SK 471 B77 5 2 9 4 2 BUREAU OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION GAME ANIMALS, BIRDS AND FISHES BUREAU OF PROymCIAL INFORMATION. SOUTHERN BRANCr.. UNIVE I^SITY OF CMI FQRNU. LIBRARY, I OS ANGELES. CALIF. BULLETIN No. 17 (Seventh Edition). GAME ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND FISHES -OF — BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. THE GOUE.RNNIENT OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH CCLlfflBIA. PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. VICTORIA, B.C. : I'riiited by Wiiliam H. CclliNj Printer to tbe King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1912. 61093 ^r Honourable Price Ellison, - t- *«rvv Minister of Finance and Agriftulture, Victoria, B.C. f Sir, — The undersigned has the honour to submit for your approval the seventh edition of Bulletin No. 17, Game of British Columbia. The matter contained in former editions has been carefully revised and several new subjects have been added. The bulk of the material was prepared by the Provincial Game Warden, who also furnished several of the photographs used in illustrating the Bulletin. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, FRANK I. CLARKE, Secretary, Bureau of Provincial Information. B17 GAME OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. SINCE the year 1778, when Captain Cook made a voyage to the coast of British Columbia, the country has been famous for its game and fish. Owing to the quantity of sea-otter obtainable on the west coast of Vancouver Island, a trading-post was established at Nootka in the year 1778; sub- sequently the abundance of beaver, bear, and other fur-bearing animals attracted the attention of the North-west Company and its successor, the Hudson's Bay Company. It was entirely due to the value of the fur trade that British supremacy became estab- lished and the country's vast resources in timber, minerals, etc., were discovered. During all these years millions of dollars' worth of furs have been taken away and yet the stock is not exhausted, while game of all kinds is still here in quantity. Owing to its topography no other part of the Continent is so favoured in this respect. The area of the Province is, roughly speaking, 700 miles long by 400 miles wide, and throughout this enormous territory there is not a square mile that does not contain game of some kind ; moreover, there are miles and miles of mountains that will not be settled for years to come, and where there will always be game. There are three principal ranges of mountains — the Coast, the Selkirks, and the Rockies — and they form the watershed of a large number of lakes and rivers, the largest of which are the Columbia, Fraser, Skeena, and Stikine Rivers. The climate varies considerably, the coast being more humid, with little frost and, except in the north, a very light snowfall ; to the east of the Coast range of mountains there is a dry belt, the rain and snow fall being light, the summers hotter, and the winters, while colder, are never severe or of lengthy duration. Farther to the east, where the Selkirks are entered, the snowfall gets heavier and the cold increases during the winter. The climate is healthy everywhere; in fact, British Columbia is one vast health resort, and in the interior the fall months are especially delightful. Apart from its sporting attractions, a few weeks in the invigorating air of our mountains, or on the waters of our coast among the islands, will prove one of the best tonics in the world to the tired and weary business-man or to the invalid in search of health. For mountain-climbers or those interested in botany, geology, etc., there are unlimited resources. There are no poisonous insects or reptiles in the mountains, and any mosquitoes or flies there may be in the valleys do not last long, and are always gone by the hunting season. Good water can always be obtained in the dryest parts, even in the height of summer. Ladies can, and frequently do, go into the wilds, and are absolutely sure of being treated with the greatest respect by the roughest of backwoodsmen or most uncivilized Indian. What is more, they frequently return with a number of fine trophies. Vancouver Island and all the country to the west of the Coast Range is more or less densely timbered, and the mountains are steep and arduous to climb. In the dry belt on the east side of the Coast Range the mountains run up as high as ii,ooo feet, bvit they are nothing like so rough, and horses can generally be taken up a great part of the way — in fact, often right up to the summits — and this section is generally sparsely timbered. When the Sel- kirks are reached the mountains rise to even a greater altitude, become more rugged, the timber becomes thicker, and there is also a greater rainfall. There are, however, plenty of hunting- trails, so that horses can be used. The Rockies, the summit of which forms the eastern boundary of the Province, are truly well named ; their lower parts are pretty densely covered with a growth of " jack-pine," which makes travel- ling hard, but, owing to a less rainfall, not as bad as in the Selkirks. After the timber-line, at an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 feet they consist of more or less bare rock, where the glaciers and permanent snow are of smaller extent than the Selkirks. Horses can only be used on the trails and can seldom be taken high into the hunting country, so that the man who wishes to get a big-horn, for which the mountains are especially famous, must be strong in wind and limb. The greater portion of this vast Province is still unsettled, some of it even unexplored, and owing to its mountainous character will remain so for years to come. The consequence is that, while some species of game in certain districts may have become scarce, in others they are as plentiful as ever, while moose have been steadily increasing for some years past. Even in the most settled districts careful preservation has had a wonderful effect, so that close to Vancouver, a city of 165,000 people, deer and bear are commonly killed ; pheasants actually frequent some of the gardens, and mountain - goats still remain on some of the neighbouring mountains. There is absolutely no part of the Province where good sport of some kind cannot be obtained ; in fact, it is one great game preserve. 9 With the exception of musk-ox and antelope, we have every species of game that exists on the Continent. There are even a few wood-buffalo still in existence, while the rarest of other species are still to be found in fair quantities. In addition, the European red deer is to be imported to add an additional attraction to those Nature has bestowed with a lavish hand. Besides our big game, there are ducks, geese, and snipe, pheasants, grouse, and quail, some native, others acclimatized, that furnish sport for the gun, while all our waters have trout and grayling, and for size and numbers the salmon-fishing is the best in the world ; in fact, so many and varied are the sporting possibilities that it would take years to exhaust them. It must, however, be borne in mind that, while we have plenty of game, it does not exist in vast quantities, as it does in Africa. Moreover, each species of game has its own particular range or habitat, and while you may get one or two different kinds from one camp, as a general rule you have to move from one place to another, so that regular hunting-lodges are not in vogue and living under canvas is a necessity. Also this is not a country for a man wishing to travel with every luxury and a host of servants to wait on him, so that he may make big bags at his leisure without exertion. In most places you can be assured of all ordinary comforts and reason- able attention, but the trophies obtained will to a great extent depend on skill and endurance. For the true sportsman, one who values his trophies for their rarity and the memories attached to the difficulty of obtaining them, this is a great country, and while he may not get record specimens he can generally be assured of a number of trophies of which he may well be proud. During the past few years it has been the policy of the Govern- ment to preserve the game, and for this purpose stringent game laws have been enacted and are being rigidly enforced for rich and poor alike. There is a limit of game allowed to be killed, and shooting one day or one month before the season opens is an equal offence. Visitors must not carry firearms or fishing-rods (except when travelling on a public conveyance) without first taking out a licence, the fees for which and the places where they may be obtained are given later on. Another point is that under the game laws of the Province open or close seasons may be declared at any time for any species of game in any district. For instance, all birds and the Coast-deer seasons are opened yearly, as is considered advisable ; again, wapiti are not allowed to be shot anywhere in the Province at present, nor are moose in the Fernie and Cranbrook Districts, or sheep in Okanagan, Yale, and Similkameen. 10 It is absolutely impossible to keep this bulletin up to date in these matters, and intending;: hunters should always inquire care- fully beforehand. Information on these and other points is best obtained direct from the Provincial Game A\'arden in Wincouver. (oast Deer on Vanronyer iMland, photoeraphed at nielit by flaNhlif^ht. MAINLAND COAST. The game consists of deer, goat, black and grizzly bear for the rifle, and wildfowl and grouse for the gun. There is also plenty of trout and salmon tishing. 11 VANCOUVER ISLAND. The most highly prized game is the wapiti, of which there are stiil a fair number ; but they are not allowed to be shot, and there is not likely to be an open season for several years yet. Deer are to be found almost everywhere, and there is also very good grouse, pheasant, and quail shooting, as well as wildfowl in places. Cougar are very numerous, more than 400 having been killed in the past two years. There is splendid trout-fishing almost everywhere, while the famous " tyee " salmon frequents the east coast of the Island. CASSIAR. This is without doubt the best all-round district on the Continent. The game comprises the three so-called varieties of sheep, Oz'is stonei, fannini, and dalli. Moose are now very plentiful; they have been increasing for years, and in the fall of 191 1 were seen in great num- bers. The Cassiar and Yukon moose are unsurpassed for size of head by any except those obtained on the Kenai Peninsula. The Osborn's caribou reaches its highest stage of development in this district and are easily obtained. Goat are to be got without much trouble, and black and grizzly bear are often included among the bag, as well as an occasional wolf or fox. While game is plentiful, and the visitor can be sure of getting good heads, it must be remembered that this is a country by no means easy of access, and in consequence a longer time must be allowed, and the expenses are greater than the more accessible hunting-grounds. Telegraph Creek, on the Stikine, is the best outfitting-place for all-round sport, as horses are fairly easily obtained there ; the number of them is, however, limited, and arrangements both for horses and guides should always be made beforehand. To get there you can go by C.P.R. boat to Wrangel every ten days or two weeks; at Wrangel you go up the Stikine River by Hudson Bay steamer or launch making regular trips to Telegraph Creek. From Vancouver to Wrangel is about two and a half days ; from there on to Telegraph Creek takes from thirty-six hours to three days, according to the state of the water. From Telegraph Creek (where all supplies can be obtained) it takes from five to ten days to get into the heart of the hunting country, according to the district your guide favours, but game is liable to be encountered anywhere. Atlin, which can be reached by way of Skagway, is more acces- sible ; it has some splendid sheep-ranges and a good many moose and bear, but the caribou-grounds are not so easily reached, and guides and horses not so readily obtained. OSBORN'S CARIBOU. A Kpleniliil liead: 44 poiiit.s; 51%-inch length. The " Branchy " type of Osborn's Caribou. 