elec- tions and voters' qualifications, 188 ; school fund, 299, 313; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 364, 368 ; school- houses for community purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295, 928 ; school libraries, 780 ; school meetings, 188 ; school taxa- tion, 348 ; school year, 514 ; State board of education, 33 ; State normal schools, 481 ; superintendent of public instruction, 61-62 ; support of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' associations, 436 ; teachers' certificates and examinations, 412-414 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 433 ; teachers' institutes, 501 ; teachers' pensions, 460-461 ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; technical education, 766 ; textbooks, 606, 621 ; trade schools, 710 ; university extension, 655 ; vaccination, 602. Oregon, University of, 735-736. P. Patriotism, teaching. See Civics. Pennsylvania, agricultural education, 643, 707, 753 ; blind, 807 ; bonded indebted- ness, 335 ; child labor, 579-580 ; com- pulsory attendance, 552-553 ; consolida- tion of schools, 524 ; constitutional pro- visions regarding education, 929-930 ; continuation schools, 711 ; county boards, 81 ; county superintendents, 107-108 ; course of study, 630, 634, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 795 ; educational corporations, 769 ; employment of teachers, 441-442 ; feeble-minded, 814 ; fire drills, 591 ; flag in schools, 373 ; health regulations, 595 ; high schools, 318, 680-681, 692; higher education, 714 ; humane treatment of animals, 638 ; Industrial education, 640, 700 ; juvenile courts, 826 ; kindergartens, 650, 653 ; medical Inspection of schools, 600 ; music teaching, 638 ; reform schools, 855 ; school census, 508 ; school directors, 162-164; school districts, 254-256; school elections, 188 ; school finance, 324- 325 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 299, 313; school holidays, 517; schoolhouses, 364-365, 368, 370; school- houses for community purposes, 654 ; school libraries, 780-781; school taxa- tion, 304, 348-349, 929; school year, 514-515 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 647-648 ; separation of the races, 587 ; State board of education, 33-34; State normal schools, 481-482 ; superintendent of public Instruction, 62, 929 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' certificates and examinations, 414-415, 433 ;- teachers' institutes, 501- 502 ; teachers' pensions, 461 ; teachers' salaries, 446 ; teaching drawing, 639 ; textbooks, 603, 606, 622; trade schools, 710 ; vaccination, 602 ; wrongs to chil- dren, 818. Pensions, teachers'. See Teachers' pensions. Philippine Islands, public schools, 972-973. Physical education, 634. Physical examination of children, 596-601. Physiology and hygiene, 634-637. See also Health regulations, School hygiene. Playgrounds, 654. Population, school. See School population. Porto Rico, public schools, 973-974. Private schools, 767-770. Professional education, 741-766. Prohibition districts and schools, 371. R. Races, separation, 585-587. Reading circles. See Teachers' reading circles. Reform schools, 829-862, 872, 875, 876. Rhode Island, agricultural education, 643, 707,754 : blind, 807 ; bonded indebtedness, 335 ; child labor, 580-581 ; commissioner of public schools, 62-63 ; compulsory at- tendance, 554 ; consolidation of schools, 524 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 930 ; course of study, 630, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 795-796 ; educational cor- porations, 769 ; employment of teachers, 442 ; feeble-minded, 815 ; fire drills, 591 ; flag in schools, 373 ; free public lectures, 655 ; hazing in colleges, etc., 715 ; high schools. State aid, 318, 681 ; industrial education, 640, 700-701 ; juvenile courts, 826 ; kindergartens, 653 ; medical inspec- tion of schools, 600 ; moral education, 637 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform schools, 855-856 ; school census, 508 ; school committee, 164-165 ; school disci- pline, S88 ; school districts, 256-257 ; 984 INDEX. school elections, 188 ; school fund, 299, 313-314, 930; school holidays, 517, 645 ; school houses, 365, 370 ; school libraries, 781 ; school taxation, 349, 353 ; school year, 515 ; State board of education, 34r-35 ; State normal schools, 482 ; separation of the races, 587 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' certificates and examinations, 415 ; teachers' institutes, 502 ; teachers' pensions, 461 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; teaching drawing, 639 ; textbooks, 606, 622 ; trade schools, 710 ; tuberculous children, 816 ; vaccination, 602. Rural schools, State aid, 314. S. Salaries, teachers'. See Teachers' salaries. Samoa, public schools, 974, Savings banks. See School savings banks. Scholarships, free, 713-714, School attendance, 504-587. See also Compulsory attendance. School boards. See Boards of education. School committees, Connecticut, 121-122 ; Maine, 133-134 ; Massachusetts, 134- 137; Rhode Island, 164-165, School directors, Pennsylvania, 162-164. School discipline, 587-592. School districts, 191-270, 318-353. School extension work, 655. School fraternities, 591-592. School funds, 305-317, 872, 875, 877, 879- 881, 883-884, 886-890. 892-896, 901- 905, 908, 910-911, 913-914, 918-919, 922, 924-925, 929, 933-934, 938-939, 942, 947-950, 952-954. See also State finance and support. School holidays, 516-518. Schoolhouses, decoration and care, 369- 371 ; for community purposes, 654 ; in- spection and sanitation, 369-371 ; plans, 354-367 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; pro- visions against fire, 356, 358, 360-361, 363-364, 369-371 ; State aid, 367-369 ; United States flag displayed, 372-373. School hygiene, 593-602. See also Physi- ology and hygiene. School lands, 869-870, 873, 889-891, 907, 909-910, 916, 919, 921-922, 928-929, 934-935, 939-940, 942, 948, 950-951. See also School funds. School meetings, 181-190. School population, 504-587. School savings' banks, 646. School supervision, 871. School supplies. See under Textbooks. School taxation, 869-870, 875, 878, 880- 884, 886, 891-892, 894, 897-899, 905-906, 908, 912, 914-915, 926-927, 930-931, 941, 943, 945-946, 949. School term. See under School year. School trustees, city, 129-130. School year, 510-515, Secondary education, 655-692 ; special State aid, 317-318, See also High schools and under names of States. Sectarian instruction, 647-648, 867, 871, 873-874, 885, 893, 899, 913, See also Bible in the school ; Constitutional pro- visions regarding education ; and under names of States. Segregation of the races, 585-587. Separation of races, 585-587. Smith-Lever Act, 965-967, Social centers, schools as, 654. South Carolina, agricultural education, 643, 754-755; blind, 807; bonded in- debtedness, 335 ; child labor, 581 ; con- solidation of schools, 524 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 930-933 county boards, 81 ; county superintend ents, 108; course of study, 630, 636: deaf and dumb, 796 ; district oflBcers 165-166 ; educational corporations, 769 employment of teachers, 442 ; flag in schools, 373 ; health regulations, 595- 596; high schools, 318, 681-682, 692; industrial education, 640 ; juvenile courts, 826; kindergartens, 650, 653; military schools, 761 ; normal training in high schools, 490 ; reform schools, 856 ; school districts, 257 ; school elec- tions, 189 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 286, 314 ; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 365, 368, 370 ; school libraries, 781 ; school taxation, 304, 349, 353, 930-933 ; school term, 515 ; sec- tarian instruction forbidden, 648 ; sepa- ration of the races, 587 ; South Caro- lina Day, 646 ; State aid to rural schools, 314; State board of education, 35; State normal schools, 483 ; superintend- ent of education, 63 ; support of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expul- sion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' cer- tificates and examinations, 415 ; teach- ers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examina- tions and certificates, 431, 433 ; teach- ers' institutes, 502 ; teachers' pensions, 461 ; technical education, 766 ; text- i books, 603, 606, 622 ; vaccination, 602. South Dakota, agricultural education, 643- 644, 755 ; blind, 807 ; bonded indebted- ness, 335-336 ; child labor, 581 ; com- pulsory attendance, 554 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 933-938 ; county boards, 82 ; county superintend- ents, 108-109 ; course of study, 630, 634, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 796-797 ; district oflBcers, 166—167 ; employment of teach- ers, 442 ; farmers' institutes, 655 ; feeble- minded, 815 ; flag in schools, 373 ; high schools, 682, 692 ; humane treatment of animals, 638 ; juvenile courts, 826 ; kinder- gartens, 650 ; Memorial Day, 646 ; moral education, 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; prohibition districts, 371 ; reform school, 856 ; school census, 508 ; school districts, 258-259 ; school elections, 189 ; school fund, 314, 933-936 ; school holidays, 517 ; schoolhouses, 365, 370 ; schoolhouses for community purposes, 654 ; school of mines, 760 ; school land, 934-936 ; school libraries, 781-782 ; school taxation, 349, 353 ; school year, 515 ; State board of education, 35-36 ; State normal schools, 483 ; superintendent of public instruc- tion, 63 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' associations, 436 ; teachers' certificates and examina- tions, 415-416, 433 ; teaching drawing, 639; textbooks, 606, 622. South Dakota, University of, 736. Special classes, education, 784-816. State boards of education. See Boards of education. State. State constitutional provisions relating to public education, 863-955. State finance and support, 270-318. See also under names of States. State inspection of schools, 68-69. State officers, 43-68. See also under names of States. State school lands, 292-295. State taxation for schools, 300-304. Summer schools, for teachers, 492-504. Superintendents of education, county, 85- 115. Superintendents of public instruction, pow- ers and duties, 43-68, 863-864, 868-869, 873, 875, 880, 899-900, 903-904, 908, 910, 913, 914, 918-919, 925, 929, 942, 945, 947-948. See also under names of States. Supervision of public education, 15-270. Suspension and expulsion, 589-590. Taxation, schools, 300-304, 339-353, 863- 868. See also Finance and under names of States. Teachers, employment, 436-464 ; examina- tion and certification, 373-436; profes- sional training and education, 465-504; INDEX. 985 qualifications, 373-376; recognition of normal school and college or university diplomas, 433-435 ; tenure of office and duties, 43r>-444. Teachers' associations, 435-436. Teachers' colleges, 741. iSee also Normal schools. Teachers institutes, 492-504. Teachers' pensions, 447—465. Teachers' reading circles, 435—436. Teachers' salaries, 444—447. Technical education, 63^-641, 692-711, 741-766. Temperance, instruction, 634-637. Tennessee, agricultural education, 644, 707, 755; blind, 807-808; bonded indebted- ness, 336 ; child labor, 581-582 ; compul- sory attendance, 555 ; consolidation of schools, 525 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 938 ; county boards, 82-83 ; county superintendents, 109 ; course of study, 630, 636 ; deaf and dumb, 797 ; district officers, 167 ; edu- cational corporations, 769 ; employment of teachers, 443 ; health regulations, 596; high schools, 318, 682-683, 692; industrial education, 640, 701 ; juvenile courts, 826-827 ; medical inspection of schools, 600 ; reform schools, 856-857 ; school census, 508 ; school discipline, 588; school districts, 259-260; school elections, 189; school fund, 286-288, 299, 314, 938; school holidays, 646; schoolhouses, 365 ; school libraries, 782 ; school taxation, 304, 349, 353, 938; school year, 515 ; separation of the races, 587 ; State board of education, 36 ; State normal schools, 483 ; superintend- ent of public Instruction, 63-64 ; support of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 417-418 ; teachers' in- stitutes, 502 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; textbooks, 606, 622-623; wrongs to chil- dren, 818. Tennessee, University of, 736. Texas, agricultural education, 644, 755- 756; blind, 808; bonded indebtedness, 336 ; child labor, 582 ; consolidation of schools, 525 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 938-941 ; county boards, 83 ; course of study, 630-631, 634, 637 ; deaf and dumb, 797 ; district officers, 167-168 ; employment of teach- ers, 443 ; health regulations, 596 ; high schools, 318, 683-684 ; industrial educa- tion, 640 ; juvenile courts, 827 ; kinder- gartens, 650 ; reform schools, 857 ; school census, 50&-509 ; school districts, 260- 261 ; school finance, 325 ; school fund, 288, 299. 