A
STATISTICAL VIEW
OF THE
COMMERCE
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
ITS CONNECTION WITH
AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.
AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE
PUBLIC DEBT, REVENUES, AND EXPENDITURES
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TRADE, AGRICULTURE, AND
MANUFACTURES OF THE COLONIES, PREVIOUS TO
THEIR INDEPENDENCE.
ACCOMPANIED WITH TABLES, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
PRINCIPLES AJ\"D OBJECTS OF THE WORK.
BY TIMOTHY PITKIN,
A MEMBER OF THE HOljSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATESj
FROM THE STATE OF COXXECTICUT
HARTFORD :
PRINTED BY CHARLES HOSMER.
1816.
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, ss
(seal.) BE it SEsiEMBMiEi), That on the twelfth day of January, in the for-
s — y tieth year of the independence of the United States of America,
Timothy Pitkix, of the said district, deposited in this office the title
of a hook, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words following - ,
to wit :
" A statistical view of the commerce of the United States of America :
its connection with agriculture and manufactures : and an account of the
public debt, revenues, and expenditures of the United States. With a brief
view of the trade, agriculture, and manufactures of the colonies, previous
to Lheir independence, accompanied with tables, illustrative of the princi-
ples and objects of the work. By Tjmothv Pitkix, a member of the house
of Representatives, of the United States, from the State of Connecticut."
In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United State, entitled,
rt An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of
maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies,
during the times therein mentioned."
HENRY W. EDWARDS,
Clerk of the District of Connecticut.
A true copy of record, examined and sealed by me.
HENRY W. EDWARDS,
Clerk of the District of Connecticut.
I
ADVERTISEMENT.
The greater part of the following collection of tables and
facts was made without any view to publication. Being
shewn to some of our friend?, they thought it would be useful,
that additions should be made to it, of other important ta-
bles, relative to the same subject, scattered through a mass of
public documents, which few possessed, or were able to pro-
cure, without great expense ; and that the whole, in a con-
densed form, should be presented to the public.
Influenced, in no small degree, by their wishes and opinions,
we consented to the undertaking. The original plan was en-
larged, by adding a brief review of the state of the Colonies,
relative to commerce, agriculture, and manufactures, previous
to their independence.
Statistical enquiries have been less the subject of attention in
America, than in Europe. During the last fifty years, many
statistical works have appeared, giving particular accounts of
the power, wealth and resources of most of the European nations.
As the United States have been considered, and justly so,
as the second commercial nation in the world, it cannot be un-
interesting to every American citizen, to become acquainted
with the facts, tending to shew, that they are entitled to this rank.
That enquiries of this nature are useful and important, in
many respects, is acknowledged by all, who have attended to
them. They are particularly so, to merchants, and to all, who
are concerned, in the management of national affairs : and ev-
ery individual must feel an interest, in obtaining a knowledge
of the wealth and resources of his own country.
As necessarily connected with the subject of our enquiry,
we have given a view of the public debt, revenues, and expen-
ditures, from the commencement of the government, to as fate
a period as we were abl», from official documents, to which we
Q A ;j 7 tz n> q
iV ADVERTISEMENT.
had access. The public debt is brought down to the 20th of
February, A. D. 1815, when it was ascertained to be, about one
hundred and eight millions of dollars. From late official doc-
uments, it appears, that up to the 1st of October following, it
had increased, to about one hundred and twenty millions.
The following collection, therefore, may be resorted to, by
all, who may wish to be acquainted with the exports and im-
ports of the United States, and the quantity and value of the
various articles exported and imported, with the general com-
merce of the United States, and the amount of their trade
with particular nations, with the amount of their tonnage,
public debt, revenues, and expenditures, at different periods,
since the establishment of the present government.
We have added, by way of appendix, an account of the coin-
age of the extensive kingdom of New -Spain, which adjoins the U.
States on the West, and an authentic sketch of its commerce, in
1810, particularly that part carried on from the port of La Vera
Cruz, on the Gulph of Mexico ; also a statistical view of the fi-
nances, trade, and commerce of Great-Britain and Ireland, from
1801 to 1813, which was laid before Parliament, in July, 1813,
in the form of resolutions, by the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Many of the tables, in this collection, were obtained direct-
ly from the Treasury books, and have never been published ;
and great pains have been taken, that the tables and calcula-
tions should be correct. In such a number of figures and cal-
culations, however, some errors will, probably, be found. It
is hoped, they will be few and unimportant.
In making the collection, we have aimed at fidelity and im-
partiality ; and in presenting it to the public, our oftject is,
to give, as far as the subject admits, a condensed and connect-
ed view of the wealth and resources of the American nation at
different periods. Should it meet the approbation of the pub-
lic, and serve, in some degree, to lay the foundation of more ex-
tensive and useful enquiries on the subject, in future, we shall
be satisfied, January, 1810
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
nor..
A spirit of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settle-
ment of America — Policy of the European nations with respect to
their American Colonies — Trade of the Colonies restricted at dif-
ferent periods — Report of the Board of Trade, concerning the
trade and manufactures of the Colonists, in the year 1731 and
■ 1732 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures — Bounties given
en the importation of certain articles into England, the produce of
the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different peri-
ods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners fvom several
Colonies — Tcnnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the
vear 1770.
CHAPTER U.
Commerce interrupted, during the American revolutionary war —
Old Congress no power to regulate commerce, or to levy duties on
imports' — Amount of the public debt in 1783 — Requisitions upon
die states for the payment of it not complied with — Power to levy
certain duties on imports not granted to the old Congress by the
states — Depreciation of the public debt — Exports from the United
States to Great-Britain, and imports from Great-Britain, from 1784,
to 1790 — Distressed state of the country — Meeting of Commission-
ers at Annapolis in 1786 — Adoption of the new Constitution, and
(he organization of the government under it in 1789.
VI CONTENTS.
CHAPTER HI.
Exports — Divided into those of domestic, and those of foreign ori-
gin. — Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, which
are 1st. the produce of the sea — 2d. the produce of the forest — 3d.
the produce of agriculture — and 4th, manufactures — Products of
the sea, derived from the cod and whale fisheries — State of the cod
fishery previous to the American revolution, and to the time of the
establishment of the present government — Number of vessels em-
ployed in the fishery from 1791 to 1813, and quantity of fish ex-
ported during the same period — Whale fishery originated at Nan-
tucket in 1690 — Amount of tonnage and number of seamen em-
ployed in it at different periods — Value of exports, the produce of
the fisheries from 1803 to 1814 — Products of the forest — viz. lum-
ber, naval stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, and
oak bark, and other dyes — Value and quantity of each exported
at different periods. .... .
CHAPTER IV.
The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st. which constitutes
vegetable food, as wheat, flour, rice, indian com, rye, &c. — 2d. the
products of animals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle,
horses, &c. — 3d. tobacco — 4th. cotton, and 5th. others of less im-
portance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax, &c. — The quantity and value of
each of these exported at different periods — Value of manufactures
exported — A comparative view of the value of the products of the
sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures exported in
chicIi year from 1803 to 1814. 89
CHAPTER V
EXPORTS OF FOREIGN" PRODUCE.
Neutral trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe—
Their trade in foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805,
1806, and 1807— Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods
CONTENTS. Vll
paying ad valorem duties exported, in each year, from 1791 to 1814
— Quantity of sugar and coffee, and goods subject to ad valorem
duties imported from different countries in 1807 — Quantity of su-
gar and coffee exported to different countries, in different years —
Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, export-
ed in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. 135
CHAPTER VI.
Imports into the United States — Their trade with different parts of
the world at different periods — Particular account of the trade
with Great-Britain,' France, and other countries — A comparative
view of exports and imports in different years — Value of the prin-
cipal articles imported at different periods — Amount of cotton and
woollen goods imported from Great-Britain in 1806 and 1807, and
wines and brandies from France — Origin of their trade with China
and the East-Indies — Quantity of teas imported in different years
from 1790 to 1812. 151
CHAPTER Vn.
Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world — Balance
of trade — Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles
consumed in the United States, at different periods. - - - 241
CHAPTER Vni.
Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Fund-
ed, and on what terms — Sinking Fund — Increase or decrease of the
debt at different periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at
the time of the declaration of the late war between the United
States and Great-Britain — Its increase since — Amount and terms
of the late loans, and issues of Treasury Notes — Sketch of the na-
tional debt and sinking fund of Great -Britain. .... 261
CHAPTER IX.
Revenues, derived, principally, from duties on imports and tonnage
— Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of
V1U CONTJiNTS.
t lie Government, lo 1814 — Gross and net amount of the customs,
accruing annually, in each state and territory, from the commence-
ment of the Government, to December 31st, 1810, with the amount
of drawbacks, &c. — An account of internal duties laid prior to
1802 — Amount received, prior to, and since their repeal in that
year — Various internal taxes laid since 1812 — Direct taxes, which
have been laid, at different periods — Amount of the valuation of
lands and houses, in 1799 — Comparative view of the value of lands
and houses, in 1799, and 1814, in several states — Proceeds of sales
of public lands — Estimate of the quantity of public lands yet un-
sold — Post-Office establishment — Amount of postage received-
Receipts and expenditures, at different periods. t - - - 307
CHAPTER X
Tonnage of the United States — Amount employed in loreigii trade,
and in the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of Ame-
rican tonnage, from 1793 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state,
in 1810, and in the ports of Boston, NeW-York, Philadelphia, Bal-
timore, and Charleston — Vessels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Compar-
ative view of American tonnage, with that of other nations —
Amount of foreign tonnage, in American foreign trade, at differ-
ent periods, and the nations to which it belonged — American
navy, in 1815. - - ----- 38;
CONTENTS
OF THE TABLES ANNEXED TO THE CHAPTERS.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE.
Table No. I. — Value of the imports and exports of the North-Ame-
rican Colonies, in 1769, 19,20
No. II. — An account of the principal articles exported from the
North-American Colonies, including' the islands of New-Found-
land, Bahama, and Bermuda, and the countries to which the
articles were sent, with their official value, in the year 1770, 21 — 23
CHAPTER IH.
Table No. I. — A summary statement of the value of the exports
of the several states and territories, annually, from the 1st of
October, 1790, to the 30th of September, 1810, - - - 51—53
No. n. — Value of exports, the growth, produce, and manufacture
of the United States, from each state and territory, annually,
from 1st October, 1802, to 3Qth September, 1810, - - 54
No. HI. — Value of exports, the growth, produce, and manufacture
of foreign countries, from each state, &c. annually, from October
1st, 1802, to September 30th, 1810, 55
No. IV. — Aggregate of articles exported from the United States,
for each year, from 1791 to 1814, - - , - - 56—73
No. V. — State of the cod fishery in Massachusetts, from 1765 to
1775, and from 1786 to 1790, 74
No. VI. — Produce of the fisheries, exported from the United States,
from about August 20th, 1789, to September 30th, 1790, - 75
No. VII. — The countries to which cod fish, dried and pickled, was
exported in each year, from 1800 to 1811, with the quantity
exported to each country, 76,77
Nos. VIII. and IX. — State of the whale fishery in Massachusetts,
from 1771 to 1775, and from 1787 to 1789, - - - 78,79
No. X. — The countries, to which whale and spermaceti oil was ex-
ported, with the quantity exported to each country, from 1800
to 1811, 80,81
Nos. XI. Xn. and XIH.— The conntries, to which staves and head-
ing, shingles, boards and plank, were exported, from 1800 to 1811, 82—84
Nos. XIV. XV. XVI. and XVII.— The countries, to which tar and
turpentine, pot ajid pearlashes, were exported, from 1800 to 1811, 85— 8K
B
No. II.
do.
Flour,
do.
No. III.
do.
Rice,
do.
No. IV.
do
Beef,
do.
No. V.
do
Pork,
do.
No. VI.
do.
Tobacco,
do.
No. VII.
do.
Sea-Island Cotton,
do.
No. VIII
do.
other Cotton,
CHAPTER V.
do.
X CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV
PAGE.
Table No. I. — Countries to which wheat was exported, from 1800
to 1811, - - 1'25
126
127
128
129
130
131
132,133
I'Ar.i.E No. I. do. Brown Sugar, do. 145,146
No. II. do, White Sugar, clayed or powdered, do. 147
No. Ill do. Coffee, do. 148,149
CHAPTER VI.
Table No. I. — Value of imports into the United States, from each
nation and dependencies in each year, from 1795 to 1801, inclu-
sive, ....... 212—214
No. II — Value of exports from the United States, to each nation
and dependencies, from 1795 to 1802, .... 215 — 217
No. III. — Amount of goods imported into the United States, for the
year ending September 30th, 1807 — including goods paying du-
ties ad valorem, and the quantity and estimated value of all other
articles, 218,219
No. IV. — Imports into Great-Britain, from the United States, (ex-
clusive of Scotland) in 1806, 1807 and 1808, including the ar-
ticles and their value, 220,221
No. V. — Exports from Great-Britain (exclusive of Scotland) to the
United States, for 1806, 1807 and 1808, includingthe articles and
their value, 222,223
.No. VI. — Total official and real value of all imports into, and ex-
ports from, Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland, and the East-
Indies, and China) in 1806, 1807 and 1808, distinguishing for-
eign merchandize from British produce and manufacture, - 221
No. VII. An acc.uunl of the total value of woollen manufac-
ture, exported from Great Britain, from 1790, to 1799, with the
various countries, to which they were sent, .... 225
Xo. \ III — Official value of 'all imports into, anil exports from Great-
Britain, for three years, ending 5th of January, 1811, distinguish-
CONTENT.';. XI
SAGE.
mg each year, and distinguishing the value of imports from the
East-Indies and China, from the value of all other imports ; al-
so distinguishing the value of British produce and manufactures
exported, from the value of foreign articles exported, with the
difference between the official and declared value of British pro-
duce and manufactures, exported in the year, ending January 5th
1811, with an appendix, containing theparticular articles import-
ed and exported, with the value of each, for those years, - 226 — 232
X'o. IX. — Exports from the United States to the British West-In-
dies, in 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing the quantity and value
of the articles exported, ...... 233,234
Xo. X. — Imports into the United States, from the British "West-In-
dies, for 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing the quantity and value
of the articles imported, with the amount of duty on the same, - 235
Xo. XI. — Principal exports from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to the
United States, in each year from 1783, to 1804, with the num-
ber of American ships employed, in each year, in the intercourse
between that port and the United States, .... 236 — 239
CHAPTER VII.
Table Xo. I— Statement of the value and quantities respectively
of merchandize (paying duties ad valorem,) spirits, molasses,
wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, paying duties on their im-
portation in each year from 1790 to 1800, and consumed in the
United States, - - 250,251
Xo. II. — Amount of goods paying duties ad valorem, imported into
the United States, with the duties accruing thereon — also, the
amount of the same goods exported, distinguishing those enti-
tled to drawback, and those not entitled to drawback, - - 252
No. III. — Quantity of spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, sugar,
and salt, imported into the United States, also the quantity of
the same articles exported, and consumed in the United States,
for each year, from 1801 to 1812, 253—255
Xo. IV.— Number of Inhabitants in the United States, and in each
state and territory in 1790, 256
Xo. V. do. do. in 1800, - 257,258
Xo. VI. do. do. in 1810, 259,260
CHAPTER VIE.
Table Xo. I.— Amount of the national debt of Great-Britain, in
1689, and at the commencement and termination of each war
.since, to February 1st, 1813, 305
Ill CONTENTS.
TABi.
"No. II. — Amount of money applied to the redemption of the nation-
al funded debt of Great-Britain, and of capital and interest re-
deemed from 1786, to 1st February, 1813, and the produce of
the sinking fund at that time, .... - - 306
CHAPTER IX.
Table No. I. — Statement exhibiting- the gross and net amount of
the customs, together with the amount of drawbacks, &c. and
expenses of collection, in each state and territory, from the com-
mencement of the present Government, annually, to 31st day of
December, 1810, 347— 37+
No. II. — Statement exhibiting 1 the amount of duties collected on
wines, spirits, &.c. from 1793 to 1810, .... 373,374
No. III. — Amount of duties accruing- on the following- articles, im-
ported in 1806, with the rates of duties on each, - - 375,376
No. IV*. — A g-eneral view of the assessment and apportionment of
the direct tax, laid by the acts of Congress, of July 9th, and July
14th, 1798, 377,378
No. V. — Table of the post-office establishment, from 1789, to Octo-
ber 1, 1813, 379
No VI. — An account of the post-office establishment, in each state
and territory, in the year 1802, 380,381
No. VII. — A statement of the annual revenue of the United States,
from the commencement of the federal government, until the
30th of September, 1812, comprising the net amount derived
from the customs, internal taxes, direct tax, sale of lands, and
all other sources ; also, an account within the same period, of
the annual expenditures, on account of the army, Indian depart-
ment, the navy, foreign intercourse, Barbary powers, civil list,
miscellaneous civil, formed in pursuance of a resolution of the
House of Representatives of the United Suites, of the 24th of
December, 1812, 382—386
CHAPTER X
Table No. I. — Registered tonnage employed in foreign trade in
each state, from 1793 to 1810, 397 — 399
No. II. — Enrolled tonnage employed in the coasting trade in each
state, from 1793 to 1810, - - - - - - ' - 400 — 104
No. III. — Statement of the amount of American and foreign ton-
nage, respectively employed in foreign trade, for each of the
years 1790 to 1799, as taken from the records of the Treasury, 40.i
No. IV. — A comparative statement of the tonnage of vessels, enter-
ed into the United States, from 1st January, 1790, to 31st De-
i'' tuber, 1796, - - - ... 406.407
CHAPTER I.
A SPIRIT of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settlement or
America — Policy of the European nations with respect to dieir American
Colonies' — Trade of the Colonies restricted at different periods — Report
of the Board of Trade, concerning the trade and manufactures of the Co-
lonists, in the year 1731-2 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures —
Bounties given on the importation of certain articles into England, the
produce of the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different
periods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners from several Co-
lonies — Tonnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the year 1770.
J\- SPIRIT of commercial enterprise, which prevailed in the
14th century, and a desire to find a new route, to the wealth of In-
dia, led to the important discovery of the western Continent. The
new race of beings which inhabited the new world, as it was called,
excited the curiosity of all Europe ; and the valuable productions
found there, particularly the vast quantities of the precious metals,
soon interested most of the commercial nations in that quarter of the
old world. Individuals, as well as governments, were solicitous to share
in the advantages of this discovery ; and numerous adventures, both
public and private, were set on foot, some for the purpose of furthei
discoveries and conquest, and others for the purpose of trade and com-
merce. The Spaniard-, the English, the French, the Portuguese, the
Dutch, and the Danes and Swedes, at different periods, in conse-
quence of prior discoveries or settlements, had claims, more or less ex-
tensive, to different parts of the western Continent. The avarice of
Henry VII. of England, prompted him to employ the Cabots, in
the discovery of the northern part of the Continent, which was after-
wards called North-America.
In consequence of the discoveries made by these bold navigators, al-
most the whole of North-America was claimed by him, and at subso
1
(juent periods, was by Ins successors granted, from the 48th to the 29th
degree of north latitude, and in extent, from the Atlantic to the
South-Sea.
Under these various grants, at different periods, tlie North-Ameri-
can Colonies were settled, and principally from the enterprise ot in-
dividuals.
The Colonies, thus settled by emigrations from Europe, were con-
sidered as a part, or rather an appendage of the nation, from which
they originated, and under whose patronage they were settled. But
a new kind of policy, which has been called a colonial policy, was
adopted respecting them, by all the European nations ; a policy, which
had for its object, the particular interest and prosperity of the parent
country, without much regard to the interest and prosperity of the
Colonies themselves. The trade and commerce of the Colonies was
generally confined to the parent country. The right of trading with
their Colonics was, by some of the European nations, granted ex-
clusively to particular companies. By others, the colonial trade
was limited to particular ports, and afterwards to particular ships,
called registered ships. The policy of Great-Britan, though general-
ly more liberal than any other European nation, has always been,
to secure to herself the carriage of the produce of her Colonies, to
monopolize their raw materials, and to furnish the Colonists, with all
(he manufactures or other imported articles they consume. Lore!
Sheffield, in his " Observations or American commerce"' says. " the
only use and advantage of American Colonies, or West-India island-,
is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their pro-
duce." In pursuance of this policy, as early as 1660, in the celebra-
ted act of Parliament, entitled '• An Act tor the encouraging and in-
creasing of shipping and navigation," it is enacted (Chap. 18. ;
■• That from and alter the 1st day of April 1661, no ''sugars, to-
bacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustick, or other dying woods,
of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any English Plantations in
America. Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or trans-
ported from any of the said English Plantations, to any land, island,
territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such
either English Plantation- as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and
successors, or to the Kingdom of England or Ireland, or Principality
of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, there to be laid on shore,
under the penalty of the forfeiture of the said goods, or the full value
thereof, as also of the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel." <$:c. —
And all vessels sailing to the Plantations, are to give bonds, to bring
said commodities to England.
In 1663, another act of Parliament prohibited the importation, in-
to any of the English Colonies, in Asia, Africa, or America, of any
commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, ex-
cept they were laden or shipped in England, Wales, or the town of
Berwick upon Tweed, and in English built shipping, or which were
bought before the first day of October, 1662, &c. and which were to be
carried directly to the said Colonies, &.c. with an exception of " salt
for the fisheries, wines from Madeira and Azores, and all sorts of
victuals from Scotland and Ireland. '"* — The British Colonies, there-
lore, by this act could obtain no European goods, but through the
ports in England. A drawback of the duties, however, was generally
allowed on the exportation of those goods to the Colonies.
Before the Independence of the United States, and subsequent to
die year 1766, the trade of the British Colonies, as to their exports, was
limited to the parent country, to that part of Europe, which lies south
of Cape Finisterre, to certain parts of Africa, and to the West-Indies.
Many of the most valuable articles of colonial produce were confined to
the market of the parent country. — To those enumerated in the act of
navigation before recited, many others were, afterwards, at different
* The preamble to this act (15 Charles II.) shews the policy which
then prevailed in Europe, respecting distant Colonies. It is in the follow,
ing words. — " And in regard his Majesty's Plantations beyond the seus>
are inhabited and peopled by his subjects of tins his Kingdom of England,
tor the maintaining a greater correspondence and kindness between them,
and keeping them in a firmer dependence upon it, and rendering them vet
more beneficial and advantageous unto it, in the further employment and
increase of English shipping and seamen, vent of English woolens, and oth-
er manufactures and commodities, rendering the navigation to and from the
same more safe and cheap, and making this Kingdom a staple, not only of
the commodities of diese plantations, but also of the commodities of other
countries and places for the supplying of them, and it being' the usage of
other nations, to keep th^lr plantation trade to themselves, Re it Enar'-
;d," &c.
periods, added, such as molasses, tar, pitch, turpentine, hemp, masts,
yards, copper ore, pig and bar iron, pot and pearl ashes, beaver skins,
whale fins, hides, &c. Rice and lumber were once among the €7iu-
■merated commodities, as those were called, which could only be ship-
ped to Great-Britain. They were afterwards however permitted to
be carried to that part of Europe, lying south of Cape Finisterre.
The non enumerated commodities, as those were called, which were
not confined to the market of Great-Britain, could originally be ship-
ped to any part of the world ; but by the Oth of George 111. (1766)
were limited, in the same manner as rice and lumber, to the part of
Europe south of Cape Finisterre.
The Colonies sent to Africa, New-England rum, and such articles
as were necessary lor the purchase of slaves. The trade of the Col-
onies, and particularly the northern Colonies, to the West-India isl-
and.-, was, from their first settlement, of great importance. They
sent their fish, grain, and other provisions, lumber. >S:c. to the for-
eign West-India islands, as well as to the British ; and received, in
return, rum. sugar, coffee, salt, molasses, and such other article- as
were permitted to be brought from them. This trade with the for-
eign West-India islands was always considered, by the Colonists, as
highly advantageous, but was viewed by die British merchants, and
the West-India planters, with no small degree of jealousy. As
the population of the Colonies increased, this trade also increased ;
and the superior fertility of some of the foreign West-India islands
gave them great advantages over the British planter. With the in-
crease of wealth and population, the Colonists began also to introduce
sundry manufacture-, tor their own consumption, such as woolen and
linen cloths, iron, hats, paper, «xc. This excited the jealousy of the
British manufacturer, and various complaints were made to the Lords
Commissioners of trade and Plantations, and to Parliament, by the
merchant-, Planters, and manufacturers, that the Colonists were car-
rying on trades, and setting up manufactures injurious to them, and
to the interest of the parent country. In consequence of these com-
plaint-, the British house of Common-, in 1731, directed the Board
of trade and Plantation.-, to make a report ''with respect to laws
made, manufactures set up, or trade carried on in the Colonies, de-
trimental to the trade, navigation, or manufactures of Great-Britain."
In pursuance of this order, the Board of trade, on the 15th of Feb.
1731-2 made a report, which, as it contains a statement rela-
tive to the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, at that period, is
here inserted. — They say " The following complaints have been
lately made to this Board, against some plantation laws, viz. in
Massachusetts Bay, an act was made to encourage the manufacture
of paper, which law interferes with the profit made by the British
merchants on foreign paper sent thither.
'• In New-England, New-York, Connecticut, Rhode-Island, Pennsyl-
vania, and in the county of Somerset in Maryland, they have fallen
into the manufacture of woolen cloth and linen cloth, for the vise ot
their own families only ; for the product of these Colonies being chief-
ly catie and grain, the estates of the inhabitants depended wholly on
farming, which could not be managed, without a certain quantity of
sheep; and their wool would be entirely lest, were not their servant-
employed during winter, in manufacturing it, for the use of their
families.
• k Flax and hemp being likewise easily raised, the inhabitants man-
ufactured them into coarse sort of cloth, bags, traces, and halters for
their horses, which they found did more service, than those they had
from any part of Europe.
" However, the high price of labour in general in America, rendered
it impracticable for people there to manufacture their linen cloth at
less than 29 per cent, more than the rate in England, or woolen
cloth at less than 50 per cent, dearer, than that, which is exported
from home for sale. It were to be wished, that some expedient might
be fallen upon, to direct their thoughts from undertakings of this nature ;
.-o much the rather, because these manufacture-, in process of time,
may be carried on, in a greater degree, unless an early stop be put
to their progress by employing them in naval stores. Wherefore.
we take leave to renew our repeated proposals, that reasonable en-
couragement be given to the same. Moreover, we find that certain
trades carried on, and manufactures set up there, are detrimental to
the trade, navigation, and manufactures of Great-Britain. For the
state of these Plantations varying almost every year, more or less,
in their trade and manufactures, as well as in other particulars, W(
Ihought it necessary for his Majesty's service, and for the dischargo
G
of our trust, from time to time, to send general queries to the sclera!
Governours in America, that we might be the more exactly informed
of the condition of the Plantations, among which there were several,
that related to their trade and manufactures, to which we received the
following returns viz. : The Govemour of New-Hampshire, in his an-
swer said, that ther* were no settled manufactures in that Province,
and that their trade principally consisted in lumber and fish.
" The Govemour of Massachusetts Bay informed us, that in some-
parts of this Province, the inhabitants worked up their wool and flax
into an ordinary coarse cloth for their own use, but did not export any.
That the greatest part of the woolen and linen clothing, worn in this
Province, was imported from Great-Britain, and sometimes from Ire-
land ; hut considering the excessive price of labor in New-England,
the merchants could afibrd what was imported cheaper, than what was
made in that country. That there was also a few hat makers in the
maritime towns, and that the greater part of the leather used in that
country, was manufactured among themselves. That there had been
for many years, some iron works in that Province, which had afforded
the people iron for some of their necessary occasions ; but that the
iron imported from Great-Britain was esteemed much the best, and
wholly used by the shipping ; and that the iron works of the Province
were not able to supply the twentieth part of what was necessary for
die use of the country.
' ; They had no manufactures in the Province of New-York, that
deserve mentioning. Their trade consisted chiefly in furs, whale-bone,
oil, pitch, tar, and provisions. No manufactures in New-Jersey, thai
deserve mentioning, their trade being chiefly in provisions shipped
from New-York and Pennsylvania. The chief trade of Pennsylvania
lay ,11 their exportation of provisions and lumber; no manufactures
being established, and their clothing and utensils for their houses be-
ing all imported from Great-Britain. By further advices from New-
Hampshire, the woolen manufacture appears to have decreased, the
common lands, on which the shoe}) used to feed, being now appro-
priated, and the people almost wholly clothed with woolen from
Great-Britain. The manufactures of tlax. into linens, some coarse,
-oine fine, daily increased, by the great resort of people from Ireland
■ hither, who are well -killed in that business. Bv lite account- fron
Massachusetts Bay, in New-England, the Assembly have voted a
bounty of thirty shillings for every piece of duck or canvass made in
the Province. Some other manufactures are carried on there, as
brown holland, for women's wear, which lessens the importation of
calicoes, and some other sorts of East-India goods.
" They also make some small quantities of cloth, made of linen
and cotton for ordinary sheeting. By a paper mill set up three years
ago, they make to the value of £200 sterling yearly. There are also
several forges for making bar iron, and some furnaces for cast iron
or hollow ware, and one slitting mill, and a manufacture for nails.
The Governour writes concerning the woolen manufacture, that the
country people, who used formerly to make most of their clothing out of
their own wool, do not now make a third part of what they wear, but
are mostly clothed with British manufacture. The surveyor general
of his Majesty's woods writes, that they have in New-England, six
furnaces and nineteen forges, for making iron, and that in this Prov-
ince many ships are built for the French and Spaniards, in return
for rum, molasses, wines, and silks, which they truck there by con-
nivance. Great quantities of hats are made in New-England, of
which the company of hatters in London have complained to us,
that great quantities of these hats are exported to Spain, Portugal,
and our West-India Islands. They also make all sorts of iron work
for shipping. There are several still houses and sugar bakers es-
tablished in New-England. By late advices from New-York, there
are no manufactures there, that can affect Great-Britain. There
is yearly imported into New-York, a very large quantity of the wool-
en manufactures of this Kingdom, for their clothing, which they would
be rendered incapable to pay for, and would be reduced to the neces-
sity of making for themselves, if they were prohibited from receiving
from the foreign sugar Colonies, the money, rum, molasses, cocoa, in-
digo, cotton-wool, &c. which they at present take in return for provis-
ions, horses, and lumber, the produce of that Province and of New-
Jersey, of which he affirms the British Colonies do not take off above
one half. But the company of hatters of London have since inform-
ed us, that hats are manufactured in great quantities in this Province.
" By the last letters from the Deputy Governour of Pennsylvania,
he does not know of any trade carried on, in that Province, that car:
be injurious lo tins Kingdom. The}' do nut export any woolen or
linen manufactures; all that they make, which are of a coarse sort,
being for their own use. We are farther informed, that in this Prov-
ince are built many brigantines and small sloops, which they sell to
the West-Indies. The Governour of Rhode-Island informs us, in an-
swer to our queries, that there are iron mines there, but not a fourth
part iron enough to serve their own use : but he takes no notice of
any manufactures there. No return from the Governour of Connec-
ticut. But we find, by some accounts, that the produce of this Colo-
ny is timber, boards, all sorts of English grain, hemp, flax, sheep,
black cattle, sw inc. horses, goats, and tobacco. Thai they export hor-
se.- and lumber to the West-Indies, and receive, in return, sugar,
salt, molasses, and rum. We likewise find, that their manufactures
are very inconsiderable ; the people there being generally employed
in tillage, some few in tanning, shoemaking, and other handicrafts;
others in building, and in joiner's, taylor's and smith's work, without
which they could not subsist. No report is made from Carolina, the
Bahama, nor the Bermuda isles.* 1
The Commissioners then proceed to say — " From the foregoing
state, it is observable, that there are more trades carried on, and man-
ufacture- set up, in the Provinces on the Continent of America, to the
northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactures of
Great-Britain, particularly in New-England, than in any other of the
British Colonies; which is not to be wondered at. for their soil, cli-
mate, and produce, being pretty nearly the same wi.'h ours, they
have no staple commodities of their own growth to exchange for our
manufactures, which puts them under greater necessity, as well as
under greater temptations, for providing for themselves at home ; to
which may be added, in the charter governments, the little depend-
ence they have upon the mother country, and consequently the small
restraint they are under, in any matters detrimental to her interests.
And, therefore, we humbly beg leave to repeat and submit to the wis-
dom of this honourable house, the substance of what we formerly pro-
posed in our report, on the silk, linen, and woolen manufactures
herein before recited, namely, whether it mi^ht not be expedient to
•dive these Colonies proper encouragements tor turning their industry
!o such manufactures and products, as might be of service to Great-
Britain, and more particularly to the production of all kinds of naval
stores."*
* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3.
Note. The British merchants and manufacturers were always jealous
of the trade and manufactures of the northern Colonies and particularly of
New-England. Sir Josiah Child, in his discourse on trade, written about
the year 1680, says "That New-England is the most prejudicial Plantation
to this Kingdom." In attempting to prove this he says " I am now to write
of a people, whose frugality, industry, and temperance, and the happiness of
whose laws and institutions, promise to them long life, with a wonderful
increase of people, riches, and power ; and although no men ought to envy
that virtue and wisdom in others, which themselves eidver can or will not
practise, but radier to commend and admire it ; yet I think it is the duty
of every good man primarily to respect the welfare of his native coun
try ; and therefore, though I may offend some, whom I would not wil
lingly displease, I cannot omit, in the progress of tliis discourse, to take no-
tice of some particulars, wherein old England suffers diminution by the
growth of these Colonies settled in New-England, and how that Plantation
differs from those more southerly, with respect to the gain or loss of this
Kingdom, viz.
" 1. All our American Plantations, except that of New -England, produce
commodities of different natures from those of this Kingdom, as sugar, to-
bacco, cocoa, wool, ginger, sundry sorts of dying woods, Etc. Whereas
New-England produces generally the same we have here, viz. com and cat-
tle ; some quantity offish they do likewise kill, but that is taken and saved
altogedier by their own inhabitants, which prejudices our Newfoundland
trade, where, as has been said, very few are, or ought according to pru-
dence, to be employed in those fisheries, but the inhabitants of old England.
The other commodities we have from them, are some few great masts, furs-,
and train oil, of which the yearly value amounts to very little, the much
greater value of returns from them being made in sugar, cotton, wool, to-
bacco, and such like commodities, which they first receive from some other
of his Majesty's Plantations, in barter for dry cod fish, salt mackerel, beef,
pork, bread, beans, flour, peas, &.C which they supply Barbadoes, Jamaica,
&c. with, to the diminution of the vent of those commodities from this
Kingdom-, the great experience of which in our West-India Plantations, would
soon be found in the advantage of the value of our lands in England, were
it not for the vast and almost incredible supplies these Colonies have from
New-England. 2. The people of New -England, by virtue of their primitive
charter, being not so strictly tied to the observation of die laws of this King-
dom, do sometimes a?sume the liberty of trading, contrary to the act ofn?
10
This report exhibits a view, although a very imperfect one, of the
Mate of the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, about the year
(731—2.
The Governours of the several Provinces and Colonies, especially
(hose who were independent of the crown, aware of the object of the
queries put to them by the Lords Commissioners, returned answers as
favourable as possible to the Colonists, and which would least excite
the jealousy of the British merchant and manufacturer.
The disputes, however, between the British West-India sugar
Colonies and the northern Colonies, concerning the trade of the latter
with the foreign West-India islands, still continued with great
warmth, and in 1733, in order to settle this dispute, and to encour-
age their own sugar Colonies, Parliament passed an act (6 George II.
c. 13) " For the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Ma-
jesty's sugar Colonies in America.''
This act imposed a duty of nine pence sterling on every gallon of
ruin, six pence on every gallon of molasses, and five shillings on eve-
ry hundred weight of sugar, imported into any of the British Planta-
tions in America from foreign sugar Colonies. This duty was af-
terwards reduced to six pence on rum, and three pence on mo-
lasses. The duty was always very odious to the northern Colo-
nists. It was justly considered by them as sacrificing their interest
to the interest of the sugar planter. And it is well known that al-
though this duty was attempted to lie collected in tin Colonies. l._
officers appointed by the crown, and by severe legal penalties, yet.
vigation, by reason of which, many of our American commodities, especial-
ly tobacco and sugar, arc transported in New-English shipping', directly in
to Spain, and other foreign countries, without being landed in England, or
paying any duty to his Majesty ; which is not only a loss to the King - , and a
prejudice to the navigation of old England, &.c.
"3. Of all the American Plantations, his Majesty has none so apt for the
building of slopping a.s New-England, nor none comparably so qualified for
the breeding of seamen, not only by reason of the natural industry of that
people, but principally by reason of their cod and mackerel fisheries ; and
in my poor opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and in prospect more
dangerous to any mother Kingdom, than the increase of shipping in her Co-
lonics. Plantations, or Provinces "
11
by smuggling or some other way, the payment of it was general-
ly evaded. In consequence of the statements in this report, relative
to the manufacture and exportation of hats from the Colonies, and un-
doubtedly at the instigation of the manufacturers of that article in
Great-Britain, Parliament passed an act (5 George II. 1732) " to
prevent the exportation of hats out of any of his Majesty's Colonies or
Plantations in America, and to restrain the number of apprentice^
taken by the hat-makers in the said Colonies or Plantations, and for
the better encouraging the making of hats in Great-Britain." By
this act, not only was the exportation of hats prohibited to a foreign
port, but their transportation from one Britisli Plantation to ano-
ther British Plantation, was also prohibited, under severe penalties ;
nor could they ' ; be loaden upon any horse, cart, or other carriage,
to the intent or purpose to be exported, transported, shipped off," k.c.
By the same act no person could make hats, unless he had serv-
ed an apprenticeship for seven years, nor could he employ more
than two apprentices at any one time.
The making of pig and bar iron had become an object of some,
consequence in the Colonies. The British government were willing
to encourage the importation of it into England, in its raw and un-
manufactured state, but were opposed to the manufacture of it in the
Colonies. In the year 1750, therefore, an act was passed (23
George II.) " to encourage the importation of pig and bar iron from
his Majesty's Colonies in America, and to prevent the erection of any
mill, or other engine for flitting or rolling of iron, or any plating
forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, in
any of said Colonies." By this act, pig iron is admitted into Eng-
land duty free, and bar iron is admitted duty free, into the port
of London. But the erection of any slitting mill, plating forge, or
furnace for making steel, is prohibited under severe penalties.
While the British government were thus jealous of the trade and ma-
nufactures of the Colonies, which were supposed to interfere with the
particular interests of the mother country, they were disposed to en-
courage the production of such raw materials as were necessary lor
their manufactures, and such other articles as could not be raised in
England, but for ^\hich they were entirely, or in a great measure,
dependent upon other countries. At different periods, therefore,
12
Parliament offered liberal bounties on the importation of various arti-
cles into Great-Britain, which were the growth and production of the
Colonies. By the 3 and 4 Ann, c. 10, (1706) a large bounty was
given on the importation of tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, masts, yards^
and bowsprits, from the Colonies ; and at subsequent periods, a boun-
ty was given upon indigo, hemp, and flax, and timber of different
kinds, raw silk, and on pipe, hogshead, and barrel staves. The so-
ciety also instituted at London, in 1753, " for the encouragement of
arts, manufactures, and commerce," offered liberal premiums for the
production and culture of certain articles in the British Colonies.
In 1762, this society gave premiums on the importation of the fol-
lowing articles from the Colonies, viz. cochineal, sturgeon, raw silk,
scammony, opium, pesiman gum, silk grass, saffiower, pot and pearl
ashes ; and on the culture of logwood, olive trees, vines for raisins,
vines for wines, cinnamon, aloes, hemp, silk, and sarsnparilla.
POPULATION, EXPORTS, AND IMPORTS OF THE COLONIES.
In 1749, the whole white population of the North American Colo-
nies, now the United States, was estimated at 1,046,000. The num-
ber in each Colony, was estimated as follows, viz,
New-Hampshire ... 30,000
Massachusetts Bay - . - 220,000
Rhode-Island - - 35,000
Connecticut - - - 100,000
New-York .... 100,000
Jersies ... . 60,000
Pennsylvania and Delaware - - 250,000
Maryland .... 85,000
Virginia .... 85,000
North-Carolina - - - 45,000
South-Carolina .... 30,000
Georgia .... 6,000
At this period, the annual value of the imports into these Colonic?
from England, was about £900,000 sterling. Dr. Franklin* states
the value of the imports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland)
" Fourth volume Franklin's "Works, page 69.
13
.tnio the northern Colonies, at two different periods, viz. from 1744
to 1748, and from 1754 to 1758, taken, as is supposed, from the
English custom-house books, as follows, viz.
1744 - - - £640,114 12 4
1745 .... 534,316 2 5
1746 - - - 754,945 4 3
1747 - - . 726,648 5 5
1748 - - - 830,243 16 9
Total
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
Total
,£3,486,268
1
o
,£1,246,615
1
11
1,177,848
6
10
1,428,720
18
10
1,727,924
o
10
1,832,948
13
10
£7,414,057
4
3
The great increase of imports during the last period of five years
was owing, undoubtedly, in no small degree, to the war then existing
between England and France, and which occasioned greater ship-
ments than usual to the Colonies, in order to supply the troops dur-
ing those years. This war, which has generally been called the
French war of 1755, was occasioned, in a great measure, by a
contest for boundaries and limits in North America, between the
English and French. In all the former wars between these powers.
the Colonists had been warmly engaged, and several attempts had
been made by them to take possession of Canada and other parts
of North America then in possession of the French. In consequence
of these attempts, and in defending themselves against the attacks of
the French from Canada, great expenses had been incurred by the
Colonies ; and having few resources, most of the colonial govern-
ments, at different periods, for the purpose of defraying these and
other expenses, had issued paper money, but which in most if not in
all instances depreciated.
14
The Colonies felt themselves more than ever interested m the
result of the contest, as to the boundaries between them and the
French Canadian settlements. The French were making such en-
croachments on the western and northern frontiers, as, if acquiesced
in, would leave them but a small strip of territory along the Atlantic.
They now, more than ever, felt the necessity of union and concert
among themselves, for their mutual protection and defence, against
those encroachments, and also of a general treasury, from which, the
expense of such protection and defence might be defrayed. For
the purpose of forming such an union, Commissioners from New-
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-Jersey.
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, met at Albany, in July, 1754. Com-
missioners from the other Colonies were expected, but were not pre-
sent.
A plan of union was agreed upon by the Commissioners present .
This plan was submitted to the King and Parliament for their appro-
bation, and to the Assemblies of the several Colonies, but was reject-
ed by the former, as vesting too much power in the Colonies, and
was disapproved by the latter as giving too much power to the
crown. By this plan, " the general government was to be admin-
istered by a president general to be appointed and supported by the
crown, and a general council to be chosen by the representatives
of the several Colonies met in their respective Assemblies." So far
as respects the defence of the Colonies, the regulation of trade, and
the collection of the taxes, this general government was authorized
•' to raise and pay soldiers, build forts for the defence of any of
die Colonies, and equip vessels of force, to guard the coasts and pro-
tect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great rivers ; but they were not to
impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the legislature.
That for these purposes, they had power to make laws, and levy
such general duties, imposts, and taxes, as to them should appear
most equal and just (considering the abilities, and other circumstanc-
es ol the inhabitants in the several Colonies) and such as may bo
collected with the least inconvenience to the people ; rather discour-
aging luxury, than loading industry with unnecessary burdens."
Had this plan been adopted, the separation of the Colonies from
'he parent country, might have been postponed for many year--
15
The importation and consumption of foreign articles into the Co-
ionies increased with the increase of wealth and population.
The following is an account of the value of imports from Great-
Britain, into Pennsylvania, at different periods.*
In 1723 the imports amounted only to £15,993 19 4
1730 they were - - - 48,592 7 5
1737 - - - 56,690 4 7
1742 - - - 75,295 3 4
1747 - - - 82,404 17 7
1752 - - - 201,666 19 11
1757 .... 248,426 6 6
In 1766 Doctor Franklin, in his examination before the House of
Commons, stated, that the value of imports at that time into Pennsyl-
vania, was computed by the merchants, to be above £500,000.
The tables of Lord Sheffield, in his " Observations on American
Commerce," taken undoubtedly from the custom-house books, shew
the value of the trade between Great-Britian, and that part of Ame-
rica now the United States, from 1700 to 1780, to be as follows :
IMPORTS FROM EXPORTS TO
THE COLONIES, NOW UNITED STATES.
Average
from 1700"to 1710
£265,783
10
£267,205
3
4
from 1710 to 1720
392,653
17
H
365,645
6
»S
from 1720 to 1730
578,830
16
4
471,342
12
io*
from 1730 to 1740
670,128
16
^
660,136
11
H
from 1740 to 1750
708,943
9
64
812,647
13
°i
from 1750 to 1760
802,691
6
10
1,577,419
14
2
from 1760 to 1770
1,044,591
17
1,763,409
10
3
from 1770 to 1780
743,560
10
10
1,331,206
1
5
It is difficult to ascertain with accuracy, the value of the trade of the
Colonies, previous to the year 1776. A smuggling trade wan carried
* Fourth volume of Franklin's Work*
16
on to a considerable extent, not only with the foreign West-India
islands, but some parts of Europe. The custom-house books, there-
fore, do not furnish a true account of the whole trade of the Co-
lonies. They must, however, be resorted to, as the best source
of information. We have before stated, that for some years previous
to the American revolution, the trade of the Colonies was limited
to Great-Britain, to that part of Europe lying south of Cape Finis-
terre, to the West-Indies and to Africa. Table No. I. at the end of
this chapter contains the official value in sterling money of the ex-
ports and imports from each of these countries, for the year 1769.
From this it appears, that the exports from the several Colonies, now
Jhe United States, during that year, to Great-Britain amounted to
£1,531,516 8 6
*To the South of Europe - 552,736 11 2
To the West-Indies - 747,910 3 7
To Africa .... 20,273 5 1
Total £2,852,441 8 4
or about thirteen millions of dollars.
And that the imports from Great-Britain, amounted to
£1,604,975 11 11
From the South of Europe - 76,684 9 11
From the West-Indies 789,754 4 5
From Africa - - 151,998
Total £2,623,412 6 3
or about twelve millions of dollars.
Those who are anxious to see the quantity, as well as the value
of the various articles exported from the Colonies prior to the revo-
lution, and the countries to which they were sent, so far as the cus-
tom-house books will shew, may consult table No. II. annexed to
this chapter, which contains an account of the principal articles
exported from the North American Colonies, including the islands of
Newfoundland, Bahama, and Bermuda, with their official value, and
places of destination, for the year 1770.|
* Taken from Macpherson's Annuls of Commerce, vol. 3, page 571.
+ Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, and Lord Sheffield.
1?
The total value of the articles exported, as American produce,
during the year 1770, from the Colonies now the United States, in-
cluding those exported from other Provinces, and from NeW-Found-
land, Bahama, and Bermuda, was £3,356,159 10 2
As little was exported from the other Provinces and the islands,
except fish from New-Foundland, the value of the exports from the
Colonies, now the United States, in that year, must have been, at
least, three millions sterling, or about thirteen and a half millions of
dollars.
The value of the imports from Great-Britain into the Colonies, for
several years previous to a final rupture between them, in 1775, was
different in different years, in consequence of those disputes, which
led to a separation, and of the non-importation agreement entered
into among the Colonists. The average value for the years 1771,
2, and 3, is stated by some, at more than three millions.* It is al-
lowed, however, that the imports for those years were beyond ex-
ample great.
It is difficult also to ascertain the amount of tonnage employed in
the trade of the Colonies, and particularly the amount owned by the
Colonists themselves.
The amount of tonnage entered from January 5th, 1770, to Janu-
ary 5th, 1771, was three hundred thirty-one thousand six hundred
and forty-four, and the amount cleared, three hundred fifty -one thou-
sand six hundred and eighty-six. | It will be obser^d, that the
amount is taken from the custom-house books, and includes the entry
of the same vessel, two or three times, or as often as the voyages were
in the course of the year, and repeated although the tonnage as regis-
tered is generally less than the real amount, yet the tonnage as entered
and cleared is probably much above its real amount. The tonnage of
vessels built in the Colonies in the years 1769, 1770, and 1771,f
was as follows, viz.
Tonnage.
In 1769 - - - 20,001
1770 - - 20,610
1771 - - - 24,068
* See Lord Sheffield. \ Chalmer's Estimate
-'.- See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol 3, p. 57Q.
3
18
Oi this amount, a little more than one half was built in Massachu-
setts and New-Hampshire. The trade of the Colonies was no doubt
highly Beneficial to Great-Britain, and was made more so, as she con-
ceived, by her system of colonial policy ; and while she confined herself
to the regulation of the external trade of the Colonies, the Colonists ac-
quiesced, though many of those regulations were considered by them,
as injurious and oppressive. But when Parliament not only imposed
internal taxes upon the Colonies, without their consent, but declared,
that they had a right to bind them in all cases whatsover, this led to
a resistance on their part, which finally ended in a separation.
Some account of the footing on which the trade of the United States
ivas placed with Great-Britain, and her dependencies subsequent to
Uie peace of 1783. will be given hereafter,
19
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21
TABLE No. U.
An account of the principal anic
nental Colonies, including the
Bermuda., with the places to \v
ue, nt the ports of exportation.
:les exported from all the British Conti-
islands of New-Foundland, Bahama, and
hich they were sent, and their official val-
during- the year 1770.*
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tain, as also in the subsequent one of the exports of the whole Colonies, the
prices are rated by the official valuation, and consequently are considerably
under the real amount.
* In this account I have omitted the fractional parts of the quantities, -which
ore of no use in a general view, but their value is retained in the totals. The
attentive reader may find some disagreements between the totals and the partic-
ular numbers, owing partly to the omission of the fractional parts, and partly
to errors which J saw, but had no means of correcting.
22
TABLE No. II.— CONTINUED.
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1
CHAPTER II.
Commerce interrupted, during the American revolutionary war — Old Con-
gress no power to regulate commerce, or to levy duties on imports —
Amount of the public debt in 1783 — Requisitions upon the states for the
payment of it not complied with — Power to levy certain duties on imports
not granted to die old Congress by the states — Depreciation of the public
debt — Exports from die United States to Great-Britain, and imports from
Great-Britain, from 1784, to 1790 — Distressed state of the country —
Meeting of Commissioners at Annapolis in 1786— Adoption of the new
Constitution, and the organization of the government under it in 1789.
During the war of the revolution, the commerce of the United States
was interrupted, not only with Great-Britain, but in a great measure
with the rest of the world. They were then compelled, to depend
almost entirely upon themselves for supplies, not only of arms and
munitions of war, but of those articles of common consumption, which
they had previously imported from Great-Britain and elsewhere.
Those articles, which their soil would not produce, or which they
were unable to make, they were obliged to obtain, at great risque
and expense, from other countries, or to be content without them.
Encouragement was given to all the necessary manufactures, and the
zeal, ingenuity, and industry of the people, supplied the place of a
foreign market.
At the close of the war, when we became an independent nation,
our commercial as well as our political situation was new, and we
had many difficulties to encounter. During a contest of more than
seven years, our commerce was annihilated, our shipping nearly de-
stroyed, public credit impaired, a vast e'ebt accumulated upon our
hands, and the general government was illy calculated to repair those
losses, and to bring into active operation the energies and resources
of the nation. The whole expense of the war, was more than one
hundred and thirty-five millions of dollars.* About one half of this
* The whole expense of the revolutionary war cannot be ascertained.
26
expense was paid by tax.es, levied and collected during the war, and
the residue remained a debt due from the United States, or from the
individual states, on the return of peace. In April, 1783, the debl
with certainty. The following are estimates of this expense, made out by
the Register of the Treasury in the year 1790, and furnished a committee
of the house of representatives of Congress.
" General abstract of the annual estimates, and abstract statements of the
total amount of the expenditures and advances at the Treasury of the Unit-
ed States.
" The estimated amount of the expenditures of Dolls. 90ths
1775 and 1776 is in specie - - - 20,064,666 66
1777 24,986,646 85
1778 24,289,438 26
1779 10,794,620 65
1780 3,000,000 00
1781 1,942,465 30
1782 3,632,745 85
1783 3,226,583 45
To Nov. 1st, 1784, as pr. schedule D. and subordi-
nate accounts, ...... 548,525 63
Forming an amount total of .... §92,485,693 15
" The foregoing estimates being confined to actual Treasury payments, are
exclusive of the debts of the United States, which were incurred at various
periods, for die support of die late war, and should be taken into a general
view of the expense thereof, viz. : —
Dolls. 90th-
Army debt, upon commissioners' certificates, 11.080,576 1
For supplies furnished by die citizens of the sever-
al states, and for which certificates were issued
by the commissioners, 3,723,625 20
For supplies furnished in the quarter-master, com-
missary, hospital, clothing, and marine depart-
ments, exclusive of die forageing, - - - 1,159,170 5
For supplies, on accounts settled at the Treasury,
and for which certificates were issued by die
Register, 744,638 49
16,708,009 7.5
••Note. The loan office del) t formed a part of the Treasury expendi-
tures.
" The foreign expenditures, civil, military, naval,
27
of the United States (inclusive of the state debts) was estimated at
$42,000,375, and the annual interest at $2,415,956. No funds had.
at this time, been provided for the payment either of the interest or
principal of this debt. As the war was now brought to a close, it be-
came necessary for Congress to provide permanent funds for this pur-
pose. It had been foreseen by many, that this could not be done,
unless Congress had the power to regulate the commerce of the coun-
try, or at least, were vested with a power to levy duties on import?.
By the articles of confederation, this power was not delegated to
them, but remained in the respective states, who had the right of lay-
ing and collecting such duties on imports, as they judged proper for
their own benefit. Congress could only recommend to the states, the
•propriety and necessity of delegating to them this power for the ben-
and contingences, amount, by computation to
the sum of 5,000,000 00
" The expenditures, of the several states, from the
commencement of the war, to the establishment
of peace, cannot be stated with any degree of
certainty, because the accounts thereof remain
to be settled. But as the United States have
granted certain sums for the relief of the several
states, to be funded by the general government,
therefore, estimate the total amount of said
assumption, 21,000,000 00
" Estimated expense of the late war, specie dolls, 135,193,703 00
The advances made from the Treasury, were principally in a paper medi
urn, which was called continental money, and which in a short time depre-
ciated ; the specie value of it is given in the foregoing estimate. The advan-
ces made at the Treasury of the United States, in continental money in old
and new emissions, are estimated as follows, viz. : —
OLD EMISSION. SEW EMISSION.
Dolls. 90ths. Dolls. 90ths.
In 1776 .... 20,064,666 66
1777 - - - 26,426,333 1
1778 .... 66,965,269 34
1779 - ■ - 149,703,856 77
1780 .... 82,908,320 47 - - 891,236 80
1781 - - - 11,408,095 00 - • 1,179,249 00
§357,476,541 45 $2,070,485 80
28
efit of all. Accordingly, as early as the 3d day of July, 1781, they
passed a resolution, recommend ing it to the several states " as indis-
pensably necessary, that they vest a power in Congress, to levy, for
the use of the United States, a duty of five per cent, ad valorem, at
the time and place of importation, upon all goods, wares, and mer-
chandize of foreign growth and manufacture, which may be imported
into any of the said states, from any foreign Port, Island, or Planta-
tion, after the first day of May, 1781," with the exception of certain
articles. They also, at the same time, resolved, " that the monies,
arising from the said duties, be appropriated to the discharge of the
principal and interest of the debts already contracted, or which
may be contracted, on the faith of the United State, for support-
ing (lie war, and that the said duties be continued until the said
debts be fully and finally discharged." The journals of the old Con-
gress shew, that this resolution, in the opinion of some of the mem-
bers of that body was not sufficiently extensive ; but that Congress
ought to have the general power of regulating the whole commerce of
die states, and the exclusive right of laying duties on imported arti-
< les. A substitute was, therefore, proposed, couched in more gene-
ral terms, declaring it to be " indispensably necessary, that the Unit-
ed States in Congress assembled, should be vested with a right of su-
perintending the commercial regulations of every state, that none may
take place, that shall be partial or contrary to the common interest ;
and that they should be vested, with the exclusive right of laying du-
ties upon all imported articles. " This substitute was negatived, and
the resolution which passed was not accepted by the states. On the
loth of April, 1783, Congress again urged the several states to estab-
lish some permanent funds for the payment of the debts of the United
States. For this purpose, by a resolution of that date, they recom-
mended to the states, " as indisensably necessary to the restoration
of public credit, and to the punctual discharge of the public debts, to
invest the United States in Congress assembled, with a power to levy,
lor the use of the United States, the following duties upon goods im-
ported into the said state-, from any foreign Port. Island, or Plantation.
; ' Upon all rum, of Jam? ica proof, per gall. 4-90ths of a dollar.
— all other spiritous liquors. - 3 '• do.
— Madeira wine. - 12 - do.
6 "
do.
24 "
do.
3 "
do.
1 a
2
do.
2 "
do.
1 ' ;
do.
1 "
do.
1 ' :
do.