14 In llic year njo(> there were twenty-one men hunting in Cassiar, and tlie total bag was 17 moose, 63 sheep, 29 caribou, 17 goats, 6 grizzly bear, 1 1 black bear, and several foxes, including I black and I cross fox, an average of not (juite 7 head to each gun. The best heads were a Stone's sheep 16-inch base, 38-inch length, and 29-inch spread, and a 6o|-.-inch and a 62 1 -.-inch moose. In 1907 there were twenty-six men. Of these, two returned through ill-health and the heads of a third were not counted; the remaining twenty-three killed 18 moose, 62 caribou, 55 sheep, 35 goats, 6 grizzly bear, and 6 black bear, an average of 7^^ to a gun. This total includes a 651/2-inch, a 62Vj-inch, and a 55-inch moose, the latter a perfect beauty. The best sheep of that year was one of i5J/2-inch base, with a length of 43 inches. The best caribou were a 41 -pointer, a 39-pointer, and a 37-pointer. ' In 1938 there were twelve men in the district, and they averaged exactly seven head to the gun. The best moose were two of 6o inches ; the best caribou were one of 54 points and one of 22 points 58 inches in length, and another of 43 points 471^ inches in length. Some splendid sheep were bagged; there was one of 14-inch base, 41^-inch length; one of 14^-inch base, 39-inch length; one of 15^-inch base, 42-inch length ; and one of 14-inch base, 44-inch length, which at that time was a record for the Stone's sheep. There was also a goat of I I inches, which is close to a record. In 1909 there were only seven in the district, and two of these practically never went out of camp. The average heads to a gun were a little over seven. They included a 61%-inch moose and a record Stone's sheep of 14^-inch base, with 4414-inch length. In 1910 there were seventeen in the district; the records of two bags are not to be had, but the remaining fifteen averaged a little over eight head to the gun. It was a poor year for heads, but moose were especially plentiful and big bands of caribou were seen. The best moose were two of 60 inches ; there were two good sheep, one of 14^-inch base, 40^-inch length, and one of I3j4-inch base, 41^-inch length. There was also an excellent caribou of 46 points. In 191 1 there were thirteen men, two of whom returned almost at once ; the remaining eleven averaged nearly nine head to the gun. It was again a miserable year for heads, as the winter had been severe and a cold backward spring followed. There was, however, a great quantity of game, and moose were exceptionally numerous ; sheep were more plentiful than for several years past, and caribou in their usual numbers. In the northern part of the district one man counted 243 moose, but the best he could do in the way of a 16 head was a 563/-inch one. There were two excellent sheep killed, one i4^<-inch base, 41-inch length, and 28-inch spread; the other 15-inch base, 4i->4-inch length, and 28-inch spread. While the average head of game killed per gun is good, it must be remembered that at least half the men who go there are novices at big-game shooting, and the other half only want very fine heads of certain species, and that very few bother about goats, otherwise the average would be much larger ; so that a man who really wants to get trophies and will work hard can hardly fail to be satisfied. LILLOOET. Of all the hunting-grounds of the Province this district is probably the best known, as it has been a favourite resort for the past twenty years, and for sheep (Ovis canadensis) and mule-deer is still the pick of the Continent. The climate is a most delightful one, and the mountains, though reaching heights of 11,000 feet, are not rough enough to prevent horses being taken close to their summits, while A Liillooet Ram. most of the country is sparsely timbered. In addition to sheep and mule-deer there are plenty of goats, while on the main Bridge River there is an excellent bear country. The Town of Lillooet, where most of the guides make their headquarters, can be reached in a few hours by automobile or stage from Lvtton. 17 GRAND FORKS AND GREENWOOD. Those who wish a pleasant trip after mule-deer could not find better districts to hunt in. It used to be the finest mule-deer country in the Province, but a few excessively hard winters and a sul)se(|uent inrush of prospectors was responsible for almost total extermination. During the past few years the deer have come back and they are again quite plentiful. The climate is delightful and horses can be taken almost anywhere. November is the best month in which to hunt, as the deer then begin to come down from their summer ranges. There are some goats and caribou in the northern parts and a fair number of bear. SIMILKAMEEN. At one time a famous sheep district, but owing to depletion in numbers are not allowed to be shot. They are, however, increasing, and when the next open season is allowed there will be some excellent sport. The sheep-range is one of the easiest to hunt, and horses can be taken right up to their range. It is also a good mule-deer country, and in places there are some goats. Grizzly bear are plentiful in some places. EAST KOOTENAY. This district can be reached either by Golden, on the main line of the C.P.R., or Michel, Fernie, or Cranbrook, on the Crowsnest branch, at any of which places guides and outfits can be arranged for. It has the greatest variety of game of any district in the Province, as, in addition to the famous big-horn sheep, which reaches its highest stage of development there, there are moose, wapiti, mule, and white- tailed deer, goats, black and grizzly bear, and caribou. Wapiti are not allowed to be shot, and the present close season is liable to be extended for a year or two ; when it opens there will be excellent sport, as these magnificent animals grow horns quite equal to those in Wyoming and are rapidly increasing in numbers. Aloose are fairly plentiful in the northern portion, but as they have been a little overshot a close season is likely to be declared at any time. There are still a fair number of sheep, but as they frequent the highest peaks hunting them is arduous work and should only be attempted by men of experience. Caribou are only found in the Selkirks. Goats and grizzly bear are very plentiful, though there are probably more in the Selkirks than elsewhere. There are also a good many grouse and some excellent wildfowl- shooting in the valley of the Columbia. First i>ri7,e at the Vieiiiin Kxliibitioii. Killeil in the Kaiiilooi>!« District. 21 extreme north of the Province ; the northern part of the district is practically unexplored, and not a great deal is known of its sporting possibilities, except that there are some sheep on the headwaters of the Liard, and moose and caribou everywhere. Coming farther south, there are said to be sheep on some of the tributaries of the Peace River, but of what species or in what numbers is unknown. All along the Peace River bear are very numerous, and there are a fair number of moose. Farther south again the headwaters of the Eraser River are reached, and of late years these parts have come into great repute as hunting-grounds. Owing to the salmon ascending the river every year, it is a great bear country, both black and grizzly being extremely plentiful in the fall, when they congregate on all the smaller streams to feed on salmon. In addition, there are a great many moose, caribou on the higher plateaus, goats in places, and a few deer. There is excellent wildfowl-shooting and splendid trout-fishing. Fort George is the favourite outfitting-place and can be reached easily by automobile stage and boat from Ashcroft. This journey can now be accomplished in about three days. During the coming summer the Grand Trunk Pacific expect to have rails laid to Tete Jaune Cache, from which point steamboat con- nection will be made to Fort George. SKEENA. This is a very large district and extends from the coast to the very centre of the Province. The coast is a mass of islands of various sizes, in all of which (except Queen Charlotte Island) there are quanti- ties of Columbia deer and a good many black bear. On the mainland there are numbers of inlets, some of them extending sixty to seventy miles inland, and at the heads of all these inlets there are a great many grizzlies, wdiile black bear may be found anywhere. \"ery few of the Coast Indians care about hunting the grizzly, so that they are practi- cally unmolested. In the fall, when the salmon are running, they are easily obtained, but the spring hunting is the best, as the skins are then in their prime. Goats are plentiful everywhere on the mainland. There are a great many wolves all along the coast and also on most of the large islands, but they are very difficult to get. Caribou are very plentiful in the northern interior, and there are also a few moose ; sheep are only found in the extreme north ; they are of the Oz'is stonci variety. There is most excellent trolling for salmon both in the spring and the fall, and. in fact, at some place or another most of the year. All the lakes and small streams swarm with trout. It is a great district for wildfowl. 