314, 938-939 ; school holidays, 517; schoolhouses, 365, 368, 370; school lands, 295, 939-941 ; school of mines, 760 ; school taxation, 304, 349- j 350, 353 ; school year, 515 ; sectarian In- struction forbidden, 648 ; separation of I the races, 587 ; superintendent of public instruction, 64 ; support of higher educa- tion, 716 State board of education, 37 ; State normal schools, 483 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 418-419, 433; teachers' institutes, 502; teachers* salaries, 447 ; technical educa- tion, 766; textbooks, 623; vaccination, 602. Texas, University of, 736, 941. Textbooks, 602-603; free, 603-607; uni- formity, 607-626, 873-874. Thanksgiving Day. See School holidays. Township officers, 120-121 ; Illinois, 124- 128; Indiana, 128-129; Massachusetts, 139; North Carolina, 156. Townships, 191, 196-197, 206. Trade schools, 709-711. Transportation of pupils to school, 317, 518-526. See cuso Consolidation of schools. Truancy and truant officers, 527-529. Tuberculous children, 816. Tulane University, development, 895. Types of schools, 648-655. . U. Union districts, California, 195. Union (or graded) districts, 209. Universities, State, 716-741. See also Mu- nicipal universities. Universities, training of teachers, 465. University and school extension, 655. University diplomas, recognition, 433-436. Utah, agricultural education, 756 ; blind, 808 ; board of education, 943 ; bonded in- debtedness, 336 ; child labor, 582 ; com- pulsory attendance, 555 ; consolidation of schools, 525 ; constitutional provisions regarding education, 941-944 ; county boards, 83 ; county superintendent, 111 ; course of study, 631, 634, 637 ; deaf and dumb, 797-798; district officers, 168-169 ; employment of teachers, 443 ; feeble-minded, 815 ; flag in schools, 373; health regulations, 596; high, schools, 318, 684, 692 ; industrial edu- cation, 640, 701 ; juvenile courts, 827 ; kindergartens, 650 ; medical inspection of schools, 600 ; moral education, 637 ; reform school, 858 ; school census, 509 ; school districts, 261-264 ; school elections, 189 ; school libraries, 782 ; school fund, 288, 315 ; school holidays, 517 ; school- houses, 365, 368 ; schoolhouses for com- munity purposes, 654 ; school land, 942 ; school of mines, 760 ; school taxation, 304, 350, 943 ; school year, 515 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 648 ; State board of education, 37 ; State normal schools, 483 ; superintendent of public instruc- tion, 64-65, 942 ; support of higher edu- cation, 716 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 419-420, 431, 433; teachers' institutes, 502 ; teachers' pen- sions, 461-462 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; teaching drawing, 639 : textbooks, 606, 623. Utah, University of, 737. V. Vacation schools, 654. See also Play- grounds. Vaccination, 601-602. Vermont, agricultural education, 644, 707- 708; blind, 808; bonded indebtedness, 336 ; child labor, 582-583 ; compulsory attendance, 556 ; consolidation of schools, 525 ; course of study, 631, 634, 637 ; deaf and dumb, 798 ; district officers, 169-170 ; educational corporations, 770 ; employ- ment of teachers, 443 ; feeble-minded, 815 ; fire drills, 591 ; flag in schools, 373 ; high schools, 684-685, 692 ; higher educa- tion, 737; industrial education, 640; juvenile courts, 827 ; kindergartens, 651, 653 ; medical inspection of schools, 600- 601 ; military education, 762 ; music teaching, 638 ; normal training in high schools, 490-491 ; reform school, 858- 859 ; school census, 509 ; school districts, 264-265; school elections, 189; school fraternities, 592; school fund, 288, 299, 315 ; school holidays, 517, 646 ; school- houses, 365-366; school lands, 295; school libraries, 782-783 ; school taxa- tion, 304, 350-351, 353 ; school year, 515 ; State board of education, 37-38 ; State normal schools, 484 ; superintendent of education, 65-66 ; support of higher edu- cation, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 420-422 ; teachers' institutes, 502 ; teachers' pensions, 462-463 ; teaching drawing, 639 ; textbooks, 606, 623 ; use of lantern slides, 646. 