29
— all other wines, - - 8-90ths of a dollar.
— common Bohea tea, per lb.
— all other teas, ...
— pepper, ....
— brown sugar, ...
— loaf sugar ...
— all other sugars
— molasses, per gallon,
— cocoa and coffee,
and upon all other goods, a duty of five per cent, ad valorem, at time
rmd place of importation ; with a proviso that none of the said duties
should be applied to any other purpose, than the discharge of the in-
terest and principal of the debts contracted on the faith of the United
States, for supporting the war, agreeably to the resolution of the 16th
of December last, nor be continued for a longer term, than twenty-
five years," &.c. It was calculated, that the proposed duties would
raise an annual sum of 915,956 dollars. This would fall short of
paying the annual interest of the debt, about one million and a half
of dollars, Congress, therefore, at the same time, recommended to the
states " to establish for a time limited to 25 years, and to appropriate
to the discharge of the interest and principal of the debt, substantial
and effectual revenues, of such nature, as they may judge convenient,
for supplying their respective proportions of 1.500,000 dollars, annu-
ally, exclusive of the aforementioned duties."
This system was not to take effect, until acceded to, by all the
states, but when adopted by all, was to be a mutual compact, irrevo-
cable by one or more, without the concurence of the whole, or a ma-
jority of the United States in Congress assembled. To induce its
adoption, an appeal was made to the states, by Congress in an able
address, in which they urged the propriety and justice of making
some permanent provision, for the payment, at least, of the interest of
a debt, which was the price of their independence. These proposi-
tions, however, were not agreed to by all the states, in such a manner.
as to take effect. Congress, therefore, had no means of paying either
the principal or interest of the debt, but by requisitions upon the states.
Had this plan been adopted, the produce of the duties recommended
by Congress would, no doubt, have exceeded the estimate. Before
60
the adoption of the present constitution, and the regular establishment
of custom-houses, under the present government, there were no data
from which any accurate calculation could be made, of the amount of
exports and imports of the United States, or of the value of their
trade with particular countries. The English custom-house books
shew the imports from and exports to the United States, and furnish
the best account of the amount of our trade with Great-Britain from the
peace of 1783, to the establishment of the present general government.
The following is an account of the imports into England from the
United States, and exports to the United-States from that country in
sterling money, from 1784 to 1790, taken from the English custom-
house books — viz.
Years. Imports. Exports.
1781 - - - - £ 749,345 - - - £3,679,407
178.") ... - 893,594 - - - - 2,308,023
178b' ---.-- 843,119 - - - - 1,603,465
1787 - - - - 893,637 - - - - 2,009,111
1788 - - - - 1,023,789 - - - - 1,886,142
1789 .... 1,050.198 .... 2,525,298
1790 - - - - 1,191,071 - - - - 3,431,778
During the first two years after the war, goods imported from Eng-
land alone, amounted to nearly six millions sterling. As the value here
stated is the official value, which is considerably less than the real, the
amount of goods imported from England into the United States in the
year 1784 must have been about eighteen millions of dollars, and in
1785, about twelve millions, making, in those two years, thirty mil-
lions of dollars ; — while the exports from the United States to Eng-
land during that time, were only between eight and nine millions.
This vast influx of goods soon drained the United States of a great,
part of the specie they had, at the close of the war. Congress in
vain therefore made requisitions upon the states, for money to fill the
public treasury. The impoverished state of the country, in conse-
quence of the \\ar, the want of regular markets for its produce, the
burden of the states, in providing for the payment of their own particu-
lar debts, incurred during the war, and a jealousy which began to exist
among the states, all combined to retard a compliance with these requi-
ai
-itions.* The interest of the debt was, therefore, unpaid, public credit
was gone, the debt itself was considered of little value, and was sold
at last by many of the original holders for about one-tenth of its nom-
inal value. In addition to this, private credit was much impaired.
During the war, the collection of debts was, in a great measure, sus-
pended, and on the return of peace, goods were imported to a larger
amount, than we had the means of paying for ; many, therefore, con-
tracted debts beyond their abilities to pay. The courts of justice
were filled with suits against delinquent debtors. The importing
states took advantage of their situation, and levied a duty on imports,
for their own benefit, at the expense of the other states.
Thus burdened with public and private debts, and called upon for
the payment of heavy taxes, and with a scarcity of money, the peo-
ple, in some of the states, to remedy those evils, had recourse to pape r
money, and in one state, there was an open insurrection, which threat-
ened not only the peace and existence of that state, but the peace and
existence of the union.
In this situation, all became sensible of the inefficiency of the gen-
eral government, and of the necessity of vesting Congress, with the
power of regulating trade and commerce, and of bringing into opera-
tion, the energies and resources of the country, for the general benefit.
In September, 1786, in consequence of a proposition from the state
of Virginia, Commissioners from that state, and from the states of
Pennsylvania, New- York, New-Jersey, and Delaware, met at An-
napolis, in Maryland, " to take into consideration the trade and com-
merce of the United States, to consider how far an uniform system, in
* In a report made to Congress, by the board of Treasury, dated Septem-
ber 20th, irS~, it is stated, that the requisitions upon the states, for the
payment of the interest of the domestic debt, in the years 1782, 1784-
5 & 6, amounted to the sum of §6,279,376 27, and the Board say, " It is
with regret we are constrained to observe, that to the 31st of March last,
the aggregate payments, on account of these requisitions, do not appear,
from any documents in the Treasury office, to exceed the sum
of S 1 ' 003 ."- 5 51
Leaving a balance due of no less, than . . . 5,275,650 60
§6.279,376 27
32
their commercial intercourse and regulations, might be necessary to
their common interest and permanent harmony, and to report to the
-everal states, such an act, relative to this great object, as, when
unanimously ratified by them, would enable the United States in Con-
gress assembled, effectually to provide for the same." Commissioners
Here appointed also from the states of New-Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, Rhode-Island, and North-Carolina, but did not attend. In con-
sequence of the partial representation of the states and their limited
powers, the Commissioners present did not think proper to proceed
on the business of their appointment. They, however, drew up an
address and report, to their respective state Legislatures, in which,
after stating the reasons of their not proceeding, they say, " deeply
impressed, however, with the magnitude and importance of the object
confided to them on this occasion, your Commissioners cannot forbear
to indulge an expression of their earnest and unanimous wish, that
speedy measures may be taken to effect a general meeting of the
states in a future convention, for the same and such other purposes, as
the situation of public affairs may be found to require.'' They, there-
fore, suggest the propriety of a meeting of Commissioners from all the
states, to be held at Philadelphia, on the second Monday in May,
1787, ' ; to take into consideration the situation of the United States,
to devise such further provision as shall to them appear necessary to
render the constitution of the federal government adequate to the exi-
gences of the union." &c. This report and address, was sent to
Congress, and to the Executives of the several states, not represented
at Annapolis. In consequence of the recommendation contained in
this address and a resolution of Congress, of February 21st, 1787, a
general cunvention of the states was held at Philadelphia, in May.
1787, and on the 17th of September following, a new constitution was
agreed upon, and went into operation on the 4th day of March, 1789.
By this constitution the general government, among other importan:
powers, are vested with power " to regulate commerce, and to levy
duties, imposts" inc. Under this new form of government, with the
father of his country at its head, trade and commerce soon revived,
public and private credit was restored, a new spring was given to ag-
riculture and manufactures, and new security afforded to the various
pursuits of honest industry. Since (he establishment of the presenl
33
government, the progress of national, as well as individual, wealth has
kept pace with the increase of population ; and until the commence-
ment of commercial restrictions in December, 1807, and the declara-
tion of war against Great-Britain, in 1812, no nation, it is believed,
had ever increased so rapidly in wealth as the United States. This
will appear, from an attention to the increase in the quantity and val-
ue of their exports and imports, and the great increase of duties on im-
ports ; from the vast increase of their shipping, and of their trade and
intercourse with different parts of the world ; from the various monied
institutions, which have been established ; from the great sum expend-
ed in making roads and canals, and in other internal improvements ;
from the rapid growth of cities and towns ; and from the rise in the
value of lands, in every part of the union. A view of this increase
of the wealth and resources of the United States, together with some
of the principal causes of it, from the commencement of the present
government, until the year 1814, a period of about twenty-four years,
is one principal object, and will be the subject of the following
chapters.
CHAPTER III.
Exports — Divided into those of domestic, and those of foreign origin —
Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, which are 1st, the
produce of the sea — 2d, the produce of the forest — 3d, the produce of ag-
riculture — and 4th, manufactures— Products of the sea, derived from the
cod and whale fisheries — State of the cod fishery previous to the Ameri-
can revolution, and to the time of the establishment of the present go-
vernment — Number of vessels employed in this fishery from 1791 to 1813,
and quantity offish exported during the same period — Whale fishery ori-
ginated at Nantucket in 1690 — Amount of tonnage and number of seamen
employed in it at different periods' — Value of exports, the produce of the
fisheries from 1803 to 1814 — Products of the forest — viz. lumber, naval
stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark, and
other dyes — Value and quantity of each exported at different periods.
We shall begin with the exports — those consist of articles of the
growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, and of those
which are of foreign growth and produce. Provision was made at the
Treasury, at an early period of the present government, to ascertain
the quantity and value of all the exports of the country ; but in the
general accounts no discrimination was made between the value of
domestic or foreign articles, until 1802. In order to ascertain the
value of the exports, directions are given, from the Treasury depart-
ment, to the several collectors of the customs, to add, in their quar-
terly returns of duties the quantity of the various articles export-
ed, and also their prices at the places of exportation. The quantity
of the articles exported is furnished the collectors, by the exporters,
and may sometimes fall short, and sometimes exceed the real quanti-
ty. At the Treasury, an average is made of the prices returned by
the collectors, from the principal ports, and the value of the articles
exported is calculated from the average price thus ascertained. Ta-
ble No. I. annexed to this chapter, contains a statement of the value
of all the export^ from each state and territory, annually , from the
36
1st of October, 1790,* to the 30th of September, 1810. Table No.
II. exhibits a statement of the value of the exports of domestic growth,
produce, and manufacture, from each state and territory from October,.
1802, to September 30th, 1810, and Table No. III. a statement of
the value of the exports of foreign growth and produce, during the
same period. The articles exported both domestic and foreign arc
various, and are contained in Table No. IV. in each year, from 1791
to 1814 — taken from the Treasury books.
The whole valve of exports in each year, from 1790 to 1814, and the
valve of those of domestic and foreign origin, since 1803, was as
follows : —
Total value of
Value of exports of
Value of exports c
exports.
domestic origin
foreign origin
b Sept. 30.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
1791
19,012,041
1792 -
20,753,098
1793
26,109,572
1794 -
33,026,233
1795 -
47,989,472
1796 -
67,064,097
1797
56,850,206
1798 -
61,527,097
1799 -
78,665,522
1800 -
70,971,780
1801
94,115,925
1802
72,483,160
1803
55,800,033
42,205,961
13,594,072
1804
77,699,074
41,467,477
- 36,231,597
1805 -
95,566,021
42,387,002
- 53,179,019
1806
101,536,963
41,253,727
- 60,283,236
1807
108,343,150
48,699,592
59,643,558
1808 -
22,430,960
9,433,546
12,997,414
1809 -
52,203,283
31,405,702
20,797,531
• Xo annual return of exports had been made at the Treasury, prior to
October, 1790.
S7
Total value of
Value of exports of Value of exports of
exports.
domestic origin.
foreign origin.
to Sept. 30.
Dolls
Dolls.
Dolls.
1810 -
66,757,970
42,366,675
24,391,295
1811 -
61,316,833
45,294,043
16,022,790
1812
38,527,236
30,032,109
8,495,127
1813 -
27,855,997
25,008,152
2,847,845
1814 -
6,927,441
6,782,272
145,169
The exports of domestic growth, produce, and manufacture, hav<
been distinguished, at the Treasury, into those which are —
1st. The produce of the Sea.
2d. The produce of the Forest.
3d. The produce of Agriculture.
4th. Manufactures and those which are uncertain.
This division of the exports of domestic produce has been made,
and the value of the articles exported, under each division, has been
ascertained at the Treasury, and exhibited in the annual account of
exports, since the year 1802. It presents a useful and important view
of the different pursuits and employments of the citizens of the United
States, inhabiting, as they do, an extensive country, differing in cli-
mate, as well as soil ; and indicates the various sources of the wealth
of the nation.
F.ach of these will be considered in their order : —
1st. THE PRODUCTS OF THE SEA.
These are derived from the cod and whale fisheries, and from the
river fisheries, such as herring, shad, salmon, mackarel, &c. The
cod fishery has been an object of the first importance to the states of
Massachusetts and New-Hampshire, from their first settlement. It
has furnished a lucrative employment to the inhabitants of these
states, situated as they are, in the neighbourhood of the fishery. Ii
has given employment to the ship-builder, and has always been con-
sidered, as the best nursery for seamen.
38
The vast quantities of tish, which, alter the discovery ol North-
America, were found along the banks of New-Foundland, soon attract-
ed the attention of the Europeans. The inhabitants of Biscay in
Spain, and of Britanny in France, are said to have first engaged in
this fishery. The English and French afterwards claimed the ex-
clusive right to it, in consequence of their possessing the adjacent
coasts. While we were Colonies, we had the right of fishing there, as
being a part of the British empire ; and by the 3d article of the trea-
ty of peace, between Great-Britain and the Lnited States, in 1783,
'It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to
enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every kind, on the grand
bank, and on all other banks of New-Foundland ; also, in the gulph
of St. Lawrence, and at all other places in the sea, where the inhab-
itants of both countries used at any time to fish ; that the inhabitants
of the United States shall have liberty to take fish of every kind on
such part of the coast of New-Foundland, as British fishermen shall
use (but not to dry or cure the same on the island ;) and also on the
coasts, bays, and creeks of all other his Britannic Majesty's domin-
ions in America ; and that the American fishermen shall have liberty
to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbours, and creeks
of Nova-Scotia, Magdalen islands, and Labrador, so long as the same
shall remain unsettled ; but so soon as the same or either of them
.-hall be settled, it shall not be lawful for the said fishermen to dry
or cure fish at such settlement, without a previous agreement for that
purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the ground."
The cod fishery previous to tiie American revolution, in Massachu-
setts alone, gave employment annually to about four thousand seamen,
and about twenty-eight thousand tons of shipping, and produced about
three hundred and fifty thousand quintals of fish, which, at the place of
exportation, were valued at more than one million of dollars. Tables
Nos. V. and VI. shew the state of the fishery in Massachusetts, from
1765 to 1775; and also from 1786 to 1790*, containing an average
of the number of vessels annually employed, their tonnage, number
of seamen, and also the quantity of fish exported during those two
* Sec the representation of the Legislature of Massachusetts to Congress
•a 1790, on the subjed of their fisheries, and report of the secretary of
btatc on the subject of their fisheries in 1793-
39
periods, from August 20th, 1789, to September 30th, 1790, and the
countries to which exported. From this it will be seen, that uo to
the year 1790, the cod fishery had not recovered from the effects of
the revolutionary war. From 1765 to 1775, the average number
of vessels annually employed was six hundred and sixty-five, their
tonnage twenty-five thousand six hundred and thirty, seamen four
thousand four hundred and five, and fish exported amounted to three
hundred and fifty-one thousand three hundred quintals ; and from
1786 to 1790, the average number of vessels annually employed was
only five hundred and thirty-nine, tonnage nineteen thousand one hun-
dred and eighty-five, seamen three thousand two hundred and eighty-
seven, and fish exported only two hundred and fifty thousand six hun-
dred and fifty quintals.
In consequence of a representation made to Congress, by the Le-
gislature of Massachusetts, in the year 1790, of the low and embarrass-
ed state of the fisheries, and a report made thereon by the secretary of
state, a bounty was given, on the exportation of salted fish, by way of
draw-back of the duty on imported salt, and afterwards an allowance
in money was made to vessels employed for a certain number oi
months in the cod fishery. In consequence of this encouragement,
and the happy effects upon trade and commerce, produced by
the establishment of the general government, the cod fishery increased
until the commencement of the embargo and restrictive system. The
quantity of dried or smoked fish, and of pickled fish, exported from
1791 to 1814, was as follows, viz. : —
Ihied Fish.
Bbls. of pickled
Kegs of pickled
Quintals.
fish.
fish.
1791 - ■
■ - 383,237 -
- - 57,424
1792 - ■
• - 364,898 - -
- 48,277
1793 - ■
■ - 372,825 - ■
- 45,440
1794 - ■
• - 436,907 - ■
■ - 36,929
1795 -
- - 400,818 - ■
■ - 55,999
1796 •
- - 377,713 -
- - 84,558 - -
5,256
1797 - ■
- - 406,016 - •
- - 69,782 - -
7.351
1798 -
■ - 411,175 -
- - 66,827 - -
- 6,220
1799 -
• - 428,495 -
- - 63.542 •
• 15.990
40
Dried Fish
Bbls. of pickled
Kegs of pickled
Quintals.
fish.
fish.
1800 - •
. - 392,726 - ■
■ - 50,388
- -
-
12,403
1801 - •
• - 410,948 -
■ - 85,935
- -
-
10,424
1802 - ■
■ - 440,925 - -
• - 75,819
- -
-
13,229
1803 -
■ - 461,870 -
■ - 76,831
♦ -
-
11,565
1804 -
. - 567,828 - ■
- - 89,482
- -
-
13,045
1805 - •
■ - 514,549 -
- - 56,670
- -
-
7,207
1806 -
■ - 537,457 -
- - 64,615
- -
-
10,155
1807 - ■
■ - 473,924 - ■
- - 57,621
- -
-
13,743
1808
• - 155,808 - ■
■ - 18,957
- -
-
3,036
1809 - •
■ - 345,648 - ■
■ - 54,777
- -
-
9,380
1810 - ■
• - 280,804 - ■
• - 34,674
- -
-
5,964
1811 - •
• - 214,387 - ■
■ - 44,716
- -
-
9,393
1812 -
- - 169,019 - •
■ - 23,636
- -
-
3,143
1813 . -
- 63,616 - ■
■ - 13,833
- -
-
568
1814 - -
■ - 31,310 -
■ - 8,436
- -
-
87
The amount of tonnage employed in the cod fishery, from 179;
to 1813, was as follows, viz. : —
Enrolled Tonnage.
Tonnage of Vessels
Licensed under 20 to
Tons. 95-100.
Tons. 95-100
1795
24,887 6
6,046 5
1796
28,509 39
6,453 41
1797
33,406 67
7,222 31
1793
35,476 81
7,269 37
1799
23,932 26
6,046 17
1800
22,306 94
7,120 6
1801
31,279 57
8,101 85
1802
32,987 42
8,533 56
J 803
43,416 20
8,394 24
1804
43,088 08
8,925 73
1805
48,479 30
8,986 37
1806
50,353 20
8,820 57
1807
60,689 88
9.616 20
41
Enrolled Tonnage. Tonnage of Vessels,
licensed under 20 tons.
Tons. 95-100. Tons. 95-100
1808 - - 43,597 40 - - 8,400 22
1809 - - 26,109 67 - - 8,376 93
1810 - - 26,250 91 - - 8,577 28
1811 both enrolled & licensed under 20 tons was 37,588 7
1812 do. do. do. 27,841 17
1813 do. do. do. 18,522 81
The vessels employed in the cod fishery are owned in the states of
New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut and New-
York, except sixty-six tons in Virginia in 1796, and forty-eight tons in
New-Jersey, in 1803, but principally in Massachusetts. The great-
est amount of tonnage ever employed from the United States in the
cod fishery was in the year 1807, being seventy thousand three hun-
dred and six tons. Of this, Massachusetts owned sixty-two thousand
two hundred and thirteen tons. The number of seamen employed in
this fishery, on an average of ten years, from 1791 to 1800, has been
estimated at five thousand, and the average tonnage, for the same
period, at thirty-three thousand.*
From 1801 to 1807, the annual average amount of tonnage employ-
ed, was about forty-four thousand, and the number of seamen, ac-
cording to the above proportion, about seven thousand annually.
The value of the dried fish, and pickled fish, exported since the
year 1802, has been as follows : —
Cod or dried fish. Pickled fish.
1803 - - #1,620,000 - - $560,000
1804 - - 2,400,000 - - 640,000
1805 - - 2,058,000 - 348,000
1806 - - 2,150,000 - - 366,000
1807 - - 1,896,000 - - 302,000
1808 - - 623,000 - - 98,000
1809 - - 1,123,000 - - 282,000
1810 - - 913,000 - 214,000
* See letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, to the House of Repre-
sentatives, July 29th, 1803.
6
42
Cod or dried fish.
Pickled fisli
1811
- $757,000
- $305,000
1812
592,000
146,000
1813
210,000
81,000
1814
128,000
50,000
The French had formerly the greatest share in the cod fishery. In
1745, the Governour of the province of Massachusetts, Shirley, trans-
mitted to the British government, an estimate of the French fishery in
the preceding year, from the gut of Canso to Lewi>burgh, and thence
to the north-east part of Cape Breton. According to this estimate,
the French employed, in 1744, four hundred and fourteen large ships
in taking and carrying the fish to market, and about twenty-four
thousand five hundred and twenty men, and the quantity of fish taken
was one million one hundred and forty-nine thousand quintals. The
French fishery was afterwards reduced, and for many years past ha?
been annihilated.
For many years previous the late war, between the United States
and Great-Britain, this fishery has been carried on, principally, by
the British and Americans. The usual markets for American fish are
the West-Indies and the southern parts of Europe. (See Table VII.)
The late treaty of peace between the United States and Great-
Britain is silent on the subject of the cod fishery. Our right to take
fish in the open sea cannot be questioned ; what will hereafter be th<;
state of the coast fishery, which we enjoyed under the treaty of 1783.
is yet uncertain.
THE WHALE FISHERY.
The whale fishery first attracted the attention of the Americans iw,
1690, and originated at the island of Nantucket, in boats from the shore
In 1715, six sloops, of thirty-eight tons burden each, were employed iu
this fishery, from that island. For many years their adventures were
confined to the American coast, but as whaJes grew scarce here, the}
were extended to (lie Western Islands, and to the Brazil.-, and at length
to the North and South Seas.* For a long time, the Dutch seemec*
>% -See Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society
43
to monopolize the whale fishery, which they followed, with success,
in the Greenland or Northern Seas.
As early as 1663, they had two hundred and two ships employed
in this fishery, and in 1721, as many as two hundred and sixty; in
1788, the number was reduced to sixty-nine, and for many years past,
not only has this branch of their commerce, but almost every other,
been completely annihilated. In 1731, the Americans had about
thirteen hundred tons of shipping employed in this fishery along their
coast. About the year 1 750, the whale left the American coast. The
hardy enterprise and activity of the American sailor, however, soon
followed him in every part of the Northern and Southern Seas.
From 1771 to 1775, Massachusetts employed, annually, one hun-
dred and eighty-three vessels, of thirteen thousand eight hundred and
twenty tons, in the northern whale fishery, and one hundred and twen-
ty-one vessels, of fourteen thousand and twenty-six tons, in the south-
em, navigated by four thousand and fifty-nine seaman. The pecul-
iar mode of paying the seamen, in these hazardous voyages, has con-
tributed not a little to the success of the voyages themselves. Each
has a share in the profits of the voyage, and is dependent on his own
exertions for the reward of his toils. Whether he shall be rich or
poor, depends on his activity in managing the boat, in pursuit of the
whale, and his dexterity, in directing the harpoon. This has led to
a spirit of enterprise and hardihood, never surpassed, if ever equal-
!ed, by the seamen of any nation in the world.*
* The celebrated Burke, in his speech, in the House of Commons, about
the year 1774, on the subject of American affairs, has done ample justice to
the industrious and enterprising' spirit of this class of American seamen.
" As to the wealth (said he) which tire Colonists have drawn from the sea,
by their fisheries, you had all that matter fully opened at your bar. You
surely thought these acquisitions of value, for they seemed to excite your
envy, and yet the spirit by which that enterprising employment has been
exercised, ought rather, in my opinion, to have raised esteem and admira-
tion. And pray, sir, what in die world is equal to it ? Pass by the other
parts, and look at the manner, in which the New-England people of late car-
ried on tire whale fishery. While we follow them among the tumbling
mountains of ice, and behold them penetrating into the deepest frozen re-
cesses of Hudson's and Davis' Straits ; while we are looking for them be-
neath the arctic circle, we hear, that they have pierced into the opposite re
44
During the war of the American revolution, this fishery was de-
stroyed ; on the return of peace, it recovered, by degrees, and from
1787 to 1789, ninety-one vessels, of five thousand eight hundred and
twenty tons, were annually employed in the northern fishery, and
thirty-one vessels, of four thousand three hundred and ninety tons, in
the southern, with one thousand six hundred and eleven seamen. The
quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually, from 1771 to 1775, was
thirty -nine thousand three hundred and ninety barrels, and of whale
oil eight thousand six hundred and fifty. From 1787 to 1789, the
quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually was seven thousand nine
hundred and eighty barrels, and whale oil thirteen thousand one hun-
dred and thirty. In the representation made to Congress in the year
1 790, by the legislature of Massachusetts, it is stated that, before the
late war, about four thousand seamen, and twenty-four thousand ton?
of shipping were annually employed from that state in the whale
fishery, and that the produce thereof was about £350,000 lawful mo-
ney, or about $1,160,000.* -A great part of this fishery has been
* In the papers which accompanied this representation it is stated, that
" about one quarter of the spermaceti is head matter, one quarter of which
was exported to Great -Britain, the remainder manufactured into candles.
The spermaceti oil, previous to the revolution, was mostly exported to
Great-Britain. The average price in that market, for five years, previous to
the war, was about £40 sterling - for the spermaceti oil and £50 for head"
The whale oil was formerly about one half exported to the French and Eng-
lish West-India Islands ; the other half sold in the United States. The ave-
gion of polar cold ; that they are at the antipodes, and engaged under the
frozen serpent of the south. Faulkland Island, which seemed too remote
and romantic an object for the grasp of national ambition, is but a. stage and
resting place for their victorious industry. Nor is the equinoctial heat
more discouraging to them than the accumulated winter of both poles. We
know, that while some of them draw the line or strike the harpoon on the
coast of Africa, others run the longitude and pursue their gigantic game
along the coast of Brazil. No sea, but what is vexed with their fisheries.
No climate, that is not witness of their toils. Neither the perseverance of
Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dexterous and firm sagacity of
English enterprise, ever carried their most perilous mode of hardy industry
to the extent to which it has been pursued by this recent people ; a people
who arc still in the gristle, and not hardened into manhood,"
45
carried on from Nantucket, where it originated, a small island about
fifteen miles in length, and two or three miles in breadth, situated
about thirty miles from the coast. Before the revolutionary war.
this small island had sixty-five ships, of four thousand eight hundred
and seventy -five tons, annually employed in the northern, and eighty-
five ships, of ten thousand two hundred tons, in the southern fishery.
From 1787 to 1789, it had only eighteen ships, of one thousand three
hundred and fifty tons, in the northern, and eighteen ships, of two
thousand seven hundred tons, in the southern fishery.* For many
years past, this fishery has been carried on from this island and from
New-Bedford, a large commercial and flourishing town on the coast,
in its neighbourhood, and has employed from fifteen thousand to
eighteen thousand tons of shipping, principally in the Southern Seas.
Although Great-Britain has, at various times, given large bounties to
her ships employed in this fishery, yet the whalemen of Nantucket
and New-Bedford, unprotected and unsupported by any thing but
their own industry and enterprise, have generally been able to meet
their competitors in a foreign market. The quantity of spermaceti
and common whale oil, whale bone, and spermaceti candles exported
from 1791 to 1814 appears from table No. IV. Their value since
1802. has been as follows : —
Whale (common)
Spermaceti oil
oil and bone.
and candles.
Dolls.
Dolls.
803
280,000
175,000
804
310,000
70.000
* See Tables Xo. VIII and IX.
rage price of this oil, about §70 per ton. A whale, producing one hun-
dred and twenty barrels of whale oil, will generally produce two thousand
pounds of bone, which was chiefly exported to Great-Britain, the price
about half a dollar per pound. A whale, producing fifty to sixty barrels, will
generally produce nearest ten pounds of bone to a barrel of oil. The ave-
rage price of oil for three years past, (viz. 1787, 1788, and 1789) : —
Spermaceti §100 per ton
Whale oil - - - 50 do.
Head matter - 150 do.
Bone, about 15 cts. per pound.'-*
46
Whale (common)
Spermaceti oii
oil and bone.
and candles.
Dolls.
Dolls.
1805
-
315,000
163,000
1806
-
418,000
182,000
1807
-
476,000
130,000
1808
-
88,000
33,000
1809
-
169,000
136,000
1810
-
222,000
132,000
1811
-
78,000
273,000
1812
-
56,000
141,000
1813
-
2,500
10,500
1814
-
1 ,000
9,000
The following is the total value of exports, consisting of the pro-
duce of the sea, from 1803 to 1814, viz.
Dolls.
1803 2,635,000
1804 3,420,000
1805 - .... 2,884,000
1806 3,116,000
1807 2,804,000
1808 832,000
1809 ------ 1,710,000
1810 1,481,000
1811 - ... 1,413,000
1812 - - - 935,000
1813 - - - 304,000
1814 188,000
The common whale oil finds a market in the West-Indies, Great-
Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal. The greatest part of the sper-
maceti oil, is carried to Great-Britain. (See Table No. X.) The
late war between the United States and Great-Britain has again al-
most annihilated the cod and whale fisheries.* While in the years
previous to the restrictive system and the war, the fisheries furnished
Twenty.four whalemen were taken by the British in the late war.
47
articles for exportation to an amount of more than three millions 01
dollars, in 1814, the exports of the produce of the fisheries is reduced
to the sum of $188,000.
2d. THE PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST.
The products of the forest consist of lumber of all kinds, navai
-tores (such as tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin) pot and pearl ashes,
skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark and other dyes.
The exportation of lumber has always been an object of no incon-
siderable importance to this country. The first settlers found here
immense forests of wood and timber, and as they cleared these lands
the timber was of little value except for exportation. The lumber
exported consists of staves and heading, shingles, hoops and poles,
boards, plank, scantling and timber of various sorts for masts, spars,
buildings, &c. The official value of lumber of all kinds exported in
the year 1770, was about £154,637 sterling, or $686,588. From
J 803 to 1807, the value of lumber exported, on an average, exceeded
i wo millions and a half of dollars. Naval stores, such as tar, pitch,
turpentine, and rosin, have long been an object of importance, not on-
ly for home consumption, but for exportation. Great-Britain has al-
ways been dependent upon foreign countries for these articles, which to
her are of the first necessity. Before they were produced in her North-
American Colonies, she obtained them from the north of Europe, and
particularly from the pitch and tar company of Sweden. About the
year 1703, this company attempted to raise their price upon these
articles, by prohibiting the exportation of them, except in their own
-hips. This induced the British government to encourage the produc-
tion of them in their Colonies, By the 3 and 4 of Ann, a bounty of
£4 per ton was given on the importation of tar and pitch, and £3 per
ton on rosin and turpentine from the American Colonies. These arti-
cles are produced principally in North-Carolina, and this bounty, no
doubt, had its effect in increasing the production of them in that Pro-
vince. In the year 1770, the quantity of tar exported was eighty-two
thousand and seventy-five barrels, of pitch, nine thousand one hundred
ami fourteen barrels, and of turpentine, seventeen thousand and four-
tpen, and their official value was £34.693 sterling, or about £144,000.
48
Since the year 1791, the quantity of these articles has varied almost
every year ; in 1795, ninety thousand and sixty-six barrels of tar were
exported. During the years 1805-6 and 7, the average quantity of
tar exported was sixty-four thousand nine hundred and seventeen bar-
rels — of turpentine, seventy-four thoofand six hundred and seven bar-
rels, and of pitch, nine thousand and eight barrels, and their average
value was about $500,000. Before the American Revolution, Great-
Britain also encouraged the production of pot and pearl ashes in
her North-American Colonies, as being necessary for her manufac-
tures. In 1761, the society instituted at London for the encourage-
ment of arts, manufactures, and commerce, offered large premiums to
those who should import from the American Colonies the greatest quan-
tity of pot and pearl ashes. Treatises, describing the method of mak-
ing these articles, were, about the same time, sent over, and circula-
ted among the Colonists. In the year 1770, one thousand one hun-
dred and seventy-three tons of pot ashes, and seven hundred thirty-
seven tons of pearl ashes were exported from the North-American Co-
lonies ; the value of these was then estimated at £64,660 9 2 ster-
ling, or about $290,000. The exportation of these articles has since
greatly increased ; the value of pot and pearl ashes exported in 1807.
amounted to $1,490,000.
As the American forests abounded in wild animals, whose skins
;md furs were valuable, furs and peltry have always constituted a part
of American exports. In the year 1770, the official value of these ar-
ticles exported, from all the North-American Colonies, which inclu-
ded Canada, was £119,224 14 4 sterling, or about $670,000.
The average value of these articles, exported from the United States
from 1791 to 1803, was about $300,000; fronrW804 to 1807 in-
clusive, the annual average value was about $900,000. It is be-
lieved, that during these years, a large proportion of the furs ex-
ported were brought from Canada, and shipped at the Atlantic
ports.
Ginseng, a root so highly valued in China, has been long known in
North-America, and has become an article of export. In 1770, the
quantity exported was seventy-four thousand six hundred and four
pounds, and was valued at about $5,000. The greatest quanti-
fy exported since 1791. was in 1806, being four hundred forty-eight
49
thousand three hundred and ninety-four pounds, and valued &\
$139,000. Oak and other bark and wood for tanning and dying,
have also become articles of exportation of some value. In 1803.
they amounted to $225,000.
The following is the value of all the exports, which are the pro-
duce of the forest, from 1803 to 1814, viz. —
1803 $4,850,000
1804 4,630,000
1805 - - 5,261,000
1806 ---,.- 4,861,000
1807 5,476,000
1808 1,399,000
1809 4,583,000
1810 - - • - - - - 4,978,000
1811 5,286,000
1812 - 2,701,000
1813 1,107,000
1814 - 570,000
The value of each of the articles exported during the same period;
is as follows, viz. —
Lumber of
Naval
Pot & pearl
Furs &
Oak bark &
all kinds.
stores.
ashes.
skins.
Ginseng.
other dye?
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls
1803
2,800,000
460,000
735,000
500,000
100,000
225,000
1804
2,540,000
322,000
640,000
956,000
84,000
88,000
1805
2,607,000
702,000
776,000
967,000
148,000
61,000
1806
2,495,000
409,000
935,000
841,000
139,000
42,000
1807
2,637,000
335,000
1,490,000
852,000
143,000
19,000
1808
723,000
102,000
408,000
161,000
5,000
1809
1,843,000
737,000
1,506,000
332,000
136,000
29,090
1810
2,537,000
473,000
1,579,000
177,000
140,000
72,000
1811
3,195,000
834,000
752,000
314,000
79,000
112,000
1812
1,638,000
490,000
333,000
123,000
10,000
107,000
1813
636,000
91,000
204,000
58,000
118,000
1814
258,000
31,000
217,000
7
22,009
39,000
3.000
50
The articles of lumber are carried, principally, to the West-In-
dies, except staves and heading, many of which go to Great-Britain
and Portugal. Nearly all the naval stores, and pot and pearl ashes,
go to Great-Britain. For the destination of these articles from 1800
to 1811, see Tables No. XI, XII, XIII. XIV, XV. XVI. and XVII
annexed to this chapter.
51
TABLE No. I.
A summary statement of the value of the exports of the several States
and Territories, annually, from the 1st of October, 1790, to the 30t!i
of September, 1810.
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1
CHAPTER IV.
The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st, which constitutes veg-
etable food, as wheat,flour, rice, indian corn, rye, &c. — 2d, the products of an-
imals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle, horses, &.c. — 3d, tobacco,
— 4th, cotton, and 5th, others of less importance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax,
kc. — The quantity and value of each of these exported at different periods-
Value of manufactures exported — A comparative view of the value of the
products of tli e sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures exported,
in each year from 1803 to 1814.
The principal employment of the inhabitants of North- America,
from its first settlement, has been that of agriculture. The first emi-
grants soon found, that nothing promised such important advantages,
and furnished such easy means of subsistence, as the cultivation of
new lands. The labour bestowed in clearing them, not only furnish^
ed the surest means of subsistence, but also added to the permanent
value of the lands themselves. The immense tracts of vacant, uncleared
lands in the United States, has always rendered it easy, for those who
possessed an ordinary share of industry, to obtain more than sufficient
for cultivation. The ease with which families can be supported, by
this mode of employment, has induced early marriages ; population
has increased with the means of subsistence ; and wealth and happiness
have generally attended the independent cultivator of the soil.
The surplus produce of the agriculture of the United States ha=
been exchanged for those articles, either of necessity, convenience, or
luxury, which they did not manufacture, or which could only be pn>
cured from foreign nations ; and the productions of agriculture, both
before and since the American revolution, have constituted much
the greatest portion of their domestic exports. These productions
have been classed into those —
1st, which constitute vegetable food, such as wheat, flour, rice, in<
dian corn, rye, peas, beans, potatoes, &c.
\2
•JO
■I'd, the product of animals, as beef, tallow, hides, butter and
cheese, pork and lard, or the animals themselves, as live cattle, hor-
des, mules, sheep, &c.
3d, tobacco.
4th, cotton.
5th, others of minor importance, as indigo, flax-seed, wax, &c.
Wheat, the most valuable of all vegetables, Was brought into Amer-
ica by the first settlers, and has been cultivated with success, from
the first settlement of the country. For a long time, it has been the
staple of the middle states, and was formerly produced in great abun-
dance, in the eastern states. For some years past, however, the
growth of wheat in New-England has, in a great degree, failed. The
states of Maryland and Virginia, have, long since, exchanged part of
their tobacco lands, for wheat ; and lately, in the more southern states,
(he cultivation of wheat has been substituted for cotton. Wheat and
flour have always constituted a large proportion of the exports of this
country.
In the year 1770, the quantity of wheat exported from the North-
American Colonies, now United States, was seven hundred and fifty -
>me thousand two hundred and forty bushels; of this eleven thousand
-even hundred and thirty-nine went to England ; one hundred and
forty-nine thousand nine hundred and eighty-five, to Ireland ; five
hundred and eighty-eight thousand five hundred and sixty-one, to the
south of Europe, and nine hundred and fifty -five, to the West-Indies.
During the same year, forty-five thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight tons of flour and bread were also exported, of which two
hundred and sixty-three tons went to England ; three thousand five
hundred and eighty-three, to Ireland ; eighteen thousand five hun-
dred and one, to the south of Europe ; twenty-three thousand four
hundred and forty-nine, to the West-Indies ; and seventy-two, to
\frica. The official value of the wheat, was estimated at
£131,467 10 sterling, and the flour and bread at £504,553 6 1
making .£636,020 6 1 1 or about $2,862,190. The amount export-
ed from the United Slates, from the peace of 1783, to the commence-
ment of the present government, cannot be ascertained with any
degree of precision.
91
The quantity exported from 1791, to 1814, with the value since
1803, was as follows : —
Wheat
Flour.
Value of both
Bushels.
Barrels.
Dolls
1791
- 1,018,339
619,681
1792
853,790
824,464
1793
- 1,450,575
1,074,639
1794
6:6,797
846,010
1795
141,273
687,369
1796
31,226
725,194
1797
15,655
515,633
1798
15,021
567,558
1799
10,056
519,265
1800
26,853
653,052
1801
239,929
1,102,444
1802
280,281
1,156,248
1803
686,415
1,311,853
9,310,000
1804
127,024
810,008
7,100,000
1805
18,041
777,513
8,325,000
1806
86,784
782,724
6,867,000
1807
766,814
1,249,819
10,753,000
1808
87,330
263,813
1,936,000
1809
393,889
846,247
5,944,000
1810
325,924
798,431
6,846,000
1811
216,833
1,445,012
14,662,000
1812
53,832
1,443,492
13,687,000
1813
288,535
1,260,943
13,591,000
1814
.
193,274
1,734,000
The years of greatest exportation of these articles, since 1791, were
1793, 1801-2 and 3, 1807, and 1811, in the last of which, the value
of wheat and flour exported amounted to the sura of $14,662,000.
exceeding, by nearly four millions, that of any former year. Thi^
great increase, however, was owing, principally, to the enhancer
price of those articles, during that year. In 1807, the average price
of wheat, at the principal place? of exportation, was $1 25 perbi^h
92
el, and of flour, $7 per barrel ; in 181 J, the price of wheat was $i
75, and of flour, $9 50.*
Tables No. I. and II. annexed to this chapter, shew the different
countries and places, to which these articles have been exported from
1800, to 181 1. The West-Indies, Spain, Portugal, and Great-Britain
have been the principal consumers of our wheat and flour. The West-
India Islands have always furnished a market for a large proportion
of them, and in times of scarcity in Great-Britain, and in the southern
parts of Europe, the United States have come in competition with the
grain countries of the north of Europe. In 1801, in a time of scarci-
ty in Great-Britain, the United States exported to that kingdom two
hundred and sixteen thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven bush-
els of wheat, and four hundred and seventy-nine thousand seven hun-
dred and twenty barrels of flour. In 1807, six hundred and sixty-nine
thousand nine hundred and fifty bushels of wheat, and three hundred
twenty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight barrels of flour
were also exported to Great-Britain. The late unfortunate and dis-
tressed situation of Spain and Portugal, has called for a large propor-
tion of our grain, not only for the ordinary supply for the inhabitants,
but for the support of the allied armies, in those countries. In 1811,
no less than five hundred twenty-nine thousand one hundred and five
barrels of flour, and fifty -five thousand and thirty*three bushels ot
wheat were shipped to Portugal, and three hundred six thousand and
seventy-four barrels of flour and twenty-one thousand one hundred and
* The prices, by which the value of wheat and flour exported has been
calculated at the Treasury Department, since the year 1806 (being the aver-
age prices at the principal places of exportation,) were as follows : —
Wheat price
Flour price
per bushel.
per barrel
1806
S 1 33
- »8
1807
1 25
7
1808
1 25
6 50 .
1809
1 25
6
1810
1 50
7 50
1811
1 75
9 50
1812
1 94
10 00
1813
1 75
11 00
1814
9 50
93
ninety-nine bushels of wheat, to Spain, making in the whole, to the
Peninsula, during that year, eight hundred thirty-five thousand one
hundred and seventy -nine barrels of flour, and seventy-six thousand
two hundred and thirty-two bushels of wheat, the value of which at the
places of exportation exceeded eight millions of dollars. If to this
is added the enhanced price, in the foreign market, the value cannot,
fall much short of twelve millions. The following quantities of wheat
and flour were shipped to Spain and Portugal, during the years 1812
and 1813, viz.—
To Spain. To Portugal.
Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Flour,
bushels. barrels. bushels. barrels.
1812 8,865 381,726 33,591 557,218
1813 74,409 431,101 214,126 542,399
Making nine hundred seventy-three thousand and five hundred bar-
rels of flour to Spain and Portugal, for the year 1813. The value of
wheat and flour, therefore, which went to those countries in that year
was $1 1,213,447, at the places of exportation. In a foreign market
iheir value could not be less than fifteen millions.
In Great-Britain, various regulations, at different times, have been
made, relative to the exportation and importation of grain. The
limited extent of that country, in proportion to its population, and
ihe employment of so many of its inhabitants, in commerce and man-
ufactures, have, for many years past, rendered a foreign supply of
grain necessary, in case of any considerable failure of their crops.
To encourage the production of domestic grain, and to remedy the
evils, arising from a scarcity in consequence of bad crops, the British
government have given a bounty on the exportation of grain, when
its price was below a certain sum, and have allowed its importation,
with a very small duty, when it has risen in price to a sum which is
fixed by law ; and for many years past, in- times of great scarcity, a
large bounty has been given, on the importation of foreign grain. In
1773, when the price of middling wheat in Great-Britain, was under
44s. rye 28s. barley 22s. oats lis. a bounty of 5s. per quarter on
wheat, 3°. on rye, 2s. 6d. on barley, and 2=. on oat-? was given on
94
its exportation. When the price of middling wheal was 44s. or more.
its exportation was prohibited, under a forfeiture of 20s. per bushel ;
and when the price of wheat was at, or above 48s. rye, peas or beans
32s. barley 24s. oats 16s., the high duties on importation ceased, and
wheat was allowed to be imported, on paying the trifling duty of 6d.
per quarter, 2d. per cwt. on flour, 3d. per quarter on rye, peas or
beans, 2d. on barley and 2d. on oats. These prices were altered at
subsequent periods. In consequence of a scarcity in 1795, a bounty
was granted of 16 to 20s. per quarter, according to the quality, on
wheat, and 6s. per cwt. on flour, from the South of Europe, till the
quantity imported should amount to four hundred thousand quarters,
and from America, till it should amount to five hundred thousand quar-
ters ; and 12s. to 15s. from any other part of Europe, till it should
amount to five hundred thousand quarters, and 8s. to 10s. after it ex-
ceeded that quantity, to continue till the 30th of September, 1796.
In 1800, in consequence of a deficiency in the harvest of the prece-
ding year, the British government, by an act passed the beginning of
April, granted to the importer, the difference between the average
price of English wheat, the second week after importation, and 90s.
on wheat from the South of Europe, Africa, and America ; 85s. from
the Baltic, and Germany ; and 90s. from Archangel, if imported be-
fore the 1st of October of that year. In December of the same year,
the prices still continuing high, by another act, the difference between
the average price of foreign wheat, the third week after entry, and
100s. was guaranteed to the importers of all wheat weighing fifty-three
pounds per bushel, or four hundred and twenty-four pounds per quar-
ter imported after the 1st of December of that year, — two hundred and
eighty pounds of wheaten flour, except American, to be equal to a
quarter. American flour was to be sold by auction, and to receive
the difference between the price at which it sold and 90s. per each
barrel of one hundred and ninety-six pounds. In consequence of
these acts, the bounty paid, on the importation of grain, in 1796,
amounted to £599,834 sterling ; and in 1801, it amounted to the
sum of £1,420,355 sterling, or about $6,381,000. The quantity of
grain of all sorts, imported into Great-Britain in 1801, was two mil-
lion twenty -seven thousand five hundred and fifteen quarters, or more
than sixteen million- of bushels, and the quantity of meal was one
95
million one hundred and twenty-five thousand seven hundred and
four cwt. The average price of wheat in England in 1795 was
74s. 2d. per cjuarter, and in 1796 was 77s. Id. ; in 1800, the aver-
age price per quarter was 113s. 7d. and in 1801, 118s. 3d. In
1803, the price was reduced to 56s. per quarter, and the growers com-
plained of the inadequacy of this price, and in 1804, a law was pass-
ed, granting a bounty of 5s. per quarter on the exportation of wheat.
when the average price of it was at 48s. per quarter, and when above
5 Is. not to be exported. By this act, also, wheat, if imported from
Quebec, or other British Colonies, when the average price is under
53s. pays the high duty of 24s. 3d. above 53s. and under 56s. pays
2s. 6d., and above 56s. Gd. ; when imported from any foreign
country, the average price being under 63s. pays the high duty of
24s. 3d. per quarter; above 63s. and under 66s., 2s. 6d., above
66s. 6d.* By the report of a committee of the house of Commons,
made in July, 1814, on petitions relating to the corn laws of Great-
Britain, it appears that, in consequence of the advanced price of
rent and labour, and the increase of taxes, particularly the proper-
ty tax, 80s. per quarter, or 10s. sterling, ($2 25) per bushel, is
the lowest prices which would afford the British grower of wheat, an
adequate remuneration. This report is founded on information, ob-
tained from every part of the kingdom. In consequence of this re-
port, the British Parliament have lately passed a law, prohibiting the
importation of foreign wheat, unless the price of English wheat is 10s.
sterling or more per bushel. The law, however, was not popular in Lon-
don, and its passage occasioned serious riots in that city. This brief
sketch of the corn laws of Great-Britain, about which a diversity of
opinion has prevailed among the political economists of that country,
cannot be uninteresting to the American farmer, merchant, or states-
man. It is difficult to ascertain what price will remunerate the grow-
er of wheat in the United States. In 1806 and 1807, when great
quantities of wheat and flour were exported, the average price of
wheat was only $1 27 per bushel, and the average price of flour
$7 50 per barrel.
The population of England and Wales in 1801, according to an
' See Comber's Enquiry, 1808, and Oddy's European Commerce
00
enumeration then made, was about nine millions three hundred and
thirty thousand, and Mr. George Chalmers estimated the consumption
of grain of all sorts, at that time, in England and Wales, to be as fol-
lows, viz. —
Quarters. Bushels.
Bread corn, one qr. each, 9,330,000 eight bush, per qr. 74,640,000
Corn made into drink, 4,665,000 do. do. 37,320,000
Com for cattle, poultry ,&c. 4,665,000 do. do. 37,320,000
18,660,000 or 149,280,000
How far the United States have come in competition, with the
grain countries situated around the Baltic, in the articles of wheat and
flour, will appear on comparing the exports of those articles, from
those countries respectively.
The whole quantity of wheat, exported from all the ports of the
Baltic in the years 1801 and 1802, being years of great exportation.
was, for
1801 . . . . 994,609 quarters*
1802 .... 1,032,941 do. being, on an ave-
rage of these two years, about one million of quarters, or eight millions
of Winchester bushels. The average quantity exported from the Uni-
ted States, during the same years, (allowing five bushels of wheat to
■& barrel of flour,) was about five millions nine hundred thousand bu-
shels, falling about two millions short of the quantity exported from all
the extensive grain countries situated around the Baltic. The value
of grain of all kinds annually exported from the Baltic, in common
years, amounts to about two millions sterling, or about nine millions
of dollars. In some years, however, it has amounted to eight mil-
lions sterling.! The value of grain, including rice, shipped from
the United States, on an average of the years 1805-6, and 7, was about
twelve and a half millions of dollars, and in the years 1811-12,
and 13, was as follows, viz. —
Dolls.
1811
20,391,000
1^12
17,797,000
1813
19,041,000
* 2 Vol. of Odd>
» 2 Vol of Odd;.-
97
This increase, it is well known, was occasioned by the great de-
mand for grain and provisions of all kinds in Spain and Portugal du-
ring these years, and the enhanced prices of the articles themselves.
In 1811, the year of the greatest exportation, the value
of wheat, flour, and biscuit, was $14,662,000
of Indian corn and meal, 2,896,000
of rice, 2,387,000
of all other, rye, oats, pulse, potatoes, &c. 446,000
Making $20,391,000*
RICE.
The culture of rice was introduced into South-Carolina about the
year 1694. Different accounts have been given as to the manner of
its first introduction. The account, however, given by Dr. Ramsay,
in his valuable history of South-Carolina, published in 1809, is proba-
bly the most correct, and which we shall give in his own words :
" Landgrave Thomas Smith, who was governour of the Province
in 1 693, had been at Madagascar, before he settled in Carolina. There
he observed, that rice was planted and grew in low and moist ground.
Having such ground, at the western extremity of his garden attached to
his dwelling-house in East Bay street, he was persuaded that rice
would grow therein, if seed could be obtained. About this time a
* The value of grain exported from the empire of Russia, in 1802, was a-j
follows :t
Rubles.
Wheat 4,055,907
Rye 5,604,422
Barley 1,004,144
Oats 206,056
Other corn 99,754
Wheat and rye flour .... 157,809
In spirits made from native corn - - 368,153
11,496,245
* Oddy's European Commerce.
13
08
vessel irum Madagascar, being in distress, came to anchor near Sulli'
van's Island. The master of this vessel inquired for Mr. Smith as an
old acquaintance. An interview took place. In the course of con-
versation Mr. Smith expressed a wish to obtain some seed rice to plant
in his garden, by way of experiment. The cook being called said
he had a small bag of rice suitable for that purpose. This was pre-
sented to Mr. Smith, who sowed it in a low spot of his garden, which
now forms a part of Longitude lane. It grew luxuriantly. The little
crop was distributed by Mr. Smith, among his planting friends. From
this small beginning, the first staple commodity of Carolina took its
rise. It soon after became the chief support of the Colony."*
Its introduction was an object of great importance to that country.
It was valuable, not only for the consumption of the inhabitants of
that Province, but it soon became the staple of the country, as an ar-
ticle of exportation, liy an act of Parliament of the 3 and 4 of Ann,
(1706) rice was placed among the enumerated commodities, and could
only be shipped directly to Great-Britain ; but afterwards, in the
year 1730, it was permitted, under certain limitations and restric-
tions, to be shipped and carried directly from Carolina, to any part
of Europe south of Cape Finisterre. In the year 1724, eighteen
thousand barrels of rice were exported, and in the year 1733, thirty-
six thousand five hundred and eighty-four barrels from South-Carolina,
and in 1739, seventy-one thousand four hundred and eighty-four bar-
rels, and in 1740, no less than ninety-one thousand one hundred and
fen barrels. From November 1760 to September 1761, one hundred
thousand barrels were exported. + From the table of exports of the
North-American Ct>lonies, for the year 1770, it appears, that during
that year, one hundred fifty thousand five hundred and twenty-nine
barrels of rice were exported, and that seventy-four thousand and se-
venty-three were shipped to Great-Britain, thirty-six thousand two
hundred and ninety-six to the South of Europe, forty thousand and
thirty-three to the West-Indies, and one hundred and seventeen to
Africa, the value of this, as estimated in the custom-house books, was
£340,692 15 sterling, or about $ 1,530,000.
" Doct. Ramsay's History of South-Carolina.
r Macpherson's Annals of Commerce and Ramsay's History
99
The quantity exported from tbe United States, from 1791 to 1804 s
and its value since 1803, was as follows, viz. —
Tierces. Value.
Bolls
1791 - - 96,980
1792 - - 141,762
1793 - - 134,611
1794 - - 116,486
1795 - - 138,526
1796 - - 131,039
1797 - - 60,111
1798 - - 125,243
1799 - - 110,599
1800 - - 112,056
1801 - - 94,866
1802 - - 79,822
1803 - - 81,838 2,455,000
1804 - - 78,385 - - 2,350,000
1805 - - 56,830 - - 1,705,000
1806 - - 102,627 - - 2,617,000
1807 - - 94,692 - - 2,367,000
1808 - - 9,228 - - 221,000
1809 - - 116,907 - - 2,104,000
1810 - - 131,341 - - 2,626,000
1811 - - 119,356 - - 2,387,000
1812 - - 77,190 - 1,544,000
1813 - - 120,843 - - 3,021,000
1814 - - 11,476 - - 230,000
INDIAN CORN AND MEAL, RYE, &c.
Indian corn, or maize, was found among the natives on the first
discovery of this country, and from them, has received its usual
name ; and has always been considered indigenous in America. It
was cultivated by the Indians, for food, both in North and South-Ame-
rica. It seems adapted to the climate of all the states, except
100
in the extreme parts of the north, where the summers are sometimes
too short and cold, to bring it to maturity ; and where it is aiso liable
to be injured by early frosts. It is exported in large quantities, in a
raw state, or when manufactured into meal.
When manufactured, it is, principally, shipped to the West-Indies,
though in times of scarcity, it has, occasionally, gone to Europe. In
1770, five hundred seventy -eight thousand three hundred and forty-
nine bushels, were exported from the North- American Colonies ; of
this, one hundred fifty went to Ireland, one hundred seventy -five
thousand two hundred and twenty-one to the south of Europe, four
hundred two thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight to the West-In-
dies, twenty to Africa ; and in the custom-house books, it was valued
at £43,376 4 2 sterling, or about $194,000.
Of late years, before the corn is manufactured into meal, it is dri-
ed by a fire, in a kiln prepared for that purpose. By this process,
the meal is much less liable to become sour on the voyage, and can
be preserved much longer in a warm climate.
The following is the quantity of Indian corn and meal exported;
annually, from 1791 to 1814 — viz.
Corn.
Meal
Value
Bushels
Bushels
Doll?
1791
1,713,241
351,695
1792
1,964,973
263,405
1793
1,233,768
189,715
1794
1,505,977
241,570
1795
1,935,345
512,445
1796
1,173,552
540,286
1797
804,922
254,799
1798
1,218,231
211,694
1799
1,200,492
231,226
1800
1,694,327
338,108
1801
1,768,162
919,355
1802
1,633,283
266,816
1803
2,079,608
133,606
2,025,000
1804
1,944,873
111,327
2,500,000
101
Com.
Meal.
Value.
Bushels.
Barrels.
Dolls.
1805
861,501
116,131
1,442,000
1806
1,064,263
108,342
1,286,000
1807
1,018,721
136,460
987,000
1808
249,533
30,818
298,000
1809
522,047
57,260
547,000
1810
1,054,252
86,744
1,138,000
1811
2,790,850
147,426
2,896,000
1812
2,039,999
90,810
1,939,000
1813
1,486,970
58,521
1,838,000
1814
61,284
26,438
1 70,000
The West-Indies, Spain, and Portugal, are the principal markets
for Indian corn and meal.
The other articles of vegetable food, exported from the United
States, are rye, oats, peas, beans, potatoes, &c. These, however,
constitute but a small part of the value of their exports. Most of the
rye in the United States is used for bread, or is made into spirits, at
home. The distillation of grain has, within a few years, increased
very rapidly in this country. In 1801, the quantity of spirits, distil-
led from grain and fruit, was estimated at ten millions of gallons.
By the returns of the marshals, giving an account of the manufactures
of the several states, in 1810, it appears that the quantity distilled
during that year, from grain and fruit, exceeded twenty millions of
gallons. Much the greatest part of this, probably more than three
quarters, was from grain. It is calculated, that a bushel of rye, or
corn, will produce from two and a haif to three gallons of spirits. In
1810, therefore, between five and six millions of bushels of rye and
corn must have been made into spirits. In Pennsylvania alone, in
that year, there were three thousand three hundred and thirty-four
distilleries, producing no less than six million five hundred fifty-
two thousand two hundred and eighty-four gallons of spirits, princi-
pally from grain. The whole, or nearly the whole, of this is con-
sumed in the United States. When we add to this the quantity dis-
ailed in this country from molasses, and that which is imported and
consumed here, we find the annual consumption of spirits in the Unit-
ed Spates amounting to thirty-one million seven hundred twenty-
1U2
tive thousand four hundred and seventeen gallons, as the following
calculation will shew : —
Spirits distilled in the United States in 1810, Galls.
from foreign and domestic materials, as by the
returns of the marshals, (about five millions from
molasses) .... 25,499,382
Exported during that year, spirits
from foreign materials - - 474,990
do. do. from domestic materials 133,853
608,843
Leaving to be consumed - - 24,890,539
The average quantity of spirits imported and
consumed from 1801 to 1812 inclusive 6,834,878
Making ... - 31,725,417
about four and a half gallons for every person. Very little rye is ex-
ported from this country. In 1801, the year of scarcity in Great-Bri-
tain, three hundred ninety-two thousand two hundred and seventy-six
bushels of rye meal were exported, which was more than three times
the quantity exported in any one year since 1791 ; and the average
number of bushels of rye exported, annually from 1791 to 1811, has
not exceeded six or eight thousand. Much greater quantities were
exported in the years 1812 and 1813 ; in the former of which, eigh-
ty-two thousand seven hundred and five, and in the latter, one hun-
dred forty thousand one hundred and thirty-six bushels were ex-
ported.
Vast quantities of rye are produced in Europe, and particularly in
the northern parts. The bread of the common people, in the northern
Kingdoms of Europe, is made of rye meal, and great quantities are
also exported from the Baltic. In France, one of the best wheat
countries, rye is also common. It is said, that more of it is gather-
ed there than of wheat, and that half of the people in France use
rye bread.*
* See Peccohet's Statistics of France, digested and abridged by Jamee
N. Taylor, Esq. printed in 1815.
103
The average quantity of oats exported, for twenty years, has been
.ibout seventy thousand bushels, annually ; of peas, about ninety
thousand, and of beans, between thirty and forty thousand. Potatoes,
which constitute such a valuable part of our agricultural productions,
especially in our domestic economy, are also exported, but the ave-
rage (juantity will not exceed about sixty thousand bushels a year.
The following is the aggregate value of all the exports, the produce
of agriculture, constituting vegetable food, from 1802, to 1814 : — •
Dolls.
1802 - - - - 12,790,000
1803 - - - 14,080,000
1804 ... 12,250,000
1805 - - 11,752,000
1806 - 11,850,000
1807 - - 14,432,000
1808 - - 2,550,000
1809 .... 8,751,000
1810 .... 10,750,000
1811 - - - - 20,391,000
1812 .... 17,797,000
1813 .... 19,041,000
1814 ... - 2,179,000
PRODUCE OF ANIMALS.
Beef, pork, tallow, hams, butter and cheese, lard, live cattle and
horses, have long been articles of export, of no inconsiderable value.
They have generally been shipped to the West-Indies.
The colonial custom-house books shew that in the year 1770, there
was shipped to the South of Europe, two hundred and forty-four bar-
rels, and to the West-Indies two thousand eight hundred and-seventy
tons of beef and pork, making about twenty-eight thousand nine
hundred and forty-four barrels, and which was then valued at
£66,035 1 10 sterling, or about $277,000. Beef and pork, with
live cattle, have been among the most considerable articles of domes-
104
tic export from some of the Northern states, where the lands are bet-
ter for grazing than for grain.
The following quantities of beef and pork have been exported an-
nually from 1791 to 1814, viz.—
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
In the year 1770, one hundred sixty-seven thousand six hundred
and thirteen pounds of butter, fifty-five thousand nine hundred and
ninety -seven pounds of cheese, and one hundred eighty-five thousand
one hundred and forty-three pounds of tallow and lard were exported.
Beef.
Pork.
Bbls.
Bbls
62,771
27,781
74,638
38,098
75,106
38,563
100,066
49,442
96,149
88,193
92,521
73,881
51,812
40,125
89,000
33,115
91,321
52,268
75,045
55,467
75,331
70,779
61,520
78,239
77,934
96,602
134,896
- 111,532
115,532
57,925
117,419
36,277
84,209
39,247
20,101
15,478
28,555
42,652
47,699
37,209
76,743
37,270
42,757
22,746
43,741
17,337
20,297
4,040
105
Large quantities of these articles have been exported, averaging be-
tween one and two millions of pounds annually, and in some years
exceeding two millions. In 1804, two millions eight hundred and
thirty thousand and sixteen pounds of butter, and two millions five
hundred sixty-five thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds of
lard, were shipped from the United States. Tables No. IV. and V.
annexed to this chapter, shew the countries and places to which our
beef and pork have been carried, from 1800 to 1811. Beef and
pork, butter and lard, as well as live stock, have generally found a
market in the West-India Islands. During the late war in Europe,
the British West-Indies, for certain periods, have been opt n for our
beef and pork, and large quantities have been shipped directly to
British West-India ports. In 1804, no less than forty -five thousand
six hundred and fifty-six barrels of beef, and forty-seven thousand
nine hundred and twenty-six barrels of pork went to those parts.
In the year 1811, ten thousand four hundred and thirty-two barrels
of beef were shipped to Spain, and fourteen thousand three hundred
and eighty-one to Portugal.
The value of the exports, the produce of animals, since 1803, a->
ascertained at the Treasury department, has been as follows, viz. —
Beef, tallow,
Butter and
Pork, bacon,
Horses and
Sheep
hides, and
cheese.
lard, and
mules.
live cattle.
live hogs.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls,.
1303
1,145,000
585,000
1,890,000
460,000
55,000
1804
1,520,000
490,000
1,990,000
270,000
30,000
1805
1,545,000
415,000
1,960,000
220,000
1,500
1806
1,360,000
481,000
1,096,000
321,000
*1 6,000
1807
1,108,000
490,000
1,157,000
317,000
14,000
1808
265,000
196,000
398,000
105,000
4,000
1809
425,000
264,000
1,001,000
113,000
8,000
1810
747,000
318,000
907,000
185,000
12,000
1811
1,195,000
395,000
1,002,000
254,000
20,000
1812
524,000
329,000
604,000
191,000
9,000
1813
539,000
95,000
457,000
8,000
2,000
181!
241,000
59.000
176.000
1 .000
5.000
14
100
The following is the aggregate value of these articles : —
Dolls.
J 803 - - - - 4,135,000
1804 - - 4,300,000
1805 - .... 4,141,500
1806 .... 3,274,000
1807 - - - 3,086,000
1808 - - 968,000
1809 1,811,000
1310 - ... 2,169,000
1811 - - - 2,866,000
1812 ... . . 1,657,000
1813 1,101,000
1811 - - - - - 482,000
The national legislature have heretofore encouraged the exporta-
tion of salted beef and pork, by allowing a bounty on each barrel
exported, by way of draw-back of the duty on imported salt. This
bounty was supposed to be equal to the amount of the duty on the
-nit used in a barrel of beef or pork. It was discontinued on the re-
peal of the duty in 1807. It was not again allowed by Congress on
salted beef and pork on the renewal of the duty on imported salt, in
July, 1813, although allowed on pickled fish. The policy of the mea-
sure, however, is too obvious to admit a doubt, that, on the return of
regular commerce, this bounty on salted provisions exported, will be
again allowed, as well as on the exportation of pickled fish. It is
obvious, that unless it is allowed, the merchant or exporter of this
country cannot be on an equal footing with others in a foreign mar-
ket. The amount of the duty on imported salt will be charged in
the price of the provisions, either at home or abroad. If other nation?
allow a drawback, on the exportation of salted provisions equal to the
amount of the duty on salt, and the United States do not make tin
same allowance, they can undersell us in a foreign market.
In that case, our salted provisions must either remain at home, or
die price of the provisions themselves must lessen in proportion tf
die amount of the duty on salt. Tins loss will fall on the farmer.
lor
TOBACCO.
Tobacco has been the great staple of Virginia and Maryland, from
their first settlement. This plant is a native of America, and was
found here on the first discovery of the country. It was introduced
into England, by Sir Walter Raleigh, about the year 1584. It soon
got into general use, and became the subject of regulation, by royal
proclamations and by acts of Parliament. King James I. was violent-
ly opposed to its introduction, and issued proclamations against the
use of it, and against planting it in England. About the year 1624
it became a royal monopoly, and afterwards, in order to encourage
its growth in the Colonies, and thereby derive a revenue to the crown,
an act of Parliament prohibited the planting of it in Great-Britain.
The average quantity imported from the North- American Colonies
into England, for ten years preceding the year 1709, was twenty-
eight millions eight hundred fifty-eight thousand six hundred and six-
ty-six pounds.*
From 1761 to 1775, the quantity imported annually into England
and Scotland, and the amount exported during the same period, wa*
as follows : —
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
Imported.
Pounds.
47,065,787
44,102,491
65,173,752
54,433,318
48,306,593
43,307,453
39,140,639
35,515,708
33,781,208
39.187,037
GLAND.
Exported.
Pounds.
36,788,944
36,445,951
40,940,312
54,058,336
39,121,423
32,986,790
36,400,398
30,864,536
23,793,272
33,238,437
SCOTLAXI).
Imported. Exported
Pounds.
24,048,380
27,339,433
31,613,170
26,310,219
33,889,565
32,175,223
29,385,343
33,261,427
35,920,685
39,226,354
Pounds.
23,525,326
26,694,999
30,613,738
25,90*170
33,379,201
31,723,205
28,871,522
32,488,543
34,714,630
38.498.52?
Macpherson's \nnal> of Commerce.
106
ENGLAND.
SCOTL Itll.
Imported.
Exported.
Imported.
Exported.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
1771
68,079,183
41,439,386
49,312,146
48,488.681
1772
51,493,522
49.784,009
43,748,415
42,806,548
1773
55,928,957
50,349,967
44,485,194
43,595,102
1774
56,048,393
44,829,835
40,157,589
39,533,552
1775
55,965,463
43,880,864
55,927,542
Jn 1770, eighty-four thousand nine hundred and ninety -seven hogs-
heads of tobacco were exported from the North-American Provinces,
which were valued in the custom-house books at £906,637 18 1 sterl-
ing, or about $4,050,000. This article constituted about one third
in value of all the exports in that year, and exceeded the value of
wheat and flour exported during the same year, more than one mil-
lion of dollars.
The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni-
ted States, from 1791 to 1814, in its raw, and manufactured state,
and its value since 1802 : —
Manufactured.
Snuff.
Value.
No. of finds
Pounds.
Pounds.
Dolls
1791
101,272
81,122 -
15,689
1792 -
112,428
- 117,874 -
10,042
1793 -
59,947
- 137,784 -
35,559
1794 -
76,826
23,650
37,415
1795 -
61,050
20,263 -
129,436
1796 • -
69,018
29,181 -
267,046
1797 -
58,167
12,801 -
73,257
1798 -
68,567
- 142,269 -
114,151
1799 -
96,070
- 416,076 -
109.682
1800 -
78,680
- 457,713 -
41.453
1801 -
103,758
- 472,282 -
52,297
1 802 -
77,721
- 233,591 -
43,161
- 6,220,000
1803 -
86,291
- 152,415 -
17,928
- 6,209.000
>804
83.343
- 278,071
20.678
- 6.000.000
109
Manufactured.
Snuff.
Value
No. of hhds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Dolls.
1305
71,252
- 532,311 -
33,127
- 6,341,000
1806
83,186
- 385,727 -
42,212
■ 6,572,000
1807
62,186
- 236,004 -
59,763
- 5,476,000
1808
9,576
26,656 -
25,845 ■
833,000
1809
53,921
- 314,880 -
35,955 ■
3,774,000
1810
84,134
- 495,427 -
46,640 ■
5,048,000
1811
35,828
- 732,713 -
1 9,904
- 2,150,000
1812
26,094
- 583,258 -
3.360 •
1,514,000
1813
5,314
- 283,512 -
-
319,000
1814
3,125
79,377 -
.
232,000
The above value only includes that exported in its raw state.
Tobacco has been one of the greatest articles of export from North-
America from its first settlement. Previous to the American revolu-
tion, it constituted in value, between a quarter and one third of all the
exports of the American Colonies, now the United States. The
quantity exported since 1791 has not exceeded, if it has equalled,
the quantity exported from 1761 to 1775; although, with other arti-
cles, it has increased in price. From 1302 to 1807, the average an-
nual value was about six millions of dollars, and from 1808 to 1813.
in consequence of commercial restrictions, and the war between the
United States and Great-Britain, the average annual value has not ex-
ceeded £2,300,000.*
* The average price of tobacco, at the places of exportation, since 1806.
has been as follows, viz. —
Per hhd.
Dolls.
1806 79
1307
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
88
87
70
60
60
70
67
74
110
The principal markets for tobacco are Great-Britain, France, Hol-
land, and the North of Europe. (See Table No. VI.) A great part
of that shipped to Great-Britain is sent to the Continent of Europe.
COTTON.
Cotton is a native of the tropical regions, in every quarter of the
world. It is mentioned by Herodotus as growing in India, at the
time he wrote his history. It was found among the Mexicans and
Peruvians, on the first discovery of America ; and among the latter,
the manufacture of it was carried to no inconsiderable extent. Pre-
vious to the American revolution, it was cultivated in the southern
states for domestic use.
Soon after the peace of 1783, small quantities were exporte'd from
Georgia.* It was not, however, cultivated to much extent, for ex-
portation, in the United States, until about the year 1791 or 1792.
Since that period, it has become the great staple of the states of
South-Carolina and Georgia, and next to grain, the most valuable
of all the exports of the United States.
American cotton has been generally known by the names of sea-
island and upland cotton. The former grows along the sea coast,
has a black seed, is of a long staple, and is easily cleaned or separat-
ed from the seed ; the latter grows on the upland, at a distance from
the coast, has a green seed, is of a short staple, and until the inven-
tion of a machine for the purpose, was so difficult to be cleaned, or
separated from the seed, as to be scarcely worth the trouble and ex-
pense of cultivation. This machine was invented by Mr. Eli Whit
ney, a native of Massachusetts, who was accidentally in Georgia, in
the year 179o: a gentleman of education, and distinguished for his
mechanical genius. This machine has enriched the southern planter
by ( nabling him to cultivate, to tiie greatest advantage, one of the
most valuable staples in the world.
Before its invention, very little upland cotton was cultivated, and
scarcely a single pound was exported from the United States; after-
'"rwards, the culture of this species of cotton became the principal
"Karr.sav's. Hi stow of Jjout.h-C'uroliuti
Ill
object of the planter in South-Carolina and Georgia ; and iii the year
1807, more than fifty-five millions of pounds of upland cotton was ex-
ported, and which was valued at more than eleven and a half millions
of dollars. It has rarely occurred, that the invention of a single ma-
chine has, at once, changed the employment of so many thousand
people, and has added so much to the wealth and resources of a na-
tion. In the year 1792, the value of the exports of the United
States, was only $20,753,098, (upland cotton, the growth of the
United States, constituted very little, if any part of these exports,)
and in the short period of fifteen years, a new article of export is
produced, amounting in value to more than one half of that sum.*
v
The rapid increase of the culture of cotton in the United States
will appear, from the following account of the quantity exported from
1791 to 1814, and the value of that of domestic growth since 1802 : —
Cotton of all kinds expor
ted
Value of cotton of
from 1791 to 1804.
domestic growth
Pounds.
Dolls.
1791
189,316
1792
138,328
-
1793
487,600
" Mr. Whitney obtained a patent for this invention, at an early period,
under the laws of the United States ; and has been liberally rewarded for
the right of using it, by all the cotton planting" states, except the state of
Georgia. South-Carolina gave him, and Mr. Miller, who was concerned
\\ith him, the sum of §50,000, for the rig-lit of using the machine in that
state. In the state of Georgia, his right to the invention was disputed,
and his machine was use;!, with the exception of a few individuals, without
making him any compensation. He was compelled therefore, in that state,
to have recourse to the judicial tribunals for redress. Owing, however, to
a defect in die first patent law, and to the powerful interest opposed to
him, he was unable to obtain a decision in his favor, until thirteen years of
tiii patent had expired. This decision was had, before die Circuit Court of
the United States, in which Judge Johnson, of South-Carolina, presided,
in his charge to the jury, on the trial of the case, the Judge did ample jus-
tice to Mr. Whitney, as the original inventor, as wed as to the imr;ortnn n 'V
irul utility of the invention itself
iU
(Jotton of all kinds exported
V aluc of cotton of
from 1791 to 1804,
domestic growth
Pounds.
Polls
1794
-
1,601,760
1795
-
6,276,300
1796
-
6,106,729
1797
-
3,788,429
1798
-
9,360,005
1799
.
9,532,263
1800
-
17,789,803
1801
-
20,911,201
1802
-
27,501,075
w,250,0€tf
1803
-
41,105,623
7,920,000
1801
-
38,118,041
7,650,000
Cotton of domestic growth exported from 1804 to 1814: —
Sea-island.
Upland,
Value.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Dolls.
1 805
- 8,787,659
- 29,602,428 -
9,445,000
1806 ■
• 6,096,082 ■
■ 29,561,383 -
8,332,000
1807
- 8,926,011
- 55,018,448 ■
• 14,232,000
1808
949,051
9,681,394 -
2,221,000
1809 -
8,654,213 ■
• 42,326,042 -
8,515,000
1810 ■
• 8,604,078 •
■ 84,657,384 -
15,108,000
1811
■ 8,029,576 ■
• 54,028,660 -
9,652,000
1812
4,367,806 ■
■ 24,519,571 -
3,080,000
1813 -
• 4,134,849 -
• 14,975,167 -
2,324,000
1814 ■
■ 2,520,338 -
15,208,669 -
2,683,000-
'* The price of cotton at the places of exportation, according to which tlu
value has been ascertained at the Treasury, since 1804, has been as follows,
1806
1807
1808
1S0O
Sea-island.
lb.
30 cents.
80 do.
80 do.
;?5 do
Upland,
lb.
22 cents
21 do.
20 do ■
I 5 do.
113
Tables So. VII. and VIII. shew the countries to which cotton has
been exported, from 1800 to 1811. Great-Britain has been the
principal market for this article. In 1807, before the commencement
of our commercial restrictions, more than fifty-three millions of pounds
were shipped directly to that country, leaving about thirteen million?
for all other parts of the world.
During the continuance of those restrictions, the greatest part
reached Great-Britain, by the way of the Floridas, the Azores, Ma-
deira, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden.
The value of cotton shipped to Great-Britain, in 1807, according
to the American custom-house books, was $11,953,378. According
to the English custom-house books, and a valuation made by the in-
spector-general of imports and exports, the real value of cotton, im-
ported from the United States into Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot-
land) in the year ending the 10th of October, 1807, was £3,036,392
sterling, or $13,481,580. If we add to this, the quantity imported
into Scotland, the value cannot be less than about fifteen millions of
dollars. The increase in the culture and manufacture of cotton, of
late years, has been astonishingly great, and to trace its rapid pro-
gress is not a matter of idle or useless curiosity. From 1768 to
1779, the average quantity of cotton annually imported into England,
from all parts of the world, did not exceed abt>ut five millions of
pounds. From 1784 to 1787, the quantity imported into Great-
Britain was as follows, viz. —
Pounds.
3784 11,280,338
1785 17,992,888
1786 19,151,867
1787 ..... 22,600,000
Sea-island. Upland,
lbs. lbs.
1810 ... 28 cents. 15 cents.
1811 . . . 26 do. ... 14 do.
1812 ... 20 do. ... 9 do.
1813 - - - 20 do. - - - 10 do
1814 - - 28 do. - • • 13 <fr>
15
114
The cotton imported in 1787, is supposed to have come from the
following places : —
Pounds.
British West-Indies, .... 6,600,000
French and Spanish Colonies, - - - 6,000,000
Dutch, do. 1,700,000
Portuguese, 2,500,000
East-Indies, procured from Ostend, - - 100,000
Smyrna and Turkey, - - ■ - - 5,700,000
22,600,000
In 1800, the quantity imported into England,
was 42,806,507
Into Scotland - 13,204,225
Making 56,010,732*
In the year 1807, the following quantity was imported into the
ports of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, from different parts of the
world :j —
Bags.
From the United States, - - 171,267
The British West-Indies, - - 28,960
The Colonies conquered from the Dutch, 43,651
Portugal, - - - 18,981
East-Indies, 11,409
All other parts, - - 8,390
282,66"
' Macpherson's Annals of Commerce.
j Sir Alexander Baring's inquiry relative to lh< British orders in con
■il, &c— 1808.
115
The number of bales imported into Great-Britain, and the coun-
tries from where imported in 1810 and 1811, were as follows, viz.—
1810. 1811.
From America - - 240,516 128,482
Portugal and Colonies - 142,946 118,514
Spain and do. 14,589 7,881
East-Indies - - - 79,382 14,646
Demarara, Berbice, Surinam,
and Cayenne, - - 40,291 34,838
West-India Islands, - 33,571 19,295
Mediterranean, - - 3,592 974
Ireland, - - - 6,082 1,300
Heligoland, - - 182 274
Africa, 22 37
Baltic, 40
561,173 326,281
In the year 1810, the number of bales from the United States, wa=
two hundred forty thousand five hundred and sixteen. As these
bales would average three hundred pounds each, they contained se-
venty-two million one hundred fifty-four thousand and eight hundred
pounds of cotton. The bales from Portugal are said not to average
more than one hundred pounds, making fourteen million two hundred
ninety-four thousand and six hundred. During this year, therefore,
from one half to two thirds of all the cotton imported into Great-
Britain, was from the United States, notwithstanding seventy-nine
thousand three hundred and eighty-two bales were, during that year,
imported from the East-Indies. The foregoing was taken from Brit-
ish accounts.
The following is the quantity of cotton exported from the United
States to Great-Britain, as appears by the American custom-house
books, from 1800 to 1811 :*—
Number of pounds
1800 - - - 16,179,513
1801 18,953,065
See Tables No. VII. and V'HT. annexed to this chapter.
110
Number of pounds.
1802 - . 23,473,925
1803 - .... 27,757,307
1304 25,770,748
1805 32,571,073
1806 24,256,457
1807 53,180,211
1808 - . 7,992,593
1809 - ... 13,365,987
1810 36,171,915
1811 46,872,452
As the direct intercourse between the United States and Great-
Britain, was open but a part of the year 1810, only about thirty-six
millions of pounds was shipped directly to that country. During that
year, however, more than five millions was shipped to Sweden ; more
than fourteen millions to Denmark and Norway ; about nine mill-
ions to Spain, Portugal, and Madeira ; four millions, to the Azores,
and ten millions to the Floridas ; the greatest part of which un-
doubtedly went to Great-Britain.
Europe is, and always must be, dependent upon other quarters of the
world, for a supply of cotton. The climate is, for the most part, too
cold for the production of this valuable plant. Some small quantities
have been raised in the southern parts of Spain and Italy. The
French government, under Bonaparte, attempted to introduce the
culture of it in France. In 1807, a distinguished agriculturalist,
Monsieur Lasteyric, was employed by the French government to give
instructions, relative to the culture of the cotton plant. He accord-
ingly published a treatise on the subject, entitled " Du Cotonnier,
et de sa culture," in which he gives an account of the various kinds
of cotton, in different parts of the world, and the modes of cultivating
it. The Minister of the Interior also, at the same time, sent a cir-
cular letter to the Prefects of all the Departments, requesting their
particular attention, to the cultivation of cotton, and informing them
that he had sent for cotton seed, to Spain, Italy, and North-America,
fo br? distributed to the different departments, and offering a premi-
11?
um of one franc* for every killogramme (two pounds English) of
cotton raised and cleaned ready for spinning. It is understood that
the experiment, if ever made, did not succeed. France has received
a great part of her cotton fabrics, particularly those of the finer kind,
from Great-Britain. Monsieur Lasteyric himself states that the value
of cotton goods imported into France from England in 1806, amount-
ed to 65,000,000 francs, or about $13,000,000.
He also states the quantity of cotton imported into France, from
the year 5 of the republic, (1796) to 1806, to be as follows, viz. —
Year 5
-
-
-
9,000,000
killogramme^'.
6
-
-
-
5,145,000
- do.
7
-
-
-
3,363,000
- do.
8
-
-
-
5,504,000
- do.
9
-
-
-
7,560,000
- do.
10
-
-
-
7,890,000
- do.
11
-
-
-
8,600,000
- do.
12
-
-
-
9,205,000
- do.
13
-
-
-
10,857,000
- do.
Three months and ten days
of the ,
Four millions of
year 14, and
the
whole of 1806,
> 11,850,000^
which came from
making 15 months
and 10 days
Portugal.
Total of ten years
Annual average
78,974,000 killogrammes
7,897,400 - do.
The annual average of cotton, therefore, imported into France
from 1796 to 1806, was only fifteen million seven hundred ninety-
four thousand and eight hundred pounds. The whole quantity im-
ported into France during this period, did not exceed the quantity
exported from the United States in the years 1810 and 1811.
* A franc is about twenty cent?, making- a premium of about ten cent'
for a pound of cotton
118
The following is the quantity exported from the United States to
France, from 1800 to 1811.
Pounds.
1800 -
1801 844,728
1802 1,907,849
1803 3,821,840
1804 5,946,848
1805 .--- 4,504,329
1806 - - - 7,082,118
1807 --- - - 6,114,358
1808 - 2,087,450
1 809 none direct.
1810 - - - do.
1811 - - - do.
The manufacture t)f cotton has increased, and is still increasing
very rapidly, in the United States. The quantity consumed in this
country, on the average of the years 1811, 1812, and 1813, cannot
be less than twenty millions of pounds.
FLAX-SEED, INDIGO, &c. &c.
The other articles of export, the produce of agriculture, are flax-
seed, indigo, wax, flax, poultry, &c. The principal of these are flax-
seed and indigo. In the year 1770, three hundred twelve thousand
six hundred and twelve bushels of flax-seed were exported from the
North-American Colonies, of which six thousand seven hundred and
eighty went to England, three hundred five thousand and eighty -
three to Ireland, and seven hundred forty-nine to the South of Europe.
The custom-house value of it was then £31,168 18 1 sterling, oi
about # 139,000.
119
The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni-
ted States from 1791 to 1814, with its value since 1803, viz. —
Value.
Bushels. Dolls.
1791 - - 292,460
1792 - - 261,905
1793 - - 258,540
1794 - - 270,340
1795 - - 411,264
1796 - - 256,200
1797 - - 222,269
1798 - - 224,473
1799 - - 350,857
1800 - - 289,684
1801 - - 461,266
1802 - - 155,358
1803 311,459 - 465,000
1804 - - 281,757 - - 420,000
1805 - 179,788 - - '360,000
1806 - - 352,280 529,000
1807 - - 301,242 - 452,000
1808 - 102,930 - 131,000
1809 - - 184,311 - 230,000
1810 - 240,579 301,000
1811 - - 304,114 380,000
1812 325,022 455,000
1813 - - 189,538 265,000
1814 - 14,800 31,000
Flax-seed has been generally shipped to Ireland.
INDIGO.
Indigo was one of the principal articles of produce and export from
South-Carolina and Georgia, before the planting of cotton in tbosf;
states became an object of so much importance.
120
The culture of it was introduced into South- Carolina about the year
1741 or 1742, and that state is indebted to a lady for the introduc-
tion of this valuable plant. An account of the manner of its introduc-
tion is given by Doct. Ramsay in his history of South-Carolina, and
serves to shew, among other instances, how much a nation oftentimes
is indebted for its wealth to the exertions and perseverance of a single
individual.
" The second great staple of Carolina (says the Doctor) was Indi-
go. Its original native country was Ilindostan ; but it had been na-
turalized in the West-India Islands, from which it was introduced in-
to Carolina by Miss Eliza Lucas the mother of Major General Charles
Cotesworth Pinckney.
" Her father, George Lucas, Governour of Antigua, observing her
fondness for the vegetable world, frequently sent to her tropical seeds
and fruits, to be planted for her amusement on his plantation at Wap-
poo. Among others he sent her some indigo seed as a subject of ex-
periment.
" She planted it in March 1741 or 1742. It was destroyed by
frost. She repeated the experiment in April ; this was cut down by
a wonn. Notwithstanding these discouragements she persevered, and
her third attempt was successful. Governour Lucas, on hearing that
the plant had seeded and ripened, sent from Montserrat a man, by the
name of Cromwell, who had been accustomed to the making of indi-
go, and engaged him at high wages to come to Carolina, and let his
daughter see the whole process for extracting the dye from the weed.
This professed indigo maker built vats on Wappoo creek, and there
made the first indigo that was formed in Carolina. It was but in-
different.
" Cromwell repented of his engagement, as being likely to injure
his own country ; made a mystery of the business, and, with the hope
of deceiving, injured the process by throwing in too much lime.
Miss Lucas watched him carefully, and also engaged Mr. Deveaux to
superintend his operations. Notwithstanding the duplicity of Crom
well, a knowledge of the process was obtained. Soon after Miss Lu-
cas had completely succeeded in this useful project, she married
Charles Pinckney : and her father made a present of all the indigo
on his plantation, the fruit of her industry, to her husband. Tl>£
121
whole was saved for seed. Part was planted by the proprietor next
year at Ashapoo, and the remainder given away to his friends in small
quantities for the same purpose. They all succeeded. From that
time the culture of indigo was common, and in a year or two it be-
came an article of export."
In the year 1748, (21 of George II.) a bounty of six pence on the
pound, on Plantation indigo, when it was worth three fourths of the
price of the best French indigo, was granted by the British Parlia-
ment. This increased its culture in South-Carolina, and in 1754,
two hundred sixteen thousand nine hundred and twenty-four pounds
of indigo were exported from that Province. From November 1760
to September 1761, three hundred ninety-nine thousand three hun-
dred and sixty -six pounds were exported ; and shortly before the Amer-
ican Revolution, the export amounted to one million one hundred and
seven thousand six hundred and sixty pounds.*
In the year 1 794, one million five hundred fifty thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty pounds were exported from the United States, being
the greatest quantity exported in any one year. Probably a consi-
derable part of this was foreign indigo.
Since the planting of cotton has become general in South-Carolina
and Georgia, the culture of indigo has been in a great measure neg-
lected.
MANUFACTURES.
Manufactured articles constitute a part of the domestic exports of
the United States. The manufactures exported are : —
1st. from domestic materials.
2d. from foreign materials.
The value of both these kinds of manufactures, exported from 1803
to 1814, was as follows, viz. —
From domestic
From foreign
Total of
materials.
materials.
both.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
180.3
790,000
565,000
1,355,000
1804
1,650,000 -
450,000 -
2,100,000
' See Ramsay's History and Macphcrson's Annals of Commerc
16
122
Prom domestic
From foreign
Total of
materials.
materials.
both.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls,
1805
1,579,000 -
721,000 -
2,300,000
1806
1,889,000 -
818,000 -
2,707,000
1807
1,652,000 -
468,000 -
2,120,000
1808
309,000 -
35,000 -
344,000
1809
1,266,000
240,000 -
1,506,000
1810
1,359,000 -
558,000 -
1,917,000
1811
- 2,062,000 -
314,000 -
2,376,000
1812
1,135,000
220,000
1 ,355,000
1813
372,000 -
18,000
390,000
1814
233,200 -
13,100 -
246,300
The manufactures from domestic materials are soap, tallow candles,
leather, boots, shoes, saddlery, hats, of grain (as spirits, beer,
starch, &c.) of wood, (including furniture, coaches, &c.) cordage, can-
vass, linseed oil, iron, and various other articles, such as snuff, silk
shoes, wax candles, tobacco, lead, bricks, turpentine, spirits, wool
and cotton cards, &c.
The manufactures from foreign materials, are spirits from molasses,,
refined sugar, chocolate, gun powder, brass and copper, and medicines.
The value of each of these for the years 1806 and 1
follows, viz. —
DOMESTIC MATERIALS'.
Soap, and tallow candles,
Leather, boots, shoes, and saddlery,
Hats,
Wood (including furniture, coaches, &.c.) 418,000
Cordage, canvass, linseed oil,
Grain, (spirits, beer, starch, kc.)
Iron, - - -
Other articles, (snuff, silk shoes, Lc.)
rs 1806 and
.1811 was as
1806.
1811.
Value— dls.
Value — dls
652,000
- 371,000
276,000
- 176,000
105,000
55,00©
418,000
- 361,000
118,000
- 274,000
94,000
- 506,000
132,000
- 101,000
• 94,000
- 218,000
1,889,000
2.062,00ft
123
10REIGX JU.TKRIi.LS.
Spirits from molasses,
Sugar refined,
Chocolate,
Gun-powder,
Brass and copper,
Medicines,
1806.
1811,
Value — dls.
Value— dls
630,000 •
241,000
66,000 -
13,000
2,000 -
4,000
42,000 ■
29,000
25,000
9,000
53,000
18,000
$8 18,000 $314,000
Many small articles exported are not ascertained, although their va-
lue is returned to the treasury department.
Some of these are manufactured, and others are in a raw state.
We have now completed our view of the domestic exports of the Uni-
ted States ; we add the following table, exhibiting the value of the
produce of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture and of manufactures
exported, for each year, from 1803 to 1814, by which the proportion
of each can be, at once, seen, during that period.
Of the sea.
Of the forest.
Ofagriculture.
if manufacture;
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
1303
2,635,000
4,850,000
32,995,000
1,355,000
1804
3,420,000
4,630,000
30,890,000
2,100,000
1805
2,884,000
5,261,000
31,562,000
2,300,000
1806
3,116,000
4,861,000
30,125,000
2,707,000
1807
2,804,000
5,476,000
37,832,000
2,120,000
1808
832,000
1,399,000
6,746,000
344,000
1809
1,710,000
4,583,000
23,234,000
1,506,000
1310
1,481,000
4,978,000
33,502,000
1,917,000
1811
1,413,000
5,286,000
35,556,000
2,376,000
1812
935,000
2,701,000
24,555,000
1,355,000
1813
304,000
1,107,000
23,119,000
390,000
3814
188,000
570,000
5,613,000
24 G, 300
From this, it appears, that on an average of eight years, from 1803
to 1811. the produce ofagriculture. constituted about three quarters,
124
in value, of all the domestic exports of the United States, the produce
of the forest about one ninth, of the sea, about one fifteenth, and man-
ufactures, about one twentieth. For the year 1812, the whole va-
lue of the domestic exports, was $30,032,109, of this, the value of
the produce of agriculture, was $24,555,000, leaving but five and a
half millions for the rest ; and in the year ending October 1st, 1813,
about sixteen months from the commencement of the late war with
Great-Britain, the whole value of the domestic exports was
$25,008,152; of this, the value of the produce of agriculture, was
$23,119,000, consisting, principally, of flour and provisions, sent to
the Peninsula ; in the year 1814, in consequence of the blockade of
our coast, the whole exports of the United States amounted only to
$6,927,441, of which $6,782,272 was of domestic produce, which
found its way, through certain ports, which, for a time, were not sub-
ject to the blockade.
125
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CHAPTER V.
EXPORTS OF FOREIGN PRODUCE.
NEfTHAi. trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe — Their
trade in foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805, 1806, and 1807
— Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods paying ad valorem
duties exported, in eacli year, from 1791 to 1814 — Quantity of sugar and
coffee, and goods subject to ad valorem duties imported from different
countries in 1807 — Quantity of sugar and coffee exported to different
countries, in different years— Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, co-
coa, and pepper, exported in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807.
The war between England and France, which began in 1793.
Soon after the establishment of the present national government, and
between England and Spain in 1796, and which continued, with but
a short interval, until it involved all the nations of Europe, threw in-
to the hands of the American merchant, no small proportion of tin-
trade of the world.
The vast superiority of the naval force of England, rendered the
intercourse between the European powers at war with that nation,
and their Colonies, extremely difficult.
They were, therefore, obliged to depend, in a great measure, up-
on neutrals to carry on the trade between them, and their distant pos-
sessions. The valuable productions of the French, Spanish, and Dutch
East and West-Indies, had no other mode of finding their way to Eu-
rope, without great risque and expense, but by the aid of a neutral flag.
The local situation of the United States, in relation to the West-India
Islands, and their long accustomed habits of intercourse with them,
.naturally threw a great proportion of this trade into the hands of the
136
Americans ; and the great increase of the tonnage of the United
States, and the spirit and enterprise of the citizens, led them, also,
to engage in the more distant trade of the East-Indies, and every oth-
er part of the world. The valuable articles of colonial produce, such
as sugar, coffee, spirits, cocoa, pimento, indigo, pepper and spices of
all kinds, were carried, either directly to Europe, or were first brought
to the United States, and from thence exported in American vessels.
These and other articles imported were allowed, under certain regu-
lations, to be exported from the United States, with a drawback of
the duties, paid or secured to be paid upon them, on their importa-
tion. The manufactures of Europe, and particularly of Great-Bri-
tain, as well as the manufactures and produce of the East-Indies and
China, have also been imported, and again exported, in large quanti-
ties, to the West-Indies, to the Spanish Colonies in South-America,
and elsewhere. This trade, which has been called the carrying
trade, has, in some years, exceeded in value the trade of the United
States, in articles of domestic produce ; it has been the means, not
only of increasing our commercial tonnage, but of enriching the pub-
lic treasury, as welj as filling the coffers of individuals. The value of
the exports of domestic and foreign articles from 1803 to 1814, is
stated in Chapter III.
From this it appears, that in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, be-
ing years of trade unshakled by commercial restrictions, the value
of exports of domestic produce and manufacture, was $134,590,552,
being on an average $44,863,517 a year, and of exports of foreign
produce and manufacture, $173,105,813, on an average $57,701,937
a year, making a difference of $38,515,261 or $12,838,420 per
year. During the late war between the United States and Great-
Britain, this trade has been annihilated. We were unable to pro-
cure supplies of foreign articles, for our own consumption, much lei-
for exportation.
13?
The progress of this trade from 1791 to 1814, may be seen from
the following account of the quantities of the principal articles of for-
eign produce or manufacture, exported from the United States in
each year, viz. sugar, coffee, pepper, cocoa, and goods principally
paying duties ad valorem : —
Sugar.
Coffee.
Pepper.
Cocoa.
Goods paying
lbs.
lbs.
lbs. *
lbs.
ad val. duties,
dolls.
1791
74,504
962,977
492
8,322
2,840,310
1792
1,176,156
2,134,742
5,046
6,000
3,560,119
1793
4,539,8u9
17,580,049
14,361
234,875
4,110,240
1794
20,721,761
33,720,983
23,884
1,188,302
4,976,120
1795
21,377,747
47,443,179
301,692
525,432
5,670,260
1796
34,848,644
62,385,117
491,330
928,107
6,794,346
1797
38,366,262
44,521,887
1,901.130
875,334
7,835,456
1798
51,703,963
49,580,927
501,982
3,146,445
8,967,828
1799
78,821,751
31,987,088
441,312
5,970,590
18,718,477
1800
56,432,516
38,597,479
635,849
4,925,518
16,076,848
1801
97,565,732
45,106,494
3,153,139
7,012,155
17,159,016
1802
61,061,820
36,501,998
5,422,144
3,878,526
14,906,081
1803
23,223,849
10,294,693
2,991,430
367,177
5,351,524
1804
74,964,366
48,312,713
5,703,646
695,135
9,377,805
1805
123,031,272
46,760,294
7,559,224
2,425,680
15,201,483
1806
145,839,320
47,001,662
4,111,983
6,846,758
19,016,909
1807
143,136,905
42,122,573
4,207,166
8,540,524
18,971,539
1808
28,974,927
7,325,448
1,709,978
1,896,990
4,765,737
1809
45,248,128
24,364,099
4,722,098
2,029,336
5,889,669
1810
47,038,125
31,423,477
5,946,336
1,286,010
8,438,349
1811
18,381,673
10,261,442
3,057,456
2,221,462
8,815,291
1812
13,927,277
10,073,722
2,521,003
752,148
3,591,755
1813 1
7,347,038
6,568,527
99,660
108,188
368,603
1814 |
762
220,594
none.
27,386
41,409
It will be perceived that during the peace concluded at Amiens in
the fall of 1801, and which continued about eighteen months, the ex-
ports of foreign produce were much less than in the years succeeding.
— Most of the foreign articles, which were not then in the United
States, went directly to the places of their destination, without first
coming to this country.
On the renewal of the war, however, in 1803, and until the com-
mencement of our commercial prohibitions, our trade in articles of
foreign produce and manufacture again increased, and exceeded that
of any former years. In each of the years 1806 and 1807, more
than one hundred and forty-three millions of pounds of sugar, were
18
138
exported from the United States, making at one thousand pounds a
hogshead, one hundred and forty-three thousand hogsheads. Nearly
the whole of this was imported, and again exported in American ves-
sels, and must have employed about seventy thousand tons of ship-
ping. The freight of these cargoes, in the two different voyages.
could not be less than between three and four millions of dollars.
The whole quantity of sugar imported into the United States in
the same years, were as follows, viz. —
In 1806
1807
Pounds.
200,737,940
215,836,202
Fn 1807, the following quantities of sugar were imported from the
different quarters of the world, and from places in each belonging to
particular nations, in American and foreign bottoms : —
Sugar imported in Ame-
rican vessels.
Brown. *
1,414
2,239,396
10,598,278
Clayed.
Sugar imported in for
eign vessels.
Brown. Clayed
126,962
40,892 1 ,249,072
From
Europe,
Africa,
Asia,
West India IslO
ands and Ame-V 148,095,225 43,453,979 12,639.362 1.902.69'.'
rican Colonies, j
From particular
places.
Bourbon & Mauritius 2,010,697 ... -
Danish East-Indies, 1,161,786 ....
Dutch East-Indies,
British East-Indies,
Manilla and other
Phillippine Isl-
ands, - j
Swedish West-Indie*, 2,437.559 308.440
2,467.226
6,303,510
664,133
1,021,860
097 010
130
From particular Sugar imported in Ame- Sugar imported in for-
places. rican vessels. eign vessels.
Brown. Clayed. Brown. Clayed.
Danish West-Indies, 17,828,282 - - 2,122,744 79,257
Dutch West-Indies, \
& American Co- V 5,307,864 - - 968,860
lonies, - )
British West-Indies, 7,660,992 - - 3,556,715 34,338
French W. Indies, \
& American Co- ( 72,669,603 1,893,786 2,147,679
lonies, - )
Spanish W. Indies, \
& American Co. V 41,933,784 40,729,222 3,319,946 1,779,877
lonies. - )
Tables Nos. I. and II. shew the countries and places to which sugar
was exported from 1 800 to 1811.
From these it will be seen, that previous to 1808, it was princi-
pally shipped to France, Holland, Hamburg, and Bremen, Spain and
Italy, and tbat subsequent to that period, it was generally shipped to
Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Russia.
In 1807, it was shipped to the following countries, viz.
Brown. Clayed,
lbs. lbs.
To Russia, 52,852 - 297,844
Sweden, - 179,587 - 33,949
Denmark and Norway, 2,286,608 - - 1,267,227
Holland, - - 48,012,198 - - 8,719,529
Great-Britain, - 2,015,765 - - 640,23]
Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 2,192,991 - - 1,066,943
France, - - 27,831,968 - - 7,029,202
Spain, • - 6,906,740 - - 5,524,852
Portugal, - - 178,643 - - 188,356
Italy, - - 14,074,935 - - 9.476,602
Europe generally, 184.798 159,179
140
COFFEE.
The quantity of coffee exported, on an average of the years 1804
1805, 1806, and 1807, exceeded forty -five millions of pounds.
The whole quantity imported in 1807, was fifty-eight million
eight hundred twenty-four thousand eight hundred and twenty -one,
pounds, and principally from the following places, viz. —
Pound-;.
Bourbon and Mauritius, - - 4,470,840
Dutch East-Indies, .... 8,842,832
Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red-Sea, 1,709,533
Danish West-Indies, - 10,966,411
Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, 1,404,659
British West-Indies, .... 2,423,611
Swedish West-Indies, - - - 1,705,670
French West-Indies and American Colonies, 16,461,478
Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies, 9,753,976
Table No. III. shews the places to which coffee was shipped from
1800 to 1811. Previous to 1808, it was shipped principally to
Holland, France, Great-Britain, Hamburg and Bremen, and Italy.
Subsequent to this period, it was cleared out for the northern ports in
Europe.
In 1806, 1807, and 1810, the greatest part was shipped to the fol-
lowing places, viz. —
1806.
1807.
1810
Pounds
Pounds.
Pounds,
Russia,
-
149,271
4.048,909
Prussia,
222,351
-
1,098,211
Sweden,
-
-
7,120,496
Denmark and Norway,
600,621
756,511
14,120,990
Holland,
21,833,438
19,900,965
44,618
Great-Britain.
2,543,370
1.052,075
141
1806. 1807. 1810.
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 5,306,950 2,644,511 1,206,389
France, - 8,282,965 11,088,529
Spain, - - - 236,113 456,428
Portugal, - - 687,006 44,801
Italy, - - - 4,948,814 3,490,495 784,423
Europe generally, ------ 246,540
While we were thus carrying to Europe these valuable articles of
colonial produce, we imported from them, and particularly from
England, great quantities of manufactured goods, and other articles,
which were again exported, and principally to the West-Indies, and
Spanish American Colonies.
In 1806, goods free of duty and subject to duties ad valorem to the
value of $18,57 1,477, and in 1807 to the value of $18,564,507 were
exported from the United States. Of these in 1806 $2,383,910 and
in 1807 $2,080,114 were free of duty.
The whole amount of goods paying ad valorem duties, imported in
the years 1806 and 1807, was as follows, viz. —
In 1806 $54,461,957
1807 .... 58,655,917
Between one third and one quarter, therefore, of all the goods paying
duties ad valorem, imported during these years, were again export-
ed. These goods were imported from the different quarters of the
world in 1807, in the following proportions, viz. —
From Europe, - - $50,915,135
Africa, ... - 108,607
Asia, 6,392,592
West-India Islands and American Colonies, 1,239,583
$58,655,917
142
And principally from the following countries and places in each
quarter, viz. —
Dolls.
From the United Kingdom of G. Britain and Ireland, 38,901 ,838
Russia, - 1,804,860
Sweden, ... - 423,304
Denmark and Norway, .... 864,474
Holland, 1,882,583
Hamburg, Bremen, and other parts of Germany , 2,1 90,732
French European ports on the Atlantic, - 3,371,489
do. do. on the Mediterranean, 347,571
Spanish ports on the Atlantic, ... 67,138
do. do. on the Mediterranean, - - 112,273
Portugal, 91,088
Fayal and the other Azores, - - - 1,188
Italy, .... . 636,432
Trieste and other Austrian ports on the Adriatic, 203,461
Danish East-Indies, 262,685
Dutch do. - 112,508
British do. 4,073,910
Manilla and other Phillippine Islands, - - 12,316
Turkey, Levant, and Egypt, ... - 60,741
Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red Sea, - 49,447
China, 1,820,067
British West-Indies, - 276,565
British American Colonies, - - 269,198
Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies - 457,523
French do. do. - 93,005
Of these goods, it appears, that $43,525,320 were imported from
the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland and their depend-
encies, $3,812,065 from France and its dependencies, and the resi-
due, being $11,318,532 from other parts of the world.
The other articles of foreign produce and manufacture of consider-
able value exported from the United States, when their trade was free,
before the late war between the United States and Great-Britain, were
wines, spirits, teas of various kinds, spices of all kinds, paints- lead
Wines,
gallons
Spirits,
do.
Teas, -
- pounds
Cocoa,
do.
Pepper,
do.
143
and manufactures of lead, iron, fish, and many others of minor impor-
tance.
On an average of the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the annual quan-
tity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, exported, was as fol-
lows, viz. —
3,423,485
1,600,301
2,151,385
5,937,654
5,292,791
That this trade in foreign articles, or the carrying trade, as it has
been called, added much to our national wealth cannot be doubted.
While it has increased our commercial tonnage, it has enriched the
[•ublic treasury, as well as individuals. Many of the goods and other
articles exported were not entitled to a drawback, in consequence of
(he owners not having complied with the law on that subject. The
duties collected and secured on articles exported, without the benefit
of drawback, and which, of course, were not paid by consumers in
die United States, during the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, amounted
to the following sums, viz. —
In 1805 - - #1,531,618
1806 - - 1,297,535
1807 1,393,877
Making, $4,223,030
Add to this the amount of the three and a half per cent, retained on
die drawbacks, and which for the same years, was as follows, viz. —
1805 - - $328,144 79
1806 - - - 334,247 39
1807 - 368,275 50
#1.030,667 68
144
and the whole amount received into the public treasury, for these
three years, from duties, in consequence of this trade, and which was
not paid by the people of the United States, will be $5,253,697 68
being about one ninth of all the duties, collected or secured, during
that period.
The amount, which this trade has added to the wealth of individU'
als, and of course to the nation, it is impossible to ascertain with any
degree of precision. Some light, however, may be thrown on thif.
subject, in the subsequent chapter.
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CHAPTER VI.
Imports into the United States — Their trade with different parts of the world
at different periods— Particular account of the trade with Great-Britain,
France, and other countries — A comparative view of exports and imports
in different years — Value of the principal articles imported at different
periods — Amount of cotton and woollen goods imported from Great -Bri-
tain in 1806 and 1807, and wines and brandies from France — Origin of their
trade with China and the East-Indies — Quantity of teas imported in dif-
ferent years from 1790 to 1812.
Having, in the preceding chapters, given an account of the exports
of the United States, we shall now, according to the plan proposed,
present a view of the imports, together with an account of our trade
with the different parts of the world, and its increase since the esta-
blishment of the present government. We would here remark, that no
returns are made to the treasury department, of the value of the vari-
ous articles imported, by the collectors of the customs, except those,
which pay duties ad valorem ; the value of which, at the place of im-
portation, is ascertained by law as follows, viz. — " by adding twen-
ty per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if imported from the Cape of
Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same, and ten per cent,
on the actual cost thereof, if imported from any other place or coun-
try, including all charges, commissions, outside packages, and insur-
ance only excepted."
The goods or merchandize, thus paying ad valorem duties, embrace,
as has been heretofore noticed, with few exceptions, all the wool-
len, cotton, linen, silk, metal, earthem, and paper manufactures im-
ported. The value, of these goods, ascertained in the manner before
stated, and not the quantity is returned to the treasury department.
Of all the other-various articles imported, the quantity and not the
value is returned to the treasury by the collectors. The treasury
books, therefore, do not shew the value of the imports, as they do
that of the exports of the United States. This can only be ascertain-
ed by a long and tedious calculation from the prices of the various
152
articles (except those paying ad valorem duties) at the places of im-
portation. To do this, with accuracy, for each year, from the com-
mencement of the government, would require more time and labour
than any one would be willing to bestow on so dry a subject. At
different times, however, since the establishment of the government, al
the request of the national legislature, official returns have been made
to Congress, of the value of our imports for short periods. From these
returns and the documents accompanying them, and from other cal-
culations, we shall be able, we trust, to present a satisfactory view of
the value of our imports and trade with different parts of the world,
for the greatest part of the time from the commencement of the go-
vernment. By a report of the Secretary of State, of the 16th of De-
cember 1793, having reference to the year 1792, it appears, that the
countries, with which the United States at that time had their chief
commercial intercourse, were Spain, Portugal, France, Great-Britain,
the United Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, and their American
possessions ; and that the articles of export, constituting the basis of
that commerce, with their respective amount, was as follows, viz.— .
Dolls.
Bread stuffs, that is to say, bread grain, meal, 7
>■ 7,64y 5 oo /
and bread, to the annual amount of )
Tobacco, - ... 4,349,567
Rice, 1,753,796
Wood, 1,263,534
Salted fish, 941,696
Pot and pearl ashes, .... 839,093
Salted meats, 599,130
Indigo, 537,379
Horses and mules, - - - 339,753
Whale oil, 252,591
Flaxseed, - - - 236,072
Tar, pitch, and turpentine, .... 217,177
Live provisions, ----- 137,743
Foreign goods, - - 620,274
19,737,692
153
The proportion of these exports which went to each of the na-
tions he fore mentioned, and their dominions, the Secretary states as
follows : —
Dolls.
To Spain and its dominions, - - 2,005,907
Portugal and do. - - 1,283,462
France and do. - - 4,698,735
Great-Britain and do. - - 9,363,416
United Netherlands & do. - - 1,963,880
Denmark and do. - - 224,415
Sweden and do. - - 47,240
Our imports, from the same countries, are also stated to be — from
Dolls.
Spain and its dominions, - - 335,110
Portugal and do. - - 595,763
France and do. - - 2,068,348
Great-Britain and do. 15,285,428
United Netherlands & do. - - 1,172,692
Denmark and do. - - 351,364
Sweden and do. - - 14,325
#19,823,030*
The above account does not include the whole amount of our ex-
ports at that period, as many articles of smaller value, than those men-
tioned, are not included.
Tables No. I. and II. annexed to this chapter, give a view of the
commercial intercourse of the United States, with foreign countries
and their dependencies, from 1795 to 1801 inclusive, exhibiting the
value of the exports to each nation, and its dependencies, and the va-
lue of the imports from the same, during that period. The exports
were taken from the custom-house books, and the value of the imports
was made out, with g^eat care and labour, from the prices of the va*
* Sec printed Report of the Secretary of Sta + '-
20
154
rious articles imported, (except those paying ad valorem duties) ai
the places of importation.*
From these tables, the following is the amount of the exports and
imports of the United States from the year 1795 to 1801 : —
Exports. Imports.
Dolls. Dolls.
1795 - 47,855,556 - 69,756,258
J796 - - 67,064,097 - - 81,436,164
1797 - - 56,850,206 - - 75,379,406
1798 - - 61,527,097 - 68,551,700
1799 - - 78,665,522 - 79,069,148
1800 - - 70,971,780 - - 91,252,708
1801 - 93,020,573 - 111,363,511
During the session of Congress in the winter of 1806, the Secretary
of the Treasury furnished the house of representatives with several va-
luable statements and documents, relative to the trade of the United
States with different parts of the world, in the years 1802, 1803, and
1804.
These statements were called for by the house, while various pro-
positions were under their consideration, as to a total, or partial non-
intercourse with Great-Britain and her dependencies, for the purpose
of ascertaining the amount of our trade with that kingdom, in compari-
son with the other parts of the world, and to enable the house to see
to what extent our commerce and revenue might be atfected, by a non-
intercourse with the British dominions. From these statements, the
annual value of our imports from all parts of the world, on an average
of the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, amounted to £75,316,937, and the
average value of our exports, for the same period, was $68,461,000.
1 he value ot the imports was calculated upon the same principles, as
the value ol goods paying the ad valorem duties, that is to say. b\
* For these valuable Tables we are indebted to the politeness of a gentle-
man, who lias long been one of the principal clerks in the Treasury Depart-
ment, who has ween much conversant with the subjects to winch thev relate
155
adding from ten to twenty per cent, to the prime cost and charges at
the places from which the articles were imported ; the value of the
exports was taken from the custom-house books.
The value of the principal articles imported, was estimated as fol-
lows : —
Dolls
Merchandize paying 12 1-2 per cent, ad valorem, 30,732,069
do.
do. 15
do.
- 8,303,770
do.
do. 20
do.
453,751
Nails and
spikes.
-
479,041
Lead and
manufactures of lead,
-
227,002
Steel,
-
-
- 147,957
Beer, ale
and porter,
-
76,020
Cheese,
-
-
77,150
Boots and
shoes,
-
101,300
Coal,
-
-
36,407
Salt,
-
- 771,996
Rum,
-
-
- 3,881,089
Geneva,
.
-
- 675,430
Brandy,
.
-
2,077,601
Wines,
.
-
- 2,962,039
Teas,
.
-
2,360,507
Coffee,
-
-
- 8,372,712
Sugar,
-
7,794,254
Molasses,
.
-
- J ,930,592
Cotton,
-
-
804,125
Pepper,
-
-
- 633,041
Indigo,
-
-
436,941
Cocoa,
-
-
- 310,773
Pimento,
-
-
71,927
Hemp,
-
-
919,443
All other a
irticles,
-
- 680,000
$75,316,937
Rv the same statements, the amount of our commerce with the dit-
156
ferent parts of the world, on an average of the same period, was esti-
mated a8 follows : —
F. WITH THE DOMIMONS OF GREAT-BRITAIN IN EUROPE (GIBRALTAR
EXCEPTED.)
The annual exports are estimated at about $15,690,000, viz. —
Domestic produce. Dolls.
Cotton, - - 5,C40,000
Tobacco, - 3,, '20,000
Provisions, - - - 2,160,000
Lumber, naval stores, and pot ashes, - 1,510,000
All other articles of domestic produce. - 900,000
$13,430,000
Foreign merchandize, - - 2,260,000
$15,690,000
The annual imports at $27,400,000, viz. —
in merchandize paying duties on its value, em-
bracing, with inconsiderable exceptions, all
the woollen, cotton, linen, silk, metal, glass,
and paper manufactures, - - $26,060,000
\11 the articles paying specific duties, and
consisting principally of salt, steel, lead,
nails and porter, 1,340,000
$27,400,000
II. WITH THE BRITISH EAST-INDIES.
Annual exports $130,000.
Domestic produce, - - - $47,000
Foreign do. 83,000
$130,00(1
157
Imports $3,530,000 viz.—
Jn merchandize paying ad valorem duties
and consisting principally of white cot-
tons, .... £2,950,000
In all other articles, consisting principally
of sugar, pepper and cotton. - - 580,000
$3,530,000
III. WITH THE NORTHERN' BRITISH COLONIES IN AMERICA.
The annual exports amount to $1,000,000. and consist of the follow-
ing articles, viz. —
Domestic produce. Dolls.
Provisions and live stock, - - - 530,000
Lumber, naval stores and, pot ashes, - - 90,000
Skins and furs, - - 160,000
All other articles, - 60,000
$840,000
Foreign merchandize, 160,000
$1,000,000
The annual imports amount to $540,000 viz. —
In goods paying ad valorem duties, and con-
sisting principally of merchandize for the
Indian trade, and offish, - - $480,000
Ml articles paying specific duties, - 60,000
$540,000*
* Plaister of Paris, is not included in the above sum
158
IV. WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES.
The exports consist of the following articles, viz. —
Provisions and live stock, • - $4,720,000
Lumber, .... 990,000
All other articles, - - 340,000
$6,050,000
And the imports as follows, viz. —
Spirit.,, .... $2,460,000
Sugar and coffee, - - - 1,480,000
AJ1 other articles, ... . 650,000
$4,590,000
IMPORTATIONS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
The annual value of imports from all parts of the
world, calculated on the average of three
years, - $75,316,000
Of which the value imported from the domin-
ions of Great-Britain, amounts to - $35,970,000
And that imported from all othercountries as follows, viz. —
From the northern powers, Prussia
and Germany, - - $7,094,000
From the dominions of Holland,
France, Spain and Italy, - £5,475,000
From the dominions of Portugal, 1,083,000
From China, and othernative pow-
ers of Asia, -" - 4,856,000
From all other countries, including
some articles not particularly dis-
criminated, - 838,000
$39,346,000
$75,316,000
159
The value of the several species of merchandize, thus imported,
may be arranged as followeth, viz. —
1st. Articles, principally imported from the dominions of Great-
Britain, viz. —
Merchandize paying duties on its value, - $39,489,000
Salt, nails, lead, steel, beer, cheese, shoes&boots, 1 ,9 1 7,000
Rum. ----- 3,881,000
$45,287,000
Of which are imported from the
dominions, of Great-Britain, $33,46 1,000
And from all other countries, 11,826,000
$45,287,000
3d. Articles, principally imported from other countries, viz. —
Coffee, - - $8,373,000
Sugar, - - 7,794,000
Molasses, ... - 1,930,000
Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pepper, and pimento, 2,257,000
Hemp, soap, candles, and all other articles, ) , „ nn „ nn
f ■ ■ , i , , \ > 1,600,000
(nines, teas, Kin and brandy excepted.;
#21,954,000
Of which are imported from the
dominions of Great-Britain, $2,476,000
Aid from all other countries. 19,478,000
£2 1.954.000
160
3d. Articles only incidentally imported from Great-Britain, viz. —
Brandy and Geneva, - - $2,75:3,000
Wines, - - 2,962,000
Teas, - - - 2,360,000
$8,07o,000
Of which are imported from the
dominions of Great-Britain, $33,000
From all other countries, - 8,042,000
$8,075,000
EXPORTS TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
I. DOMESTIC PRODUCE.
The annual value of the articles of domestic pro-
duce, exported to all parts of the world, calculated on
the average of the same three years, is computed at - $39,928,000
Of which the amount exported to
the British Dominions is - $20,653,000
And that to all other parts of the world, viz.— -
To the northern powers, Prussia and
Germany, - - $2,918,000
To the dominions of Holland,
France, Spain, and Italy, - 12,183,000
To the dominions of Portugal, - 1,925,000
To all other countries, including, also,
some articles not particularly dis-
criminated. - - 2,249,000
$19,275.01 ' v
161
Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and
without reference to. the dominions of any particular power, those ex-
ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. —
Exported to Europe, - - - $22,957,000
to the West-Indies and other American
Colonies, - - - 15,607,000
to Asia, Africa, and the South Seas, - 1,364,000
$39,928,000
And the several articles, of which these exports consist, are respect-
ively valued as follows, viz. —
Provisions, flour, wheat, corn, rice, and every other
species of vegetable food, - - $13,040,000
Dried and pickled fish, - - - 2,848,000
Beef, pork, butter, cheese, and every species of ani-
mal food, .... 3,728,000
$19,616,000
Cotton, - - - 6,940,000
Tobacco, .... 6,143,000
Lumber, naval stores, and pot-ashes, - 4,387,000
All other articles, - - - 2,842,000
$39,928,000
II. FOREIGN PRODUCE.
The annual value of foreign produce, re-exported to
all parts of the world, calculated on the average of the
same three years, is estimated at - - $28,533,000
of which the amount exported to the domin-
ions of Great-Britain, is - $3,054 .(W»
2\
162
And to all other parts of the world, is, viz. —
To the northern powers, Prussia and
Germany, - - $5,051,000
To the dominions of Holland, France,
Spain, and Italy, - - 18,495,000
To the dominions of Portugal, - 396,000
To all other countries, including, also,
some articles not particularly discri-
minated, - - 1,537,000
25,497,000
$28,533,000
Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and
without reference to the dominions of any particular power, these ex-
ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. —
Exported to Europe, - - - $20,648,000
to the W. Indies and American Colonies, 6,688,000
to Asia, Africa, and the South Sea, - 1,197,000
$28,533,000
The several articles, of which these exports consist, are respective-
ly valued as follows, viz. —
Merchandize, paying ad valorem duties, - $9,772,000
Coffee, - - 7,302,000
Sugar, - - - 5,775,000
Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pimento, and pepper, - 2,490,000
Teas, .... 1,304,000
Wines, ..... 1,108,000
Spirits of every description, ... 642,000
All other articles, 140,000
$28,533,00©
163
GENERAL BALANCE.
Annuai value of importations being stated at $75, 316,000
And that of exports of domestic produce $39,928,000
of foreign do. 28,533,000
$68 ,46 1 ,000
$6,855,000
Leaves an apparent balance, according to the statement of the Se-
cretary, against the United States, of near seven millions of dollars.*
During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the imports, as well as the
exports of the United States, were greater than in any former years.
Table No. III. shews the quantity and valve of all the article 8
imported into the United States, from October 1st, 1806, to Septem-
ber 30th, 1807. The value of the articles (except those paying ad
valorem duties) was ascertained from the prices, at which the same
articles were valued at the Treasury, during the same period, on their
exportation. The value of the imports for this year, thus ascertain-
ed, amounted to $138,574,876.
The value of the principal articles was as follows, viz : —
Goods paying ad valorem duties, - $58,655,917
Malmsey and Madeira wine, - - 1,023,321
Burgundy do. ... 59,279
Sherry do. - - 353,672
All other do. - - - 3,051,397
Foreign spirits from grain, - - 1,477,679
Do. do. from other materials, - 9,221,175
Molasses, - - - 3,064,044
Bohea tea, - - - 493,946
Souchong do. - - 1,250,029
Hyson do. 1.251,367
Other green do. - - 2,117,362
Coffee, - 16,470,947
" S"e ••epor t of the S^cretarv of the Treasury in 1806.
164
Cocoa, - - - $2,297,961
Sugar, brown, - 17,511,061
Do. clayed, - - - 5,901,804
Raisins in jars and boxes, - - 138,307
All other, .... 291,807
Candies, tallow, .... 98,538
Cheese, .... 288,299
Soap, - ... 376,222
Tallow, - - - 262,541
Pepper, ----- 804,869
Pimento, - - - 263,172
Indigo, - - - - 1,849,529
Cotton, .... 1,007,139
Gun-powder, - 97,406
Iron, anchors and sheet, - - - 70,368
Do. slit and hoop, - - 77,301
Do. nails and spikes, - - - 544,328
White and red lead, - - - 420,613
Lead, and manufactures of lead, - - 270,147
Steel, - - - 205,595
Hemp. - 2,116,605
Coal, - - 132,511
Salt, (weighing more than 56 lbs. per bushel) 1,387,903
Do. (weighing 56 lbs. or less per bushel) - 288,791
Glass, black quart bottles, - - 184,455
Window-glass, not above 8 by 10 inches, - 261,268
Do. not above 10 by 12 do. - 46,335
Do. all above 10 by 12 do. 73,202
Segars, - 256,240
The amount of exports, for the same year, was —
Domestic produce, - $48,699,592
Foreign do. - . - 59,643,558
Making, $ 108,343,150
Leaving a difference between the value of ex-
ports and imports, for that year, of - $30,231,726
IOj
This difference, or apparent balance, against the United States,
arises from the mode of calculating the value of our exports and im-
ports ; and instead of being against the United States, is, in fact, in
their favour, as will be explained, in a subsequent chapter, on the sub-
ject of what is called the balance of trade.
Having thus given a general view of our exports and imports, we
shall, in the next place, as far as possible, present a view of our trade
with each country, from the commencement of the government ; dis-
tinguishing the trade of the parent country, from that of her Colonies
and dependencies ; together with a general account of the trade of
the United States, with each quarter of the world.
[. GREAT-BRITAIN' AND IRELAND.
The principal articles, exported to Great-Britain and Ireland, arc
cotton, tobacco, rice, occasionally wheat and flour, flax-seed, naval
stores, such as pitch, tar, and turpentine, timber and plank, staves and
heading, pot and pearl ashes, whale and spermaceti oil. Our im-
ports are principally manufactured goods of various descriptions.
By the treaty of peace in 1783, the United States were, of course.
subject to the navigation laws and alien duties of Great-Britain. She,
however, considered it for her interest, in some degree, to relax these
laws, in their favour. By an act of parliament, passed in April, 1 783,
(23 Geo. III. chap. 39) the king and council were authorised to re-
gulate the trade between the two countries. This act was at first
limited to a short period, but was continued in force, by subsequent
acts. By an order in council, of the 26th of December, 1783, made
in pursuance of this act, and which was, in substance, renewed for
many years, it is declared " that any unmanufactured goods and
merchandizes, the importation of which into this kingdom is not pro-
hibited by law, (except oil), and any pitch, tar, turpentine, indigo,
masts, yards, bowsprits, being the growth or produce of any of the
Lnited States of America, may (until further order) be imported di-
rectly from thence, into any of the ports of this kingdom, either in
British or American ships, by British subjects, or by any of the peo-
ple inhabiting in, and belonging to, the said United States, or any of
them, and may be entered and landed in any port in this kingdom.
JG6
upon payment of the same duties, as the like sort of goods or mer-
chandize are or may be subject and liable to if imported by British
subjects, in British ships, from any British island or plantation in
x\merica, and no other, notwithstanding such goods or merchandize,
or the ships, in which the same may be brought, may not be accom-
panied with the certificate or other documents, heretofore required
by law." By this order, also, the same drawbacks, exemptions, and
bounties are allowed on goods exported to the United States, as on
those exported to the British Islands or Colonies in America. The
intercourse between the United States, and the British West-Indies,
was regulated by the same order, and which will be noticed here-
after.
In consequence of this order, many articles from the United States,
such as pot and pearl ashes, iron, wood, and lumber of all kinds, in-
digo, and flax-seed, were imported duty free, while most of the same
articles, imported from other countries, were subject to heavy duties,
and others, as tobacco, rice, pitch, tar, &c. paid oniy the same duties
as when imported from British Colonies.
The importation of grain, as we have before stated, was regulated
by a general law, and except in times of scarcity, was liable to so
high a duty, as to amount to a prohibition.
By the 14th article of the treaty of amity, commerce, Lc. of
the 19th of November, 1794, liberty of commerce and navigation is
established between the British dominions in Europe and the United
States, subject however to the laws of the two countries ; and by the
15th article, no higher duties are to be paid by either, than are paid
by all other nations : the British government reserving to itself, the
right of imposing on American vessels, entering into the British ports
in Europe, a tonnage duty equal to that which shall be payable by
British vessels in the ports of America ; and also such duty as may
be adequate to countervail the difference of duty then payable on the
importation of goods, when imported into the Lnited States, in Brit-
ish or American bottoms. The treaty of 1794 expired in 1803, ex-
cept the first ten articles, which were permanent.
By the treaty negociated by our commissioners in lo06, there
was to have been an equalization of the tonnage and other duties in
the trade between the two countries. It is understood that in the
16f
commercial treaty, lately fiegociated with Great-Britain, and which
has not yet been ratified or made public, the same tonnage duties,
and the same export and import duties are to be paid, whether such
importation or exportation be in American or British vessels.
Whether such a measure would be favourable to the navigating in-
terest of the United States has, heretofore, been doubted by many,
and experience alone, perhaps, can decide the question.
The amount of the trade between the two countries, in each year,
from 1784 to 1790, taken from English accounts, we have before stat-
ed in Chapter I.
In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of
State, our exports to Great-Britain, and her dominions, amounted to
$9,363,416, and our imports to $15,285,428. Much the greatest
part of the imports was from Great-Britain, exclusive of her depen-
dencies. From 1795 to 1801, the value of our exports to Great-
Britain and Ireland, and our imports from the same, was as follows,
viz.* : —
Imports.
Dolls.
23,313,121
31,928,685
27,303,067
17,330,770
29,133,219
32,877,059
39,519,218
Our exports to Great-Britain and Ireland, on the average of the
jears 1802, 1803, and 1804, as appears, by the foregoing statement
*»f the Secretary of the Treasury, were in value —
Domestic produce, - - - $13,430,006
Foreign merchandize, - 2,260,000
Exports.
Dolls.
1795
6,324,066
1796
17,143,313
1797
6,637,423
1798
11,978,870
1799 -
19,930,428
1800
19,085,603
1801
30,931,121
$15,690,000
Our imports on the average of the same years
were in value, ... $27,400,006
* Sec Tables No. T. & II. annexed to this chapter.
168
From 1805 to 1812, the value of the exports to Great-Britain and
Ireland, was as follows : —
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce
Value in Dolls.
Value in Dolls
1805
13,939,663
1,472,600
1806
12,737,913
2,855,583
1807
21,122,332
2,027,650
1808
3,093,978
106,327
1809
5,326,194
239,405
1810 -
11,388,438
892,435
1811
13,184,553
554,757
1812 -
4,662,296
37,187
The iinportations from Great-Britain and Ireland consist princi-
pally of the various manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, and flax ; man-
ufactures of brass and copper, glass and earthern ware, haberdashery,
manufactures of iron and steel, lead, and manufactures of lead, hats,
salt, tin and pewter, coal, beer, ale and porter.
Much the greatest proportion of the above articles, on their impor-
tation, are subject to duties, on their value. By ascertaining there-
fore the amount of goods imported from Great-Britain and Ireland.
paying these duties, the value of imports from that kingdom may be
pretty accurately estimated. The following is the amount of goods
of this description, imported for a number of years, subsequent to
1804, viz.—
Value in Dolls.
1805 31,556,159
1806 - - - 35,779,245
1807 • - - 38,901,838
1808 .... 18,818,882
1809 - - - 17,647,542
1810 - - - 29,123,605
1811 - - 25,338,044
1812 - - - 7,663,179
1813 11.298,285
169
In 1807, the amount of goods, paying duties ad valorem, was nearly
thirty-nine millions of dollars; when we add the goods imported, in
the same year, duty free, and those subject to specific duties, the
whole amount, imported from Great-Britain, in 1807, would not, it is
believed, fall much short of fifty millions of dollars.
The British accounts «f exports to, and imports from the United
States, will serve, also, to shew the amount of the trade between the
two countries. Tables No. IV. and V. contain the British official
accounts of exports and imports, (exclusive of Scotland) for the years
1806, 1807 and 1808, ending on the 10th of October in each year,
furnished the House of Commons, by the inspector general of imports
and exports, containing their real, as well as official value.
By these accounts, the real value of British produce and manufac-
tures, and of foreign merchandize, exported to the United States, in
those years, was as follows, viz. —
1806. 1807. 1808.
British produce and > £ llj716562 o £11,119,048 £5,718,615
manufactures, ^ "** '
Foreign merchandize, 458,875 253,822 65,788
Total exports, £12,175,495 £11,372,870 £5,784,403
And the real value of the imports from the United States, infr.
Great-Britain, was —
In 1806. 1807. 1808.
£3,503,480 £5,201,909 £2,804,707
To enable us to see, what proportion of all the exports of British
produce and manufacture, was shipped to the United States, during
those years, we add table No. VI. shewing the real, as well as offi-
cial value of all the exports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot-
land) to all parts of the world, for each of those years. This shews
the real value of British produce and manufacture, exporter] to all
09
170
parts of the world, on an average, of the years 1806 and 1807 to
have been - - £39,205,036, sterling,
or about $176,000,000.
And the real value of the same produce
and manufacture, exported to the United
States, on an average of the same two
years was - - - £11,417,834 or about
$50,500,000, making between one quarter, and one third of all the
exports of British produce and manufacture, during these two years.
Much the greatest part of our imports from Great-Britain, consist of
woollen and cotton goods. As these, with many others, on their im-
portation into the United States, are subject to duties ad valorem,
neither their quantity, or value is separately ascertained by our cus-
lom-house books. By the English accounts contained in tables No.
V. and VI. the real value of cotton goods exported to the United
States, from Great-Britain (exclusive of Scotland) on an average of
the same two years, was - - £4,393,449
and of woollen goods, - - - 4,591,437
Making, - £8,984,886 sterling.
or about $39,500,000, as valued in England, being more than nine-
teen millions of cotton goods, and about twenty millions of woollen-.
in each of these years.
We would here remark, that the imports and exports of the United
States, for the years 1806 and 1807, were greater, than in any for-
mer year, and far exceed those of any subsequent year : and that.
probably, about one third of the goods imported from Great-Britain,
especially those imported in 1806, were again exported to the West-
Indies, to South America, and elsewhere. The value of the exports
of woollens from Great-Britain has been nearly stationary for many
years, while the exports of cotton goods ha.^ increased beyond exam-
ple. The United States have taken a large proportion of English
woollens. Table No. VII. contains an amount of the value of the
woollen manufactures exported from Great-Britain from 1790 to 1799.
agreeable to the estimate of the inspector general, together with the
countries to which the same were exported.* From this, it will In
Macpherson's Annals of Commerce
171
*
seen, that during that period, from one quarter to one third, and in
some years nearly one half, of all the woollens was exported to the
United States, greatly exceeding the amount exported to any other
country.* We have added Table No. VIII. containing the official
value of all the exports from Great-Britain, during the years ending on
the 5th day of January, 1809, 1810, and 1811 ; also the imports into
the same, during the same years ; with an appendix shewing the
value of the particular articles exported and imported, for the same
period. These will furnish some data from which we may judge
what proportion of raw materials are received by the British manu-
facturer, from the United States, as well as the proportion of their
manufactures received by us.
The value of our imports from Great-Britain has always exceeded
that of our exports, even in those years, when we have consumed the
whole of the imports. This difference, however, is less than ap
pears from our custom-house books, as the value of our exports is as-
certained from the prices of the articles, at the place of exportation.
Most of the articles exported are bulky, and have been carried in our
own ships. 1 The expense of transportation, therefore, as well as a
reasonable profit to the shipper, which cannot be less than about
twenty per cent, must be added to the estimated value of our exports.
The balance is paid by our trade with the West-Indies, and other
parts of the world.
* The manufacture of wool, as well as cotton, is rapidly advancing- in the
United States. Experience has proved that merino sheep will endure our
climate, and this valuable breed, with their mixtures, is now spread in al-
most every part of the United States, and the number of sheep is increasing'
in every state in the union. It is believed there are now not less than from
twelve to fifteen millions of sheep in the United States. If Great-Britain,
with her limited extent of territory, can maintain about thirty millions of
sheep, how much more easily can the United States, widi their extended
territory and increasing' improvements, maintain not only thirty millions,
but double that number ?
f The number of American ships cleared from Liverpool, in 1807, was
tour hundred and eighty-nine, and their tonnage one hundred twenty-three
thousand five hundred and fortv-flvp
172
II. TRADE WITH TIIL BRITISH EAST-INDIES.
The trade of the United State? with the British East-Indies com-
menced not long after the peace of 1783. In 17b8, or 1789, Earl
Cornwallis, then governour and commander in India, gave orders that
American vessels should he treated at the company's settlements, in
all respects, as the most favoured foreigners : and the ship Chesa-
peake, one of the first vessels that displayed the American colours in
the Ganges, was favoured by the supreme council of Bengal, with an
exemption from the government customs which all foreign vessels
were bound to pay.*
This trade was negotiated by our treaty with Great-Britain of the
19th of November, 1794. The thirteenth article, relating to this
subject, was as follows, viz. —
ARTICLE XIII.
• His Majesty consents, that the vessels belonging to the citizens
of the United States of America, shall be admitted and hospitably re-
reived in all the sea ports and harbours of the British territories in the
East-Indies. And that the citizen- of the said United States may
freely carry on a trade between the said territories and the said
United States, in all articles of which the importation or exportation
respectively, to or from the said territories, shall not be entirely pro-
hibited. Provided only, thwt it shall not be lawful for them, in any
time of war between the British government and any other power or
state whatever, t«> export from the said territories, without the spe-
cial permission of the British government there, any military stores,
or naval stores, or rice. The citizens of the- United States shall pay
for their vessels when admitted into the said ports no other or higher
tonnage duty, than shall be payable, on British vessels, when admit-
ted into the ports of the United States, And they shall pay no oth-
er or higher duties or charges, on the importation or exportation of
the cargoes of the said vessels, than shall be payable on the same ar-
ucles when imported or exported in British vessels. But it is ex-
Macpherson's Annals of Commerce
173
pressly agreed, that the vessels of the United Staler shall not cany
any of the articles exported by them from the said British territories,
to any port or place, except to some port or place in America, where
the same shall be unladen ; and such regulations shall be adopted by
both parties, as shall from time to time be found necessary to enforce
the due and faithful observance of this stipulation. It is also under-
stood, that the permission granted by this article, is not to extend to
allow the vessels of the United States to carry on any part of the
coasting trade of the said British territories ; but vessels going with
their original cargoes, or part thereof, from any port of discharge to
another, are not to be considered as carrying on the coasting trade.
Neither is this article to be construed to allow the citizens of the States
to settle or reside within the said territories, or to go into the interi-
or parts thereof, without the permission of the British government es-
tablished there, and if any transgression should be attempted against
the regulations of the British government in this respect, the observ-
ance of the same shall and may be enforced against the citizens of
America, in the same manner as against the British subjects or others
transgressing the same rule. And the citizens of the United States,
whenever they arrive in any port or harbour in the said territories, or
if they should be permitted, in manner aforesaid, to go to any other
place therein, shall always be subject to the laws, government, and
jurisdiction of what nature established in such harbour, port, or place
according as the same may be. The citizens of the United States
may also touch for refreshment at the island of St. Helena, but sub-
ject in all respects to such regulations as the British government may
from time to time establish there/'
This article expressly provides that the goods exported should not
be carried to any port or place, '• except to some port or place in
America." It is, however, less explicit as to the outward car^o ;
and under this article, American vessels with their cargoes went di-
rectly to the East-Indies, from Europe and other places. The com-
mercial part of thistreaty, as before stated, expired in 1803. Subse-
quent to its expiration, and until lately, our trade with the British
East-Indies was suffered to continue on the same footing, as under
the treaty. In the tre*aty, however, agreed to by Messrs. Monroe
-md Pinknev, December 31«t. 1806, nur commi??ioner= found it im-
in
possible to obtain stipulations relative to this trade, equally favourable
to the United States as those in the former treaty. By the third arti-
cle of this treaty, our trade was limited to vessels " sailing direct
from the United States ;" in other respects, the article was the same
as the thirteenth article of Mr. Jay's treaty. The British commis-
sioners urged, that this limitation was really no more than was in-
tended by the treaty of 1794 ; and as it was insisted upon, by the
East-India company, our commissioners were obliged to acquiesce in if.
Although this treaty was rejected by the President, without even
submitting it to the Senate, for their advice, yet our East-India trade
was suffered to continue as before, until April 30th, 1811, when, in
pursuance of powers vested in them, by an act of parliament passed
the 37th year of George III. chap. 107, the East-India Company es-
tablished the following regulations " for the conduct of the trade of
foreign nations, to the ports and settlements of the British nation in
the East-Indies, and also for defining the duties to which such trade
shall be subject," &c.
' ; I. Foreign European ships, belonging to any nation having a
settlement of its own in the East-Indies, and being in amity with his
Majesty, may freely enter the British sea-ports and harbours in that
country, whether they come directly from their own country, or from
any of the ports and places in the East-Indies ; they shall be hospita-
bly received : and shall have liberty of trade there in imports and ex-
ports conformably to the regulations established in such places. The
ships may also be cleared out for any port or place in the East-Indies ;
but if cleared out for Europe, shall be cleared out direct for the coun-
try, to which the ships respectively belong.
•' II. First. Foreign European ships, belonging to countries ha-
ving no establishment in the East-Indies, and ships belonging to the
U nited States of America, may (when those countries and states re-
spectively are in amity with his Majesty) in like manner freely en-
ter the British sea-ports and harbours in the East-Indies; they shall
be hospitably received there ; and have free liberty to trade in im-
ports and exports conformably to the regulations of the place ; pro-
vided always, that they proceed from their own ports direct to the
said British territories, without touching at any port or place what-
ever in the voyage out : except from necessity, and merely to pro-
175
cure refreshments, or repairs in case of distress or accident in the
course of such voyage, the burthen of which necessity to rest on the
parties.
" Second. The vessels of the said European powers last aforesaid,
and of the United States, shall not carry any of the said articles ex-
ported by them from said British territories, to any port or place, ex-
cept to some port or place in their own countries respectively, where
the same shall be unladen. The said ships shall not be cleared out to
carry on the coasting or country trade in India ; but vessels going
with their original cargoes, or part thereof, from one British port of
discharge to another British port, are not to be considered as carry-
ing on the coasting trade.
' ; Third. The said vessels shall not be allowed to proceed, either
with or without return cargo, from the said British territories to the
settlements or territories of any European nation in India, or to the
territory of any Indian or Chinese potentate or power, except from
the like necessity as is before described, of which the proof shall rest
with them. Nor shall the said vessels be allowed to enter the river
in that part of the British territory situated in Bengal, for any other
purpose, than that of proceeding to the port of Calcutta, for trade,
refreshment, or repairs.
•• Fourth. In clearing out for their respective countries, the clear-
ance shall be a direct one to the country, European or American, to
which the vessel belongs, and to no other whatever ; they are to
%ive bond, with the security of a resident in the country, that they
will deliver the cargo at the port for which the clearance is made,
and such bond is to be cancelled, when a certificate from a British
consul, or two known British merchants resident at such port is pro-
duced of the bona fide delivery of the cargo there."
The regulations with respect to duties were —
" First. Goods imported or exported in foreign bottoms, shall be
subject to double the amount of the duties payable on goods imported
or exported in British bottoms.
" Second. On that principle, goods liable to duty on importation
by sea, will be chargeable with duty on their importation in British
or foreign bottoms respectively, agreeable to the schedule annexed to
'his regulation NV>. 1.
176
" Third. Pmsuant to the same principle of subjecting the trade of
foreigners to double duties, they will be precluded from the benefit of
drawback receivable by British subjects, in cases, in which such
drawback may be equal to a moiety of the duty paid on importation;
and in cases in which the drawback receivable by British subjects
may exceed a moiety of the import duty, the drawback receivable by
foreigners will be adjusted on a consideration of the ultimate duty
payable by British subjects agreeably to the schedule No. II.
" Fourth. In cases in which the drawback receivable by British
subjects amounts to less than a moiety of the import duty, the foreign
exporter will be subject to the payment of an additional export duty,
agreeably to the detailed schedule No. III.
" Goods imported for re-exportation shall on re-exportation be al-
lowed a drawback of two thirds of the amount of the duty paid on
their importation, if exported in British bottoms, and of one third of
the duty paid on their importation, if exported in foreign bottoms.
" In cases in which goods shall have paid double duty on importa-
tion, that is, the enhanced duty ordered to be levied from foreigners,
a drawback shall be allowed to the exporter of two thirds of such
duty, whether the goods be exported in foreign or British bottoms :
with the exceptions, however, of those goods on the exportation of
which, a specific rate of drawback is established by the Table annex-
ed to this regulation.''
By these regulations, American vessels must proceed from their
own ports direct, to the British East-Indies, without touching at any
other port in the outward voyage, except from necessity, &c. When
there, they cannot carry on the coasting trade, nor can they, either with
or without a cargo, proceed to the settlements of any other European
nation in India, or to any part of India or to China, nor can they go to
any place on the River Ganges, except Calcutta. They must return
direct to some port in the United States, and they are to give bond,
to deliver their cargo at the port for which their clearance is made,
and they are likewise subjected to double the duties paid by British
bottoms. In consequence of these regulations, the owners of some
American vessels, employed in the East-India trade, were placed in ;i
most unfortunate situation. They had given bond in India, to land
their cargo in some port in the United States; on their arrival here.
177
the non-intercourse law prohibited the landing of the cargo, because
it came from a British port ; if landed in the United States, the ves-
sel and cargo were forfeited under the laws of their own country, if
carried to any other place, the bond given in India was forfeited.
Thus situated, the owners were obliged to apply to Congress for re-
lief; who granted them permission to land their goods, and finally to
dispose of them, for their own use.
The exports from the United States to the British East-Indies, have
been inconsiderable, except in money. The value of the imports for
each year, from 1795 to 1801, will be seen in Table No. II. before
mentioned. In the last of these years, the imports amounted to
$5,134,456. The articles usually imported, are cotton goods of va-
rious kinds, indigo, sugar, spices, &c. In 1807, the value of goods
paying duties ad valorem, consisting principally of cottons, amounted
to $4,073,910.
The charter of the East-India company has lately been renewed
and extended to the 10th of April, 1834. The trade, however, to In-
dia has been laid open to British subjects generally, under certain re-
gulations, from the 10th day of April, 1814. These regulations, or
the most important of them, are stated by professor Hamilton, in his
enquiry concerning the national debt of Great-Britain, to be as fol-
lows : " That no vessel shall proceed on private trade to India,
without a license from the directors, which shall be granted, on appli-
cation, of course, to the principal settlements of Fort William, Fort
George, Bombay, or Prince of Wales Island ; but no vessel may fit
out to other places, unless specially authorized ; and in case the di-
rectors refuse to grant such special license, the board of controul shall
ultimately determine in regard to the same. That no vessel under
one hundred and fifty tons shall be employed. That goods imported
in private trade, shall be brought to some port in the United Kingdom,
which shall have been declared fit for that purpose by order in coun-
cil. That the importation of articles of silk and cotton manufacture,
for home consumption, shall be confined to the port of London, and
the goods deposited in the company's ware-houses there. And the
importation of tea, in private trade, is prohibted without license from
the company. The company retain, till 10th of April, 1834, the go-
vernment and revenue nf their territorial acquisitions subject to the
23
178
regulation of the board of controul, and the exclusive trade to China,
and may trade as a corporation to India, in common with his Majes-
ty's other subjects.''
The commercial treaty lately agreed upon, contains, it is said, re-
gulations relative to the American trade with British India, but what
these regulations are is not yet known. The intercourse is probably
limited, to a direct one, between the two countries.
III. TRADE WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES.
The American trade with the British West-India islands, both be-
fore and since the war of the revolution, has been very great.
Large quantities of our lumber, fish, flour, beef, pork, horses, live
cattle, indian corn and meal, peas, beans, &.c. &,c. have found a mar-
ket in these islands.
Since the peace of 1783, the United States and Great-Britain have
not formed any conventional arrangement, relative to this trade. By
the provisions of the bill introduced into Parliament, in the winter of
1783, for the temporary regulation of the commerce, between the two
countries, American vessels were to be admitted into the ports of the
British West-Indies, with the produce of the United States, with lib-
erty to export to the United States, any merchandize, or goods what-
soever, subject only to the same duties, as they would be subject to.
in British bottoms.
This bill, from the opposition made to it, was lost, and the power
of regulating this trade was left with the King and Council, as we
have before stated : and by the order in council of the 26th of De-
cember, 1783, before mentioned, American vessels were excluded
from the British West-Indies.
British vessels were permitted to import into the islands, from the
United States, pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp and flax, masts, yard-
and bowsprits, staves, heading, boards, timber, shingles, and all other
species of lumber ; horses, neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, and all
other species of live ?tock and live provisions ; peas, beans, potatoes,
wheat, flour, bread, biscuit, rice, oat.:, barley, and all other species of
grain, the same being the growth, or production of the United States :
and to export to the United Slates, rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, cocoa-
nuts, ginger, and pimento, upon payment of the same duties, and un-
179
der the same restrictions, as though exported to any British Colony
or Plantation in America.
By the 12th article of Mr. Jay's treaty, American vessels " not
being above the burthen of seventy tons" were placed on the same
footing with British vessels, in respect to the trade of the United
States with the British West-Indies, with a proviso, that they were
not to carry molasses, sugar, coffee, cocoa, or cotton to any part of
the world, except the United States, either from the islands, or from
the United States. This article was not agreed to, on the part of the
United States, and the treaty was ratified by both governments with-
out it. In 1806, the plenipotentiaries of the United States negotiated
a commercial treaty with Great-Britain, but were unable to make
any arrangement, relative to the West-India trade.
The difficulty, however, of supplying the West-India Islands, du-
ring the late wars in Europe, has rendered it necessary for the British
government to open their ports to American vessels, almost every
year, for certain limited periods. This was done by proclamation di-
rectly from the Governours of the islands, until 1807, when an act of
Parliament was passed on the subject, called the American inter-
course bill ; since that period, proclamations for opening the ports
have originated with the King and Council ; but beef, pork, and fish,
have been excluded, since that time, either in American or British
bottoms.
It is understood, that the commercial treaty lately negotiated, is si-
lent on the subject of the West-India trade, and the British have
lately again shut their West-India ports against American vessels.
The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801 was as
follows : —
Exports. Imports
Value — Dolls. Value — Dolls.
1795 2,634,664 6,426,091
1796 - 5,446,559 6,301,534
1797 - 2,147,025 3,045,045
1798 4,283,940 2,925,739
1799 6,285,251 6,083,372
1800 6,404,785 5,774,411
1801 - 9,699,722 6,968.032
180
During the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, the value of the exports
and imports, as appears by the foregoing statements of the Secretary
of the Treasury, was as follows, viz. —
Exports. Imports.
Value — Dolls. Value — Dolls.
1802 - 6,228,464 4,486,890
1803 - 5,624,647 4,492,861
1804 - 6,315,667 - 4,739,186
The quantity, as well as the value of the principal articles, export-
ed and imported, for each of the said years, are ascertained in Tables
Nos. IX. and X. taken from the same statements of the Secretary of
the Treasury, together with the amount of duties paid on the imports.
During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the value of the exports
and imports was nearly the same, as in the preceding years. The
value of our exports to the British West-Indies, has generally exceed-
ed our imports ; and as the value of the former is estimated at the
place of exportation, and of the latter, at the place of importation,
the real difference is much greater than appears, by our custom-house
books. Most of the articles exported are bulky, and the amount of
freight and insurance for some of them, particularly lumber and live
stock, is equal to the first cost. The freight and charges, also, of the
articles imported make no inconsiderable part of their value, in this
country,
As our own ships were principally employed in this trade, the pro-
fits and advantages, arising from these sources, were chiefly confined
to the American merchant.
The American tonnage, employed in this trade, on an average of
the years 1799, 1800, and 1801, was one hundred and thirty-one thou-
sand one hundred and twenty-three.
A great proportion of our lumber has gone to these islands. The
average quantity of staves and heading sent there in the years 1805,
1806, and 1807, was seventeen millions six hundred and fourteen
'hotisand, being nearly one half of the whole quantity export-
ed, during these years. The quantity of boards and plank, for the
same wars, on an average, was about forty millions. In 1803. two
181
hundred sixty thousand five hundred and fifty-five, aud in 1807, two
hundred fifty-one thousand seven hundred and six barrels of flour
were exported to these islands.
The value of flour, bread, and biscuit exported, on an average of
the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions of dollars ;
of lumber of all kinds about one million ; of beef, pork, bacon, and
lard about eight hundred thousand dollars ; and of indian corn, rye,
and indian meal about six hundred thousand. The quantity of
rum imported, during the same period, was about four millions of
gallons annually, and was valued at about two and a half millions of
dollars. The quantity imported, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807,
was about four millions six hundred and fourteen thousand gallons an-
nually.
Opinions have been advanced, with no small share of confidence,
by some British writers, that their West-India Islands could be sup-
plied with lumber and provisions from their North-American Colo-
nies. Experience, however, has not confirmed these opinions. Un-
til the adoption of commercial restrictions by the United States, a
small part only of the lumber and provision, imported into the British
West-Indies, came from the British North-American Colonies. The
amount of the principal articles of provisions and lumber, imported
from different parts of the world, on an average of the years
1804. 1805. and 1806, was as follows:—*
FromtheU. British G. Britain & Other
States. provinces. Ireland, countries.
Flour, meal and bread, cwt. 463,505 2,789 34,495 7,667
Corn, viz. indian corn,
oats, peaSj beans, &.c.
bshls. 406,189 3,276 183,168 4,432
Rice,
bbls. ■
- 11,740
6
50
139
Pork and beef.
do. -
54,114
1,642
54,571
385
Fish, dry cod, &c.
cwt. -
138,484
101,692
3,302
3,293
Do. salt or pickled,
bbls. -
38,171
27,800
57,698
991
Butter,
firkins.
8,050
204
49,818
80
* See a view of the importance of the British American Polonies, by Da
■id Anderson, printed in 1814.
182
From the U. British G. Britain & Other
States, provinces. Ireland, countries.
Cows and oxen,
4,145
3
8 1,123
Sheep and hogs,
3,484
44
- - 314
Oak and pine boards ) r
and timber, $ '
39,022,997
942,122
- - 101,330
Staves. - pieces,
17,005,687
525,026
- - 264,500
Shingles,
43,051,704
332,925
- - 13,000
While the United States furnished more than four hundred sixty-
three thousand hundred weight of flour, meal, and biscuit, the British
provinces furnished only two thousand seven hundred and eighty-
nine hundred weight ; and of indian corn, oats, <Scc. the British pro-
vinces furnished only three thousand two hundred and seventy-six bu-
shels, and of beef and pork, but one thousand six hundred and forty-
two barrels, and of lumber not a million feet of boards and timber.
Indeed, from this account, given by a late British writer, who is ve-
ry far from being friendly to the United States, it appears, that, du-
ring the years 1804, 1805, and 1806, the United States supplied the
British West-India Islands with more than nine tenths of their flour,
meal, and bread, about two thirds of their indian com, oats, peas, and
beans, about one half of their beef and pork, more than one half of their
dried fish, and nearly the whole of their live stock and lumber.
During the continuance of -American commercial restrictions, the
trade of the British Provinces increased, particularly in the article of
lumber. It is stated, by Mr. Anderson, that the total value of ex-
ports from Quebec, in 1806, was £551,570 6s. 3d. sterling, and that
in 1810, the export? amounted to £1,079,474 lis. 6d. making a
difference of ,£527,901 5s. 3d. The value of lumber exported in
1806. is stated at £110,740 lis. 6d. and in 1810, at £505,689 15s.
6d. a difference of £394,949 4s. Od.
There was, also, in 1810. an increase, in the exports of grain,
provisions, and pot anil pearl ashes, and a diminution, in the exports
of furs and skins. There is no doubt, that many of the articles ex-
ported in 1810, found their way into Canada from the United States,
notwithstanding the prohibition of all intercouse, between the two
countries. And it is well known, that many American citizens, par-
183
ticularly those who had been engaged in the lumber trade, deprived
of employment, at home, went to Canada and New-Brunswick, and
were employed in procuring lumber, in those provinces : and it will be
fortunate, for the United States, if their own citizens have not taught
their neighbours, how to become their rivals in this trade.*
TRADE WITH FRANCE AND DEPENDENCIES.
I. WITH FRANCE.
The trade of the United States with France and her dependencies
in 1787, is stated by Monsieur Peuchet, in his statistics of France, to
have been as follows : —
Exports to the United States from France and dependencies, in
Livres.
Coffee, sugar, rum, syrup, salt, olive oil, fruits,
brandy, wine, and liqueurs, amounted to - 10,675,000
Cotton, drugs, &c. to 091,000
Stuffs, laces, silk, hosiery, linen, cambrick, soap,
gloves, gun-powder, glass-ware, and hard-ware, to 1 ,238,000
Livres, 12,607,000
*r about $2,500,000.
* Mr. Anderson is obliged to admit, that the Canadians have had the as-
sistance of the Americans, in procuring lumber. " The American embargo
(says he) and the continental system have, ever since 1807, produced an ex-
traordinary demand, in Canada, both for lumber and flour. This great de-
mand, for fish and lumber, has been completely answered." For the British
American forests producing timber in abundance, and "the population of
these provinces being sufficiently numerous to bring it to market, (at least
with the assistance of tlie Americans) the greatest demand for diat article,
therefore, which has ever occurred in the British colonies, has been abun-
dantly answered." And he adds, " the late prohibitory laws of the United
States have done a very essential service to the British American provinces,
in putting an end to the absurd practice of alternately shutting and opening
the norts of »ur West-Indian Islands to the American';.'-*
184
Imports into France and dependencies, in
Livres.
Grain, fish, and bread stuffs, amounted to - 4,483,000
Boards, timber, staves, live stock, fish oil, peltry,
pitch and tar, pot-ash, linseed, and tobacco, to 19,283,000
Manufactures introduced into the colonies, to - 547,000
Negroes, - ... 226,000
Livres, 24,539,000
or about $5,000,000.
Livres.
For three years preceding the French revolution,
the average amount of imports from the United
States, into France, alone, was estimated at - 9,600,000
or about $1,520,000.
And the exports from France to the United States,
at, 1,800,000
or about $360,000*
The small amount of this trade, particularly of exports, disappoint-
ed the expectations of the French government, and Monsieur Ar-
nould,t referring to this balance, against France, says —
" Voiia done pour France le ne plus ultra d'un commerce, donl
l'espoir a pu contribuer, a faire sacrifier quelques centaines de mil-
lions, et plusieurs generations d'hommes.'"|
In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of
State, our exports to France, and her dependencies, amounted to
$4,698,735, and our imports to $2,068,348. What proportion of
this trade was with France, or with her dependencies, does not ap-
pear, probably more than one half with the latter.
* Arthur Young's Travels in France, f l)e la balance du commerce, 1791
\ Such was the utmost extent of a commerce, to secure which France sa-
crificed hundreds of niillons of'lirres and vast numbers of men.
185
The articles of abmestic produce, usually exported to France, are
cotton, tobacco, rice, dried fish, whale and spermaceti oil, pot and
pearl ashes, naval stores, &c. and those of foreign produce, during the
war in Europe, have consisted principally of sugar and coffee, with
some teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices.
The principal articles imported were wines, brandies, silks, olivr
oil, and jewellery of all kinds.
The exports and imports, from 1795 to 1801, were as follows,
viz. : —
Exports.
Imports.
Dolls.
Dolls.
1795
7,698,683
3,671,331
1796
3,171,759
1,835,066
1797
3,825,231
3,045,796
1798
1,476,588
1,371,727
1799
-
901,018
1800
40,400
74,228
1801
3,985,292
1,013,690
And the value of domestic and foreign produce, exported from 1804
to 1813, was—
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce
Dolls.
Dolls.
1804
3,219,112
5,604,942
1805
3,079,862
9,885,602
1806
3,226,698
8,197,694
1807
2,715,141
10,315,678
1808
708,670
2,126,396
1809
.
.
1810
16,782
1,672
1811
673,708
1,119,302
1812
402,803
2,435,218
1813
1,780,291
24
2,296.453
Wines.
gallons.
1802
1,084,640
1803
337,534
1804
2,149,344
1807
3,185,923
186
The quantity of wines and brandies, imported from France in 1802,
1803, 1804, and 1807, was as follows, viz. :—
Brandies,
gallons.
478,579
1,039,222
2,073,809
2,867,584
The quantity of cotton exported to France, from 1800 to 1811, is
contained in the preceding chapter.
The quantity of tobacco exported during the same period, was—
Tobacco.
hhds.
1800 .... 143
1801 .... 5 5 ooG
1802 .... 16,216
1803 .... 9,815
1804 .... 14,623
1805 .... 12,135
1806 .... 9,182
1807 - - - - 2,876
1808 .... 566
1809 - - - ...
1810 .... . .
1811 --.. 569
In some years before the commencement of our commercial restric-
tions, the value of exports of foreign produce to France was much
greater than that of our domestic produce, and was principally in
sugar and coffee. The quantity of each of these articles, shipped
to France in 1807, is contained in the preceding chapter, and the
quantity for each year, from 1800 to 1811, may be seen in the fore-
going Tables.
18f
TRADE WITH THE FRENCH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS.
France formerly possessed some of the most valuable islands in
the West-Indies. The French part of St. Domingo is extremely fer-
tile, and, before the troubles among the blacks, produced vast quanti-
ties of sugar and coffee. In 1786, the imports into France, from all
her West-India Colonies, amounted to 174,831,000 livres, or about
thirty-five millions of dollars; of this, the imports from St. Domingo
alone amounted to 131,481,000 livres, or about twenty-six millions
of dollars. No less than one hundred seventy-four million two hun-
dred and twenty thousand pounds of sugar, and sixty-six million two
hundred and thirty-one thousand pounds of coffee were imported into
France from her West-India possessions in 1786; and this trade em-
ployed five hundred and sixty-nine ships of one hundred sixty -two
thousand three hundred and eleven tons. On the 30th of August,
1784, the intercourse between the United States and the French
West-Indies, was regulated by an arret of the French government.
American vessels, of at least sixty tons, were admitted into certain
ports in the French West-India Islands, loaded with timber of all
kinds, dye-woods, live stock, salt beef, (but not salt pork) salt fish, rice,
legumes, raw or untanned hides, peltry, rosin, pitch and tar, and to
dispose of their cargoes ; and were allowed to bring away only rum
and molasses, and goods brought from France, on paying the local
duties, and one per cent, ad valorem, on all imports and exports. A
further duty, however, of three livres was imposed upon every quin-
tal (of 100 weight) o( salt beef, cod, or other dried fish, in order tc
form a fund for premiums, to be given on cod and other fish from the
French fisheries ; but salt meat, from France, was not subject to this
duty. The colonial legislatures, however, were authorized, in limes
of scarcity, to suspend the operation of this law. During the late
wars in Europe, and the unsettled state of France, the French West-
India Islands have been, generally, open to Americans for most arti-
cles either of export or import.
Before the French revolution, the national policy of Fiance and
Great-Britain was manifest, in their different regulations with respect
to the trade between the United States and their West-India posses-
sions : and whenever Europe, after her Ions and disastrous wars and
188
revolutions, shall again find repose, and France shall regain (if ever
she does regain) her West India Islands, both nations will, probably,
return to the same system of measures. Great-Britain has already
?et the example.
With respect to exports from the United States, both nations ad-
mitted lumber of all kinds, live provisions, vegetables, rice, pitch, and
tar, because neither could easily supply their islands with these arti-
cles. Great-Britain excluded American beef, pork, and dried fish.
France admitted American beef and dried cod-fish, but subject to an
additional duty of three livres on every quintal of each, to encourage
her own fisheries. Great-Britain admitted flour, bread, biscuit, and
all kinds of grain, while France excluded, by a general law, flour, and
all kinds of grain, except indian corn.
With respect to imports from the islands, France allowed only
rum and molasses, to be carried to the United States ; while Great-
Britain allowed not only rum and molasses to be carried, but sugar,
coffee, cocoa nuts, ginger, and pimento ; the latter, however, confin-
ed the carriage both of the exports and imports to her own vessels,
as a means of increasing her naval power, and the former, having
few ships of her own, permitted the exports and imports in American
vessels. The policy of Britain was to monopolize the carriage of
the articles, that of France to monopolize the articles themselves.
Great-Britain was willing the United States should have their sugar
and coffee, on condition that British ships might be the carriers ; France,
on the other hand, was willing American vessels should supply her su-
gar and coffee plantations, with certain productions which she was una-
ble to furnish herself, but would not allow them to receive in return the
most valuable productions of those plantations ; these she reserved for
her own consumption at home, and to augment her own national wealth.
During the late wars between England and France, the latter wa 1 -
stripped of all her West-India Islands. The first restoration, how-
ever, of the Bourbons to the throne of France, was accompanied with
the restoration of all the British conquests in this quarter of the world,
with the exception of the small islands of Tobago and St. Lucie.
What will be the future fate of the French West-Indies is now uncer-
tain. The trade between the United States and the French island-
was, for many years extensive, as well as profitable.
189
About the year ]786, the whole imports into these islands, from
all foreign countries, amounted to 20,878,000 livres, and the exports
to the same countries, to 14,132,000 livres ; of the imports 13,065,000
were from the United States, which received in return 7,263,000
of the exports. The American tonnage employed in this trade, in
the same year, was one hundred five thousand and ninety-five.
Since the French revolution in 1789, and since the late wars in
Europe, and until the capture of these islands by the English, the
American trade with them has increased.
The value of exports and imports of all kinds to and from these
islands, from 1795 to 1801, was as follows, viz. : —
Exports. Imports.
Dolls. Dolls.
1795 4,954,952 15,751,758
1796 8,408,946 15,743,774
1797 - 8,565,053 14,030,337
1798 - 5,344,690 15,380,091
1799 2,776,604 2,022,929
1800 - 5,123,433 9,385,111
1801 7,147,972 - 13,593,255
The value of the exports to the French West-Indies and American
Colonies, from 1804 to 1807. was as follows, viz. : —
Domestic produce.
Foreign product"
Dolls.
Dolls.
1804
1,742,368
1.867,522
1805
2,876,384
4,455,599
1806
2,770,372
3,975,112
1807
2,901,516
2,968,816
About the year 1807, the whole of the French West-India Islands,
(except St. Domingo, in the possession of the blacks) were in the
possession of the English.
190
TRADE WITH SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AND THEIR DEPENDENCIES.
I. WITH SPAIN.
The exports of domestic produce to Spain have consisted, princi-
pally, of fish, flour, whale oil, rice, tobacco, &.c. ; those of foreign
produce, while s ! ie w?s engaged in the late wars in Europe, consist-
ed of cocoa, coffee, sugar, pepper, and other spices. Our imports
are principally brandies, wines, fruits of various kinds, salt, and of
late years, sheep.
The exports and imports, from 1795 to 1801, were as follows, viz : —
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
J COO
1801
Exports.
Value — dolls.
2,252,754
1,324,060
1,812,558
o 974 f >°3
4,237,954
4,743,678
2,365,101
Imports.
Value— dolls.
1,232,844
1,521,081
1,333,056
964,057
2,576,988
3,360,582
2,876,974
From 1804 to 1813, the exports were-
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce.
Value— dolls.
Value — dolls.
1804
2,304,193
-
597,143
1805
2,327,155
-
1,656,312
1806
1.363,273
-
1 ,758,954
1807
1,181,231
-
3,547,907
1808
541.378
-
901,003
1809
1,289,220
-
1 .290,003
1810
3,488,951
-
1,210,601
1811
3,963,263
-
297,454
1812
4,567,754
-
140,711
1813
6,532,101
-
40.90c
191
The quantity of wines and brandies imported, in 1802, 1803,
1804, and in 1807, was as follows : —
Wines. Brandies.
Gallons. Gallons.
1802 - 955,557 - 518,918
1803 - 790,561 - 681,851
1804 - 786,005 * 850,654
1807 - 693,056 - 548,934
The great increase of our exports of domestic produce to Spain,
since 1809, was occasioned, as we have before stated, by the inva-
sion of that country by Bonaparte, and the great demand for cur
grain and provisions, to support the allied armies.
II. WITH THE SPANISH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES.
During the late European wars, our trade with the Spanish West-
Indies and American Colonies greatly increased. We were the car-
rieisof the rich products of the Spanish isiands, and we also supplied
them, to a great extent, with the manufactures of Europe. The
amount and increase of this trade, from 1795 to 1801, will appear
from the following amount of exports and imports during that peri-
od :—
Imports.
Value — dolls
1,739,138
1,718,026
4,123,362
8,139,169
10,974,295
10,587,566
12,799,878
Exports.
Value — dolls
1795
1,389,219
1796
1,821,347
1797
3,595,519
1798
5,082,127
1799
8,993,401
1800
8,270,400
1801
8,437,659
192
The exports of domestic and foreign produce to the Spanish WeSt-
Iudies and American Colonies, from 1804 to 1813, were as fol-
lows :* —
Domestic produce.
Foreign produc
Value— dolls.
Value — dolls.
1801
1,725,662
1,176,998
1805
2,806,112
4,884,776
1806
2,391,172
8,476,061
1807
2,470,472
9,870,753
1808
631,086
3,545,967
1809
3,352,271
3,333,346
1810
3,182,318
3,604,791
1811
3,606,510
3,973,099
1812
2,640,502
1,331,638
1813
2,809,705
183,549
What will hereafter be our commercial situation with Spain and
her Colonies, it is difficult at present to determine.
We have disputes with that country, yet unsettled, particularly
with respect to former spoliations on our commerce, and with re-
spect to the Floridas, and the western boundaries of Louisiana. It is
of no small importance to the United States, that those disputes should
be adjusted, and that a good understanding and free commercial in-
tercourse should subsist between them and the Spanish West-Indies and
American possessions. It is from this quarter that the United States
obtain large quantities of the precious metals, by which they are en-
ablcd to carry on a trade with China and the East-Indies, as well as
to pay the balances due, in Europe and elsewhere. The jealousy of
the Spanish government has hitherto excluded foreigners, from much
* We would here, remark, that the accounts of our trade with the West
India Islands belonging' to Spain, as well as to the other European nations, are
taken from the custom-house books, which shew the destination of the ar-
ticles exported, from the clearance of the vessels : as, however, vessels of-
ten go to other ports, or islands, than those for which they have cleared,
and as some vessels take clearances for the West-Indies, generally, the ac-
counts cannot be considered perfectly accurate.
193
intercourse with their South- American Colonies, and prevented them
from obtaining much information, relative to the interior of that
part of the world. The late travels, however, of Baron Humboldt,
through the different parts of South-America, and of New-Spain, af-
ford much valuable information as to the population, wealth, and re-
sources of those extensive countries ; and it is hoped, that, whether
these Provinces continue dependent on old Spain, or become inde-
pendent, a more liberal and enlightened policy will be pursued by
them, in their intercourse with foreign nations ; and that the United
States will not fail to pursue their true interest in cultivating a good
understanding with them.
II. PORTUGAL.
To Portugal and the Island of Madeira, we usually export wheat,
flour, corn, rice, dried fish, some whale oil, soap, and staves and
heading ; and we import from thence, principally, wines, fruit, and
salt. Since the invasion of Portugal by the French, our exports of
flour to that country have been very great, as we have before stated.
The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, was as
follows : —
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
Exports.
Dolls.
594,801
142,567
229,750
286,781
538,662
448,548
1,139,377
Imports.
Dolls.
1,032,339
1,298,832
1,338,877
918,443
962,909
787,037
645,111
25
194
The following is the value of the exports to and imports from the
Island of Madeira, for the same period : —
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
Exports.
Dolls.
133,476
213,785
191,627
333,425
203,185
522,728
528,344
Imports,
Dolls.
917,260
562,682
662,248
334,122
163,870
375,219
514,791
The exports to Portugal from 1804 to 1813, were-
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce.
Value — dolls.
Value — dolls.
1804
1,282,169
190,716
1805
508,284
851,647
1806
920,841
857,050
1807
829,313
159,173
1808
342,277
-
1809
1,629,709
151,426
1810
2,664,121
121,578
1811
8,445,827
130,726
1812
7,729,997
45,043
1813
9,992,012
7,275
During the continuance of the American non-intercourse acts, there
were shipped to Madeira, Fayal, and the other Azores, various articles
ultimately destined to Great-Britain, and other parts of Europe. In
1809, the value of domestic produce, principally cotton, shipped to
Madeira, was $2,336,656, and to Fayal and the other Azores,
#2,926,482.
Since the removal of the Portuguese government to the Brazils,
our trade with Portuguese America has increased. In 1807, we ex-
195
ported to the Brazils, and the other Portuguese American Colonies, to
the value of about five thousand dollars.
From 1809 to 1812, the value of exports to those countries was
as follows : —
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce
Value— dolls.
Value — dolls.
1809
540,653
343,082
1810
721,899
889,839
1811
621,417
1,027,931
1812
426,982
319,641
TRADE WITH RUSSIA, SWEDEN, DENMARK, HAMBURGH, AND THE NORTH
OF EUROPE.
With Russia, the trade of the United States has been increasing for
some years, and the importance of that country, in a commercial as
well as political point of view, has lately induced the government of
the United States to send a minister plenipotentiary to the Russian
court, and to receive from them a minister of equal grade. Until
lately, the amount of our exports to Russia has been very small,
though our imports were considerable.
From 1795 to 1801, the value of exports and imports has been
thus estimated : —
Exports.
Imports.
Value— dolls.
Value — dolls
1795
69,221
1,168,715
1796
47,381
1,382,978
1797
3,450
1,418,418
1798
60,030
1,067,152
1799
46,030
1,274,913
1800
-
1,524,995
1801
9.136
1.672.059
196
From 1805 to 1813, the value of domestic and foreign articles ex-
ported to Russia, was as follows : —
Domestic. Foreign.
Dolls. Dolls.
1805 12,044 - 59,328
1806 - 3,580 - 8,827
1807 - 78,850 - 366,367
1808 ....
1809 - 146,462 - 737,799
1810 - 1,048,762 - 2,926,936
1811 - 1,630,499 - 4,507,158
1812 - 156,980 - 1,586,617
1813 - 50,400 - 750
The principal article of domestic produce exported to this coun-
try in 1809, 1810, and 1811, was cotton; very little, if any, of
which was, prior to this period, ever exported to that country. In
1809, six hundred twenty-five thousand one hundred and twelve
pounds, in 1810, three million seven hundred sixty-nine thousand one
hundred and thirty-seven pounds, and in 1811, no less than nine mil-
lions three hundred sixty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-nino
pounds of cotton, were shipped to Russia. In 1810, there were also
shipped to Russia, from the United States, five thousand two hundred
and seventy pounds of rice, one thousand four hundred and sixty-two
hogsheads of tobacco, four thousand five hundred and thirty-six gal-
lons of spirits from grain, and one hundred twenty-four thousand one
hundred and forty-eight gallons of spirits from molasses. The prin-
cipal articles of foreign produce exported to Russia have been sugar
and coffee, with some pepper, tea, and cocoa.
The following is the quantity of those articles, shipped in the
years 1809, 1810, and 1811.
Coffee, Sugar brown. Sugar clayed, Pepper,
and whiie.
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1809 - 1,283,100 - 1,271,180 - 922,077 - 138,333
1810 - 4,048,909 - 6,139,529 - 5,257,366 - 1,252,085
1811 - 5,113,891 - 4,408,289 - 10,200,139 - 369,409 - 446,734 - 254,570
Cocoa.
Teas.
lbs.
lbs.
-
40,216
80,005 -
17,011
107
The articles usually imported from Russia are iron, hemp, cord-
age, duck, and various kinds of cloth made of hemp and flax, such as
drillings, diapers, broad and narrow tickings, sheetings, <kc. Table
No. XI. taken from Russian accounts,* contains the quantity of the va-
rious articles exported from St. Peter.sburgh, to the United States,
from the year 1783 to 1805, together with the number of American
ships employed in the trade with that port in each year, and shews
the progressive increase of the American trade with that country dur-
ing that period.
The average amount of goods, paying duties according to their va-
lue, and which included iron, and all goods made of hemp, or flax,
during the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was $1,302,217. In 1807,
1810, and 1811, the amount of goods paying the same duties, was
as follows : —
Dolls.
1807 . . - - 1,804,860
1810 ..... 1,587,784
1811 - - - - 3,049,033
The average quantity of hemp exported from Russia, in the years
1802. 1803, and 1804, was eighty-eight thousand eight hundred and
thirty hundred weight, the average value of which was §779,473.
The quantity of hemp, cordage tarred and untarred, and cables,
imported during the years 1807, 1810, and 1811, was as fol-
lows, viz. : —
Hemp. Cordage tar'd. Cordage untar'd. Cables.
cwt.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
1807 ■
135,775
1,007,780 -
6,843 -
57,579
1810
53,148 -
137,304 -
.
30,469
1811 •
■ 205,853 ■
589,944 -
■ 34,806 -
108,685
Our trade with Russia, in the year 1811, was much greater than
in any preceding year; the ships which carried out large quantities
f See Oddy's European Commerce, page 125, rol 1
198
of Gotton and colonial produce, during that and the preceding year,
returned largely freighted with iron, hemp, and cordage.
In the articles of iron and hemp, particularly the latter, the
United States may soon be independent of Russia, and all other
countries. The culture of hemp has succeeded in many parts of the
United States, and particularly in the state of Kentucky. In 1810,
that state alone produced one hundred fifteen thousand and one hun-
dred hundred weight of hemp, valued at $690,600, and made also, in
the same year, thirty-nine thousand eight hundred and seventy hun-
dred weight of cordage, valued at $398,400, making more than a
million of dollars for those two articles.
With Sweden, the ordinary trade of the United States has been in-
considerable. The average amount of exports to that country, from
1795 to 1801, was about sixty thousand dollars, and the average va-
lue of the imports, during the same period, did not exceed eighty
thousand.
Tobacco, and some other articles of domestic and foreign produce,
are shipped to Sweden, for which iron is the principal article receiv-
ed in return. While all intercourse with Great-Britain and France
was prohibited, the nominal trade with that country was far from be-
ing inconsiderable. In 1809, the value of domestic produce, princi-
pally cotton and tobacco, shipped or rather cleared for Swedish ports,
was $4,030,395, and the value of foreign produce, $1,409,303 ;
and in 1810, the value of the former, cleared for the same ports,
was $1,563,336, and the value of the latter, $4,294,397. The
cotton was probably destined to Great-Britain, and the colonial pro-
duce, principally to the northern parts of Europe.
SWEDISH WEST-INDIES.
With the Swedish West-Indies, our trade has been considerable.
From 1795 to 1801, the annual amount of our exports to these islands
was about $685,000, and the value of the imports, during the same
period, was about $500,000. Some proportion of the exports was
199
probably destined to the other West-India islands. In 1807, domes-
tic produce shipped to the Swedish West-Indies amounted to
$416,509, and foreign produce, to $911,155 ; and the same year,
there were imported from these islands into the United States, ninety-
two thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight gallons of rum, thirty thou-
sand seven hundred and sixty-four gallons of molasses, two million^
seven hundred and fifty-two thousand four hundred and twelve pounds
of sugar, and one million seven hundred and five thousand six hundred
and seventy pounds of coffee.
In 1809. 1810, 1811, and 1812, the exports to these islands, was-
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce.
Value — dolls.
Value-— dolls.
1809
2,757,859
887,960
1810
1,619,442
424,826
1811
884,417
151,926
1812
1,060,500
126,274
The quantity of rum, molasses, sugar, and coffee, imported from the
same, according to our custom-house books, in 1810 and 1811, was
as follows : —
Rum.
Molasses.
Coffee.
Sugar.
Gallons.
Gallons.
Pounds.
Pounds.
1810
1,504,938
1,581,210
2,425,216
4,098,961
1811
1,156,789
1,384,297
1,315,180
6,054,032
The greatest part of the rum and molasses, no doubt, came from the
British West-India islands during these years, through these Swedish
neutral ports.
DENMARK AND NORWAY.
With Denmark and Norway, the American trade has been greater
than with Sweden. The average value of exports to those countries,
from 1795 to 1801, was about $600,000, and the average vnliir> of
imports, for the same period, about $100,000.
200
During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the exports were —
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce.
Value — dolls.
Value — dolls.
1805
435,926
1,481,767
1806
356,595
1,052,954
1807
572,150
836,468
In the years 1809 and 1810, in consequence of commercial restric-
tions with England and France, and the possession of Hamburgh by
the French, great quantities of cotton and tobacco, and of colonial pro-
duce, were cleared from the United States for the ports of Denmark
and Norway, though destined to other places. Indeed our custom-
house books furnish but little evidence of the amount of our trade
with particular countries, during these two years, as the following
account of our exports to Denmark and Norway, taken from the clear-
ances of the vessels, will shew —
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce.
Value — dolls.
Value— dolls.
1809
958,584
3,327,766
1810
3,962,739
6,548,051
The following quantities of cotton, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, were
cleared for these countries, in these two years.
Cotton.
Tobacco.
Sug'ar.
Coffee.
lbs.
Hhds.
lbs.
lbs.
1809
2,298,827
5,950
11,371,567
7,953,461
1810
14,594,124
18,797
17,470,322
14,120,990
DANISH WEST-INDIES.
The extent of American trade with the Danish West-India Islands
has been much greater, than with Denmark itself.
201
The following is the amount of exports and imports from 1795 to
1801 :—
Exports. Imports.
Dolls. Dolls.
1795 - 1,659,306 - 2,329,273
1796 - 2,553,810 - 2,818,746
1797 - 2,453,606 - 2,416,088
1798 - 1,513,104 - 1,117,321
1799 - 3,397,262 - 2,139,870
1800 - 1,757,589 - 999,770
1801 - 1,049,361 3,035,511
From 1804 to 1807, the value of the exports to those islands was —
Domestic produce. Foreign produce.
Dolls. Dolls.
1804 - 1,081,618 - 642,388
1805 - 1,523,106 - 575,149
1806 - 1,410,029 - 1,380,380
1807 - 1,614,711 1,505,988
HAMBURG AND BREMEN.
The trade of the United States with Hamburg and Bremen, du-
ring the late wars in Europe, and until those cities were occupied by
the French armies, and became a prey to French rapacity, was very
great, especially with the former, in articles of Colonial produce.
The imperial city of Hamburg has long been the great depot of the
extensive commerce of Germany, and the North of Europe. By
means of the rivers Elbe and Weser, and other waters connected with
them, the manufactures of Germany, particularly her linens, are
brought to Hamburg, and from thence exported to the United Stales,
and other parts of the world. Through this city, also, the rich pro-
ducts ol the East and West-Indies have been introduced into Germa-
ny, and the interior of the continent of Europe. The principal articles
oi domestic produce, usually shipped to Hamburg and Bremen from
the United States, are tobacco, rice, cotton, spirits from molasses.
26
202
some whale oil, and pot and pearl ashes. And the articles of foreign
produce have been sugar, coffee, teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices.
The extent and value of American trade with these cities, in do-
mestic and foreign articles, from 1795 to 1801, may be seen, from
the following estimate of exports and imports, during that period. —
Exports. Imports.
Value — dolls. Value — dolls.
1795 - 9,218,540 - 1,584,524
1796 - 9,471,498 - 2,107,390
1797 - 11,953,017 - 2,755,677
1798 - 14,534,339 - 3,738,763
1799 - 17,144,400 - 6,919.425
1800 - 8,012,846 - 4,996.886
1801 - 10,463,738 - 4,585,256
The exports to Hamburg, Bremen, other Hanse towns, and ports
of Germany, but principally to Hamburg, from 1802 to 1810, were
as follows : —
Domestic produce. Foreign produce
Value — dolls. Value — dolls.
1802 1,157,272 5,072,220
1803 1,368.295 1,911,437
1804 - 919,454 3,525,553
1805 893,591 2,338,917
1806 - 1,672,455 - 4,751.769
1807 912,225 2,248.057
1808 24,963 204,852
1809 709,981 1,682,662
1810 834,564 291,818
HOLLAND AM) DEPENDENCIES.
The United States had great commercial intercourse with Holland,
until the commencement of their restrictive measures. Although Bo-
naparte had given the Hollanders his brother Louis, for a king, that
he might have them more completely under his control, and compel
203
them to enfore his continental system, yet so strong were the com-
mercial habits of the people of Holland, that means were found to
evade the imperial mandates ; and the continental system, during the
reign of Louis, was never carried into complete effect in that country.
And notwithstanding the many vexations and spoliations, which
American commerce experienced from the belligerent powers, yet
it was extensive and profitable, not only with Holland, but with the
rest of the world, until interrupted by commercial prohibitions.
The extent of our trade with Holland will appear from the follow-
ing statement of exports and imports at different periods. —
The exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, were as follows : —
Imports.
Value — dolls.
1,329,952
943,227
2,404,828
1,757,371
662,590
775,541
2,529,128
And from 1804 to 1813, the following were the exports of dome-
tic and foreign produce : —
Foreign.
Value — dolls.
11,757,002
14,959,380
15,051,665
13,086,160
2,227,722
697,070
28,992
Exports.
Value — dolls.
1795
1,917,336
1796
6,083,491
1797
7,713,976
1798
4,713,976
1799
696,968
1800
4,372,964
1801
6,234,450
Domestic.
Value — dolls.
1804
2,064,158
1805
1,783,503
1806
3,609,964
1807
3,098,234
1808
382,121
1809
421,294
1810
74,194
1811
.
1812
30,747
1813
29.160
204
The articles of domestic produce usually exported to Holland, are
tobacco, rice, cotton, some whale oil. pot and pearl ashes, and spirits
from molasses. The principal articles have been tobacco, rice, and
cotton.
The following is an account of the quantities shipped to this coun-
try in the years 1806 and 1807, together with their value, as esti-
mated at the place of exportation : —
Tobacco. Value. Rice. Value. Cotton. Value.
hhds. dolls. tierces. dolls. lbs. dolls.
1806 - 29,851 - 2,358,229 - 17,1.37 - 457,993 - 3,129,146 - 688,412
!8o7 - 20,444 - 1,799,U72 - 21,163 - 529,075 - 3,146,209 - 66u,703
The articles of foreign produce have been, principally, coffee, su-
gar, tea, and pepper.
The following quantities of sugar and coffee were shipped to Hol-
land, according to the custom-house books, from 1800 to 1810: —
Sugar, brown.
Sugar, wl i it e & clay
ed. Coffee.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
1800 ■
7,542,160
.
11,618,970
1801
1 1,560,993
.
13,125,837
1802
15,436,179
.
9,320,937
1803 •
8,894,132
- 1,057,806 -
2,323,902
1804
27,294,509
- 7,663,882 -
26,082,432
1805
47,544,197
- 8,455,435 -
23,694,991
1 806
56,008,790
- 10,105,151 -
21,833,438
1807 ■
48,012,198
- 8,719,529 -
19,900,965
1 808 -
8,215,969
- 1,824,479 -
3,487,872
1809 ■
3,107,202
836.159 -
957,122
1810
88,590
76,674 -
44,618
The imports have usually consisted of woollen, linen, and other
good.- paying duties according to their value, spirits from grain, some
nails and spikes, lead, and manufactures of lead, paints, steel, cheese.
205
glass, anchors, shot, slit and hoop iron. The average amount of
goods paying duties ad valorem for the years 1802, 1003 and 1804,
was $1,110,3,34, and in 1807, was $1,881,741. The average quan-
tity of gin imported, during the same three years, was one million
fifty-nine thousand five hundred and forty gallons, and in 1807, was
one million four hundred sixty-six thousand gallons. In our trade
with Holland, the exports have generally far exceeded the imports ;
the balance has been usually paid, in bills of exchange on England,
and other parts of Europe.
DUTCH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES, AND DUTCH EAST-IN-
DIES.
The extent and value of the commercial intercourse of the United
States with the Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, may be
estimated from the following account of exports and imports.
From 1795 to 1801, the exports and imports were —
Exports. Imports.
Value — dolls. Value — dolls.
1795 902,705 - 2,342,957
1796 - 1,758,548 - 3,703,787
1797 - 1,903,038 - 2,178,426
1798 - 2,720,969 - 2,475,494
1799 - 5,154,535 - 3,929,101
1800 - 1,296,052 - 2,800,766
1001 625,791 - 1,987,612
Exports to the same countries, from 1804 to 1810, were —
Domestic produce. Foreign produce.
Vain e — dolls . Value — dolls.
1804 1,600,667 - 848,365
1805 - 454,645 - 138,785
1806 570,545 - 466,485
1807 496,010 - 307,366
1808
1809
1810
206
Domestic produce.
Value — dolls.
97,734
33,412
39,724
Foreign produce.
Value — dolls.
14,839
771
31
From the Dutch East-Indies, we have imported large quantities of
coffee, sugar, pepper, and other spices, and have generally paid for
them, in money, or in cargoes shipped from Europe, or in bills of ex-
change. The late wars in Europe, in which the Dutch were unfor-
tunately compelled to engage, threw this trade into the hands of the
American merchant, and its progressive increase will appear from the
following estimate of imports from 1795 to 1801 —
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
Imports.
Value — dolls
26,706
211,626
1,029,995
2,305,344
1,446,335
3,556,320
4,430,733
In 1802, the quantity of coffee imported from the Dutch East-In-
dies, and Cape of Good Hope, was six million eight hundred twenty-
five thousand two hundred and three pounds, and valued at
$1,706,300, in 1804 was eight million three hundred ninety-five
thousand seven hundred and eighty-three pounds, and valued at
$2,098,945, and in 1807, was eight million eight hundred forty-two
thousand five hundred and sixty-eight pounds. The quantity of pep-
per imported in 1802, was five million two hundred seventy-five
thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven pounds, in 1804, four million
nine hundred forty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-four pounds,
and in 1807, two million five hundred eight thousand eight hundred and
ninety-seven pounds. A considerable proportion of the pepper is
procured by the Americans, directly from the natives of the islands.
203
The trade of the United States with Italy has consisted principal-
ly in carrying dried fish, sugar, coffee, pepper, and cocoa, and in
bringing from thence, silks, wines, brandies, fruit, some lead, and
cheese. The amount and increase of this commercial intercourse
will be seen, from the following estimate of the exports and imports
from 1795 to 1801, and of the exports from 1804 to 1813.
Exports. Imports.
Value — dolls. Value — dolls.
1795 - - 1,223,150 - - 319,653
1796 - - 1,100,522 - - 268,237
1797 - 767,064 - - 852,408
1798 - - 1,334,036 - - 724,209
1799 - 1,157,212 - - 753,484
1800 - - 2,689,968 - - 1,104,833
1801 - - 2,090,439 - - 902,406
Exports from 1804 to 1813.
Domestic produce.
Foreign produce.
Value — dolls.
Value — dolls.
1804
118,441
1,552,708
1805
142,475
2,320,099
1806
185,346
4,587,727
1807
250,257
5,499,722
1808
58,085
1,312,173
1809
49,206
1,106,539
1810
71,803
656,691
1811
151,555
437,381
1812
139,928
134,794
1813
1.947
-
208
CHINA AND THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA.
The trade of the United States with China commenced soon aftei
the close of the revolutionary war. The first American vessel, that
went on a trading voyage to China, sailed from the port of New-York,
on the 22d day of February 1784, and returned on the 11th of May
1785. She was three hundred and sixty tons burthen, commanded
by Captain John Green, and Samuel Shaw, Esq. agent for the owners.
The Americans were well received by the Chinese government, and
since that time, our trade with China has greatly increased.
In 1789, there were fifteen American vessels at Canton,* being a
greater number, than from any other nation, except Great-Britain.
For many years, we have imported more Chinese goods, than were
wanted for our consumption, and which we have again exported to
other countries. The principal articles imported, are teas, silks,
nankeens, and China ware. Of these, tea is of the greatest value.
The quantity of this article, imported and consumed within the Uni-
ted States, has increased with the increase of population. The fol-
lowing is a statement of the quantities of the several species of tea,
paying duties, after deducting the exportations from the importations;
for each of the years from 1790 to 1800.
It may be observed, that as some tea might have been exported
without the benefit of drawback, the whole may not have been con-
sumed in the United States, but the difference cannot be great, as it
is believed, that most of the tea exported had the benefit of the draw-
back.
TEAS.
Boliea. Souchong-. Hyson. Other green. Total,
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1790 2,059,684 308,075 530,013 88,870 3,047,242
1791 774,008 91,123 107,934 12,932 985,997
1792 2,332,8 2 132,355 115,203 33,498 2,014,008
1793 1,548,993 309,087 82,882 8,007 2,009,509
1794 2,095,410 298,503 29,754 37,241 2,460,914
* Macpherson's Annals
209
Bohea. Souchong. Hyson. Other green. Total
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
1795
2,079,687
146,457
99,727
48,247
2,374,118
1796
1,778,007
73,578
239,102
219,572
2,310,259
1797
1,392,271
185,359
206,177
224,592
2,008,399
1798 1,079,139 333,349 194,616 283,861 1,890,965
1799 3,412,674 309,598 240,861 538,370 4,501,503
1800 1,891,434 694,802 533,613 677,785 3,797,634
Total, 20,444,145 3,002,806 2,380,542 2,172,975 28,000,548
Making in the whole for eleven years, twenty-eight million five
hundred and forty-eight pounds, consumed in the United States, be-
ing on an average of these years, two million five hundred forty-five
thousand five hundred and four pounds a year.
The following quantity of teas of all kinds was imported and ex-
ported from 1801 to 1812, viz. :— -
Imported.
Exported.
Consumed.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
1801
4,086,960
1,409,253 -
2,677,707
1802
4,269,828 • ■
1,894,538 -
2,375,290
1803
6,053,529
3,146,492 -
2,907,037
1804
3,622,828
1,219,233 -
2,403,595
1805
5,119,441
1,788,888 -
3,330,553
1806
6,870,806
2,002,207 -
4,868,599
1807
8,108,774
2,663,061 -
5,445,713
1808
4,812,638
237,883 ■
4,574,755
1809
1,482,990
1,770,616 -
-
1810
7,839,457
1,337,732 -
6,501,725
1811
3,018,118
1,025,962 -
1,992,156
1812 - 3,056,089 - 519,262 - 2.536,827
Making an average consumption for these twelve years of
three million two hundred seventy-seven thousand one hundred and
ninety-four pounds a year.
27
210
The value of goods paying duties ad valorem, which includes nan*
keens, all silk and cotton goods, and China ware, imported in 1797,
from China and the East-Indies generally, but principally from the
former, amounted to $922,161. The average value of goods paying
the same duties, from China and other native Asiatic powers during
the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions three hun-
dred thousand dollars.
From 1805 to 1813, the value of the same goods was as follows.
viz. : —
Value — dollars.
1805 .... 1,802,945
1806 - - - - 2,190,454
1807 .... 1,821,321
1808 .... 2,663,540
1809 - - - 533,929
1810 .... 3,374,850
1811 ... - 2,889,642
1812 .... 1.861,013
1813 .... 566,676
The balance of trade with China, as it appears on the custom-
house books, is much against the United States ; as few articles, ei-
ther domestic or foreign, are shipped directly from the United States
to that country. The payments for Chinese goods have been gene-
rally made in specie, the exportation of which is not entered at the
custom-house, or in seal skins, taken in the South Seas, and furs pro-
cured on the North-West Coast of America, and carried from those
places, directly to China, without being brought to the United States.
The amount of specie exported to China, it is difficult to ascertain, with
precision. From information, however, derived from well informed
merchants concerned in the trade, and from the value of imports, it
cannot for some years past have been less, (except during the late
war) than between two and three millions annually. The amount of
trade in seal skins and furs, it is much more difficult to ascertain.
The great prices obtained at Canton, for furs procured on the North-
211
West Coast of America, by those who were with Captain Cook, in
his last voyage of discovery, induced others to engage in this trade.
The enterprise of the Americans led them very early to engage in
these long and hazardous trading voyages. The first of the kind un-
dertaken from the United States, was from Boston in 1788, in a ship
commanded by Captain Kendrick. This trade, at first, afforded
great profits, to the concerned, and it has, ever since the year 1788,
been carried on from the United States, to a considerable extent, and
with greater or less profit. The furs are purchased from the Indians,
many hundred miles along the coast, principally with articles of for-
eign merchandize, suited to the wants of the natives of that country.
In 1800, the value of goods shipped to t'.e North-West Coast, and to
the South Seas, was §827,748 ; a part of these were undoubtedly-
destined to the Spanish settlements on the Pacific Ocean. Not only
has the North- West Coast been explored, by the enterprise of the
Americans for furs, but every island in the South Seas, and every
part of the continent of South-America, has been visited, in search of
seal skins for the same market. These sealing voyages were also, at
first, very profitable, and induced many others to engage in them.
The business, however, was overdone — the seal, in a few years, be-
came so scarce, as not to be worth the pursuit. The value of this
trade, in furs and seal skins, has been many millions ty the United
States-.
212
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Spain, ...
Teiieriffe and Canaries,
Honduras and Campeacl
Manilla and Phillippinet
Spanish West-Indies, -
Floridas and Louisiana,
Other American Colonie
Portugal,
Madeira, -
Fayal and other Azores,
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218
TABLE No. III.
Amount of goods imported into the United States for the
year ending 30th Sep-
tember,
1807.
value.
Dollars. Cts.
Value of goods paying- an ad valorem }
dutv of 15 per cent. - - 5
-
-
46,861,538
Do. " do. do. 17$ do. -
-
-
11,097,676
Do. do. do. 22£ do. -
-
-
696,703
Malmsey and Madeira wines, gals.
395,103 a
§2 59
1,023,321 95
Burgundy, ..--•-
13,948
4 25
59,279
Sherry,
315,779
1 12
353,672 48
All other wines, -
4,843,489
63
3,051,397 7
Foreign spirits from grain,
1,477,679
1
1,477,679
From other materials,
9,915,243
93
9,221,175 99
Molasses, -
8,511,234
36
3,U64,U44 24
Beer, ale, and porter,
226,559
55
124,607 45
Teas, bohea, - - - lbs.
1,511,051
33
498,946 83
Do. souchong, ....
2,016,177
62
1,250,029 74
Do. Hyson, -
1,251,367
1
1,251,367
Do. other green,
2,823,017
75
2,117,362 75
Coffee,
58,824,811
28
16,470,947 8
Cocoa, .....
9,191,344
25
2,297,961
Chocolate,
3,640
40
1,456
Sugars, brown, &c.
175,110,619
10
17,511,061 90
Do. clayed, &c. ....
45,398,494
13
5,901,8)4 22
Do c.mdy and refined,
159,986
18
28,797 48
Almonds, -
685,400
21
143,934
Currants, ....
436,049
13
56,686 37
Prunes and plumbs, ...
103,766
14
14,527 24
Fig's,
283,353
15
42,502 95
Raisins, in jars and boxes,
864,419
16
138,307 4
All others,
2,918,073
10
291.8J7 30
Candles, tallow,
547,546
18
98,558 28
Wax and spermaceti,
4,412
60
2,647 20
Cheese,
1,029,642
28
288,299 76;
Soap, ......
2,090,125
18
376,222 50
T.Ulow,
1,750,279
15
262,541 85 j
Spices, mace, ....
2,195
7 50
16,462 50
Do. nutmegs, ....
3,182
3 25
10,341 50'
Do. cinnamon, ....
9,o76
1 92
17,425 92 1
Do. cloves,
48,526
84
40,761 84 j
Do. pepper, ....
3,499,433
23
804,869 69
Do. pimento, ....
1,196,239
22
263,172 581
Do. Cassia,
141,348
34
48,058 32
Tobacco manufactured other than }
snuff and cigars, - - 3
10,261
20
2,052 20
Snuff,
57,002
25
14,250 50 i
Indigo, ....
1,010,672
1 83
1,849,529 76\
Cotton,
3,377,870
31
1,047,139 70 J
219
TABLE No. III.— CONTINUED.
Powder, hair, - - lbs.
Do. gun, ....
Starch, ....
Glue,
Pewter plates and dishes,
Iron, anchors and sheet,
Do. slit and hoop,
Do. nails and spikes,
Quick-silver,
Paints, yellow in oil,
Do. do. dry,
Do. Spanish brown,
Do. white and red lead,
Lead, and manufactures of lead,
Seines,
Cordage, tarred,
Do. untarred,
Cables, - -
S^eel, - - - cwt
Hemp, ....
Twine, .....
Glauber salts,
Salt, weighing- more than 56 lbs. ~)
per bushel, - - lbs. S
5,099 a
211,748
26,209
114,732
59,879
781,875
773,017
4,948,443
17,211
32,590
122,460
828,368
2,804,092
2,455,884
10,084
1,068,329
57,210
67,720
15,315
141,107
4,253
157
126,173,054
Do. weighing 56 lbs. or less per
bu;
Coal,
bushel,
bushel
:}
Fish, foreign caught, dried, quint.
Do. salmon, - - barrels
Do. mackerel, ...
Do. all other,
Glass, black quart bottles, gross
"Do. window not above 8 by 10 in- )
| ches for each 100 square feet C
I boxes, - - - - j
|Do. not above 10 bv 12,
fio, all above 10 by 12,
Segars,
Lime,
Boots,
Shoes and slippers, silk,
Do. morocco, ike. for men and 3
women, - ^
Do. children's,
Cards, wool or cotton, - doz.
Do. playing, - packs
Total,
M
casks
pairs
418,538
456,936
233,902
7,231
16,o98
17,057
24,594
value.
§00 16
46
15
23
25
9
10
11
69
15
8
6
15
11
50
11
10
12
13
15
30
5
69
29
4 50
14
7
6
7 50
22,719 11 50
3,089
4,183
25,624
385
3,554
31,880
72,875
24,761
4
6,425
15
17 50
10
8
6 50
175
1 25
75
Dollars. Cts.
815 84
97,4u4 8
3,931 35
26,388 36
14,969 75
70,368 75
77,301 70
544,328 73
11,875 59
4,888 50
9,796 80
49,702 8
420,613 80
270,147 24
5,042
117,516 19
5,721
8,126 40
205,595
2,116,605
127,590
785
1,387,903 59
288,791 221
132,511 44
1,052,559
101,234
112,686
102,342
184,455
261,268 50 i
46,335
73,202 50
256,240
3,u80
23,101
55,790
91,093 75 |
18,570 75 \
24 i
2,248 75 ;
8 138,574,876
220
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224
TABLE No. VI.
Copy <f a rewrn to an Order of the House of Commons, dated 13th
February, U>09, for an account of the total <fficiul value and real
value of all imports into, and Exports from Great-Britain, for three
years, ending 10th October, 1808, — distinguishing each year and
foreign merchandize from British produce and manufactures.
(N. B.) This account is exclusive of the value of the imports and ex-
ports of Scotland, and likewise of the importations from the East-Indies,
and China, the returns of which being- made up and transmitted in annual
periods, ending the 5th of January, are not received for the year 1808, and
therefore the amount of both of diese has been omitted in each of the two
preceding years, of the account, in order to shew the comparative view of
one vear with another.
Official Value.
o
5
5
?•
3
Real Value.
IMPORTS.
EXPORTS.
Foreign i British
and : produce
Colonial . and
merchan- manufac-
dize. tures.
£ £
8,395,269 24,947,782
9,090,918 24,550,72+
6,68o,u24 21,925,53s
IMPORTS.
EXPORTS.
Foreign
and
Colonial
merchan-
dize.
BritisJi
produce
and
manufac-
tures.
£
'22,05 8,003
23,493,127
2>j,7u7,323
£
38,398,645
40,947,300
34.448,620
£
9,005,120
9,679,652
7,138,282
£
39,368,218
39,041,854
35,233,477
1806
1807
1808
Signed, WILLIAM IRVING,
Inspector general of imports and exports.
Custom-House, London, 16th February, 1809.
225
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226
TABLE No. VIII.
An account of the valve of all Imports into and of all Exports from
Great-Britain, for three years, ending 5th of January, 1811, distin-
guishing each year, and distinguishing the value of imports from
the East-Indies and China, from the value of all other imports ; al-
so distinguishing the value of British produce and manufactures
exported, from the value of foreign articles exported, together with
the difference between the official value and the declared vcdue of
British produce and manufactures exported in the year ending 5th
of January, 1811.
Note. The value of British produce and manufactures exported fi-om
Great-Britain, according- to the averag-e prices current, and declarations of
the exporters in the year ending- 5th January, 1811, amounts to £49,975,634.
WILLIAM IRVING,
Inspector general of imports and exports.
Custom-House, London, 23d March, 1811.
* The account of imports from the East-Indies and China, cannot yet be
given.
221
TABLE No. VIII.— continued.
APPENDIX (A 1.)
Official value of Imports into Great-Britain from Europe, Africa,'
and America.
Years enc
ing the 5th of January.;
1809
1810
1811
ARTICLES.
or
or
or |
!
1808.
1809.
1810.
i
£
£
£ i
Almonds, ...
21,380
24,209
19,196.
Annotto, -
8,635
23,463
48,423
Ashes, pot and pearl,
150,524
265,827
460,433
Barilla, -
120,664
188,842
175,508
Bark, oak, -
1,724
11,788
8,935
Berries, juniper, -
12,383
22,953
30,178
Brimstone, -
65,622
24,855
44,229.
Bristles, undressed,
9,886
28,081
20,992
jButter and cheese, (foreign)
321,552
258,145
128,608
jCochineal, - - - -
209,415
83,396
189,828
Cocoa, - - - -
85,538
72,513
61,496
Coffee, ....
4,899,184
4,690,680
5,307,112
Copper, unwrought,
97,189
41,116
92,129,
Corks, -
29,213
41,116
78,788
Corn, grain, meal and rice,
146,240
1,136.971
2,701,228
Cortex, peruvianus,
147,165
81,577
93,705
Currants, ...
110.502
180,329
136,831
Elephant's teeth,
16,476
17,628
19,336
Feathers, for beds, -
1,475
7,054
17,735
Figs,
5,101
13,568
5,834
Fish, viz. cod and herring,
209,731
174,419
126,878.
Flax, rough, ...
403,351
967,628
945,223
Gum arabic and senega,
24,075
35,376
59,722:
Hemp, rough, ...
218,947
721,520'
752,294
Hides, raw and tanned,
228,712
328,306
659,724 |
Jalap, ....
1 1 ,530
5,781
38,809'
Indigo, (not East-India)
63,740
79,527
138,125 !
Iron, bar, -
205,249
239,532
196,830
Isinglass, ...
1,534
14,085
16.569;
Lemons and Oranges, -
33,738
30,710'
33,014'
Linens, (foreign)
174,369
843,710:
938.600j
Madder and madder roots, -
157,959
425,230j
436,475i
Oil, ordinary olive,
83,650
125,648
80,748
train,
326,381
285,586
329,992
Pimento, ....
9,199
57,802
73,866
Pitch and tar, - - -
123.479
106,762!
115,610}
228
TABLE No. VIII. — continued.
APPENDIX (A 1.) CONTINUED.
Quicksilver,
Raisins, - -
Salt, -
Seeds, clover, -
flax and linseed,
Shumack,
Silk, raw and thrown, -
Skins and Furs,
Smelts, -
Spirits, brandy,
geneva, -
rum, -
Succus liquoritise,
Sugar, - - - -
Tallow, -
Tobacco, -
Turpentine,
Wax, bees, ...
Whale fins,
Wines, -
Wood, balks and uf'as, -
deals and deal ends, -
fir timber, -
fustic, -
logwood,
mahogany, -
masts,
oak plank and timber,
redwood,
staves,
Wool, cotton, -
sheep's
Yarn, linen, raw,
All other articles,
Foreign and Colonial produce,
Irish produce and manufactures.
Years ending the 5th of January.
1809
or
1308.
£
1810
or
1809.
13,772
105,744
32,906
13,026
61,177
15,159
246,057
177,757
6,826
251,864
51,798
539,624
19,516
5,046,631
145,860
77,527
15,021
20,209
76,430
1,122,020
878
26,665
63,267
24,036
106,663
66,907
270,405
14,886
19,112
33,419
1,325,318
127,870
34,605
981,656
19,7569,723 i
3,910,98l!
17,320
160,471
63,198
23,777
130,404
22,817
853,706
179,077
22,817
441,201
43,395
607,083
20,562
5,422,066
362,974
275,591
66,828
37,336
75,676
1,173,613
4,230
60,362
111,611
47,354
98,239
104,530
198,251
13,504
47,943
95,743
2,797,932
350,072
233,635
1,114,566
£6>33,625
3,475,759
1811
or
1810.
26,888
63,601
23,900
38,090
213,822
20,661
943,613
282,719
9,633
174,380
12,056
507,602
41,881
6,493,561
505,496
498,585
65,271
39,648
103,255
1,130,332
22,583
100,612
205,264
66,082
184,400
187,159
335,807
36,106
29,040
109,130
3,882,359
564,329
286,757
1,351,061
33^1387686
3,283,456
Total (exclusive oj importations
from E. Indies and China,)
23,780,70430,409,384 36,422,142
229
TABLE No. V1IL— continued.
APPENDIX (A 2.)
Official value of Imports into Great-,
China
3ritain from the East-Indies and
ARTICLES.
Years ending the 5th of January.
1809
or
1808.
1810
or
1809.
1811
or
1810.
£
£
£
Borax, -
Cassia lignea, ...
Coffee, -
Gum Arabic, ...
Indigo, -
Pepper, ....
Piece goods, ...
Rhubarb, ... -
Salt-petre, -
Silk, raw,
Spices, -
.Sugar,
|Tea, ....
'Wool, cotton,
All other articles,
7,975
3,451
2,961
3,107
717,205
62,254
730,413
655
68,521
182,593
137,005
81,252
3,567,812
145,741
137,704
2,136
325
19,911
629
293,751
21,612
164,614
5,085
46,495
93,105
41,902
29,239
2,164,396
318,707
161,118
j Total Imports from East-Indies )
and China, ~ ~ ?
5,848,649
3,363,025' - -
230
TABLE So. VIII. — CONTINUED.
APPENDIX (B.)
^Official value of British produce and manufactures Exported from
Great- Britain.
Years ending the 5th c
f January.
1809
I 1810
1811
ARTICLES.
or
or
or
1808.
1809.
1810.
£.
£.
£.
'Apparel, ...
250,o59
259,835
239,865
Bark, tar.ner's,
50,785
45,151
41,990
Beer, ...
65,001
65,727
72,493
Brass and copper,
354,607
403,429
356,577
Cabinet and upholstery ware,
64,122
78,955
93,163
.Coals, ....
526,845
405,634
509,991
Colors for painting,
129,285
196,968
187,047
iCordage, ...
32,621
46,385
63,052
Corn and flour,
134,055
70,541
44,152
Cotton manufactures,
12,835,803
18,634,614
18,041,633
Do. yarn, ...
575,015
1,097,536
1,075,187
Fish, ....
118,843
142,593
134,296
Glass and earthern ware,
183,643
240,123
236,314
Gun-powder,
33,428
32,417
31,300
Guns, ....
49,689
30,480
49,604
! Haberdashery,
51,436
55,946
64,797
iHats, ....
261,112
335,941
327,884
Hops,
124,346
97,186
52,452
Iron k. steel, wrought &, unwro't,
1,178,524
1,391,761
1,577,462
'Lead and shot,
81,801
63,278
101,993
Leather, tanned and wrought,
191,474
179,945
186,573
Linens, ...
874,460
1,157,030
1,015,240
Musical instruments,
33,558
41,971
51,558!
Oil, train,
26,025
52,499
54,779;
Plate, plated ware L jewellery,
122,066
140,730
164,16s':
Provisions, ...
154,294
139,132
125,249;
Salt,
201,669
288,258
296,759;
Silks,
128,775
190,177
188,023;
Soap and candles,
89,528
129,703
120,353 :
Stationary,
145,824
169,360
212,176:
Sugar, refined,
918,304
1.3 16,769
1,220,498
Tin and pewter,
244,142
232,838
256,581:
Woollen manufactures,
4,853,999
5,4 16.149
5,773,214
All other article-.
Total,
1,576,324
1.925,991
35.104TT32
1,974,127,
26,691,962
34.940,550'
2,n
TABLE No. VIII.— continued.
APPENDIX (C.)
Official value of Foreign and Colon
ial Merchandize Exported fro;n\
Great-Bi
itain.
1
Years ending 5th of January.
1809
1810
1811
ARTICLES.
or
or
or
1808.
1809.
1810.
£
£
£
Annotto, ...
3,670
7,931
28,427
Ashes, ...
17,127
21,003
184,452
Barilla,
8,951
3,065
70,683
Brimstone,
4,065
1,840
22,619
Cassia lignea,
4,068
13,741
3,666
Cochineal,
147,930
73,341
64,097
Cocoa, ...
57,377
144,254
38,494
Coffee, British plantations,
1,286,200
3,038,027
712,774
Do. foreign c'o.
561,720
2,807,133
741,398
Corn, grain, flour, and rice,
51,397
35,911
272,138
Cortex peruvianus,
44,780
92,377
127,686
Currants and raisins,
12,581
35,217
77,594
Fish, cod and herrings,
320,144
198,870
126,835
Flax and hemp, rough,
9,991
60,035
201,190
Hides, tanned and raw,
15,256
109.145
225,893
Jalap, -
2,469
5,319
40,315
Indigo, ...
323,107
636,807
491,298
Iron, bar,
86,231
112,551
167,916
Linens, foreign,
118,578
604,424
737,203
Pepper,
55,201
190,131
126,185
Piece goods of India,
822,345
1,179,728
1,082,115
Pimento, ...
15,926
50,119
29,740
Quicksilver,
17,819
11,757
6,209
Salt,
31,263
39,555
21,973
Salt petre,
33,673
13,200
13,627
Silk, raw and thrown,
55,264
85,960
92,917
Skins and fur«,
5,261
48,646
33,268
Spices, ...
128,579
192,620
161,188
Spirits, brandy and geneva,
252,630
271,647
251,695
Do. rum,
334,339
606,174
339,470
Sugar, British plantations,
513,500
679,281
193,620
Do. foreign do.
270,463
1,033,849
1,277.374
232
TABLE No. VIII.— continued.
APPENDIX (C.) coNTiyuEii.
233
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CHAPTER VII.
Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world — Balance of trade
— Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles consumed in the
United States, at different periods.
Having presented an estimate of the amount of the trade of tlit
United States with the different nations, with whicli they have any
considerable commercial intercourse, we now give a general view
of exports to each quarter of the world, from 1801 to 1812, accom-
panied with some remarks relative to the balance of trade, between
the United States and the rest of the world, with an estimate of the
quantity of certain imported articles, annually consumed, at different
periods.
The following statement exhibits the value of merchandize, do-
mestic and foreign, exported from the United States, to each quarter
of the world, from 1801 to 1812 :—
EVBOPE,
ASIA.
Domestic.
Foreign.
Domestic.
Foreign.
Years.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
1801
27,569,699
31,380,558
371,737
1,136,517
1802
19,904,389
23,575,108
547,386
820,423
1803
25,939,111
8,561,834
292,593
149,600
1 804
23,094,946
27,468,725
546,278
830,223
1805
23,610,776
36,341,320
612,683
2.156,229
1 806
24,384,020
40,267,711
514,621
1,968,8.60
1807
31,012,947
38,882,633
497,769
1,598,445
1808
5,185,720
7,202,232
26,649
267,542
1809
17,838,502
13,072,045
703,900
1,218,228
1810
27,202,534
17,786,614
377,795
406,646
1811
29,552,442
8,727,011
581,815
812,950
1812
20,626.188
5,644,433
31
308.510
588,2PM
2*2
AFKICA. W. IND1£S, AMERICAN CUSTJLSXHT, &.C
Domestic. Foreign. Domestic. Foreign.
Vears.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
1801
934,331
756,445
17,482,025
13,369,201
1802
747,544
411,855
14,982,854
10,967,585
1803
636,106
148,004
15,338,151
4,734,634
1804
1,264,737
681.499
16,561,516
7,251,150
1805
1,359,518
1,726,987
16,774,025
12,954,483
1806
1,371,475
901,916
14,983,611
17,144,759
1807
1,296,375
1,627,177
15,892,501
17,535,303
1808
278,544
218,950
3,939,633
5,308,690
1809
3,132,687
1,472,819
9,732,613
5,034,439
1810
2,549,744
722,777
12,236,602
5,475,258
1811
1,804,998
622,445
13,354,788
5,860,384
1812
1,235,457
197,587
7,861,655
2,064,808
It will be seen from this statement, taken from the custom-house
books, that, in the most prosperous period of our commerce, when
our exports amounted annually to more than one hundred millions of
dollars, we exported to Europe, domestic produce of the value of
more than twenty-six millions of dollars, and of foreign produce,
more than thirty-eight millions of dollars ; to Asia, domestic produce
of the value of about five hundred and forty thousand dollars, and
foreign produce about one million and nine hundred thousand dollars ;
to Africa, domestic produce of the value of about one million three
hundred thousand dollars, and foreign produce, about one million
four hundred thousand dollars ; and to the West-Indies and American
continent, domestic produce, about fifteen million eight hundred and
eighty thousand dollars, and foreign produce, about fifteen million
eight hundred and seventy thousand dollars. The average amount of
exportsof domestic produce during the years, 1805, 1806, and 1807,
was $44,863,198 and of foreign produce, $57,701,937. Of the
whole value of domestic produce, exported during this period, about
hx tenths went to Europe, about four elevenths to the West-Indies
and American continent, and less than one twentieth to Asia and Africa.
In the preceding chapter, we have, as far as practicable, given an
account of the value of our imports, at different periods, with the
243
countries from whence derived. It would have been fortunate, had
the custom-house books furnished us with the annual value of our im-
ports, as well as exports.
This would have enabled us, with much more certainty, to ascer-
tain the balance of trade, between the United States and other coun-
tries.
On the subject of the balance of trade, as it has been called, wri-
ters on political economy have very widely differed. Assuming dif-
ferent data as the basis of their calculations, they have come to differ-
ent results. Some have considered the rate of exchange between two
countries, as the best evidence of the balance of trade between them ;
others have considered the value of exports and imports as the surest
criterion, by which to judge of the increase or decrease of the wealth
of a country, while some have maintained, that the rate of the inte-
rest of money is to be taken into the account. A late celebrated
French writer, in his able and learned inquiry into the various sys-
tems of political economy, speaking of the " necessity of endeavour-
ing to find out a way to know the balance of annual income, and an-
nual consumption," asks this question, — " Is there any such way,
that can be relied upon, as certain and positive . ? " And answers it
by saying " there is none." " We must, as yet," says he, " be
contented with mere conjecture, built upon an augmented population,
and particularly upon the increase of the industrious classes and towns,
upon the good condition of agricultural buildings, upon the number
of acres cleared, or enclosed, and upon the facility with which the
public contributions are collected. To these conjectures, some add,
those resulting from the rate of interest of money ; but this conjec-
ture is, in my opinion, erroneous and delusive.
; ' A high rate of interest is not always a proof of the declining
wealth of a country ; on the contrary, it is a proof of its prosperity,
when this prosperity is progressive. The interest of money must al-
ways be very high in countries whose prosperity is progressive, be-
cause its agriculture and manufactures, increasing with its popula-
tion, are always requiring fresh capitals, the demand for which ne-
cessarily keeps the rate of interest very high."
It is not, however, our intention to enter into a consideration ol
the various theories respecting the- balance of trade. Whatever
244
doubts may have perplexed writers on political economy, on the
>!ib:. r> ct of the increase or decrease of wealth, or the balance of trade,
anion" the old nations of Europe, there can be none with respect to
this country.
That the United States, since the establishment of the present go-
vernment, and particularly until the commencement of commercial
prohibitions, and the war between them and Great-Britain, have in-
creased in wealth, as well as population, does not rest on conjecture.
It is proved by the great increase of their exports and imports, by
the increase of the duties on imports and tonnage, by the unexampled
increase of their commercial tonnage, by the accumulation of wealth
in ail their cities, towns, and villages, by the establishment of various
monied institutions, and of manufactures, by the great rise in the va-
lue oi' lands, and by various internal improvements. If we are to
form an opinion of the increase of our national wealth, by a compar-
ative view of our exports and import- alone, Ave shall be equally cer-
tain, that this opinion does not rest on conjecture.
It is true with nations, as with individuals, if their annual con-
sumption exceeds their annual income : if the actual value of the
articles imported into any country, and there consumed, annually ex-
ceeds the actual value of the articles exported in payment for them,
that country must become indebted to the amount of the difference,
and if this difference be great, and continues for a number of years,
lhat country must be proportionally impoverished. In determining,
however, the increase or decrease of national wealth, by a compari-
son of imports and exports, we are in the first place to inquire how,
or in what manner, this value has been ascertained : a second ques-
tion may also arise, whether the imports are all annually consumed
in the country, or whether a part of them go to form an addition to
the productive capital. The modes of valuing exports and imports
are different in different countries.
In England, the rates at which the exports and imports are valued,
were settled in 1696. The value of all articles at that period, ex-
ported or imported, was fixed, and the value of all the exports and
imports of that country has ever since been stated in their custom-
house books at the rates then established. This is called the official
value in the English accounts of export's and imports. In conse-
245
quence of the great rise in most if not all the articles of trade, for
more than a century past, this official value is much less than the real
or actual value. The difference in some articles is very great, in
most it amounts to forty, fifty, and sixty per cent. In 1807, the of-
ficial value of the exports of British produce and manufacture was
£24,550,724, but the real or declared value, as ascertained by the
inspector-general of imports and exports and laid before parliament,
was £39,041,854.
In the United States, as we have before observed, the value of ex-
ports is stated according to the average prices of the articles, at the
places of exportation. In 1807, the average price of tobacco, for
instance, at the places from whence it was exported was eighty-eight
dollars per hogshead, and the value of all the tobacco exported dur-
ing that year was calculated at that price. The value of the im-
ports, so far as they are ascertained at the custom-house, (and they
are ascertained only on goods subject to the payment of duties ad
valorem) is determined by law, as follows, viz. — " by adding twenty
per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if imported from tlie Cape of
Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same, and ten per cent,
on the actual cost thereof, if imported from any other place or coun-
try, including all charges, commissions, outside packages and insu-
rance only excepted." From this, it will readily be perceived that
the value of imports of the United States, as estimated in their cus-
tom-house books, must, generally, if not always, exceed that of their
exports. In the preceding Tables, containing the exports and im-
ports from 1795 to 1801, it will be perceived that the value of the
latter exceeds that of the former in each year. In 1803 , the value of
imports (as estimated at the place of importation) was $11 1,363,51 1,
and the value of exports only $93,020,573, making a difference of
$18,343,938. In 1807, our exports were valued at $108,343,150,
and the imports at $138,574,876 84 cents, making a difference of
$30,231,726. The value of the imports in 1807, it will be remem-
bered, was estimated from the prices at which the same articles when
exported in the same year were valued at the custom-house.
Indeed, from this mode of calculating their value, and from the cir-
cumstance that American merchants have been, for many years, prin-
• ipally their own carriers, however paradoxical it may appear, it is
246
nevertheless true that the real gain of the United States has been
nearly in proportion as their imports have exceeded their exports.
This will be evident from a simple statement in respect to a single
voyage. A vessel carries a cargo of flour to Spain or Portugal, say
five thousand barrels. This was valued in 1811, at-$9 50 cents per
barrel, making the value of the cargo, at the place of exportation,
$47,500. This flour would bring the shipper in Spain, say fifteen
dollars per barrel, making the value of the cargo at a foreign port,
$75,000, the difference being $27,500. This difference arises from
the necessary charges on the voyage, including freight, insurance,
commissions, <s:c. and perhaps, also, a profit more or less, according
to the state of the market. If the avails of this cargo should be
brought home directly in money, the value of the imports arising
from it would of course be $75,000, exceeding the value of the
original cargo before its exportation, $27,500. If this cargo were
shipped in an American vessel, and entirely on account of the Ame-
rican merchant, this difference would be a gain to the United States.
It is obvious, indeed, that unless the avails of the cargo, when sold in
a foreign port, are sufficient to cover the expense of shipment in addi-
tion to the first cost at the place of exportation, it must be a losing
voyage.
Return-, however, are not often made in money alone ; the avails
of an outward cargo are generally vested in some foreign articles and
imported into the United States in our own vessels. The freight and
other expen.-es on the return cargo, with a reasonable profit, are in-
cluded in the value of the articles, and go to increase the difference
between the estimated value of the imported and exported cargo. As
most of our exports consist of bulky articles, and are carried in our
own ships, the profit from freight alone has been very great. In
1811, one million four hundred and forty-five thousand and twelve
barrels of flour were shipped from the United States, the average
ireight could not be less than two dollars per barrel, making for the
whole quantity $2,890,024. When we add to this the freight on
tobacco, rice, cotton, lumber, beef, pork, fish, ice. \.c. kc. the whole
must amount to many millions.
The imports are partly again exported, and the rest consumed in
ihe United States. The quantity and estimated value of those ex-
24*7
ported are contained in our custom-house books, and are annually re-
ported to congress from the treasury department, and Tables Nos. I.
II. and III. shew the amount of goods paying duties ad valorem, to-
gether with the quantities of spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, su-
gar, and salt, imported and exported at different periods.
From these it will be seen, that the value of merchandize paying
duties ad valorem, and the quantities of foreign spirits, molasses,
wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, annually consumed in the United
States at different periods, were as follows, viz. : —
Average annual amount.
3 years, 1790 to 1792
6 years, 1793 to 1798
3 years, 1805 to 1807
Merchandiz e paying-
duties ad valorem.
Dolls.
19,310,801
27,051,440
38,549,966
3 years, 1790 to 1792
6 years, 1793 to 1798
12 years, 1801 to 1812
Spirits — foreign.
Gallons.
4,108,802
5,176,810
6.834.878
3 years, 1790 to 1792
6 years, 1793 to 1798
12 years, 1801 to 1812
Molasses.
Gallons.
5,423,122
3,822,351
7,207.589
3 years, 1790 to 1792
6 years, 1793 to 1798
12 years, 1801 to 1812
Wines paying spe-
cific duties.
Gallons.
- 1,091,478
• 1,502,403
1.715,892
Wines paying du-
ties advalorem.
Gallons.
661,943
248
Teas,
pounds.
Average annual amount Dolls.
3 years, 1790 to 1792 2,215,749
6 years, 1793 to 1798 - - 2,175,694
12 years, 1801 to 1812 - 3,277,194
Coffee,
pounds.
3 years, 1790 to 1792 - - - 3,836,391
G years, 1793 to 1798 - 7,351,665
12 years, 1801 to 1812 .- - 11,107,380
Sugar,
pounds.
3 years, 1790 to 1792 22,397,370
6 years, 1793 to 1798 - - 36,149,664
12 years, 1801 to 1812 50,279,249
Salt,
pounds.
3 years, 1790 to 1792 - 1,475,033
6 years, 1793 to 1798 2,210,942
7 years, 1801 to 1807 - - 3,856,543
The consumption of foreign articles lias increased, with the in-
crease of population, and in the articles of coffee and sugar particu-
larly, the ratio of increase has been in proportion to the wealth, as
well as the population of the country.
The increase of American population, it is believed, has been,
without example, in the annals of the world. From 1749 to 1790.
a period of forty -one years, the increase was, from little more
than a million, to nearly four millions. By the first enumeration
under the present constitution, in 1790, the number of inhabitant-
was— - - - 3,929,326
By the second, in 1800, - 5,309,758
By the third, in 1810, - - - 7,239,905
being an increase, in twenty years, of 3,310,577
249
The numbers in each state, in each of these years, may be seen in
tables No. IV. V. and VI.
The whole'quantity of sugar consumed in the United States, for
some years past, must have been about seventy millions of pounds.
In 1810, about ten millions were made, in the territory of Orleans,
now state of Louisiana ; and in the same year, according to the re-
turns of the marshals, more than nine millions and a half of sugar
were made from the maple tree, in the United States.
Sugar plantations have been, and still are increasing in Louisiana ;
and it is stated, by those well acquainted with the subject, that, in
1814, not less than fifteen millions were made in that state ; though
but a small proportion of the lands there, suitable for sugar, have yet
been planted with cane.
The culture of the sugar cane has lately been introduced into the
state of Georgia ; and the experiments already made have been at-
tended with the most flattering success. In 1805, Thomas Spalding,
Esq. a gentleman of wealth and enterprise, in that state, procured one
hundred cane plants from the West-Indies, for the purpose of trying
them on his plantation, on an island near the sea coast of Georgia.
After repeated trials, in which he was guided, principally, by his
own judgment and experience, he completely succeeded. About
three years since, he made a small quantity of sugar of a good quali-
ty ; and in 1814, he had one hundred acres in cane, which produ-
ced seventy -five thousand weight of prime sugar, and four thousand
gallons of molasses ; and but, for the want of boilers, which, on ac-
count of the war. could not be brought to his plantation, would have
produced one hundred thousand weight. The culture of the cane is
found not to be more laborious than cotton, and is not liable to so
many accidents. One thousand pounds per acre is not considered a
great crop. This at ten cents, would be one hundred dollars. Al-
most every planter, along the sea coast of Georgia, is now turning his
attention, more or less, to the culture of the sugar cane ; and from ex-
periments already made, the cane is found to grow luxuriantly, as
far north as the city of Charleston, in South-Carolina.
There can, perhaps, be little doubt, that, at a period not very far
distant, a su*ncient quantity of sugar may be made, within the lim-
its of the United States, for the consumption of the inhabitants.
32
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TABLE No. II.
Statement exhibiting the amount or value of goods paying duties ad va-
lorem imported into the United States, together with the duties accru-
ing thereon — also the amount or value of the same goods exported ;
distinguishing those entitled to drawback and those not entitled to
drawback.
Value of : Value of
Value of
goods ex- | goods ex-
goods im-
ported pay-:ported pay-
TEARS.
ported pay-
Duties.
ing duties ad
ing duties
ing duties
valorem enti-
ad val. not
ad valorem.
tled to draw-
entitled to
back.
drawback.
1801
55,569,255
7,070,430
-
-
] 802
37,546,051
4,960,123
-
-
1803
36,842,865
4,850,630
-
-
1804
43,481,363
5,664,797
-
-
1805
49,148,064
6,410,440
7,861,744
5,617,889
1806
54,832,896
7,162,099
10,121,468
6,066,099
1S07
57,820,532
7,560,929
11,047,359
5,437,034
1808
21,216,935
2,739,375
2, 50,192
1,443,198
1809
28,549,588
3,806,263
3,587,209
1,759,216
1810
52,476,125
6,814,255
3,791,835
2,837,076
1811
21,874,953
2,820,166
3,535,318
3,120,884
1812
24,729,282
5,782,144
1,630,122/
888,900
The importations in these statements are from 1st January, 1801, to theSlsl
December, 1812, and the exports from the 1st of October, 1801, to the
30th September, 1812.
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Dist. of N.Carolina,
East, Tennessee,
West Tennessee
South-Carolina,
Georgia,
Ter. of Orleans,
Mississippi,
Louisiana,
Indiana,
Illinois,
Michigan,
Dist. of Columbia,
CHAPTER VIII.
Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Funded, and
on what terms — Sinking Fund — Increase or decrease of the debt at differ-
ent periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at the time of the declara-
tion of the late war between the United States and Great -Britain — Its in-
crease since — Amount and terms of the late loans, and issues of Treasury
Notes — Sketch of the national debt and sinking fund of Great-Britain,
We have before stated, that in April, 1783, the debt of the Unit-
ed States (exclusive of the State debts) was estimated at $42,000,375
and that from that time, to the commencement of the present go-
vernment, a small part only of the interest of this sum was paid.
The attention of the first Congress was early called to the subject of
supporting public credit, and of making provision for the payment
of the public debt. The first House of Representatives, under the
constitution, directed the Secretary of the Treasury, to prepare and
report a plan for the support of public credit. The Secretary, in
pursuance of such direction, made a report on the subject, the 9th of
January, 1790, which afterwards became the basis of the various
laws passed by congress for funding and paying the public debt.
By this report, the whole debt of the United States, foreign and
domestic, liquidated and unliquidated, was estimated at $54,124,464
and 56 cents.
The principal of the foreign debt, was - $10,070,307
Arrears of interest to the last day of December,
1789. - - - 1,640,071 62
$11,710,378 62
262
The foreign debt consisted of loans from governments and indivi-
duals in Europe, as follows, viz. —
CAPITAL SUMS BORROWED.
Livres. Dolls. Cts.
Of the royal French treasury, on interest
at five per cent. - - - 24,000,000
In Holland, guaranteed by the French
court, at four per cent. - - 10,000,000
Livres 34,000,000 6,296,296
Of the royal Spanish treasury, at five per
cent. - - - - - 174,012
Florins.
Lenders in Holland,
first loan, five per cent. - - 5,000,000
second loan, four per cent. - 2,000,000
third loan, five per cent. - 1,000,000
fourth loan, five per cent. 1,000,000
9,000,000 3,600,000
$10,070,301
ARREARAGES OE IM'EREST TO olST DECEMBER, 1789-
ON THE FRENCH LOAN.
Livres. Dolls. Cts
1739, Jan. 1 , 5 yrs. interest on the 6,000,000
at five per cent. - - 277,777 77
Sept. 3, six years interest on the 18,000,000
at five per cent. - - 999,999 96
Nov. 5, four years interest on the 10,000,000
at four per cent. - - 296,296
263
ON THE SPANISH LOAN.
Dolls. Cts.
Arrearages on the Spanish loan of $ 174,01 1
to 21st March 1782, at 5 per ct. - 5,093 27
March 21, seven years interest on do. 60,904 62
1,640,071 62
$11,710,378 62
The principal of the Inundated domestic debt was $27,383,917 74
The arrears of interest to the end of 1790,
amount to - - - 13,030,168 20
$40,414,085 9-
The unliquidated debt was estimated at 2,000,000
Making together, - - $54,124,464 56
The state debts, including interest, were estimated at $25,000,000.
la this report, the Secretary recommends to Congress an assumption
of the state debts, with like provision for payment as the debts of the
union, as " a measure of sound policy and substantial justice." If
the United States should assume the state debts, the whole debt, to be
provided for by the general government, would amount to about se-
venty-nine millions of dollars, and the annual interest to $4,587,444
and 81 cents, as estimated in the report.
It was doubted by the Secretary, whether, in addition to the other
expenses of the government, it was in the power of the United States
" to make a secure and effectual provision for so large a sum, on the
terms of the original contracts." On this subject he says " the in-
teresting problem now occurs : Is it in the power of the United
States, consistently with those prudential considerations, which ought
not to be overlooked, to make provision equal to the purpose of fund-
ing the whole debt, at the rates of interest which it now bears, in ad-
dition to the sum which will bo necessary for the current service ct
(he {rovernmf nt ?
26i
• v The Secretary will not say that such a provision would exceed
the abilities of this country ; but he is clearly of opinion, that to
make it, would require the extension of taxation to a degree, and to
objects, which the true interest of the public forbids. It is therefore
to be hoped, and even to be expected, that they will cheerfully con-
cur in such modifications of their claims, on fair and equitable princi-
ples, as will facilitate to the government an arrangement substantial,
durable, and satisfactory to the community. It will not be forgotten,
that exigencies may, ere long, arise, which would call for resources,
greatly beyond what is now deemed sufficient for the current service ;
and that, should the faculties of the country be exhausted or even
strained to provide for the public debt, there could be less reliance
on the sacredness of the provision.
" But while the Secretary yields to the force of these considera-
tions, he does not lose sight of those fundamental principles of good
faith, which dictate, that every practicable exertion ought to be
made, scrupulously to fulfil the engagements of the government ;
that no change in the rights of its citizens ought to be attempted
without their voluntary consent ; and that this consent ought to be
voluntary in fact, as well as in name. Consequently, that every pro-
posal of a change ought to be in the shape of an appeal to their rea-
son and to their interest ; not to their necessities. To this end it is re-
quisite, that a. fair equivalent should be offered for what may be ask-
ed to be given up, and unquestionable security for the remainder.
Without this, an alteration, consistently with the credit and honour of
die nation, would be impracticable."
With these views, he submits to the consideration of Congress, va-
rious plans and propositions for the modification, security, and pay-
ment of the domestic debt. The main object of all his propositions
was either to lower the rate of interest, or to postpone the payment
of the interest, or a part of the sum, to a distant day, with the con-
sent of the creditors themselves. On the 14th of August, 1790, Con-
gress passed " an act making provision for the debt of the United
States. 1 ' This act proposed a loan of the whole of the domestic debt.
The terms of the loan were, that two thirds of the principal of the
debt subscribed should draw an interest of six per cent, per annum.,
from a ntL after the first day of January, 1791. and the remaining
265
third of the principal, to draw the same interest, from and after the
year 1800 ; the interest on both to be payable quarter yearly ; and
that so much of the debt subscribed, as consisted of arrears of interest,
should, from and after the first day of January, 1791, bear an interest
of three per cent.
By the same act, Congress assumed twenty-one and a half millions
of the debts of the several states ; and the sums assumed were ap-
portioned to each state. This sum was also to be loaned to the Unit,
ed States, by the individuals who held certain evidences of state
debts, on the following terms, viz. Each subscriber to be entitled to
one certificate for the sum equal to four ninths of the sum subscribed,
bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, commencing the first
day of January, 1792 ; to another certificate for a sum equal to two
ninths of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of six per cent, after
the year 1800 ; and to a third certificate, for a sum equal to three ninths
of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of three per cent, from the
first day of January, 1792. This act was, at first, limited to one
year, but was afterwards extended until the whole of the assumed
debt was subscribed, and nearly the whole of the domestic debt of
the United States. On the 31st day of December, 1794, the amount
of the domestic or original debt of the United States, which was sub-
scribed and funded according to the provisions of law, (including the
debt standing to the credit of individual states, being balances found
due to them on a final settlement of accounts between them and the
United States, and including also, that which, previous to that time,
had been purchased by the commissioners of the sinking fund,) was
as follows, viz.
Six per cent, stock, - $20,925,894 39
Deferred stock, .... 10,462,947 61
Three per cent, stock, - - 13.394.280 0]
The amount of funded assumed debt, (including
that purchased or redeemed by the commissioner* of
U
260
the sinking iund,) on the last day of December, 1794;
was as follows, viz. —
Six per cent, stock, - - $8,120,836 23
Deferred stock, - - - 4,060,417 84
Three per cent, stock, 6,090,560 67
Making in the whole six per cent, stock, - $29,046,730 62
Deferred stock, - - 14,523,365 45
Three per cent, stock, - 19,484,840 68
$63,054,936 75
Redeemed by purchase, - 2,265,022 57
Total due, December 31st, 1794,* $60,789,914 18
The total amount of the unredeemed debt of the United States, botli
foreign and domestic, and the particulars of which it consisted, on tht
31st day of December, 1794, was as follows, viz. —
Foreign debt, $14,599,129 35
Deduct instalments of foreign debt
in the year 1795, to be paid
out of proceeds of foreign
loans, - - 853,750
13,745,379 35
Funded domestic debt, viz.
1. Arising from original domestic
debt, subscribed to loan pro-
posed by funding act,
Stock bearing present inte-
rest of six per cent. $17,912,138 Of
Stock bearing a future inte-
rest of six per cent. - 8,538,228 97
Stock bearing interest of
three per cent. - 12,275,347 55
* See Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1795
26?
2, Arising from state debts assumed,
Stock bearing present inte-
rest of six per cent. - $7,908,374 19
Stock bearing a future inte-
rest of six per cent. - 3,940,608 96
Stock bearing an interest of
three per cent. - 5,994,115 70
3. Arising from balances to creditor
states,
Stock bearing present inte-
rest of six per cent. - 2,345,056
Stock bearing a future inte-
rest of six per cent. - 1,172,528
Stock bearing an interest of
three per cent. - 703,516 80
60,789.914 18
Unsubscribed debt, viz.
Principal, exclusive of loan
office certificates, bearing inte-
rest, on nominal value, - $1,072,583 40
Interest thereupon, including
indents,
Principal of loan office certi-
ficates, bearing interest on no-
minal sum,
Interest thereupon,
Total of unredeemed debt,
This is exclusive of a sum of $1,400,000 due to the bank of the
United States, on account of the loan of $2,000,000 had of that in-
stitution, pursuant to the eleventh section of the act by which it is
incorporated, and which is not included in the mass of the debt, be-
cause it is more than counter-balanced, by a greater value in stock
452,826
74
27,937
7,830
i £fii i7r. i,
-
$76,096,468 67
268
It is also exclusive of those loans, which are temporary anticipations
of the revenue.
The United States, by the terms of the loan, reserved to them-
selves the right of paying the six per cent, and deferred stock, in any
sum, not exceeding eight per cent, per annum, both on account of
principal and interest ; and the three per cents, were redeemable at
the pleasure of the United States.
The Secretary of the Treasury, in his report of January, 1790, on
the subject of funding the debt, proposes not only that funds be ap-
propriated for the punctual payment of the interest, but that perma-
nent funds, be also provided for the ultimate extinguishment of the
debt itself.
On this subject he says, " Persuaded as the Secretary is, that the
proper funding of the present debt will render it a national blessing ;
yet he is so far from acceding to the position, in the latitude, it is
sometimes laid down, that ' public debts are public blessings,' a posi-
tion inviting to prodigality and liable to danger and abuse, that he ar-
dently wishes to see incorporated, as a fundamental maxim, in the sys-
tem of public credit of the United States, that the creation of a debt
should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment.
This he regards as the true secret for rendering public credit immor-
tal — and he presumes that it is difficult to conceive a situation in
which there may not be an adherence to the maxim. At least, he
feels an unfeigned solicitude, that this may be attempted by the
United States, and that they may commence their measures for the
establishment of credit, with the observance of it."
In pursuance of these views of the Secretary, provision was made
by law first for the punctual payment of the interest of this debt, and
afterwards for the reimbursement and redemption of the principal ;
and funds were appropriated and pledged for those purposes.
Prior to the year 1795, the permanent duties on imported articles,
the tonnage duties, the duties on spirits distilled within the United
Slates, and on stills, after reserving out of the same, $G00,000 per
annum, for the support of the government of the United States, and
their common defence, were appropriated and pledged —
1 st. For the payment of the interest on foreign loans.
269
2d. For the payment of the interest on stock created by the loan of
the domestic or original debt of the United States.
3d. For the payment of the interest of the assumed debt.
4th. For the payment of the interest on the balances due to the credi-
tor states.
These appropriations had priorities according to the order in
which they are enumerated.
A fund was also created, previous to the year 1795, for the re-
demption of the debt, which was called " the sinking fund,*' and was
placed under the management of the President of the Senate, the Chief
Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the
Attorney -General for the time being, who were called Commissioners
of ' ; the sinking fund." This fund consisted —
1st. Of the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of
the year 1790.
2d. The proceeds of loans, not exceeding $2,000,000, authorized to
be borrowed for that purpose.
3d. The interest on the public debt, purchased, redeemed, or paid
into the treasury, together with the surplusses, if any, of monies
appropriated for interest.
4th. The avails of the public lands.
This fund was to be applied by the Commissioners, with the ap-
probation of the President of the United States, as follows, viz. : —
1st. To purchases of the debt, till the fund is equal to two percent.
of the outstanding stock, then bearing an interest of six per cent.
2d. To the redemption of that stock ; and lastly, to purchases of any
unredeemed residue of the public debt.
There was reserved, however, out of this fund, a sum not exceed-
ing eight per cent, per annum, towards the payment of interest, and
reimbursing of the principal of the loans made for purchases of the
debt. The amount of the debt purchased by the Commissioners of
the sinking fund up to December 31st, 1794, was $2,265,022 and
56 cents.
270
On the 19th of November, 1794, President Washington, in hi<
speech to Congress, at the opening of their session, recommended
that further provision be made for the security of public credit, and
the ultimate redemption of the public debt, in the following words. —
" The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fis-
cal measures, has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open
the way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt.
Tt is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to
consummate this work without delay. Nothing can more promote
the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more
grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our
system of public credit, cannot be benefitted by procrastination ; and
as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds
which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumu-
lation of debt, which must ultimately endanger all governments."
The Secretary of the Treasury, according with the views of the
President on this subject, on the 16th of January, 1795, submitted to
Congress, a plan for the further support of public credit. This plan,
drawn up with great ability, recommended the adoption of a perma-
nent system for the ultimate extinguishment of the whole debt of the
United States. For this purpose, he proposed an increase of the
sinking fund, by adding thereto duties on imports and tonnage, on
spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, the avails of
the sales of public lands, the dividends on bank stock belonging to
the United States, and the interest of the money which should be re-
deemed, and that there should be appropriated to the same fund, all
monies, which should be received from debts due to the United
States, antecedent to the present constitution, and all surplusses of the
amount of revenue of the United States, which should remain at the
end of any calendar year, beyond the amount of the appropriations
charged upon them, and which, during the session of Congress com-
mencing next thereafter, should not be specially appropriated. That
this fund be applied to the payment and redemption of the six per
cent, and deferred stock, (excluding that standing to the credit of the
Commissioners of the sinking fund, and also that standing to the credit
of particular states, on account of the balances reported in their fa-
vour, by the Commissioners for settling accounts between the United
271
States and individual gtates,) according to the right reserved to the
United States ; that is, to the payment annually, of eight per cent,
on account of the principal and interest, and to continue until the
whole of the same should be paid and redeemed, and after such re-
demption, the same fund to continue appropriated, until the residue
of the debt of the United States, foreign and domestic, funded and
unfunded, should be redeemed and discharged.
The Secretary also proposed, that the faith of the United States
should be firmly pledged to the creditors, that this fund should be in-
violably applied to the redemption, payment, and purchase of the
whole debt of the United States, until the same was fully completed ;
and that for this purpose, the said fund should be vested in the Com-
missioners of the sinking fund, " as property in trust." He also pro-
posed, that all priorities before established, in the appropriations for
the funded debt, as between different parts of it after the year 1796,
should cease unless dissented to, by the creditors ; and that the rev-
enue thus appropriated, should constitute a common or consolidated
fund, chargeable indiscriminately and without priority.
The remarks of the Secretary, on the danger of a great accumula-
tion of public debt, and on the necessary means to prevent it, are too
important not to merit a place here. — " There is no sentiment," he
says in his report, " which can better deserve the serious attention
of the Legislature of a country, than the one expressed in the speech
of the President ; which indicates the danger to every government,
from the progressive accumulation of debt. A tendency to it is per-
haps the natural disease of all governments ; and it is not easy to con-
ceive any thing more likely than this to lead to great and convulsive
revolutions of empires. On the one hand, the exigencies of a nation
creating new causes of expenditure, as well from its own, as frojai the
ambition, rapacity, injustice, intemperance and folly of other nations,
proceed in unceasing and rapid succession. On the other, there is a
general propensity in those, who administer the affairs of government,
founded in the constitution of man, to shift off the burden from the
present to a future day ; a propensity which may be expected to ! )e
strong in proportion as the form of the state is popular.
" To extinguish a debt, which exists, and to avoid contractin *
more, arc ideas almost always favoured bv public feeling; and onin •
272
ion ; but to pay taxes lor the one or other purpose, which are the
only means to avoid the evil, is always more or less unpopular.
These contradictions are in human nature. And the lot of a country
would be enviable indeed, in which there were not always men ready
to turn them to the account of their own popularity, or to some other
sinister account. Hence it is no uncommon spectacle to see the
same men clamouring for occasions of expense, when they happen to
be in unison with the present humour of the community, well or ill di-
rected, declaiming against a public debt, and for the reduction of it,
as an abstract thesis ; yet, vehement against every plan of taxation
which is proposed to discharge old debts, or to avoid new, by defray-
ing the expenses of exigencies a> they emerge.
" These unhandsome acts throw artificial embarrassments in the
way of the administrators of governments ; and cooperating with the
desire, which they themselves are too apt to feel, to conciliate public
favour by declining to lay unnecessary burdens, or with the fear of lo-
sing it, by imposing them with firmness, serve to promote the accumu-
lation of debt ; by leaving that, which at any time exists, with-
out adequate provision for its reimbursement, and by preventing the
laying with energy new taxes, where new occasions of expense occur.
The consequence is, that the public debt swells, till its magnitude be-
comes enormous, and the burthens of the people gradually increase,
till their weight becomes intolerable. Of such a state of things great
disorder in the whole political economy, convulsions and revolutions
of governments are a natural offspring.
" There can be no more sacred obligation, then, on the public
agents of a nation, than to guard, with provident foresight and inflexi-
ble perseverance, against so mischievous a result. True patriotism
and genuine policy cannot, it is respectfully observed, be better de-
monstrated by those of the United States at the present juncture, than
by improving efficiently the very favourable situation in which they
stand, for extinguishing, with reasonable celerity, the actual debt of
the country, and for laying the foundations of a system which may
shield posterity from the consequences of the usual improvidence and
selfishness of its ancestors ; and which, if possible, may give immor-
tality to public credit."
On the policy of establishing a sinking fund, and of rendering it?
273
application to any other object, than that for which it is appropriated,
inviolable, the Secretary, in the same Report, says " The intent is to
secure, by all the sanctions of which the subject is susceptible, an invi-
olable application of the fund according to its destination. No ex-
pedients more powerful can be devised for this purpose, than to clothe
it with the character of private property, and to engage absolutely the
faith of the government, by making the application of it to the object,
a part of the contract with the creditors. But is this necessary ?
" Its necessity rests upon these cogent reasons. The inviolable ap-
plication of an adequate sinking fund is the only practicable security
against an excessive accumulation of debt, and the essential basis of a
permanent national credit.
" Experience has shewn, in countries the most attentive to the
principles of public credit, that a simple appropriation of the sinking
fund is not a complete barrier against its being diverted when imme-
diate exigencies press. The causes which have been stated, with
another view, tempt the administrators of government to lay hold
of this resource, rather than impose new taxes.
" This indicates the utility of endeavouring to give, by additional
sanctions, inviolability to the fund.
" But will those proposed answer the end ? They are the most effi-
cacious that can be imagined ; and they are likely to be entirely effi-
cacious.
"• They cannot be disregarded without a breach of faith and con-
tract, destroying credit, and that at a juncture, when it is most indis-
pensable ; the emergencies which induce a diversion of the fund are
those in which loans, and consequently credit, are most needed."
In pursuance of the plan suggested by the Secretary, an act was
passed by Congress, on the 3d day of March 1795, " making furthei
provision tor the support of public credit, and for the redemption of
the public debt."
By this act the following additional appropriations are made to the
sinking fund, viz. —
" First. So much of the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares, and
merchandize, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits distilled
within the United States, and on stills, as together with the monies,
which now constitute the said fund, and shall accrue to it, by virtue nj
274
the provisions herein before made, and by the interest upon each in-
stalment, or part of principal, which shall be reimbursed, will be suffi-
cient, yearly and every year, commencing the 1st day of January next,
to reimburse and pay so much as may rightfully be reimbursed and
paid of the principal of that part of the debt or stock, which on the
said first day of January next, shall bear an interest of six per cent,
redeemable on account, both of principal and interest, not exceeding
in one year eight per centum, excluding that which shall stand to
the credit of the Commissioners of the sinking fund, and that which
shall stand to the credit of certain states, in consequence of the balan-
ces reported in their favour by the Commissioners for settling account-
between the United States and individual states.
" Secondly. The dividends, which shall be, from time to time, de-
clared on so much of the stock of the bank of the United States, as be-
longs to the United States (deducting thereout such sums as will be re-
quisite to pay interest on any part remaining unpaid of the loan of two
millions of dollars, had of the bank of the United States, pursuant to
the eleventh section of the act, by which the said bank is incorpora-
ted.)
" Thirdly. So much of the duties on goods, wares, and merchan-
dize imported, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits dis-
tilled within the United States, and on stills, as with the said divi-
dends, after such deduction, will be sufficient, yearly and every year,
to pay the remaining instalments of the principal of said loan, as they
shall become due, and as together with any other monies which, by
virtue of provisions in former acts, and herein before made, shall on
the 1st of January, in 1802, belong to the said sinking fund, not oth-
erwise specially appropriated ; and with the interest on each instal-
ment, or part of principal, which shall, from time to time, be reim-
bursed, or paid, of that part of the debt or stock, which on the first
day of January, 1801, shall begin to bear an interest of six per cent,
per annum, will be sufficient, yearly and every year, commencing on
the 1st day of January, 1802, to reimburse and pay so much as may
rightfully be reimbursed and paid, of the said principal of the said
•Icbt or stock, Lc.
■ ; Fourthly. The net proceeds of the sales of land-, beionsine;, or
275
which shall hereafter belong to the United States, in the western ter
ritory thereof.
" Fifthly. All monies, which shall be received into the Treasury,
on account of debts due to the United States, by reason of any mat-
ter prior to their present constitution.
" And lastly : All surplusses of revenues of the United States, which
shall remain, at the end of any calendar year, beyond the amount of
the appropriations charged upon the said revenues, and which, during
the session of Congress next thereafter, shall not be otherwise special-
ly appropriated, or reserved by law."
By the same act, the monies thus appropriated to the sinking fund,
were placed under the direction and management of the Commission-
ers of that fund ; and were to continue so appropriated, until the
whole debt of the United States should be reimbursed and redeemed :
and were declared to be vested in said Commissioners, in trust, to be
applied to the reimbursement and redemption of the whole of said
debt.
And the faith of the United States was also pledged, " that the mo-
nies or funds aforesaid shall inviolably remain and be appropriated
and vested, to be applied to the reimbursement and redemption, in
manner aforesaid, until the same shall be fully and completely effect-
ed."
The Commissioners were also authorized, if necessary , with the ap-
probation of the President of the United States, for the purpose of pay-
ing any instalments of the debt, which might become due, to borrow
the sums required. This power was entrusted with the Commission-
ers, in order to give complete security to the creditors, for the punc-
tual payment of the principal, as well as the interest of the debt, ac-
cording to the terms of the contracts. The reason for vesting the Com-
missioners with this power, is given by the Secretary in his Report :
" It is proposed to authorize the Commissioners of the sinking fund
to provide by new loans for the reimbursement of the instalments
which from time to time accrue. This is on the ground that it is es-
sential to the perfection of the system of redemption, that all iht-
means of ultimate execution should be organized in it. and that there
>hould be no need of future provision.'"
276
The Commissioners were directed, to apply this fund —
1st. To the payment of eisht per cent, per annum, l»oth on ac-
count of principal and interest, on the six per cent, stock, commenc-
ing the reimbursement on the 1st day of January, 1796.
2d. To the payment of the loan had of the bank of the United
States.
3d. To the payment of eight per cent, per annum, on account of
principal and interest, on the deferred stock, commencing the reim-
bursement on the 1st day of January, 1802, and
4th. To apply the surplus of the fund, towards the redemption of
the debt, both foreign and domestic, by payment, or purchase, until
the same should be fully paid or redeemed.
By on act passed the 28th of April, 1796, the Commissioners were
directed to pay this eight per cent, in the manner following, viz. —
On the stock then bearing an interest of six per cent. 1st. By divi-
dends to be made on the last days of March, June, and September, in
each year, from 1796 to 1818, inclusive, at the rate ot one and one
half per cent, upon the original capita'l.
2d. By dividends to be made on the last day of December, 1796,
and from 1797 to 1817, inclusive, on the last day of December in
each year, at the rate of three and one half per cent, upon the origin-
al capital, and by a dividend to be made on the last day of Decem-
ber, 1818. of such a sum, as will be then adequate, according to the
contract, for the final redemption o'" the debt.
The dividends on the deferred stock, to be made from the year
1801 to the year 1824, in like manner and proportion.
By this permanent arrangement for the final payment of the do-
mestic debt, the holders of six per cent, and deferred stock, were to
receive an annuity of eight per cent, on their capital, until the whole
should be paid. This annuity, it was found on calculation, would
extinguish the capital of the six per cent, stock, on the last day of
December, lr>18, and of the deferred stock, on the last of December.
1824,
277
The following was the state of the public debt, on the 1st day oi
January, 1800 : —
Guilders Dolls. Dolls. Cts
Foreign debt, due in Amster-
dam and Antwerp, - 26,900,000 10,760,000
Premiums payable on the
loan of 9th March, 1784, 147,500 59,000
10.819,000
27,047,500
Domestic debt. viz. six per
cent, stock, - - $30,087,650 5
Amount passed to the credit
of the sinking fund. - 1,841,607 9
,428,246,042 9K
Deduct instalments reimburs-
ed to the close of the
year 1799, - - $3,215,575 37
Amount to be reimbursed, $25,030,467 59
Deferred stock, - $14,649,320 21
Amount passed to the credit
of the sinking fund, - 966,376 4
$13,682,944 17
Three per cent, stock. - $19,701,545 1
Amount passed to the credit
of the sinking fund, - 614,836 47
$19,086,708 54
Five and one half per cent.
stock, - - - $1,848,900
Amount passed to the credit
of the sinking fund. - 1,400
$1,847,500
278
Dolls
Four and one half per cent, stock, - 176,000
Six per cent, stock per act of 31st
May, 1796, .... 80,000
Six per cent, navy stock, issued, - 109,200
Six per cent, navy stock, to be issued, 820,000
Eight per cent, stock issued in 1799, 5,000,000
•$65,832,820 30
Total amount of the unredeemed capitals of the
foreign and domestic funded debt on the 1st of
January, 1800, - - - $76,651,820 30
TEMPORARY LOANS.
Sums obtained of the bank of the United
States, in anticipation of the revenue
at five per cent. - - - $1,400,000
Sums obtained at six per cent. - 1 ,840,000
Sums due on the subscription loan for
stock, - - - 400,000
$3,640,000
Deduct the cost of two thousand two
hundred and twenty shares owned by
the United States, - 888,000
2,752,000
Debt of the United States, January 1st, 1800, $79,403,820 30
The above account of the state of the public debt was laid before a
Committee of the House of Representatives, appointed on the 20th ol
March, 1800, " to examine the accounts of the United State* relating
to the public debt, and to report the amount respectively incurred and
extinguished, and generally such facts as relate to the increase or
diminution of the same, since the establishment of the government of
the United States, under the present constitution ;" and was by them
279
reported to the House. This Committee also reported the following
as a " Statement of debts contracted under the present Government
of the United States, and of debts of the late Government discharged,
up to January 1st, 1800, viz. : —
DEBTS CONTRACTED.
Five and an half per cent, stock issued for an equal
amount due to France, ... - $1,848,900
Four and an half per cent. do. do. - 176,000
Six per cent, stock per act of May 31st, 1796, - 80,000
Navy stock issued and to be issued, - - 929,200
Eight per cent, stock, .... 5,000,000
Temporary loans, - - - $3,640,000
Deduct bank shares, - 888,000
2,752.0
Amount of debts contracted, - $10,786,100
DEBTS DISCHARGED.
Foreign debt, January 1st, 1791, $12,343,437 8"
Ditto January 1st, 1800, 10,819,000
-*-
Foreign debt, reduced, - $1,524,437 87
Six per cent, stock purchased or redeemed, - 1,841,607 9
Three per cent. do. do. - 614,836 47
Deferred stock do. do. - 966,376 4
Five and an half per cent, stock, ... 1,400
Reimbursement of the six per cent, stock to the close
of the year 1799, - - - 3,215,575 37
Amount of debts discharged, - $8,164,232 84
It may be observed, that the five and an half and four and an halt
per cent, stock, was issued for the balance due to France, on account
of the former loans from the French Government: during the revoju-
280
tionary war, and was made payable at the pleasure of the Govern-
ment.
The eighty thousand six per cent, stock was obtained on loan in
the United States, in 1796, in pursuance of an act of Congress of
May 31st of that year. The whole loan authorized by that act, and
which was to be made by the Commissioners of the sinking fund, with
the approbation of the President, was five millions of dollars, to be ap-
plied to the payment of the capital, or principal of any parts of the
debt of the United States then due, or to become due, in the course of
that year, to the bank of the United States, or to the bank of New-
York, or for any instalment of foreign debt. Books were opened for
the whole sum, but eighty thousand dollars only were subscribed, and
which was irredeemable, until the close of the year 1819.
The navy six per cent, stock was issued or agreed to be issued, to
certain persons, who built vessels of war, for the United States, in
the years 1798 and 1799, and for which they agreed to receive in
payment six per cent, stock payable at pleasure : and hence it has
been generally denominated, navy six per cent, stock.
The eight per cent, stock of five millions was issued in conse-
quence of a loan, opened in the United States, in pursuance of an act
authorizing the same, passed July 16th, 1798, and was redeemable
after the year 1808.
The temporary loans were in anticipation of the revenue,* and for
-ubscription to the bank of the United States.
The views taken by the Committee above referred to, as to the
amount of public debt, at various periods, from the commencement
of the Government, and as to its increase or diminution, jnay not be un-
interesting. The Committee in their report say " The order of the
House having particularly directed the attention of the Committee to
the increase or diminution of debt, they have thought it their duty to
bring into view the amount of debt with which the present Government
commenced its operations, and to contrast the same with the balance
of debt on the first of January in the present year. In discharging
this duty, it will become necessary to explain the principles on which
* The foreign debt was due in Holland, and was payable there, in unequui
annual instalments, the last of which was due in ISO* 1 .
281
these statements rest ; which the Committee will do in as concise a
manner as possible. But before they enter upon this detail, they
cannot forbear to express the satisfaction which they feel in declaring,
that the documents which have been obtained from the Treasury
will, in their opinion, fully demonstrate the precision and abili-
ty with which the business of that department has been conducted,
and that by the fiscal operations of the government, the public debt
has been diminished. 1 '
" In ascertaining the amount of the old debt, two different principles
have been taken by those, who have made their calculations on this
subject. The first has been to include only the interest upon the
debt to the close of the year 1789, as the nearest convenient period
to the day, when the government commenced its operations, and after
deducting from the aggregate of debt, the amount of funds then in the
power of the government, to consider the balance as the amount of
old debt.
" The second principle has been, to take the amount of debt, a;-
the same has been liquidated and funded under various acts of Con-
gress, and after deducting therefrom the funds acquired or possessed
by the government at the close of the year 1790, to consider the ba-
lance as constituting the true amount of old debt. The difference be-
tween these principles consists in this : by the last mode of computa-
tion, the interest, which accumulated upon the debt, subsequent to the
close of the year 1789, and until the debt was funded and provided
for by law, is considered as a part of the old debt, whereas by the
first mode of computation that interest is totally excluded.
" In consequence of a difference in opinion, which it is understood
still exists on this point, the Committee have thought proper to state
the debt in both modes, that the result in both cases may be perfectly
understood.
" The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Jan-
uary, 1790, as appears by statement No. 9,
amounted to - $72,237,301 97
" The funds then in possession of the government,
and to be deducted, were —
3f>
2S2
•' Cash in the Treasury, January 1st,
1790, ... - $28,239 61
" Cash in the hands of Collectors, 83,127 84
" Bonds at the custom-house, - 590,468 60
" Debts due to the United States,
under contracts of the late govern-
ment, collected at sundry times, 62,586 74
tc Debts paid in specie, during the
year 1789, .... 15,927 13
; ' Proceeds of the sales of land to the
state of Pennsylvania, made by
the late government, - - 151,392 41
931,742 33
• ; Amount of debt January 1st, 1790, - - $71,305,559 64
L ' By the same document it appears, that the debt
contracted by the late government, as the same
has been liquidated and funded by acts of Con-
gress, amounts to - - $76,781,953 14
" That the funds possessed by this government, and
to be deducted from the debt, were as follows : —
;< Cash in the Treasury, January 1st,
1791, - - - - $570,023 88
" Cash in the hands of Collector.-. 225,786 95
" Custom-house bonds uncollected, 1,052,215 13
" Money collected from the credit-
of the late government, as in the
preceding stand^, 6~.586 74
■'• Debts paid in spTj^f, during 1789, 15,927 13
" Sale ofland to Pennsylvania, 151,392 41
' Debts purchased and discharged
during the year 1790, - 518,424 8
2,596,356 32
;: True amount of debt January 1st, 1791. - $74,185,596 82
283
■* By the same document No. 9, it appears that
the debt, exclusive of temporary loans, on the
1st of January, 1800, amounted to - - $76,651,820 30
' Temporary loan*, without deducting bank shares, 3,640,000
; ' Nominal amount of debt January 1st, 1800, - $80,291,820 30
' Funds acquired by the government and which
may be applied to face the foregoing debt —
■• Cash in the Treasury, January 1st,
1800. deducting therefrom the
amount of unclaimed registered
debt, and debts due to foreign offi-
cers, which are to be considered as
a charge on the balance in the
Treasury, - - - $2,061,683 49
•' Remittance to Holland, beyond
the sum necessary to meet all de-
mands on the foreign debt, to the
close of the year 1799, - - 548,955 84
" Cash in the hands of Collectors
and Supervisors, ... 532,247 81
" Bonds uncollected, at the custom-
houses, estimated at six millions,
payable on an average of six
months, deducting the interest for
that term leaves, - - - 5,826,214
;i Two thousand two hun-
dred and twenty bank
shares, cost - - 888,000 ^ *
•' Advance twenty -five per
cent. - - - 222,000
1,110,000
10,079,101 14
'True amount of debt January 1st. 1800, - $70,212.718 16
284
-< For tlie purpose of shewing the rapidity with which the public-
debt was diminishing, at the time when the hostility of France com-
pelled the government to incur those great and extraordinary expen-
ses, which appear in the Treasury statements, and to enter upon
that extensive system of defence, which has resulted in the security
of our commerce, the Committee thought it necessary, in addition to
the preceding statements, to present a view of the debt on the 1st of
January, 1798, remarking at the same time, that the reduction which
at that time had been made, proves, in the most satisfactory manner,
the ease with which the debt may be extinguished, whenever the
Government shall be left unembarrassed by internal disorder, or
foreign hostility.
1,1 The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Janua-
ry, 1798, $76,366,618 8?
" Funds to be deducted were —
■ Cash in the Treasury January 1st,
1798, ... . $1,021,889 4
" Cash in the hands of Collectors, - 265,369 3
"Cash in the hands of Supervisors, - 32,964 39
Ci Value of bonds uncollected at the
custom-houses, January 1st, 1798,
estimated at 6,309,058
■ ; Bank stock at its value 1,110,000
8,739,280 46
•• True amount of debt January 1st, 1798— $67,627,338 36
" From whence it results (the Committe say,) that if the amount ol
debt on the 1st of January, 1800, is contrasted with the debt on the
1st of January, 1790, it will appear, that the debt has diminished by
the sum of $1,092,8-11 and 48 cents, or if it is compared with the
debt of January 1st, 1791, the debt has diminished, by the sum of
$3,972,878 and 66 cents ; so that, in either mode of stating the ac-
count, it clearly appears, that the debt has in fact been diminished. "
285
The Committee proceed to say, they incline to the opinion, that the
debt, as it was liquidated and funded by the government, after de-
ducting the amount of funds, which arose prior to the 1st of January,
1791, ought to be considered, as constituting the true amount of debt,
with which the present Government has been charged by the Con-
stitution.
There can be little doubt, that the debt as funded, ought to be con-
sidered, as the amount of the public debt, and whatever difference in
opinion there may be, in estimating the amount of public debt, at
any period, as to the propriety of deducting the amount of funds then
in the hands of the government, from this funded debt, there can be
no doubt, that the funds arising ftom revenues, and from the value of
bank stock, should be offset, against temporary loans made in antici-
pation of that revenue, and for the payment of the bank stock.
If we take this as a rule, the debt of the United States will be
less, on the 1st day of January, 1800, than when the same was fund-
ed, according to the various acts of Congress.
The amount of debt as liquidated and funded, ac-
cording to the foregoing statement of the Com-
mittee was $76,781,953 U
Amount of debt, exclusive of temporary loons, on
the 1st of January, 1800, was - 76,651,820 30
Making a difference of - - - - 130,132 84
And this, notwithstanding the great expenses in the mean time in-
curred by Government, in the wars with the Indians, $ 1,250,000 ex-
pended in suppressing two insurrections in Pennsylvania, more than
one million and a half in our transactions with Algiers and the other
Barbary powers, and the still greater expenses occasioned by the dis-
putes with France, in 1798 and 1799.*
* In 1800, a further sum of §1,482,500, was borrowed at eight per cent,
in pursuance of an act passed on the 7th day of May of that year, payable af-
ter 1808.
The funds provided and appropriated for the payment of the debt, subse-
quent to the 3d of March, 1795, up to 1801, were as follows, viz.— By an
act passed March 3d, 1797, additional duties were laid on certain articles im-
ported into the United States, and were appropriated, first, for the payment
286
Uu a change ot Administration in 1801, a new modification of the
sinking fund took place. On the 29th of April, 1802, an act was
passed, entitled " an Act making provision for the redemption
of the whole of the public debt of the United States." This act pro-
vides, that the sum of seven millions, three hundred thousand dollars,
should be appropriated annually to the sinking fund; which sum was
to be paid, out of the duties on merchandize and tonnage, and the
other monies, other than surplusses of revenue, which then constitu-
ted the sinking fund, or which might accrue to it, by virtue of any
former provisions. This sum, the act declares, " to be vested in the
Commissioners of the sinking fund, in the same manner, as the monies
heretofore appropriated to the said fund, to be applied by the said
Commissioners, to the payment of interest and charges, and to the
reimbursement, or redemption of the principal of the public debt ;
and shall be and continue appropriated, until the whole of the pre-
sent debt of the United States, and the loans which may be made for
reimbursing or redeeming any parts or instalments of the principal
of the said debt, shall be reimbursed and redeemed." It was made
the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, by this act, to pay to the
Commissioners of the sinking fund, this sum of $ 7,300,000, in each
year, and at such times, as to enable them to pay the interest and
principal of the debt, faithfully and punctually, according to the en-
gagements of the United States. The Commissioners were to apply
of the principal of the then existing foreign debt ; secondly for the payment
of the principal of the debt then due by the United States, to the bank of the
United States.
By the act passed July 16th, 1798, authorizing 1 a loan of five millions of
dollars, and winch was obtained at eight per cent, so much of the surplus of
the duties on imports and tonnage, beyond the permanent appropriations be-
fore charged thereon, were pledged and appropriated, for the payment of the
interest and principal of the loans, which might be made under the act, ac-
cording to the terms and conditions of the same. A similar pledge and ap-
propriation were made for the loan, obtained under the act passed 7th of
May, 1800, and which loan was obtained, as before stated, at eight per cent.
On the 13th day of May, 1800, additional duties were laid on certain arti-
cles, imported into the United States, and were solely appropriated for the
discharge of the interest and principal of the debts of the United States, be
fore that time contracted, or to be contracted during the year 1800.
287
this sum annually, in the first place, to the payment of the interest
and principal of the public debt, as the same should become due, ac-
cording to the engagements of the United States, and also the interest
and principal of all loans, which had been, or might be made on ac-
count of the debt ; and in the next place, to apply the surplus, to-
wards the further and final redemption, by payment, or purchase, of
the debt. No purchases, however, of the debt were to be made
above par. By the act of March 3d, 1795, the duties on spirits dis-
tilled within the United States and on stills, constituted a part of the
-inking fund, and were pledged for the payment of the debt, but as
all the internal taxes were repealed, in 1802, these duties made no
part of the fund provided by the act of the 29th of April of that year.
In 1803, the nominal amount of the debt was a little more than
seventy millions of dollars, of this $32,1 19,211 and 25 cts. was own-
ed by foreigners, of which the English owned - $15,882,797 95
The Dutch, 13,693,918 30
Other foreigners, 2,542,495
Of the residue —
Particular States owned ... - $ 5,603,564
Incorporated bodies, in the United States, - 10,096,398 72
Individuals, - - - do. 22,330,606 36
In the purchase of Louisiana, the United States agreed to pay the go-
vernment of France, fifteen millions of dollars, three millions seven
hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be paid to our own merchants,
for their claims of a certain description on the French government,
and the remainder, being $11,250,000, to be paid, in stock, at six
per cent. To carry into effect this agreement, stock to that amount,
was issued, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed November 10th,
1803, and made payable to the assignees of the French government.
The interest on this stock was payable in Europe, and the principal
\vas payable in four equal annual instalments, the first becoming due
in 1818.
By the act, which created this stock, a further sum of $700,000
annually, was added to the sinking fund, for the purpose of enabling
'ho Commissioners to pav the interest nn the samp : which sum wa'
288
iu be paid out of the duties on imports and tonnage. By this addi-
tion, the whole sum to be paid annually to the Commissioners of the
sinking fund, amounted to $8,000,000, and was vested in them, for
the purpose of paying the former debt, and also the Louisiana debt
so called, and was to continue, so vested and appropriated, until the
whole was paid. And it was made the special duty of the Commis-
sioners, out of this fund, to pay the instalments of the Louisiana debt,
as they should fall due.
On the 11th of February, 1807, the Government of the United
States, by an act of that date, proposed to the holders of six per cent,
deferred and three per cent, stocks, to exchange the same for six per
cent, stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the Government.
For this purpose, books were opened at the Treasury, and at the
several Loan Offices, for subscriptions, to the whole amount of the
stock standing on the books at the Treasury, and at the Loan Offices.
On such subscriptions, the old certificates were to be given up, and
new ones to issue, for the unredeemed amount of the six per cent,
and deferred stock, due at the date of the subscription, bearing an
interest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and re-
deemable at the pleasure of the Government, with a condition " that
no single certificate should issue for a greater amount than ten thou-
sand dollars, and that no reimbursement should be made, except for
the whole amount of any such new certificate, nor till after, at least,
six months previous public notice of such intended reimbursement."
For the subscriptions in the three percent, stock, the subscribers were
to receive a new certificate for a sum equal to sixty-five per cent, of
the amount of the principal of the stock subscribed, bearing an in-
terest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and sub-
ject likewise to redemption, at the pleasure of the Government; with
a restriction, however, on the part of the United States, that no part
of the stock thus converted, should be reimbursed, without the assent
of the holder, until after the whole of the eight per cent, and four and
half per cent, stock, as well as all the six per cent, and deferred
stock, which might be exchanged, under that act, should be redeem-
ed. The sinking fund was also pledged for the payment of the in-
terest and reimbursement of this new stock. Under this act, the
amount of unredeemed six per cent, and deferred stock, subscribrd.
289
and for which new certificates were issued, was $6,294,051 and 12
cents, and which was called exchanged six per cents, and the three
per cents, subscribed, at sixty-five per cent, on the amount, produced
$1,859,850 and 70 cents, drawing an interest of six per cent, per
annum, and was called converted six per cent, stock. In 1812, in
pursuance of another act of Congress passed in that year, $2,984,746
and 72 cents, of the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, and de-
ferred stock was exchanged for other six per cent, stock redeemable
after the 31st day of December, 1824.
After the United States had concluded a peace with France in
1800, the vast increase of their revenues, arising from duties on im-
ports and tonnage, owing to a rapidly increasing population, and an
unparalleled extension of their commerce, enabled them, very for-
tunately, while Europe, was at war, to pay off a large proportion
of this debt.
The amount of public debt, on the 1st day of January, 1812, ac-
cording to official Treasury statements, was - $45,154,189
and consisted of the following particulars, viz. : —
Six per cent, and deferred stock, unre-
deemed, - $17,067,096
Three per cent, stock, $16,157,890
Converted do. do. 565,318
16,723,208
1796 six percent, stock, - - - 80,000
Registered debt, and debt due to foreign
officers, 33,885
$33,904,189
Louisiana six per cent, stock, 1 1 ,250,000
$45,154,189
The payments made, on account of the principal of the debt from
April 1st, 1801, to January 1st, 1812, according to Treasury state-
ments, amounted to $46,022,810
37
290
and were as follows, viz. : —
1. Foreign debt paid in full, $10,075,001
2. Eight per cent, five and a half per
cent, four and a half per cent, navy
six per cent, stock, and temporary
loans, due on the 1st of .April, 1801,
to the bank of the United States, 12,057,700
3. Reimbursement of six per cent, and
deferred stock, - - 14,452,123 53
1. For lands, and purchased, - 74,569 81
5. Exchanged stock paid in full, - 6,294,051 12
6. Three per cent, stock, including re-
imbursement of converted stock, and
deducting converted stock, outstan-
ding, 2,379,269 44
7. On account of unfunded debt, - 90,092 58
$46,022,810
During the period in which the Government paid this sum, no ad-
ditional taxes of any importance were imposed, except an additional
duty of two and a half per cent, on goods imported, paying ad
valorem duties, to defray the expenses of the war with Tripoli, and
of intercourse with the other Barbary powers, and which was called
• ; the Mediterranean fund."' This duty was to cease in three months
after the termination of the war with Tripoli, but was continued by
various acts of Congress until 1815, when it was suffered to expire,
and has been applied to the general expenses of the Government.
The sums received into the Treasury from 1801 to 1811, inclusive,
and which were applicable to the payment of the interest and prin-
cipal of the debt, amounted to about ninety millions of dollars.
Debt incurred during the late war between the United States and
Great-Britain, as far as ascertained, up to February, 1815.
War was declared against Great-Britain, June 18th, 1812. In
anticipation of this event, by an act of Congress of 14th of March pre-
ceding, a loan of eleven millions of dollars was authorized at an in-
291
terest not exceeding six per cent, per annum, reimbursable after the
expiration of twelve years from the 1st day of January, 1813. Un-
der this act, there was obtained, in the course of the year 1812, the
sum of $10,184,700. Of this sum $2,150,000 was obtained of cer-
tain banks, on special contracts, and was payable as follows, viz. —
$1,350,000 in 1813, $750,000 in 1814, and $50,000 in 1817; and
the residue, being $8,034,700, was funded, and made redeemable af-
ter January 1st, 1825. About one half of this last sum was obtained
of banks, and the other half of individuals. In the year 1813, the
Commissioners of the sinking fund redeemed, by purchase, $324,200
of this stock, leaving the funded stock of this loan $7,710,500.
On the 8th of January, 1813, a further sum of sixteen millions ot
dollars was authorized to be borrowed, by the President of the Uni-
ted States, without any limitation as to the rate of interest, or any
other limitations, except, that the United States should not be pre-
cluded from reimbursing the same, at any time, after the expiration
of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1814. This sum was
obtained by contract, and principally from individuals, at the rate of
eighty-eight dollars for one hundred, viz. for every eighty-eight dol-
lars, paid in money, a certificate of stock for one hundred dollars
was to be issued, bearing an interest of six per cent, or what is the
same, for every one hundred dollars, which the United States receiv-
ed, they were to issue a certificate of stock for $113 63 cents and
7-llths of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. The amount of
stock issued for this loan was $18,109,377 and 51 cts. making a bo-
nus to the lenders, of $2,109,377.
The first offers of the Secretary of the Treasury for this loan were,
that the lender should be entitled to a certificate of stock, at six per
cent, interest, and an annuity of one per cent, for thirteen years, and
for which he was to receive a separate certificate; $531,200 were
eventually taken at par, with an annuity of one and a half per cent,
for thirteen years. The annuities on this sum amount to $7,968.
By an act of August 2d, 1813, a further loan of seven and a half mil-
lions of dollars was also authorized, and without any other limita-
tions, than was contained, in the act relative to the sixteen million
loan. This loan was obtained, on the following terms, viz. for everv
$100 received, the United States issued stock for $113 .°,1 ceni- and
292
4-9th of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. ; and reimbursable,
at any time, within twelve years, after January 1st, 1814.
The six percent, stock issued on this loan, amounted to $8,498,583
and 50 cents, making a premium or bonus of $998,583 and 50 cents.
March 24th, 1814, a loan of twenty-five millions of dollars was also
authorized, towards the expenses of the war, for that year. On the
4th of April following, the Secretary of the Treasury issued his no-
tice, that proposals would be received by him, until the second day
of May then next, for ten millions, part of the twenty-five millions :
the sums offered under this notice amounted to $11,900,806, of which
§2,671,750 were at rates less than eighty-eight per cent, and
$1,183,400 at rates less than eighty-five per cent, leaving
$9,229,056, at eighty-eight per cent, or at rates more favourable to
the United States. Of this sum, however, five millions were offered,
with a condition, that, if terms more favourable to the lenders, should
be allowed for any part of the twenty-five millions authorized to be
borrowed that year, the same terms should be extended to those hold-
ing the stock of the ten million loan. The Secretary of the Treasu-
ry thought proper to accept the loan at eighty-eight and on the con-
dition above stated. Offers were afterwards made to this loan, of
sums, amounting to $566,000, and which were accepted on the same
terms ; making the sum accepted $9,795,056. Of this sum, there
was paid into the Treasury, prior to the 1st of July, 1814, $6,087,01 1.
There was, however, a failure of payment on the part of some of
those, whose offers were accepted for this loan, on the days fixed by
the terms of the loan, to the amount of about two millions of dollars.
On the 25th day of July, 1814, proposals were again invited, from
the Treasury Department, for a loan of a further sum of six millions ;
part of the twenty -five millions, to be received by the 22d day of
August next succeeding. The amount offered, on this loan, was
$2,823,300, of which $10U,000 was at less than eighty per cent.
$2,213,000 at $80, for $100, in six per cent, stock ; and $510,300.
at various rates, from eighty to eighty-eight. The loan was accept-
ed at eighty per cent. The amount accepted, on these terms, was
$2,723,300, to be paid, in four equal instalments ; the 1st on (lie 10th
of September, and tiie remainder on the 10th of each of the ensuing
months of October. November and December. On this loan, a fur-
293
ther sum of $207,000, was afterwards accepted, on the same terms,
making the amount taken $2,930,300. Some persons, however, who
had offered to take $416,000 of this loan, gave notice, that they could
not carry their proposals into execution. This reduced the sum to
$2,520,300. The sums actually paid into the Treasury, therefore,
from the proceeds of the loans of twenty-five millions authorized by
the act of March 24th, 1814, up to the 1st day of January, 1815,
amounted only to about the sum of $11,400,000. As the terms of
the last loan were more favourable to the lenders, than those of the
preceding two million loan, the same terms were extended, according
to the original contract, to those who had taken the first. These
terms were, that for every $100 paid in, the United States were to
issue certificates of stock, for $125, bearing an interest of six per
cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and reimbursable at the
end of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1815. The
amount of six per cent, stock, therefore, issued or to be issued,
up to the 6th of January, 1815, for the proceeds of the two loans, as
far as the same had been ascertained, at the Treasury, was as fol-
lows, viz. —
On the ten million loan, six per cent, stock to the
amount of $°,919,476 25
On the six million loan, do. do. to the
amount of 4,342,875
$14,262,351 25
Making a bonus or premium of about $2,852,000.
The terms of these loans, were so disadvantageous to the United
States, and the price of stocks was so depressed, some having been
sold as low as sixty-nine and seventy, for cash, that no further sums
were obtained under the act authorizing the twenty-five million loan,
but Treasury notes were directed to be issued to makp up tl)p defi-
ciencv.
294
The amount of stock issued, on these various loans, was as fol-
lows, viz. —
On the eleven million loan, ... $ 8,034,700
On the sixteen million loan, - - - 18,109,377 51
On the seven and a half million loan, - - - 8,498,583 50
On the ten million loan, - 9,919,476 25
On the six million loan, 4,342.875
$48,905,012 28
The amount received for this stock, was - 42,934,700
Making a difference of - - $5,970,312 26
In addition to these sums, the committee of defence of the city of
Philadelphia, loaned to the Government $100,000 for the special pur-
pose of fortifying an Island in the river Delaware, at par, for which
stock has or will be issued under the act of March, 1812, and the cor-
poration of the city of New-York have also advanced money, for the
defence of that city, on the terms of the six million loan, and for
which stock has, or will be issued to the amount of $1,100,009 87
Making the whole amount of funded stock issued
or to be issued on these loans - - - $50,105,022 13
$500,000, part of the eleven million loan, which become due in De-
cember, 1814, was not paid on the 20th of February, 1815.
TREASURY NOTES.
On the 30th of June, 1812, the President of the United States was
authorized to cause to be issued Treasury Notes, not exceeding five
millions of dollars, to be reimbursed within one year, from the time
of issuing the same, and bearing an interest of five and two fifths per
cent, per annum. These notes were to be signed by persons to be
appointed by the President, and countersigned by the Commissioner
of loans for that state, where they were made payable, and were
made transferable, bv delivery and assignment, endorsed thereon, by
295
die person, to whose order, the same were made payable, and were
receivable, in payment of all duties and taxes, laid by the authority
of the United States, and of all public lands sold. The whole sum of
five millions was issued at various times under this act. By an act
of February 25th. 1813, the President was authorized to issue a fur-
ther sum of five millions, with the same limitation, as to rate of inter-
est and time of payment, as the former. Five millions were also is-
sued, at different periods, under this act. As a part of the supplies,
for the year 1814, a further sum of five millions was authorized to be
issued by an act of March 4th, 1814, and by the same act, the Pre-
sident was authorized to issue an additional sum of five millions, if
he should deem it expedient, to be taken as part of the sum of twen-
ty-five millions, authorized to be obtained on loan, during that year.
On the 26th of December, 131 1, a sum not exceeding $7,500,000 was
authorized to be issued to make up the deficiency of the twenty -five
million loan, and in lieu of the three million loan authorized Novem-
ber 15th, 1814. Part of the Treasury notes were paid, as they be-
came due, others, to a large amount, were left unpaid ; and the amount,
which had been issued, and were unpaid, or were ordered to be issu-
ed, on the 20th of February, 1815, was as follows, viz. : —
1st. Those payable on or before the 1st of January,
1815, due and unpaid, amounted to (principal) - $2,799,200
2d. Those payable since January 1st, 1815, due and
unpaid, 620,000
3d. Those payable almost daily, from the 11th of
March, to and including the 1st of January, 1816, - 7,227,280
1th. Those payable from 11th of January, to and in-
cluding the 1st of March, 1816, - - - 7,806,320
Making - - - $18,452,800
The amount of the debt incurred by the lato war, «o far as the
2915
same had been ascertained at the Treasury, on the 20th of February,
may be stated as follows : —
1st. Stock issued or agreed to be issu-
ed on permanent loans, - $50,105,022 13
Deduct purchased by Commissioners
ers of sinking fund, 324,200
Leaves. - - $49,780,822 13
2d. Temporary loans, part of the eleven million loan,
unpaid, ..... 550,000
3d. Treasury notes issued, or ordered, as above
stated, .... 18,452,800
Makes, .... $68,783,622 13
To which add the old debt, or debt created before the late war, es-
timated on the 31st of December, 1814, at $39,905,183 66, and con-
sisting of the following particulars : —
1st. Old six per cent.
stock nominal a-
mount being, - $17,250,871 39
Reimbursed, - 12,879,283 78
Leaving due December 31st, 1814, $4,371,587 61
2d. Deferred stock,
nominal amount be-
ing - $9,358,320 35
Reimbursed, 3,971,148 36
Leaving due December 31st, 1814, $5,387,171 9y
3d. Three per cent, stock, - 16.158.177 3-1
297
4th. Exchanged six per cent, stock
under the act of 1812, - $2,984,746 72
5th. Six per cent, stock of 1796, - 80.000
6th. Louisiana six per
cent, stock, - $11,250,000
Purchased by Commis-
sioners of sinking fund, 326,500
Leaves, - - $10,923,500
$39,905,183 66
Makes the debt of the United States on the 20th
of February, 1815, as ascertained at the
Treasury, - - - - $108,688,805 79
There are also claims on the Treasury, to a large amount, yet un-
settled, which may go to increase the public debt. It appears by the
letter of the Secretary of the Treasury of the 24th of February, 1815,
to the Committee of way and means, that " contracts for loans''
had been made " through the medium of the war department, which
had been recognized at the Treasury, to be paid in six per cent,
stock, but which had not been so liquidated as to furnish a ground to
estimate their amount."
This is the first, and only account, which has been given to the
public, or even to Congress, of any loans, made " through the me-
dium of the war department." In what manner, under what authori-
ty, and on what terms, these loans were obtained, is not stated by the
Secretary. It is understood, however, that commanders of divisions
of the army, probably by orders from the head of the war depart-
ment, made these contracts for the purpose of either paying or sup-
plying the men under their immediate command.
Treasury notes, to a large amount, have been issued since the 20th
of February, 1315. On the 24th day of February, 1815, the Secre-
tary of the Treasury was authorized to issue Treasury notes, to the.
38
298
amount of twenty -live jnillious of dollars ; those under $100, to be
without interest, those over that sum, to boar an interest of five and
two-fifths per cent, or to be without interest, as the Secretary, with
the approbation of the President, should direct. The notes, without
interest, to be funded at seven per cent, and those bearing an interest,
part of the twenty-live million, as well as those previously issued,
may be funded at six per cent, reimbursable at any time, after the
last day of December, 1824. The Secretary was also authorized to
re-issue the notes, which might be delivered up and exchanged for
funded stock, or paid in, for taxes or other demands, and to apply
them to the same purposes, as when originally issued. The amount
i-sued, under this authority, has not been made public. Probably the
whole, or nearly the whole of those fundable at seven per cent, will
be funded, and go to increase the amount of the firhded debt.
On the 3d of March, 1815, a loan for the sum of $38,452,800, was
also authorized ; this loan might be made in Treasury notes, pre-
viously issued, and w r hich, by law, were made a charge on the sink-
ing fund ; and the stock was reimbursable, after the expiration of
twelve years, from the last day of December, 1815.
Individual states have, also, large claims upon the general govern-
ment, for expenses incurred in defending themselves, during the late
war.
To what amount, the national debt will be increased, from these
sources, cannot yet be ascertained.
The sinking fund, as before stated, since 180-3, has consisted of a
permanent annual appropriation of eight millions of dollars. The
funds, from which this sum is paid, are —
1. The fund arising irom the interest on the debt, re-
deemed by payment, or purchase, and which has
passed to the credit of the Commissioners of the
.-.inking fund, and which, in 1813, amounted to $1,932,107 U2
-\ The bind arising from the sales of public land.;,
which in 1813, wa> - 830.'J71 53
299
J. From the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares
and merchandize, imported, and on the tonnage of
vessels, sufficient to make up the balance.
If the whole of the eight millions was not expended, by the Com
niissioners, in any one year, the balance went into the expenditures
of the succeeding year. After paying the interest and reimburse-
ment of the debt, and such parts of the principal as became due, by
contract, it was made the duty of the Commissioners, to apply the
balance of the eight millions, to the purchase of stock, whenever if
was below par. Notwithstanding this, the whole of the late loans, as
well as all the Treasury notes, issued prior to February 20th, 1815,
were made a charge on this fund, without any addition being made to
the fund itself. In consequence of this, the fund became overcharged
several millions, (even without applying any part, to the purchase of
stock, though it was much below par,) and afforded no security to
the money lender.
Sensible of this, at last, Congress declared by the act of Novem-
ber 15th, 1814, authorizing a loan of three millions of dollars, for
which stock was to issue reimbursable in twelve years, " that in ad-
dition to the annual sum of eight millions of dollars, heretofore ap-
propriated to the sinking fund, adequate and permanent funds shall,
during the present session of Congress, be provided and appropriated,
for the payment of the interest and reimbursement of the principal ot
said stock created by this act." And by the same act, declared
" that an adequate and permanent sinking fund, gradually to reduce,
and eventually to extinguish the public debt, contracted, and to be
contracted during the present war, shall also be established dur-
ing the present session of Congress.'' And by various subsequent
acts, passed during the same session, an annual direct tax of six
millions of dollars, and all the internal taxes, including the du-
ties on the postage of letters, were pledged " towards establishing
an adequate revenue, to provide for the payment of the expenses of
Government ; for the punctual payment of the public debt, principal
and interest, contracted and to be contracted, according to the terms
of the contracts respectively ; and for creating an adequate sinking
fund, gradually to reduce, and eventually to extinguish the public
lebt, contracted and to be contracted." k,c. '•' and were to remain so
oOO
pledged, until other taxes and duties, equally productive, were pro-
vided, and established by law, for the same purposes."
The plan of the sinking fund, originally adopted by the United
States, was taken, substantially, from that of Great-Britain. The
present British sinking fund, was established by Mr. Pitt, in 1786 ;
and commenced, by a permanent annual appropriation of one mil-
lion sterling, to be applied by Commissioners, called Commissioners
of the sinking fund, to the redemption of the public debt by purcha-
ses of stock ; and the interest of the stock, thus purchased, was to be
applied to the same purpose. A further permanent annual grant of
two hundred thousand pounds, was afterwards added to this sum for
the same object. Afterwards, Parliament made it a standing rule,
that the creation of a new debt should be accompanied with the
means of extinguishment, and on every new loan, permanent funds
to the amount of one per cent, of the loan, were provided, and added
to the sinking fund. Other sums were afterwards added to the sink-
ing fund, in consequence of loans obtained on a particular plan of ex-
tinguishment, the details of which it is unnecessary to specify. The
^inking fund of Great-Britain has, generally, been applied to purcha-
ses of stock ; while that of the United States has not been so applied,
except in its commencement, unless a balance remained in the hands
of the Commissioners, after the reimbursement ot the six per cent, and
deterred stock, and the payment of that part of the principal of the
debt, which fell due in each year ; and not then, unless stocks were
below par.
The United States stock redeemed by payment, or purchase, has,
in the Treasury books, passed to the credit of the Commissioners of
the sinking fund ; the interest of which, as before stated, constitutes,
in their hands, a part of the sinking fund.
The amount thus passed to their credit, on the 1st day of Janua-
ry, 1814, was as follows: —
Foreign debt — five per cent, stock, $8,200,000
Four and a half per
cent, stock, - 820,000
Four per cent, stock, 3.180,000
$12,200,000
301
Domestic debt — six percent, stock, $1 ,946,026 92
Three per ct. stock, 698,555 41
Deferred six per ct.
stock, - - 1,005,179 83
Eight per cent, stock, 6, 1 82,500
Exchanged six per
cent, stock, - 6,294,051 12
Converted six per
cent, stock, - 1,859,850 70
Four and a half per
cent, stock, - 176,000
Five and a half per
cent, stock, - 1,848.900
Navy six per cent.
stock, - - 711,700
Louisiana six per ct.
stock, - - 326,500
Six per cent, stock
of 1812. - 324,200
21,373,463 98
$33,573,463 98
Those, who have a curiosity to see the increase of the national
debt of Great-Britain, from the time of the revolution, in 1689, to
February 1st, 1813; together with the amount of money applied to
the redemption of the national debt of that country, from the com-
mencement of the sinking fund in 1786, to February 1st, 1813, and
the produce of the sinking fund, at the latter period, may consult Ta-
bles No. I. and II. taken from Hamilton's late enquiry, concerning
the national debt of Great-Britain.
From these, it will be seen, that, in 1689, the British national debt,
was only £1,054,921 sterling, and that on the 1st of February, 1813,
the funded debt of that Kingdom amounted tOc£812,013,135 sterling ;
that of this sum c£21 0,46 1,356 had been redeemed by the Commis-
sioners of the sinking fund, 06*1,961,582 converted for life annuities,
find that £24,378.804, had been transferred, for the purpose of the
302
iatid tax, making £236,801,742 redeemed, leaving the unredeemed
amount of funded debt, February 1st, 1813, £575,211,393; that
♦his debt was invested in the following funds, viz. —
Bank annuities, ... - £11,686,800
Loan of 1726. - 1,000,000
South Sea annuities, including loan of 1751, - 16,125,684
Three per cent, consolidated, .... 312,894,703
Three per cent, reduced, 78,760,033
£420,467,222
Four per cent, consolidated, .... 61,060,921
Five per cent, consolidated, £92,060,254
Loyalty loan, - - - 1,622,994
93,683,248
£575,211,393
The three per cents, were redeemed, at an average nearly
at 62|
The four per cents. - at - 84$
The five per cents. - at - 89|-
That the produce of the sinking fund, on the 1st of February, 1813,
was £13,013,914 sterling.
Besides the funded debt of Great-Britain, ihejloating debt, as it is
called, consisting o{ navy debt, and exchequer bills outstanding,
amounted, on the 5th of January, 1813, to £53,155,372. (See No.
\T. Appendix No. II.)
For the amount of the funded debt of Great-Britain, redeemed and
unredeemed, the annual charges of the same, with the .-inking fund
applicable to the reduction of the debt, for each year, from 1804 to
(813, see No. IV. in Appendix No. II.
The amount of capital funded in Great-Britain, has greatly exceed-
ed the sums raised, as most of the loans have been taken in the three
per rents. This excess, during the war of the American revolution.
303
and from 1793 to 1812 inclusive, is stated by Mr. Hamilton, as fol-
lows. —
Sums raised. Capital funded.
Debt contracted during the war of
the American revolution, - £91,760,842 £115,267,993
Loans from 1793 to 1812 inclusive, 322,358,532 498,861,867
Bills funded, in that period, 62,258,173 74,920,020
£476,380,547 £689,049,880
Of which redeemed by the Com-
missioners, - - - 133,536,836 210,461,356
£342,843,711 £478,588,524
342,843,711
Excess of capital funded, above sums raised, - £135,744,813
In consequence of the operation of the sinking fund in Great-Bri-
tain, the national funded debt of that Kingdom has increased but
about ninety-one millions sterling, from 1804 to 1813, a period of
nine years ; notwithstanding the loans, obtained in each year, were
large. In 1804, the unredeemed amount of funded debt was
£484,162,622, and in 1813, was £575,211,393. The difference is
£91,048,771, or about $400,000,000, principally in the three per
cents, being an annual increase, of about forty-four millions of dollars.
The British sinking fund, in 1804, was £6,282,947, being in pro-
portion to the debt, as one to seventy-seven, and in 1813, was
£13,013,914, being in proportion to the debt, at that time,as one to
forty-four. (See No. IV. in Appendix No. II.)
What will be the annual increase of the debt of the United States,
in consequence of the late war, cannot yet be ascertained with preci-
sion. Making an allowance, for the difference between the value
of stock at three per cent, and six per cent, the annual increase ot
the American national debt, during the late war, cannot fall much
diort of the annual increase of the British funded debt, fortlie above
period of nine vears.
That the United Stales, however, while they remain at peace, will
be able to pay the interest of their debt, as well as the other necessa-
ry expenses of the government, and also to extinguish the principal of
the debt, within a reasonable time, with a proper application of their
funds, there can be no doubt.
305
TABLE No. I.
The amount of the National Debt of Great-Britain, at the Revolution,
and at the commencement and termination of each war, to February
1st, 1813, has been as follows : —
£
1689 1,054,925
1697 21,515,742
1701 16,394,701
1714 53,681,076
1740 46,449,568
1748 78,293,313
1756 72,289,673
1763 133.959,270
National debt at the revolution,
— at the peace of Rysvvick,
— at the commencement of the war,
— at the peace of Utrecht,
— at the commencement of the war,
Funded debt at the peace of Aix la Chapelle,
— at the commencement of the war,
— at the peace of Paris,
including what was contracted in sub-
sequent years, to discharge arrears.
— at the commencement of the American
war, ...
— at the peace of Versailles,
— including what was funded in subse-
quent years, and this being reduced
by purchases made by the Commis-
sioners for the redemption of the
national debt, there remained unre-
deemed at the commencement of
the war, ...
— at the peace of Amiens,
including the loan of
that year, - £567,008,978
of which redeemed, 67,225,915
1775
1783
1793
1802
122,963,254
238,231,248
There was no reduction of the national debt dur-
ing the short peace which followed the treaty
of Amiens.
Funded debt 1st February,
£812,013,135
Of which redeemed or converted
into life annuities, - 212,422,938
1813
In this statement the value of annuities granted for
vears is not included.
227,989,148
499,783,063
599,590,197
30
306
TABLE No. II.
The amount of money applied for the redemption of the national funded debt,
of Great-Britain, and of capital and interest redeemed since the commence-^
ment of the sinking fund in 1786, to 1st February, 1813, and the produce
of the sinking fund, at that time, are as follows : —
Sums Capital Interest
expended, redeemed, redeemed.
£
£
£
126,822,903
6,586,934
126,998
202,522,956
7,796,400
142,000
133,536,835
210,461,356
1,961,582
24,378,804
236,801,742
Three per cents.
Four per cents.
Five per cents.
I
Converted for life annuities,
Transferred for purchase of land tax,
Permanent annual grant to sinking fund,
Additional permanent annual grant,
Amount of one per cent, sinking fund,
Sinking fund of 1807, on Lord Henry Petty's plan,
Annuities, the term of which is expired,
Life annuities, of which the nominees have died, piior to July
5th, 1802,
Life annuities unclaimed for three years, prior to January 5th,
1813,
6,075,688:
311,856!
7,100i
6,453,491 1
1,000,000'
200,000;
4,738,683!
626,255
79,880:
i
21,141'
30,135 !
13,149,587;
35,673
13,013,914
Deduct life annuities granted for capital, £40,333
Of which expired, - - - 4,660
Amount of sinking fund 1st February, 1813,
The three per cents, were redeemed nearly at 62 7-8 at an average.
The four per cents, at 84 1-2.
The five per cents, at 89 3-8.
The funded debt, 1st of February, 1813, was - £812,013,135
Redeemed by sinking fund, - - - 210,461,356
£601,551,779 J
1,961,582!
£599,590,197i
24,378,804!
Converted for life annuities,
Transferred for purchase of land tax,
Unredeemed debt of Britain, 1st February, 1813,
£575,211,393
Which debt was invested in the following funds : —
iBank annuities,
:Loanofl726, -
, South sea annuities, including loan of 1751,
(Three per cent, consolidated,
| Three per cent, redeemed,
Four per cent, consolidated,
Five per cent, consolidated,
•Loyalty loan,
£92,060,254
1,622,994
£11,686,800;
1,000,000'
16,125,684 ;
312,894,703:
78,760,033 j
£420,46772~22 ;
61,060,921;
_93,683,248
£575,211,392:
CHAPTER IX.
Keventes, derived, principally, from duties on imports and tonnage-
Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of the Go-
vernment, to 1814 — Gross and net amount of the customs, accruing' annu-
ally, in each state and territory, from the commencement of the Govern-
ment, to December 31st, 1810, with the amount of drawbacks, &c. — An ac-
count of internal duties laid prior to 1802 — Amount received, prior to, and
since their repeal in that year — Various internal taxes laid since 1812 — Di-
rect taxes, which have been laid, at different periods— Amount of the va-
luation of lands and houses, in 1799 — Comparative view of the value of
lands and houses, in 1799, and 1814, in several states — Proceeds of sales
of public lands — Estimate of the quantity of public lands yet unsold —
Post-Office establishment — Amount of postage received — Receipts and ex-
penditures, at different periods.
Previous to the late war, between the United States and Great-
Britain, the revenues of the United States were derived from the fol-
lowing sources, viz. —
1. Imported articles.
2. The tonnage of ships and vessels.
3. Spirits distilled within the United States, and on stilts.
4. Postage of letters.
5. Taxes on patents.
6. Dividends on bank stock.
7. Snuff manufactured, in the United States.
8. Sugar refined, in the United States.
9. Sales at auction.
10. Licenses to retail Wines and distilled spirits.
1 1. Carriages for the conveyance of persons.
12. Stamped paper.
13. Direct taxes.
14. Sales of public lands.
The revenues of the United States, have been principally derived
308
from duties on imports and tonnage. Internal taxes were laid, at
different periods, after the commencement of the Government, and by
an act passed April, 1802, were all discontinued, from and after the
30th of June of the same year. On the 14th of July, 1798, a direct
tax, of two millions of dollars, was laid upon the United States, and
was the only direct tax imposed previous to the late war.
The customs, as they are called, consist of duties on imports and
tonnage, and also of monies, arising from passports, clearances, light
money, &c. Th*; gross amount of the customs is that, which ac-
crues on the importation of merchandize, the net amount, as it is call-
ed in the Treasury book, is that which remains, after deducting the
drawbacks on the exportation of the same merchandize ; and also for
drawbacks on domestic spirits exported, on which a duty has been
paid, and for bounties and allowances for the fisheries, and on the ex-
portation of salted provisions, and also, after deducting the expenses
of prosecution and collection.
This amount is secured to the Government, by bonds payable at
different periods, according to the term of credit, given to the import-
er. Owing, however, to the bankruptcy of obligors, failure of col-
lectors, and other causes, the whole of the money thus secured, does
not come into the public Treasury.
The amount of the actual receipts from the customs, from the com-
mencement of the Government, to the year 1813, was as follows,
viz. —
From 4th March, 1789, to
31st December, Dolls. Cts.
1791 - 4,399,472 99
1792 - 3,443,070 85
1793 - 4,255,306 56
1794 - 4,801,065 28
1795 - - - 5,588,461 26
1796 - 6,567,987 94
1797 - 7,549,649 65
1798 - - 7,106,061 93
1799 6,610.449 31
309
Years.
Dolls. Cts.
1800
-
-
-.
9,080,932 73
1801
-
-
-
10,750,778 93
1802
-
-
-
12,438,235 74
1803
-
-
-
10,479,417 61
1804
-
-
-
11,098,565 33
1805
-
-
-
12,936,487 04
1806
-
-
-
14,667,698 17
1807
-
-
-
15,845,521 61
(l808
-
-
-
16,363,550 58
1809
-
-
-
7,296,020 58
1810
-
-
-
8,583,309 31
1811
-
-
-
13,313,222 73
1812
-
-
-
8,958,777 53
1813
-
-
-
13,224,623 25
flie amount receivable
mated at a
, in ;
bout
1814.
was esti- j
> 7,000,000
In consequence of the late peace, and the double duties, there is
no doubt, that the amount of the customs, which will accrue in 1815,
will exceed that of any former year ; estimates of the amount have
varied from fifteen to thirty millions.
The gross and net annual amount of the customs, which have ac-
crued, with the amount of drawbacks on merchandize, and on spirits
exported, of bounties and allowances, and expenses of collection, in
each state, and territory, from March 4th, 1789, to 1810, inclusive,
appears from table No. I. This statement was laid before Congress,
on the 27th of February, 1812, and serves to shew, not only the
amount of the customs, with the drawbacks, but also the extent of
trade in each state and territory.
The amount of duties, which accrued, in 1805, 1806 and 1807.
was much greater, than in any preceding, or subsequent years.
The net amount accruing in 1805, being - $14,980,218 62
1806, - 16,081,976 60
1807, - 16,493,434 75
Making - $47,555,629 97
.310
Of this sum, the amount which accrued, and was secured in the states
of Massachusetts, New-York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South-
Carolina, was as follows, viz. —
Massachusetts in 1805, - - $3,308,046 41
1806, - 3,524,326 92
1807, - - 3,576,674 15
$10,409,047 48
New-York, in 1805, - - $4,882,076 56
1806, - 4,875,783 02
1807, - - 4,826,713 42
■ $14,584,573 00
Pennsylvania, in 1805, - -$2,300,563 37
1806, - 3,017,403 45
1807, - - 3,162,733 16
5,480,699 98
Maryland, in 1805, - - $1,130,834 31
1806, 1,446,597 73
1807, - - 1,633,899 84
$4,211,331 88
South-Carolina, in 1805, - - $843,135 47
1806, - 871,393 26
1807, - - 735,527 84
2,450,056 57
Making, in these five states, - $40,135,708 91
The duties remained nearly the same from 1802 to 1812, except
an addition of two and a half per cent, on merchandize imported,
paying duties ad valorem, which constituted the -Mediterranean fund :
the great increase of the duties, therefore, from 1802, to the com-
mencement of commercial restrictions, was owing, principally, to
the increased population, and consumption of the country, and U
the prosperous state of American commerce, during this period.
311
The duties on imports are laid, either upon the value of the arti-
cles imported, and which are called duties ad valorem, or a certain
sum is imposed, on the articles themselves, called specific duties.
Many articles, however, are imported duty free. These consist of
articles in a raw state, which are necessary for our manufactures, or
agriculture, such as bullion, copper, old pewter, tin, salt-petre, sul-
pher, dying drugs and woods, woad, wool, furs, raw hides, to which
are added sea stores, wearing apparel, personal baggage and imple-
ments of trade, belonging to emigrants, and philosophical apparatus,
for the use of seminaries of learning.
For some years, prior to 1804, goods imported subject to duties
ad valorem, were divided into three classes, the first class paid twen-
ty per cent, the second fifteen, and the third twelve and a half per
cent on their value.*
On the 25th of March, 1804, by an act, entitled " An act further
to protect the commerce and seamen of the United States against the
Barbary powers," an additional duty of two and a half per cent, was
laid on all the imports then paying duties ad valorem. This increas-
ed the rate of these duties to twenty-two and a half, seventeen and a
half and fifteen per cent. A separate account was to be kept, of the
monies arising from this additional duty, and it constituted a distinct
fund, by the name of " the Mediterranean fund," and was to be ap-
plied solely " for the purpose of defraying the expenses of equipping,
officering, manning, and employing such of the armed vessels of the
United States, as may be deemed requisite by the President of the
United States, for protecting the commerce and seamen thereof, and
for carrying on warlike operations against the regency of Tripoli, or
any other of the Barbary powers, which may commit hostilities
against the United States, and for the purpose of defraying any other
expenses incidental to the intercourse with the Barbary powers, or
which are authorized by this act." This additional duty was to
cease, and be discontinued at the expiration of three months, after
(he ratification of a treaty of peace, with the regency of Tripoli.
Peace was made with that regency, in 1805, yet this additional
* On goods imported in foreign vessels an addition of ten per rent, i?
mad* 1 to the amount of this and other dutf e«
312
duty has been continued by various acts of Congress, until March 3d,
1815, when it ceased ; and the proceeds of it have been applied, to
the general expenses of the Government. On the 1st day of July,
1812, an addition of one hundred per cent, was made to all the per-
manent duties, to continue during the war then existing between Great-
Britain and the United States, and one year thereafter. As the addi-
tional duty, which constituted the Mediterranean fund, was temporary,
this was not increased by the act. This addition of one hundred per
cent, increased the rates of duties ad valorem, to forty-two and a half,
thirty-two and a half, and twenty-seven and a half per cent, until
March 3d, 1815, when the Mediterranean fund ceasing, they will
continue at forty, thirty, and twenty-five, until the 18th day of
February, 1816, being one year from the exchange of ratifications of
the treaty of peace, between the United States and Great-Britain.
The articles subject to duties ad valorem, are numerous, and in-
clude all manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, hemp and flax, all manu-
factures of metals (except nails, spikes, steel, wool and cotton cards,
which pay specific duties) all manufactures of earth, stone, and leath-
er, (except boots and shoes) all carriages and parts of carriages, ca-
binet wares, paper hangings, carpets and carpeting, and many other
articles.
The net amount of the ad valorem duties, from 1801 to 1812, wa^
is follows, viz. —
Dollars.
1801 - 7,070,430
1802 - - 4,960,123
1803 - - , 4,850,630
1804 - - 5,664,797
1805 - 6,410,440
1806 - 7,162,099
1807 - - 7,560,929
1808 - - - 2,739,375
1809 - - - 3,806,26::
1810 - 6,814,255
1811 - 2,820,166
1812 - - 5.782.144
313
Imported spirits, wines, molasses, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt,
have paid specific duties. In some years prior to the late war, the
duty on spirits was, on an average, about twenty-nine cents per gal-
lon, wines from fifty-eight to twenty-three cents per gallon, and mo-
lasses five cents, teas, on an average, about twenty cents per pound,
coffee five cents, sugar two and a half cents, and salt twenty cents
per bushel, weighing fifty-six pounds.
Table No II. shews the gross amount of duties, on each of these
articles, from 1793 to 1810, inclusive, (except on salt, which ceased
in 1807,) and the amount of drawbacks on the same, for the same
period.
The net amount of duties accruing, on each of them, for the year-
1805, 1806, and 1807, was as follows, viz. : —
Dolls. Dolls
Spirits, 1805 2,267,389
1806 - 3,102,219
1807 - 2,683,802
. 8,053,410
Wines, 1805 843,319
1806 559,703
1807 868,812
2,271,834
Molasses, 1805 464,445
1806 - 428,883
1807 - 414,133
1,307,461
Teas, 1805 - 681,774
1806 975,053
1807 - 1,223,968
2,880.79*
40
314
Dolls. Dolls,
Goffee, 1805 352,371
1806 1,005,574
1807 714,975
2,073,420
1805 1,922,220
1806 1,999,886
1807 - 1,885,473
5,807,579
•Salt, 1805 763,391
1806 846,318
1807 - 711,819
2,321,528
The net amount of duties on spirits imported, from 1793 to 1810.
inclusive, was $33,536,140, being about one fifth of all the duties on
imports, during that period. Specific duties have also been laid, on
various other articles imported, at different rate.-, which produced, in
1806, the net amount of $1,014,841 and 30 cents. (See Table
No. III.)
INTERNAL TAXES.
Soon after the establishment of the Government, duties on spirits
distilled within the United States, and on stills, were laid ; other in-
ternal taxes were afterwards, at different periods, added, and which,
as before stated, were repealed in 1G02. Those which were impos-
ed, prior to that time, and, in the Treasury books, were denominated
internal taxes, were —
1. Duties on spirits distilled within the United States, and on still-.
2. — on snuff manufactured in the United State-.
3. — on retined sugar.
4. — on sales at auction.
5. — on licenser to retail wine-, and spirituous liquor.
315
6. Duties on carriages for the conveyance of person.-.
7. — on stamped paper.
The sums actually paid into the Treasury from those internal tax-
es, from their commencement, to Septemher 30th, 1812, wa l
$0,460,003 54 cents, and the annual receipts were —
Dolls. Cts.
1792 - - 208,942 81
1793 - - - 237,705 70
1794 - - - 274,089 62
1795 - - - 337,755 36
1796 - - - 475,289 60
1797 - - - 575,491 45
1798 - - - 644,357 95
1799 - - - 779,136 44
1800 - 809,396 55
1801 - - - 1,048,033 43
1802 - - - 621,898 89
1803 - - - 215,179 69
1804 - - - 50,941 29
1805 - - 21.747 15
1806 - - 20,101 45
1807 - - 13,051 40
1808 - - - 8,210 73
1809 - - 4,044 39
1810 - - - 7,430 63
1811 - - - 2,295 95
1812 - - 4,903 6
,6,460.003 54
The greatest amount of these taxes accrued, in 1801, being
$989,533 and 29 cents, and the amount accruing in each state ac-
cording to official Treasury statements, was as follows, viz. : — .
Dolls. Cts.
New-Hampshire. • 9.785 70
<il6
Dolls. Cts.
Massachusetts, - - 232,566 33
Rhode-Island, - - 32,156 99
Connecticut. - - 27,220 14
Vermont, - - - 3,360 73
New- York, - 143,757 89
New-Jersey, ... 8,043 53
Pennsylvania, - 20.?, 545 46
Delaware, 6,994 81
Maryland, - 83,562 96
Virginia, - 115,444 32
North-Carolina, 32,476 23
.South-Carolina, 45,612 63
Georgia, - - - 6,452 37
Kentucky, - ....
Tennessee, - - 9,456 99
Ohio, - 23,095 21
$989,533 29
And during that year, the following was the amount accruing from
each object —
From spirits distilled within the United States, $178,659 21
From stills, - - - 257,070 3
From refined sugar, - - 76,539 65
From sales at auction. - - 66,122 84
From licenses to retailers, - - 69,173 74
From carriages, - - 73,926 21
From stamped paper, - - 268,041 61
$989,041 61
Although these internal duties were repealed in 1802, their collec-
tion has never yet been completed. Considerable sums have been
annually paid into the Treasury, from officers entrusted with the col-
lection of them, since their repeal; and on the 1st day of January,
1812, the balances due from the Supervisors and other officers of the
internal revenue, in the several states, as appears by the Treasury
!> -ok«. amounted In $254,940 64
air
At the first session of the thirteenth Congress, held in the summer
of 1813, the following internal duties were laid, viz. : —
1. Duties on licenses for stills and boilers.
2. — on carriages, for the conveyance of persons.
3. — on licenses to retailers of foreign merchandize, wines,
and spirituous liquors.
4. — on sales at auction.
5. — on refilled sugar.
6. — on stamped paper of a certain description.
These taxes were to commence on the 1st day of January, 1814.
And for the purpose of collecting the same, each state was divided in-
to a certain number of collection districts, each district having a prin-
cipal collector, with power to appoint deputies under him.
The amount of the tax laid, on most of these objects, was about
double the former tax on the same, and on licenses to retailers, was
about three times the amount of the former.
The original plan of the Treasury department, and which was
adopted by Congress, contemplated a reliance on loans to carry on
the war, and to pay the reimbursements of the old debt. A revenue
sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the Government, to pa}
the interest of the existing public debt, and the interest on new loans,
was to be provided.
The Secretary of the Treasury, in his letter to the Committee ot
ways and means, of January 10th, 1812, in answer to their enquiries
relative to supplies and revenue, in the event oficar, stated, that the
sum of about nine millions of dollars, would be sufficient to defray the
ordinary expenses of Government, and to pay the interest of the ex-
isting public debt ; and that this sum, with the amount of interest on
new loans, must annually be provided.
Supposing ten millions to be borrowed in 1812, the sum to be rais-
ed by taxes in 1813, according to the statement of the Secretary,
would amount to $9,600,000. To meet this, the Secretary calcula-
ted. that the duties on import'-, if doubled, and with a duty of twenty
313
cents per bushel on salt, would produce — -. $5,400,000
and proceeds of sales ofland, - - 600,000
6,000,000
Leaving a deficiency of - 3,600,000
9,600,000
To make up this deficiency, the Secretary proposed a direct tax of
three millions of dollars, and a tax on spirits distilled and on stills,
on refined sugar, on licenses to retailers, on sales at auction, on car-
riages, and stamp paper, sufficient to produce two millions more, both
amounting to $5,000,000
Deducting the expenses of collection, assessment, and
losses, estimated at - - 750,000
Leaving, when in full operation, in 1814, - 4,250,000
But which were estimated to produce, in 1813, only 3,600,000
These taxes, however, were not laid by Congress, until the sum-
mer of 1813, to commence from the 1st of January, succeeding.
The sums which accrued from these internal taxes, (exclusive of
the direct tax) for the two first quarters of 1814, amounted to
$2,212,491 and 73 i cents, and the sums accruing from each, were
as follows, viz. : —
Licenses on stills and boilers, $1,062,758 99
Carriages, - 214,639 731
Licenses to retailers, 663,887
Sales at auction, - - 53,695 38£
defined sugar, - - 116 34
Stamped paper, - 217,364 281
$2,212,491 731
319
The amount accruing in each State and Territory, was as fallows, viz. : —
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320
It is calculated that the duties accruing in the two last quarters of
1814, will amount to ahout one million of dollars, making for that
year, three millions from internal duties, of which ahout two mil-
lions will he received into the Treasury, in 1814.
During the session of Congress which commenced the 19th of Sep-
temher, 1814, a duty of twenty cents, on every gallon of spirits dis-
tilled within the United States, was laid, in addition to the duty on
licenses tor stills and boilers, fifty per cent, was added to the duty on
licenses to retailers, an addition was also made to the duties on car-
riages, sales at auction, and on stamped paper.
TAX OX MANUFACTURES.
Duties were also laid during the same session, on the following
<j;oods, wares, and merchandize, manufactured within the United
States, viz. : —
On pig iron per ton, one dollar.
Castings, of iron, per ton, one dollar and fifty cents.
Bar iron, per ton, one dollar.
Rolled or slit iron, per ton, one dollar.
Xails, brads, and sprigs, other than those usually denominated
wrought, one cent per pound.
Candles, ot white wax, or in part of white and other wax, pel
pound, five cents.
Mould candles, of tallow, or of wax, oilier than white, or in part ol
each, per pound, three cents.
Hats and caps, in whole, or in part of leather, wool, or fur, bon-
nets in whole or in part of wool or fur, if above two dollars in value.
eight per centum ad valorem.
Hats, of chip or wood, covered with silk or other materials, or not
covered, if above two dollars in value, eight per centum ad valorem.
Paper, three per centum ad valorem.
Umbrellas and parasols, if above the value of two dollars, eight per
centum ad valorem.
Playing and visiting cards, fifty per centum ad valorem.
Saddles and bridles, six per centum ad valorem.
321
Boots and shoes, exceeding five dollars per pair in value, five per
centum ad valorem.
Beer, ale, and porter, six per centum ad valorem.
Manufactured tobacco, snuff, and segars, twenty per centum ad va-
lorem.
Leather, including all hides and skins, whether tanned, tawed,
dressed, or otherwise made, on the original manufacture thereof, five
per centum ad valorem.
Gold and silver plated ware, jewellery, and paste work, six per cen-
tum ad valorem.
These duties, as the act imposing them directs, are " to be paid by
the owner or occupier of the buildings or vessels, in which, or of the
machines, implements, or utensils wherewith the said goods, wares, and
merchandize, shall have been manufactured, or made, or by the agent
or superintendant thereof."
To insure the collection of this tax on manufactures, the law also
directs, that no person, after the expiration of ninety days, from the
passing of the act, owning or occupying any building, or vessel, ma-
chine, implement, or utensil, used or intended to be used, in such
manufactures, shall use the same, without a license from the Collector
of the district, for a term not exceeding one year, so to do ; and be-
fore such license can be obtained, such person is to give bond, with
two sureties, 1st. That he will make a true and exact entry and re-
port in writing, to the Collector, of every building, or vessel, ma-
chine, implement, or utensil owned or occupied by him, with the size
thereof, the place where situate, and the manner, in which, and the
time for which, not exceeding one year, he intends to employ the
same.
2d. A like report of the denominations and qualities of article-
manufactured, on hand, and the value thereof.
3d. That he will from day to day, as long as he may use the
same, enter in a book or books, to be kept for that purpose, the de-
nominations and qualities of articles manufactured, and an account o!
the denominations and quantities sold, with the price for which the
same were sold, and the name of the person to whom sold, when the
amount shall exceed ten dollars in value, and that he will render to
'he Collector, rrtthe end of every three month-, or within ten dav-
n
322
thereafter, a general account of the denominations and quantities of
articles manufactured, with the aggregate value thereof, for three
months preceding, also a statement in writing, taken from his books,
specifying the denominations and quantities of manufactured articles
sold on each day, stating distinctly each sale, with the name of the
purchaser, and the price, when the quantity sold shall exceed ten
dollars, and the aggregate denominations and quantities and aggregate
value of all other sales ; this account and statement to be verified by
oath or affirmation. The Collector to have a right to inspect the
books kept by the manufacturer, every day, between the rising and
setting of the sun.
4th. That he will pay the duties on the articles manufactured.
In addition to these duties on manufactures, duties were likewise-
laid, the same session, on household furniture, on gold and silver
watches, and fifty per cent, was added to the rate of postage on let-
ters, besides an annual direct tax, on houses, lands, and slaves, of six
millions of dollars.
From estimates made at the Treasury, it was calculated, that these
internal duties, for an entire yeir, when in full operation, would pro-
duce $10,159,000, (except the duty on gold, silver, and plated ware,
and jewellery, not laid at the time of the estimates.)
The product of each, was estimated as follows, viz. —
Stamps. ....
$510,000
Carriages, ...
300,000
Sales at auction, ...
300,000
Refined sugar, - - -
150,000
Licenses to retailers,
900,000
Licenses for stills, with the duty on spirits,
4,000,000
Postage, -
250,000
Furniture,
1,238,000
Gold watches,
60,000
Silver watches, -
170,000
Boots,
75,000
Saddles and bridles.
66,000
Paper,
50.000
323
Candles, - - $200,000
Playing cards, - ... 80,000
Tobacco and snuff, - - - 200,000
Hats, ..... 400,000
Iron, - - - 350,000
Nails, ..... 200,000
Beer, ale, and porter, - - - 60,000
Leather, 600,000
$10,159,000
Their product, however, for 1815, was es-
timated at only $7,053,000
It will be observed, that most of the internal duties, and particular-
ly those on manufactures, are laid upon the articles according to their
value ; and that, not only the value, but the quantity of the articles }
manufactured is made to depend, principally, on the books and oath
of the manufacturer himself, or of the persons employed by him.
This is a new mode of collecting duties, and whether it will ensure a
faithful collection, can be best known from experience. The policy
of multiplying oaths, among so many classes of the community, es-
pecially in cases, where the temptations to violation, arising from in-
terest, are so strong, may well be questioned.
DIRECT TAXES.
On the 14th of July, 1798, the first direct tax under the Constitu-
tion, (being two millions of dollars,) was laid upon the United States,
and was apportioned among the several states, according to the prin
ciplesof the Constitution, as follows, viz. —
Dolls. Cts. Mis
New-Hampshire, - 77,705 36 2
Massachusetts, - - - 260,435 31 2
Rhode-Island, - 37,502 8
Connecticut, - - 129,767 2
Vermont, 46.864 18 7
324
Dolls. Cts. Mis.
New-York, - - - 181,680 70 7
New-Jersey, - - - 98,387 25 3
Pennsylvania, - - 237,177 72 7
Delaware, - - - 30,430 79 2
Maryland, - - - 152,599 95 4
Virginia, - - 345,488 66 5
Kentucky, - - - 37,643 99 7
N. Carolina, - - 193,697 96 5
P. Carolina. - - - 112,997 73 9
Georgia, - - 38,814 87 5
Tennessee, - - 18,806 38 3
This tax was laid upon all dwelling-houses, and lands, and on
slaves between the ages of twelve and fifty, within the United States.
The houses and lands were valued, according to the provisions of a
law passed, on the 9th of July, 1798, and by the same act, all slaves
above the age of twelve and under the age of fifty, except such as
• : from fixed infirmity or bodily disability, were incapable of labour,"
were also enumerated. This sum of two millions was assessed, on
the dwelling-houses, lands, and slaves according to the valuations and
enumerations, made by said act, in the manner following, viz. —
" Upon every dwelling-house, which, with the out-houses, appurtenant
thereto, and the lot, whereon the same were erected, not exceeding two
acres, shall be valued at more than one hundred dollars, and not more than
five hundred dollars, a sum equal to two tenths of one per cent, on the
amount of valuation —
.At more than S500, and not more than §1,000, three tenths of one per ct
At more than 1,000, and not more than 3,000, four tenths of do.
At more than 3,000, and not more than 6,000, five tenths of do.
At more Uian 6,000, and not more than 10,000, six tenths of do.
At more than 10,000, and not more than 15,000, seven tenths of do.
At more than 15,000, and not more than 20,000, eight tenths of do.
At more than 20,000, and not more than 30,000, nine tenths of do.
And on all dwelling-houses, valued at
more than ... 30,000, one pr ct. on the valuation."
Upon every slave enumerated, there was assessed fifty cents.
After deducting the amount of the sums, thus assessed upon dwell-
Z25
ing-houses and slaves, within each state, from the sum apportioned to
such state, the remainder was assessed, upon the lands in such state,
according to the valuation made in pursuance of said act, and at such
rate per centum, as was sufficient to produce the said remainder.
The number of acres of lands in the
United States, valued under the And was valued at
act, was - - - 163,746,688, $479,293,263 13
The number of dwelling-houses,
over one hundred dollars, was - 276,695, 140,683,984 79
Making for both, - - $619,977,247 92
And the number of slaves enumera-
ted, was .... 393,219
The proportion of the two millions, assessed upon hou-
ses, according to the foregoing principles, was - $471,988 96
Upon land, - 1,327,713 21
And upon slaves, - - - 196,609 50
Table No. IV. exhibits a general view of the number of acres of land,
and number of dwelling-houses, with their respective valuations, and
number of slaves, in each state, with the proportion of the tax, assess-
ed upon each of them.
The quantity of land valued in each state, and the amount of its
valuation, was as follows, viz. —
No. of acres. Valuation.
Dolls. Cts.
New-Hampshire, - 3,749,061 - 19,028,108 03
Massachusetts, - 7,831,628 - 59,445,642 64
Rhode-Island, - - 565,844 - 8,082,355 21
Connecticut, - 2,649,149 - 40,163,955 34
Vermont, - - 4,918,722 - 15,165,484 02
New-York, 16,414,510 - 74,885,075 69
New- Jersey, - - 2,788,282 - 27,287,981 89
626
No. of acres Valuation
Dolls. Ct*,
Pennsylvania, - - 11,959,865 - 72,824,852 60
Delaware, 1,074,105 - 4,053,248 42
Maryland, - - - 5,444,272 - 21,634,004 57
Virginia, - - 40,458,644 - 59,976,860 04
N. Carolina, 20,956,467 - 27,909,479 70
S. Carolina, - - 9,772,587 - 12,456,720 94
Georgia, - - 13,534,159 - 10,263,506 95
Kentucky, - - 17,674,634 - 20,268,325 07
Tennessee, - 3,951,357 - 5,847,662 00
163,746,686 $479,293,263 13
In some of the states, the valuations were not completed, until three
or four years after the tax was laid. The amount of this direct tax,
received into the public Treasury, to the 30th of September, 1812.
was $1,757,240 84, and in the following years, viz. —
Dolls. Cts.
In 1800 - - 734,223 97
1801 - - 534,343 38
1802 - - 206,565 44
1803 - - 71,879 20
1804 - - 50,198 44
1805 - 21,882 91
1806 - - 55,763.86
1807 - - 34,732 56
1808 - - 19,159 21
1809 - 7,517 31
1810 - - 12,448 68
1811 - - 7,666 66
To Sept. 30th, 1812 - 859 22
$1,757,240 84
Lar^e balances of thi= tax are still due, from the Supervisor.-, u:
327
other officers entrusted with the collection of it, in some of the states ;
and in the act of July 24th, 1813, establishing the office of Commis-
sioner of the revenue, it is made the duty of the Commissioner " to
superintend the collection of the residue of the former direct tax and
internal duties, which may be still outstanding," &c.
The balance of this tax, due from the Supervisors and other officers,
on the 1st day of January, 1812, was - - - $91,684 33
Of this balance there was due from the Supervi-
sors, <H. of Massachusetts, .... $6,528 46
of Vermont, - - - 7,226 62
of South-Carolina, - - • 24,374 62
of Georgia, 24,588 96
A second direct tax was laid, August 2d, 1813, its amount was
three millions of dollars, and was apportioned among the states, ac-
cording to the Constitution, on the census of 1810, as follows : —
Dolls. Cts.
New-Hampshire, - 96,793 37
Massachusetts, - - - 316,270 98
Rhode-Island, - 34,750 78
Connecticut, - - - 118,167 71
Vermont, - 98,343 71
New-York, - - 430,141 62
New-Jersey, - 108,871 83
Pennsylvania, - 365,479 16
Delaware, - 32,046 25
Maryland. .... 151,623 94
Virginia, - - - 369,018 44
Kentucky, - - 168,928 76
Ohio, ... . 103,150 14
N. Carolina, - - - 220,238 28
S.Carolina, - - 151,905 48
'Tennessee, - ... 110,086 55
Georgia, .... 94,936 49
Louisiana, - - 28.295 11
328
The sums, thus apportioned to each state, were, by the act laying
the tax, again apportioned to each county, in the state. This appor-
tionment among the several counties, was made, according to two dif-
ferent rules, recommended by the Secretary of the Treasury. In
those states, where there was a state tax, each county's quota of the
direct tax was made to bear the same proportion to the whole quota
of the state, as the amount of the state tax, paid by such county, bore
to the whole sum paid in the state, for the state tax.
The second rule, as stated and explained by the Secretary, was as
follows, viz. —
" In those states, where there is no state tax, or if there be one,
the proportions, in which it is apportioned among the counties is not
known, the principle assumed for a basis is, that the comparative ad-
vancement of wealth (or rather the increase in the value of property,
subject to the direct tax now to be imposed) and of population in the
different districts of the same state, have been equal, since the year
1799 ; so that if a given portion of a state containing, for example,
one fourth of the population of the state, and which paid in 1799,
one fourth of the direct tax of that stale, now contains one third of the
whole population of the state, it ought now to pay one third of the
whole tax to be imposed upon the state. And in respect to popula-
tion for both epochs, although the federal numbers, or numbers repre-
sented in Congress, have been taken as the Constitution directs, for
ascertaining the quota of each state, of the whole sum to be raised in
the United States, yet, for apportioning the sum thus found as the
quota of any state, among the several counties of that state, the whole
numbers of the several counties, including slaves, have been taken ;
because it is considered that the slaves increase the wealth, or the
ability to pay, in a ratio at least, equal to the augmented quota, which
this mode will give, to those parts of a state, in which slaves are pos-
sessed, over those in which there are none, or a smaller number.
Maryland is the only state where there is a considerable proportion of
-laves, to which this mode of apportioning the tax among the countie-
has been applied. The process then is, to make the quota of each
county in a given state, compared with its population in 1810, bear
the same proportion to the present quota of the state, compared with
its whole population in 1810. as the quota of the ^mc county, of the
329
direct tax of 1799, compared with its population by the census ot
1800, bore to the quota of the whole state of the direct tax of 1799.
compared with its whole population in 1800.'" A difference in the
value of lands and houses, in different counties, produced a great ine-
quality in the sums paid by individuals, in the same state, though
possessed oflands valued alike, and shewed the injustice of both of
these modes, of apportioning each state's quota, among the several
counties. In the state of Massachusetts, the inhabitants of the county
of Cumberland, for every hundred dollars value of their lands and
houses, paid thirty-eight cents and nine mills, while in several other
counties, the sum paid on every one hundred dollars value of lands
and houses, was only seventeen cents, and the average paid through
the whole state, was only twenty-one cents and two mills, for every
one hundred dollars. Similar inequalities, though not, in many in-
stances, so great, took place, in all the states in which valuations were
made.
This tax was laid and assessed " on the value of all lands and loth
of ground, with their improvements, dwelling houses, and slaves ;"
and these several articles were to be enumerated and valued by the
respective assessors, at the rate each of them was worth in money.
The valuations were to be made, within sixty days, after the 1st day
of February, 1814. Each state had the right of assuming its propor-
tion of this tax, with a deduction of fifteen per cent, if assumed and
paid, before the 10th day of February, 1814, and if assumed and
paid before the 1st day of May of the same year, with a deduction
often per cent. The states of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
South-Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, and Ohio, assumed their propor-
tion of the tax, and were allowed a deduction of fifteen pef cent.
The sums paid into the Treasury by these states, was $1,159,796
and 83 cents.
In the states which assumed the tax, no valuations were made, un-
der the act. In the other states, the valuations and enumerations
were made, according to the law.
In the following states, the valuations were as follows : —
New-Hampshire, - $36,957,825
Massachusetts, - 149.253,514
42
630
Vermont, - - - #32,747,290
Rhode-Island, - - 21,567,020
Connecticut, - - - 86,550,033
Delaware, - - 14,361,469
Maryland, - - - 122,577,572
The amount of valuations, in the state of New-
York, (except the counties of Essex, Clinton,
Franklin, Gennessee, Niagara, Allegany,
Chautaugue, and Cattaragus,) was - 232,494,940
North-Carolina, according to the best estimate
from the returns made, - - 92,157,48?
Tennessee, exclusive of the valuations in the
third district, - - - 34,415,971
The above sums include the valuations taken of slaves, as well as
of lands and houses.
A comparative view of the difference in the value of lands and
houses in 1799, and in 1814, is highly interesting ; and serves to
shew the increasing wealth of the United States. As the valuations
in many of the states were not made in 1814, and in others not com-
pleted, this view, at present, can only be a partial one, and confined
principally to those states, where there are few, or no slaves.
New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode-Island, Connecti-
cut, and New-York, have few slaves ; and the valuations in these
states in 1799 and 1814, were as follows : —
1799. 1814.
Lands & houses. Increase.
Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls.
New-Hampshire, lands, 19,028,108
houses, 4,146,938
23,175,046 36,957,825 13,782,779
Massachusetts, lands, 59,445,642
houses, 24,546,826
83,992,468 149,253,514 65,261,046
331
1799. 1814.
Lands & houses. Increase.
Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls
Vermont, lands, 15,165,484
houses, 1,558,389
16,723,873 32,747,290 16,023,417
Rhode-Island, lands, 8,082,355
houses, 2,984,002
11,066,357 21,567,020 10,500,663
Connecticut, lands, 40,163,955
houses, 8,149,479
48,313,434 86,550,033 38,236,599
New-York, lands, 74,885,075
houses, 25,495,631
100,380,706 232,494,940 132,114,234
^283,651,884 559,570,622 275,918,730
The increase, therefore, in these six states, in the value of lands
and houses, so far as ascertained, has been, in fifteen years, nearly
two hundred and seventy-six millions of dollars. Making every al-
lowance for a difference in the judgments of the assessors, and for the
depreciation of money, arising from the increase of banks and bank
paper, and other causes, the increase in the real value, must be great
beyond example. In 1799, the whole value of lands and houses, in
the United States, was $619,977,247, and in 1814, in these six states,
the value falls but about sixty millions short of that sum. The whole
amount of the valuations, in New- York, when completed will proba-
bly be two hundred and fifty or sixty millions.
In Maryland, in 1799, the value
of lands, was - $21,634,004
of houses, - 10,738,286
$32,372,296
And in 1814, the valuations made of lands, houses, and
slaves, was ... 122.577,572
Being a difference o( g90.205.282.
632
In Delaware, in 171U, the value
of lands, was - $4,053,248
of houses, - - 2,180,165
$6,234,413
;md in 1814, the value of lands, houses, and slaves, was $14,361,469
Being a difference of $8,127,056.
In North-Carolina, in 1799, the
value of lands, was - $27,909,479
of houses, - 2,932,893
$30,842,372
And in 1814, the value ot lands, houses, and slaves,
from the best estimates, was - - 92,157,487
Being a difference of - $61,315,115
In Tennessee, in 1799, the value
of lands, was - $5,847,662
of houses, - 286,446
$6,134,108
And in 1814, the value of lands, houses, and slaves,
(with the exception of one whole district) was $34,415,971
Being a difference of $28,281,863
What part of the valuations, in these states, was made from slaves,
we have not been able t» ascertain. If we take the number of slaves
in each state, from the census of 1810, and estimate the value of each
slave at three hundred dollars, the increase in the value of lands and
houses, will be
In Maryland, about $57,000,000
Delaware, - - 7,000,000
North-Carolina, - - 11,000,000
Tennessee, (so far as ascertained) 15,000,000
Being an increase, in these states of about $90,000,000
Making the value of lands and houses, in 1814, so far ao can, at
present, be ascertained, and from the foregoing estimate, of the value
333
of slaves, about seven hundred and twenty-four million five hundred
and seventy thousand dollars, in ten states, being an increase, in the
value ef lands and houses, in those states, since 1799, of about three
hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars.
The average value of lands, per acre, including all the buildings
thereon, according to the valuations made in 1814, in the states of
New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode-Island, Connecti-
cut, and New-York, was nearly as follows : —
Per Acre.
Dls. Cts.
New-Hampshire, - - 9
Massachusetts, - - 13 75
Vermont, - - 6 40
Rhode-Island, - - 39
Connecticut, 34
New- York, - - - 14 50
The amount of this direct tax of three millions, received at the
Treasury, from the non-assuming states, up to December 31st, 1814,
was about one million two hundred and ten thousand dollars ; at
that time, there were in the hands of Collectors, about sixty -six thou-
sand dollars, and the sum then remaining to be collected, was about
three hundred and seventy-six thousand.
On the 9th of January, 1815, Congress passed an act laying an
annual direct tax of six millions of dollars. This was laid, and was
to be assessed in the same manner, as the direct tax of 1813. In
those states, which had assumed the former direct tax, valuations and
assessments are to be made under this act ; and in those, which did
not assume the tax, the assessments made under the act of 1813, are
to remain, except, where changes of property, have rendered altera-
tions necessary.
The quotas of each state were not again apportioned among the
*everal counties, in this tax, as in the former, but the valuations
through each state are to be equalized by the principal assessors, and
the tax it to bf^ laid and rollected on the assessments tlm<; equalized.
334
Each state has, also, the right of assuming and paying, every year,
its quota of this tax, and if assumed and paid, before the 1st day of
May, in each year, is to have an allowance of fifteen per cent, and
if paid, before the 1st of October, an allowance of ten per cent.
This tax was laid, as the title declares " for defraying the expenses
of Government, and maintaining the public credit ;" and is to be col-
lected every year, and the Secretary of the Treasury, is authorized
to fix a day, in the month of February, in each year, when the Col-
lectors shall proceed, and collect the same. This tax, as well as all
the internal taxes, as before stated, are pledged and appropriated,
" towards establishing an adequate revenue, to provide for the pay-
ment of the expenses of Government; for the punctual payment ot
the public debt, principal and interest, contracted and to be contract-
ed, according to the terms of the contracts respectively ; and for cre-
ating an adequate sinking fund, gradually to reduce and eventually
to extinguish the public debt, contracted and to be contracted," &.c.
and remain so pledged and appropriated, until other taxes or duties,
which shall be equally productive, and for the same purposes, shall
be provided and substituted.
SALES OF PUBLIC LANDS.
Since the opening of the several land offices for the sale of lands
belonging to the United States, the following sums have been receiv-
ed into the Treasury, each year from the proceeds of the sales of
public lands, viz. : —
Dolls. Cts.
In 1796 - - - 4,836 13
1797 - - - 83,540 60
1798 - 11,963 11
1799 - -
1800 - - 443 75
1801 - - - 167,726 6
1802 - - - 188,628 2
1803 - - 165,675 69
1804 - 487.526 79
335
Dolls. Cts.
1805 - - - 540,193 80
1806 - - 765.245 73
1807 - - - 466,163 27
1808 - - - 647,939 6
.1809 - - - 442,252 33
1810 - - 696,548 82
1811 - - - 1,040,237 53
1812 - - 869,219 8
1813 - • - 821,218 8
1814 - - - 1,038,173 75
$8,437,531 60
The whole number of acres sold, at the different land offices, up
to September 30th, 1814, was five millions three hundred eighty-
five thousand four hundred and sixty-seven acres ; the whole pur-
chase money amounted to $11,356,687 and 71 cents ; and the bal-
ance, remaining due at that time, was about three millions of dollars.
In December, 1813, the Commissioner of the land office, in his
report to Congress, estimated the lands then belonging to the United
States, to be four hundred millions of acres, and which were situated
as follows : —
In the state of Ohio.
Lands to which the Indian title has been
extinguished, - - 6,725,000
Lands to which the Indian title has not
been extinguished, - 5,575,000
Total number of acres of land in Ohio, 12,300,000
336
In the Territory of Michigan.
Lands to which the Indian title has been
extinguished, - - 5,100,000
Lands to which the Indian title has not
been extinguished, - 11,400,000
Total in Michigan, - - 16,500,000
In the Indiana and Illinois south of the parallel of latitude passing by
the south extremity of Lake Michigan.
Lands to which the Indian title has been
extinguished, - - 33,000,000
Lands to which the Indian title has not
been extinguished, - 23,200,000
Total in Indiana and Illinois, - 56,200,000
In the Territory west of Lake Michigan, and north of said parallel
of latitude.
Lands to which the Indian title has been
extinguished, - - 5,500,000
Lands to which the Indian title has not
been extinguished, - - 54,500,000
Total west of Michigan, - - 60,000,000
In the Mississippi Territory.
Lands to which the Indian title has been
extinguished, - - 5,900,000
Lands to which the Indian title has not
been extinguished, - - 4 Q , 100,000
Total in the Mississippi Territory. 55.000,000
337
In the cession made by the French Government,
April 30th, 1803, and including the Territory of
Missouri and State of Louisiana, and the Land east
of the River Mississippi and Island of New-Orleans,
as far as the River Perdido, at least, 200,000,000
Grand total number of acres, - 400,000,000
Making the quantity of lands, unsold, to which the Indian title has
been extinguished, east of the Mississippi river, fifty-six millions two
hundred and twenty-five thousand acres. As to the quantity obtain-
ed by the cession from France, the Commissioner of the land office
does not give the data on which he made his calculation. As the north-
ern and western bounds of Louisiana are yet undetermined, the cal-
culation, it is presumed, must rest, in no small degree, on conjecture^
The various taxes laid in 1815 were considered as war taxes, and
necessary to support public credit ; and in addition to the internal du-
ties and direct tax, the produce of the customs was estimated, at four
millions a year, during the war, and the proceeds of the sales of pub-
lic lands at one million, making the whole revenues of the United
States, when all the taxes were in full operation, about twenty-one
millions of dollars.
Internal duties by estimate, - - $10,159,000
Direct tax, 6,000,000
Customs, 4,000,000
Lands, - - 1,000,000
$21,159,000
This is about three dollars and fifty cents for every white inhabit-
ant, in the United States, or including slaves, about three dollars loi
every person.
The annual amount of the revenues of Great-Britain and Ireland,
for some years past, has been about seventy millions sterling, or
$310,000,000. The population of the United Kingdom of Great-
43
338
Britain and Ireland, is about fifteen millions ; making the amount of
taxes for each person about twenty dollars and seventy cents a year.
The amount of the net revenue of France, in 1806, was estimated
at one thousand and fifty millions of francs, or about two hundred and
ten millions of dollars.*
The return of peace, and revival of commerce, will, probably, en-
able the United States to dispense with many of the internal duties,
and so to modify those, which may be retained, as to be less oppres-
sive and burdensome to the community.
POSTAGE.
By the Constitution, Congress have power to establish post-offices
rind post-roads : and soon after the commencement of the Govern-
ment, laws were passed, to carry this power into effect.
The benefits arising from the post-office establishment, to individ-
uals are immense, and in some years, the public have derived no in-
considerable revenue, from this source.
Table No. V. exhibits an account of the post-office establishment,
from 1789 to October 1st, 1813, containing the number of post-offices,
amount of postage, compensation to post-masters, incidental expen-
ses, transportation of the mail, net revenue, and extent of post-roads,
for each year, during that period.
From this will be seen, the increase of the establishment, at the
iollowing periods —
No. of post-
Net revenue.
Extent in miles
offices.
Dolls. Cts.
of post-roads.
1791
89
9,637 29
1,905
1801
1,025
65,291 84
22,309
1811
2.403
88,148 51
37.035
* See Mr. Walch's very able letter, on the genius and disposition of the
French Government, including a view of the taxation of the French Em-
pire— 1810.
339
The net revenue for each year, was as follows : —
Dolls. Cts.
1790 - 5,794 95
1791 - - - 9,637 29
1792 - - 12,913 06
1793 - - - 32,707 10
1794 - - - 38,974 28
1795 - - - 42,726 78
1796 - 63,495 42
1797 - - - 63,884 16
1798 - - - 63,892 94
1799 - - - 76,808 44
1800 - - - 66,810 81
1801 - - - 65,291 84
1802 - 45,120 25
1803 - 29,458 74
1804 - - 51,947 40
1805 - - 44,005 92
1806 - - - 33,872 17
1807 - - 24,877 62
1808 ... .
1809 - - 8.621 78
1810 - 55.715 02
1811 - - 88,148 51
1812 - - - 109,042 66
toOct. 1, 1813 - - 24,178 87
The weekly transportation of the mail, in stages, on the 3d ol
March, 1793, was eight thousand five hundred and sixty-seven miles.
in sulkies and on horseback was seven thousand six hundred and six-
ty-two miles, and yearly transportation, was eight hundred forty-five
thousand four hundred and sixty-eight miles ; and on the 3d of March,
1811, the weekly transportation, in stages, was forty-six thousand
three hundred and eighty miles ; in sulkies and on horseback, was
sixty-one thousand one hundred and seventy-one, and yearly trans-
portation was five million, five hundred ninety-two thousand, six hun-
;J40
dred and fifty-two miles. In some of the states, the expenses of the
establishment, have generally exceeded the amount of the postage ;
ivhile in others, the receipts have greatly exceeded the expenses.
Table No. VI. presents a view of the amount of postage on letters and
newspapers, with the expenses, in each state and territory, in 1802.
by which it appears, that in Massachusetts proper, and in the states
of Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylva-
nia, Delaware, Maryland and Georgia, and the District of Columbia,
the amount of postage exceeded the expenses, and in New-Hampshire.
Vermont, Province of Maine, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, North-Caro-
lina, Tennessee, and South-Carolina, and in Indiana and Mississip-
pi Territory, the expenses exceeded the receipts. The debt and
credit account, between the states, and the post-office establishment,
during, that year, was as folloAvs, \iz. —
Cr. Dr.
Dolls. (Jts. Dolls. Cts.
New-Hampshire, - - 558 85
Vermont, - 1,83G 73
Massachusetts, - 12,767 84 - -
District of Maine, - - 421 17
Rhode-Island, - 1,760 05
Connecticut, - - 744 71 - - -
New-York, - 26,118 40
New-Jersey, - - 397 35 - -
Pennsylvania, - - 27,810 11 - -
Ohio, 2,071 21
Indiana Territory, - ... 1,242 97
Delaware, - - 827 15 -
Maryland, - - - 12,903 49
District of Columbia, - 9,096 35
Virginia, - - ... . 3,417 83
Kentucky, - ■ - 3,526 62
North-Carolina, - - 12,122 43
Tennessee, - - 2,957 99
South-Carolina, - - 3,991 10
Georgia, - 361 15
Mis-i^ippi Territory, - - 1,664 32
£92,786 60 $34,713 21
341
The revenue derived from the post-office, in Great-Britain, for
the year ending the 4th of January, 1808, was £1,277,538 sterling,
and in the year ending January 5th, 1812, was £1,478,505 sterling,
or about $6,600,000. The net revenue from the post-office in
France, in 1807, was about seven millions of francs, or one million,
four hundred thousand dollars.*
The receipts from fees on patents, and other sources, may be seen,
in table No. VII. under the head " Miscellaneous."
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
A general view of the annua! receipts from the various sources of
revenue, and of the annual expenditures of the Government, from its
commencement, to 1814, and the objects of expenditure, cannot be
uninteresting. Table No. VII. exhibits a statement of the annual re-
ceipts, from the customs, internal revenue, direct tax, postage, pub-
lic lands, and other miscellaneous sources ; and also, the annual ex-
penditures for the military, Indian, and naval departments, foreign
intercourse, Barbary powers, civil list, and miscellaneous civil, from
the commencement of the Government to the 30th of September.
1812.
The aggregate amount of the receipts and of the expenditures for
the objects above mentioned, for that period, were as follows : —
from 4th of March, 1789, Receipts. Expenditures.
to 31st December, Dolls. Cts. Dolls. Cts.
1791 4,418,913 99 - 1.718,129 37
1792 3.661,932 31 - 1,766,077 15
1793 - 4,614,423 14 - 1,707,348 28
1794 5,128,432 87 - 3,500,348 20
1795 5,954,534 59 - 4.350,596 45
1796 7,137,529 65 - 2,531,930 40
1797 - 8,303,560 99 - 2,833,590 9<";
1798 7,820,575 80 - 4.623.223 5!
* Walch's letter
342
Receipts.
Expenditures
Years.
Dolls. Cts.
Dolls. Cts
1799
7,475,773 31
- 6,480,166 72
1800
10,777,709 10
- 7,411,369 97
1801
12,846,530 95
- 4,981,669 90
1802
13,668,233 95
- 3,737,079 91
1803
11,064,097 63
- 4,002,824 24
1804
11,826,307 38
- 4,452,858 9 J
1805
13,560,693 20
- 6,357,234 62
1806
15,559,931 7
- 6,080,209 36
1807
16,398,019 26
- 4,984,572 89
1808
17,060,661 93
- 6,504,338 85
1809
7,773,473 12
- 7,414,672 14
1810
9,384,214 28
- 5,311,082 28
1811
14,423,529 9
- 5,592,604 86
From January 1st, to 30th
of September,
1812
6,927,706 b6
- 11,760,292 21
$215,786,783 27 $108,102,221 21
The receipts from the customs, during this
period, were - - $199,524,13178
Internal revenue, - - 6,460,003 5-J
Direct tax, 1,757,240 84
Postage of letters, - 667,348 70
Sales of public lands, 6,161,283 2
Miscellaneous, - 1,216,775 39
$215,786,783 r,
The expenditures, for the pay and
subsistence of the army, were $38,572,575 15
fortification of ports and harbours, 3,493,758 96
Fabrication of cannon, 263,611 5-1
Purchase of salt-petre, 150,000
Additional arms, • 300,000
643
Arming and equipping the militia,
Detachment of militia,
Services of militia,
Services of volunteers,
Indian department —
Holding treaties, &c.
Trading houses,
500.00U
170,000
406,800
210,000
$822,838 68
430,298 84
-$44,066,745 65
$1,253,137 52
Naval department,
Foreign intercourse, exclusive of Barbary powers,
and which includes the sum of $6,361,000 paid
under the convention with France, of 30th of
April, 1803, and with Great-Britain, of 8th of
January, 1802,
Barbary powers,
Civil list, ....
Miscellaneous civil.
29.389,660 78
In addition to the above sum of
received, from various sources of revenue, from
March 4th, 1789, to September 30th, 1812, there
was received into the Treasury, during the same
period, for
Sales of bank stock,
Dividends on do.
Interest on stock remitted to Europe,
Gain on exchange,
And from foreign and domestic loans, (of
which $5,847,212 50 cents, was part of
the eleven million loan, in 1812,)
Making the total amount of receipts to the 30th of
10,311,145 33
2,328,810 40
12,686,493 36
7,566,228 17
$108,102,221 21
$215,786,783 27
2,671,860
1,101,720
136,400
805,127
35,141,512 61
September, 1812.
$255,643,403 27
344
Besides the sum of - $108,102,221 21
expended for the above objects ; the expendi-
tures, during the same period, ior the payment
of the interest, charges on the foreign loans, and
principal of the foreign and domestic debts, at
the Treasury of the United States, and by Com-
missioners abroad, were - - $ 144,862,260 67
And the expenditures, on account of the revo-
lutionary Government, were - - 316,268 70
Making the whole expenditures of the United
States, to 30th September, 1812, - $253,280,750 58
Leaving a balance, in the Treasury, at that
time, of - - 2,362,652 69
$255,643,403 27
It will be observed, that the foregoing account of receipts and ex-
penditures, includes those of nine months of the year 1812, when the
United States were preparing for, or were engaged in war, and the
expenditures were much greater than in any former year.
The receipts from the whole revenue of the United States, from
March 4th, 1789, to December 31st, 1811, were $208,859,076 71 ;
and the expenditures, (exclusive of the public debt) for the same pe-
riod, were $96,341,:;29. The receipts, for a little more than the
first half of this period, that is, from March 4th, 1789, to 1801, in-
clusive, were - - - $78,139,915 80
And from 1 802 to 1811, inclusive, were - 1 30,7 1 9, 1 GO 9 1
Being a difference of - - $52,579,245 11
The expenditures, from March 4th, 1789, to
1801, inclusive, were - - $41,901,450 94
And from 1802 to 1811, inclusive, were - 54,437,473 6
A difference of $12,533,027 12
345
The increase of expenditures, in the latter period, was principally
in the naval department, foreign intercourse, civil list, and miscella-
neous civil.
Since the 1st of January, 1812, the whole amount of the expenses
of the United States, has not yet been ascertained.
The expenditures from January 1st, 1812, to September 30th.
1812, as far as they have been ascertained, were —
J. For civil list, foreign inter-
course, kc. - $1,556,864 46
2. For the military department, 7,464,814 80
:>>. For the naval department, 2,638,612 95
$11,660,292 21
From September 30th, 1812, to Sep-*
tember, 30th, 1813, the money paid
from the Treasury : —
1. For civil list, foreign intercourse,
kc. amounted to - $1,705,016 cb
2. For the military department, 18,404,650 49
3. For the naval department, 6,317,411 15
$26,427,077 99
And from September 30th, 1813, to
December 31st, 1813, being the last
quarter of 1813, the amount paid : —
1. For civil list, foreign inter-
course, kc. was - $400,000
2. For the military department, 5,887,747
3. For the naval department, 1,248,145 10
$7,535,892 10
Making an aggregate, for the years
1812 and 1813, of - $45,623.262 30
44
346
The sums authorized to be ex-
pended in 1814, and for which ap-
propriations were made, were —
1. For civil list, foreign inter-
course, &c. - #2,445,355 59
2. For the military department, 24,502,906
3. For the naval department, 8,169,910 87
#35,118,172 46
It is well known, that the expenses of 1814 exceeded the appro-
priations, by some millions, and that there are claims upon the Trea-
sury, to the amount of many millions, yet unsettled, some of which
are mentioned, in the preceding Chapter, on the subject of the pub-
lic debt. What will be the amount of the expenses, on a final ad-
justment of these various claims, is yet uncertain. The whole amount
of expenses incurred in the years 1812, 1813, and 1814, for the civil
list, foreign intercourse, &x. and for the military and naval depart-
ments, will probably equal, if not exceed, the whole expenses, for
the same objects, from the commencement of the Government, to the
1st of January, 1812. As the army was not disbanded, until the
summer of 1815, and the naval establishment remained nearly the
same, the expenditures of 1815 cannot fall greatly short, of those of
the preceding year.
The receipts into the Treasury, for the years 1812, 1813, and
1814, from the various sources of revenue, and other incidental re-
ceipts, (exclusive of loans and Treasury notes) were as follows : —
1812 - - #9,801,132 76
1813 - - - 14,340,409 95
1814 (on estimate) about 12,000,000
347
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TABLE No. III.
Amount of duties accruing on the
following a
rticles, '
'mportedin 1806,
with the rates
of duties on each.
QUANTITIES.
Excess of
Excess
Rate
Excess of
importation
over
of ex-
port. 0-
of
duty.
duties
over
Beer, ale, k, porter, glls.
exportation
ver im-
port.
Cts.
drawback.
181,815
- -
8
14,545 20
Cocoa, - - lbs.
1,418,232
- -
2
28,364 64
Chocolate,
2,117
- -
3
63 51
Sugar candy,
1,573
- -
111
180 89
loaf,
3,180
- -
9
286 20
other refined and lump,
976
- -
61 63 44
Almonds, - -
282,517
- -
2
5,650 34
Currants,
372,097
- -
2
7,441 94
Prunes and plumbs,
66,479
- -
2
1,329 58
Figs,
408,449
- -
2
8,168 98
Raisins in jars and muscadel,
773,398
- -
2
15,467 96
all other,
2,412,221
- -
n
36,182 31
Candles, tallow,
175,820
- -
2
3,516 40
wax,
6,254
- -
6
375 24
Cheese,
262,846
- -
7
18,399 22
Soap,
819,241
- -
2
16,384 82
Tallow
1,755,841
- -
H 26,337 62
Mace,
-
2,620
125
-
Nutmegs,
173
- -
50
86 50
Cinnamon,
-
9,149
20
-
Cloves,
-
24,318
20
-
Pepper, *
1,848,617
- -
6
110,917 2
Pimento,
468,008
- -
4
18,720 32
Chinese cassia,
181,802
- -
4
7,272 8
j Tobacco, manufactured other \
than snuff and segars, $
6,638
- -
6
398 28
Snuff,
16,562
- -
10
1,656 20
Indigo,
264,163
- -
25
66,040 75
Cotton,
785,378
- -
3
23,561 34
Powder, hair,
5,514
- -
4
220 56
gun,
204,822
" "
4
8,192 88
Starch,
14,565
- -
3
436 95
Glue,
105,612
. .
4
4,224 48
Pewter plates and dishes,
78,200
- -
4
3,128
Anchors and sheet iron,
582,236
,
H
8,733 54
Slit and hoop do.
271,063
- -
1
2,710 63
3re
TABLE No. III.
-CONTINUED.
QUANTITIES. |
E xcess of I Excess of R a teofl Excess of
importation exportation c i u ^ v
duties
over ex- j over im-
over
Nails, - - lbs.
portation, jportaiion. Cents.
drawback.
61,190 58
3,059,529
_
2
Spikes,
407,936
- -
1
4,079 36
Quicksilver,
51,606
- -
6
3,096 36
Ochre, yellow, in oil,
22,079
- -
n
331 19
dry yellow,
119,854
- -
i
1,198 54
Spanish brown,
619,710
- -
i
6,197 10
White and red lead,
2,648,981
- -
2
52,979 62
Lead & manufactures oflead,
3,513,351
- -
1
35,133 51
Seines,
10,651
- -
4
426 4
Cordage, tarred,
206,096
- -
2
4,121 92
untarred,
47,391
- -
2i
1,184 77
Cables,
30,542
. -
2
610 84
Steel, - - cwt.
12,228
-
100
12 228
Hemp,
116,101
- -
100
1 16,101
Twine and pack thread, -
3,361
- -
400
13,444
Glauber salts,
103
-
200
206
Coal, - bushels,
311,146
-
5
15,557 30
Fish, dried, - quintals,
219,349
_
50
109,674 50
pickled salmon, bbls.
6,862
- -
100
6,862
mackarel, -
14,756
- -
60
8,853 60
other,
16,271
- -
40
6,508 40
Glass, black qt. bottles, gro.
20,273
- -
60
12,163 80
window, not above 8 )
by 10, 100 sqr. ft. \
22,546
160
36,073 60
do. 10 by 12, -
3,985
- -
175
6,973 75
do. above 10 by 12,
4,243
- -
225
9.546 75
Segars, - - M.
22,969
- -
200
45,938
Foreign lime, - casks,
339
- -
50
169 50
Boots, - pairs,
3,817
- -
75
2,862 75
Shoes, silk,
6,913
- - ! 25
1,728 25
kid, Morocco, k.c.
45,758
- -
15
6,863 70l
all other,
5,374
-
10
537 40 1
Cards, wool &. cotton, dozs.
4
i
50
2 j
playing, - packs,
11,672! - - 25 1
2,906 75'
Total excess of duties over draw
back,
1,024,809 70
Excess of drawback over dutie
'son Mace, - 3,275
— — — _
Cinnamon, - 1,829 80
— — — , —
Cloves, - ■ 4,863 60
9,968 40
1,014,841 30
Total,
Treasury Department, Register's Office, 4th November, 1807.
JOSEPH NOURSE, Register
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W
CHAPTER X.
Tonnage of the United States — Amount employed in foreign trade, and in
the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of American tonnage,
from 1793 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state, in 1810, and in the
ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Charleston — Ves-
sels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Comparative view of American tonnage,
with that of other nations — Amount of foreign tonnage, in American for-
eign trade, at different periods, and the nations to which it belonged —
American navy, in 1815.
The increase of the tonnage of the United States has been without
example, in the history of the commercial world. This has been ow-
ing to the increased quantity of bulky articles of domestic produce
exported, to the increase of their population, and to the extent of their
carrying trade.
The actual tonnage was not ascertained, at the Treasury Depart-
ment, until the year 1793. Previous to that time, the only account
of the tonnage kept at the Treasury was that, on which duties were
collected, and which included the repeated voyages made by the
same vessels in the course of the year.
The following is the amount of tonnage on which duties were col-
lected from 1789 to 1792 inclusive, with its employment, in the for-
eign trade, coasting trade, and fisheries : —
Foreign trade. Coasting trade. Fisheries.
1789 - 123,893 - 68,607 - 9,062
1790 - 346,254 - 103,775 - 28,348
1791 - 363,110 - 106,494 - 32,542
1792 - 411,438 120,957 - 32,062
Inconsequence of acts of Congress passed in 1792 and 1793, no
vessel can be employed, in foreign trade, unless duly registered by
388
the Collector of the district, where such vessel belongs, and the own-
er obtains from the Collector a certificate of such registry ; and no
vessel can obtain a register, unless she was built in the United States,
or has been taken and condemned as lawful prize, and is owned by
an American citizen.
No vessel can be employed in the coasting trade, unless duly enroll-
ed or licensed by the Collectors of the districts. This register, en-
rollment, or license, specifies the tonnage of each vessel, and an ac-
count of each vessel so registered, enrolled, or licensed, is annually
transmitted by the Collectors, to the Treasury Department.
There are also other vessels employed in foreign trade, owned by
citizens of the United States, but which, on account of being foieign
built, or some other cause, are not entitled to a register, or to be con-
sidered as American vessels. These vessels have however papers
called sea letters, and are therefore denominated .tea letter vessels. In
1806, the tonnage of vessels having sea letters, and employed in
foreign trade, was eighty-seven thousand tons.
To give an American character to a vessel, it is not necessary
that any part of the crew, except the captain, should be citizens of
the United States. If the captain be an American citizen, all the
rest of the crew may be foreigners.
The following duties on tonnage are paid in the United States, by
permanent acts.
American registered vessels, pay 6 cents per ton upon entry,
Coasting vessels, - 6 do. do. per annum,
Fishing vessels, - 6 do. do. do.
American vessels not registered (having sea letters) 50 cents per
ton upon entry.
American built vessels, owned by foreigners, 30 cents per ton, and
50 cents light money.
Foreign built vessels, owned by Americans, 50 cents per ton.
Vessels entirely foreign, 50 cents per ton and 50 cents light money.
By an act passed July 1st, 1812, and which is to continue during
the war, vessels belonging wholly, or in part, to the subjects of
389
foreign powers, pay an additional duty of one dollar and fifty cents
per ton.
With respect to merchandize imported, American registered ves-
sels pay American rates of duties, and merchandize imported in all
other vessels, whether having sea letters, or being American built,
are owned by foreigners, or foreign built, are owned by Americans,
or are entirely foreign, pay foreign duties.
By an act of the 27th of March, 1804, an American registered ves-
sel loses its American character, " if owned by a person naturalized
in the United States, and residing for more than one year in the coun-
try from which he originated, or for more than two years in any for-
eign country — unlesss such person be in the capacity of Consul, or
other public agent."
It is understood, that the late Commercial Treaty between the
United States and Great-Britain places the tonnage duties of the
vessels of both nations on the same footing in their respective ports.
Whether this will eventually benefit American navigation, indeed,
whether it will not be injurious to it, remains yet to be decided ; and
experience alone must determine. Were the British West-India
ports open to American vessels, there would, perhaps, be less room
to doubt on the subject. The American trade with the British West-
Indies always has been, and will, probably, continue to be
great ; and can now only be carried on in British vessels, navigated
according to British laws. Should this policy continue, there can be
little doubt, that, in this trade, American capital, to a certain extent,
will be employed in navigating British vessels, and in supporting
British seamen. And it is, perhaps, yet doubtful, whether in the
circuitous trade between Great-Britain and her West-India Islands,
by the way of the United States, British vessels will not be able to
carry, on freight, between the United States and Great-Britain,
cheaper than American vessels.
The amount of registered tonnage, employed in foreign tradp.
from 1793, to 1813, was as follows, viz. —
Tons. 95ths
1793 - 367,734 23
1794 - 438.862 71
390
Tons. 95ths.
1795 - 529,470 63
1796 - - 576,733 25
1797 - - 597,777 43
1798 - - 603,376 37
1799 - - 669,197 19
1800 - 669,921 35
1801 - - 718,549 60
1802 - 560,380 63
1803 - - 597,157 05
1804 - - 672,530 18
1805 - - 749,341 22
1806 - - 808,284 68
1807 - - 848,306 85
1808 - - 769,053 54
1809 - 910,059 23
1810 - - 984,269 05
1811 - - 768,852 21
1812 - - 760,624 40
1813 - 674,853 44
And the following tonnage was employed in the coasting trade,
from 1793 to 1812.
Enrolled.
Licensed.
Under 20 tons.
Tons. 95ths.
Tons. 95ths
1793
114,853 10
7,217 53
1794
167,227 42
16,977 36
1795
164,795 91
19,601 59
1796
195,423 64
22,416 66
1797
214,077 5
23,325 66
1798
227,343 79
24,099 43
1799
220,904 46
25,736 8
1800
245,295 4
27,196 91
1801
246,255 34
28,296 91
1802
260,543 16
29,079 58
391
Enrolled.
Licensed.
Under 20 tons,
Tons. 95ths.
Tons. 95ths.
1803
-
268,676 12
-
30,384 34
1804
-
286,840 1
-
30,696 56
1805
-
301,366 38
-
31,296 73
1806
-
309,977 5
-
30,562 54
1807
-
318,189 93
-
30,838 39
1808
-
387,684 43
-
33,135 33
1809
-
371,500 56
-
33,661 75
1810
-
371,114 12
-
34,232 57
1811 -
Enrolled
and licensed, -
420,362
1812 -
do.
do.
477,971
The increase of the registered tonnage, or that employed in foreign
trade, from 1793 to 1801, was three hundred and fifty thousand eight
hundred and fifteen tons and thirty-seven ninety-fifths, having nearly
doubled, in that short period. From 1793 to 1810, a period of se-
venteen years, the increase of tonnage, employed in foreign trade,
was six hundred sixteen thousand five hundred and thirty-five tons
and eighty-two ninety-fifths. In 1793, the tonnage employed in the
coasting trade, was one hundred twenty-two thousand and seventy
tons and sixty-three ninety-fifths, and in 1801, amounted to two hun-
dred seventy-four thousand five hundred and fifty-one tons, making
a difference of one hundred fifty-two thousand four hundred and
eighty -one tons; and from 1793 to 1810, the increase was two hundred
eighty-three thousand two hundred and seventy-six tons. We have
before stated the amount of tonnage employed in the fisheries ; the
increase from 1793 to 1807, was about forty thousand tons. Tables
No. I. and II. contain the amount of tonnage, annually employed, in
foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, owned in each state, from
1793 to 1810.
The whole amount of tonnage, in the United States, in 1810, was
one million four hundred twenty-four thousand seven hundred and
eighty-one tons, according to Treasury statements. — Of this,
Tons.
New-Hampshire owned ?8.817
392
Tons.
Massachusetts, - - 495,203
Rhode-Island, - - - 36,155
Connecticut, .... 45,108
New-York, - - - 276,557
New-Jersey, - - 43,803
Pennsylvania, ... - 125,430
Delaware, - - - - - 8,190
Maryland, .... 143,785
Virginia, ----- 84,923
North-Carolina, - - - 39,954
South-Carolina, .... 53,926
Georgia, ... - 15,619
Ohio, ..... none
New-Orleans, .... 13,240
The state of Massachusetts has many hundred miles of sea-coast,
with numerous inlets and harbours ; and many of her inhabitants
have always been engaged in navigation. The amount of tonnage
owned in that state, in 1810, was more than one third of the whole
tonnage in the United States.
The amount of tonnage owned in the ports of Boston, New-York.
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston, in 1810, was as follows :-—
Tons. 95ths.
Boston, - - - 149,121 85
New-York, - - 268,548 1
Philadelphia, - - 125,258 15
Baltimore, - - - 103,444 69
Charleston, - - - 52,888 16
It is believed, that the shipping, belonging to the port of New-York,
is equal to, if it does not exceed, that of any port, in the world, ex-
cept the port of London.
393
Tl>e tonnage of vessels built in the United States, from 1804 to
1813. was as follows :—
Tons. 95ths.
1804 - 103,753 91
1805 - - 128,507 3
1806 - - 126,093 29
1807 - - 99,783 92
1808 - 31,755 34
1809 - - - 91,397 55
1810 - - - 127,575 86
1311 - - - 146,691 82
1812 - - - 84,691 42
1813 - - 31,153 40
The number of vessels built and registered, during the same period,
in all the ports of the British empire (except Ireland) with the amount
of their tonnage, is contained in Xo. XIII. of Appendix No. II. ; the
greatest amount built in any one year was one hundred thirty-five
thousand three hundred and forty-nine.
The amount of American tonnage for 1310, as stated above, takes
from Treasury documents, is greater than the actual amount. It wa?
made from the abstracts, furnished by the Collectors of the several
districts, in which a deduction for vessels worn out, lost at sea, or ta-
ken and condemned in foreign countries, was not always made.
The true amount for 1810 may be stated at about one million and
a quarter. The amount of American registered tonnage, employed
in foreign trade, in 1807, and on which duties were paid (including
the repeated voyages) was one million eighty-nine thousand eight
hundred and seventy-six. The amount of tonnage of vessels which
entered inwards, at the several ports of Great-Britain, from all parts
of the world, (including their repeated voyages) was, for the same
year, one million four hundred eighty-two thousand four hundred and
twelve. This amount of British tonnage includes those vessels, which
entered inwards from Ireland, the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and
Man, and the whale fisheries. — (See No. XV. Appendix No. II.) The
amount of British tonnage, which cleared outwards, from all the ports
50
394
of Ireland, to all parts of the world, in 1807, was five hundred seven-
ty-four thousand six hundred and eighty-eight. — (See No. XXI. Ap-
pendix No. II.) Mr. Anderson, in his view of the importance of
Canada, &c. states the amount of British tonnage, entered inwards,
into the ports of Great-Britain, from Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, and
Man, and the whale fisheries, on an average, from 1804 to 1813, to
be about seven hundred thousand. This would leave the amount of
British tonnage, employed in trade with all other parts of the world,
in 1807, about eight hundred thousand. — (See Anderson, Appendix
Nos. XVI. and XVII.)
That the increase of American tonnage has been Avithout example,
at least in modern times, will appear, on comparing it with the in-
crease of the tonnage of other commercial nations, and particularly
Great-Britain.
In 1581, in the reign of Elizabeth, a period so much celebrated in
history, the tonnage of England was only seventy-two thousand four
hundred and fifty ; an amount far less, than is now owned, in either
of the ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. In
1700, the commercial tonnage of England was estimated at two hun-
dred seventy-three thousand six hundred and ninety three, in 1750,
at six hundred nine thousand, seven hundred and ninety-eight, and in
1800, at one million two hundred sixty-nine thousand, three hundred
and twenty-nine ;* having little more than doubled, in each half cen-
tury, from 1700 to 1800. On the 5th of January, 1813, the British
tonnage amounted to one million five hundred seventy-nine thousand,
seven hundred and fifteen. — (See No. XV. Appendix No. II.) The
state of New- York now owns as great, and the state of Massachusetts
a much greater amount of shipping, than was owned by England, a
little more than a century ago.
For many years past, the United States have owned a much great-
er amount oi tonnage, than any other nation, except Great-Britain.
About the year 1787, the amount of tonnage, employed in the for-
eign trade of France, was a little more than one million ; of this
France owned about three hundred thousand ; the rest was foreign
tonnage. The navigation of France has decreased since that period.
* See Chalmer's Estimate, 234.
395
In 1800, the number of vessels employed in the foreign commerce ol
France, that entered inwards, was seven thousand five hundred and
eighty-one ; their tonnage two hundred seventy-three thousand, four
hundred and eighty-six — Of this ninety-eight thousand three hundred
and four tons was French, and one hundred seventy-four thousand
eight hundred and thirty-three foreign. The number of vessels, that
cleared outwards, the same year, was eight thousand six hundred and
thirty-six, their tonnage three hundred twelve thousand nine hundred
and sixty-seven ; the French owned one hundred four thousand, six
hundred and eighty-seven of this, and the residue was owned by for-
eigners.*
In 1804, the number of trading vessels, belonging to the states and
nations around the Baltic, including those of Norway and Holstein,
was four thousand one hundred and thirty-four, and their tonnage
about four hundred ninety-three thousand, four hundred and seven-
teen British.! The shipping of the Baltic has not, probably, increas-
ed since that period. The American tonnage, therefore, is more
than double that of all the maritime nations of the north of Europe.
The rapid increase of American tonnage, after the commence-
ment of the present government, in a few years, almost excluded for-
eign tonnage from the trade of the United States. Table No. III.
contains a statement of American and foreign tonnage employed in
the foreign trade of the United States, for each year, from 1790 to
1799. In 1790, the proportion of foreign tonnage, to the whole
amount of tonnage, employed in the foreign American trade was as
41. 4 to 100, and in 1799 was as 14. 9 to 100. In 1807, the propor-
tion was as 7. 3 to 100. Table No. IV*. presents a statement of the
tonnage of vessels, entered in the United States, from 1790 to 179G,
and the nations to which the same belonged. In 1790, the amount oi
foreign tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United State?
was two hundred fiity-one thousand and fifty-eight tons, in 1796, was
forty-nine thousand, nine hundred and sixty, in 1802, (a year oi
peace in Europe) was one hundred forty-six thousand, seven hun-
dred and seventy-nine, and in 1807 was eighty-six thousand three
* See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 4th vol. p. 52.1 : Oddv
396
hundred and twenty-two. In the years 1790, 1796, and 1802, it
was owned by foreign nations, as follows : —
1790.
1796.
1802.
Tons.
Tons
Tons.
Great-Britain,
216,914
19,669 -
104,262
France,
12,059
2,055 -
7,659
Spain,
7,381
2,449 -
8,582
Portugal,
3,777 -
637 -
1,111
Italy,
- -
758 -
- -
United Netherlands,
6,136 -
301 -
102
Imperial,
459 -
. .
- -
Hanse Towns,
1,978 -
4,987 -
12,980
Denmark,
1,113 -
10,430 -
6,492
Sweden,
- 535 -
5,560 -
1,127
Prussia,
394 -
. .
- -
Russia,
. .
. .
2,994
American built owned by
Great-Britain,
( " " "
- -
519
British built owned by (
Americans, - '
i ' ' '
- -
951
The extensive coasting trade of the United States, as well as the
fisheries, will tend to increase the American navigation, and will al-
ways be an excellent nursery for seamen, from whence the American
navy in case of emergency can be supplied with hands. Fortunate-
ly for the country, the American navy, formerly considered by many
a mere gangrene upon the nation, seems now to be the favourite ot
all parties. Its brilliant success, during the late war, and in its late
excursion to the Mediterranean, has raised its own fame, as well as
that of the American character, and justly entitles it to public patron-
age, both in peace and war. The American navy, in the summer of
1815, consisted of about seventy ships, brigs, and schooners, besides-
some small sloops, and gun-boats. Not having in our possession an
official list, we are unable to state the exact number of vessels, or the
number of guns. Among this number, however, there are, it is be-
lieved, five, carrying seventy-four guns, six, forty-four guns, one thir-
ty-eight guns, two, thirty-six guns, two, thirty-two guns, and twen-
ty-three from twenty-eight to sixteen guns.
397
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APPENDIX No. I.
The country, or vice-royalty, of New-Spain and its dependencies, adjoins
Louisiana ; the following- brief account of the coinage and commerce of
that country, and particularly that part of the commerce carried on from
the port of Vera Cruz, cannot be uninteresting to an American merchant or
statesman. It was taken from accurate documents on the spot, in 1810, by
a gentleman of ability, and may be therefore depended on as correct.
The country is very extensive, includes the province and city of Mexico,
and contains the most valuable silver mines in the world. The city of
Mexico is much more populous, than any city, either in North or South
America. By the last census or enumeration, it contained upwards of one
hundred and eighty thousand inhabitants; and in 1809, the number of births
in the city, was 6,693, and the deaths, 6,160. Judging by this, its popula-
tion is about one third of that of London or Paris. The coinage of gold and
silver is carried on in the mint, which is established in the city of Mexico.
In 1809, the whole coinage was as follows, viz. : —
In Gold, .... ^1,464,818
In Silver, .... 24,708,164
Making the whole coinage for 1809, - §26,172,982
If we add to this, the amount coined from the
first establishment of the mint in 1630, to the
end of the year 1808, a space of 178 years, be-
ing 1,496,832,112
It forms the enormous total of coinage, from the
first foundation of the mint, of - 81,523,005,094
The commerce of New-Spain is carried on, principally, from the port of
Vera Cruz, on the Gulph of Mexico, and Acapulco, on the Pacific Ocean.
52
u
APPENDIX NO. I.
The commerce carried on from the port of Vera Cruz, in 1809, was as
follows :■ — ■
IMPORTS.
., „,, ,-, . C National produce and manufactures,
J: rom Old Spam, < l '
' Foreign do. do.
,. ., ~ , . C Colonial industry, - §1.643,018
• t- rom the Colonies. < ■ * J '
'Effects from Europe, 1,620,183
Dolls.
10,252,698
6,914,607
£17,167,305
3,263,201
Total amount of importations for 1809,
EXPORTS
To Old Spain,
To the Colonies,
Total amount of exports for 1809,
$20,430,506
Dolls.
21,825,226
6,452,307
^28,277,533
COASTING TRAUE FROM THE SAME PORT.
Imports, ......
Exports, ......
In the year 1809, there arrived from Old Spain, square
rigged vessels, ......
From the Colonies, .....
8624,012
346,711
119
172
Total, ....
In the same period, cleared out for Old Spain,
Do. do. do. for the Colonies,
291
62
177
Total,
239
The imports and exports, on Government account, are not included in the
foregoing statement; they amount to very considerable sums. Government
imports principally quicksilver for the mines, playing cards, paper, &c. &c
APPENDIX NO. I. Ill
and the exports consist, in money, gold, silver, tobacco, grin-powder, cop-
per, tin, lead, &c. The money alone exported by Government in 1809, ex-
ceeded twenty -five millions of dollars.
Dolls.
The gold coin exported by individuals in 1809, was - 13,052
Silver do. do. do. was - 21,761,188
j;
Total amount of specie exported by individuals and con-
tained in the above statement of exports for 1809, - 21,774,240
To which may be added the specie exported by Govern-
ment, during the same period, and which may be stat-
ed, at least to be - - - - 25,000,000
Makes the grand total of cash exported in 1809, - £46,774,240
Although this statement appears enormous, yet it is under-rated, for
though the coinage during the year 1809, was only twenty-six millions, yet
it must be recollected, that since the year 1804, in which the war broke out
with Great -Britain, but a small proportion of money had been exported, and
of course much had been accumulated. The exports of flour from Vera
Cruz, to the Havanna, in the year 1809, was twenty-six thousand seven hun-
dred and twenty -four bales, of two quintals each, upwards of twenty-seven
thousand barrels. New-Spain is a beautiful wheat country, and could sup-
ply not only the Island of Cuba, but all Spanish America.
The articles of produce and manufacture exported from New-Spain, are
cotton, indigo, sugar, cocoa, coffee, flour, horns, lard, rice, cheese, jerked
beef, soap, allspice, anniseed, venilla bean, sarsaparilla, bark, jallap, dye-
woods, oil or extract thereof, leather, morocco, cordovan and sole, hides
and deer skins, cochineal, wool, tin, copper, lead, pearls, gold and silver, in
bullion and corned, gold leaf for gilders' use, earth ern ware from the man-
ufactory of Xalapa, cloths, hats, &c. &c. &c. In the year 1809, the produce
of the interiour brought down to Vera Cruz, took up fifty-three thousand
seven hundred and eighteen mules,
IV
APPENDIX NO. II.
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APPENDIX NO. II.
XI
No. 6.
That the amount of the unfunded debt of Great-Britain, under the heads
of Navy Debt, and Exchequer Bills outstanding, may, for the years
1804, 1805,1806, 1807, 1808, 1809,1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813.
be slated as follows : —
Exchequer
Navy debt.
bills
Total.
Years ending 5th January,
1804
outstanding.
£.
£.
19,067,600
£.
4,037,307
23,104,907
1805
5,001,567
25,253,500
30,255,067
1806
5,911,588
27,180,400
33,0^1,988
1807
5,885,819
27,207,500
33,043,319
1808
6,561,237
31,942,900
38,504,137
1809
7,221,167
39,301,200
46,522,367
1810
8,263,175
39,164,100
47,427,275
1811
7,595,838
38,286,000
47,681,838
1812
7,883,890
41,491,800
49,375,690
1813
7,748,872
45,406,400
53,155,372
No. 7-
That the amount of the unfunded debt of Ireland, under the head of
Treasury Bills outstanding and unprovided for, in the years ending
5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811.
1812, and 1813, may be stated as follows : —
!
Irish Currency
Years ending 5dv January,
£.
1804
1,999,000
1805
1,099,000
1806
299,000
1807
-
1808
400,000
1809
541,666
1810
655,729
1811
114,062 |
1812
1,840,479 1
1813
2,508,940 :
Xll
APPENDIX NO. II.
No. 8.
riutt the net produce of the new, and additional duties, imposed in Great-Bri-
tain, in each year, from the 5th January, 1803, to the present year, on an
average of the two years, last past, or of the fast two years tliereof a sepa-
rate account has been laid before Parliament, 7i-as respectively as follows : —
Year
ended
5th Jan
1804
1805
1806
| 1807
I 1808
i 1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
Permanent
Taxes.
War Taxes.
960,346^
1,506,877
996,779
£ ! £
78 18S ^ Customs 8c excise, 7,299,056 j
{0,L ; t Property, - - 4,891,5015
''Customs taken at the esti-^
mated amount for this year,
and which with part of the
sum included in the prece-
ding year under the head, )>
customs and excise, makes
the total actual produce of
the temporary or war duty
{jn the two last years —
Property,
C Excise,' - - - 518,617 ?
? Property, - - 6,555,571 $
Excise
•1,222,287
105,000
f466,101 Customs,
-646,409 Excise, -
12,190,557
Total.
£
12,768,745
1,000,000 1,960,346
1,417,886: 2,924,763
7,074,188| 8,070,967!
63,681 ! 63,681:
- ! 1,222,287:
- , 105,000'
64,790
15,699
530,891
662,108
* Exclusive of, £375,000, short annuities expired, and £65,000, saving
on management of public debt.
| The produce of the only complete year the duties have been in existence
% Actual produce from 5th July, 1812, to 5lh July, 1813, including the
estimated amount of linen bounties repealed
APPENDIX NO. II.
"Xill
No. 9.
That the total sum, to be provided, by Great-Britain, -within the year 1815,
may be estimated atfolloivs : —
Interest on the public funded debt, charges of
management, and sinking fund including the ad-
dition to the sinking fund in the present session 34,939,534
Interest on imperial loan, - 496,277
Proportion to be defrayed by Great-Britain of the
following charges viz. — Civil Government of
Scotland, pensions on revenue, militia and de-
serters warrants, bounties for promoting fishe-
ries, &c for the United Kingdom, estimated to
be the same as in the year ended 5th Jan. 1813, j 835,000
Charges of collection and management of the rev-,
enue of Great-Britain and Ireland, estimated to|
be the same as in the year ended 5th Jan. 1813, | 4,099,000
Civil list and other charges on the consolidated
fund of Great-Britain, and civil list and perma-'
nent grants for Ireland, estimated to be the same
as in the year ended 5th January, 1813, - j 2,038,000
15-17 of - £6,972,000
SEPARATE CHARGES OF CrREAT-HRITAIX.
On the consolidated fund, estimated
as at 5th January, 1813, - - £ 35,000
Loyalty loan repaid, 171,836
Interest on exchequer bills, - - - 1,800,000
Do. on debentures, 40,000
Grant to sinking fund in respect to ex-
chequer bills unprovided for, - - 260,000
To discharge exchequer bills issued
on account of the vote of credit,
Anno. 1812, 3,000,000 | j
Supplies voted 1813 for Great-Britain & £
Ireland including a vote of credit of £5,200,000 71,550,000'
Deduct, proportion of supplies to be defray-
ed by Ireland, .....I 8,417,0001
35,435,811
6,152,000
5,307,136
63,133 ,000
';jllQ,Q28,~947
XIV
APPENDIX NO. II.
No. 10.
That the total sum, to be provided by Ireland witlrin the year 1813, may be esti-
mated as follows ■• —
Interest of public funded debt, charge of management and Irish Curr'y
sinking fund, including charges on the loan for present ses
sion, ...-.--..
Proportion to be defrayed by Ireland of the following charges,]
viz.' —
Civil Government of Scotland (Pensions to the
i Hereditary revenue of G. Britain) &.c. kc. (same
as No. 9.)" 905,100
Charges of collection and management of the rev-
enues of Great-Britain & Ireland, kc. kc. (same
as No. 9.) 4,441,000,'
Civil list and other permanent charges on the con-
solidated fund of G. Brkain, &.c. &c. (same as
j No. 9.) - - - - . - - 2^07,800
2-17 of - £7,553,900!
SEPARATE CHARGES OF IRELAND, VIZ.
' Interest on exchequer bills, - £125,500
, Grant to sinking fund in respect to
treasury bills, ... 21,604
.Supplies voted 1813 for G. B. and Ireland inclu- f*
77,512,500
B. and Ireland inclu-
ding a vote of credit of £5,200,000 British, -
Deduct, proportion of supplies to be defrayed by
Great-Britain,
£
5,425,400
888,700
147,104
68,394,000 9418,5001
£15,579,704''
APPENDIX NO. II.
XV
No. 11.
That the total official value of imports, into Great-Britain, in the years
ended 5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810,
181 1, 1812, and 1813, may be taken as follows : —
Foreign
East-India
and colonial
Irish produce.
and
Total.
Years ended 5th
produce.
China.
January,
£.
£.
£.
£. |
1804
21,643,577 )
23,986,869 \
includ. Ireland
i 6,348,887
27,992,464
1805 -
I 5,214,621
23,201,490
1806
21,292,870
2,979,598
6,072,160
30,344,628
1807
21,841,005
3,248,131
3,746,771
28,835,907
1808
21,958,382
3,494,767
3,401,509
28,854,658
1809
19,869,723
3,910,981
5,848,649
29,629,353
1810 -
26,933,625
3,475,759
3,363,025
33,772,409
1811
33,146,975
3,280,747
4,708,415
41,136,135
1812
21,201,450
3,318,879
4,106,251
28,626,580!
1813
19.443,574
3,551,269
Not yet made up.
No. 12.
That the toiul official value of exports , from Great-Britain, in the years
ended the bth January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810,
1811, 1812, and 1813, may be taken as follows: —
Years ended
5th January,
1804 -
1805 -
1806 -
1807 -
1808 -
1809 -
1810 -
1811 -
1812 -
1813 -
British pro-
duce & man-
ufactures.
Foreign and
colonial
merchandize.
Irish produce
and manu-
factures.
Total.
£.
22 252 027
23'935,'793
25,004,337
27,402,685
25,171,422
26,691,962
35,104,132
34,923,575
24,131,734
31,243,362
£•
£.
£.
9,326,468 )
10,515,575$
9,552,423
8,789,368
9,105,827
7,397,901
14,680,524
10,471,941
7,975,396
11,508,673
Includ. Irish
produce.
398,085
335,131
289,322
464,404
502,244
474,343
302,54 1
489,506
$31,578,495
I 34,451,367
34,954,845
36,527,184
34,566,571
34,554,267
50,286,900
45,869,859
32,409,671
43,241,541
XVI
ATTENDIX NO. II.
No. 13.
That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, which,
have been built and registered in the several, ports of the British
Empire, (except Ireland) may be stated as follows : — ■
Ships.
Tonnage.
Year ended 5th January
1804
1 ,402
135,349
1805
991
95,979
1806
1,001
89,584
1807
772
69,198
1808
770
68,000
1809
568
57,140
1810
596
6 1 ,396
1811
685
84,891
1812
870
115,630
1813
760
94,198
Xo. 14.
That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage,, and the
number of Men and Boys usually employed in navigating the same,
which belonged to the several ports of the British Empire, (except
Ireland) on the 30th September, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807.
1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, and 1812, may be stated as follows:—
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Year ended 30th September,
1803
19,828
2,108,990
148,600 j
1804
20,713
2,210,508
148,598 !
1 805
20,984
2,226,636
152,642
1806
21,106
2,208,169
150,940 ;
1807
21,192
2,224,720
152,658
1808
21,542
2,265,860
151,781
1809
21,951
2,307,489
155,038
1810
22,577
2,367,394
158,779
1811
22,973
2,415,619
157,063
1812
22,996 1
2,421,695
159,710 '
APPENDIX NO. II.
XVII
No. 15.
That the number of Vessels, ivith the amount of their Tonnage, and the number
of Jifen and Boys, employed in navigating the same (^including their re-
peated voyages J -which entered inwards, at the several ports of Great-Bri-
tain, from all parts of the ivorld, in t/ie years ended 5th January, 1804, 1805,
1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 181l/l812, and 1813, may be stated as
follows : —
Year ended 5th January,
1804
BRITISH.
FOREIGN
Ships.
11,996
Tons.
Men.
Ships
4,252
Tons.
Men.
33,660
1,614,365
93,004
638,034
1805
10,508
1,395,387
82,979
4,271
607,299
30,744
1806
11,409
1,494,075
87,148
4,515
691,703
34,719
1807
12,110
1,482,412
88,963
3,792
612,800
31,346
1808
11,213
1,436,667
84,997
4,087
680,144
32,488
1809
11,316
1,314,241
82,754
1,925
282,892
15,512
1810
12,656
1,539,573
95,796
4,922
759,287
38,285
1811
13,557
1,609,088
102.900
6,876
1,176,243
60,094
1812
12,908
1,522,692
94,740
3,216
687,180
34,157
1813
13,869
1,579,715
96,371
2,536
518,443
25,519
No. 16.
That tlie number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, and the number
of Men and Boys, employed in navigating the same ("including their repeated
voyages J -which cleared outwards, at the several ports of Great-Britain, to
all parts of the -world, in tlie years ended 5th January, 1804 to 1813, inclu-
sive, may be stated as follows : —
Years ended 5th January,
1804
BRITISH.
FOREIGN.
Ships.
11,072
Tons.
Men.
92,940
Ships
Tons.
Men.
1,444,840
3,662
574,542
30,414
1805
11,131
1,463,286
93,748
4,093
587,849
30,507
1806
11,603
1,494,968
94,388
3,930
605,641
30,910
1807
12,239
1,485,725
94,513
3,457
567,988
29,616
1808
11,428
1,424,103
89,715
3,846
631,910
31,411
1809
11,923
1,372,810
89,632
1,892
282,145
15,671
1810
11,499
1,531,152
102,523
4,530
699,750
37,256
1811
13,092
1,624,274
107,724
6,641
1,138,527
60,870
1812
12,774
1,507,353
96,739
3,350
696,232
37,262
1813
14,328
1,665,518
105,004
2,647
540,902
27,841
o4
XVlll
APPENDIX NO. II.
Xo. 17.
That the official value, in Irish currency, of all imports into, and exports from
Ireland, for ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, distinguisTiing each yeai
and the value of foreign articles exported, -was as follows: —
Official
value of
Official
Irish produce
Foreign & colo-
and manufac-
nial merchan-
Years ending- the 5th January,
1804
exports.
tures exported
dize exported.
5,275,650
4,629,086
141,302
1805
5,712,802
4,903,261
171,179
1806
5,736,214
5,059,867
142,481
1807
5,605,959
5,033,354
157,666
180S
6,637,907
5,307,806
150,370
1809
7,129,507
5,696,897
234,112
1810
7,471,557
5,408,910
330,933
1811
6,564,578
5,471,012
627,472
1812
7,234,603
5,833,996
256,415
! 1813
8,820,359
6,463,744
404,424
No. 18.
That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, that were built'
and registered, in the several ports of Ireland, in the ten years, ending 5th
January, 1813, teas as follows : —
Years ended 5th January,
1804
Vessels.
~~ 42~ _
Tons.
2,418
1805
38
1,611
1806
28
1,212
1807
41
1,687
1808
io
1,838
1809
32
1,235 |
1810
31
1,643 i
1811
21
1,331 |
1812
41
1,655 j
1813
50
1,952 '
Xo. 19.
That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, and number of
J\len and Hoys usually employed in navigating them, which belonged to the
several ports of Ireland, in the ten years, ending 50th September, 1812, dis-
tinguishing each year, was as follows : —
Vears ending 1 30th September,
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
1803
1,065
58,871
5,218
1804
1,061
58,060
5,176
1805
1,067
56,755
5,062
1806
1,076
55,545
5,081
1807
1,098
56,902
5,217
1808
1,104
68,958
5,324
1809
1,119
61,150
5,560
1810
1,126
58,646
5,416
1811
1,133
59,1.54
5,484
1812
1,111
57,103
5,320
APPENDIX NO. 11.
XIX
No. 20.
That the number of vessels, with the amount of their tonnage, and the number
of men and boys employed in navigating the same, ("including their repeat-
ed voyages ) and entered inwards, in the several ports of Ireland, from, or to
all parts of the world : in the ten years ending 5th Jan. 1813 — distinguish-
ing each year, and the Irish, British, and foreign vessels, was as follows : —
Years
ending
5th Jan.
1804 -
INWARDS.
IRISH.
BRITISH.
FOREIGN.
Ships i Tons.
1^3T5 : 97,946
Men.
Ships
Tons.
56934
Men.
32,286
Ships
600~
Tons.
947800
Men.!
6,529
5,996
6,1 59j
1805 -
1,243; 90,541
6,1166,242
610,618
33,553
534
79,778
5,182
1806 -
1,276 91,290
6,230 : 6,139
580,752
33,775
545
82,420
5,539
1807 -
1,497 102,163
7,0496,687
630,368
36,818
498
80,001
5,055
1808 -
1,503107,733
7,231:6,836
652,946
36,539
461
78,533
4,674
1809 -
1,583 111,614
7,48517,189
696,403
38,426
159
25,326
1,580
1810 -
1,546 103,698
7,21715,975
535,299,30,648
343
56,946
3,525,
1811 -
1,982 130,991
8,983:7,514
673,540 i.38,536
660
119,188
6,643'
1812 -
1,956 133,748
9,125j7,404
686,255|39,504
644
129,994
6,673 1
1813 -
2,229|152,355
10,398|9,022
830,473147,809
405
79,307
4,255!
No. 21.
That the number of vessels, with the amount of their tonnage, and the number of
men and boys employed in ?iavigati?ig the sa?ne, including their repeated
vonages, that cleared outwards, in the severed ports of Ireland, from, or to,
all parts of the world : in the ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, distin-
guishing each year, and the Irish, British and foreign vessels, was as fol-
lows : —
1 Years
OUTWARDS.
ending 1
IRISH. BRITISH.
FOREIGN.
1
1 5th Jan.
Ships
131
Tons.
90,254
Men. jShipsJ Tons. , Men.
Ships
Tons.
Men.l
5,728
; 1804 -
6,324 5,160 509,387 29,368
553
93,995
1 1805 -
1,080
82,934
5,832:5,013 507,177 28,337
531
78,971
5,093
! 1806 -
1,172
90,173
6,07715,442 535,761 30,648
521
77,783
4,910
! 1807 -
1,353
97,162
6,754 ! 5,888o74,688 32,441
522
83,048
5,139:
j 1808 -
1,320
97,856
6,797|6,294 615,702 34,631
418
72,662
4,130
: 1809 -
1,405
108,435
7,22116,473 641,157
35,715
163
27,856
1,591)
; 1810 -
1,527
109,144
7,398 5,877538,699
30,477
000
56,267
3,225
1811 -
1,841
125,389
8,650 6,931627,012
35,595
639 1117,414
6,312
' 1812 -
1,853 129,031
8,6516,865 642,767
36,05 1,
621 i'126,588
6,265,
. 1813 -
2,103
151,141
10,04218,465 792,829
45,437J
421 ! 85,505
4,368:
ERRATA.
Page 27, line 1, for " inclusive" read exclusive — page 33, last line, for
" one" read our — page 35, line 1, for "those" read these — page 47, line 9,
for " these" read their — page 76, Table No. VII. the heading inserted by
mistake — page 92, line 10, strike out " in" — page 95, line 20, for " prices"
read price — page 99, line 1, for " 1804" read 1814 — page 102, Note, for
" Peccohet's" read Peuchcfs — page 105, line 15, for "parts" read ports —
page 110, line 26, for " 1795" read 1793— page 116, line 20, for "the" be-
fore climate, readier — page 136, line 2, for "the" before citizens, read
their — page 141, line 8, for " them" read thence — page 144, last line, for
" chapter" read chapters — page 170, line 15, strike out the word "and" and
figures YT. — page 172, line 10, for "negotiated" read regulated — page 196,
line 21, for " pounds" read tierces — page 248, for " pounds" after the word
" salt" read bushels — page 264, line 31, for " or" read o/i--page 290, line 10
strike out "and" between "lands and purchased" — page 301, line 12, for
" 373" read 673, and for " 573" read 873 — page 301, last line, for " pur-
pose" read purchase — and page 306, Table No. 1J. line 35, for " redeemed"
read reduced.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
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/
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/
UN 2 5 1992
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