23 GUIDES, COST OF OUTFITTING, ETC. It is absolutely necessary, if you wish to meet with any success, to have a guide, and he must be a really first-class man. Anybody coming here on a hunting-trip should endeavour to engage his guide some time beforehand, so as to get the very best of them. Nor should he hesitate to pay a good price to a good man. as the whole trip will depend on him. There may be lots of game in the country, but without a man who knows his business much time will be wasted in hunting for trails instead of game. Horses will get lost, camps will be poorly made, and any number of drawbacks are bound to occur. Moreover, such game as sheep, goats, and bear are more or less local in their habits ; other game, such as moose, caribou, deer, etc., change their range according to the season; weather conditions, winds, etc., ha\e all to be studied ; and, no matter what previous experience in shooting a man may have had, he cannot have the necessary local knowledge. Good guides are scarce, and their services in great demand; in fact, some of them are invariably engaged a year ahead. Indian guides are always to be had, but unless regularly in the business are not always reliable. The Lillooet Indian guides are capital, and for the past year or two the Cassiar guides have been giving great satisfac- tion. A certain amount of tact is necessary in dealing with Indian guides, as they are easily offended by a man who does not know tneir ways. One great point in their favour is that they are always keen, and if the}- go out they mean to hunt and not fool away time. On no account engage a guide without first making inquiries about him. Our best guides are a superior class of men, and it is a pleasure to be out with them ; but almost everywhere there are so-called guides with whom truth is not a strong point and whose experience is nil. Such men as these are willing to go out with anybody at any price they can get. In the interior most of the guides have complete outfits, and many of them will sign a contract for the entire trip, furnishing everythiiig except bedding, rifles, and ammunition. This is really the cheapest way, as it saves the cost of tents and all camp equipment, which is not likely to be used after the trip is over. Cassiar is the most expensive district to hunt in, as horses cost $2 per day each, and provisions and wages are also very high. The following is a rough estimate of what it would cost for six week's hunting with a fair number of horses and men: For one man, $1,300 to $1,400; for two men $1,200 each; for three men, $1,100 each. These figures include a camp cook, a guide for each man of the party, and a horse-wrangler. L'5 In Lillooet practically all the guides contract by the day, and charge from $12.50 to $15 for each member of the party. This includes plenty of horses and everything needed for a comfortable trip. In Kootenay expenses will come higher, as horses are harder to get and cost more. On the coa.st travelling can be done in boats, but if comfort is needed, launches should be used. The cost of a trip can be made very cheap or the reverse. For bear-hunting you can generally get an Indian guide at $3.53 a day, and for a small sum he will furnish his fishing-boat with small gasolene-engine. You will, however, probably have a lot of discomforts. USEFUL HINTS. A few words about clothes may not be out of place. Do not bring an extensive stock. Almost everything that is purchased here will be found more suitable than if bought elsewhere. You will want a suit of some soft material that will not rustle for hunting; it should be of a light-brown or grey colour, with the coat big enough to wear a sweater underneath and still be loose. It should have plenty of pockets. You cannot beat knickerbockers, but be sure they are loose, especially at the knee, as you require perfect freedom to climb in comfort. " Putties " are splendid at any time of the year, and with snow on the ground they are especially good. On no account wear leather leggings or field-boots ; low boots, preferably oil-tanned, of only medium weight, with broad soles and heels, capable of carrying a few nails, are by far the best. ^lost of Kootenay and parts of the coast will necessitate the wearing of nailed boots for hunting, but almost everywhere else it is absolutely necessary to wear rubber-soled shoes or boots, as you will make too much noise in nailed boots, however careful you may be. A couple of flannel shirts and sweaters and a goodly supply of socks will also be needed, in addition to some good woollen underwear. Do not forget a couple of big silk handker- chiefs, and always keep one in your pocket if you are going after sheep ; and even if it is a fine warm day, get your guide to carry your sweater, you may need them both badly before you get back to camp. On the coast you will require gum boots or thigh-waders as well as oilskins. There are a few things that it might be well to point out to those w ho have not had previous experience : — Never do any rifle-practice when in camp, if you intend to hunt in the neighbourhood. If you want to practise, do it before you start on the trip. Give you guide a free hand ; let him have absolute 26 charge df the wiidlc (.■ami) and decide when, where, and liow iv Inint. You will find you will get alonj; with him hetter and your chance of success will be trebled. Above all things, remember that there is an unwritten law among sportsmen which makes it a positive crime to hunt on any ground which another man has already occupied. If two of you are making for the same ground, either toss for it, or let the guides settle it between them. Otherwise you are liable to spoil your own sport as well as the other man's. There is just one more thing to remember: If by any chance, such as a fog, snow-storm, or night coming on, you are doubtful about getting back to camp, on no account argue with the guide as to the direction he is taking, or show any signs of being annoyed. If you worry him, it will only make matters worse ; and if he cannot get you back by himself, it is a pretty sure thing you will have to stay out for the night. The i;oat-raii{;'C uii the \:iliikoni <>aiiie Kesserve. SPORT ALL THE YEAR ROUND. While British Columbia is pretty generally known as a splendid game country, very few people actually realize its true value, and that from year's end to year's end either gun, rifle, or rod can be used ; so that a man who is fond of shooting and fishing can always find something to tax his skill. Of course, the amount of success met with will, to a certain extent, depend on the man himself ; and even with the best of men there will be blank days ; but there is no country in the world where so many different varieties of sport can be success- fully enjoyed. Where else could you go and find such a variety of game both for rod and gun, combined with such trout and salmon fishing? It would take a good-sized book to exhaust each branch of sport and the best places to obtain it, but an idea will be given of how an all-round sportsman, with a year to spare, could occupy his time in this country. It does not matter at what time of the year you come, but, presuming you are going to start on big game, it would be as well to be here early in August. This would enable you to get into the Cassiar country, presuming, of course, 3^ou have engaged your guide and horses beforehand. The C.P.R. boats leave Vancouver about every ten days for WTangel, and the one that leaves nearest lo August 1 2th would be the best to take. At Wrangel you will probably go up the Stikine River to Telegraph Creek on a river-launch, which now makes regular trips, but you may catch the Hudson's Bay Co.'s river-steamer. You should then be in camp on your hunting-grounds ready for September ist. You will not get any wapiti or deer there, but, if you can do a good day's walk and are even a moderate shot, you could hardly fail to get specimens of moose, Osborn's caribou, Stone's sheep, and mountain-goats, with a good chance of a grizzly or black bear or a wolf or fox. Do not spend any time actually hunting for bear, as you will have a better chance at them in the spring, when their fur is prime. Get your sheep first. You are allowed to kill three in all, but only two of any one species ; and while you might get specimens of all the so-called species, the Oz'is stoiici, fannini, and dalli, they are so closely related and grade so much from one to the other that it is best only to kill two, as you may have a chance at a brown sheep {Ovis canadensis) later on. Stick to your sheep till you have got what you want, and do not tie yourself down to so much time to get 29 each species or you are liable to find you are everlastingly hurrying, which is a most fatal thing to do. If you get your sheep easily, then go after goats ; but if you have spent much time over your sheep, do not bother about goats, as you can easily get them anywhere later on. By the third week in September you should have got both your sheep and goats and have moved camp to the moose-grounds, which are generally in close proximity to the sheep; they now have their horns quite free of velvet, which is not the case early in September. Unless vou are extremely particular about your heads, ten days at the outside ought to be enough to get a couple of moose, but it greatly depends which country you are in : as a general rule, the farther north the more moose, the farther south the more sheep, and farther east the more caribou; so if you have a particular fancy for any one of these species you can govern yourself accordingly. Unless you are very unlucky you will get your caribou easily, and if you are to the east of Dease Lake should be able to pick almost any sort of a head you choose. The end of the third week in October should find you on your wav back to A'ancouver, and if you do not waste any time you can get into the Lillooet District and have a couple of weeks after the Ovis canadensis. Sheep-stalking in Lillooet is grand work, as, while there are plent\- of good rams left, they are very wild and will tax your utmost skill ; still, considering the excellent supply of guides Lillooet is blest with, you ought to have no difiiculty in getting a man who wall give you a fair chance at a nice ram. The season for sheep closes on November 15th, and then is the time for mule-deer; the season for mule-deer does not close till December 15th, and as the Lillooet District is the pick of the Province for this game, you have plenty of time to get all the heads you are allowed, and a goat or two as well, if you have not already got them. This trip should be over by the end of November, and if you contented yourself with two caribou in Cassiar you might go on up the line to Sicamous, and from there on the \"ernon line to Mara, from which point you can get into the caribou-grounds in a day's ride. In this district you could get a specimen of the black or mountain caribou and a good chance of a shot at a grizzly if the winter has not come on early. The season for caribou closes at the end of December, and you will now have to return to the coast and hunt wolves and cougars. On \'ancouver Island the latter are very numerous, but you must have a man with a regular cougar-dog, as there is very little use trying to stalk them. You may also get a shot at a wolf, especially if you go to the west coast. 31 During January there is a good deal of bad weather, and you will probably be tired of being out in camp, so you had better go to Campbell or Oyster River, at both of which places there are hotels, and do a little wildfowl-shooting. If, however, you really want good sport at these birds, you must hire a launch and go to out-of-the-way places. Wildfowl-shooting generally lasts till the end of February, but if you are a keen fisherman you will also have been able to get a few salmon any time during or after December. During March there is generally excellent salmon-fishing in many places, but about as good a place as you could go to would be Port Simpson, and you could catch fish almost at the hotel-door. The best water, however, is in Work Channel, a few miles away. The fish at this time are not as plentiful as in the fall months, but they make up for it in size and gameness ; you may catch them anywhere from 15 lb. up to 60 or 70 lb. If you do not feel like going so far north, there are numbers of peaces all along the coast where fair sport can be obtained ; even in Vancouver Harbour a number of salmon are taken every year, but if you want the big fish you must go north. The run of salmon lasts well on until after the season for trout, which opens on March 26th on the coast, but not until May ist in the interior. As soon as the trout are in season you had better fish for the famous steelhead (Salmo gardncrci) . which runs from about 8 to 20 lb. in weight, and is one of the gamest fish that swim. They will not rise to the fly until the summer months, but will have to be caught by spinning. There are numerous streams frequented by these fish, but probably the \"edder Creek, near Chillivvack ; the Cheakamus, up the Squamish \'alley ; and the Coquihalla, at Hope, are the pick. At all these streams you can also obtain sport with Dolly Varden and a few sea trout, but the fly-fishing will not be on until later. By the middle to end of April, according to whether there is an early or late spring, you should be ready for bear; and remember it is better to be on your ground early even if it is necessary to wait a week or ten days for them to come out of their dens. \t this time of year there is generally snow still left in the dense forests, but it has left the old " slides " (places where there have been avalanches are locally called " slides "). As soon as enough grass has grown on the slides to make them look green is the time to watch them. You must also remember that the growth on these slides varies a week or a fortnight, according to the exposure ; and while one slide may be quite green, another may still have snow on it. The black bears come out of their dens first and have their pelts in prime condition ; they are very hungry after their long fast and spend a good deal of time feeding, and may often be found right down on the beach feeding on the young grass growing just above the high-water mark, or hunting for a small fish called " oolachans," of which there is a run about this time. The grizzlies are generally out about a fortnight later than the black bear, and usually keep farther back from salt-water, though they are occasionally seen on the beach. In some places they frequent the creeks and river-bottoms, looking for the remains of last year's salmon ; in other places they are only to be found on the slides, and are then always higher up than the black bears. The evenings are by far the best ; early mornings are good too ; but you are liable to see them at any time of day if it is fine. Good binoculars are essential, as you must examine all slides and grassy places from a distance ; do not do any shooting at targets, as a few shots will send any bear that happens to be close five miles away; and, above all, remember to watch the wind, as the bear's scent is as good, if not better, than the sheep's. Bear River, in the Cariboo Di.striet: a Rreat jilaoe for grrizxiies. As to the best places to go, there are thousands of black bear all along the coast, and their pelts are better than those of the interior. Up all the long inlets there are grizzlies ; their fur, on the other hand, is not equal to those of the interior, and you seldom or never find one of the so-called silver-tips on the coast. If you want really good grizzly, perhaps it would be as well to go to Kootenay or Lillooet ; but if you are not so particular as to the quality of your grizzly, any of the streams at the head of the long inlets will do. The Iskut, a tributary of the Stikine, is most excellent, but it requires a regular crew of Indians to navigate the rough water. 33 After the end of June you will have to content yourself with the trout-fishing. Go first to the lake near Kamloops for a few days ; from there you might go on to Procter, on the Kootenay River, and catch one of the big landlocked salmon, or you could go back and fish for trout on the Campbell River until the big run of salmon begins. The cohoe salmon begin to rim in July, but the famed " tyee " salmon not much before the end of that month, and their run continues on to the beginning of the next shooting season. This sketch of how a man can spend his time can, of course, be varied a great deal to meet individual tastes. For instance, some men might not care about so much big-game shooting; they could exercise their skill on snipe, pheasant, prairie-chicken, or grouse ; others might get tired of fishing; there is a wide field for mountaineers in the Rockies and Selkirks ; yachting amongst the countless islands in the gulf. There are a thousand-and-one ways of spending time, so that a man. whatever his tastes may be, is sure to find some sort of sport to suit him. Of the thousands of people who have paid this Province a visit, there are but few who have not left it with pleasant memories and a determination to return. Caribou-raiift-e in C'assiar. A number of oarlbou vim be iiluinl> jseen among the bnshes. 34 GAME AND FUR-BEARING ANIMALS. MOOSE. Moose {Alces gigas). — Twenty-five years ago moose were hardly known, except in the extreme north of this Province, and even there they were scarce. It is probable there have always been a few of this species in East Kootenay ; but, even so, a few years ago they were thought to be a thing of the past. Of late years moose have been steadily increasing, and within the last five years have multiplied at such a rate they are to be found in numbers all over the northern portion, and are again quite plentiful in Kootenay. The biggest and best heads are obtained in the Cassiar District, which is an excellent covmtry to hunt them in, owing to the fact that during the hunting season they range high up about the timber-line, and sometimes even far above it, occasionally being seen right up on the sheep- range. They can thus be seen a long way ofif and the best heads chosen ; moreover, there is the sport of stalking them, which is not the case when they are found in the timber. There are a good many moose north and east of Fort George, in the Cariboo District, but owing to the dense forests they are not easy to hunt. In North-East Kootenay the Ijulls do not run to the size of those in Cassiar. but some very fair heads have been obtained there during the past three open seasons. In this district they stay in the valleys most of their time, but later in the year, during October and November, must be looked for in the burnt patches some distance up the mountain- sides. Owing to too many bulls having been killed in Kootenay, another entire close season is probable. WAPITI. Wapiti {Cervus canadensis). — The wapiti, commonly called elk, at one time existed in large numbers throughout the whole of the southern part of the Province ; even where the City of Vancouver stands to-day old antlers are still to be found. Owing to a severe epidemic, followed by a succession of hard winters, they almost all died off, and the remainder fell a prey to the starving Indians, who depended on them to a great extent for food. Since then they have been quite replaced by the mule-deer in the interior, which during the reign of the wapiti were scarce, and in a large measure by the Columbia deer on the coast. 35 Vancouver Island and East Kootenay seemed to escape the epidemic, but in the latter district, owing to wholesale slaughter by the Indians, they were thought at one time to have disappeared. However, in 1905 a close season was declared and every effort made to protect them, with the result that they have increased to such an extent that a short open season may be allowed in a year or two. When this open season commences there will be splendid chances of good heads, as, with the excellent feed in that district, they rival in size those in Wyoming. On Vancouver Island there are still a good many wapiti left, but owing to the ravages of wolves and cougars the stock became very low, and a close season had to be declared, which will probably last for some years yet. CARIBOU. Osborn's Caribou (Rangifer osbonii). — This caribou is claimed to be the finest of all caribou, and, though it is not found in such bands as the Barren Ground species, it is still very plentiful in the whole of the Cassiar District, and is to be found practically as far south as the 56th parallel of latitude. During the hunting season — in fact, nearly all the year round — their habitat is on the high plateaus, about 4,000 feet above sea-level, and above the timber-line, so that there is no difticulty about picking the best heads. While they are to be found more or less all over the northern part of the Province, they are especially plentiful to the east of Dease Lake. Black or Mountain Caribou {Rangifer montauns). — There is little difference between this and the above-mentioned species, except they do not average such big horns and live on more or less timbered plateaus. They are to be found all through the Selkirk Range from the United States boundary-line, at any rate, up to the 54th degree of latitude. Their range widens as you go north until it extends from the extreme east of the Province almost down to the coast. In the south the best points to outfit for them are Revelstoke and Golden, on the main line of the C.P.R. ; Mara or \>rnon, on the Okanagan branch ; and Cranbrook, on the Crowsnest line. A fairly good range can also be reached from Nelson. In Chilcotin caribou have not been plentiful for some years past, but it is from this district that the finest heads have been obtained. Quesnel and Barkerville are both close to good caribou-ranges, and are probably the best for those who can spare more time. DEER. Mule-deer ( Qdocoilciis hcmioniis). — This magnificent deer is again increasing rapidly in almost every district in the interior. Their 37 range extends from the Rocky Alountains to the east side of the Cascades, and from the United States boundary-line to as far north as the 55th parallel of latitude ; a few years ago their range only extended to between the 52nd and 53rd parallels of latitude, but they have gradually worked north until they are now quite plentiful in the vicinity of Francois Lake, and a few are now to be found near Babme Lake. The Lillooet District is without doubt the best on the Continent for this species, and they are still increasing there. The Okanagan District is again well stocked, wdiile Similkameen, Grand Forks, Kam- loops, and Kootenay all aiTord good hunting ; in fact, there is not now much of the southern interior where fair sport may not be obtained. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus). — These deer are chiefly confined to the bottom lands and low-lying hills to the east of the Coast Range and south of the main line of the C.P.R. A few years ago their numbers were greatly diminished, and in many places where they once abounded they have had to retire owing to the advance of settlement. However, during the past year or two they have made a wonderful recovery in Kootenay, and in the south-eastern part of that district, along the line of the Crowsnest Railway, they are now more plentiful than ever. There are still a few to be found in Okanagan, Grand Forks, and one or two more of the southern districts. Columbia or Coast Deer, also called the Black-tail (Odocoileus columbianus). — The Coast deer is extremely numerous all along the coast, and is especially so on all the islands, except the Queen Char- lotte Group, to which they have only lately been transported. The best heads are obtained on the mainland. MOUNTAIN-SHEEP. Big-horn (Ovis canadensis). — The big-horn reaches its highest stage of development in the Rocky Mountains, and in South-East Kootenay is still quite plentiful. There used to be a good number in parts of the Gold Range, in the Okanagan, and on the eastern slope of the Coast Range, in the Ashnola Mountains. In both these districts they have been so decimated that there has been a c'ose season declared. In Ashnola District there has been a large increase, and an open season may be allowed in a year or two. In the Lillooet District, also on the eastern slope of the Coast Range, there is a fine big sheep-range, and they are found there in large numbers. In this district, owing to their range being a beautiful 61093 39 open and generally rolling countrv, sheep-stalking is one of the finest of sports. During the past few years nearly everybody hunting in that district got good rams. While the Lillooet sheep are said to be the same as those in the Rockies, they, and also the Okanagan and Ashnola sheep, in a minor degree, dififer in size and the shape of their horns, having a much greater spread and finer points with smaller base measurements, almost similar to the Stone's sheep, whereas the Rocky Mountain sheep's horns are more massive and compact ; the latter have their habitat on more rugged mountains, and are aften found on the same range as the mountain-goat. Black Sheep (Oris stonei). — This northern variety of sheep is probably the most abundant of all our sheep, and is very easily obtained in Cassiar. From Telegraph Creek there is a fair sheep-range a few miles away, but the best sheep-grounds are some little distance ofif. In this district there are still sheep-ranges practically imhunted. Saddle-backed Sheep (Oz'is fannini). — Plentiful in the neigh- bourhood of Atlin. The south end of Atlin Lake is as good a place as any. Yukon Sheep {Ovis dalli). — This sheep is found in small numbers from the south end of Teslin Lake all through the country away to the ^lac^Iillan River. Teslin Lake can be reached either from Telegraph Creek or Atlin, the latter recommended. The three above-mentioned sheep are closely related, and some- times all three varieties are found in the same band. Their horns are not so massive as the common big-horn, but for spread and fine points cannot be beaten. GOATS. Mountain-goat (Oreamiius montana). — Wherever there are high mountains of a rugged nature on the mainland you can be practically sure of finding goats. While there are plenty in the interior, there are even more on the coast, as, since the Indians gave up hunting them for their skins, there are only a few places where they are molested. There are even a few on the mountains close to Vancouver, while a little farther north, up any of the inlets, they may generally be seen from the sea by the aid of binoculars. In the interior they are very plentiful all through the Selkirks. In the Rockies they are occasionally to be seen on the same range as mountain-sheep. There are none on ^'^ancouver Island, nor. in fact, on any of the islands, with the possible exception of Pitt, King, and one or two other large islands in the north. On Cross River, in A.E. Kootenay. Goats disappearing into the timber. 41 BEAR. Grizzly Bear (Ursiis horribilis). — There are but few places on the mainland where there is not a chance of running across a grizzly, but they are never found on Vancouver Island, or any of the other islands. They ^•ary a great deal in colour, size, and shape of claws, and also in their habits, according to local conditions, and are known by several different names, but that they are entitled to rank as different species is doubtful. In the Selkirks and Rockies they are of medium size, and are generally of the silver-tip colour when in full pelage, and are then the choicest of all grizzlies ; they also have the long blunt claws, and their main habitat is fairly high in the mountains, seldom being seen in the valleys, except in the north, where they come down to fish salmon. As you get nearer the coast they appear to increase in size and become of browner colour, until, actually on the coast, the grizzly bear has a strong resemblance to the northern brown bear of the Alaskan coast. These coast grizzlies also dift'er from those of the interior in that they live a great deal in the valleys, and are occasionally to be met with on the salt-water beaches. In the interior of Cassiar a big grizzly is uncommon, the majority of them not being much larger than good-sized black bears; they are also much lighter in colour, often almost yellow. As you descend the Stikine they become much larger, until close to the boundary-line they actually seem to merge into the Alaskan brown bear. Now, with regard to the best places to hunt them, the heads of any of the long inlets on the coast are good, but it is generally advisable to get some little distance back from the sea. In the interior all along the eastern slope of the Cascades grizzly are to be found; Lytton, Lillooet, and Hope are three of the best outfitting- places. In the spring the Selkirks and the Rockies are good almost anywhere, and you can outfit at any of the following places : Revel- stoke, Golden, Nelson, Kaslo. Cranbrook, Fernie, and Michel. In the fall, when the salmon are running, the Cariboo District is excellent; outfit at Quesnel, Barkerville, or Fort George. Black Bear (Ursus americaiins). — The so-called black beac. which frequently varies in colour from yellowish to glossy black, is to be found almost everywhere, and is especially numerous on the coast, where it has a better pelage than that of the interior. In the fall, when the salmon are running, they may be found on almost any small stream, and at this time live almost entirely on these fish. There are numbers of them all over \'ancouver Island, but they are more numerous on the coast of the mainland north of Queen Charlotte Sound. 43 \\ hile bear of all kinds are easiest to kill in September and October, their pelts are not much good then, and the black bear dens up almost as soon as he is in prime condition. The grizzly stays out quite late in the winter, and on the coast may often be found out in the snow looking for salmon well on in December. The spring is by far the best time, as they are in their prime, and spend a lot of time feeding on the old slides on the mountains or in the little meadows of the valleys. They leave their dens accord- ing to the weather. The black bears are about a fortnight ahead of the grizzly. The first week in May is about the average date for hunting on the coast ; the interior a week or ten days later. WOLVES. Timber-wolf (Caiiis occidcntalis) . — Found more or less all over the Province, but particularly numerous in the Atlin and Skeena Districts and along the northern coast. They are enormous animals, probably the biggest of the wolf family, and vary greatly in colour, from almost entire black to grizzly grey, and from brindled brown to yellow. Coyote (Canis latroiis). — ^Nlore or less plentiful throughout the interior. THE CAT FAMILY. Cougar, Mountain-lion. Panther (Fclis concolor). — Extremely plentiful on Vancouver Island and some parts of the mainland. They have been killed as far north as 54 degrees, but are not numerous anywhere north of the C.P.R. main line. Lvnx {Lynx canadensis). — May be found anywhere on the mainland, but most numerous in the northern interior. Wild-cat (Lynx faciatus). — Fairly common on the mainland in the vicinity of the coast. A few are to be found in the interior, even so far north as Yukon. FOXES. Black Fox, Silver- fox, Cross Fox (J'ulpcs dcciissata), Common Fox. — All the species of fox are confined to the northern interior. The common fox is very numerous. OTHER FUR-BEARING ANIMALS. Beaver (Castor fiber). — Found everywhere in the Province, both on the main'.and and the islands. Are not allowed to be taken. ]\Iusk-rat (Fiber cibethicns). — Found almost everywhere, but most numerous at the mouth of the Fraser River. 45 Sea-otter {Enhydris Iiitris). — \''ery scarce. A few specimens are taken nearly every year by the Ilaida Indians in Hecate Straits, and occasionally one or two on the west coast of \'ancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Sound. Land-otter (Lntra canadensis). — Found more or less everywhere, but only in a few places in the north can they be considered as plentiful. Racoon (Procyon lotor). — There are quantities of these animals all along the coast and for some distance up the rivers. Marten (Mnstcia caurina). — Found on both the mainland and the islands. The best skins are obtained in the north. Marten {Pennant's), commonly called "Fisher." — Found in small numbers more or less all over the mainland. Mink {L'litrcola vison). — Most plentiful on the coast, but are found more or less throughout the Province. Wolverine {Giido liiscns). — Principally confined to the mainland, but a few specimens are taken on A'ancouver Island. Badger {Tanidca americana). — Found throughout the interior. Porcupine {Ercthiaon cpixanthus) . — Found everywhere on the mainland. Northern Hare (Lepus amcricanus) . — Extremely plentiful in the north and more or less so everywhere. Jack-rabbit {Lepus texianus). — Not plentiful; have been taken in the Okanagan District. Baird's Hare {Lepus bairdii). — Not plentiful; have been taken in the Okanagan District. Little Chief Hare {Lagomys) . — Found on the mainland; plentiful in East Kootenay. Polecat, Little Striped Skunk {Spilogala phcnax latrions). — Common on the mainland. Skunk (Mephitis spissigrada). — Common on the mainland. Weasel {Putoris steatori). — Found throughout the Province. Fur-seal {Callorhinus ursinns). — Occasionally taken in Hecate Strait. Llair-seal {Phoca litulina). — A'ery plentiful all along the coast and for some distance up the large rivers. Sea-lion {Eumetopias stelleri). — Fairly plentiful on the coast north of 51 degrees. 47 WILDFOWL. DUCKS AND GEESE. At the right time and at the right places, excehent wildfowl- shooting can be obtained, and there are few spots in the Province where a few birds cannot be bagged. The season for wildfowl is opened every year by Order in Council. as is the case with all birds, but. with the exception of A'ancouver Island, September ist is almost certain to be the opening date. From this time until the end of October the best sport is obtained in the interior. After this date the frost usually drives the birds down to the coast. In the interior the best shooting is generally obtained about 150- Mile House, on the Cariboo Road, but it varies a good deal, according to whether the numerous lakes and ponds have sufficient water. Other good places are: The Columbia \'alley, in East Kootenay (reached from either Golden or Cranbrook). Salmon Arm. Savonas, Okanagan Landing, Nicola, and Kootenay Landing. After October you can get a little shooting almost anywhere on the coast, but if you want really good sport you must go to out-of-the- way places, such as Masset Inlet, on Queen Charlotte Islands, where magnificent sport can be obtained. SNIPE. There is fair snipe-shooting on the coast almost every year, but it varies a great deal. Some years a man can go out day after day for a month and use up from 100 to 200 cartridges a day; other years forty or fifty cartridges will be plenty. The best snipe-grounds are close to A'ancouver. BLUE GROUSE. There are also two varieties of this bird ; that on the coast differing from that in the interior. On the coast they scatter all over the mountains soon after the second week in September, and are then hard to find, but sometimes one or two days' excellent shooting may be had before thev go. The best shooting is in the neighbourhood of \'ictoria and the adjacent islands. In the interior the blue grouse migrates to the tops of the ranges verv early in September, but any person who has the energy to follo\v them up in October, and the luck to find a good number of birds. 49 will have some of the finest kind of shooting, as when flushed on a hillside they nearly always fly with a curve downhill at a tremendous pace, giving the hardest kind of shots. They are to be found about everywhere in the interior, but two of the handiest places are Savonas and Spences' Bridge, on the main line of the C.P.R. RUFFED GROUSE (COMMONLY CALLED WILLOW-GROUSE). There are two varieties of this species and they are found more or less all over the Province. They do not live in the open as the European grouse, but in the thickets and bushy gulches at the foot of the mountains, and especially in the crab-apple bottom lands of the valleys. Along the Lower Fraser A'alley they are especially numerous. During the month of September the young birds are apt to fly into a tree and afford nothing but a pot-shot, but after the leaves are ofif the trees they usually fly fast, dodging here and there among the trees and affording the most sporting-shots ; in fact, even with birds plentiful, the best of shots seldom make a big bag. The ruffed grouse is generally considered the choicest table-bird of all the grouse family. COLUMBIA SHARP-TAILED GROUSE (COMMONLY CALLED PRAIRIE- CHICKEN). These birds are only found to the east of the Coast Range. They are fairly numerous in certain places, and in October and November, when they begin to get wild and fly fast, afford splendid sport. There is generally some good shooting to be got at various places along the Cariboo Road and some parts of the Okanagan District, as well as in Kamloops, Similkameen. and Cranbrook Districts. FRANKLIN'S GROUSE (COMMONLY CALLED FOOL-HEN). This beautiful grouse is only found in tl^e interior and is most plentiful in Kootenay. It is not a sporting-bird, and has got its name from the foolish way it will sit in a low tree, or even on the ground, and allow stones or sticks or even several shots to be fired at it before it is killed or troubles to move. It is, however, a most excellent table- bird and afl:ords a welcome addition to a hungry hunter. PTARMIGAN. These birds are not found in any qreat numl)ers in the southern part of the Province, though a few may always be seen on the tops of very high mountains. In the neighbourhood of Atlin they arrive in numbers about the end of September, when 51 some splendid shooting can be had, and anybody going to the north ought to be prepared for a day or two after them. There are two or three varieties of these birds; the one that is found in the greatest number is the rock-ptarmigan, a very small bird that often goes in flocks of a hundred or more. They are found high up on the mountains, and are generally too tame to afl'ord much sport. The black-tailed ptarmigan is, however, a bird for the sports- man ; he is a little larger than the above-mentioned variety, and is found lower down the mountains. He inhabits the scrub-willow bottoms, and wherever there is a little water these birds will be found. They are not so numerous as the other species, but are wilder, and on a stormy day fly well, and will tax the skill of the best of shots. PHEASANTS. The Chinese ring-necked pheasant was imported into British Columbia in the year 1882, and has thrived so remarkably well that there has been excellent shooting for a number of years. Two years ago some pure-bred [Mongolians were imported and kept in captivity for breeding, with the result that some 1,500 birds of this species have been turned out to introduce new blood. They are a great success here, standing the winters better than the Chinese ring-neck, with which they make a splendid cross. The best pheasant-shooting is on Vancouver Island, but it is also good in the Lower Fraser \'alley. It must, however, be remembered that most of the land-owners object to people shooting without permission, and many of them preserve their shooting as carefully as they do in England. QUAIL. Both Californian and mountain quail have been acclimatized on A^ancouver Island, and now furnish excellent sport. There are a few quail on the mainland, but they are not allowed to be shot. EUROPEAN PARTRIDGES. Partridges were introduced into the Fraser \'alley some years ago, and have done so well that it will not be long before an open season will be allowed. They have lately been introduced to Vancouver Island, and appear to have made a good start. BLACK GAME AND CAPERCAILZIE. A few of both species were turned out on \'ancouver Island and also on the lower mainland. The number brought out was not sufficient for a fair test, but there are occasional reports of them having been seen, so it is hoped they may prove a success. 53 GAME BIRDS. MERGANSERS, DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. American ^Merganser (Merganser americamis). — Found through- out the Province. Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator). — Found dis- tributed throughout the Province. Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cuciillatiis). — Common through- out the Province and on the Pacific Coast. ]Mallard (Anas boschas). — An abundant resident throughout the Province ; breeds in suitable locaHties throughout its range. Gadwall — Gray Duck (Chaidelasniits sfrepera). — Not common; a few have been taken near A'ictoria. European Widgeon [Mereca pcnelope). — Rare. American Widgeon — Baldpate (Mereca amerieana). — A common winter resident on the coast. Green-winged Teal (Nettion earolinensis). — An abundant resi- dent. Breeds in the interior of the mainland. Common on the coast throughout the winter. Rare on Queen Charlotte Islands. Blue-winged Teal (Qucrqnediila discors). — Not common on the coast ; a few are taken every year. Cinnamon Teal (Querquednla cyanoptera). — A summer visitor in the interior of the Province. Shoveller Spoon-bill (Spatula clypeaia). — A common resident on the mainland ; rarely met \vith on A^ancouver Island. Pintail — Sprigtail (Dafila aeitfa). — An abundant winter resident on the coast. Breeds in the interior of the mainland. Wood-duck (Aix spona). — Not common. A summer resident on Island and mainjand. Red-head — Pochard (AytJiya amerieana). — A winter resident on the coast, but nowhere common ; a few are taken every season. Canvas-back Duck (Aythya z'allisneria). — A winter resident on the coast. American Scaup-duck — Blue-bill (Aythya niarila). — An abund- ant winter resident on the coast. Breeds in the interior of main- land. Lesser Scaup-duck (Aythya affinis). — Not common on the coast. Ring-necked Duck (Aythya eoUaris). — Not common. A few have been taken on Vancouver Island. American Golden-eye — Whistler (Clangiila clangula amerieana). — A common resident on the coast. ♦irrR, '^ 55 Barrow's Golden-eye (Clangula islandica). — Not common. It winters on the coast; a few have been taken on Vancouver Island. Buffle-head — Butter-ball (Charifonctta albcola). — An abundant winter resident on the coast ; breeds in the interior of the mainland. Long-tailed Duck — Old Squaw {Harclda hycmaUs). — Common; the coasts of A^ancouver Island and mainland. Harlequin Duck {Histrioiiicus histrioniciis). — A common resident on the coast. American Black Scoter (Oidcmia amcricana). — Not common; has been taken at \'ictoria and Port Simpson. White-winged Scoter {Oidcmia dcglandi). — An abundant resi- dent, and is found on the coast throughout the year. Surf-scoter — Sea-coot (Oidcmia pcrspicillata). — Abundant resi- dent along the coasts of Vancouver Island and mainland. Ruddy Duck (Erismatiira jamaiccnsis). — Not common on the coast ; a few are taken in the winter. Lesser Snow-goose (Chen hypcvborca). — A winter resident on the coast. Ross's Snow-goose (Chen rossii). — This is a rare bird in British Columbia. American White-fronted Goose (Anscr albifrons gambcli). — Abundant on the coast in winter. Breeds both on Island and main- land. Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). — An abundant winter resi- dent on the coast. Breeds in the interior of the mainland. Hutchin's Goose (Branta canadensis liuteliinsii). — Abundant in the spring and fall migrations, and winters on the coast. White-cheeked Goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis) . — Rare. Cackling-goose (Branta canadensis minima). — Winter resident on the coast. Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra). — Rare. Black Brant (Branta nigricans). — An abundant winter resident on the coast. Emperor Goose (Philacate canagica). — Rare. Whistling-swan (Olor columbianus). — A winter resident on Vancouver Island and southern mainland. Trumpeter-swan (Olor buccinator). — Rare. CRANES, RAILS, ETC. Little Brown Crane (Grus canadensis) . — Common, during migra- tions, throughout the Province. Sandhill-crane (Grus mexicana) . — Common throughout the Prov- ince ; it breeds in the interior of mainland. (1> Osborn's Caribou. Gold luetlal at Vienna li^xliihitioii. ('2) A frealc luule-deer killed in Olvana^an DLstriot. 57 Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianns). — Tolerably common on Island and mainland. Carolina Rail {Porzana Carolina). — Found on Vancouver Island and mainland. SHORE BIRDS. Red Phalarope (Crymopliilns fulicarius). — Rare. Northern Phalarope {Phalaropns lobatus). — Abundant along the coast of Island and mainland in the spring and autumn. Wilson's Phalarope {Stcganopus tricolor). — Rare. SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Wilson's Snipe (Galliiiago dclicata). — Common throughout the Province, on Island, and mainland ; breeds in the interior. Long-billed Dowitcher — Red-breasted Snipe (Macrorhamphus scolopaccus). — Tolerably abundant throughout the Province. Stilt Sandpiper {Micropolama himantopus). — Rare. Knot — Robin-snipe (Triiiga caniitiis). — Abundant during migra- tions, chiefly along the coast. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper {Actodromas acuminata). — Not common. Pectoral Sandpiper {Actodromas maculata). — Not common; taken along the coast during migrations. Baird's Sandpiper {Actodromas bairdii). — Distributed along the coast of Island and mainland. Least Sandpiper {Actodromas minntilla). — Common along the coast of Island and mainland. Red-backed Sandpiper {Pclidna alpina sakhalina). — Common in the spring and autumn migrations along the coast of Island and mainland. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereimetes pusiUus). — Not uncommon in migration along the coast. Western Semipalmated Sandpiper {Ereimetes piisilliis occident- alis). — Abundant in the fall along the coast. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). — Not common. Marbled Godwit {Limosa fcdoa). — The whole of British Columbia ; breeds chiefly east of Cascades. Greater Yellow-legs {Totanus mclanoleucus). — Common along the coast in winter. Lesser Yellow-legs {Totanus flavipes). — Tolerably common through the Province ; winters on the coast. Solitary Sandpiper {Helodromas solitarius). — Found throughout the Province. Western Solitary Sandpiper {Helodromas solitarius cinnamom- cous). — Rare. 59 Western Willet (Symplionia scmipahnata inornata). — Rare. Wandering Tatler (Heteracitis ijicaniis). — Tolerably common along the coast of Island and mainland. Bartramian Sandpiper (Bertramia longicauda). — Rare. Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subrti ficollis). — Not common. Spotted Sandpiper (Acitis macnlaria) . — This bird is found along the entire coast. Long-billed Curlew (Ntimcnius longirostris) . — Not common. Hudsonian Curlew {Nwnenius hudsonicns). — Not common, but distributed along the coast of Island and mainland. Black-bellied Plover (Charadriiis squatarola). — Abundant during migrations along the coast. American Golden Plover (Charadriiis dominiciis). — Common on the coast during migrations. Killdeer Plover {Aigialitis vocifcra). — Found throughout the Province ; occasionally on the coast in winter. Semipalmated Plover (JEgilaitis scmipalmata). — Not common. SURF-BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Surf-bird {Aphriza virgata). — Not uncommon along the entire coast-line of the Province. Turnstone (Arciiaria iiitcrpres). — Along the entire coast-line, but not common. Black Turnstone (Arciiaria melanocephala) . — Common along the entire coast of the Province. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. ^Mountain-partridge (Orcortyx pictus). — Common on \^ancouver Island ; introduced from California. California Partridge (LopJwrtyx calif ornicus). — Common on \"ancouver Island; introduced from California. Sooty Grouse (Dendragapus obscuriis fuliginosus). — Abundant west of Cascade Mountains, including A'ancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, and all the larger islands along the coast. Richardson's Grouse (Dendragapus obscuriis richardsonii). — An abundant resident east of Cascade ]\Iountains to Rocky Mountains. Franklin's Grouse (Canacliitcs franklinii). — An abundant resi- dent throughout the wooded portion of the interior of the Cascade ]\Iountains, from Okanagan to Cassiar. Canadian Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umhellus togata). — An abund- ant resident east of and including the Cascade Mountains. Grey Ruffled Grouse (Bonsa umbellus nmbcUoidcs). — Rocky Mountain District, Soda Creek, and Beaver Pass. -jtf'Ts: ROCKV MOINTAIX GOAT. 61 Oregon Ruffed Grouse (Boiiasa umbeUus subini). — An abundant resident on Vancouver Island and all the larger islands on the coast, and on the mainland west of Cascade Mountains. Willow-ptarmigan (Lagopits lagopus). — Northern portion of British Columbia, Dease Lake, Cassiar, and Atlin. Rock-ptarmigan (Lagopus ntpcstris). — Common on the summits of most of the mountains on the mainland and \'ancouver Island. Quite common at Atlin. White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus Iciicunis) . — Found on the summits of most mountains on the mainland, except the Coast Range. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse — Prairie-chicken (Pcdioccctcs phasiancUns coliimbianiis). — An abundant resident east of Cascade Range through the southern portions of the Province. Sage-grouse (Ccntroccrcus urophasianus). — Rare. PHEASANTS. Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianiis torquatiis) . — Abundant on \'ancouver Island and in the Lower Eraser River Valley and other portions of the mainland. Introduced from China; now thoroughly naturalized. PIGEONS. Band-tailed Pigeon {Columba fasciata). — A common summer resident in the south-western portions of the Province, including Vancouver Island. Passenger-pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) . — Mentioned in John Keast Lord's "Naturalist in British Columbia" (1866). If it ever did occur here it is now, without doubt, extinct. {Fannin.) Mourning-dove (Zcnaidura macroura). — Not common. 63 GAME FISH. SALMON. A few years ago this Province was only famous for its big game, but the fishing bids fair to become a dangerous rival. Every year more and more people come here from all over the world attracted by reports of the enormous fish that have been caught, and they seldom leave without pleasant memories. \\'hile there are five species of salmon in our waters, only two of them are sporting-fish. The one that comes in greatest numbers is the cohoe, a fish running from 5 lb. to 12 lb., or even 15 lb. It is generally taken by trolling, spoons of various sizes and shapes being used according to the fancy of the angler, and, if a fairly light rod and suitable tackle are used, there is good sport to be had fishing for them in this way, as they are a game, lively fish and fight hard the whole time, seldom sulking. Nearly all salmon-fishing is done in salt-water in bays and inlets or at the mouths of streams. There are also many streams where they can be taken by spinning with a minnow or small Tacoma spoon, and, in spite of all that has been said to the contrary, the cohoe will, under proper conditions, rise quite freely to the fly, as also will some of the spring salmon. Few people use the fly in this country, as they are so much easier caught by trolling, but try a i^- to 2-inch " Silver Doctor " or " Jock Scott," and persevere as energetically as you would in other waters, and you will meet with success. Cohoe-fishing begins early in July at Campbell River and the run lasts from a month to six weeks. In August they can always be taken in the waters close to Mctoria and all among the islands in that neighbourhood. Close to Vancouver they are a little later, and only a few fish are taken before the third week in August. The run continues well on into October. They can then be caught up many of the streams for some time longer. The second sporting-salmon is the spring, which, when of very large size, is generally called the tyee. These fish run from the beginning of December to the end of April, in fair numbers in almost all waters, but if you want to catch the really big ones you must go north to the neighbourhood of Prince Rupert or Port Simpson. There they run anywhere from 15 to 65 lb. At that time of year the best bait is a small herring on a flight of hooks that will spin slowly, but they will also freely take what is called the " Wobbler " spoon. Any person who cannot spare time to go north in these months can always H "5 2 « H .2 H 2 65 pick up a few fish of smaller size close to either Vancouver or Victoria. In May and June there is another small run of salmon in several of the northern inlets, and also in one or two of those in the south. The great run of tyee salmon in southern waters begins at the end of July, and it is at this time that people flock to Campbell River. There are many other places equally good, but camping out or living in a launch is a necessity, as Campbell River is the only place where there is an hotel. These fish run anywhere from 30 lb. up. The biggest fish caught by fair rod-and-line fishing was one of 70 lb., and this record has held good for several years, although several as heavy, if not heavier, have been caught by professional fishermen, using hand-lines. Fish up to 105 lb. have been taken in nets, and some day some lucky sportsman will land one of these monsters on a rod. With regard to rods and tackle for these big fish, opinions vary greatly; some use a short tarpon-rod with multiplying reel and 18- or 2i-thread tarpon-line; others go to the opposite extreme and use an 18-foot rod. Those who use the short rod kill the most fish, but, as far as sport is concerned, might as well use a hand-line. Those who use the long rod have practically no control over their fish at all, and if they do succeed in landing a big one it is after hours of work. The writer of this article prefers a plain inexpensive green-heart of II feet and not too stifif, with a well-made Nottingham reel capable of holding at least 150 yards of strong enamelled line (not silk), a trace made of a piece of the line with two or three swivels, from 2^-oz. lead up to 4 oz., according to the depth of the water fished, and a narrow " Wobbler " spoon 6 inches long. Spoons of all the regula- tion patterns can be best obtained in either Vancouver, Victoria, or at Campbell River. If a metal reel is used it should receive special attention, as the salt-water gets into it and causes it to rust. Be sure and take plenty of tackle, as the very best fishermen frequently get them broken. The following are some of the best-known places for fishing: — Port Simpson, Prince Rupert, Princess Royal Island, Kitimat, Gardner Channel, and Deane Channel. — February and March for spring salmon ; July, August, and September for cohoes. Smith's Inlet, Campbell River, and Union Bay. — July and August for spring salmon; July for cohoes. Knight's Inlet and Phillips Arm. — Often a fair run of spring salmon in May. Victoria and Islands. — February and March for spring fish ; August and September for cohoes. 1 1 GT Almost anywhere in the Gulf of Georgia and the Harbour of Vancouver. — Spring salmon in December, January, February, March, and April; cohoes run in \^ancouver Harbour about August 15th. TROUT. Opinions differ greatly as to the number of varieties of trout in this Province, but, after all is said and done, it is doubtful if there are more than two distinct species of true trout — the " steelhead " (Salmo gardnerei) and the " cut-throat " (Sal mo clarkci) ; all the other so-called species are practically the same, only that in interior waters they have become landlocked and dift'er in colour and marking in certain localities according to local conditions. However, whether all ichthyologists wall agree with this opinion or not, it is certain that all fishermen will agree as to their game qualities and the splendid baskets that can be obtained. A word of warning must, however, be given. Many people come here with the idea that they can go anywhere and use any fly and any tackle in any water and make enormous catches. This is a very mistaken idea. Practically all our waters are well stocked with fish, but the water must be in fishable condition, and the fish have their moods just the same as in any other country ; it is no use fishing streams when they are flooded by melting snow, or, on the other hand, when they are so low and clear the fish can see you long before you can reach them. It is true that in out-of-the-way places the fish are so uneducated that they will take any sort of a lure, but in all the waters easy of access such fishing is a thing of the past, and it now requires a certain modicum of skill to obtain a full creel. The steelhead is a sea-trout, running from 5 lb. up to as high as 25 lb. It bears a strong resemblance to the British salmon, and in many sections is still classed as such. In the big interior lakes, such as Shuswap, Okanagan, and Kootenay, it has become landlocked, and is locally called " salmon." In these lakes it is usually caught by trolling. In the coast waters at the beginning of the fishing season spinning with a silver Devon minnow or small Tacoma spoon is the most successful way, although on warm days you may get them to rise to a fly. It is, however, in the summer months just after the freshets are over that they take the fly freely. They are a shy fish, and as fine tackle as possible must be used, with medium-sized flics, probably the best of which are the Blue and Silver Doctor, Jock Scott, Coachman, and March Brown. The best streams for steelheads are reached from \^ancouver; both Seymour and Capilano Creeks (both of which are close to town) will always yield a few fish to expert fishermen from the middle of June until the water gets too 68 low. The Cheakannis, \'eclcler. Stave, and Coquehalla. all of wliicli are easily reached from X'ancouver, are excellent. Steelheads may be caught by spinning almost any month during the open season. The cut-throat trout is also a sea-trout, and is so called from the red streak which comes under the gills in all mature fish some time after thev have been in fresh water. It is not very noticeable in fish caught in the sea or when they are very small. Like the steelhcad, it has become landlocked in interior waters. They are from 04 lb. to 2 lb. in weight, but are often caught much bigger. There is also the so-called " rainbow," which takes the fly freely. They are a fish of from i/< lb. to 3 lb., but they are probably young steelheads. The cut-throat trout takes the fly freely in all waters as soon as the weather is warm enough to bring out the flies. It is almost impossible to pick out the best places for these fish, as there are such thousands of miles of rivers and lakes where they may be taken. However, in April probably the streams in \'ancouver Island are the best ; amongst them may be named the Cowichan, Courtenay, Campbell, and Oyster Rivers. Later on in the year, when the freshets are on, fish in the lakes close to the mouth of some stream. From Nelson, in West Kootenay, you can reach a number of splendid places, such as Bonnington Falls, Procter, Fry Creek (near Kaslo), and a host of other places. Farther east, on the Crowsnest line, the Elk and Fording Rivers are hard to beat. On the main line of the C.P.R., Fish Lake can be reached from F" A good iiljife for Jiioo.se; close to Bear I^ake, in Cariboo District. 69 Kaniloops. This lake probabh- furnishes the finest fly-fishing that can be obtained anywhere. It is at its best in July, is seldom any good in August, but often good again in September. Sicamous is also well worthy of note, and from this place you can go on down to Vernon, from which place Okanagan Lake can be reached. Savonas and Spence's Bridge, also on the main line of the C.P.R., are good places to fish the North Thompson, which is at its best just after high water. At all these places there are hotels, most of which are quite comfortable. In addition to the trout already mentioned, there are two species of char — one the "Great Lake" trout (Sak'cliiiits iiaiiaxciisli) , only common in northern waters, and the " Dolly A'arden " {Salvelinus lualma), which is very plentiful in all waters. The first named is only caught by deep trolling, and is more famed for its table qualities than as a sporting-fish. The Dolly A^arden, hardly as game as the true trout, is by no means to be despised. Li any of the small mountain- streams where they run from V4 lb. to -)4 lb. they rise freely to the fly and are most excellent table-fish. In the large streams they run up to from I lb. to 8 lb. in weight ; in the lakes as high as 20 lb. In the streams they furnish excellent sport to any one who cares for spinning, and put up quite a fair fight before being landed. GRAYLING. Nearly all the northern waters swarm with grayling, going from 1 lb. to 2 lb. in weight. They rise freely to any small fly ; a Black Gnat is as good as any, and, while by no means the equal of the trout for sport, are well worth catching. Close to Atlin some fair fishing can be got, but on the Taku River, just across the lake from that place, a basket of fifty fish would not be considered anything very wonderful. LICENCES. Hunting and fishing licences must always be obtained before starting out to fish or shoot. They can only be obtained from the Provincial Game Warden, Court-house, \^ancouver, and the Government Agents at the following places : Rossland. Clinton, Kamloops, Vernon, GoJden, Cranbrook, Cumberland, Kaslo, Green- wood, Atlin, Telegraph Creek, Grand Forks, Ashcroft, Duncan, Barkerville, Fairview, Nelson, Revelstoke, Alberni, New Westminster, Fort St. John, Hazelton, Nanaimo, Fernie, Nicola, Prince Rupert, 150-Mile House, Fort Fraser, and Princeton. 70 SYNOPSIS OF GAME LAWS. (Open season.) SHOOTING. Big Game. Moose ] Caribou I September ist to December 31st. Wapiti or Elk J Mule and White-tailed Deer. — September ist to December 15th. Columbia or Coast Deer. — Season is opened yearly by Order in Council. Mountain-goat. — September ist to December 15th. Mountain-sheep. — September ist to November 15th. Note. — Females and calves of moose, wapiti, elk, caribou, and sheep are not allowed to be killed at any time. Wapiti or elk are not allowed to be killed anywhere. (Next date of open season uncertain.) Moose are not allowed to be killed in Fernie or Cranbrook Electoral Districts (probably in Columbia District also). Alountain-sheep are not to be shot in the Okanagan, Similkameen, or Yale Electoral Districts. Bag Limit. — Three caribou, three goats, three sheep (not more than two of any one species, or more than one in the Kootenay District), five deer (not more than three of any one species), and two moose (one only in Kootenay). Small Game. Land-otter ] Marten J. November ist to March 31st. Beaver j Game Birds. Seasons are opened yearly by Order in Council. It is illegal at any time — To buy. sell, or offer to buy or sell the heads of moose, wapiti or elk. caribou, or mountain-sheep : To hunt deer with dogs : To kill more than two hundred and fifty ducks in one season: To export any, or any part of, game animal or bird without a permit, or without a non-resident licence : 71 For any non-resident to hunt, fish, trap, or carry firearms, fishing-rods, or traps (except when traveUingj without a licence. LICENCES FOR NON-RESIDENTS. All licences must be obtained before fishing or shooting, and can only be obtained from the Provincial Game Warden at Vancouver or the Government Agent of the district. General Licence. — Fee, $ioo. For all species of game in season, also fishing. Good only from January ist to December 31st. Bear Licence. — Fee, $25. Good from January ist to July 15th. Bird Licence. — Fee, $50. Good throughout season as declared by Order in Council. Special Weekly Bird Licence (for British Subjects only). — Fee, $5. May only be obtained at the discretion of the Provincial Game Warden at Vancouver. Fishing Licence. — Fee, $5. Good for one year from day of issue. Exemptions to Above. — Ofiicers of the Army and Navy (both British and Canadian) who are on actual duty in the Province. Note (important). — Close seasons for any species of game animal or bird may be declared in any district at any time by Order irt Council. Information on such matters should always be obtained beforehand from the Provincial Game Warden, or from a Deputy Game Warden or Government x'Kgent. FISHING. Trout. — ]\Iarch 26th to November 14th, except cast of 120th meridian, where it is May ist to November 14th. No close season for angling for salmon. (Note. — The 120th meridian crosses the main line of the C.P.R. between Ducks and Kamloops.) Licences. — ]\Iust be obtained to angle for any sort of fish (see above). H 72 BRITISH COLUMBIA GAME LAWS. CHAPTER 95 (R.S. 1911). An Act for the Protection of certain Animals and Birds. IS MA.7ESTY. by and with the advice and consent of tlie Legislative Assembly of the Province of British Colinnbia. enacts as follows : — f 5 >. £ a c <- '^ s s . "*?; » 5 1 = c CS S p "-^ it 5 c = c j= j: X £^5 =1^5|o a> ll> V o-Td o^oo^^O a CO •a ceo c gS 5= '— *— -S s s ?. H u u »ri O O "^ -^ -s" ■3 z •*» ^"3 *j 1 ■3 ^ c ■ § • i i aJ ^ QJ • a! ■ a! S • M 0) - = a) oj is = OO0JQ)QJ4>0>QJC>3>CJ • •aJQJU'^1- aJoj^oj aj « 2 ji-S S :S 'SoSooS^ c oi Q> i^ C = £.S G C C C-e .= c-gC-g^CO ■f-s^'f'S'fS'-Sou :'-5 .■•f^ofooV^ ■^ S'? -U4J-t^-*J-*^-t^4J-i^-i^-*J4^ 1 ■+:>*^-*-»Q-*~ § *3 -*^ +-» ■*-» > ID c c = c c c c = c c c • : c = = 2 = >i > >-- >. 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