986 INDEX. Virginia, agricultural education, 644, 708, 756-757 ; blind, 808 ; board of education, 944-945 ; bonded indebtedness, 336-337 ; child labor, 583 ; compulsory attendance, 556-557 ; consolidation of schools, 525 : constitutional provisions regarding ed- ucation, 944-946 ; continuation schools, 711 ; county boards, P3-84 ; county su- perintendent, 111 ; course of study, 632, 634, 637 ; deaf and dumb, 798-799 ; di- vision superintendents, 170 ; district of- ficers, 170-171 ; employment of teachers, 443 ; farmers' Institutes, 655 ; health reg- ulations, 596; high schools, 318, 685- 686, 692 ; industrial education, 640, 701 ; juvenile courts, 828 ; medical inspection of schools, 601 ; normal training in high schools, 491 ; reform school, 859 ; school attendance, 505 ; school census, 509 ; school discipline, 588 ; school districts, 265-267 ; school elections, 189 ; school fund, 288-289, 300, 315, 945-946 ; school holidays, 518, 646; schoolhouses, 366, 368, 371 ; schoolhouses for communitv purposes, 654 ; school lands, 295 ; school taxation, 304, 851, 353, 944-945; school year, 515 ; separation of the races, 587 ; State board of education, 38-39; State normal schools, 484 ; superintendent of public instruction, 66, 945 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 ; teach- ers' dipiomas, 43d; teachers' examina- tions and certificates, 422, 432, 433 ; teachers' institutes, 502 ; teachers' pen- sions, 463-464 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; teaching drawing, 639 ; textbooks, 606, 623; trade schools, 710. Virginia, University of, 737-738. Virginia Military Institute, 762. Vocational schools, 692-711. Voters, qualifications, 181-190. W. Washington, agricultural education, 644, 757-758 ; blind, 808 ; bonded indebted- ness, 337-338 ; Carnegie fund, 741 ; child labor, 583 ; compulsory attendance, 557 ; consolidation of schools, 525 ; constitu- tional provisions regarding education, 946-948 ; county boards, 84 ; county su- perintendent, 111-112 ; course of study, 632, 634, 637, 648 ; deaf and dumb, 799 ; district officers, 171-174, 181 ; school elections and qualifications, 189 ; em- ployment of teachers, 443 ; feeble- minded, 815-816 ; fire drills, 591 ; flag in schools, 373 ; health regulations, 596 ; high schools, 318, 686, 692 ; humane treatment of animals, 638 ; industrial ed- ucation, 640, 701 ; juvenile courts, 828- 829 ; kindergartens, 651, 653 ; moral ed- ucation, 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; pro- hibition districts, 371 ; reform school, 859-860 ; school census, 509 ; school dis- tricts, 267-269 ; school finance, 325 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 289-290, 300, 315-316, 947-948; school holidays, 518 ; schoolhouses, 366, 368, 371 ; schoolhouses for community pur- poses, 654 ; school, lands, 295, 948 ; school libraries, 783 ; school taxation, 304, 351 ; school year, 515 ; sectarian instruction forbidden, 648, 948 ; State board of edu- cation, 39—40 ; State normal schools, 484- 485 ; superintendent of public instruction, 66-67, 947 ; support of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 598 ; teachers, 375—376 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 422-424, 432-433 ; teaching draw- ing, 639 ; teachers' institutes, 502-503 ; textbooks, 606, 623-624; vaccination, 602. Washington, University of, 738. Washington's Birthday. See School holi- days. West Virginia, agricultural education, 644, 758 ; blind, 808 ; boards of education, 174-177 ; bonded indebtedness, 338 ; child labor, 584 ; compulsory attendance, 557-558 ; consolidation of schools, 525 ; constitutional provisions regarding educa- tion, 948-950 ; county superintendents, 112-113 ; course of study, 632, 634, 637 ; deaf and dumb, 799-800 ; district officers, 174-177 ; employment of teachers, 443 ; health regulations, 596 ; high schools, 318, 686-687, 692 ; industrial education, 701 ; juvenile courts, 829 ; flag in schools, 373 ; kindergartens, 651 ; medical inspec- tion of schools, 601 ; reform school, 860- 861 ; school census, 509 ; school disci- pline, 588 ; school districts, 269 ; school elections, 189 ; school finance, 325 ; school fund, 291, 300, 316, 949-950 ; school holidays, 518 ; schoolhouses, 366, 368, 371 ; schoolhouses, for community purposes, 654 ; school libraries, 783 ; school taxation, 304, 351, 950 ; school year, 515 ; separation of the races, 587 ; State board of education, 40-42 ; State normal schools, 485-486 ; superintendent of free schools, 67, 948 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 376 ; teachers' associations, 436 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 424-425, 432-433; teachers' insti- tutes, 503 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; text- books, 606, 624-625 ; wrongs to children, 818 West Virginia, University of, 738-739. Wisconsin, agricultural education, 644, 708-709, 758; blind, 808-809; bonded indebtedness, 338-339 ; child labor, 584- 585 ; compulsory attendance, 558-559 ; consolidation of schools, 525-526 ; con- stitutional provisions, regarding educa- tion, 950-951 ; continuation schools, 711 ; county boards, 84 ; county superin- tendents, 113-114 ; course of study, 632- 634, 637, 648; crippled and deformed, 809 ; deaf and dumb, 800 ; district offi- cers, 177-181 ; educational corporations, 770 ; employment of teachers, 444 ; feeble-minded, 816 ; flag in schools, 373 ; health regulations, 596 ; high schools, 318, 687-692; higher education, 767; humane treatment of animals, 638 ; in- dustrial education, 641, 701-702 ; juve- nile courts, 829 ; kindergartens, 651, 653 ; military education, 762 ; moral education, 637 ; normal training in high schools, 491-492 ; prohibition districts, 871 ; reform schools, 861-862 ; school census, 509-510; school districts, 269; school elections and qualifications of voters, 189-190 ; school extension work, 655; school fund, 291, 300, 316-317; school holidays, 518, 646 ; schoolhouses, 366-368, 371 ; schoolhouses for commu- nity purposes, 654 ; school land, 950- 951 ; school libraries, 783-784 ; school meetings, 189 ; school taxation, 304, 352 ; school year, 515 ; sectarian In- struction, 648 ; State aid to common schools, 291, 316 ; State board of educa- tion, 42 ; State normal schools, 486- 487 ; superintendent of public instruc- tion, 67—68 ; support of higher educa- tion, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 376 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certifi- cates, 425-429 ; teachers' institutes, 503 ; teachers' pensions, 464-465 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; technical education, 766 ; textbooks, 606, 625-626; trade schools, 710 ; vaccination, 602 ; wrongs to chil- dren, 818. Wisconsin, University of, 739-740. Wisconsin Mining Trade School, 760-761. Wyoming, agricultural education, 644, 758 ; blind, 809; bonded indebtedness, 339; child labor, 585 ; compulsory attendance, INDEX. 987 659 ; consolidation of schools, 526 ; con- stitutional provisions regarding educa- tion, 952-955 ; county boards, 84 ; county superintendents, 114-115; course of study, 633-634, 637 ; deaf and dumb, 800-801 ; educational corporations, 770 ; employment of teachers, 444 ; feeble- minded, 816 ; flag in schools, 373 ; high schools, 691 ; humane treatment of ani- mals, 638 ; industrial education, 641, 702 ; juvenile courts, 829 ; kindergartens, 651 ; moral education, 637 ; reform school, 862 ; school census, 510 ; school discipline, 589 ; school districts, 270 ; school elec- tions, 190 ; school finance, 325 ; school fund, 291, 300, 317, 952-953 ; school holidays, 518 ; schoolhouses, 307 ; school lands, 295, 953; school libraries, 784; school year, 515 ; State board of educa- tion, 42 ; State normal schools, 487 ; school taxation, 304, 353, 954-955; separation of the races, 587 ; superintend- ent of public instruction, 68 ; support of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 370 ; teachers' diplomas, 435 ; teachers' examinations and certificates, 429-430, 432-433; teachers' institutes, 503-504 ; teachers' salaries, 447; textbooks, 606-607, 626; vaccina- tion, 602 ; wrongs to children, 818. Wyoming, University of, 740-741, 953-954. Y. Yale University, charter, 879. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. MAB 7 1-.->- MAR 7 1934 T. AAIA m ^^ ^^^ t40M ^0 ^-^ MAV 14 1348 ' LD21-100m-7,'33 YC 04028 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD3fiS717afl UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY