A STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: ITS CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES. AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT, REVENUES, AND EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES. WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TRADE, AGRICULTURE, AND MANUFACTURES OF THE COLONIES, PREVIOUS TO THEIR INDEPENDENCE. ACCOMPANIED WITH TABLES, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE PRINCIPLES AJ\"D OBJECTS OF THE WORK. BY TIMOTHY PITKIN, A MEMBER OF THE HOljSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATESj FROM THE STATE OF COXXECTICUT HARTFORD : PRINTED BY CHARLES HOSMER. 1816. DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, ss (seal.) BE it SEsiEMBMiEi), That on the twelfth day of January, in the for- s — y tieth year of the independence of the United States of America, Timothy Pitkix, of the said district, deposited in this office the title of a hook, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words following - , to wit : " A statistical view of the commerce of the United States of America : its connection with agriculture and manufactures : and an account of the public debt, revenues, and expenditures of the United States. With a brief view of the trade, agriculture, and manufactures of the colonies, previous to Lheir independence, accompanied with tables, illustrative of the princi- ples and objects of the work. By Tjmothv Pitkix, a member of the house of Representatives, of the United States, from the State of Connecticut." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United State, entitled, rt An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned." HENRY W. EDWARDS, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. A true copy of record, examined and sealed by me. HENRY W. EDWARDS, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. I ADVERTISEMENT. The greater part of the following collection of tables and facts was made without any view to publication. Being shewn to some of our friend?, they thought it would be useful, that additions should be made to it, of other important ta- bles, relative to the same subject, scattered through a mass of public documents, which few possessed, or were able to pro- cure, without great expense ; and that the whole, in a con- densed form, should be presented to the public. Influenced, in no small degree, by their wishes and opinions, we consented to the undertaking. The original plan was en- larged, by adding a brief review of the state of the Colonies, relative to commerce, agriculture, and manufactures, previous to their independence. Statistical enquiries have been less the subject of attention in America, than in Europe. During the last fifty years, many statistical works have appeared, giving particular accounts of the power, wealth and resources of most of the European nations. As the United States have been considered, and justly so, as the second commercial nation in the world, it cannot be un- interesting to every American citizen, to become acquainted with the facts, tending to shew, that they are entitled to this rank. That enquiries of this nature are useful and important, in many respects, is acknowledged by all, who have attended to them. They are particularly so, to merchants, and to all, who are concerned, in the management of national affairs : and ev- ery individual must feel an interest, in obtaining a knowledge of the wealth and resources of his own country. As necessarily connected with the subject of our enquiry, we have given a view of the public debt, revenues, and expen- ditures, from the commencement of the government, to as fate a period as we were abl», from official documents, to which we Q A ;j 7 tz n> q iV ADVERTISEMENT. had access. The public debt is brought down to the 20th of February, A. D. 1815, when it was ascertained to be, about one hundred and eight millions of dollars. From late official doc- uments, it appears, that up to the 1st of October following, it had increased, to about one hundred and twenty millions. The following collection, therefore, may be resorted to, by all, who may wish to be acquainted with the exports and im- ports of the United States, and the quantity and value of the various articles exported and imported, with the general com- merce of the United States, and the amount of their trade with particular nations, with the amount of their tonnage, public debt, revenues, and expenditures, at different periods, since the establishment of the present government. We have added, by way of appendix, an account of the coin- age of the extensive kingdom of New -Spain, which adjoins the U. States on the West, and an authentic sketch of its commerce, in 1810, particularly that part carried on from the port of La Vera Cruz, on the Gulph of Mexico ; also a statistical view of the fi- nances, trade, and commerce of Great-Britain and Ireland, from 1801 to 1813, which was laid before Parliament, in July, 1813, in the form of resolutions, by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Many of the tables, in this collection, were obtained direct- ly from the Treasury books, and have never been published ; and great pains have been taken, that the tables and calcula- tions should be correct. In such a number of figures and cal- culations, however, some errors will, probably, be found. It is hoped, they will be few and unimportant. In making the collection, we have aimed at fidelity and im- partiality ; and in presenting it to the public, our oftject is, to give, as far as the subject admits, a condensed and connect- ed view of the wealth and resources of the American nation at different periods. Should it meet the approbation of the pub- lic, and serve, in some degree, to lay the foundation of more ex- tensive and useful enquiries on the subject, in future, we shall be satisfied, January, 1810 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. nor.. A spirit of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settle- ment of America — Policy of the European nations with respect to their American Colonies — Trade of the Colonies restricted at dif- ferent periods — Report of the Board of Trade, concerning the trade and manufactures of the Colonists, in the year 1731 and ■ 1732 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures — Bounties given en the importation of certain articles into England, the produce of the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different peri- ods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners fvom several Colonies — Tcnnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the vear 1770. CHAPTER U. Commerce interrupted, during the American revolutionary war — Old Congress no power to regulate commerce, or to levy duties on imports' — Amount of the public debt in 1783 — Requisitions upon die states for the payment of it not complied with — Power to levy certain duties on imports not granted to the old Congress by the states — Depreciation of the public debt — Exports from the United States to Great-Britain, and imports from Great-Britain, from 1784, to 1790 — Distressed state of the country — Meeting of Commission- ers at Annapolis in 1786 — Adoption of the new Constitution, and (he organization of the government under it in 1789. VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER HI. Exports — Divided into those of domestic, and those of foreign ori- gin. — Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, which are 1st. the produce of the sea — 2d. the produce of the forest — 3d. the produce of agriculture — and 4th, manufactures — Products of the sea, derived from the cod and whale fisheries — State of the cod fishery previous to the American revolution, and to the time of the establishment of the present government — Number of vessels em- ployed in the fishery from 1791 to 1813, and quantity of fish ex- ported during the same period — Whale fishery originated at Nan- tucket in 1690 — Amount of tonnage and number of seamen em- ployed in it at different periods — Value of exports, the produce of the fisheries from 1803 to 1814 — Products of the forest — viz. lum- ber, naval stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark, and other dyes — Value and quantity of each exported at different periods. .... . CHAPTER IV. The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st. which constitutes vegetable food, as wheat, flour, rice, indian com, rye, &c. — 2d. the products of animals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle, horses, &c. — 3d. tobacco — 4th. cotton, and 5th. others of less im- portance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax, &c. — The quantity and value of each of these exported at different periods — Value of manufactures exported — A comparative view of the value of the products of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures exported in chicIi year from 1803 to 1814. 89 CHAPTER V EXPORTS OF FOREIGN" PRODUCE. Neutral trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe— Their trade in foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805, 1806, and 1807— Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods CONTENTS. Vll paying ad valorem duties exported, in each year, from 1791 to 1814 — Quantity of sugar and coffee, and goods subject to ad valorem duties imported from different countries in 1807 — Quantity of su- gar and coffee exported to different countries, in different years — Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, export- ed in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. 135 CHAPTER VI. Imports into the United States — Their trade with different parts of the world at different periods — Particular account of the trade with Great-Britain,' France, and other countries — A comparative view of exports and imports in different years — Value of the prin- cipal articles imported at different periods — Amount of cotton and woollen goods imported from Great-Britain in 1806 and 1807, and wines and brandies from France — Origin of their trade with China and the East-Indies — Quantity of teas imported in different years from 1790 to 1812. 151 CHAPTER Vn. Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world — Balance of trade — Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles consumed in the United States, at different periods. - - - 241 CHAPTER Vni. Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Fund- ed, and on what terms — Sinking Fund — Increase or decrease of the debt at different periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at the time of the declaration of the late war between the United States and Great-Britain — Its increase since — Amount and terms of the late loans, and issues of Treasury Notes — Sketch of the na- tional debt and sinking fund of Great -Britain. .... 261 CHAPTER IX. Revenues, derived, principally, from duties on imports and tonnage — Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of V1U CONTJiNTS. t lie Government, lo 1814 — Gross and net amount of the customs, accruing annually, in each state and territory, from the commence- ment of the Government, to December 31st, 1810, with the amount of drawbacks, &c. — An account of internal duties laid prior to 1802 — Amount received, prior to, and since their repeal in that year — Various internal taxes laid since 1812 — Direct taxes, which have been laid, at different periods — Amount of the valuation of lands and houses, in 1799 — Comparative view of the value of lands and houses, in 1799, and 1814, in several states — Proceeds of sales of public lands — Estimate of the quantity of public lands yet un- sold — Post-Office establishment — Amount of postage received- Receipts and expenditures, at different periods. t - - - 307 CHAPTER X Tonnage of the United States — Amount employed in loreigii trade, and in the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of Ame- rican tonnage, from 1793 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state, in 1810, and in the ports of Boston, NeW-York, Philadelphia, Bal- timore, and Charleston — Vessels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Compar- ative view of American tonnage, with that of other nations — Amount of foreign tonnage, in American foreign trade, at differ- ent periods, and the nations to which it belonged — American navy, in 1815. - - ----- 38; CONTENTS OF THE TABLES ANNEXED TO THE CHAPTERS. CHAPTER I. PAGE. Table No. I. — Value of the imports and exports of the North-Ame- rican Colonies, in 1769, 19,20 No. II. — An account of the principal articles exported from the North-American Colonies, including' the islands of New-Found- land, Bahama, and Bermuda, and the countries to which the articles were sent, with their official value, in the year 1770, 21 — 23 CHAPTER IH. Table No. I. — A summary statement of the value of the exports of the several states and territories, annually, from the 1st of October, 1790, to the 30th of September, 1810, - - - 51—53 No. n. — Value of exports, the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, from each state and territory, annually, from 1st October, 1802, to 3Qth September, 1810, - - 54 No. HI. — Value of exports, the growth, produce, and manufacture of foreign countries, from each state, &c. annually, from October 1st, 1802, to September 30th, 1810, 55 No. IV. — Aggregate of articles exported from the United States, for each year, from 1791 to 1814, - - , - - 56—73 No. V. — State of the cod fishery in Massachusetts, from 1765 to 1775, and from 1786 to 1790, 74 No. VI. — Produce of the fisheries, exported from the United States, from about August 20th, 1789, to September 30th, 1790, - 75 No. VII. — The countries to which cod fish, dried and pickled, was exported in each year, from 1800 to 1811, with the quantity exported to each country, 76,77 Nos. VIII. and IX. — State of the whale fishery in Massachusetts, from 1771 to 1775, and from 1787 to 1789, - - - 78,79 No. X. — The countries, to which whale and spermaceti oil was ex- ported, with the quantity exported to each country, from 1800 to 1811, 80,81 Nos. XI. Xn. and XIH.— The conntries, to which staves and head- ing, shingles, boards and plank, were exported, from 1800 to 1811, 82—84 Nos. XIV. XV. XVI. and XVII.— The countries, to which tar and turpentine, pot ajid pearlashes, were exported, from 1800 to 1811, 85— 8K B No. II. do. Flour, do. No. III. do. Rice, do. No. IV. do Beef, do. No. V. do Pork, do. No. VI. do. Tobacco, do. No. VII. do. Sea-Island Cotton, do. No. VIII do. other Cotton, CHAPTER V. do. X CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV PAGE. Table No. I. — Countries to which wheat was exported, from 1800 to 1811, - - 1'25 126 127 128 129 130 131 132,133 I'Ar.i.E No. I. do. Brown Sugar, do. 145,146 No. II. do, White Sugar, clayed or powdered, do. 147 No. Ill do. Coffee, do. 148,149 CHAPTER VI. Table No. I. — Value of imports into the United States, from each nation and dependencies in each year, from 1795 to 1801, inclu- sive, ....... 212—214 No. II — Value of exports from the United States, to each nation and dependencies, from 1795 to 1802, .... 215 — 217 No. III. — Amount of goods imported into the United States, for the year ending September 30th, 1807 — including goods paying du- ties ad valorem, and the quantity and estimated value of all other articles, 218,219 No. IV. — Imports into Great-Britain, from the United States, (ex- clusive of Scotland) in 1806, 1807 and 1808, including the ar- ticles and their value, 220,221 No. V. — Exports from Great-Britain (exclusive of Scotland) to the United States, for 1806, 1807 and 1808, includingthe articles and their value, 222,223 .No. VI. — Total official and real value of all imports into, and ex- ports from, Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland, and the East- Indies, and China) in 1806, 1807 and 1808, distinguishing for- eign merchandize from British produce and manufacture, - 221 No. VII. An acc.uunl of the total value of woollen manufac- ture, exported from Great Britain, from 1790, to 1799, with the various countries, to which they were sent, .... 225 Xo. \ III — Official value of 'all imports into, anil exports from Great- Britain, for three years, ending 5th of January, 1811, distinguish- CONTENT.';. XI SAGE. mg each year, and distinguishing the value of imports from the East-Indies and China, from the value of all other imports ; al- so distinguishing the value of British produce and manufactures exported, from the value of foreign articles exported, with the difference between the official and declared value of British pro- duce and manufactures, exported in the year, ending January 5th 1811, with an appendix, containing theparticular articles import- ed and exported, with the value of each, for those years, - 226 — 232 X'o. IX. — Exports from the United States to the British West-In- dies, in 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing the quantity and value of the articles exported, ...... 233,234 Xo. X. — Imports into the United States, from the British "West-In- dies, for 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing the quantity and value of the articles imported, with the amount of duty on the same, - 235 Xo. XI. — Principal exports from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to the United States, in each year from 1783, to 1804, with the num- ber of American ships employed, in each year, in the intercourse between that port and the United States, .... 236 — 239 CHAPTER VII. Table Xo. I— Statement of the value and quantities respectively of merchandize (paying duties ad valorem,) spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, paying duties on their im- portation in each year from 1790 to 1800, and consumed in the United States, - - 250,251 Xo. II. — Amount of goods paying duties ad valorem, imported into the United States, with the duties accruing thereon — also, the amount of the same goods exported, distinguishing those enti- tled to drawback, and those not entitled to drawback, - - 252 No. III. — Quantity of spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, imported into the United States, also the quantity of the same articles exported, and consumed in the United States, for each year, from 1801 to 1812, 253—255 Xo. IV.— Number of Inhabitants in the United States, and in each state and territory in 1790, 256 Xo. V. do. do. in 1800, - 257,258 Xo. VI. do. do. in 1810, 259,260 CHAPTER VIE. Table Xo. I.— Amount of the national debt of Great-Britain, in 1689, and at the commencement and termination of each war .since, to February 1st, 1813, 305 Ill CONTENTS. TABi. "No. II. — Amount of money applied to the redemption of the nation- al funded debt of Great-Britain, and of capital and interest re- deemed from 1786, to 1st February, 1813, and the produce of the sinking fund at that time, .... - - 306 CHAPTER IX. Table No. I. — Statement exhibiting- the gross and net amount of the customs, together with the amount of drawbacks, &c. and expenses of collection, in each state and territory, from the com- mencement of the present Government, annually, to 31st day of December, 1810, 347— 37+ No. II. — Statement exhibiting 1 the amount of duties collected on wines, spirits, &.c. from 1793 to 1810, .... 373,374 No. III. — Amount of duties accruing- on the following- articles, im- ported in 1806, with the rates of duties on each, - - 375,376 No. IV*. — A g-eneral view of the assessment and apportionment of the direct tax, laid by the acts of Congress, of July 9th, and July 14th, 1798, 377,378 No. V. — Table of the post-office establishment, from 1789, to Octo- ber 1, 1813, 379 No VI. — An account of the post-office establishment, in each state and territory, in the year 1802, 380,381 No. VII. — A statement of the annual revenue of the United States, from the commencement of the federal government, until the 30th of September, 1812, comprising the net amount derived from the customs, internal taxes, direct tax, sale of lands, and all other sources ; also, an account within the same period, of the annual expenditures, on account of the army, Indian depart- ment, the navy, foreign intercourse, Barbary powers, civil list, miscellaneous civil, formed in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United Suites, of the 24th of December, 1812, 382—386 CHAPTER X Table No. I. — Registered tonnage employed in foreign trade in each state, from 1793 to 1810, 397 — 399 No. II. — Enrolled tonnage employed in the coasting trade in each state, from 1793 to 1810, - - - - - - ' - 400 — 104 No. III. — Statement of the amount of American and foreign ton- nage, respectively employed in foreign trade, for each of the years 1790 to 1799, as taken from the records of the Treasury, 40.i No. IV. — A comparative statement of the tonnage of vessels, enter- ed into the United States, from 1st January, 1790, to 31st De- i'' tuber, 1796, - - - ... 406.407 CHAPTER I. A SPIRIT of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settlement or America — Policy of the European nations with respect to dieir American Colonies' — Trade of the Colonies restricted at different periods — Report of the Board of Trade, concerning the trade and manufactures of the Co- lonists, in the year 1731-2 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures — Bounties given on the importation of certain articles into England, the produce of the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different periods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners from several Co- lonies — Tonnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the year 1770. J\- SPIRIT of commercial enterprise, which prevailed in the 14th century, and a desire to find a new route, to the wealth of In- dia, led to the important discovery of the western Continent. The new race of beings which inhabited the new world, as it was called, excited the curiosity of all Europe ; and the valuable productions found there, particularly the vast quantities of the precious metals, soon interested most of the commercial nations in that quarter of the old world. Individuals, as well as governments, were solicitous to share in the advantages of this discovery ; and numerous adventures, both public and private, were set on foot, some for the purpose of furthei discoveries and conquest, and others for the purpose of trade and com- merce. The Spaniard-, the English, the French, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Danes and Swedes, at different periods, in conse- quence of prior discoveries or settlements, had claims, more or less ex- tensive, to different parts of the western Continent. The avarice of Henry VII. of England, prompted him to employ the Cabots, in the discovery of the northern part of the Continent, which was after- wards called North-America. In consequence of the discoveries made by these bold navigators, al- most the whole of North-America was claimed by him, and at subso 1 (juent periods, was by Ins successors granted, from the 48th to the 29th degree of north latitude, and in extent, from the Atlantic to the South-Sea. Under these various grants, at different periods, tlie North-Ameri- can Colonies were settled, and principally from the enterprise ot in- dividuals. The Colonies, thus settled by emigrations from Europe, were con- sidered as a part, or rather an appendage of the nation, from which they originated, and under whose patronage they were settled. But a new kind of policy, which has been called a colonial policy, was adopted respecting them, by all the European nations ; a policy, which had for its object, the particular interest and prosperity of the parent country, without much regard to the interest and prosperity of the Colonies themselves. The trade and commerce of the Colonies was generally confined to the parent country. The right of trading with their Colonics was, by some of the European nations, granted ex- clusively to particular companies. By others, the colonial trade was limited to particular ports, and afterwards to particular ships, called registered ships. The policy of Great-Britan, though general- ly more liberal than any other European nation, has always been, to secure to herself the carriage of the produce of her Colonies, to monopolize their raw materials, and to furnish the Colonists, with all (he manufactures or other imported articles they consume. Lore! Sheffield, in his " Observations or American commerce"' says. " the only use and advantage of American Colonies, or West-India island-, is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their pro- duce." In pursuance of this policy, as early as 1660, in the celebra- ted act of Parliament, entitled '• An Act tor the encouraging and in- creasing of shipping and navigation," it is enacted (Chap. 18. ; ■• That from and alter the 1st day of April 1661, no ''sugars, to- bacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustick, or other dying woods, of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any English Plantations in America. Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or trans- ported from any of the said English Plantations, to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such either English Plantation- as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, or to the Kingdom of England or Ireland, or Principality of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, there to be laid on shore, under the penalty of the forfeiture of the said goods, or the full value thereof, as also of the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel." <$:c. — And all vessels sailing to the Plantations, are to give bonds, to bring said commodities to England. In 1663, another act of Parliament prohibited the importation, in- to any of the English Colonies, in Asia, Africa, or America, of any commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, ex- cept they were laden or shipped in England, Wales, or the town of Berwick upon Tweed, and in English built shipping, or which were bought before the first day of October, 1662, &c. and which were to be carried directly to the said Colonies, &.c. with an exception of " salt for the fisheries, wines from Madeira and Azores, and all sorts of victuals from Scotland and Ireland. '"* — The British Colonies, there- lore, by this act could obtain no European goods, but through the ports in England. A drawback of the duties, however, was generally allowed on the exportation of those goods to the Colonies. Before the Independence of the United States, and subsequent to die year 1766, the trade of the British Colonies, as to their exports, was limited to the parent country, to that part of Europe, which lies south of Cape Finisterre, to certain parts of Africa, and to the West-Indies. Many of the most valuable articles of colonial produce were confined to the market of the parent country. — To those enumerated in the act of navigation before recited, many others were, afterwards, at different * The preamble to this act (15 Charles II.) shews the policy which then prevailed in Europe, respecting distant Colonies. It is in the follow, ing words. — " And in regard his Majesty's Plantations beyond the seus> are inhabited and peopled by his subjects of tins his Kingdom of England, tor the maintaining a greater correspondence and kindness between them, and keeping them in a firmer dependence upon it, and rendering them vet more beneficial and advantageous unto it, in the further employment and increase of English shipping and seamen, vent of English woolens, and oth- er manufactures and commodities, rendering the navigation to and from the same more safe and cheap, and making this Kingdom a staple, not only of the commodities of diese plantations, but also of the commodities of other countries and places for the supplying of them, and it being' the usage of other nations, to keep th^lr plantation trade to themselves, Re it Enar'- ;d," &c. periods, added, such as molasses, tar, pitch, turpentine, hemp, masts, yards, copper ore, pig and bar iron, pot and pearl ashes, beaver skins, whale fins, hides, &c. Rice and lumber were once among the €7iu- ■merated commodities, as those were called, which could only be ship- ped to Great-Britain. They were afterwards however permitted to be carried to that part of Europe, lying south of Cape Finisterre. The non enumerated commodities, as those were called, which were not confined to the market of Great-Britain, could originally be ship- ped to any part of the world ; but by the Oth of George 111. (1766) were limited, in the same manner as rice and lumber, to the part of Europe south of Cape Finisterre. The Colonies sent to Africa, New-England rum, and such articles as were necessary lor the purchase of slaves. The trade of the Col- onies, and particularly the northern Colonies, to the West-India isl- and.-, was, from their first settlement, of great importance. They sent their fish, grain, and other provisions, lumber. >S:c. to the for- eign West-India islands, as well as to the British ; and received, in return, rum. sugar, coffee, salt, molasses, and such other article- as were permitted to be brought from them. This trade with the for- eign West-India islands was always considered, by the Colonists, as highly advantageous, but was viewed by die British merchants, and the West-India planters, with no small degree of jealousy. As the population of the Colonies increased, this trade also increased ; and the superior fertility of some of the foreign West-India islands gave them great advantages over the British planter. With the in- crease of wealth and population, the Colonists began also to introduce sundry manufacture-, tor their own consumption, such as woolen and linen cloths, iron, hats, paper, «xc. This excited the jealousy of the British manufacturer, and various complaints were made to the Lords Commissioners of trade and Plantations, and to Parliament, by the merchant-, Planters, and manufacturers, that the Colonists were car- rying on trades, and setting up manufactures injurious to them, and to the interest of the parent country. In consequence of these com- plaint-, the British house of Common-, in 1731, directed the Board of trade and Plantation.-, to make a report ''with respect to laws made, manufactures set up, or trade carried on in the Colonies, de- trimental to the trade, navigation, or manufactures of Great-Britain." In pursuance of this order, the Board of trade, on the 15th of Feb. 1731-2 made a report, which, as it contains a statement rela- tive to the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, at that period, is here inserted. — They say " The following complaints have been lately made to this Board, against some plantation laws, viz. in Massachusetts Bay, an act was made to encourage the manufacture of paper, which law interferes with the profit made by the British merchants on foreign paper sent thither. '• In New-England, New-York, Connecticut, Rhode-Island, Pennsyl- vania, and in the county of Somerset in Maryland, they have fallen into the manufacture of woolen cloth and linen cloth, for the vise ot their own families only ; for the product of these Colonies being chief- ly catie and grain, the estates of the inhabitants depended wholly on farming, which could not be managed, without a certain quantity of sheep; and their wool would be entirely lest, were not their servant- employed during winter, in manufacturing it, for the use of their families. • k Flax and hemp being likewise easily raised, the inhabitants man- ufactured them into coarse sort of cloth, bags, traces, and halters for their horses, which they found did more service, than those they had from any part of Europe. " However, the high price of labour in general in America, rendered it impracticable for people there to manufacture their linen cloth at less than 29 per cent, more than the rate in England, or woolen cloth at less than 50 per cent, dearer, than that, which is exported from home for sale. It were to be wished, that some expedient might be fallen upon, to direct their thoughts from undertakings of this nature ; .-o much the rather, because these manufacture-, in process of time, may be carried on, in a greater degree, unless an early stop be put to their progress by employing them in naval stores. Wherefore. we take leave to renew our repeated proposals, that reasonable en- couragement be given to the same. Moreover, we find that certain trades carried on, and manufactures set up there, are detrimental to the trade, navigation, and manufactures of Great-Britain. For the state of these Plantations varying almost every year, more or less, in their trade and manufactures, as well as in other particulars, W( Ihought it necessary for his Majesty's service, and for the dischargo G of our trust, from time to time, to send general queries to the sclera! Governours in America, that we might be the more exactly informed of the condition of the Plantations, among which there were several, that related to their trade and manufactures, to which we received the following returns viz. : The Govemour of New-Hampshire, in his an- swer said, that ther* were no settled manufactures in that Province, and that their trade principally consisted in lumber and fish. " The Govemour of Massachusetts Bay informed us, that in some- parts of this Province, the inhabitants worked up their wool and flax into an ordinary coarse cloth for their own use, but did not export any. That the greatest part of the woolen and linen clothing, worn in this Province, was imported from Great-Britain, and sometimes from Ire- land ; hut considering the excessive price of labor in New-England, the merchants could afibrd what was imported cheaper, than what was made in that country. That there was also a few hat makers in the maritime towns, and that the greater part of the leather used in that country, was manufactured among themselves. That there had been for many years, some iron works in that Province, which had afforded the people iron for some of their necessary occasions ; but that the iron imported from Great-Britain was esteemed much the best, and wholly used by the shipping ; and that the iron works of the Province were not able to supply the twentieth part of what was necessary for die use of the country. ' ; They had no manufactures in the Province of New-York, that deserve mentioning. Their trade consisted chiefly in furs, whale-bone, oil, pitch, tar, and provisions. No manufactures in New-Jersey, thai deserve mentioning, their trade being chiefly in provisions shipped from New-York and Pennsylvania. The chief trade of Pennsylvania lay ,11 their exportation of provisions and lumber; no manufactures being established, and their clothing and utensils for their houses be- ing all imported from Great-Britain. By further advices from New- Hampshire, the woolen manufacture appears to have decreased, the common lands, on which the shoe}) used to feed, being now appro- priated, and the people almost wholly clothed with woolen from Great-Britain. The manufactures of tlax. into linens, some coarse, -oine fine, daily increased, by the great resort of people from Ireland ■ hither, who are well -killed in that business. Bv lite account- fron Massachusetts Bay, in New-England, the Assembly have voted a bounty of thirty shillings for every piece of duck or canvass made in the Province. Some other manufactures are carried on there, as brown holland, for women's wear, which lessens the importation of calicoes, and some other sorts of East-India goods. " They also make some small quantities of cloth, made of linen and cotton for ordinary sheeting. By a paper mill set up three years ago, they make to the value of £200 sterling yearly. There are also several forges for making bar iron, and some furnaces for cast iron or hollow ware, and one slitting mill, and a manufacture for nails. The Governour writes concerning the woolen manufacture, that the country people, who used formerly to make most of their clothing out of their own wool, do not now make a third part of what they wear, but are mostly clothed with British manufacture. The surveyor general of his Majesty's woods writes, that they have in New-England, six furnaces and nineteen forges, for making iron, and that in this Prov- ince many ships are built for the French and Spaniards, in return for rum, molasses, wines, and silks, which they truck there by con- nivance. Great quantities of hats are made in New-England, of which the company of hatters in London have complained to us, that great quantities of these hats are exported to Spain, Portugal, and our West-India Islands. They also make all sorts of iron work for shipping. There are several still houses and sugar bakers es- tablished in New-England. By late advices from New-York, there are no manufactures there, that can affect Great-Britain. There is yearly imported into New-York, a very large quantity of the wool- en manufactures of this Kingdom, for their clothing, which they would be rendered incapable to pay for, and would be reduced to the neces- sity of making for themselves, if they were prohibited from receiving from the foreign sugar Colonies, the money, rum, molasses, cocoa, in- digo, cotton-wool, &c. which they at present take in return for provis- ions, horses, and lumber, the produce of that Province and of New- Jersey, of which he affirms the British Colonies do not take off above one half. But the company of hatters of London have since inform- ed us, that hats are manufactured in great quantities in this Province. " By the last letters from the Deputy Governour of Pennsylvania, he does not know of any trade carried on, in that Province, that car: be injurious lo tins Kingdom. The}' do nut export any woolen or linen manufactures; all that they make, which are of a coarse sort, being for their own use. We are farther informed, that in this Prov- ince are built many brigantines and small sloops, which they sell to the West-Indies. The Governour of Rhode-Island informs us, in an- swer to our queries, that there are iron mines there, but not a fourth part iron enough to serve their own use : but he takes no notice of any manufactures there. No return from the Governour of Connec- ticut. But we find, by some accounts, that the produce of this Colo- ny is timber, boards, all sorts of English grain, hemp, flax, sheep, black cattle, sw inc. horses, goats, and tobacco. Thai they export hor- se.- and lumber to the West-Indies, and receive, in return, sugar, salt, molasses, and rum. We likewise find, that their manufactures are very inconsiderable ; the people there being generally employed in tillage, some few in tanning, shoemaking, and other handicrafts; others in building, and in joiner's, taylor's and smith's work, without which they could not subsist. No report is made from Carolina, the Bahama, nor the Bermuda isles.* 1 The Commissioners then proceed to say — " From the foregoing state, it is observable, that there are more trades carried on, and man- ufacture- set up, in the Provinces on the Continent of America, to the northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactures of Great-Britain, particularly in New-England, than in any other of the British Colonies; which is not to be wondered at. for their soil, cli- mate, and produce, being pretty nearly the same wi.'h ours, they have no staple commodities of their own growth to exchange for our manufactures, which puts them under greater necessity, as well as under greater temptations, for providing for themselves at home ; to which may be added, in the charter governments, the little depend- ence they have upon the mother country, and consequently the small restraint they are under, in any matters detrimental to her interests. And, therefore, we humbly beg leave to repeat and submit to the wis- dom of this honourable house, the substance of what we formerly pro- posed in our report, on the silk, linen, and woolen manufactures herein before recited, namely, whether it mi^ht not be expedient to •dive these Colonies proper encouragements tor turning their industry !o such manufactures and products, as might be of service to Great- Britain, and more particularly to the production of all kinds of naval stores."* * Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3. Note. The British merchants and manufacturers were always jealous of the trade and manufactures of the northern Colonies and particularly of New-England. Sir Josiah Child, in his discourse on trade, written about the year 1680, says "That New-England is the most prejudicial Plantation to this Kingdom." In attempting to prove this he says " I am now to write of a people, whose frugality, industry, and temperance, and the happiness of whose laws and institutions, promise to them long life, with a wonderful increase of people, riches, and power ; and although no men ought to envy that virtue and wisdom in others, which themselves eidver can or will not practise, but radier to commend and admire it ; yet I think it is the duty of every good man primarily to respect the welfare of his native coun try ; and therefore, though I may offend some, whom I would not wil lingly displease, I cannot omit, in the progress of tliis discourse, to take no- tice of some particulars, wherein old England suffers diminution by the growth of these Colonies settled in New-England, and how that Plantation differs from those more southerly, with respect to the gain or loss of this Kingdom, viz. " 1. All our American Plantations, except that of New -England, produce commodities of different natures from those of this Kingdom, as sugar, to- bacco, cocoa, wool, ginger, sundry sorts of dying woods, Etc. Whereas New-England produces generally the same we have here, viz. com and cat- tle ; some quantity offish they do likewise kill, but that is taken and saved altogedier by their own inhabitants, which prejudices our Newfoundland trade, where, as has been said, very few are, or ought according to pru- dence, to be employed in those fisheries, but the inhabitants of old England. The other commodities we have from them, are some few great masts, furs-, and train oil, of which the yearly value amounts to very little, the much greater value of returns from them being made in sugar, cotton, wool, to- bacco, and such like commodities, which they first receive from some other of his Majesty's Plantations, in barter for dry cod fish, salt mackerel, beef, pork, bread, beans, flour, peas, &.C which they supply Barbadoes, Jamaica, &c. with, to the diminution of the vent of those commodities from this Kingdom-, the great experience of which in our West-India Plantations, would soon be found in the advantage of the value of our lands in England, were it not for the vast and almost incredible supplies these Colonies have from New-England. 2. The people of New -England, by virtue of their primitive charter, being not so strictly tied to the observation of die laws of this King- dom, do sometimes a?sume the liberty of trading, contrary to the act ofn? 10 This report exhibits a view, although a very imperfect one, of the Mate of the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, about the year (731—2. The Governours of the several Provinces and Colonies, especially (hose who were independent of the crown, aware of the object of the queries put to them by the Lords Commissioners, returned answers as favourable as possible to the Colonists, and which would least excite the jealousy of the British merchant and manufacturer. The disputes, however, between the British West-India sugar Colonies and the northern Colonies, concerning the trade of the latter with the foreign West-India islands, still continued with great warmth, and in 1733, in order to settle this dispute, and to encour- age their own sugar Colonies, Parliament passed an act (6 George II. c. 13) " For the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Ma- jesty's sugar Colonies in America.'' This act imposed a duty of nine pence sterling on every gallon of ruin, six pence on every gallon of molasses, and five shillings on eve- ry hundred weight of sugar, imported into any of the British Planta- tions in America from foreign sugar Colonies. This duty was af- terwards reduced to six pence on rum, and three pence on mo- lasses. The duty was always very odious to the northern Colo- nists. It was justly considered by them as sacrificing their interest to the interest of the sugar planter. And it is well known that al- though this duty was attempted to lie collected in tin Colonies. l._ officers appointed by the crown, and by severe legal penalties, yet. vigation, by reason of which, many of our American commodities, especial- ly tobacco and sugar, arc transported in New-English shipping', directly in to Spain, and other foreign countries, without being landed in England, or paying any duty to his Majesty ; which is not only a loss to the King - , and a prejudice to the navigation of old England, &.c. "3. Of all the American Plantations, his Majesty has none so apt for the building of slopping a.s New-England, nor none comparably so qualified for the breeding of seamen, not only by reason of the natural industry of that people, but principally by reason of their cod and mackerel fisheries ; and in my poor opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and in prospect more dangerous to any mother Kingdom, than the increase of shipping in her Co- lonics. Plantations, or Provinces " 11 by smuggling or some other way, the payment of it was general- ly evaded. In consequence of the statements in this report, relative to the manufacture and exportation of hats from the Colonies, and un- doubtedly at the instigation of the manufacturers of that article in Great-Britain, Parliament passed an act (5 George II. 1732) " to prevent the exportation of hats out of any of his Majesty's Colonies or Plantations in America, and to restrain the number of apprentice^ taken by the hat-makers in the said Colonies or Plantations, and for the better encouraging the making of hats in Great-Britain." By this act, not only was the exportation of hats prohibited to a foreign port, but their transportation from one Britisli Plantation to ano- ther British Plantation, was also prohibited, under severe penalties ; nor could they ' ; be loaden upon any horse, cart, or other carriage, to the intent or purpose to be exported, transported, shipped off," k.c. By the same act no person could make hats, unless he had serv- ed an apprenticeship for seven years, nor could he employ more than two apprentices at any one time. The making of pig and bar iron had become an object of some, consequence in the Colonies. The British government were willing to encourage the importation of it into England, in its raw and un- manufactured state, but were opposed to the manufacture of it in the Colonies. In the year 1750, therefore, an act was passed (23 George II.) " to encourage the importation of pig and bar iron from his Majesty's Colonies in America, and to prevent the erection of any mill, or other engine for flitting or rolling of iron, or any plating forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, in any of said Colonies." By this act, pig iron is admitted into Eng- land duty free, and bar iron is admitted duty free, into the port of London. But the erection of any slitting mill, plating forge, or furnace for making steel, is prohibited under severe penalties. While the British government were thus jealous of the trade and ma- nufactures of the Colonies, which were supposed to interfere with the particular interests of the mother country, they were disposed to en- courage the production of such raw materials as were necessary lor their manufactures, and such other articles as could not be raised in England, but for ^\hich they were entirely, or in a great measure, dependent upon other countries. At different periods, therefore, 12 Parliament offered liberal bounties on the importation of various arti- cles into Great-Britain, which were the growth and production of the Colonies. By the 3 and 4 Ann, c. 10, (1706) a large bounty was given on the importation of tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, masts, yards^ and bowsprits, from the Colonies ; and at subsequent periods, a boun- ty was given upon indigo, hemp, and flax, and timber of different kinds, raw silk, and on pipe, hogshead, and barrel staves. The so- ciety also instituted at London, in 1753, " for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce," offered liberal premiums for the production and culture of certain articles in the British Colonies. In 1762, this society gave premiums on the importation of the fol- lowing articles from the Colonies, viz. cochineal, sturgeon, raw silk, scammony, opium, pesiman gum, silk grass, saffiower, pot and pearl ashes ; and on the culture of logwood, olive trees, vines for raisins, vines for wines, cinnamon, aloes, hemp, silk, and sarsnparilla. POPULATION, EXPORTS, AND IMPORTS OF THE COLONIES. In 1749, the whole white population of the North American Colo- nies, now the United States, was estimated at 1,046,000. The num- ber in each Colony, was estimated as follows, viz, New-Hampshire ... 30,000 Massachusetts Bay - . - 220,000 Rhode-Island - - 35,000 Connecticut - - - 100,000 New-York .... 100,000 Jersies ... . 60,000 Pennsylvania and Delaware - - 250,000 Maryland .... 85,000 Virginia .... 85,000 North-Carolina - - - 45,000 South-Carolina .... 30,000 Georgia .... 6,000 At this period, the annual value of the imports into these Colonic? from England, was about £900,000 sterling. Dr. Franklin* states the value of the imports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland) " Fourth volume Franklin's "Works, page 69. 13 .tnio the northern Colonies, at two different periods, viz. from 1744 to 1748, and from 1754 to 1758, taken, as is supposed, from the English custom-house books, as follows, viz. 1744 - - - £640,114 12 4 1745 .... 534,316 2 5 1746 - - - 754,945 4 3 1747 - - . 726,648 5 5 1748 - - - 830,243 16 9 Total 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 Total ,£3,486,268 1 o ,£1,246,615 1 11 1,177,848 6 10 1,428,720 18 10 1,727,924 o 10 1,832,948 13 10 £7,414,057 4 3 The great increase of imports during the last period of five years was owing, undoubtedly, in no small degree, to the war then existing between England and France, and which occasioned greater ship- ments than usual to the Colonies, in order to supply the troops dur- ing those years. This war, which has generally been called the French war of 1755, was occasioned, in a great measure, by a contest for boundaries and limits in North America, between the English and French. In all the former wars between these powers. the Colonists had been warmly engaged, and several attempts had been made by them to take possession of Canada and other parts of North America then in possession of the French. In consequence of these attempts, and in defending themselves against the attacks of the French from Canada, great expenses had been incurred by the Colonies ; and having few resources, most of the colonial govern- ments, at different periods, for the purpose of defraying these and other expenses, had issued paper money, but which in most if not in all instances depreciated. 14 The Colonies felt themselves more than ever interested m the result of the contest, as to the boundaries between them and the French Canadian settlements. The French were making such en- croachments on the western and northern frontiers, as, if acquiesced in, would leave them but a small strip of territory along the Atlantic. They now, more than ever, felt the necessity of union and concert among themselves, for their mutual protection and defence, against those encroachments, and also of a general treasury, from which, the expense of such protection and defence might be defrayed. For the purpose of forming such an union, Commissioners from New- Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-Jersey. Maryland, and Pennsylvania, met at Albany, in July, 1754. Com- missioners from the other Colonies were expected, but were not pre- sent. A plan of union was agreed upon by the Commissioners present . This plan was submitted to the King and Parliament for their appro- bation, and to the Assemblies of the several Colonies, but was reject- ed by the former, as vesting too much power in the Colonies, and was disapproved by the latter as giving too much power to the crown. By this plan, " the general government was to be admin- istered by a president general to be appointed and supported by the crown, and a general council to be chosen by the representatives of the several Colonies met in their respective Assemblies." So far as respects the defence of the Colonies, the regulation of trade, and the collection of the taxes, this general government was authorized •' to raise and pay soldiers, build forts for the defence of any of die Colonies, and equip vessels of force, to guard the coasts and pro- tect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great rivers ; but they were not to impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the legislature. That for these purposes, they had power to make laws, and levy such general duties, imposts, and taxes, as to them should appear most equal and just (considering the abilities, and other circumstanc- es ol the inhabitants in the several Colonies) and such as may bo collected with the least inconvenience to the people ; rather discour- aging luxury, than loading industry with unnecessary burdens." Had this plan been adopted, the separation of the Colonies from 'he parent country, might have been postponed for many year-- 15 The importation and consumption of foreign articles into the Co- ionies increased with the increase of wealth and population. The following is an account of the value of imports from Great- Britain, into Pennsylvania, at different periods.* In 1723 the imports amounted only to £15,993 19 4 1730 they were - - - 48,592 7 5 1737 - - - 56,690 4 7 1742 - - - 75,295 3 4 1747 - - - 82,404 17 7 1752 - - - 201,666 19 11 1757 .... 248,426 6 6 In 1766 Doctor Franklin, in his examination before the House of Commons, stated, that the value of imports at that time into Pennsyl- vania, was computed by the merchants, to be above £500,000. The tables of Lord Sheffield, in his " Observations on American Commerce," taken undoubtedly from the custom-house books, shew the value of the trade between Great-Britian, and that part of Ame- rica now the United States, from 1700 to 1780, to be as follows : IMPORTS FROM EXPORTS TO THE COLONIES, NOW UNITED STATES. Average from 1700"to 1710 £265,783 10 £267,205 3 4 from 1710 to 1720 392,653 17 H 365,645 6 »S from 1720 to 1730 578,830 16 4 471,342 12 io* from 1730 to 1740 670,128 16 ^ 660,136 11 H from 1740 to 1750 708,943 9 64 812,647 13 °i from 1750 to 1760 802,691 6 10 1,577,419 14 2 from 1760 to 1770 1,044,591 17 1,763,409 10 3 from 1770 to 1780 743,560 10 10 1,331,206 1 5 It is difficult to ascertain with accuracy, the value of the trade of the Colonies, previous to the year 1776. A smuggling trade wan carried * Fourth volume of Franklin's Work* 16 on to a considerable extent, not only with the foreign West-India islands, but some parts of Europe. The custom-house books, there- fore, do not furnish a true account of the whole trade of the Co- lonies. They must, however, be resorted to, as the best source of information. We have before stated, that for some years previous to the American revolution, the trade of the Colonies was limited to Great-Britain, to that part of Europe lying south of Cape Finis- terre, to the West-Indies and to Africa. Table No. I. at the end of this chapter contains the official value in sterling money of the ex- ports and imports from each of these countries, for the year 1769. From this it appears, that the exports from the several Colonies, now Jhe United States, during that year, to Great-Britain amounted to £1,531,516 8 6 *To the South of Europe - 552,736 11 2 To the West-Indies - 747,910 3 7 To Africa .... 20,273 5 1 Total £2,852,441 8 4 or about thirteen millions of dollars. And that the imports from Great-Britain, amounted to £1,604,975 11 11 From the South of Europe - 76,684 9 11 From the West-Indies 789,754 4 5 From Africa - - 151,998 Total £2,623,412 6 3 or about twelve millions of dollars. Those who are anxious to see the quantity, as well as the value of the various articles exported from the Colonies prior to the revo- lution, and the countries to which they were sent, so far as the cus- tom-house books will shew, may consult table No. II. annexed to this chapter, which contains an account of the principal articles exported from the North American Colonies, including the islands of Newfoundland, Bahama, and Bermuda, with their official value, and places of destination, for the year 1770.| * Taken from Macpherson's Annuls of Commerce, vol. 3, page 571. + Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, and Lord Sheffield. 1? The total value of the articles exported, as American produce, during the year 1770, from the Colonies now the United States, in- cluding those exported from other Provinces, and from NeW-Found- land, Bahama, and Bermuda, was £3,356,159 10 2 As little was exported from the other Provinces and the islands, except fish from New-Foundland, the value of the exports from the Colonies, now the United States, in that year, must have been, at least, three millions sterling, or about thirteen and a half millions of dollars. The value of the imports from Great-Britain into the Colonies, for several years previous to a final rupture between them, in 1775, was different in different years, in consequence of those disputes, which led to a separation, and of the non-importation agreement entered into among the Colonists. The average value for the years 1771, 2, and 3, is stated by some, at more than three millions.* It is al- lowed, however, that the imports for those years were beyond ex- ample great. It is difficult also to ascertain the amount of tonnage employed in the trade of the Colonies, and particularly the amount owned by the Colonists themselves. The amount of tonnage entered from January 5th, 1770, to Janu- ary 5th, 1771, was three hundred thirty-one thousand six hundred and forty-four, and the amount cleared, three hundred fifty -one thou- sand six hundred and eighty-six. | It will be obser^d, that the amount is taken from the custom-house books, and includes the entry of the same vessel, two or three times, or as often as the voyages were in the course of the year, and repeated although the tonnage as regis- tered is generally less than the real amount, yet the tonnage as entered and cleared is probably much above its real amount. The tonnage of vessels built in the Colonies in the years 1769, 1770, and 1771,f was as follows, viz. Tonnage. In 1769 - - - 20,001 1770 - - 20,610 1771 - - - 24,068 * See Lord Sheffield. \ Chalmer's Estimate -'.- See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol 3, p. 57Q. 3 18 Oi this amount, a little more than one half was built in Massachu- setts and New-Hampshire. The trade of the Colonies was no doubt highly Beneficial to Great-Britain, and was made more so, as she con- ceived, by her system of colonial policy ; and while she confined herself to the regulation of the external trade of the Colonies, the Colonists ac- quiesced, though many of those regulations were considered by them, as injurious and oppressive. But when Parliament not only imposed internal taxes upon the Colonies, without their consent, but declared, that they had a right to bind them in all cases whatsover, this led to a resistance on their part, which finally ended in a separation. Some account of the footing on which the trade of the United States ivas placed with Great-Britain, and her dependencies subsequent to Uie peace of 1783. will be given hereafter, 19 S3 ;- c s. ft, J ^2 P3 CO CO ex CO CO >-) ■« tf< co o o o "sf uO CM CO i> c: cm -r 1— 1 CO T^ o C5 C5 CO J> t- 1< ** CO t— C5 T— o 1—1 CO CD CO C3 1ft CO CO CM iO i-i CO CO o CO. CM cc £< o o c o o o o o o © o © © © © © O* CO CO TT Tf O © t-i rf 1>"*C0CO©CCt}^CiCMCO G-fcCO "* C3 C0t-ClC0©C0*- Ol CC CO 03 (X CO c; C. o o c o lOGO^COCi^COiOT-H-^COCO-* co iti co co" i> t-T ©" of i> c" o of •* id >Q lO O CO CO 1> t-i CO lO i> CO CO CM cm cr. O !> CMC0©t-t~COClC0CMO*COt~ O © CO CO CM CM -*" CO -* CO CO ^ CO c:^ \Si CM CI CO CM CO "* CX ■ »-i iO t— CM rf ■*""*' of co" CO l> "* - Oi t- C5 © co C3 1> CO C5 C3 CO i-O --« CM i> © CM CM -# © co f O c^ i— CM ■3 - ."2 rr 3 i> Cj ~ c ~3 - "5 3 « ^r -? 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X £ -f o< O t- o CX l0 'O CO T-» — co O 3 CO O "* CO CO lO O CO CO CO ^^ CO ■S ^ -r^ I i< 'O CO t- 13 CD ex co CD l> CO *- CX © CO CD CO co ex ex L- O © CD t- t- r* CX iO ^_- CO CD cr. © — CO CD ■3 OJ CO CO O CO ex CO *■* •— r— t- PQ O (X CX T-. »* © CD i> CO 1-H CO i- o c- CO i— I CO © ex i. CX CO co Ci lO ex — 1 ^J rf ' — ex kO © co CO ! o — i-i J> "Sf iO^ c- — /<-"WV-^ . ^ -T Qp • • • • ^ •< .Zl ^ CS CJ E- — ; cfi _? w* • • _c ~ c t/2 ^ ' ^ ^J- u u '— ~ "G .' V >■ fc£ £ {J - c s ^ T~, C .- v. ll /^ZO^.S-Sk* £ow P- 21 TABLE No. U. An account of the principal anic nental Colonies, including the Bermuda., with the places to \v ue, nt the ports of exportation. :les exported from all the British Conti- islands of New-Foundland, Bahama, and hich they were sent, and their official val- during- the year 1770.* i^b-to^otoote-HCMOooo C5 CO o> to '.0 .3 1-1 1-1 ^ X 3 -*M OWKKX^OsC — 05 h. CO K CM V} )>. X CO O •i ^ " rH ^ r-t 1—* 1— ( H rH *h r-> H rH *H ^-< r-f H 66 i — X X 1^ V> CTl r -+ X tO CM b- <0 r Oi X O c-1 K CM CM -« N. CO CM M •:-; N K O «) 'O K ^? 'O K ■* « X to ■- V) « ?) X '1 X ■* •0 CM lO CO >0 r< 'O C) ■? O "! — 3 CT> "i -* ^1 "* ^ 'O HVKNn'.IH-iOrt O ^O «-Tco oT CM CM J^. CM CO •* «H CO co nxn < !"- 4 CO *-l ^ K. CM '.IKXDOOO^^OK^OXOIKhX-C K HNN 'O O tD h i> :« -J 1 X O X rH to K'OK'fiTf iH t- O ^ tj> O O VC r 50 CM CO O tO to Oi -H CfTcC NOODK'JHj^ to ■«* ■* V5 CM h. V) VO CO — b- CM i-O V5 h- CM X ^ CO tO CO v> X <0 tH , O 4 t ^ *t0 O 1-1 O <^ _; O tJ" CO CM 0> CM K >0 3 O — CM X X ir; t^ CO CM X 'ox Jn. O? '0 CM XX >0 CO «."! CO x to "" u .- to 10 O »C Oi ■ CO CJ t> -3 1- JN- •O 0> CNH CD z ^ - »o *o O CM OC) T!" co CM ■* b- 1£ K J. h w h C CO V) O CO X O xf CN N '-O Tf b- b- T-l O CO CO h- CM T? 'OO cm 1— 1 •■* tH i-T vfco'x'i-T - = cc ,- i— I CO 1-- X -^ rH v> O O V} CO 3 'O J-- >n CM V5 IO CM X VI CO to X CM c S ^r r}> OH CJ> CM 'f | vT ■»? — CO i-l ■ ^ C" 1- vj V2 VC CO O C4 Tf <0 t-- O? ^C)H«H^ K tO lO X CM X CO O X •* O r. O K O •* S. 00 -tOHK K to J^ h 1-0 OOlH ■* h.CM to y-i "* v; c> ■* V5 CM _h= CJ *-i K X T* V5 H y. n; g -O — Jt — -2 X „ „ ^ j«_2 ; u „ ^ 3 w ~~ p 1 ^ IE — ^ <• ^ ** ' — 3 "* " " ** 1—1 5 c " r*~ +* tr ^ .— -— • ™ ■*-' •^ -^ Cj r^J t$4 - IS - 1 p | Tf ^ •r" c O E "3 3 --" s «j „ fcf b ■r. 1 rs «o 5; _; £ "Ir w p £s * ~ *"IJ ^" tn £ "rt °^ £ * ^ C c ^ — u 3 ~ 4 r- 3 5 ^c £ ^ tc~ ° 2_— r It is to be remembered, that in the accouut I have given of the trade of all the Colonies, who have since withdrawn their allegiance from Great -Bri- tain, as also in the subsequent one of the exports of the whole Colonies, the prices are rated by the official valuation, and consequently are considerably under the real amount. * In this account I have omitted the fractional parts of the quantities, -which ore of no use in a general view, but their value is retained in the totals. The attentive reader may find some disagreements between the totals and the partic- ular numbers, owing partly to the omission of the fractional parts, and partly to errors which J saw, but had no means of correcting. 22 TABLE No. II.— CONTINUED. r-l © •o o © X o o 3 © CO IO a ^ h CM cm »o O X CM "* CM 10 © O "0 >o £ — •"< 1-1 i-i i-i 1-1 rH IH i »H — -" l-< — : I" CO co to 'O r- CO <0 CM »C CM i-l ™ CO X no o to „ ■O X CM O •«* K 'O -* CM CO © CO CO © CO Tf o C7> O OJ o o K O 'O h r-< •S 5 •n Tt o "* © oo to * CM r-( V) 'O CO 3 - -^ a o CM -0 i— ( © X 1-H "lOi'J ■* CM CO ■* i-l io 'O •jj <0 CO X X CM -* -* X Tj< tO CM •0 C>»rJ< o 00 T? CO tO CM "JO to »o 'O — i—i T* tC O CM © CO 'O -* CO t^ © o © <0 ~ >— i CO 1H l~ O* CM o © N. 3 N. CM © l^ o © *-i o o V5 CO X © : © r~ Clrt »o o 1— x_ .** cm •*r © C) j. N. -* CO CTi © cm o co -, X "o en ~ i-( CM CO NWCDI X d X K © J- CO rh ■* ■* .^ c^ 1^ o CT CO to -4- -* X o> V) o -j >0 (C <0 c 3 tO~ CO r* -" V ,c _, _ o © o »- ^ 0C O -f i- cr> C) h. c £" •O CM CO CM <0 •0 r c so 'O © b- IC o s •* CO X to If £ = «H CO ^ Q ^, o • oo CO 'O o 1 - t^. cT ^ > r* CO c~ c r ~ ,_, '0 ,- '0 .- .„ • -. r/ _ © •o o t-^ ^ - - 3 S s ^1 V- ^C; % x: &© ■z 2 j£ :r u „ =T , , , C. H 1 , p bi , o © *■£ g it- 1 • - y »r £ ' ' ,M "i ■ 's . • , pT 1 o x a © 5 =c 3: ^— ■ u ^ l*S ^: -' ^ — ^ > i ~y_ — ~ 1 ■-' 5 I ^ si s £ 5 «* <; jg X X ■r. 1. .2 "o c5 '£ o t/ | / O ~ & .£ 23 TABLE No. II.— coniin-ujsu. s 5 "IPICOMOOOOOJINHWO, O) CM "> ^MOOHCOOOOiH^aMMn! K In. i-i rtHH iH ,_| ,-f _| rH 1—1 TjiN.OOOb.Tfa3C03C(v,»r5COt^h.lO CT) ■<* T^ ■S 5 O CO nO ^ VO CO Cn) CM h- Jn_ CO CO CO IT) CM *o >o T^T^C^OVOCOCOCS^^ _| -* In. O CO tj< »o In. S3 s tJCOCO'-h C0'tCrj<'o->*i-r'-H 1 lCo 1 C0<0 V •S ■^X nT O i-( vo Ol>CO in co CO « ! £ O) CO CO -* Si r-( Tj< CO CM CO JO rj. ifj M CO CO H K U CO CO l> M i-( in -* cm TS <= L' c L' r ^ CO ,~. -^ ^2 nO OO 0)3 _o O CO 10 c-. ti< cm h- 10 tj< co U ^^0-^C7)CT)COC7lC7)i-H C. C-t Tj< x CTHrtHXO'-ilCNW OCOCO i-H 1—1 ? O 3 3 g^ £ in In. o -3 °l r C 3 c ^ - f "* CO r- 1 CO X ■* fH V) __. tj< O CO CM 0> CTi s j| tC i-H O In. tj< CM lO K t? u-> in i-( 55 c otC ~ co in S (^ c < O) c> ~ — - C7) OJ O) '"' »cT >o j° o CO c^ ") r} 3 v; i-( co co £ In. 1-1 C"n co vO C7> _« co" cT tH "3 8 * s° CO *n t -^ ^ -I g< l-< v, Ol ^ O vj « CO **- CO O ■n? "3 1) OO >o ■* ^ °l burgh, and thence to the north-east part of Cape Breton. According to this estimate, the French employed, in 1744, four hundred and fourteen large ships in taking and carrying the fish to market, and about twenty-four thousand five hundred and twenty men, and the quantity of fish taken was one million one hundred and forty-nine thousand quintals. The French fishery was afterwards reduced, and for many years past ha? been annihilated. For many years previous the late war, between the United States and Great-Britain, this fishery has been carried on, principally, by the British and Americans. The usual markets for American fish are the West-Indies and the southern parts of Europe. (See Table VII.) The late treaty of peace between the United States and Great- Britain is silent on the subject of the cod fishery. Our right to take fish in the open sea cannot be questioned ; what will hereafter be th<; state of the coast fishery, which we enjoyed under the treaty of 1783. is yet uncertain. THE WHALE FISHERY. The whale fishery first attracted the attention of the Americans iw, 1690, and originated at the island of Nantucket, in boats from the shore In 1715, six sloops, of thirty-eight tons burden each, were employed iu this fishery, from that island. For many years their adventures were confined to the American coast, but as whaJes grew scarce here, the} were extended to (lie Western Islands, and to the Brazil.-, and at length to the North and South Seas.* For a long time, the Dutch seemec* >% -See Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society 43 to monopolize the whale fishery, which they followed, with success, in the Greenland or Northern Seas. As early as 1663, they had two hundred and two ships employed in this fishery, and in 1721, as many as two hundred and sixty; in 1788, the number was reduced to sixty-nine, and for many years past, not only has this branch of their commerce, but almost every other, been completely annihilated. In 1731, the Americans had about thirteen hundred tons of shipping employed in this fishery along their coast. About the year 1 750, the whale left the American coast. The hardy enterprise and activity of the American sailor, however, soon followed him in every part of the Northern and Southern Seas. From 1771 to 1775, Massachusetts employed, annually, one hun- dred and eighty-three vessels, of thirteen thousand eight hundred and twenty tons, in the northern whale fishery, and one hundred and twen- ty-one vessels, of fourteen thousand and twenty-six tons, in the south- em, navigated by four thousand and fifty-nine seaman. The pecul- iar mode of paying the seamen, in these hazardous voyages, has con- tributed not a little to the success of the voyages themselves. Each has a share in the profits of the voyage, and is dependent on his own exertions for the reward of his toils. Whether he shall be rich or poor, depends on his activity in managing the boat, in pursuit of the whale, and his dexterity, in directing the harpoon. This has led to a spirit of enterprise and hardihood, never surpassed, if ever equal- !ed, by the seamen of any nation in the world.* * The celebrated Burke, in his speech, in the House of Commons, about the year 1774, on the subject of American affairs, has done ample justice to the industrious and enterprising' spirit of this class of American seamen. " As to the wealth (said he) which tire Colonists have drawn from the sea, by their fisheries, you had all that matter fully opened at your bar. You surely thought these acquisitions of value, for they seemed to excite your envy, and yet the spirit by which that enterprising employment has been exercised, ought rather, in my opinion, to have raised esteem and admira- tion. And pray, sir, what in die world is equal to it ? Pass by the other parts, and look at the manner, in which the New-England people of late car- ried on tire whale fishery. While we follow them among the tumbling mountains of ice, and behold them penetrating into the deepest frozen re- cesses of Hudson's and Davis' Straits ; while we are looking for them be- neath the arctic circle, we hear, that they have pierced into the opposite re 44 During the war of the American revolution, this fishery was de- stroyed ; on the return of peace, it recovered, by degrees, and from 1787 to 1789, ninety-one vessels, of five thousand eight hundred and twenty tons, were annually employed in the northern fishery, and thirty-one vessels, of four thousand three hundred and ninety tons, in the southern, with one thousand six hundred and eleven seamen. The quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually, from 1771 to 1775, was thirty -nine thousand three hundred and ninety barrels, and of whale oil eight thousand six hundred and fifty. From 1787 to 1789, the quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually was seven thousand nine hundred and eighty barrels, and whale oil thirteen thousand one hun- dred and thirty. In the representation made to Congress in the year 1 790, by the legislature of Massachusetts, it is stated that, before the late war, about four thousand seamen, and twenty-four thousand ton? of shipping were annually employed from that state in the whale fishery, and that the produce thereof was about £350,000 lawful mo- ney, or about $1,160,000.* -A great part of this fishery has been * In the papers which accompanied this representation it is stated, that " about one quarter of the spermaceti is head matter, one quarter of which was exported to Great -Britain, the remainder manufactured into candles. The spermaceti oil, previous to the revolution, was mostly exported to Great-Britain. The average price in that market, for five years, previous to the war, was about £40 sterling - for the spermaceti oil and £50 for head" The whale oil was formerly about one half exported to the French and Eng- lish West-India Islands ; the other half sold in the United States. The ave- gion of polar cold ; that they are at the antipodes, and engaged under the frozen serpent of the south. Faulkland Island, which seemed too remote and romantic an object for the grasp of national ambition, is but a. stage and resting place for their victorious industry. Nor is the equinoctial heat more discouraging to them than the accumulated winter of both poles. We know, that while some of them draw the line or strike the harpoon on the coast of Africa, others run the longitude and pursue their gigantic game along the coast of Brazil. No sea, but what is vexed with their fisheries. No climate, that is not witness of their toils. Neither the perseverance of Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dexterous and firm sagacity of English enterprise, ever carried their most perilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to which it has been pursued by this recent people ; a people who arc still in the gristle, and not hardened into manhood," 45 carried on from Nantucket, where it originated, a small island about fifteen miles in length, and two or three miles in breadth, situated about thirty miles from the coast. Before the revolutionary war. this small island had sixty-five ships, of four thousand eight hundred and seventy -five tons, annually employed in the northern, and eighty- five ships, of ten thousand two hundred tons, in the southern fishery. From 1787 to 1789, it had only eighteen ships, of one thousand three hundred and fifty tons, in the northern, and eighteen ships, of two thousand seven hundred tons, in the southern fishery.* For many years past, this fishery has been carried on from this island and from New-Bedford, a large commercial and flourishing town on the coast, in its neighbourhood, and has employed from fifteen thousand to eighteen thousand tons of shipping, principally in the Southern Seas. Although Great-Britain has, at various times, given large bounties to her ships employed in this fishery, yet the whalemen of Nantucket and New-Bedford, unprotected and unsupported by any thing but their own industry and enterprise, have generally been able to meet their competitors in a foreign market. The quantity of spermaceti and common whale oil, whale bone, and spermaceti candles exported from 1791 to 1814 appears from table No. IV. Their value since 1802. has been as follows : — Whale (common) Spermaceti oil oil and bone. and candles. Dolls. Dolls. 803 280,000 175,000 804 310,000 70.000 * See Tables Xo. VIII and IX. rage price of this oil, about §70 per ton. A whale, producing one hun- dred and twenty barrels of whale oil, will generally produce two thousand pounds of bone, which was chiefly exported to Great-Britain, the price about half a dollar per pound. A whale, producing fifty to sixty barrels, will generally produce nearest ten pounds of bone to a barrel of oil. The ave- rage price of oil for three years past, (viz. 1787, 1788, and 1789) : — Spermaceti §100 per ton Whale oil - - - 50 do. Head matter - 150 do. Bone, about 15 cts. per pound.'-* 46 Whale (common) Spermaceti oii oil and bone. and candles. Dolls. Dolls. 1805 - 315,000 163,000 1806 - 418,000 182,000 1807 - 476,000 130,000 1808 - 88,000 33,000 1809 - 169,000 136,000 1810 - 222,000 132,000 1811 - 78,000 273,000 1812 - 56,000 141,000 1813 - 2,500 10,500 1814 - 1 ,000 9,000 The following is the total value of exports, consisting of the pro- duce of the sea, from 1803 to 1814, viz. Dolls. 1803 2,635,000 1804 3,420,000 1805 - .... 2,884,000 1806 3,116,000 1807 2,804,000 1808 832,000 1809 ------ 1,710,000 1810 1,481,000 1811 - ... 1,413,000 1812 - - - 935,000 1813 - - - 304,000 1814 188,000 The common whale oil finds a market in the West-Indies, Great- Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal. The greatest part of the sper- maceti oil, is carried to Great-Britain. (See Table No. X.) The late war between the United States and Great-Britain has again al- most annihilated the cod and whale fisheries.* While in the years previous to the restrictive system and the war, the fisheries furnished Twenty.four whalemen were taken by the British in the late war. 47 articles for exportation to an amount of more than three millions 01 dollars, in 1814, the exports of the produce of the fisheries is reduced to the sum of $188,000. 2d. THE PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. The products of the forest consist of lumber of all kinds, navai -tores (such as tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin) pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark and other dyes. The exportation of lumber has always been an object of no incon- siderable importance to this country. The first settlers found here immense forests of wood and timber, and as they cleared these lands the timber was of little value except for exportation. The lumber exported consists of staves and heading, shingles, hoops and poles, boards, plank, scantling and timber of various sorts for masts, spars, buildings, &c. The official value of lumber of all kinds exported in the year 1770, was about £154,637 sterling, or $686,588. From J 803 to 1807, the value of lumber exported, on an average, exceeded i wo millions and a half of dollars. Naval stores, such as tar, pitch, turpentine, and rosin, have long been an object of importance, not on- ly for home consumption, but for exportation. Great-Britain has al- ways been dependent upon foreign countries for these articles, which to her are of the first necessity. Before they were produced in her North- American Colonies, she obtained them from the north of Europe, and particularly from the pitch and tar company of Sweden. About the year 1703, this company attempted to raise their price upon these articles, by prohibiting the exportation of them, except in their own -hips. This induced the British government to encourage the produc- tion of them in their Colonies, By the 3 and 4 of Ann, a bounty of £4 per ton was given on the importation of tar and pitch, and £3 per ton on rosin and turpentine from the American Colonies. These arti- cles are produced principally in North-Carolina, and this bounty, no doubt, had its effect in increasing the production of them in that Pro- vince. In the year 1770, the quantity of tar exported was eighty-two thousand and seventy-five barrels, of pitch, nine thousand one hundred ami fourteen barrels, and of turpentine, seventeen thousand and four- tpen, and their official value was £34.693 sterling, or about £144,000. 48 Since the year 1791, the quantity of these articles has varied almost every year ; in 1795, ninety thousand and sixty-six barrels of tar were exported. During the years 1805-6 and 7, the average quantity of tar exported was sixty-four thousand nine hundred and seventeen bar- rels — of turpentine, seventy-four thoofand six hundred and seven bar- rels, and of pitch, nine thousand and eight barrels, and their average value was about $500,000. Before the American Revolution, Great- Britain also encouraged the production of pot and pearl ashes in her North-American Colonies, as being necessary for her manufac- tures. In 1761, the society instituted at London for the encourage- ment of arts, manufactures, and commerce, offered large premiums to those who should import from the American Colonies the greatest quan- tity of pot and pearl ashes. Treatises, describing the method of mak- ing these articles, were, about the same time, sent over, and circula- ted among the Colonists. In the year 1770, one thousand one hun- dred and seventy-three tons of pot ashes, and seven hundred thirty- seven tons of pearl ashes were exported from the North-American Co- lonies ; the value of these was then estimated at £64,660 9 2 ster- ling, or about $290,000. The exportation of these articles has since greatly increased ; the value of pot and pearl ashes exported in 1807. amounted to $1,490,000. As the American forests abounded in wild animals, whose skins ;md furs were valuable, furs and peltry have always constituted a part of American exports. In the year 1770, the official value of these ar- ticles exported, from all the North-American Colonies, which inclu- ded Canada, was £119,224 14 4 sterling, or about $670,000. The average value of these articles, exported from the United States from 1791 to 1803, was about $300,000; fronrW804 to 1807 in- clusive, the annual average value was about $900,000. It is be- lieved, that during these years, a large proportion of the furs ex- ported were brought from Canada, and shipped at the Atlantic ports. Ginseng, a root so highly valued in China, has been long known in North-America, and has become an article of export. In 1770, the quantity exported was seventy-four thousand six hundred and four pounds, and was valued at about $5,000. The greatest quanti- fy exported since 1791. was in 1806, being four hundred forty-eight 49 thousand three hundred and ninety-four pounds, and valued &\ $139,000. Oak and other bark and wood for tanning and dying, have also become articles of exportation of some value. In 1803. they amounted to $225,000. The following is the value of all the exports, which are the pro- duce of the forest, from 1803 to 1814, viz. — 1803 $4,850,000 1804 4,630,000 1805 - - 5,261,000 1806 ---,.- 4,861,000 1807 5,476,000 1808 1,399,000 1809 4,583,000 1810 - - • - - - - 4,978,000 1811 5,286,000 1812 - 2,701,000 1813 1,107,000 1814 - 570,000 The value of each of the articles exported during the same period; is as follows, viz. — Lumber of Naval Pot & pearl Furs & Oak bark & all kinds. stores. ashes. skins. Ginseng. other dye? Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls 1803 2,800,000 460,000 735,000 500,000 100,000 225,000 1804 2,540,000 322,000 640,000 956,000 84,000 88,000 1805 2,607,000 702,000 776,000 967,000 148,000 61,000 1806 2,495,000 409,000 935,000 841,000 139,000 42,000 1807 2,637,000 335,000 1,490,000 852,000 143,000 19,000 1808 723,000 102,000 408,000 161,000 5,000 1809 1,843,000 737,000 1,506,000 332,000 136,000 29,090 1810 2,537,000 473,000 1,579,000 177,000 140,000 72,000 1811 3,195,000 834,000 752,000 314,000 79,000 112,000 1812 1,638,000 490,000 333,000 123,000 10,000 107,000 1813 636,000 91,000 204,000 58,000 118,000 1814 258,000 31,000 217,000 7 22,009 39,000 3.000 50 The articles of lumber are carried, principally, to the West-In- dies, except staves and heading, many of which go to Great-Britain and Portugal. Nearly all the naval stores, and pot and pearl ashes, go to Great-Britain. For the destination of these articles from 1800 to 1811, see Tables No. XI, XII, XIII. XIV, XV. XVI. and XVII annexed to this chapter. 51 TABLE No. I. A summary statement of the value of the exports of the several States and Territories, annually, from the 1st of October, 1790, to the 30t!i of September, 1810. © t~-©CO^^- — C5C0 CO i— CO t- to *& t n o a co o; 9< a -* © ~ © © i> CO O to to O *- ' CX Ci t- ' J> CS^t-^M ' ' ' 5< OS o ^t u-5 rf CO X CO CD - co o" o" rr © t> l> ©^•—©-h^co-* © -* o -^ iO CX i-1C:5D n ** CO o" co" —" cf CO tO tO^CO ( , , -T co" ■ iii co co" tO 1 —« i0 5©5 t- *KiOOC«OC co t- ex io CO 1 i co C0_ tO Tt CX ^ ex ©1 cf — " — ' si t-" cf ex^co co^c; io" l> . . . . eco ! 1— • T— CO f )-- i>i-Oi-ifO M C — r- CX CO o< ex co — * co co .- co -f co •* CO OS CO 1> ! i*5 *v ' c. co -f o co o> © co ■ O«tO0 ' ' ' 111! t OS cf t>5ic:rpococo<- © CX CO tO OS | 1- o* OS OS OS CO CO 5< i>" — © ~" *rT ^^rccco , , , Ill, OSJ T— 1-H -r ! j . — i— I CTi O CO Tf Oi lO " co i- co ex CO CO -* c; co co i-o o co c; CO CO © CO c^ CO ' t »o t» « - O C. " ■ CO iC CO CC ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 oi * CO Ot t* 5-1 CX CO CO t> CO .— 1—. i.-^- CO CO 1> tO C: lc; -< -* iO t o co CX CX CO CO ex 1 5i o x ■* eo^cx co^ t O i-0 CO »0 CO CO CO o< co" co" • > • 1 CO CO — t^ S> iO © CO CO CO CO 00 rj> t- tO ex -*> CO to — © 2 1 j t- COO O — t- CO O "0 CO CO CO CO OS (X © 1 i £> CO J> CO CS C©^ ( co" of co" co" CCS CO i—i tO ex" co" 1 1 1 1 "l i CO 1 ex I y\ -f co co- o co si ci a O CO tO CO O CO 1- © tO © © CO ex © to © co cs j — — i> i> -^ co^ c^ cc^ ■ co co ex — ' ' • 1111 ' C jlos *w co" co" cf o" co" c" CO CO CX i> CO OS CO j co CO CO C- CO CX CX CO OX to ex ex to co co co >o co « co tO tO ^t ** , i-i ; OJ 5* CO ex CO o< CO ex i — . — — "~ O CO CO OS *"* to co co © in io co i-o co co co t~ co co -i" co o -r 1 • so • CO ^ CO "# CO O CO CO ' CO 13 51 Jl 1 i i 1 1 1 1 © r ! '■^ ' C( CiOC 'O co co CO co ex co c- ■i"" 1 1-H o -* c- to "* « ex , ^^111 1 1 1 1 © !| o-T ex" co" ex" CO o< cs 1 1 ^^ * , , , t • r J ,. 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CO C0««0 t- iQ i-i CO l~- CX LO 1— < LO 1 tf O) oi n a co (^ i-T -t o n co o >o "< co lO © © CO t- CO CO O I"- G.> t- O CX CO CO CO CO lO t- lO i-i © oi CO^COCOCOCXOI-tiCJtMOCOCOCOacO ' ' © ' © • o iQ -< CX CO CO CX CO I- O "* -3" CO © © «* CO CO CO CO 00 CD CO CO CO © © CX l> -^ i-i t- t- >o CO >o ex T G< CO — H lO t)< if CO l" COTCOOOdCOCOODCO -t lO Tjl ' CO CX i-i CO CX I- GO © i-i CX 1—1 1—1 — 1 1-1 t> ! luTMOSOBOOnSIOt-^'I'^C; O G< lO ineo'Oi~'-co©coTf'co co T— 1 CX M © CX lO I"- CX — < -}" — © lO •>* lO CO © © ' rj< 1 1 • ■* ' Oi '© it) 1-- O fl 3 « iO CO 51 b i" iO ■* 't i-0 © ir? 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The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st, which constitutes veg- etable food, as wheat,flour, rice, indian corn, rye, &c. — 2d, the products of an- imals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle, horses, &.c. — 3d, tobacco, — 4th, cotton, and 5th, others of less importance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax, kc. — The quantity and value of each of these exported at different periods- Value of manufactures exported — A comparative view of the value of the products of tli e sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures exported, in each year from 1803 to 1814. The principal employment of the inhabitants of North- America, from its first settlement, has been that of agriculture. The first emi- grants soon found, that nothing promised such important advantages, and furnished such easy means of subsistence, as the cultivation of new lands. The labour bestowed in clearing them, not only furnish^ ed the surest means of subsistence, but also added to the permanent value of the lands themselves. The immense tracts of vacant, uncleared lands in the United States, has always rendered it easy, for those who possessed an ordinary share of industry, to obtain more than sufficient for cultivation. The ease with which families can be supported, by this mode of employment, has induced early marriages ; population has increased with the means of subsistence ; and wealth and happiness have generally attended the independent cultivator of the soil. The surplus produce of the agriculture of the United States ha= been exchanged for those articles, either of necessity, convenience, or luxury, which they did not manufacture, or which could only be pn> cured from foreign nations ; and the productions of agriculture, both before and since the American revolution, have constituted much the greatest portion of their domestic exports. These productions have been classed into those — 1st, which constitute vegetable food, such as wheat, flour, rice, in< dian corn, rye, peas, beans, potatoes, &c. \2 •JO ■I'd, the product of animals, as beef, tallow, hides, butter and cheese, pork and lard, or the animals themselves, as live cattle, hor- des, mules, sheep, &c. 3d, tobacco. 4th, cotton. 5th, others of minor importance, as indigo, flax-seed, wax, &c. Wheat, the most valuable of all vegetables, Was brought into Amer- ica by the first settlers, and has been cultivated with success, from the first settlement of the country. For a long time, it has been the staple of the middle states, and was formerly produced in great abun- dance, in the eastern states. For some years past, however, the growth of wheat in New-England has, in a great degree, failed. The states of Maryland and Virginia, have, long since, exchanged part of their tobacco lands, for wheat ; and lately, in the more southern states, (he cultivation of wheat has been substituted for cotton. Wheat and flour have always constituted a large proportion of the exports of this country. In the year 1770, the quantity of wheat exported from the North- American Colonies, now United States, was seven hundred and fifty - >me thousand two hundred and forty bushels; of this eleven thousand -even hundred and thirty-nine went to England ; one hundred and forty-nine thousand nine hundred and eighty-five, to Ireland ; five hundred and eighty-eight thousand five hundred and sixty-one, to the south of Europe, and nine hundred and fifty -five, to the West-Indies. During the same year, forty-five thousand eight hundred and sixty- eight tons of flour and bread were also exported, of which two hundred and sixty-three tons went to England ; three thousand five hundred and eighty-three, to Ireland ; eighteen thousand five hun- dred and one, to the south of Europe ; twenty-three thousand four hundred and forty-nine, to the West-Indies ; and seventy-two, to \frica. The official value of the wheat, was estimated at £131,467 10 sterling, and the flour and bread at £504,553 6 1 making .£636,020 6 1 1 or about $2,862,190. The amount export- ed from the United Slates, from the peace of 1783, to the commence- ment of the present government, cannot be ascertained with any degree of precision. 91 The quantity exported from 1791, to 1814, with the value since 1803, was as follows : — Wheat Flour. Value of both Bushels. Barrels. Dolls 1791 - 1,018,339 619,681 1792 853,790 824,464 1793 - 1,450,575 1,074,639 1794 6:6,797 846,010 1795 141,273 687,369 1796 31,226 725,194 1797 15,655 515,633 1798 15,021 567,558 1799 10,056 519,265 1800 26,853 653,052 1801 239,929 1,102,444 1802 280,281 1,156,248 1803 686,415 1,311,853 9,310,000 1804 127,024 810,008 7,100,000 1805 18,041 777,513 8,325,000 1806 86,784 782,724 6,867,000 1807 766,814 1,249,819 10,753,000 1808 87,330 263,813 1,936,000 1809 393,889 846,247 5,944,000 1810 325,924 798,431 6,846,000 1811 216,833 1,445,012 14,662,000 1812 53,832 1,443,492 13,687,000 1813 288,535 1,260,943 13,591,000 1814 . 193,274 1,734,000 The years of greatest exportation of these articles, since 1791, were 1793, 1801-2 and 3, 1807, and 1811, in the last of which, the value of wheat and flour exported amounted to the sura of $14,662,000. exceeding, by nearly four millions, that of any former year. Thi^ great increase, however, was owing, principally, to the enhancer price of those articles, during that year. In 1807, the average price of wheat, at the principal place? of exportation, was $1 25 perbi^h 92 el, and of flour, $7 per barrel ; in 181 J, the price of wheat was $i 75, and of flour, $9 50.* Tables No. I. and II. annexed to this chapter, shew the different countries and places, to which these articles have been exported from 1800, to 181 1. The West-Indies, Spain, Portugal, and Great-Britain have been the principal consumers of our wheat and flour. The West- India Islands have always furnished a market for a large proportion of them, and in times of scarcity in Great-Britain, and in the southern parts of Europe, the United States have come in competition with the grain countries of the north of Europe. In 1801, in a time of scarci- ty in Great-Britain, the United States exported to that kingdom two hundred and sixteen thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven bush- els of wheat, and four hundred and seventy-nine thousand seven hun- dred and twenty barrels of flour. In 1807, six hundred and sixty-nine thousand nine hundred and fifty bushels of wheat, and three hundred twenty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight barrels of flour were also exported to Great-Britain. The late unfortunate and dis- tressed situation of Spain and Portugal, has called for a large propor- tion of our grain, not only for the ordinary supply for the inhabitants, but for the support of the allied armies, in those countries. In 1811, no less than five hundred twenty-nine thousand one hundred and five barrels of flour, and fifty -five thousand and thirty*three bushels ot wheat were shipped to Portugal, and three hundred six thousand and seventy-four barrels of flour and twenty-one thousand one hundred and * The prices, by which the value of wheat and flour exported has been calculated at the Treasury Department, since the year 1806 (being the aver- age prices at the principal places of exportation,) were as follows : — Wheat price Flour price per bushel. per barrel 1806 S 1 33 - »8 1807 1 25 7 1808 1 25 6 50 . 1809 1 25 6 1810 1 50 7 50 1811 1 75 9 50 1812 1 94 10 00 1813 1 75 11 00 1814 9 50 93 ninety-nine bushels of wheat, to Spain, making in the whole, to the Peninsula, during that year, eight hundred thirty-five thousand one hundred and seventy -nine barrels of flour, and seventy-six thousand two hundred and thirty-two bushels of wheat, the value of which at the places of exportation exceeded eight millions of dollars. If to this is added the enhanced price, in the foreign market, the value cannot, fall much short of twelve millions. The following quantities of wheat and flour were shipped to Spain and Portugal, during the years 1812 and 1813, viz.— To Spain. To Portugal. Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Flour, bushels. barrels. bushels. barrels. 1812 8,865 381,726 33,591 557,218 1813 74,409 431,101 214,126 542,399 Making nine hundred seventy-three thousand and five hundred bar- rels of flour to Spain and Portugal, for the year 1813. The value of wheat and flour, therefore, which went to those countries in that year was $1 1,213,447, at the places of exportation. In a foreign market iheir value could not be less than fifteen millions. In Great-Britain, various regulations, at different times, have been made, relative to the exportation and importation of grain. The limited extent of that country, in proportion to its population, and ihe employment of so many of its inhabitants, in commerce and man- ufactures, have, for many years past, rendered a foreign supply of grain necessary, in case of any considerable failure of their crops. To encourage the production of domestic grain, and to remedy the evils, arising from a scarcity in consequence of bad crops, the British government have given a bounty on the exportation of grain, when its price was below a certain sum, and have allowed its importation, with a very small duty, when it has risen in price to a sum which is fixed by law ; and for many years past, in- times of great scarcity, a large bounty has been given, on the importation of foreign grain. In 1773, when the price of middling wheat in Great-Britain, was under 44s. rye 28s. barley 22s. oats lis. a bounty of 5s. per quarter on wheat, 3°. on rye, 2s. 6d. on barley, and 2=. on oat-? was given on 94 its exportation. When the price of middling wheal was 44s. or more. its exportation was prohibited, under a forfeiture of 20s. per bushel ; and when the price of wheat was at, or above 48s. rye, peas or beans 32s. barley 24s. oats 16s., the high duties on importation ceased, and wheat was allowed to be imported, on paying the trifling duty of 6d. per quarter, 2d. per cwt. on flour, 3d. per quarter on rye, peas or beans, 2d. on barley and 2d. on oats. These prices were altered at subsequent periods. In consequence of a scarcity in 1795, a bounty was granted of 16 to 20s. per quarter, according to the quality, on wheat, and 6s. per cwt. on flour, from the South of Europe, till the quantity imported should amount to four hundred thousand quarters, and from America, till it should amount to five hundred thousand quar- ters ; and 12s. to 15s. from any other part of Europe, till it should amount to five hundred thousand quarters, and 8s. to 10s. after it ex- ceeded that quantity, to continue till the 30th of September, 1796. In 1800, in consequence of a deficiency in the harvest of the prece- ding year, the British government, by an act passed the beginning of April, granted to the importer, the difference between the average price of English wheat, the second week after importation, and 90s. on wheat from the South of Europe, Africa, and America ; 85s. from the Baltic, and Germany ; and 90s. from Archangel, if imported be- fore the 1st of October of that year. In December of the same year, the prices still continuing high, by another act, the difference between the average price of foreign wheat, the third week after entry, and 100s. was guaranteed to the importers of all wheat weighing fifty-three pounds per bushel, or four hundred and twenty-four pounds per quar- ter imported after the 1st of December of that year, — two hundred and eighty pounds of wheaten flour, except American, to be equal to a quarter. American flour was to be sold by auction, and to receive the difference between the price at which it sold and 90s. per each barrel of one hundred and ninety-six pounds. In consequence of these acts, the bounty paid, on the importation of grain, in 1796, amounted to £599,834 sterling ; and in 1801, it amounted to the sum of £1,420,355 sterling, or about $6,381,000. The quantity of grain of all sorts, imported into Great-Britain in 1801, was two mil- lion twenty -seven thousand five hundred and fifteen quarters, or more than sixteen million- of bushels, and the quantity of meal was one 95 million one hundred and twenty-five thousand seven hundred and four cwt. The average price of wheat in England in 1795 was 74s. 2d. per cjuarter, and in 1796 was 77s. Id. ; in 1800, the aver- age price per quarter was 113s. 7d. and in 1801, 118s. 3d. In 1803, the price was reduced to 56s. per quarter, and the growers com- plained of the inadequacy of this price, and in 1804, a law was pass- ed, granting a bounty of 5s. per quarter on the exportation of wheat. when the average price of it was at 48s. per quarter, and when above 5 Is. not to be exported. By this act, also, wheat, if imported from Quebec, or other British Colonies, when the average price is under 53s. pays the high duty of 24s. 3d. above 53s. and under 56s. pays 2s. 6d., and above 56s. Gd. ; when imported from any foreign country, the average price being under 63s. pays the high duty of 24s. 3d. per quarter; above 63s. and under 66s., 2s. 6d., above 66s. 6d.* By the report of a committee of the house of Commons, made in July, 1814, on petitions relating to the corn laws of Great- Britain, it appears that, in consequence of the advanced price of rent and labour, and the increase of taxes, particularly the proper- ty tax, 80s. per quarter, or 10s. sterling, ($2 25) per bushel, is the lowest prices which would afford the British grower of wheat, an adequate remuneration. This report is founded on information, ob- tained from every part of the kingdom. In consequence of this re- port, the British Parliament have lately passed a law, prohibiting the importation of foreign wheat, unless the price of English wheat is 10s. sterling or more per bushel. The law, however, was not popular in Lon- don, and its passage occasioned serious riots in that city. This brief sketch of the corn laws of Great-Britain, about which a diversity of opinion has prevailed among the political economists of that country, cannot be uninteresting to the American farmer, merchant, or states- man. It is difficult to ascertain what price will remunerate the grow- er of wheat in the United States. In 1806 and 1807, when great quantities of wheat and flour were exported, the average price of wheat was only $1 27 per bushel, and the average price of flour $7 50 per barrel. The population of England and Wales in 1801, according to an ' See Comber's Enquiry, 1808, and Oddy's European Commerce 00 enumeration then made, was about nine millions three hundred and thirty thousand, and Mr. George Chalmers estimated the consumption of grain of all sorts, at that time, in England and Wales, to be as fol- lows, viz. — Quarters. Bushels. Bread corn, one qr. each, 9,330,000 eight bush, per qr. 74,640,000 Corn made into drink, 4,665,000 do. do. 37,320,000 Com for cattle, poultry ,&c. 4,665,000 do. do. 37,320,000 18,660,000 or 149,280,000 How far the United States have come in competition, with the grain countries situated around the Baltic, in the articles of wheat and flour, will appear on comparing the exports of those articles, from those countries respectively. The whole quantity of wheat, exported from all the ports of the Baltic in the years 1801 and 1802, being years of great exportation. was, for 1801 . . . . 994,609 quarters* 1802 .... 1,032,941 do. being, on an ave- rage of these two years, about one million of quarters, or eight millions of Winchester bushels. The average quantity exported from the Uni- ted States, during the same years, (allowing five bushels of wheat to ■& barrel of flour,) was about five millions nine hundred thousand bu- shels, falling about two millions short of the quantity exported from all the extensive grain countries situated around the Baltic. The value of grain of all kinds annually exported from the Baltic, in common years, amounts to about two millions sterling, or about nine millions of dollars. In some years, however, it has amounted to eight mil- lions sterling.! The value of grain, including rice, shipped from the United States, on an average of the years 1805-6, and 7, was about twelve and a half millions of dollars, and in the years 1811-12, and 13, was as follows, viz. — Dolls. 1811 20,391,000 1^12 17,797,000 1813 19,041,000 * 2 Vol. of Odd> » 2 Vol of Odd;.- 97 This increase, it is well known, was occasioned by the great de- mand for grain and provisions of all kinds in Spain and Portugal du- ring these years, and the enhanced prices of the articles themselves. In 1811, the year of the greatest exportation, the value of wheat, flour, and biscuit, was $14,662,000 of Indian corn and meal, 2,896,000 of rice, 2,387,000 of all other, rye, oats, pulse, potatoes, &c. 446,000 Making $20,391,000* RICE. The culture of rice was introduced into South-Carolina about the year 1694. Different accounts have been given as to the manner of its first introduction. The account, however, given by Dr. Ramsay, in his valuable history of South-Carolina, published in 1809, is proba- bly the most correct, and which we shall give in his own words : " Landgrave Thomas Smith, who was governour of the Province in 1 693, had been at Madagascar, before he settled in Carolina. There he observed, that rice was planted and grew in low and moist ground. Having such ground, at the western extremity of his garden attached to his dwelling-house in East Bay street, he was persuaded that rice would grow therein, if seed could be obtained. About this time a * The value of grain exported from the empire of Russia, in 1802, was a-j follows :t Rubles. Wheat 4,055,907 Rye 5,604,422 Barley 1,004,144 Oats 206,056 Other corn 99,754 Wheat and rye flour .... 157,809 In spirits made from native corn - - 368,153 11,496,245 * Oddy's European Commerce. 13 08 vessel irum Madagascar, being in distress, came to anchor near Sulli' van's Island. The master of this vessel inquired for Mr. Smith as an old acquaintance. An interview took place. In the course of con- versation Mr. Smith expressed a wish to obtain some seed rice to plant in his garden, by way of experiment. The cook being called said he had a small bag of rice suitable for that purpose. This was pre- sented to Mr. Smith, who sowed it in a low spot of his garden, which now forms a part of Longitude lane. It grew luxuriantly. The little crop was distributed by Mr. Smith, among his planting friends. From this small beginning, the first staple commodity of Carolina took its rise. It soon after became the chief support of the Colony."* Its introduction was an object of great importance to that country. It was valuable, not only for the consumption of the inhabitants of that Province, but it soon became the staple of the country, as an ar- ticle of exportation, liy an act of Parliament of the 3 and 4 of Ann, (1706) rice was placed among the enumerated commodities, and could only be shipped directly to Great-Britain ; but afterwards, in the year 1730, it was permitted, under certain limitations and restric- tions, to be shipped and carried directly from Carolina, to any part of Europe south of Cape Finisterre. In the year 1724, eighteen thousand barrels of rice were exported, and in the year 1733, thirty- six thousand five hundred and eighty-four barrels from South-Carolina, and in 1739, seventy-one thousand four hundred and eighty-four bar- rels, and in 1740, no less than ninety-one thousand one hundred and fen barrels. From November 1760 to September 1761, one hundred thousand barrels were exported. + From the table of exports of the North-American Ct>lonies, for the year 1770, it appears, that during that year, one hundred fifty thousand five hundred and twenty-nine barrels of rice were exported, and that seventy-four thousand and se- venty-three were shipped to Great-Britain, thirty-six thousand two hundred and ninety-six to the South of Europe, forty thousand and thirty-three to the West-Indies, and one hundred and seventeen to Africa, the value of this, as estimated in the custom-house books, was £340,692 15 sterling, or about $ 1,530,000. " Doct. Ramsay's History of South-Carolina. r Macpherson's Annals of Commerce and Ramsay's History 99 The quantity exported from tbe United States, from 1791 to 1804 s and its value since 1803, was as follows, viz. — Tierces. Value. Bolls 1791 - - 96,980 1792 - - 141,762 1793 - - 134,611 1794 - - 116,486 1795 - - 138,526 1796 - - 131,039 1797 - - 60,111 1798 - - 125,243 1799 - - 110,599 1800 - - 112,056 1801 - - 94,866 1802 - - 79,822 1803 - - 81,838 2,455,000 1804 - - 78,385 - - 2,350,000 1805 - - 56,830 - - 1,705,000 1806 - - 102,627 - - 2,617,000 1807 - - 94,692 - - 2,367,000 1808 - - 9,228 - - 221,000 1809 - - 116,907 - - 2,104,000 1810 - - 131,341 - - 2,626,000 1811 - - 119,356 - - 2,387,000 1812 - - 77,190 - 1,544,000 1813 - - 120,843 - - 3,021,000 1814 - - 11,476 - - 230,000 INDIAN CORN AND MEAL, RYE, &c. Indian corn, or maize, was found among the natives on the first discovery of this country, and from them, has received its usual name ; and has always been considered indigenous in America. It was cultivated by the Indians, for food, both in North and South-Ame- rica. It seems adapted to the climate of all the states, except 100 in the extreme parts of the north, where the summers are sometimes too short and cold, to bring it to maturity ; and where it is aiso liable to be injured by early frosts. It is exported in large quantities, in a raw state, or when manufactured into meal. When manufactured, it is, principally, shipped to the West-Indies, though in times of scarcity, it has, occasionally, gone to Europe. In 1770, five hundred seventy -eight thousand three hundred and forty- nine bushels, were exported from the North- American Colonies ; of this, one hundred fifty went to Ireland, one hundred seventy -five thousand two hundred and twenty-one to the south of Europe, four hundred two thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight to the West-In- dies, twenty to Africa ; and in the custom-house books, it was valued at £43,376 4 2 sterling, or about $194,000. Of late years, before the corn is manufactured into meal, it is dri- ed by a fire, in a kiln prepared for that purpose. By this process, the meal is much less liable to become sour on the voyage, and can be preserved much longer in a warm climate. The following is the quantity of Indian corn and meal exported; annually, from 1791 to 1814 — viz. Corn. Meal Value Bushels Bushels Doll? 1791 1,713,241 351,695 1792 1,964,973 263,405 1793 1,233,768 189,715 1794 1,505,977 241,570 1795 1,935,345 512,445 1796 1,173,552 540,286 1797 804,922 254,799 1798 1,218,231 211,694 1799 1,200,492 231,226 1800 1,694,327 338,108 1801 1,768,162 919,355 1802 1,633,283 266,816 1803 2,079,608 133,606 2,025,000 1804 1,944,873 111,327 2,500,000 101 Com. Meal. Value. Bushels. Barrels. Dolls. 1805 861,501 116,131 1,442,000 1806 1,064,263 108,342 1,286,000 1807 1,018,721 136,460 987,000 1808 249,533 30,818 298,000 1809 522,047 57,260 547,000 1810 1,054,252 86,744 1,138,000 1811 2,790,850 147,426 2,896,000 1812 2,039,999 90,810 1,939,000 1813 1,486,970 58,521 1,838,000 1814 61,284 26,438 1 70,000 The West-Indies, Spain, and Portugal, are the principal markets for Indian corn and meal. The other articles of vegetable food, exported from the United States, are rye, oats, peas, beans, potatoes, &c. These, however, constitute but a small part of the value of their exports. Most of the rye in the United States is used for bread, or is made into spirits, at home. The distillation of grain has, within a few years, increased very rapidly in this country. In 1801, the quantity of spirits, distil- led from grain and fruit, was estimated at ten millions of gallons. By the returns of the marshals, giving an account of the manufactures of the several states, in 1810, it appears that the quantity distilled during that year, from grain and fruit, exceeded twenty millions of gallons. Much the greatest part of this, probably more than three quarters, was from grain. It is calculated, that a bushel of rye, or corn, will produce from two and a haif to three gallons of spirits. In 1810, therefore, between five and six millions of bushels of rye and corn must have been made into spirits. In Pennsylvania alone, in that year, there were three thousand three hundred and thirty-four distilleries, producing no less than six million five hundred fifty- two thousand two hundred and eighty-four gallons of spirits, princi- pally from grain. The whole, or nearly the whole, of this is con- sumed in the United States. When we add to this the quantity dis- ailed in this country from molasses, and that which is imported and consumed here, we find the annual consumption of spirits in the Unit- ed Spates amounting to thirty-one million seven hundred twenty- 1U2 tive thousand four hundred and seventeen gallons, as the following calculation will shew : — Spirits distilled in the United States in 1810, Galls. from foreign and domestic materials, as by the returns of the marshals, (about five millions from molasses) .... 25,499,382 Exported during that year, spirits from foreign materials - - 474,990 do. do. from domestic materials 133,853 608,843 Leaving to be consumed - - 24,890,539 The average quantity of spirits imported and consumed from 1801 to 1812 inclusive 6,834,878 Making ... - 31,725,417 about four and a half gallons for every person. Very little rye is ex- ported from this country. In 1801, the year of scarcity in Great-Bri- tain, three hundred ninety-two thousand two hundred and seventy-six bushels of rye meal were exported, which was more than three times the quantity exported in any one year since 1791 ; and the average number of bushels of rye exported, annually from 1791 to 1811, has not exceeded six or eight thousand. Much greater quantities were exported in the years 1812 and 1813 ; in the former of which, eigh- ty-two thousand seven hundred and five, and in the latter, one hun- dred forty thousand one hundred and thirty-six bushels were ex- ported. Vast quantities of rye are produced in Europe, and particularly in the northern parts. The bread of the common people, in the northern Kingdoms of Europe, is made of rye meal, and great quantities are also exported from the Baltic. In France, one of the best wheat countries, rye is also common. It is said, that more of it is gather- ed there than of wheat, and that half of the people in France use rye bread.* * See Peccohet's Statistics of France, digested and abridged by Jamee N. Taylor, Esq. printed in 1815. 103 The average quantity of oats exported, for twenty years, has been .ibout seventy thousand bushels, annually ; of peas, about ninety thousand, and of beans, between thirty and forty thousand. Potatoes, which constitute such a valuable part of our agricultural productions, especially in our domestic economy, are also exported, but the ave- rage (juantity will not exceed about sixty thousand bushels a year. The following is the aggregate value of all the exports, the produce of agriculture, constituting vegetable food, from 1802, to 1814 : — • Dolls. 1802 - - - - 12,790,000 1803 - - - 14,080,000 1804 ... 12,250,000 1805 - - 11,752,000 1806 - 11,850,000 1807 - - 14,432,000 1808 - - 2,550,000 1809 .... 8,751,000 1810 .... 10,750,000 1811 - - - - 20,391,000 1812 .... 17,797,000 1813 .... 19,041,000 1814 ... - 2,179,000 PRODUCE OF ANIMALS. Beef, pork, tallow, hams, butter and cheese, lard, live cattle and horses, have long been articles of export, of no inconsiderable value. They have generally been shipped to the West-Indies. The colonial custom-house books shew that in the year 1770, there was shipped to the South of Europe, two hundred and forty-four bar- rels, and to the West-Indies two thousand eight hundred and-seventy tons of beef and pork, making about twenty-eight thousand nine hundred and forty-four barrels, and which was then valued at £66,035 1 10 sterling, or about $277,000. Beef and pork, with live cattle, have been among the most considerable articles of domes- 104 tic export from some of the Northern states, where the lands are bet- ter for grazing than for grain. The following quantities of beef and pork have been exported an- nually from 1791 to 1814, viz.— 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 In the year 1770, one hundred sixty-seven thousand six hundred and thirteen pounds of butter, fifty-five thousand nine hundred and ninety -seven pounds of cheese, and one hundred eighty-five thousand one hundred and forty-three pounds of tallow and lard were exported. Beef. Pork. Bbls. Bbls 62,771 27,781 74,638 38,098 75,106 38,563 100,066 49,442 96,149 88,193 92,521 73,881 51,812 40,125 89,000 33,115 91,321 52,268 75,045 55,467 75,331 70,779 61,520 78,239 77,934 96,602 134,896 - 111,532 115,532 57,925 117,419 36,277 84,209 39,247 20,101 15,478 28,555 42,652 47,699 37,209 76,743 37,270 42,757 22,746 43,741 17,337 20,297 4,040 105 Large quantities of these articles have been exported, averaging be- tween one and two millions of pounds annually, and in some years exceeding two millions. In 1804, two millions eight hundred and thirty thousand and sixteen pounds of butter, and two millions five hundred sixty-five thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds of lard, were shipped from the United States. Tables No. IV. and V. annexed to this chapter, shew the countries and places to which our beef and pork have been carried, from 1800 to 1811. Beef and pork, butter and lard, as well as live stock, have generally found a market in the West-India Islands. During the late war in Europe, the British West-Indies, for certain periods, have been opt n for our beef and pork, and large quantities have been shipped directly to British West-India ports. In 1804, no less than forty -five thousand six hundred and fifty-six barrels of beef, and forty-seven thousand nine hundred and twenty-six barrels of pork went to those parts. In the year 1811, ten thousand four hundred and thirty-two barrels of beef were shipped to Spain, and fourteen thousand three hundred and eighty-one to Portugal. The value of the exports, the produce of animals, since 1803, a-> ascertained at the Treasury department, has been as follows, viz. — Beef, tallow, Butter and Pork, bacon, Horses and Sheep hides, and cheese. lard, and mules. live cattle. live hogs. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls,. 1303 1,145,000 585,000 1,890,000 460,000 55,000 1804 1,520,000 490,000 1,990,000 270,000 30,000 1805 1,545,000 415,000 1,960,000 220,000 1,500 1806 1,360,000 481,000 1,096,000 321,000 *1 6,000 1807 1,108,000 490,000 1,157,000 317,000 14,000 1808 265,000 196,000 398,000 105,000 4,000 1809 425,000 264,000 1,001,000 113,000 8,000 1810 747,000 318,000 907,000 185,000 12,000 1811 1,195,000 395,000 1,002,000 254,000 20,000 1812 524,000 329,000 604,000 191,000 9,000 1813 539,000 95,000 457,000 8,000 2,000 181! 241,000 59.000 176.000 1 .000 5.000 14 100 The following is the aggregate value of these articles : — Dolls. J 803 - - - - 4,135,000 1804 - - 4,300,000 1805 - .... 4,141,500 1806 .... 3,274,000 1807 - - - 3,086,000 1808 - - 968,000 1809 1,811,000 1310 - ... 2,169,000 1811 - - - 2,866,000 1812 ... . . 1,657,000 1813 1,101,000 1811 - - - - - 482,000 The national legislature have heretofore encouraged the exporta- tion of salted beef and pork, by allowing a bounty on each barrel exported, by way of draw-back of the duty on imported salt. This bounty was supposed to be equal to the amount of the duty on the -nit used in a barrel of beef or pork. It was discontinued on the re- peal of the duty in 1807. It was not again allowed by Congress on salted beef and pork on the renewal of the duty on imported salt, in July, 1813, although allowed on pickled fish. The policy of the mea- sure, however, is too obvious to admit a doubt, that, on the return of regular commerce, this bounty on salted provisions exported, will be again allowed, as well as on the exportation of pickled fish. It is obvious, that unless it is allowed, the merchant or exporter of this country cannot be on an equal footing with others in a foreign mar- ket. The amount of the duty on imported salt will be charged in the price of the provisions, either at home or abroad. If other nation? allow a drawback, on the exportation of salted provisions equal to the amount of the duty on salt, and the United States do not make tin same allowance, they can undersell us in a foreign market. In that case, our salted provisions must either remain at home, or die price of the provisions themselves must lessen in proportion tf die amount of the duty on salt. Tins loss will fall on the farmer. lor TOBACCO. Tobacco has been the great staple of Virginia and Maryland, from their first settlement. This plant is a native of America, and was found here on the first discovery of the country. It was introduced into England, by Sir Walter Raleigh, about the year 1584. It soon got into general use, and became the subject of regulation, by royal proclamations and by acts of Parliament. King James I. was violent- ly opposed to its introduction, and issued proclamations against the use of it, and against planting it in England. About the year 1624 it became a royal monopoly, and afterwards, in order to encourage its growth in the Colonies, and thereby derive a revenue to the crown, an act of Parliament prohibited the planting of it in Great-Britain. The average quantity imported from the North- American Colonies into England, for ten years preceding the year 1709, was twenty- eight millions eight hundred fifty-eight thousand six hundred and six- ty-six pounds.* From 1761 to 1775, the quantity imported annually into England and Scotland, and the amount exported during the same period, wa* as follows : — 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 Imported. Pounds. 47,065,787 44,102,491 65,173,752 54,433,318 48,306,593 43,307,453 39,140,639 35,515,708 33,781,208 39.187,037 GLAND. Exported. Pounds. 36,788,944 36,445,951 40,940,312 54,058,336 39,121,423 32,986,790 36,400,398 30,864,536 23,793,272 33,238,437 SCOTLAXI). Imported. Exported Pounds. 24,048,380 27,339,433 31,613,170 26,310,219 33,889,565 32,175,223 29,385,343 33,261,427 35,920,685 39,226,354 Pounds. 23,525,326 26,694,999 30,613,738 25,90*170 33,379,201 31,723,205 28,871,522 32,488,543 34,714,630 38.498.52? Macpherson's \nnal> of Commerce. 106 ENGLAND. SCOTL Itll. Imported. Exported. Imported. Exported. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1771 68,079,183 41,439,386 49,312,146 48,488.681 1772 51,493,522 49.784,009 43,748,415 42,806,548 1773 55,928,957 50,349,967 44,485,194 43,595,102 1774 56,048,393 44,829,835 40,157,589 39,533,552 1775 55,965,463 43,880,864 55,927,542 Jn 1770, eighty-four thousand nine hundred and ninety -seven hogs- heads of tobacco were exported from the North-American Provinces, which were valued in the custom-house books at £906,637 18 1 sterl- ing, or about $4,050,000. This article constituted about one third in value of all the exports in that year, and exceeded the value of wheat and flour exported during the same year, more than one mil- lion of dollars. The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni- ted States, from 1791 to 1814, in its raw, and manufactured state, and its value since 1802 : — Manufactured. Snuff. Value. No. of finds Pounds. Pounds. Dolls 1791 101,272 81,122 - 15,689 1792 - 112,428 - 117,874 - 10,042 1793 - 59,947 - 137,784 - 35,559 1794 - 76,826 23,650 37,415 1795 - 61,050 20,263 - 129,436 1796 • - 69,018 29,181 - 267,046 1797 - 58,167 12,801 - 73,257 1798 - 68,567 - 142,269 - 114,151 1799 - 96,070 - 416,076 - 109.682 1800 - 78,680 - 457,713 - 41.453 1801 - 103,758 - 472,282 - 52,297 1 802 - 77,721 - 233,591 - 43,161 - 6,220,000 1803 - 86,291 - 152,415 - 17,928 - 6,209.000 >804 83.343 - 278,071 20.678 - 6.000.000 109 Manufactured. Snuff. Value No. of hhds. Pounds. Pounds. Dolls. 1305 71,252 - 532,311 - 33,127 - 6,341,000 1806 83,186 - 385,727 - 42,212 ■ 6,572,000 1807 62,186 - 236,004 - 59,763 - 5,476,000 1808 9,576 26,656 - 25,845 ■ 833,000 1809 53,921 - 314,880 - 35,955 ■ 3,774,000 1810 84,134 - 495,427 - 46,640 ■ 5,048,000 1811 35,828 - 732,713 - 1 9,904 - 2,150,000 1812 26,094 - 583,258 - 3.360 • 1,514,000 1813 5,314 - 283,512 - - 319,000 1814 3,125 79,377 - . 232,000 The above value only includes that exported in its raw state. Tobacco has been one of the greatest articles of export from North- America from its first settlement. Previous to the American revolu- tion, it constituted in value, between a quarter and one third of all the exports of the American Colonies, now the United States. The quantity exported since 1791 has not exceeded, if it has equalled, the quantity exported from 1761 to 1775; although, with other arti- cles, it has increased in price. From 1302 to 1807, the average an- nual value was about six millions of dollars, and from 1808 to 1813. in consequence of commercial restrictions, and the war between the United States and Great-Britain, the average annual value has not ex- ceeded £2,300,000.* * The average price of tobacco, at the places of exportation, since 1806. has been as follows, viz. — Per hhd. Dolls. 1806 79 1307 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 88 87 70 60 60 70 67 74 110 The principal markets for tobacco are Great-Britain, France, Hol- land, and the North of Europe. (See Table No. VI.) A great part of that shipped to Great-Britain is sent to the Continent of Europe. COTTON. Cotton is a native of the tropical regions, in every quarter of the world. It is mentioned by Herodotus as growing in India, at the time he wrote his history. It was found among the Mexicans and Peruvians, on the first discovery of America ; and among the latter, the manufacture of it was carried to no inconsiderable extent. Pre- vious to the American revolution, it was cultivated in the southern states for domestic use. Soon after the peace of 1783, small quantities were exporte'd from Georgia.* It was not, however, cultivated to much extent, for ex- portation, in the United States, until about the year 1791 or 1792. Since that period, it has become the great staple of the states of South-Carolina and Georgia, and next to grain, the most valuable of all the exports of the United States. American cotton has been generally known by the names of sea- island and upland cotton. The former grows along the sea coast, has a black seed, is of a long staple, and is easily cleaned or separat- ed from the seed ; the latter grows on the upland, at a distance from the coast, has a green seed, is of a short staple, and until the inven- tion of a machine for the purpose, was so difficult to be cleaned, or separated from the seed, as to be scarcely worth the trouble and ex- pense of cultivation. This machine was invented by Mr. Eli Whit ney, a native of Massachusetts, who was accidentally in Georgia, in the year 179o: a gentleman of education, and distinguished for his mechanical genius. This machine has enriched the southern planter by ( nabling him to cultivate, to tiie greatest advantage, one of the most valuable staples in the world. Before its invention, very little upland cotton was cultivated, and scarcely a single pound was exported from the United States; after- '"rwards, the culture of this species of cotton became the principal "Karr.sav's. Hi stow of Jjout.h-C'uroliuti Ill object of the planter in South-Carolina and Georgia ; and iii the year 1807, more than fifty-five millions of pounds of upland cotton was ex- ported, and which was valued at more than eleven and a half millions of dollars. It has rarely occurred, that the invention of a single ma- chine has, at once, changed the employment of so many thousand people, and has added so much to the wealth and resources of a na- tion. In the year 1792, the value of the exports of the United States, was only $20,753,098, (upland cotton, the growth of the United States, constituted very little, if any part of these exports,) and in the short period of fifteen years, a new article of export is produced, amounting in value to more than one half of that sum.* v The rapid increase of the culture of cotton in the United States will appear, from the following account of the quantity exported from 1791 to 1814, and the value of that of domestic growth since 1802 : — Cotton of all kinds expor ted Value of cotton of from 1791 to 1804. domestic growth Pounds. Dolls. 1791 189,316 1792 138,328 - 1793 487,600 " Mr. Whitney obtained a patent for this invention, at an early period, under the laws of the United States ; and has been liberally rewarded for the right of using it, by all the cotton planting" states, except the state of Georgia. South-Carolina gave him, and Mr. Miller, who was concerned \\ith him, the sum of §50,000, for the rig-lit of using the machine in that state. In the state of Georgia, his right to the invention was disputed, and his machine was use;!, with the exception of a few individuals, without making him any compensation. He was compelled therefore, in that state, to have recourse to the judicial tribunals for redress. Owing, however, to a defect in die first patent law, and to the powerful interest opposed to him, he was unable to obtain a decision in his favor, until thirteen years of tiii patent had expired. This decision was had, before die Circuit Court of the United States, in which Judge Johnson, of South-Carolina, presided, in his charge to the jury, on the trial of the case, the Judge did ample jus- tice to Mr. Whitney, as the original inventor, as wed as to the imr;ortnn n 'V irul utility of the invention itself iU (Jotton of all kinds exported V aluc of cotton of from 1791 to 1804, domestic growth Pounds. Polls 1794 - 1,601,760 1795 - 6,276,300 1796 - 6,106,729 1797 - 3,788,429 1798 - 9,360,005 1799 . 9,532,263 1800 - 17,789,803 1801 - 20,911,201 1802 - 27,501,075 w,250,0€tf 1803 - 41,105,623 7,920,000 1801 - 38,118,041 7,650,000 Cotton of domestic growth exported from 1804 to 1814: — Sea-island. Upland, Value. Pounds. Pounds. Dolls. 1 805 - 8,787,659 - 29,602,428 - 9,445,000 1806 ■ • 6,096,082 ■ ■ 29,561,383 - 8,332,000 1807 - 8,926,011 - 55,018,448 ■ • 14,232,000 1808 949,051 9,681,394 - 2,221,000 1809 - 8,654,213 ■ • 42,326,042 - 8,515,000 1810 ■ • 8,604,078 • ■ 84,657,384 - 15,108,000 1811 ■ 8,029,576 ■ • 54,028,660 - 9,652,000 1812 4,367,806 ■ ■ 24,519,571 - 3,080,000 1813 - • 4,134,849 - • 14,975,167 - 2,324,000 1814 ■ ■ 2,520,338 - 15,208,669 - 2,683,000- '* The price of cotton at the places of exportation, according to which tlu value has been ascertained at the Treasury, since 1804, has been as follows, 1806 1807 1808 1S0O Sea-island. lb. 30 cents. 80 do. 80 do. ;?5 do Upland, lb. 22 cents 21 do. 20 do ■ I 5 do. 113 Tables So. VII. and VIII. shew the countries to which cotton has been exported, from 1800 to 1811. Great-Britain has been the principal market for this article. In 1807, before the commencement of our commercial restrictions, more than fifty-three millions of pounds were shipped directly to that country, leaving about thirteen million? for all other parts of the world. During the continuance of those restrictions, the greatest part reached Great-Britain, by the way of the Floridas, the Azores, Ma- deira, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden. The value of cotton shipped to Great-Britain, in 1807, according to the American custom-house books, was $11,953,378. According to the English custom-house books, and a valuation made by the in- spector-general of imports and exports, the real value of cotton, im- ported from the United States into Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot- land) in the year ending the 10th of October, 1807, was £3,036,392 sterling, or $13,481,580. If we add to this, the quantity imported into Scotland, the value cannot be less than about fifteen millions of dollars. The increase in the culture and manufacture of cotton, of late years, has been astonishingly great, and to trace its rapid pro- gress is not a matter of idle or useless curiosity. From 1768 to 1779, the average quantity of cotton annually imported into England, from all parts of the world, did not exceed abt>ut five millions of pounds. From 1784 to 1787, the quantity imported into Great- Britain was as follows, viz. — Pounds. 3784 11,280,338 1785 17,992,888 1786 19,151,867 1787 ..... 22,600,000 Sea-island. Upland, lbs. lbs. 1810 ... 28 cents. 15 cents. 1811 . . . 26 do. ... 14 do. 1812 ... 20 do. ... 9 do. 1813 - - - 20 do. - - - 10 do 1814 - - 28 do. - • • 13 15 114 The cotton imported in 1787, is supposed to have come from the following places : — Pounds. British West-Indies, .... 6,600,000 French and Spanish Colonies, - - - 6,000,000 Dutch, do. 1,700,000 Portuguese, 2,500,000 East-Indies, procured from Ostend, - - 100,000 Smyrna and Turkey, - - ■ - - 5,700,000 22,600,000 In 1800, the quantity imported into England, was 42,806,507 Into Scotland - 13,204,225 Making 56,010,732* In the year 1807, the following quantity was imported into the ports of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, from different parts of the world :j — Bags. From the United States, - - 171,267 The British West-Indies, - - 28,960 The Colonies conquered from the Dutch, 43,651 Portugal, - - - 18,981 East-Indies, 11,409 All other parts, - - 8,390 282,66" ' Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. j Sir Alexander Baring's inquiry relative to lh< British orders in con ■il, &c— 1808. 115 The number of bales imported into Great-Britain, and the coun- tries from where imported in 1810 and 1811, were as follows, viz.— 1810. 1811. From America - - 240,516 128,482 Portugal and Colonies - 142,946 118,514 Spain and do. 14,589 7,881 East-Indies - - - 79,382 14,646 Demarara, Berbice, Surinam, and Cayenne, - - 40,291 34,838 West-India Islands, - 33,571 19,295 Mediterranean, - - 3,592 974 Ireland, - - - 6,082 1,300 Heligoland, - - 182 274 Africa, 22 37 Baltic, 40 561,173 326,281 In the year 1810, the number of bales from the United States, wa= two hundred forty thousand five hundred and sixteen. As these bales would average three hundred pounds each, they contained se- venty-two million one hundred fifty-four thousand and eight hundred pounds of cotton. The bales from Portugal are said not to average more than one hundred pounds, making fourteen million two hundred ninety-four thousand and six hundred. During this year, therefore, from one half to two thirds of all the cotton imported into Great- Britain, was from the United States, notwithstanding seventy-nine thousand three hundred and eighty-two bales were, during that year, imported from the East-Indies. The foregoing was taken from Brit- ish accounts. The following is the quantity of cotton exported from the United States to Great-Britain, as appears by the American custom-house books, from 1800 to 1811 :*— Number of pounds 1800 - - - 16,179,513 1801 18,953,065 See Tables No. VII. and V'HT. annexed to this chapter. 110 Number of pounds. 1802 - . 23,473,925 1803 - .... 27,757,307 1304 25,770,748 1805 32,571,073 1806 24,256,457 1807 53,180,211 1808 - . 7,992,593 1809 - ... 13,365,987 1810 36,171,915 1811 46,872,452 As the direct intercourse between the United States and Great- Britain, was open but a part of the year 1810, only about thirty-six millions of pounds was shipped directly to that country. During that year, however, more than five millions was shipped to Sweden ; more than fourteen millions to Denmark and Norway ; about nine mill- ions to Spain, Portugal, and Madeira ; four millions, to the Azores, and ten millions to the Floridas ; the greatest part of which un- doubtedly went to Great-Britain. Europe is, and always must be, dependent upon other quarters of the world, for a supply of cotton. The climate is, for the most part, too cold for the production of this valuable plant. Some small quantities have been raised in the southern parts of Spain and Italy. The French government, under Bonaparte, attempted to introduce the culture of it in France. In 1807, a distinguished agriculturalist, Monsieur Lasteyric, was employed by the French government to give instructions, relative to the culture of the cotton plant. He accord- ingly published a treatise on the subject, entitled " Du Cotonnier, et de sa culture," in which he gives an account of the various kinds of cotton, in different parts of the world, and the modes of cultivating it. The Minister of the Interior also, at the same time, sent a cir- cular letter to the Prefects of all the Departments, requesting their particular attention, to the cultivation of cotton, and informing them that he had sent for cotton seed, to Spain, Italy, and North-America, fo br? distributed to the different departments, and offering a premi- 11? um of one franc* for every killogramme (two pounds English) of cotton raised and cleaned ready for spinning. It is understood that the experiment, if ever made, did not succeed. France has received a great part of her cotton fabrics, particularly those of the finer kind, from Great-Britain. Monsieur Lasteyric himself states that the value of cotton goods imported into France from England in 1806, amount- ed to 65,000,000 francs, or about $13,000,000. He also states the quantity of cotton imported into France, from the year 5 of the republic, (1796) to 1806, to be as follows, viz. — Year 5 - - - 9,000,000 killogramme^'. 6 - - - 5,145,000 - do. 7 - - - 3,363,000 - do. 8 - - - 5,504,000 - do. 9 - - - 7,560,000 - do. 10 - - - 7,890,000 - do. 11 - - - 8,600,000 - do. 12 - - - 9,205,000 - do. 13 - - - 10,857,000 - do. Three months and ten days of the , Four millions of year 14, and the whole of 1806, > 11,850,000^ which came from making 15 months and 10 days Portugal. Total of ten years Annual average 78,974,000 killogrammes 7,897,400 - do. The annual average of cotton, therefore, imported into France from 1796 to 1806, was only fifteen million seven hundred ninety- four thousand and eight hundred pounds. The whole quantity im- ported into France during this period, did not exceed the quantity exported from the United States in the years 1810 and 1811. * A franc is about twenty cent?, making- a premium of about ten cent' for a pound of cotton 118 The following is the quantity exported from the United States to France, from 1800 to 1811. Pounds. 1800 - 1801 844,728 1802 1,907,849 1803 3,821,840 1804 5,946,848 1805 .--- 4,504,329 1806 - - - 7,082,118 1807 --- - - 6,114,358 1808 - 2,087,450 1 809 none direct. 1810 - - - do. 1811 - - - do. The manufacture t)f cotton has increased, and is still increasing very rapidly, in the United States. The quantity consumed in this country, on the average of the years 1811, 1812, and 1813, cannot be less than twenty millions of pounds. FLAX-SEED, INDIGO, &c. &c. The other articles of export, the produce of agriculture, are flax- seed, indigo, wax, flax, poultry, &c. The principal of these are flax- seed and indigo. In the year 1770, three hundred twelve thousand six hundred and twelve bushels of flax-seed were exported from the North-American Colonies, of which six thousand seven hundred and eighty went to England, three hundred five thousand and eighty - three to Ireland, and seven hundred forty-nine to the South of Europe. The custom-house value of it was then £31,168 18 1 sterling, oi about # 139,000. 119 The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni- ted States from 1791 to 1814, with its value since 1803, viz. — Value. Bushels. Dolls. 1791 - - 292,460 1792 - - 261,905 1793 - - 258,540 1794 - - 270,340 1795 - - 411,264 1796 - - 256,200 1797 - - 222,269 1798 - - 224,473 1799 - - 350,857 1800 - - 289,684 1801 - - 461,266 1802 - - 155,358 1803 311,459 - 465,000 1804 - - 281,757 - - 420,000 1805 - 179,788 - - '360,000 1806 - - 352,280 529,000 1807 - - 301,242 - 452,000 1808 - 102,930 - 131,000 1809 - - 184,311 - 230,000 1810 - 240,579 301,000 1811 - - 304,114 380,000 1812 325,022 455,000 1813 - - 189,538 265,000 1814 - 14,800 31,000 Flax-seed has been generally shipped to Ireland. INDIGO. Indigo was one of the principal articles of produce and export from South-Carolina and Georgia, before the planting of cotton in tbosf; states became an object of so much importance. 120 The culture of it was introduced into South- Carolina about the year 1741 or 1742, and that state is indebted to a lady for the introduc- tion of this valuable plant. An account of the manner of its introduc- tion is given by Doct. Ramsay in his history of South-Carolina, and serves to shew, among other instances, how much a nation oftentimes is indebted for its wealth to the exertions and perseverance of a single individual. " The second great staple of Carolina (says the Doctor) was Indi- go. Its original native country was Ilindostan ; but it had been na- turalized in the West-India Islands, from which it was introduced in- to Carolina by Miss Eliza Lucas the mother of Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. " Her father, George Lucas, Governour of Antigua, observing her fondness for the vegetable world, frequently sent to her tropical seeds and fruits, to be planted for her amusement on his plantation at Wap- poo. Among others he sent her some indigo seed as a subject of ex- periment. " She planted it in March 1741 or 1742. It was destroyed by frost. She repeated the experiment in April ; this was cut down by a wonn. Notwithstanding these discouragements she persevered, and her third attempt was successful. Governour Lucas, on hearing that the plant had seeded and ripened, sent from Montserrat a man, by the name of Cromwell, who had been accustomed to the making of indi- go, and engaged him at high wages to come to Carolina, and let his daughter see the whole process for extracting the dye from the weed. This professed indigo maker built vats on Wappoo creek, and there made the first indigo that was formed in Carolina. It was but in- different. " Cromwell repented of his engagement, as being likely to injure his own country ; made a mystery of the business, and, with the hope of deceiving, injured the process by throwing in too much lime. Miss Lucas watched him carefully, and also engaged Mr. Deveaux to superintend his operations. Notwithstanding the duplicity of Crom well, a knowledge of the process was obtained. Soon after Miss Lu- cas had completely succeeded in this useful project, she married Charles Pinckney : and her father made a present of all the indigo on his plantation, the fruit of her industry, to her husband. Tl>£ 121 whole was saved for seed. Part was planted by the proprietor next year at Ashapoo, and the remainder given away to his friends in small quantities for the same purpose. They all succeeded. From that time the culture of indigo was common, and in a year or two it be- came an article of export." In the year 1748, (21 of George II.) a bounty of six pence on the pound, on Plantation indigo, when it was worth three fourths of the price of the best French indigo, was granted by the British Parlia- ment. This increased its culture in South-Carolina, and in 1754, two hundred sixteen thousand nine hundred and twenty-four pounds of indigo were exported from that Province. From November 1760 to September 1761, three hundred ninety-nine thousand three hun- dred and sixty -six pounds were exported ; and shortly before the Amer- ican Revolution, the export amounted to one million one hundred and seven thousand six hundred and sixty pounds.* In the year 1 794, one million five hundred fifty thousand eight hun- dred and eighty pounds were exported from the United States, being the greatest quantity exported in any one year. Probably a consi- derable part of this was foreign indigo. Since the planting of cotton has become general in South-Carolina and Georgia, the culture of indigo has been in a great measure neg- lected. MANUFACTURES. Manufactured articles constitute a part of the domestic exports of the United States. The manufactures exported are : — 1st. from domestic materials. 2d. from foreign materials. The value of both these kinds of manufactures, exported from 1803 to 1814, was as follows, viz. — From domestic From foreign Total of materials. materials. both. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 180.3 790,000 565,000 1,355,000 1804 1,650,000 - 450,000 - 2,100,000 ' See Ramsay's History and Macphcrson's Annals of Commerc 16 122 Prom domestic From foreign Total of materials. materials. both. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls, 1805 1,579,000 - 721,000 - 2,300,000 1806 1,889,000 - 818,000 - 2,707,000 1807 1,652,000 - 468,000 - 2,120,000 1808 309,000 - 35,000 - 344,000 1809 1,266,000 240,000 - 1,506,000 1810 1,359,000 - 558,000 - 1,917,000 1811 - 2,062,000 - 314,000 - 2,376,000 1812 1,135,000 220,000 1 ,355,000 1813 372,000 - 18,000 390,000 1814 233,200 - 13,100 - 246,300 The manufactures from domestic materials are soap, tallow candles, leather, boots, shoes, saddlery, hats, of grain (as spirits, beer, starch, &c.) of wood, (including furniture, coaches, &c.) cordage, can- vass, linseed oil, iron, and various other articles, such as snuff, silk shoes, wax candles, tobacco, lead, bricks, turpentine, spirits, wool and cotton cards, &c. The manufactures from foreign materials, are spirits from molasses,, refined sugar, chocolate, gun powder, brass and copper, and medicines. The value of each of these for the years 1806 and 1 follows, viz. — DOMESTIC MATERIALS'. Soap, and tallow candles, Leather, boots, shoes, and saddlery, Hats, Wood (including furniture, coaches, &.c.) 418,000 Cordage, canvass, linseed oil, Grain, (spirits, beer, starch, kc.) Iron, - - - Other articles, (snuff, silk shoes, Lc.) rs 1806 and .1811 was as 1806. 1811. Value— dls. Value — dls 652,000 - 371,000 276,000 - 176,000 105,000 55,00© 418,000 - 361,000 118,000 - 274,000 94,000 - 506,000 132,000 - 101,000 • 94,000 - 218,000 1,889,000 2.062,00ft 123 10REIGX JU.TKRIi.LS. Spirits from molasses, Sugar refined, Chocolate, Gun-powder, Brass and copper, Medicines, 1806. 1811, Value — dls. Value— dls 630,000 • 241,000 66,000 - 13,000 2,000 - 4,000 42,000 ■ 29,000 25,000 9,000 53,000 18,000 $8 18,000 $314,000 Many small articles exported are not ascertained, although their va- lue is returned to the treasury department. Some of these are manufactured, and others are in a raw state. We have now completed our view of the domestic exports of the Uni- ted States ; we add the following table, exhibiting the value of the produce of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture and of manufactures exported, for each year, from 1803 to 1814, by which the proportion of each can be, at once, seen, during that period. Of the sea. Of the forest. Ofagriculture. if manufacture; Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 1303 2,635,000 4,850,000 32,995,000 1,355,000 1804 3,420,000 4,630,000 30,890,000 2,100,000 1805 2,884,000 5,261,000 31,562,000 2,300,000 1806 3,116,000 4,861,000 30,125,000 2,707,000 1807 2,804,000 5,476,000 37,832,000 2,120,000 1808 832,000 1,399,000 6,746,000 344,000 1809 1,710,000 4,583,000 23,234,000 1,506,000 1310 1,481,000 4,978,000 33,502,000 1,917,000 1811 1,413,000 5,286,000 35,556,000 2,376,000 1812 935,000 2,701,000 24,555,000 1,355,000 1813 304,000 1,107,000 23,119,000 390,000 3814 188,000 570,000 5,613,000 24 G, 300 From this, it appears, that on an average of eight years, from 1803 to 1811. the produce ofagriculture. constituted about three quarters, 124 in value, of all the domestic exports of the United States, the produce of the forest about one ninth, of the sea, about one fifteenth, and man- ufactures, about one twentieth. For the year 1812, the whole va- lue of the domestic exports, was $30,032,109, of this, the value of the produce of agriculture, was $24,555,000, leaving but five and a half millions for the rest ; and in the year ending October 1st, 1813, about sixteen months from the commencement of the late war with Great-Britain, the whole value of the domestic exports was $25,008,152; of this, the value of the produce of agriculture, was $23,119,000, consisting, principally, of flour and provisions, sent to the Peninsula ; in the year 1814, in consequence of the blockade of our coast, the whole exports of the United States amounted only to $6,927,441, of which $6,782,272 was of domestic produce, which found its way, through certain ports, which, for a time, were not sub- ject to the blockade. 125 o 3 Tf h- o» co i i i o a-. , CTl . CO , <0 iH s ? CO rH 3 00 i^Tt^ , H , Ifl , i-( ' ' CI CN ' o 1-1 , , ,vioo . 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NEfTHAi. trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe — Their trade in foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805, 1806, and 1807 — Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods paying ad valorem duties exported, in eacli year, from 1791 to 1814 — Quantity of sugar and coffee, and goods subject to ad valorem duties imported from different countries in 1807 — Quantity of sugar and coffee exported to different countries, in different years— Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, co- coa, and pepper, exported in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. The war between England and France, which began in 1793. Soon after the establishment of the present national government, and between England and Spain in 1796, and which continued, with but a short interval, until it involved all the nations of Europe, threw in- to the hands of the American merchant, no small proportion of tin- trade of the world. The vast superiority of the naval force of England, rendered the intercourse between the European powers at war with that nation, and their Colonies, extremely difficult. They were, therefore, obliged to depend, in a great measure, up- on neutrals to carry on the trade between them, and their distant pos- sessions. The valuable productions of the French, Spanish, and Dutch East and West-Indies, had no other mode of finding their way to Eu- rope, without great risque and expense, but by the aid of a neutral flag. The local situation of the United States, in relation to the West-India Islands, and their long accustomed habits of intercourse with them, .naturally threw a great proportion of this trade into the hands of the 136 Americans ; and the great increase of the tonnage of the United States, and the spirit and enterprise of the citizens, led them, also, to engage in the more distant trade of the East-Indies, and every oth- er part of the world. The valuable articles of colonial produce, such as sugar, coffee, spirits, cocoa, pimento, indigo, pepper and spices of all kinds, were carried, either directly to Europe, or were first brought to the United States, and from thence exported in American vessels. These and other articles imported were allowed, under certain regu- lations, to be exported from the United States, with a drawback of the duties, paid or secured to be paid upon them, on their importa- tion. The manufactures of Europe, and particularly of Great-Bri- tain, as well as the manufactures and produce of the East-Indies and China, have also been imported, and again exported, in large quanti- ties, to the West-Indies, to the Spanish Colonies in South-America, and elsewhere. This trade, which has been called the carrying trade, has, in some years, exceeded in value the trade of the United States, in articles of domestic produce ; it has been the means, not only of increasing our commercial tonnage, but of enriching the pub- lic treasury, as welj as filling the coffers of individuals. The value of the exports of domestic and foreign articles from 1803 to 1814, is stated in Chapter III. From this it appears, that in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, be- ing years of trade unshakled by commercial restrictions, the value of exports of domestic produce and manufacture, was $134,590,552, being on an average $44,863,517 a year, and of exports of foreign produce and manufacture, $173,105,813, on an average $57,701,937 a year, making a difference of $38,515,261 or $12,838,420 per year. During the late war between the United States and Great- Britain, this trade has been annihilated. We were unable to pro- cure supplies of foreign articles, for our own consumption, much lei- for exportation. 13? The progress of this trade from 1791 to 1814, may be seen from the following account of the quantities of the principal articles of for- eign produce or manufacture, exported from the United States in each year, viz. sugar, coffee, pepper, cocoa, and goods principally paying duties ad valorem : — Sugar. Coffee. Pepper. Cocoa. Goods paying lbs. lbs. lbs. * lbs. ad val. duties, dolls. 1791 74,504 962,977 492 8,322 2,840,310 1792 1,176,156 2,134,742 5,046 6,000 3,560,119 1793 4,539,8u9 17,580,049 14,361 234,875 4,110,240 1794 20,721,761 33,720,983 23,884 1,188,302 4,976,120 1795 21,377,747 47,443,179 301,692 525,432 5,670,260 1796 34,848,644 62,385,117 491,330 928,107 6,794,346 1797 38,366,262 44,521,887 1,901.130 875,334 7,835,456 1798 51,703,963 49,580,927 501,982 3,146,445 8,967,828 1799 78,821,751 31,987,088 441,312 5,970,590 18,718,477 1800 56,432,516 38,597,479 635,849 4,925,518 16,076,848 1801 97,565,732 45,106,494 3,153,139 7,012,155 17,159,016 1802 61,061,820 36,501,998 5,422,144 3,878,526 14,906,081 1803 23,223,849 10,294,693 2,991,430 367,177 5,351,524 1804 74,964,366 48,312,713 5,703,646 695,135 9,377,805 1805 123,031,272 46,760,294 7,559,224 2,425,680 15,201,483 1806 145,839,320 47,001,662 4,111,983 6,846,758 19,016,909 1807 143,136,905 42,122,573 4,207,166 8,540,524 18,971,539 1808 28,974,927 7,325,448 1,709,978 1,896,990 4,765,737 1809 45,248,128 24,364,099 4,722,098 2,029,336 5,889,669 1810 47,038,125 31,423,477 5,946,336 1,286,010 8,438,349 1811 18,381,673 10,261,442 3,057,456 2,221,462 8,815,291 1812 13,927,277 10,073,722 2,521,003 752,148 3,591,755 1813 1 7,347,038 6,568,527 99,660 108,188 368,603 1814 | 762 220,594 none. 27,386 41,409 It will be perceived that during the peace concluded at Amiens in the fall of 1801, and which continued about eighteen months, the ex- ports of foreign produce were much less than in the years succeeding. — Most of the foreign articles, which were not then in the United States, went directly to the places of their destination, without first coming to this country. On the renewal of the war, however, in 1803, and until the com- mencement of our commercial prohibitions, our trade in articles of foreign produce and manufacture again increased, and exceeded that of any former years. In each of the years 1806 and 1807, more than one hundred and forty-three millions of pounds of sugar, were 18 138 exported from the United States, making at one thousand pounds a hogshead, one hundred and forty-three thousand hogsheads. Nearly the whole of this was imported, and again exported in American ves- sels, and must have employed about seventy thousand tons of ship- ping. The freight of these cargoes, in the two different voyages. could not be less than between three and four millions of dollars. The whole quantity of sugar imported into the United States in the same years, were as follows, viz. — In 1806 1807 Pounds. 200,737,940 215,836,202 Fn 1807, the following quantities of sugar were imported from the different quarters of the world, and from places in each belonging to particular nations, in American and foreign bottoms : — Sugar imported in Ame- rican vessels. Brown. * 1,414 2,239,396 10,598,278 Clayed. Sugar imported in for eign vessels. Brown. Clayed 126,962 40,892 1 ,249,072 From Europe, Africa, Asia, West India IslO ands and Ame-V 148,095,225 43,453,979 12,639.362 1.902.69'.' rican Colonies, j From particular places. Bourbon & Mauritius 2,010,697 ... - Danish East-Indies, 1,161,786 .... Dutch East-Indies, British East-Indies, Manilla and other Phillippine Isl- ands, - j Swedish West-Indie*, 2,437.559 308.440 2,467.226 6,303,510 664,133 1,021,860 097 010 130 From particular Sugar imported in Ame- Sugar imported in for- places. rican vessels. eign vessels. Brown. Clayed. Brown. Clayed. Danish West-Indies, 17,828,282 - - 2,122,744 79,257 Dutch West-Indies, \ & American Co- V 5,307,864 - - 968,860 lonies, - ) British West-Indies, 7,660,992 - - 3,556,715 34,338 French W. Indies, \ & American Co- ( 72,669,603 1,893,786 2,147,679 lonies, - ) Spanish W. Indies, \ & American Co. V 41,933,784 40,729,222 3,319,946 1,779,877 lonies. - ) Tables Nos. I. and II. shew the countries and places to which sugar was exported from 1 800 to 1811. From these it will be seen, that previous to 1808, it was princi- pally shipped to France, Holland, Hamburg, and Bremen, Spain and Italy, and tbat subsequent to that period, it was generally shipped to Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Russia. In 1807, it was shipped to the following countries, viz. Brown. Clayed, lbs. lbs. To Russia, 52,852 - 297,844 Sweden, - 179,587 - 33,949 Denmark and Norway, 2,286,608 - - 1,267,227 Holland, - - 48,012,198 - - 8,719,529 Great-Britain, - 2,015,765 - - 640,23] Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 2,192,991 - - 1,066,943 France, - - 27,831,968 - - 7,029,202 Spain, • - 6,906,740 - - 5,524,852 Portugal, - - 178,643 - - 188,356 Italy, - - 14,074,935 - - 9.476,602 Europe generally, 184.798 159,179 140 COFFEE. The quantity of coffee exported, on an average of the years 1804 1805, 1806, and 1807, exceeded forty -five millions of pounds. The whole quantity imported in 1807, was fifty-eight million eight hundred twenty-four thousand eight hundred and twenty -one, pounds, and principally from the following places, viz. — Pound-;. Bourbon and Mauritius, - - 4,470,840 Dutch East-Indies, .... 8,842,832 Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red-Sea, 1,709,533 Danish West-Indies, - 10,966,411 Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, 1,404,659 British West-Indies, .... 2,423,611 Swedish West-Indies, - - - 1,705,670 French West-Indies and American Colonies, 16,461,478 Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies, 9,753,976 Table No. III. shews the places to which coffee was shipped from 1800 to 1811. Previous to 1808, it was shipped principally to Holland, France, Great-Britain, Hamburg and Bremen, and Italy. Subsequent to this period, it was cleared out for the northern ports in Europe. In 1806, 1807, and 1810, the greatest part was shipped to the fol- lowing places, viz. — 1806. 1807. 1810 Pounds Pounds. Pounds, Russia, - 149,271 4.048,909 Prussia, 222,351 - 1,098,211 Sweden, - - 7,120,496 Denmark and Norway, 600,621 756,511 14,120,990 Holland, 21,833,438 19,900,965 44,618 Great-Britain. 2,543,370 1.052,075 141 1806. 1807. 1810. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 5,306,950 2,644,511 1,206,389 France, - 8,282,965 11,088,529 Spain, - - - 236,113 456,428 Portugal, - - 687,006 44,801 Italy, - - - 4,948,814 3,490,495 784,423 Europe generally, ------ 246,540 While we were thus carrying to Europe these valuable articles of colonial produce, we imported from them, and particularly from England, great quantities of manufactured goods, and other articles, which were again exported, and principally to the West-Indies, and Spanish American Colonies. In 1806, goods free of duty and subject to duties ad valorem to the value of $18,57 1,477, and in 1807 to the value of $18,564,507 were exported from the United States. Of these in 1806 $2,383,910 and in 1807 $2,080,114 were free of duty. The whole amount of goods paying ad valorem duties, imported in the years 1806 and 1807, was as follows, viz. — In 1806 $54,461,957 1807 .... 58,655,917 Between one third and one quarter, therefore, of all the goods paying duties ad valorem, imported during these years, were again export- ed. These goods were imported from the different quarters of the world in 1807, in the following proportions, viz. — From Europe, - - $50,915,135 Africa, ... - 108,607 Asia, 6,392,592 West-India Islands and American Colonies, 1,239,583 $58,655,917 142 And principally from the following countries and places in each quarter, viz. — Dolls. From the United Kingdom of G. Britain and Ireland, 38,901 ,838 Russia, - 1,804,860 Sweden, ... - 423,304 Denmark and Norway, .... 864,474 Holland, 1,882,583 Hamburg, Bremen, and other parts of Germany , 2,1 90,732 French European ports on the Atlantic, - 3,371,489 do. do. on the Mediterranean, 347,571 Spanish ports on the Atlantic, ... 67,138 do. do. on the Mediterranean, - - 112,273 Portugal, 91,088 Fayal and the other Azores, - - - 1,188 Italy, .... . 636,432 Trieste and other Austrian ports on the Adriatic, 203,461 Danish East-Indies, 262,685 Dutch do. - 112,508 British do. 4,073,910 Manilla and other Phillippine Islands, - - 12,316 Turkey, Levant, and Egypt, ... - 60,741 Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red Sea, - 49,447 China, 1,820,067 British West-Indies, - 276,565 British American Colonies, - - 269,198 Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies - 457,523 French do. do. - 93,005 Of these goods, it appears, that $43,525,320 were imported from the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland and their depend- encies, $3,812,065 from France and its dependencies, and the resi- due, being $11,318,532 from other parts of the world. The other articles of foreign produce and manufacture of consider- able value exported from the United States, when their trade was free, before the late war between the United States and Great-Britain, were wines, spirits, teas of various kinds, spices of all kinds, paints- lead Wines, gallons Spirits, do. Teas, - - pounds Cocoa, do. Pepper, do. 143 and manufactures of lead, iron, fish, and many others of minor impor- tance. On an average of the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the annual quan- tity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, exported, was as fol- lows, viz. — 3,423,485 1,600,301 2,151,385 5,937,654 5,292,791 That this trade in foreign articles, or the carrying trade, as it has been called, added much to our national wealth cannot be doubted. While it has increased our commercial tonnage, it has enriched the [•ublic treasury, as well as individuals. Many of the goods and other articles exported were not entitled to a drawback, in consequence of (he owners not having complied with the law on that subject. The duties collected and secured on articles exported, without the benefit of drawback, and which, of course, were not paid by consumers in die United States, during the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, amounted to the following sums, viz. — In 1805 - - #1,531,618 1806 - - 1,297,535 1807 1,393,877 Making, $4,223,030 Add to this the amount of the three and a half per cent, retained on die drawbacks, and which for the same years, was as follows, viz. — 1805 - - $328,144 79 1806 - - - 334,247 39 1807 - 368,275 50 #1.030,667 68 144 and the whole amount received into the public treasury, for these three years, from duties, in consequence of this trade, and which was not paid by the people of the United States, will be $5,253,697 68 being about one ninth of all the duties, collected or secured, during that period. 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Imports into the United States — Their trade with different parts of the world at different periods— Particular account of the trade with Great-Britain, France, and other countries — A comparative view of exports and imports in different years — Value of the principal articles imported at different periods — Amount of cotton and woollen goods imported from Great -Bri- tain in 1806 and 1807, and wines and brandies from France — Origin of their trade with China and the East-Indies — Quantity of teas imported in dif- ferent years from 1790 to 1812. Having, in the preceding chapters, given an account of the exports of the United States, we shall now, according to the plan proposed, present a view of the imports, together with an account of our trade with the different parts of the world, and its increase since the esta- blishment of the present government. We would here remark, that no returns are made to the treasury department, of the value of the vari- ous articles imported, by the collectors of the customs, except those, which pay duties ad valorem ; the value of which, at the place of im- portation, is ascertained by law as follows, viz. — " by adding twen- ty per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if imported from the Cape of Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same, and ten per cent, on the actual cost thereof, if imported from any other place or coun- try, including all charges, commissions, outside packages, and insur- ance only excepted." The goods or merchandize, thus paying ad valorem duties, embrace, as has been heretofore noticed, with few exceptions, all the wool- len, cotton, linen, silk, metal, earthem, and paper manufactures im- ported. The value, of these goods, ascertained in the manner before stated, and not the quantity is returned to the treasury department. Of all the other-various articles imported, the quantity and not the value is returned to the treasury by the collectors. The treasury books, therefore, do not shew the value of the imports, as they do that of the exports of the United States. This can only be ascertain- ed by a long and tedious calculation from the prices of the various 152 articles (except those paying ad valorem duties) at the places of im- portation. To do this, with accuracy, for each year, from the com- mencement of the government, would require more time and labour than any one would be willing to bestow on so dry a subject. At different times, however, since the establishment of the government, al the request of the national legislature, official returns have been made to Congress, of the value of our imports for short periods. From these returns and the documents accompanying them, and from other cal- culations, we shall be able, we trust, to present a satisfactory view of the value of our imports and trade with different parts of the world, for the greatest part of the time from the commencement of the go- vernment. By a report of the Secretary of State, of the 16th of De- cember 1793, having reference to the year 1792, it appears, that the countries, with which the United States at that time had their chief commercial intercourse, were Spain, Portugal, France, Great-Britain, the United Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, and their American possessions ; and that the articles of export, constituting the basis of that commerce, with their respective amount, was as follows, viz.— . Dolls. Bread stuffs, that is to say, bread grain, meal, 7 >■ 7,64y 5 oo / and bread, to the annual amount of ) Tobacco, - ... 4,349,567 Rice, 1,753,796 Wood, 1,263,534 Salted fish, 941,696 Pot and pearl ashes, .... 839,093 Salted meats, 599,130 Indigo, 537,379 Horses and mules, - - - 339,753 Whale oil, 252,591 Flaxseed, - - - 236,072 Tar, pitch, and turpentine, .... 217,177 Live provisions, ----- 137,743 Foreign goods, - - 620,274 19,737,692 153 The proportion of these exports which went to each of the na- tions he fore mentioned, and their dominions, the Secretary states as follows : — Dolls. To Spain and its dominions, - - 2,005,907 Portugal and do. - - 1,283,462 France and do. - - 4,698,735 Great-Britain and do. - - 9,363,416 United Netherlands & do. - - 1,963,880 Denmark and do. - - 224,415 Sweden and do. - - 47,240 Our imports, from the same countries, are also stated to be — from Dolls. Spain and its dominions, - - 335,110 Portugal and do. - - 595,763 France and do. - - 2,068,348 Great-Britain and do. 15,285,428 United Netherlands & do. - - 1,172,692 Denmark and do. - - 351,364 Sweden and do. - - 14,325 #19,823,030* The above account does not include the whole amount of our ex- ports at that period, as many articles of smaller value, than those men- tioned, are not included. Tables No. I. and II. annexed to this chapter, give a view of the commercial intercourse of the United States, with foreign countries and their dependencies, from 1795 to 1801 inclusive, exhibiting the value of the exports to each nation, and its dependencies, and the va- lue of the imports from the same, during that period. The exports were taken from the custom-house books, and the value of the imports was made out, with g^eat care and labour, from the prices of the va* * Sec printed Report of the Secretary of Sta + '- 20 154 rious articles imported, (except those paying ad valorem duties) ai the places of importation.* From these tables, the following is the amount of the exports and imports of the United States from the year 1795 to 1801 : — Exports. Imports. Dolls. Dolls. 1795 - 47,855,556 - 69,756,258 J796 - - 67,064,097 - - 81,436,164 1797 - - 56,850,206 - - 75,379,406 1798 - - 61,527,097 - 68,551,700 1799 - - 78,665,522 - 79,069,148 1800 - - 70,971,780 - - 91,252,708 1801 - 93,020,573 - 111,363,511 During the session of Congress in the winter of 1806, the Secretary of the Treasury furnished the house of representatives with several va- luable statements and documents, relative to the trade of the United States with different parts of the world, in the years 1802, 1803, and 1804. These statements were called for by the house, while various pro- positions were under their consideration, as to a total, or partial non- intercourse with Great-Britain and her dependencies, for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of our trade with that kingdom, in compari- son with the other parts of the world, and to enable the house to see to what extent our commerce and revenue might be atfected, by a non- intercourse with the British dominions. From these statements, the annual value of our imports from all parts of the world, on an average of the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, amounted to £75,316,937, and the average value of our exports, for the same period, was $68,461,000. 1 he value ot the imports was calculated upon the same principles, as the value ol goods paying the ad valorem duties, that is to say. b\ * For these valuable Tables we are indebted to the politeness of a gentle- man, who lias long been one of the principal clerks in the Treasury Depart- ment, who has ween much conversant with the subjects to winch thev relate 155 adding from ten to twenty per cent, to the prime cost and charges at the places from which the articles were imported ; the value of the exports was taken from the custom-house books. The value of the principal articles imported, was estimated as fol- lows : — Dolls Merchandize paying 12 1-2 per cent, ad valorem, 30,732,069 do. do. 15 do. - 8,303,770 do. do. 20 do. 453,751 Nails and spikes. - 479,041 Lead and manufactures of lead, - 227,002 Steel, - - - 147,957 Beer, ale and porter, - 76,020 Cheese, - - 77,150 Boots and shoes, - 101,300 Coal, - - 36,407 Salt, - - 771,996 Rum, - - - 3,881,089 Geneva, . - - 675,430 Brandy, . - 2,077,601 Wines, . - - 2,962,039 Teas, . - 2,360,507 Coffee, - - - 8,372,712 Sugar, - 7,794,254 Molasses, . - - J ,930,592 Cotton, - - 804,125 Pepper, - - - 633,041 Indigo, - - 436,941 Cocoa, - - - 310,773 Pimento, - - 71,927 Hemp, - - 919,443 All other a irticles, - - 680,000 $75,316,937 Rv the same statements, the amount of our commerce with the dit- 156 ferent parts of the world, on an average of the same period, was esti- mated a8 follows : — F. WITH THE DOMIMONS OF GREAT-BRITAIN IN EUROPE (GIBRALTAR EXCEPTED.) The annual exports are estimated at about $15,690,000, viz. — Domestic produce. Dolls. Cotton, - - 5,C40,000 Tobacco, - 3,, '20,000 Provisions, - - - 2,160,000 Lumber, naval stores, and pot ashes, - 1,510,000 All other articles of domestic produce. - 900,000 $13,430,000 Foreign merchandize, - - 2,260,000 $15,690,000 The annual imports at $27,400,000, viz. — in merchandize paying duties on its value, em- bracing, with inconsiderable exceptions, all the woollen, cotton, linen, silk, metal, glass, and paper manufactures, - - $26,060,000 \11 the articles paying specific duties, and consisting principally of salt, steel, lead, nails and porter, 1,340,000 $27,400,000 II. WITH THE BRITISH EAST-INDIES. Annual exports $130,000. Domestic produce, - - - $47,000 Foreign do. 83,000 $130,00(1 157 Imports $3,530,000 viz.— Jn merchandize paying ad valorem duties and consisting principally of white cot- tons, .... £2,950,000 In all other articles, consisting principally of sugar, pepper and cotton. - - 580,000 $3,530,000 III. WITH THE NORTHERN' BRITISH COLONIES IN AMERICA. The annual exports amount to $1,000,000. and consist of the follow- ing articles, viz. — Domestic produce. Dolls. Provisions and live stock, - - - 530,000 Lumber, naval stores and, pot ashes, - - 90,000 Skins and furs, - - 160,000 All other articles, - 60,000 $840,000 Foreign merchandize, 160,000 $1,000,000 The annual imports amount to $540,000 viz. — In goods paying ad valorem duties, and con- sisting principally of merchandize for the Indian trade, and offish, - - $480,000 Ml articles paying specific duties, - 60,000 $540,000* * Plaister of Paris, is not included in the above sum 158 IV. WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES. The exports consist of the following articles, viz. — Provisions and live stock, • - $4,720,000 Lumber, .... 990,000 All other articles, - - 340,000 $6,050,000 And the imports as follows, viz. — Spirit.,, .... $2,460,000 Sugar and coffee, - - - 1,480,000 AJ1 other articles, ... . 650,000 $4,590,000 IMPORTATIONS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. The annual value of imports from all parts of the world, calculated on the average of three years, - $75,316,000 Of which the value imported from the domin- ions of Great-Britain, amounts to - $35,970,000 And that imported from all othercountries as follows, viz. — From the northern powers, Prussia and Germany, - - $7,094,000 From the dominions of Holland, France, Spain and Italy, - £5,475,000 From the dominions of Portugal, 1,083,000 From China, and othernative pow- ers of Asia, -" - 4,856,000 From all other countries, including some articles not particularly dis- criminated, - 838,000 $39,346,000 $75,316,000 159 The value of the several species of merchandize, thus imported, may be arranged as followeth, viz. — 1st. Articles, principally imported from the dominions of Great- Britain, viz. — Merchandize paying duties on its value, - $39,489,000 Salt, nails, lead, steel, beer, cheese, shoes&boots, 1 ,9 1 7,000 Rum. ----- 3,881,000 $45,287,000 Of which are imported from the dominions, of Great-Britain, $33,46 1,000 And from all other countries, 11,826,000 $45,287,000 3d. Articles, principally imported from other countries, viz. — Coffee, - - $8,373,000 Sugar, - - 7,794,000 Molasses, ... - 1,930,000 Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pepper, and pimento, 2,257,000 Hemp, soap, candles, and all other articles, ) , „ nn „ nn f ■ ■ , i , , \ > 1,600,000 (nines, teas, Kin and brandy excepted.; #21,954,000 Of which are imported from the dominions of Great-Britain, $2,476,000 Aid from all other countries. 19,478,000 £2 1.954.000 160 3d. Articles only incidentally imported from Great-Britain, viz. — Brandy and Geneva, - - $2,75:3,000 Wines, - - 2,962,000 Teas, - - - 2,360,000 $8,07o,000 Of which are imported from the dominions of Great-Britain, $33,000 From all other countries, - 8,042,000 $8,075,000 EXPORTS TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. I. DOMESTIC PRODUCE. The annual value of the articles of domestic pro- duce, exported to all parts of the world, calculated on the average of the same three years, is computed at - $39,928,000 Of which the amount exported to the British Dominions is - $20,653,000 And that to all other parts of the world, viz.— - To the northern powers, Prussia and Germany, - - $2,918,000 To the dominions of Holland, France, Spain, and Italy, - 12,183,000 To the dominions of Portugal, - 1,925,000 To all other countries, including, also, some articles not particularly dis- criminated. - - 2,249,000 $19,275.01 ' v 161 Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and without reference to. the dominions of any particular power, those ex- ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. — Exported to Europe, - - - $22,957,000 to the West-Indies and other American Colonies, - - - 15,607,000 to Asia, Africa, and the South Seas, - 1,364,000 $39,928,000 And the several articles, of which these exports consist, are respect- ively valued as follows, viz. — Provisions, flour, wheat, corn, rice, and every other species of vegetable food, - - $13,040,000 Dried and pickled fish, - - - 2,848,000 Beef, pork, butter, cheese, and every species of ani- mal food, .... 3,728,000 $19,616,000 Cotton, - - - 6,940,000 Tobacco, .... 6,143,000 Lumber, naval stores, and pot-ashes, - 4,387,000 All other articles, - - - 2,842,000 $39,928,000 II. FOREIGN PRODUCE. The annual value of foreign produce, re-exported to all parts of the world, calculated on the average of the same three years, is estimated at - - $28,533,000 of which the amount exported to the domin- ions of Great-Britain, is - $3,054 .(W» 2\ 162 And to all other parts of the world, is, viz. — To the northern powers, Prussia and Germany, - - $5,051,000 To the dominions of Holland, France, Spain, and Italy, - - 18,495,000 To the dominions of Portugal, - 396,000 To all other countries, including, also, some articles not particularly discri- minated, - - 1,537,000 25,497,000 $28,533,000 Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and without reference to the dominions of any particular power, these ex- ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. — Exported to Europe, - - - $20,648,000 to the W. Indies and American Colonies, 6,688,000 to Asia, Africa, and the South Sea, - 1,197,000 $28,533,000 The several articles, of which these exports consist, are respective- ly valued as follows, viz. — Merchandize, paying ad valorem duties, - $9,772,000 Coffee, - - 7,302,000 Sugar, - - - 5,775,000 Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pimento, and pepper, - 2,490,000 Teas, .... 1,304,000 Wines, ..... 1,108,000 Spirits of every description, ... 642,000 All other articles, 140,000 $28,533,00© 163 GENERAL BALANCE. Annuai value of importations being stated at $75, 316,000 And that of exports of domestic produce $39,928,000 of foreign do. 28,533,000 $68 ,46 1 ,000 $6,855,000 Leaves an apparent balance, according to the statement of the Se- cretary, against the United States, of near seven millions of dollars.* During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the imports, as well as the exports of the United States, were greater than in any former years. Table No. III. shews the quantity and valve of all the article 8 imported into the United States, from October 1st, 1806, to Septem- ber 30th, 1807. The value of the articles (except those paying ad valorem duties) was ascertained from the prices, at which the same articles were valued at the Treasury, during the same period, on their exportation. The value of the imports for this year, thus ascertain- ed, amounted to $138,574,876. The value of the principal articles was as follows, viz : — Goods paying ad valorem duties, - $58,655,917 Malmsey and Madeira wine, - - 1,023,321 Burgundy do. ... 59,279 Sherry do. - - 353,672 All other do. - - - 3,051,397 Foreign spirits from grain, - - 1,477,679 Do. do. from other materials, - 9,221,175 Molasses, - - - 3,064,044 Bohea tea, - - - 493,946 Souchong do. - - 1,250,029 Hyson do. 1.251,367 Other green do. - - 2,117,362 Coffee, - 16,470,947 " S"e ••epor t of the S^cretarv of the Treasury in 1806. 164 Cocoa, - - - $2,297,961 Sugar, brown, - 17,511,061 Do. clayed, - - - 5,901,804 Raisins in jars and boxes, - - 138,307 All other, .... 291,807 Candies, tallow, .... 98,538 Cheese, .... 288,299 Soap, - ... 376,222 Tallow, - - - 262,541 Pepper, ----- 804,869 Pimento, - - - 263,172 Indigo, - - - - 1,849,529 Cotton, .... 1,007,139 Gun-powder, - 97,406 Iron, anchors and sheet, - - - 70,368 Do. slit and hoop, - - 77,301 Do. nails and spikes, - - - 544,328 White and red lead, - - - 420,613 Lead, and manufactures of lead, - - 270,147 Steel, - - - 205,595 Hemp. - 2,116,605 Coal, - - 132,511 Salt, (weighing more than 56 lbs. per bushel) 1,387,903 Do. (weighing 56 lbs. or less per bushel) - 288,791 Glass, black quart bottles, - - 184,455 Window-glass, not above 8 by 10 inches, - 261,268 Do. not above 10 by 12 do. - 46,335 Do. all above 10 by 12 do. 73,202 Segars, - 256,240 The amount of exports, for the same year, was — Domestic produce, - $48,699,592 Foreign do. - . - 59,643,558 Making, $ 108,343,150 Leaving a difference between the value of ex- ports and imports, for that year, of - $30,231,726 IOj This difference, or apparent balance, against the United States, arises from the mode of calculating the value of our exports and im- ports ; and instead of being against the United States, is, in fact, in their favour, as will be explained, in a subsequent chapter, on the sub- ject of what is called the balance of trade. Having thus given a general view of our exports and imports, we shall, in the next place, as far as possible, present a view of our trade with each country, from the commencement of the government ; dis- tinguishing the trade of the parent country, from that of her Colonies and dependencies ; together with a general account of the trade of the United States, with each quarter of the world. [. GREAT-BRITAIN' AND IRELAND. The principal articles, exported to Great-Britain and Ireland, arc cotton, tobacco, rice, occasionally wheat and flour, flax-seed, naval stores, such as pitch, tar, and turpentine, timber and plank, staves and heading, pot and pearl ashes, whale and spermaceti oil. Our im- ports are principally manufactured goods of various descriptions. By the treaty of peace in 1783, the United States were, of course. subject to the navigation laws and alien duties of Great-Britain. She, however, considered it for her interest, in some degree, to relax these laws, in their favour. By an act of parliament, passed in April, 1 783, (23 Geo. III. chap. 39) the king and council were authorised to re- gulate the trade between the two countries. This act was at first limited to a short period, but was continued in force, by subsequent acts. By an order in council, of the 26th of December, 1783, made in pursuance of this act, and which was, in substance, renewed for many years, it is declared " that any unmanufactured goods and merchandizes, the importation of which into this kingdom is not pro- hibited by law, (except oil), and any pitch, tar, turpentine, indigo, masts, yards, bowsprits, being the growth or produce of any of the Lnited States of America, may (until further order) be imported di- rectly from thence, into any of the ports of this kingdom, either in British or American ships, by British subjects, or by any of the peo- ple inhabiting in, and belonging to, the said United States, or any of them, and may be entered and landed in any port in this kingdom. JG6 upon payment of the same duties, as the like sort of goods or mer- chandize are or may be subject and liable to if imported by British subjects, in British ships, from any British island or plantation in x\merica, and no other, notwithstanding such goods or merchandize, or the ships, in which the same may be brought, may not be accom- panied with the certificate or other documents, heretofore required by law." By this order, also, the same drawbacks, exemptions, and bounties are allowed on goods exported to the United States, as on those exported to the British Islands or Colonies in America. The intercourse between the United States, and the British West-Indies, was regulated by the same order, and which will be noticed here- after. In consequence of this order, many articles from the United States, such as pot and pearl ashes, iron, wood, and lumber of all kinds, in- digo, and flax-seed, were imported duty free, while most of the same articles, imported from other countries, were subject to heavy duties, and others, as tobacco, rice, pitch, tar, &c. paid oniy the same duties as when imported from British Colonies. The importation of grain, as we have before stated, was regulated by a general law, and except in times of scarcity, was liable to so high a duty, as to amount to a prohibition. By the 14th article of the treaty of amity, commerce, Lc. of the 19th of November, 1794, liberty of commerce and navigation is established between the British dominions in Europe and the United States, subject however to the laws of the two countries ; and by the 15th article, no higher duties are to be paid by either, than are paid by all other nations : the British government reserving to itself, the right of imposing on American vessels, entering into the British ports in Europe, a tonnage duty equal to that which shall be payable by British vessels in the ports of America ; and also such duty as may be adequate to countervail the difference of duty then payable on the importation of goods, when imported into the Lnited States, in Brit- ish or American bottoms. The treaty of 1794 expired in 1803, ex- cept the first ten articles, which were permanent. By the treaty negociated by our commissioners in lo06, there was to have been an equalization of the tonnage and other duties in the trade between the two countries. It is understood that in the 16f commercial treaty, lately fiegociated with Great-Britain, and which has not yet been ratified or made public, the same tonnage duties, and the same export and import duties are to be paid, whether such importation or exportation be in American or British vessels. Whether such a measure would be favourable to the navigating in- terest of the United States has, heretofore, been doubted by many, and experience alone, perhaps, can decide the question. The amount of the trade between the two countries, in each year, from 1784 to 1790, taken from English accounts, we have before stat- ed in Chapter I. In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of State, our exports to Great-Britain, and her dominions, amounted to $9,363,416, and our imports to $15,285,428. Much the greatest part of the imports was from Great-Britain, exclusive of her depen- dencies. From 1795 to 1801, the value of our exports to Great- Britain and Ireland, and our imports from the same, was as follows, viz.* : — Imports. Dolls. 23,313,121 31,928,685 27,303,067 17,330,770 29,133,219 32,877,059 39,519,218 Our exports to Great-Britain and Ireland, on the average of the jears 1802, 1803, and 1804, as appears, by the foregoing statement *»f the Secretary of the Treasury, were in value — Domestic produce, - - - $13,430,006 Foreign merchandize, - 2,260,000 Exports. Dolls. 1795 6,324,066 1796 17,143,313 1797 6,637,423 1798 11,978,870 1799 - 19,930,428 1800 19,085,603 1801 30,931,121 $15,690,000 Our imports on the average of the same years were in value, ... $27,400,006 * Sec Tables No. T. & II. annexed to this chapter. 168 From 1805 to 1812, the value of the exports to Great-Britain and Ireland, was as follows : — Domestic produce. Foreign produce Value in Dolls. Value in Dolls 1805 13,939,663 1,472,600 1806 12,737,913 2,855,583 1807 21,122,332 2,027,650 1808 3,093,978 106,327 1809 5,326,194 239,405 1810 - 11,388,438 892,435 1811 13,184,553 554,757 1812 - 4,662,296 37,187 The iinportations from Great-Britain and Ireland consist princi- pally of the various manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, and flax ; man- ufactures of brass and copper, glass and earthern ware, haberdashery, manufactures of iron and steel, lead, and manufactures of lead, hats, salt, tin and pewter, coal, beer, ale and porter. Much the greatest proportion of the above articles, on their impor- tation, are subject to duties, on their value. By ascertaining there- fore the amount of goods imported from Great-Britain and Ireland. paying these duties, the value of imports from that kingdom may be pretty accurately estimated. The following is the amount of goods of this description, imported for a number of years, subsequent to 1804, viz.— Value in Dolls. 1805 31,556,159 1806 - - - 35,779,245 1807 • - - 38,901,838 1808 .... 18,818,882 1809 - - - 17,647,542 1810 - - - 29,123,605 1811 - - 25,338,044 1812 - - - 7,663,179 1813 11.298,285 169 In 1807, the amount of goods, paying duties ad valorem, was nearly thirty-nine millions of dollars; when we add the goods imported, in the same year, duty free, and those subject to specific duties, the whole amount, imported from Great-Britain, in 1807, would not, it is believed, fall much short of fifty millions of dollars. The British accounts «f exports to, and imports from the United States, will serve, also, to shew the amount of the trade between the two countries. Tables No. IV. and V. contain the British official accounts of exports and imports, (exclusive of Scotland) for the years 1806, 1807 and 1808, ending on the 10th of October in each year, furnished the House of Commons, by the inspector general of imports and exports, containing their real, as well as official value. By these accounts, the real value of British produce and manufac- tures, and of foreign merchandize, exported to the United States, in those years, was as follows, viz. — 1806. 1807. 1808. British produce and > £ llj716562 o £11,119,048 £5,718,615 manufactures, ^ "** ' Foreign merchandize, 458,875 253,822 65,788 Total exports, £12,175,495 £11,372,870 £5,784,403 And the real value of the imports from the United States, infr. Great-Britain, was — In 1806. 1807. 1808. £3,503,480 £5,201,909 £2,804,707 To enable us to see, what proportion of all the exports of British produce and manufacture, was shipped to the United States, during those years, we add table No. VI. shewing the real, as well as offi- cial value of all the exports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot- land) to all parts of the world, for each of those years. This shews the real value of British produce and manufacture, exporter] to all 09 170 parts of the world, on an average, of the years 1806 and 1807 to have been - - £39,205,036, sterling, or about $176,000,000. And the real value of the same produce and manufacture, exported to the United States, on an average of the same two years was - - - £11,417,834 or about $50,500,000, making between one quarter, and one third of all the exports of British produce and manufacture, during these two years. Much the greatest part of our imports from Great-Britain, consist of woollen and cotton goods. As these, with many others, on their im- portation into the United States, are subject to duties ad valorem, neither their quantity, or value is separately ascertained by our cus- lom-house books. By the English accounts contained in tables No. V. and VI. the real value of cotton goods exported to the United States, from Great-Britain (exclusive of Scotland) on an average of the same two years, was - - £4,393,449 and of woollen goods, - - - 4,591,437 Making, - £8,984,886 sterling. or about $39,500,000, as valued in England, being more than nine- teen millions of cotton goods, and about twenty millions of woollen-. in each of these years. We would here remark, that the imports and exports of the United States, for the years 1806 and 1807, were greater, than in any for- mer year, and far exceed those of any subsequent year : and that. probably, about one third of the goods imported from Great-Britain, especially those imported in 1806, were again exported to the West- Indies, to South America, and elsewhere. The value of the exports of woollens from Great-Britain has been nearly stationary for many years, while the exports of cotton goods ha.^ increased beyond exam- ple. The United States have taken a large proportion of English woollens. Table No. VII. contains an amount of the value of the woollen manufactures exported from Great-Britain from 1790 to 1799. agreeable to the estimate of the inspector general, together with the countries to which the same were exported.* From this, it will In Macpherson's Annals of Commerce 171 * seen, that during that period, from one quarter to one third, and in some years nearly one half, of all the woollens was exported to the United States, greatly exceeding the amount exported to any other country.* We have added Table No. VIII. containing the official value of all the exports from Great-Britain, during the years ending on the 5th day of January, 1809, 1810, and 1811 ; also the imports into the same, during the same years ; with an appendix shewing the value of the particular articles exported and imported, for the same period. These will furnish some data from which we may judge what proportion of raw materials are received by the British manu- facturer, from the United States, as well as the proportion of their manufactures received by us. The value of our imports from Great-Britain has always exceeded that of our exports, even in those years, when we have consumed the whole of the imports. This difference, however, is less than ap pears from our custom-house books, as the value of our exports is as- certained from the prices of the articles, at the place of exportation. Most of the articles exported are bulky, and have been carried in our own ships. 1 The expense of transportation, therefore, as well as a reasonable profit to the shipper, which cannot be less than about twenty per cent, must be added to the estimated value of our exports. The balance is paid by our trade with the West-Indies, and other parts of the world. * The manufacture of wool, as well as cotton, is rapidly advancing- in the United States. Experience has proved that merino sheep will endure our climate, and this valuable breed, with their mixtures, is now spread in al- most every part of the United States, and the number of sheep is increasing' in every state in the union. It is believed there are now not less than from twelve to fifteen millions of sheep in the United States. If Great-Britain, with her limited extent of territory, can maintain about thirty millions of sheep, how much more easily can the United States, widi their extended territory and increasing' improvements, maintain not only thirty millions, but double that number ? f The number of American ships cleared from Liverpool, in 1807, was tour hundred and eighty-nine, and their tonnage one hundred twenty-three thousand five hundred and fortv-flvp 172 II. TRADE WITH TIIL BRITISH EAST-INDIES. The trade of the United State? with the British East-Indies com- menced not long after the peace of 1783. In 17b8, or 1789, Earl Cornwallis, then governour and commander in India, gave orders that American vessels should he treated at the company's settlements, in all respects, as the most favoured foreigners : and the ship Chesa- peake, one of the first vessels that displayed the American colours in the Ganges, was favoured by the supreme council of Bengal, with an exemption from the government customs which all foreign vessels were bound to pay.* This trade was negotiated by our treaty with Great-Britain of the 19th of November, 1794. The thirteenth article, relating to this subject, was as follows, viz. — ARTICLE XIII. • His Majesty consents, that the vessels belonging to the citizens of the United States of America, shall be admitted and hospitably re- reived in all the sea ports and harbours of the British territories in the East-Indies. And that the citizen- of the said United States may freely carry on a trade between the said territories and the said United States, in all articles of which the importation or exportation respectively, to or from the said territories, shall not be entirely pro- hibited. Provided only, thwt it shall not be lawful for them, in any time of war between the British government and any other power or state whatever, t«> export from the said territories, without the spe- cial permission of the British government there, any military stores, or naval stores, or rice. The citizens of the- United States shall pay for their vessels when admitted into the said ports no other or higher tonnage duty, than shall be payable, on British vessels, when admit- ted into the ports of the United States, And they shall pay no oth- er or higher duties or charges, on the importation or exportation of the cargoes of the said vessels, than shall be payable on the same ar- ucles when imported or exported in British vessels. But it is ex- Macpherson's Annals of Commerce 173 pressly agreed, that the vessels of the United Staler shall not cany any of the articles exported by them from the said British territories, to any port or place, except to some port or place in America, where the same shall be unladen ; and such regulations shall be adopted by both parties, as shall from time to time be found necessary to enforce the due and faithful observance of this stipulation. It is also under- stood, that the permission granted by this article, is not to extend to allow the vessels of the United States to carry on any part of the coasting trade of the said British territories ; but vessels going with their original cargoes, or part thereof, from any port of discharge to another, are not to be considered as carrying on the coasting trade. Neither is this article to be construed to allow the citizens of the States to settle or reside within the said territories, or to go into the interi- or parts thereof, without the permission of the British government es- tablished there, and if any transgression should be attempted against the regulations of the British government in this respect, the observ- ance of the same shall and may be enforced against the citizens of America, in the same manner as against the British subjects or others transgressing the same rule. And the citizens of the United States, whenever they arrive in any port or harbour in the said territories, or if they should be permitted, in manner aforesaid, to go to any other place therein, shall always be subject to the laws, government, and jurisdiction of what nature established in such harbour, port, or place according as the same may be. The citizens of the United States may also touch for refreshment at the island of St. Helena, but sub- ject in all respects to such regulations as the British government may from time to time establish there/' This article expressly provides that the goods exported should not be carried to any port or place, '• except to some port or place in America." It is, however, less explicit as to the outward car^o ; and under this article, American vessels with their cargoes went di- rectly to the East-Indies, from Europe and other places. The com- mercial part of thistreaty, as before stated, expired in 1803. Subse- quent to its expiration, and until lately, our trade with the British East-Indies was suffered to continue on the same footing, as under the treaty. In the tre*aty, however, agreed to by Messrs. Monroe -md Pinknev, December 31«t. 1806, nur commi??ioner= found it im- in possible to obtain stipulations relative to this trade, equally favourable to the United States as those in the former treaty. By the third arti- cle of this treaty, our trade was limited to vessels " sailing direct from the United States ;" in other respects, the article was the same as the thirteenth article of Mr. Jay's treaty. The British commis- sioners urged, that this limitation was really no more than was in- tended by the treaty of 1794 ; and as it was insisted upon, by the East-India company, our commissioners were obliged to acquiesce in if. Although this treaty was rejected by the President, without even submitting it to the Senate, for their advice, yet our East-India trade was suffered to continue as before, until April 30th, 1811, when, in pursuance of powers vested in them, by an act of parliament passed the 37th year of George III. chap. 107, the East-India Company es- tablished the following regulations " for the conduct of the trade of foreign nations, to the ports and settlements of the British nation in the East-Indies, and also for defining the duties to which such trade shall be subject," &c. ' ; I. Foreign European ships, belonging to any nation having a settlement of its own in the East-Indies, and being in amity with his Majesty, may freely enter the British sea-ports and harbours in that country, whether they come directly from their own country, or from any of the ports and places in the East-Indies ; they shall be hospita- bly received : and shall have liberty of trade there in imports and ex- ports conformably to the regulations established in such places. The ships may also be cleared out for any port or place in the East-Indies ; but if cleared out for Europe, shall be cleared out direct for the coun- try, to which the ships respectively belong. •' II. First. Foreign European ships, belonging to countries ha- ving no establishment in the East-Indies, and ships belonging to the U nited States of America, may (when those countries and states re- spectively are in amity with his Majesty) in like manner freely en- ter the British sea-ports and harbours in the East-Indies; they shall be hospitably received there ; and have free liberty to trade in im- ports and exports conformably to the regulations of the place ; pro- vided always, that they proceed from their own ports direct to the said British territories, without touching at any port or place what- ever in the voyage out : except from necessity, and merely to pro- 175 cure refreshments, or repairs in case of distress or accident in the course of such voyage, the burthen of which necessity to rest on the parties. " Second. The vessels of the said European powers last aforesaid, and of the United States, shall not carry any of the said articles ex- ported by them from said British territories, to any port or place, ex- cept to some port or place in their own countries respectively, where the same shall be unladen. The said ships shall not be cleared out to carry on the coasting or country trade in India ; but vessels going with their original cargoes, or part thereof, from one British port of discharge to another British port, are not to be considered as carry- ing on the coasting trade. ' ; Third. The said vessels shall not be allowed to proceed, either with or without return cargo, from the said British territories to the settlements or territories of any European nation in India, or to the territory of any Indian or Chinese potentate or power, except from the like necessity as is before described, of which the proof shall rest with them. Nor shall the said vessels be allowed to enter the river in that part of the British territory situated in Bengal, for any other purpose, than that of proceeding to the port of Calcutta, for trade, refreshment, or repairs. •• Fourth. In clearing out for their respective countries, the clear- ance shall be a direct one to the country, European or American, to which the vessel belongs, and to no other whatever ; they are to %ive bond, with the security of a resident in the country, that they will deliver the cargo at the port for which the clearance is made, and such bond is to be cancelled, when a certificate from a British consul, or two known British merchants resident at such port is pro- duced of the bona fide delivery of the cargo there." The regulations with respect to duties were — " First. Goods imported or exported in foreign bottoms, shall be subject to double the amount of the duties payable on goods imported or exported in British bottoms. " Second. On that principle, goods liable to duty on importation by sea, will be chargeable with duty on their importation in British or foreign bottoms respectively, agreeable to the schedule annexed to 'his regulation NV>. 1. 176 " Third. Pmsuant to the same principle of subjecting the trade of foreigners to double duties, they will be precluded from the benefit of drawback receivable by British subjects, in cases, in which such drawback may be equal to a moiety of the duty paid on importation; and in cases in which the drawback receivable by British subjects may exceed a moiety of the import duty, the drawback receivable by foreigners will be adjusted on a consideration of the ultimate duty payable by British subjects agreeably to the schedule No. II. " Fourth. In cases in which the drawback receivable by British subjects amounts to less than a moiety of the import duty, the foreign exporter will be subject to the payment of an additional export duty, agreeably to the detailed schedule No. III. " Goods imported for re-exportation shall on re-exportation be al- lowed a drawback of two thirds of the amount of the duty paid on their importation, if exported in British bottoms, and of one third of the duty paid on their importation, if exported in foreign bottoms. " In cases in which goods shall have paid double duty on importa- tion, that is, the enhanced duty ordered to be levied from foreigners, a drawback shall be allowed to the exporter of two thirds of such duty, whether the goods be exported in foreign or British bottoms : with the exceptions, however, of those goods on the exportation of which, a specific rate of drawback is established by the Table annex- ed to this regulation.'' By these regulations, American vessels must proceed from their own ports direct, to the British East-Indies, without touching at any other port in the outward voyage, except from necessity, &c. When there, they cannot carry on the coasting trade, nor can they, either with or without a cargo, proceed to the settlements of any other European nation in India, or to any part of India or to China, nor can they go to any place on the River Ganges, except Calcutta. They must return direct to some port in the United States, and they are to give bond, to deliver their cargo at the port for which their clearance is made, and they are likewise subjected to double the duties paid by British bottoms. In consequence of these regulations, the owners of some American vessels, employed in the East-India trade, were placed in ;i most unfortunate situation. They had given bond in India, to land their cargo in some port in the United States; on their arrival here. 177 the non-intercourse law prohibited the landing of the cargo, because it came from a British port ; if landed in the United States, the ves- sel and cargo were forfeited under the laws of their own country, if carried to any other place, the bond given in India was forfeited. Thus situated, the owners were obliged to apply to Congress for re- lief; who granted them permission to land their goods, and finally to dispose of them, for their own use. The exports from the United States to the British East-Indies, have been inconsiderable, except in money. The value of the imports for each year, from 1795 to 1801, will be seen in Table No. II. before mentioned. In the last of these years, the imports amounted to $5,134,456. The articles usually imported, are cotton goods of va- rious kinds, indigo, sugar, spices, &c. In 1807, the value of goods paying duties ad valorem, consisting principally of cottons, amounted to $4,073,910. The charter of the East-India company has lately been renewed and extended to the 10th of April, 1834. The trade, however, to In- dia has been laid open to British subjects generally, under certain re- gulations, from the 10th day of April, 1814. These regulations, or the most important of them, are stated by professor Hamilton, in his enquiry concerning the national debt of Great-Britain, to be as fol- lows : " That no vessel shall proceed on private trade to India, without a license from the directors, which shall be granted, on appli- cation, of course, to the principal settlements of Fort William, Fort George, Bombay, or Prince of Wales Island ; but no vessel may fit out to other places, unless specially authorized ; and in case the di- rectors refuse to grant such special license, the board of controul shall ultimately determine in regard to the same. That no vessel under one hundred and fifty tons shall be employed. That goods imported in private trade, shall be brought to some port in the United Kingdom, which shall have been declared fit for that purpose by order in coun- cil. That the importation of articles of silk and cotton manufacture, for home consumption, shall be confined to the port of London, and the goods deposited in the company's ware-houses there. And the importation of tea, in private trade, is prohibted without license from the company. The company retain, till 10th of April, 1834, the go- vernment and revenue nf their territorial acquisitions subject to the 23 178 regulation of the board of controul, and the exclusive trade to China, and may trade as a corporation to India, in common with his Majes- ty's other subjects.'' The commercial treaty lately agreed upon, contains, it is said, re- gulations relative to the American trade with British India, but what these regulations are is not yet known. The intercourse is probably limited, to a direct one, between the two countries. III. TRADE WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES. The American trade with the British West-India islands, both be- fore and since the war of the revolution, has been very great. Large quantities of our lumber, fish, flour, beef, pork, horses, live cattle, indian corn and meal, peas, beans, &.c. &,c. have found a mar- ket in these islands. Since the peace of 1783, the United States and Great-Britain have not formed any conventional arrangement, relative to this trade. By the provisions of the bill introduced into Parliament, in the winter of 1783, for the temporary regulation of the commerce, between the two countries, American vessels were to be admitted into the ports of the British West-Indies, with the produce of the United States, with lib- erty to export to the United States, any merchandize, or goods what- soever, subject only to the same duties, as they would be subject to. in British bottoms. This bill, from the opposition made to it, was lost, and the power of regulating this trade was left with the King and Council, as we have before stated : and by the order in council of the 26th of De- cember, 1783, before mentioned, American vessels were excluded from the British West-Indies. British vessels were permitted to import into the islands, from the United States, pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp and flax, masts, yard- and bowsprits, staves, heading, boards, timber, shingles, and all other species of lumber ; horses, neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, and all other species of live ?tock and live provisions ; peas, beans, potatoes, wheat, flour, bread, biscuit, rice, oat.:, barley, and all other species of grain, the same being the growth, or production of the United States : and to export to the United Slates, rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, cocoa- nuts, ginger, and pimento, upon payment of the same duties, and un- 179 der the same restrictions, as though exported to any British Colony or Plantation in America. By the 12th article of Mr. Jay's treaty, American vessels " not being above the burthen of seventy tons" were placed on the same footing with British vessels, in respect to the trade of the United States with the British West-Indies, with a proviso, that they were not to carry molasses, sugar, coffee, cocoa, or cotton to any part of the world, except the United States, either from the islands, or from the United States. This article was not agreed to, on the part of the United States, and the treaty was ratified by both governments with- out it. In 1806, the plenipotentiaries of the United States negotiated a commercial treaty with Great-Britain, but were unable to make any arrangement, relative to the West-India trade. The difficulty, however, of supplying the West-India Islands, du- ring the late wars in Europe, has rendered it necessary for the British government to open their ports to American vessels, almost every year, for certain limited periods. This was done by proclamation di- rectly from the Governours of the islands, until 1807, when an act of Parliament was passed on the subject, called the American inter- course bill ; since that period, proclamations for opening the ports have originated with the King and Council ; but beef, pork, and fish, have been excluded, since that time, either in American or British bottoms. It is understood, that the commercial treaty lately negotiated, is si- lent on the subject of the West-India trade, and the British have lately again shut their West-India ports against American vessels. The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801 was as follows : — Exports. Imports Value — Dolls. Value — Dolls. 1795 2,634,664 6,426,091 1796 - 5,446,559 6,301,534 1797 - 2,147,025 3,045,045 1798 4,283,940 2,925,739 1799 6,285,251 6,083,372 1800 6,404,785 5,774,411 1801 - 9,699,722 6,968.032 180 During the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, the value of the exports and imports, as appears by the foregoing statements of the Secretary of the Treasury, was as follows, viz. — Exports. Imports. Value — Dolls. Value — Dolls. 1802 - 6,228,464 4,486,890 1803 - 5,624,647 4,492,861 1804 - 6,315,667 - 4,739,186 The quantity, as well as the value of the principal articles, export- ed and imported, for each of the said years, are ascertained in Tables Nos. IX. and X. taken from the same statements of the Secretary of the Treasury, together with the amount of duties paid on the imports. During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the value of the exports and imports was nearly the same, as in the preceding years. The value of our exports to the British West-Indies, has generally exceed- ed our imports ; and as the value of the former is estimated at the place of exportation, and of the latter, at the place of importation, the real difference is much greater than appears, by our custom-house books. Most of the articles exported are bulky, and the amount of freight and insurance for some of them, particularly lumber and live stock, is equal to the first cost. The freight and charges, also, of the articles imported make no inconsiderable part of their value, in this country, As our own ships were principally employed in this trade, the pro- fits and advantages, arising from these sources, were chiefly confined to the American merchant. The American tonnage, employed in this trade, on an average of the years 1799, 1800, and 1801, was one hundred and thirty-one thou- sand one hundred and twenty-three. A great proportion of our lumber has gone to these islands. The average quantity of staves and heading sent there in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, was seventeen millions six hundred and fourteen 'hotisand, being nearly one half of the whole quantity export- ed, during these years. The quantity of boards and plank, for the same wars, on an average, was about forty millions. In 1803. two 181 hundred sixty thousand five hundred and fifty-five, aud in 1807, two hundred fifty-one thousand seven hundred and six barrels of flour were exported to these islands. The value of flour, bread, and biscuit exported, on an average of the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions of dollars ; of lumber of all kinds about one million ; of beef, pork, bacon, and lard about eight hundred thousand dollars ; and of indian corn, rye, and indian meal about six hundred thousand. The quantity of rum imported, during the same period, was about four millions of gallons annually, and was valued at about two and a half millions of dollars. The quantity imported, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, was about four millions six hundred and fourteen thousand gallons an- nually. Opinions have been advanced, with no small share of confidence, by some British writers, that their West-India Islands could be sup- plied with lumber and provisions from their North-American Colo- nies. Experience, however, has not confirmed these opinions. Un- til the adoption of commercial restrictions by the United States, a small part only of the lumber and provision, imported into the British West-Indies, came from the British North-American Colonies. The amount of the principal articles of provisions and lumber, imported from different parts of the world, on an average of the years 1804. 1805. and 1806, was as follows:—* FromtheU. British G. Britain & Other States. provinces. Ireland, countries. Flour, meal and bread, cwt. 463,505 2,789 34,495 7,667 Corn, viz. indian corn, oats, peaSj beans, &.c. bshls. 406,189 3,276 183,168 4,432 Rice, bbls. ■ - 11,740 6 50 139 Pork and beef. do. - 54,114 1,642 54,571 385 Fish, dry cod, &c. cwt. - 138,484 101,692 3,302 3,293 Do. salt or pickled, bbls. - 38,171 27,800 57,698 991 Butter, firkins. 8,050 204 49,818 80 * See a view of the importance of the British American Polonies, by Da ■id Anderson, printed in 1814. 182 From the U. British G. Britain & Other States, provinces. Ireland, countries. Cows and oxen, 4,145 3 8 1,123 Sheep and hogs, 3,484 44 - - 314 Oak and pine boards ) r and timber, $ ' 39,022,997 942,122 - - 101,330 Staves. - pieces, 17,005,687 525,026 - - 264,500 Shingles, 43,051,704 332,925 - - 13,000 While the United States furnished more than four hundred sixty- three thousand hundred weight of flour, meal, and biscuit, the British provinces furnished only two thousand seven hundred and eighty- nine hundred weight ; and of indian corn, oats, °3 4,237,954 4,743,678 2,365,101 Imports. Value— dolls. 1,232,844 1,521,081 1,333,056 964,057 2,576,988 3,360,582 2,876,974 From 1804 to 1813, the exports were- Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Value— dolls. Value — dolls. 1804 2,304,193 - 597,143 1805 2,327,155 - 1,656,312 1806 1.363,273 - 1 ,758,954 1807 1,181,231 - 3,547,907 1808 541.378 - 901,003 1809 1,289,220 - 1 .290,003 1810 3,488,951 - 1,210,601 1811 3,963,263 - 297,454 1812 4,567,754 - 140,711 1813 6,532,101 - 40.90c 191 The quantity of wines and brandies imported, in 1802, 1803, 1804, and in 1807, was as follows : — Wines. Brandies. Gallons. Gallons. 1802 - 955,557 - 518,918 1803 - 790,561 - 681,851 1804 - 786,005 * 850,654 1807 - 693,056 - 548,934 The great increase of our exports of domestic produce to Spain, since 1809, was occasioned, as we have before stated, by the inva- sion of that country by Bonaparte, and the great demand for cur grain and provisions, to support the allied armies. II. WITH THE SPANISH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES. During the late European wars, our trade with the Spanish West- Indies and American Colonies greatly increased. We were the car- rieisof the rich products of the Spanish isiands, and we also supplied them, to a great extent, with the manufactures of Europe. The amount and increase of this trade, from 1795 to 1801, will appear from the following amount of exports and imports during that peri- od :— Imports. Value — dolls 1,739,138 1,718,026 4,123,362 8,139,169 10,974,295 10,587,566 12,799,878 Exports. Value — dolls 1795 1,389,219 1796 1,821,347 1797 3,595,519 1798 5,082,127 1799 8,993,401 1800 8,270,400 1801 8,437,659 192 The exports of domestic and foreign produce to the Spanish WeSt- Iudies and American Colonies, from 1804 to 1813, were as fol- lows :* — Domestic produce. Foreign produc Value— dolls. Value — dolls. 1801 1,725,662 1,176,998 1805 2,806,112 4,884,776 1806 2,391,172 8,476,061 1807 2,470,472 9,870,753 1808 631,086 3,545,967 1809 3,352,271 3,333,346 1810 3,182,318 3,604,791 1811 3,606,510 3,973,099 1812 2,640,502 1,331,638 1813 2,809,705 183,549 What will hereafter be our commercial situation with Spain and her Colonies, it is difficult at present to determine. We have disputes with that country, yet unsettled, particularly with respect to former spoliations on our commerce, and with re- spect to the Floridas, and the western boundaries of Louisiana. It is of no small importance to the United States, that those disputes should be adjusted, and that a good understanding and free commercial in- tercourse should subsist between them and the Spanish West-Indies and American possessions. It is from this quarter that the United States obtain large quantities of the precious metals, by which they are en- ablcd to carry on a trade with China and the East-Indies, as well as to pay the balances due, in Europe and elsewhere. The jealousy of the Spanish government has hitherto excluded foreigners, from much * We would here, remark, that the accounts of our trade with the West India Islands belonging' to Spain, as well as to the other European nations, are taken from the custom-house books, which shew the destination of the ar- ticles exported, from the clearance of the vessels : as, however, vessels of- ten go to other ports, or islands, than those for which they have cleared, and as some vessels take clearances for the West-Indies, generally, the ac- counts cannot be considered perfectly accurate. 193 intercourse with their South- American Colonies, and prevented them from obtaining much information, relative to the interior of that part of the world. The late travels, however, of Baron Humboldt, through the different parts of South-America, and of New-Spain, af- ford much valuable information as to the population, wealth, and re- sources of those extensive countries ; and it is hoped, that, whether these Provinces continue dependent on old Spain, or become inde- pendent, a more liberal and enlightened policy will be pursued by them, in their intercourse with foreign nations ; and that the United States will not fail to pursue their true interest in cultivating a good understanding with them. II. PORTUGAL. To Portugal and the Island of Madeira, we usually export wheat, flour, corn, rice, dried fish, some whale oil, soap, and staves and heading ; and we import from thence, principally, wines, fruit, and salt. Since the invasion of Portugal by the French, our exports of flour to that country have been very great, as we have before stated. The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, was as follows : — 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Exports. Dolls. 594,801 142,567 229,750 286,781 538,662 448,548 1,139,377 Imports. Dolls. 1,032,339 1,298,832 1,338,877 918,443 962,909 787,037 645,111 25 194 The following is the value of the exports to and imports from the Island of Madeira, for the same period : — 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Exports. Dolls. 133,476 213,785 191,627 333,425 203,185 522,728 528,344 Imports, Dolls. 917,260 562,682 662,248 334,122 163,870 375,219 514,791 The exports to Portugal from 1804 to 1813, were- Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1804 1,282,169 190,716 1805 508,284 851,647 1806 920,841 857,050 1807 829,313 159,173 1808 342,277 - 1809 1,629,709 151,426 1810 2,664,121 121,578 1811 8,445,827 130,726 1812 7,729,997 45,043 1813 9,992,012 7,275 During the continuance of the American non-intercourse acts, there were shipped to Madeira, Fayal, and the other Azores, various articles ultimately destined to Great-Britain, and other parts of Europe. In 1809, the value of domestic produce, principally cotton, shipped to Madeira, was $2,336,656, and to Fayal and the other Azores, #2,926,482. Since the removal of the Portuguese government to the Brazils, our trade with Portuguese America has increased. In 1807, we ex- 195 ported to the Brazils, and the other Portuguese American Colonies, to the value of about five thousand dollars. From 1809 to 1812, the value of exports to those countries was as follows : — Domestic produce. Foreign produce Value— dolls. Value — dolls. 1809 540,653 343,082 1810 721,899 889,839 1811 621,417 1,027,931 1812 426,982 319,641 TRADE WITH RUSSIA, SWEDEN, DENMARK, HAMBURGH, AND THE NORTH OF EUROPE. With Russia, the trade of the United States has been increasing for some years, and the importance of that country, in a commercial as well as political point of view, has lately induced the government of the United States to send a minister plenipotentiary to the Russian court, and to receive from them a minister of equal grade. Until lately, the amount of our exports to Russia has been very small, though our imports were considerable. From 1795 to 1801, the value of exports and imports has been thus estimated : — Exports. Imports. Value— dolls. Value — dolls 1795 69,221 1,168,715 1796 47,381 1,382,978 1797 3,450 1,418,418 1798 60,030 1,067,152 1799 46,030 1,274,913 1800 - 1,524,995 1801 9.136 1.672.059 196 From 1805 to 1813, the value of domestic and foreign articles ex- ported to Russia, was as follows : — Domestic. Foreign. Dolls. Dolls. 1805 12,044 - 59,328 1806 - 3,580 - 8,827 1807 - 78,850 - 366,367 1808 .... 1809 - 146,462 - 737,799 1810 - 1,048,762 - 2,926,936 1811 - 1,630,499 - 4,507,158 1812 - 156,980 - 1,586,617 1813 - 50,400 - 750 The principal article of domestic produce exported to this coun- try in 1809, 1810, and 1811, was cotton; very little, if any, of which was, prior to this period, ever exported to that country. In 1809, six hundred twenty-five thousand one hundred and twelve pounds, in 1810, three million seven hundred sixty-nine thousand one hundred and thirty-seven pounds, and in 1811, no less than nine mil- lions three hundred sixty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-nino pounds of cotton, were shipped to Russia. In 1810, there were also shipped to Russia, from the United States, five thousand two hundred and seventy pounds of rice, one thousand four hundred and sixty-two hogsheads of tobacco, four thousand five hundred and thirty-six gal- lons of spirits from grain, and one hundred twenty-four thousand one hundred and forty-eight gallons of spirits from molasses. The prin- cipal articles of foreign produce exported to Russia have been sugar and coffee, with some pepper, tea, and cocoa. The following is the quantity of those articles, shipped in the years 1809, 1810, and 1811. Coffee, Sugar brown. Sugar clayed, Pepper, and whiie. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1809 - 1,283,100 - 1,271,180 - 922,077 - 138,333 1810 - 4,048,909 - 6,139,529 - 5,257,366 - 1,252,085 1811 - 5,113,891 - 4,408,289 - 10,200,139 - 369,409 - 446,734 - 254,570 Cocoa. Teas. lbs. lbs. - 40,216 80,005 - 17,011 107 The articles usually imported from Russia are iron, hemp, cord- age, duck, and various kinds of cloth made of hemp and flax, such as drillings, diapers, broad and narrow tickings, sheetings, of imports, for the same period, about $100,000. 200 During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the exports were — Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1805 435,926 1,481,767 1806 356,595 1,052,954 1807 572,150 836,468 In the years 1809 and 1810, in consequence of commercial restric- tions with England and France, and the possession of Hamburgh by the French, great quantities of cotton and tobacco, and of colonial pro- duce, were cleared from the United States for the ports of Denmark and Norway, though destined to other places. Indeed our custom- house books furnish but little evidence of the amount of our trade with particular countries, during these two years, as the following account of our exports to Denmark and Norway, taken from the clear- ances of the vessels, will shew — Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Value — dolls. Value— dolls. 1809 958,584 3,327,766 1810 3,962,739 6,548,051 The following quantities of cotton, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, were cleared for these countries, in these two years. Cotton. Tobacco. Sug'ar. Coffee. lbs. Hhds. lbs. lbs. 1809 2,298,827 5,950 11,371,567 7,953,461 1810 14,594,124 18,797 17,470,322 14,120,990 DANISH WEST-INDIES. The extent of American trade with the Danish West-India Islands has been much greater, than with Denmark itself. 201 The following is the amount of exports and imports from 1795 to 1801 :— Exports. Imports. Dolls. Dolls. 1795 - 1,659,306 - 2,329,273 1796 - 2,553,810 - 2,818,746 1797 - 2,453,606 - 2,416,088 1798 - 1,513,104 - 1,117,321 1799 - 3,397,262 - 2,139,870 1800 - 1,757,589 - 999,770 1801 - 1,049,361 3,035,511 From 1804 to 1807, the value of the exports to those islands was — Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Dolls. Dolls. 1804 - 1,081,618 - 642,388 1805 - 1,523,106 - 575,149 1806 - 1,410,029 - 1,380,380 1807 - 1,614,711 1,505,988 HAMBURG AND BREMEN. The trade of the United States with Hamburg and Bremen, du- ring the late wars in Europe, and until those cities were occupied by the French armies, and became a prey to French rapacity, was very great, especially with the former, in articles of Colonial produce. The imperial city of Hamburg has long been the great depot of the extensive commerce of Germany, and the North of Europe. By means of the rivers Elbe and Weser, and other waters connected with them, the manufactures of Germany, particularly her linens, are brought to Hamburg, and from thence exported to the United Stales, and other parts of the world. Through this city, also, the rich pro- ducts ol the East and West-Indies have been introduced into Germa- ny, and the interior of the continent of Europe. The principal articles oi domestic produce, usually shipped to Hamburg and Bremen from the United States, are tobacco, rice, cotton, spirits from molasses. 26 202 some whale oil, and pot and pearl ashes. And the articles of foreign produce have been sugar, coffee, teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices. The extent and value of American trade with these cities, in do- mestic and foreign articles, from 1795 to 1801, may be seen, from the following estimate of exports and imports, during that period. — Exports. Imports. Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1795 - 9,218,540 - 1,584,524 1796 - 9,471,498 - 2,107,390 1797 - 11,953,017 - 2,755,677 1798 - 14,534,339 - 3,738,763 1799 - 17,144,400 - 6,919.425 1800 - 8,012,846 - 4,996.886 1801 - 10,463,738 - 4,585,256 The exports to Hamburg, Bremen, other Hanse towns, and ports of Germany, but principally to Hamburg, from 1802 to 1810, were as follows : — Domestic produce. Foreign produce Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1802 1,157,272 5,072,220 1803 1,368.295 1,911,437 1804 - 919,454 3,525,553 1805 893,591 2,338,917 1806 - 1,672,455 - 4,751.769 1807 912,225 2,248.057 1808 24,963 204,852 1809 709,981 1,682,662 1810 834,564 291,818 HOLLAND AM) DEPENDENCIES. The United States had great commercial intercourse with Holland, until the commencement of their restrictive measures. Although Bo- naparte had given the Hollanders his brother Louis, for a king, that he might have them more completely under his control, and compel 203 them to enfore his continental system, yet so strong were the com- mercial habits of the people of Holland, that means were found to evade the imperial mandates ; and the continental system, during the reign of Louis, was never carried into complete effect in that country. And notwithstanding the many vexations and spoliations, which American commerce experienced from the belligerent powers, yet it was extensive and profitable, not only with Holland, but with the rest of the world, until interrupted by commercial prohibitions. The extent of our trade with Holland will appear from the follow- ing statement of exports and imports at different periods. — The exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, were as follows : — Imports. Value — dolls. 1,329,952 943,227 2,404,828 1,757,371 662,590 775,541 2,529,128 And from 1804 to 1813, the following were the exports of dome- tic and foreign produce : — Foreign. Value — dolls. 11,757,002 14,959,380 15,051,665 13,086,160 2,227,722 697,070 28,992 Exports. Value — dolls. 1795 1,917,336 1796 6,083,491 1797 7,713,976 1798 4,713,976 1799 696,968 1800 4,372,964 1801 6,234,450 Domestic. Value — dolls. 1804 2,064,158 1805 1,783,503 1806 3,609,964 1807 3,098,234 1808 382,121 1809 421,294 1810 74,194 1811 . 1812 30,747 1813 29.160 204 The articles of domestic produce usually exported to Holland, are tobacco, rice, cotton, some whale oil. pot and pearl ashes, and spirits from molasses. The principal articles have been tobacco, rice, and cotton. The following is an account of the quantities shipped to this coun- try in the years 1806 and 1807, together with their value, as esti- mated at the place of exportation : — Tobacco. Value. Rice. Value. Cotton. Value. hhds. dolls. tierces. dolls. lbs. dolls. 1806 - 29,851 - 2,358,229 - 17,1.37 - 457,993 - 3,129,146 - 688,412 !8o7 - 20,444 - 1,799,U72 - 21,163 - 529,075 - 3,146,209 - 66u,703 The articles of foreign produce have been, principally, coffee, su- gar, tea, and pepper. The following quantities of sugar and coffee were shipped to Hol- land, according to the custom-house books, from 1800 to 1810: — Sugar, brown. Sugar, wl i it e & clay ed. Coffee. pounds. pounds. pounds. 1800 ■ 7,542,160 . 11,618,970 1801 1 1,560,993 . 13,125,837 1802 15,436,179 . 9,320,937 1803 • 8,894,132 - 1,057,806 - 2,323,902 1804 27,294,509 - 7,663,882 - 26,082,432 1805 47,544,197 - 8,455,435 - 23,694,991 1 806 56,008,790 - 10,105,151 - 21,833,438 1807 ■ 48,012,198 - 8,719,529 - 19,900,965 1 808 - 8,215,969 - 1,824,479 - 3,487,872 1809 ■ 3,107,202 836.159 - 957,122 1810 88,590 76,674 - 44,618 The imports have usually consisted of woollen, linen, and other good.- paying duties according to their value, spirits from grain, some nails and spikes, lead, and manufactures of lead, paints, steel, cheese. 205 glass, anchors, shot, slit and hoop iron. The average amount of goods paying duties ad valorem for the years 1802, 1003 and 1804, was $1,110,3,34, and in 1807, was $1,881,741. The average quan- tity of gin imported, during the same three years, was one million fifty-nine thousand five hundred and forty gallons, and in 1807, was one million four hundred sixty-six thousand gallons. In our trade with Holland, the exports have generally far exceeded the imports ; the balance has been usually paid, in bills of exchange on England, and other parts of Europe. DUTCH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES, AND DUTCH EAST-IN- DIES. The extent and value of the commercial intercourse of the United States with the Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, may be estimated from the following account of exports and imports. From 1795 to 1801, the exports and imports were — Exports. Imports. Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1795 902,705 - 2,342,957 1796 - 1,758,548 - 3,703,787 1797 - 1,903,038 - 2,178,426 1798 - 2,720,969 - 2,475,494 1799 - 5,154,535 - 3,929,101 1800 - 1,296,052 - 2,800,766 1001 625,791 - 1,987,612 Exports to the same countries, from 1804 to 1810, were — Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Vain e — dolls . Value — dolls. 1804 1,600,667 - 848,365 1805 - 454,645 - 138,785 1806 570,545 - 466,485 1807 496,010 - 307,366 1808 1809 1810 206 Domestic produce. Value — dolls. 97,734 33,412 39,724 Foreign produce. Value — dolls. 14,839 771 31 From the Dutch East-Indies, we have imported large quantities of coffee, sugar, pepper, and other spices, and have generally paid for them, in money, or in cargoes shipped from Europe, or in bills of ex- change. The late wars in Europe, in which the Dutch were unfor- tunately compelled to engage, threw this trade into the hands of the American merchant, and its progressive increase will appear from the following estimate of imports from 1795 to 1801 — 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Imports. Value — dolls 26,706 211,626 1,029,995 2,305,344 1,446,335 3,556,320 4,430,733 In 1802, the quantity of coffee imported from the Dutch East-In- dies, and Cape of Good Hope, was six million eight hundred twenty- five thousand two hundred and three pounds, and valued at $1,706,300, in 1804 was eight million three hundred ninety-five thousand seven hundred and eighty-three pounds, and valued at $2,098,945, and in 1807, was eight million eight hundred forty-two thousand five hundred and sixty-eight pounds. The quantity of pep- per imported in 1802, was five million two hundred seventy-five thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven pounds, in 1804, four million nine hundred forty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-four pounds, and in 1807, two million five hundred eight thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven pounds. A considerable proportion of the pepper is procured by the Americans, directly from the natives of the islands. 203 The trade of the United States with Italy has consisted principal- ly in carrying dried fish, sugar, coffee, pepper, and cocoa, and in bringing from thence, silks, wines, brandies, fruit, some lead, and cheese. The amount and increase of this commercial intercourse will be seen, from the following estimate of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, and of the exports from 1804 to 1813. Exports. Imports. Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1795 - - 1,223,150 - - 319,653 1796 - - 1,100,522 - - 268,237 1797 - 767,064 - - 852,408 1798 - - 1,334,036 - - 724,209 1799 - 1,157,212 - - 753,484 1800 - - 2,689,968 - - 1,104,833 1801 - - 2,090,439 - - 902,406 Exports from 1804 to 1813. Domestic produce. Foreign produce. Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 1804 118,441 1,552,708 1805 142,475 2,320,099 1806 185,346 4,587,727 1807 250,257 5,499,722 1808 58,085 1,312,173 1809 49,206 1,106,539 1810 71,803 656,691 1811 151,555 437,381 1812 139,928 134,794 1813 1.947 - 208 CHINA AND THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA. The trade of the United States with China commenced soon aftei the close of the revolutionary war. The first American vessel, that went on a trading voyage to China, sailed from the port of New-York, on the 22d day of February 1784, and returned on the 11th of May 1785. She was three hundred and sixty tons burthen, commanded by Captain John Green, and Samuel Shaw, Esq. agent for the owners. The Americans were well received by the Chinese government, and since that time, our trade with China has greatly increased. In 1789, there were fifteen American vessels at Canton,* being a greater number, than from any other nation, except Great-Britain. For many years, we have imported more Chinese goods, than were wanted for our consumption, and which we have again exported to other countries. The principal articles imported, are teas, silks, nankeens, and China ware. Of these, tea is of the greatest value. The quantity of this article, imported and consumed within the Uni- ted States, has increased with the increase of population. The fol- lowing is a statement of the quantities of the several species of tea, paying duties, after deducting the exportations from the importations; for each of the years from 1790 to 1800. It may be observed, that as some tea might have been exported without the benefit of drawback, the whole may not have been con- sumed in the United States, but the difference cannot be great, as it is believed, that most of the tea exported had the benefit of the draw- back. TEAS. Boliea. Souchong-. Hyson. Other green. Total, lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1790 2,059,684 308,075 530,013 88,870 3,047,242 1791 774,008 91,123 107,934 12,932 985,997 1792 2,332,8 2 132,355 115,203 33,498 2,014,008 1793 1,548,993 309,087 82,882 8,007 2,009,509 1794 2,095,410 298,503 29,754 37,241 2,460,914 * Macpherson's Annals 209 Bohea. Souchong. Hyson. Other green. Total lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1795 2,079,687 146,457 99,727 48,247 2,374,118 1796 1,778,007 73,578 239,102 219,572 2,310,259 1797 1,392,271 185,359 206,177 224,592 2,008,399 1798 1,079,139 333,349 194,616 283,861 1,890,965 1799 3,412,674 309,598 240,861 538,370 4,501,503 1800 1,891,434 694,802 533,613 677,785 3,797,634 Total, 20,444,145 3,002,806 2,380,542 2,172,975 28,000,548 Making in the whole for eleven years, twenty-eight million five hundred and forty-eight pounds, consumed in the United States, be- ing on an average of these years, two million five hundred forty-five thousand five hundred and four pounds a year. The following quantity of teas of all kinds was imported and ex- ported from 1801 to 1812, viz. :— - Imported. Exported. Consumed. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1801 4,086,960 1,409,253 - 2,677,707 1802 4,269,828 • ■ 1,894,538 - 2,375,290 1803 6,053,529 3,146,492 - 2,907,037 1804 3,622,828 1,219,233 - 2,403,595 1805 5,119,441 1,788,888 - 3,330,553 1806 6,870,806 2,002,207 - 4,868,599 1807 8,108,774 2,663,061 - 5,445,713 1808 4,812,638 237,883 ■ 4,574,755 1809 1,482,990 1,770,616 - - 1810 7,839,457 1,337,732 - 6,501,725 1811 3,018,118 1,025,962 - 1,992,156 1812 - 3,056,089 - 519,262 - 2.536,827 Making an average consumption for these twelve years of three million two hundred seventy-seven thousand one hundred and ninety-four pounds a year. 27 210 The value of goods paying duties ad valorem, which includes nan* keens, all silk and cotton goods, and China ware, imported in 1797, from China and the East-Indies generally, but principally from the former, amounted to $922,161. The average value of goods paying the same duties, from China and other native Asiatic powers during the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions three hun- dred thousand dollars. From 1805 to 1813, the value of the same goods was as follows. viz. : — Value — dollars. 1805 .... 1,802,945 1806 - - - - 2,190,454 1807 .... 1,821,321 1808 .... 2,663,540 1809 - - - 533,929 1810 .... 3,374,850 1811 ... - 2,889,642 1812 .... 1.861,013 1813 .... 566,676 The balance of trade with China, as it appears on the custom- house books, is much against the United States ; as few articles, ei- ther domestic or foreign, are shipped directly from the United States to that country. The payments for Chinese goods have been gene- rally made in specie, the exportation of which is not entered at the custom-house, or in seal skins, taken in the South Seas, and furs pro- cured on the North-West Coast of America, and carried from those places, directly to China, without being brought to the United States. The amount of specie exported to China, it is difficult to ascertain, with precision. From information, however, derived from well informed merchants concerned in the trade, and from the value of imports, it cannot for some years past have been less, (except during the late war) than between two and three millions annually. The amount of trade in seal skins and furs, it is much more difficult to ascertain. The great prices obtained at Canton, for furs procured on the North- 211 West Coast of America, by those who were with Captain Cook, in his last voyage of discovery, induced others to engage in this trade. The enterprise of the Americans led them very early to engage in these long and hazardous trading voyages. The first of the kind un- dertaken from the United States, was from Boston in 1788, in a ship commanded by Captain Kendrick. This trade, at first, afforded great profits, to the concerned, and it has, ever since the year 1788, been carried on from the United States, to a considerable extent, and with greater or less profit. The furs are purchased from the Indians, many hundred miles along the coast, principally with articles of for- eign merchandize, suited to the wants of the natives of that country. In 1800, the value of goods shipped to t'.e North-West Coast, and to the South Seas, was §827,748 ; a part of these were undoubtedly- destined to the Spanish settlements on the Pacific Ocean. Not only has the North- West Coast been explored, by the enterprise of the Americans for furs, but every island in the South Seas, and every part of the continent of South-America, has been visited, in search of seal skins for the same market. These sealing voyages were also, at first, very profitable, and induced many others to engage in them. The business, however, was overdone — the seal, in a few years, be- came so scarce, as not to be worth the pursuit. 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CM 'O b» to >o ■ ■* rH b, CM ^ CM rH t X | o> •■': to 1 >o : X CN -; M i CM o CM , CM CT) CO 1-H CO ' CM b- ' ctTcO 00 rH CO r-< "* | rH tC CO <0 to 1 ONKCN 00 j ' « "* rH 00 ' ] -* j ! oT co ctT t-T 1 to 1 hji co b. b- i to rH 1 3 bN. CM X b- CO tO CM -P -J CM to , rH ' 3 CM CO rH 3 | co" cTcoco-*-* CM KCI •* X tji CM t *$ 3 "O to to to 'O '"'1 10 ' x , 1 bT Spain, ... Teiieriffe and Canaries, Honduras and Campeacl Manilla and Phillippinet Spanish West-Indies, - Floridas and Louisiana, Other American Colonie Portugal, Madeira, - Fayal and other Azores, Cape de Verd Islands, >»= ts -s . ^ > s a ^ -• -■ « &C"CT ^3 - 1 ,^ 8^5 = afl-7 . ' Oo2^ "'73 "7^ i. ^ < b ? « % 98 218 TABLE No. III. Amount of goods imported into the United States for the year ending 30th Sep- tember, 1807. value. Dollars. Cts. Value of goods paying- an ad valorem } dutv of 15 per cent. - - 5 - - 46,861,538 Do. " do. do. 17$ do. - - - 11,097,676 Do. do. do. 22£ do. - - - 696,703 Malmsey and Madeira wines, gals. 395,103 a §2 59 1,023,321 95 Burgundy, ..--•- 13,948 4 25 59,279 Sherry, 315,779 1 12 353,672 48 All other wines, - 4,843,489 63 3,051,397 7 Foreign spirits from grain, 1,477,679 1 1,477,679 From other materials, 9,915,243 93 9,221,175 99 Molasses, - 8,511,234 36 3,U64,U44 24 Beer, ale, and porter, 226,559 55 124,607 45 Teas, bohea, - - - lbs. 1,511,051 33 498,946 83 Do. souchong, .... 2,016,177 62 1,250,029 74 Do. Hyson, - 1,251,367 1 1,251,367 Do. other green, 2,823,017 75 2,117,362 75 Coffee, 58,824,811 28 16,470,947 8 Cocoa, ..... 9,191,344 25 2,297,961 Chocolate, 3,640 40 1,456 Sugars, brown, &c. 175,110,619 10 17,511,061 90 Do. clayed, &c. .... 45,398,494 13 5,901,8)4 22 Do c.mdy and refined, 159,986 18 28,797 48 Almonds, - 685,400 21 143,934 Currants, .... 436,049 13 56,686 37 Prunes and plumbs, ... 103,766 14 14,527 24 Fig's, 283,353 15 42,502 95 Raisins, in jars and boxes, 864,419 16 138,307 4 All others, 2,918,073 10 291.8J7 30 Candles, tallow, 547,546 18 98,558 28 Wax and spermaceti, 4,412 60 2,647 20 Cheese, 1,029,642 28 288,299 76; Soap, ...... 2,090,125 18 376,222 50 T.Ulow, 1,750,279 15 262,541 85 j Spices, mace, .... 2,195 7 50 16,462 50 Do. nutmegs, .... 3,182 3 25 10,341 50' Do. cinnamon, .... 9,o76 1 92 17,425 92 1 Do. cloves, 48,526 84 40,761 84 j Do. pepper, .... 3,499,433 23 804,869 69 Do. pimento, .... 1,196,239 22 263,172 581 Do. Cassia, 141,348 34 48,058 32 Tobacco manufactured other than } snuff and cigars, - - 3 10,261 20 2,052 20 Snuff, 57,002 25 14,250 50 i Indigo, .... 1,010,672 1 83 1,849,529 76\ Cotton, 3,377,870 31 1,047,139 70 J 219 TABLE No. III.— CONTINUED. Powder, hair, - - lbs. Do. gun, .... Starch, .... Glue, Pewter plates and dishes, Iron, anchors and sheet, Do. slit and hoop, Do. nails and spikes, Quick-silver, Paints, yellow in oil, Do. do. dry, Do. Spanish brown, Do. white and red lead, Lead, and manufactures of lead, Seines, Cordage, tarred, Do. untarred, Cables, - - S^eel, - - - cwt Hemp, .... Twine, ..... Glauber salts, Salt, weighing- more than 56 lbs. ~) per bushel, - - lbs. S 5,099 a 211,748 26,209 114,732 59,879 781,875 773,017 4,948,443 17,211 32,590 122,460 828,368 2,804,092 2,455,884 10,084 1,068,329 57,210 67,720 15,315 141,107 4,253 157 126,173,054 Do. weighing 56 lbs. or less per bu; Coal, bushel, bushel :} Fish, foreign caught, dried, quint. Do. salmon, - - barrels Do. mackerel, ... Do. all other, Glass, black quart bottles, gross "Do. window not above 8 by 10 in- ) | ches for each 100 square feet C I boxes, - - - - j |Do. not above 10 bv 12, fio, all above 10 by 12, Segars, Lime, Boots, Shoes and slippers, silk, Do. morocco, ike. for men and 3 women, - ^ Do. children's, Cards, wool or cotton, - doz. Do. playing, - packs Total, M casks pairs 418,538 456,936 233,902 7,231 16,o98 17,057 24,594 value. §00 16 46 15 23 25 9 10 11 69 15 8 6 15 11 50 11 10 12 13 15 30 5 69 29 4 50 14 7 6 7 50 22,719 11 50 3,089 4,183 25,624 385 3,554 31,880 72,875 24,761 4 6,425 15 17 50 10 8 6 50 175 1 25 75 Dollars. Cts. 815 84 97,4u4 8 3,931 35 26,388 36 14,969 75 70,368 75 77,301 70 544,328 73 11,875 59 4,888 50 9,796 80 49,702 8 420,613 80 270,147 24 5,042 117,516 19 5,721 8,126 40 205,595 2,116,605 127,590 785 1,387,903 59 288,791 221 132,511 44 1,052,559 101,234 112,686 102,342 184,455 261,268 50 i 46,335 73,202 50 256,240 3,u80 23,101 55,790 91,093 75 | 18,570 75 \ 24 i 2,248 75 ; 8 138,574,876 220 o cc 1 , O to <* O t- c c. « £ 4) O) 1- CO *0 O CX CX -? -C ...c O 0; •« c. ^ 'o co h 1 s* u ~ * •# CO CO iO CO iO (. ■5 30 ~ ■* Slffl -h CO 1—1 7-1 V =95 U w OOCOMn^ifJCD % _r w-on'-''onco ~ 5 1-^ : O L- 35 i> CO O 00^ CX u ' > ^* V{ of ■<* cT so r-T !> tt 33 ,i3C!«Tf oJNi'ni S ^ X 05 "55 u ;C5 CO 'f CO t-i COS)"? i?5 n 01 r. co a; '0 co 1 Z r - d ' co 00 co co c: ex 00 co u ~ C 5 cJ co" co" to 10 oT of co 'O &i « t- m 10 -r ex y s > 50 — ■ — CO ^ ■ *. ^ 30 d § % CO 6-1 ■ oo z < ^ ~£ CO i 2 ■ — ' l~\ I c V -t< 5 s Zi D u U u :§ J! 1 § « i i~ 2 £ 5 Se _"~loo 5 *«* =q H < o Ci t— J^ S V ^j ' ^ 'M cT &T co" CO i-T i-H CO £ C3 13 _2 CO CO CO C75 &< o *1 V. 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CO CM CX OS ~ r- CO^T-i CX CO Tp S 5jj OS = s « TpeXCXCCTDCXeO"* ;o O — rP ^ CO CO i-O CO 3 c - si enn t*» s ^ < co | rp" t-T co" cT co" *— " co" co COOCOCDCDCOTfCD for a tes of O 2 -p^ ex co ~ 3 ^ Cj -2 s O ^ < CO ^ fa i'ii el 2 ^ £ -a o CO w H <5 CO 4) 3 u eg 0) i I 3 < «T ' ^ 1 H 1 ~ en S >>-> d i CO .a 2 ^ co a w e iJ C O * ^C^"C3j;Cc3!^ u r ^ rt to o , 1 "8' o el CD' c^ e<^ ex^ cc^ j> -^ co ex i-" ci" co co' co' co" l^ o ■* >- CO O Cl l- CO co' co C -C ■* "lOCCCOI^hCO-f -P CO .-0 i.O CD — i CO CO tp ex t> to -^ cc -^ co cxt>oocoexcoco co ^ »o ex o cd —i cd co' 223 o ■— u _C c o o 3 ~ - 3 t *■» :-r re PS | .'■ - V > •+> to O) i- 5» m ©I CO CO O O ii>. ?-< o: o »— co co ©r ■* ©r — ©J ■* OS -f OS ©* 3 N 12 I CD »l «rt c * o a h CO l> CO CO r- » O --< CO ^3 go co of co" « ■©< -* o co ^ •* iO OD ccTco CO — OS O t- * qif o o MO 05 f &) -r ©» co os -?? o £ '5 c c — I o ro ■re •— a. O *- co" i> cf ■* uo" i-i CO CO i*5 »5 •- CO CO ^ ^ rf O ■<* OS ©t CO OS OS G* CD O^ lO ©J o TO co cf i> ©f co" N05OOO '-I ^S' ©f ©< uO O OS OS l-f CO t- O O CO O co^ co^os^ o of cf co" co" rf CO u0 CO CO OS^CX ©f ©t I-* l-I< ex •fe - 1 > *. ! c£ 5 © 224 TABLE No. VI. Copy 09, for an account of the total j,7u7,323 £ 38,398,645 40,947,300 34.448,620 £ 9,005,120 9,679,652 7,138,282 £ 39,368,218 39,041,854 35,233,477 1806 1807 1808 Signed, WILLIAM IRVING, Inspector general of imports and exports. Custom-House, London, 16th February, 1809. 225 <# '-> <♦} 3l Ol O X O CI V) 'O X 3 »H CTi »0 Is. CT^ Is VC NMO^H cri cti i-ToTiC CO ts 30 VO VO Oi -* X 'O rt tji ^ h 51 Cft CO CN (NX 3 'i o i-r^c? 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' 1-1 t}< CJ 'O — 1 —I ■ g i xi . o 1 ' • 2 !S - — r7* rT 1 « . -S - ^ .-^ :Z t< S .-I ■** >-\ fe '.-1 ]> __ c ?9 226 TABLE No. VIII. An account of the valve of all Imports into and of all Exports from Great-Britain, for three years, ending 5th of January, 1811, distin- guishing each year, and distinguishing the value of imports from the East-Indies and China, from the value of all other imports ; al- so distinguishing the value of British produce and manufactures exported, from the value of foreign articles exported, together with the difference between the official value and the declared vcdue of British produce and manufactures exported in the year ending 5th of January, 1811. Note. The value of British produce and manufactures exported fi-om Great-Britain, according- to the averag-e prices current, and declarations of the exporters in the year ending- 5th January, 1811, amounts to £49,975,634. WILLIAM IRVING, Inspector general of imports and exports. Custom-House, London, 23d March, 1811. * The account of imports from the East-Indies and China, cannot yet be given. 221 TABLE No. VIII.— continued. APPENDIX (A 1.) Official value of Imports into Great-Britain from Europe, Africa,' and America. Years enc ing the 5th of January.; 1809 1810 1811 ARTICLES. or or or | ! 1808. 1809. 1810. i £ £ £ i Almonds, ... 21,380 24,209 19,196. Annotto, - 8,635 23,463 48,423 Ashes, pot and pearl, 150,524 265,827 460,433 Barilla, - 120,664 188,842 175,508 Bark, oak, - 1,724 11,788 8,935 Berries, juniper, - 12,383 22,953 30,178 Brimstone, - 65,622 24,855 44,229. Bristles, undressed, 9,886 28,081 20,992 jButter and cheese, (foreign) 321,552 258,145 128,608 jCochineal, - - - - 209,415 83,396 189,828 Cocoa, - - - - 85,538 72,513 61,496 Coffee, .... 4,899,184 4,690,680 5,307,112 Copper, unwrought, 97,189 41,116 92,129, Corks, - 29,213 41,116 78,788 Corn, grain, meal and rice, 146,240 1,136.971 2,701,228 Cortex, peruvianus, 147,165 81,577 93,705 Currants, ... 110.502 180,329 136,831 Elephant's teeth, 16,476 17,628 19,336 Feathers, for beds, - 1,475 7,054 17,735 Figs, 5,101 13,568 5,834 Fish, viz. cod and herring, 209,731 174,419 126,878. Flax, rough, ... 403,351 967,628 945,223 Gum arabic and senega, 24,075 35,376 59,722: Hemp, rough, ... 218,947 721,520' 752,294 Hides, raw and tanned, 228,712 328,306 659,724 | Jalap, .... 1 1 ,530 5,781 38,809' Indigo, (not East-India) 63,740 79,527 138,125 ! Iron, bar, - 205,249 239,532 196,830 Isinglass, ... 1,534 14,085 16.569; Lemons and Oranges, - 33,738 30,710' 33,014' Linens, (foreign) 174,369 843,710: 938.600j Madder and madder roots, - 157,959 425,230j 436,475i Oil, ordinary olive, 83,650 125,648 80,748 train, 326,381 285,586 329,992 Pimento, .... 9,199 57,802 73,866 Pitch and tar, - - - 123.479 106,762! 115,610} 228 TABLE No. VIII. — continued. APPENDIX (A 1.) CONTINUED. Quicksilver, Raisins, - - Salt, - Seeds, clover, - flax and linseed, Shumack, Silk, raw and thrown, - Skins and Furs, Smelts, - Spirits, brandy, geneva, - rum, - Succus liquoritise, Sugar, - - - - Tallow, - Tobacco, - Turpentine, Wax, bees, ... Whale fins, Wines, - Wood, balks and uf'as, - deals and deal ends, - fir timber, - fustic, - logwood, mahogany, - masts, oak plank and timber, redwood, staves, Wool, cotton, - sheep's Yarn, linen, raw, All other articles, Foreign and Colonial produce, Irish produce and manufactures. Years ending the 5th of January. 1809 or 1308. £ 1810 or 1809. 13,772 105,744 32,906 13,026 61,177 15,159 246,057 177,757 6,826 251,864 51,798 539,624 19,516 5,046,631 145,860 77,527 15,021 20,209 76,430 1,122,020 878 26,665 63,267 24,036 106,663 66,907 270,405 14,886 19,112 33,419 1,325,318 127,870 34,605 981,656 19,7569,723 i 3,910,98l! 17,320 160,471 63,198 23,777 130,404 22,817 853,706 179,077 22,817 441,201 43,395 607,083 20,562 5,422,066 362,974 275,591 66,828 37,336 75,676 1,173,613 4,230 60,362 111,611 47,354 98,239 104,530 198,251 13,504 47,943 95,743 2,797,932 350,072 233,635 1,114,566 £6>33,625 3,475,759 1811 or 1810. 26,888 63,601 23,900 38,090 213,822 20,661 943,613 282,719 9,633 174,380 12,056 507,602 41,881 6,493,561 505,496 498,585 65,271 39,648 103,255 1,130,332 22,583 100,612 205,264 66,082 184,400 187,159 335,807 36,106 29,040 109,130 3,882,359 564,329 286,757 1,351,061 33^1387686 3,283,456 Total (exclusive oj importations from E. Indies and China,) 23,780,70430,409,384 36,422,142 229 TABLE No. V1IL— continued. APPENDIX (A 2.) Official value of Imports into Great-, China 3ritain from the East-Indies and ARTICLES. Years ending the 5th of January. 1809 or 1808. 1810 or 1809. 1811 or 1810. £ £ £ Borax, - Cassia lignea, ... Coffee, - Gum Arabic, ... Indigo, - Pepper, .... Piece goods, ... Rhubarb, ... - Salt-petre, - Silk, raw, Spices, - .Sugar, |Tea, .... 'Wool, cotton, All other articles, 7,975 3,451 2,961 3,107 717,205 62,254 730,413 655 68,521 182,593 137,005 81,252 3,567,812 145,741 137,704 2,136 325 19,911 629 293,751 21,612 164,614 5,085 46,495 93,105 41,902 29,239 2,164,396 318,707 161,118 j Total Imports from East-Indies ) and China, ~ ~ ? 5,848,649 3,363,025' - - 230 TABLE So. VIII. — CONTINUED. APPENDIX (B.) ^Official value of British produce and manufactures Exported from Great- Britain. Years ending the 5th c f January. 1809 I 1810 1811 ARTICLES. or or or 1808. 1809. 1810. £. £. £. 'Apparel, ... 250,o59 259,835 239,865 Bark, tar.ner's, 50,785 45,151 41,990 Beer, ... 65,001 65,727 72,493 Brass and copper, 354,607 403,429 356,577 Cabinet and upholstery ware, 64,122 78,955 93,163 .Coals, .... 526,845 405,634 509,991 Colors for painting, 129,285 196,968 187,047 iCordage, ... 32,621 46,385 63,052 Corn and flour, 134,055 70,541 44,152 Cotton manufactures, 12,835,803 18,634,614 18,041,633 Do. yarn, ... 575,015 1,097,536 1,075,187 Fish, .... 118,843 142,593 134,296 Glass and earthern ware, 183,643 240,123 236,314 Gun-powder, 33,428 32,417 31,300 Guns, .... 49,689 30,480 49,604 ! Haberdashery, 51,436 55,946 64,797 iHats, .... 261,112 335,941 327,884 Hops, 124,346 97,186 52,452 Iron k. steel, wrought &, unwro't, 1,178,524 1,391,761 1,577,462 'Lead and shot, 81,801 63,278 101,993 Leather, tanned and wrought, 191,474 179,945 186,573 Linens, ... 874,460 1,157,030 1,015,240 Musical instruments, 33,558 41,971 51,558! Oil, train, 26,025 52,499 54,779; Plate, plated ware L jewellery, 122,066 140,730 164,16s': Provisions, ... 154,294 139,132 125,249; Salt, 201,669 288,258 296,759; Silks, 128,775 190,177 188,023; Soap and candles, 89,528 129,703 120,353 : Stationary, 145,824 169,360 212,176: Sugar, refined, 918,304 1.3 16,769 1,220,498 Tin and pewter, 244,142 232,838 256,581: Woollen manufactures, 4,853,999 5,4 16.149 5,773,214 All other article-. Total, 1,576,324 1.925,991 35.104TT32 1,974,127, 26,691,962 34.940,550' 2,n TABLE No. VIII.— continued. APPENDIX (C.) Official value of Foreign and Colon ial Merchandize Exported fro;n\ Great-Bi itain. 1 Years ending 5th of January. 1809 1810 1811 ARTICLES. or or or 1808. 1809. 1810. £ £ £ Annotto, ... 3,670 7,931 28,427 Ashes, ... 17,127 21,003 184,452 Barilla, 8,951 3,065 70,683 Brimstone, 4,065 1,840 22,619 Cassia lignea, 4,068 13,741 3,666 Cochineal, 147,930 73,341 64,097 Cocoa, ... 57,377 144,254 38,494 Coffee, British plantations, 1,286,200 3,038,027 712,774 Do. foreign c'o. 561,720 2,807,133 741,398 Corn, grain, flour, and rice, 51,397 35,911 272,138 Cortex peruvianus, 44,780 92,377 127,686 Currants and raisins, 12,581 35,217 77,594 Fish, cod and herrings, 320,144 198,870 126,835 Flax and hemp, rough, 9,991 60,035 201,190 Hides, tanned and raw, 15,256 109.145 225,893 Jalap, - 2,469 5,319 40,315 Indigo, ... 323,107 636,807 491,298 Iron, bar, 86,231 112,551 167,916 Linens, foreign, 118,578 604,424 737,203 Pepper, 55,201 190,131 126,185 Piece goods of India, 822,345 1,179,728 1,082,115 Pimento, ... 15,926 50,119 29,740 Quicksilver, 17,819 11,757 6,209 Salt, 31,263 39,555 21,973 Salt petre, 33,673 13,200 13,627 Silk, raw and thrown, 55,264 85,960 92,917 Skins and fur«, 5,261 48,646 33,268 Spices, ... 128,579 192,620 161,188 Spirits, brandy and geneva, 252,630 271,647 251,695 Do. rum, 334,339 606,174 339,470 Sugar, British plantations, 513,500 679,281 193,620 Do. foreign do. 270,463 1,033,849 1,277.374 232 TABLE No. VIII.— continued. 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Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world — Balance of trade — Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles consumed in the United States, at different periods. Having presented an estimate of the amount of the trade of tlit United States with the different nations, with whicli they have any considerable commercial intercourse, we now give a general view of exports to each quarter of the world, from 1801 to 1812, accom- panied with some remarks relative to the balance of trade, between the United States and the rest of the world, with an estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles, annually consumed, at different periods. The following statement exhibits the value of merchandize, do- mestic and foreign, exported from the United States, to each quarter of the world, from 1801 to 1812 :— EVBOPE, ASIA. Domestic. Foreign. Domestic. Foreign. Years. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 1801 27,569,699 31,380,558 371,737 1,136,517 1802 19,904,389 23,575,108 547,386 820,423 1803 25,939,111 8,561,834 292,593 149,600 1 804 23,094,946 27,468,725 546,278 830,223 1805 23,610,776 36,341,320 612,683 2.156,229 1 806 24,384,020 40,267,711 514,621 1,968,8.60 1807 31,012,947 38,882,633 497,769 1,598,445 1808 5,185,720 7,202,232 26,649 267,542 1809 17,838,502 13,072,045 703,900 1,218,228 1810 27,202,534 17,786,614 377,795 406,646 1811 29,552,442 8,727,011 581,815 812,950 1812 20,626.188 5,644,433 31 308.510 588,2PM 2*2 AFKICA. W. IND1£S, AMERICAN CUSTJLSXHT, &.C Domestic. Foreign. Domestic. Foreign. Vears. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 1801 934,331 756,445 17,482,025 13,369,201 1802 747,544 411,855 14,982,854 10,967,585 1803 636,106 148,004 15,338,151 4,734,634 1804 1,264,737 681.499 16,561,516 7,251,150 1805 1,359,518 1,726,987 16,774,025 12,954,483 1806 1,371,475 901,916 14,983,611 17,144,759 1807 1,296,375 1,627,177 15,892,501 17,535,303 1808 278,544 218,950 3,939,633 5,308,690 1809 3,132,687 1,472,819 9,732,613 5,034,439 1810 2,549,744 722,777 12,236,602 5,475,258 1811 1,804,998 622,445 13,354,788 5,860,384 1812 1,235,457 197,587 7,861,655 2,064,808 It will be seen from this statement, taken from the custom-house books, that, in the most prosperous period of our commerce, when our exports amounted annually to more than one hundred millions of dollars, we exported to Europe, domestic produce of the value of more than twenty-six millions of dollars, and of foreign produce, more than thirty-eight millions of dollars ; to Asia, domestic produce of the value of about five hundred and forty thousand dollars, and foreign produce about one million and nine hundred thousand dollars ; to Africa, domestic produce of the value of about one million three hundred thousand dollars, and foreign produce, about one million four hundred thousand dollars ; and to the West-Indies and American continent, domestic produce, about fifteen million eight hundred and eighty thousand dollars, and foreign produce, about fifteen million eight hundred and seventy thousand dollars. The average amount of exportsof domestic produce during the years, 1805, 1806, and 1807, was $44,863,198 and of foreign produce, $57,701,937. Of the whole value of domestic produce, exported during this period, about hx tenths went to Europe, about four elevenths to the West-Indies and American continent, and less than one twentieth to Asia and Africa. In the preceding chapter, we have, as far as practicable, given an account of the value of our imports, at different periods, with the 243 countries from whence derived. It would have been fortunate, had the custom-house books furnished us with the annual value of our im- ports, as well as exports. This would have enabled us, with much more certainty, to ascer- tain the balance of trade, between the United States and other coun- tries. On the subject of the balance of trade, as it has been called, wri- ters on political economy have very widely differed. Assuming dif- ferent data as the basis of their calculations, they have come to differ- ent results. Some have considered the rate of exchange between two countries, as the best evidence of the balance of trade between them ; others have considered the value of exports and imports as the surest criterion, by which to judge of the increase or decrease of the wealth of a country, while some have maintained, that the rate of the inte- rest of money is to be taken into the account. A late celebrated French writer, in his able and learned inquiry into the various sys- tems of political economy, speaking of the " necessity of endeavour- ing to find out a way to know the balance of annual income, and an- nual consumption," asks this question, — " Is there any such way, that can be relied upon, as certain and positive . ? " And answers it by saying " there is none." " We must, as yet," says he, " be contented with mere conjecture, built upon an augmented population, and particularly upon the increase of the industrious classes and towns, upon the good condition of agricultural buildings, upon the number of acres cleared, or enclosed, and upon the facility with which the public contributions are collected. To these conjectures, some add, those resulting from the rate of interest of money ; but this conjec- ture is, in my opinion, erroneous and delusive. ; ' A high rate of interest is not always a proof of the declining wealth of a country ; on the contrary, it is a proof of its prosperity, when this prosperity is progressive. The interest of money must al- ways be very high in countries whose prosperity is progressive, be- cause its agriculture and manufactures, increasing with its popula- tion, are always requiring fresh capitals, the demand for which ne- cessarily keeps the rate of interest very high." It is not, however, our intention to enter into a consideration ol the various theories respecting the- balance of trade. Whatever 244 doubts may have perplexed writers on political economy, on the >!ib:. r> ct of the increase or decrease of wealth, or the balance of trade, anion" the old nations of Europe, there can be none with respect to this country. That the United States, since the establishment of the present go- vernment, and particularly until the commencement of commercial prohibitions, and the war between them and Great-Britain, have in- creased in wealth, as well as population, does not rest on conjecture. It is proved by the great increase of their exports and imports, by the increase of the duties on imports and tonnage, by the unexampled increase of their commercial tonnage, by the accumulation of wealth in ail their cities, towns, and villages, by the establishment of various monied institutions, and of manufactures, by the great rise in the va- lue oi' lands, and by various internal improvements. If we are to form an opinion of the increase of our national wealth, by a compar- ative view of our exports and import- alone, Ave shall be equally cer- tain, that this opinion does not rest on conjecture. It is true with nations, as with individuals, if their annual con- sumption exceeds their annual income : if the actual value of the articles imported into any country, and there consumed, annually ex- ceeds the actual value of the articles exported in payment for them, that country must become indebted to the amount of the difference, and if this difference be great, and continues for a number of years, lhat country must be proportionally impoverished. In determining, however, the increase or decrease of national wealth, by a compari- son of imports and exports, we are in the first place to inquire how, or in what manner, this value has been ascertained : a second ques- tion may also arise, whether the imports are all annually consumed in the country, or whether a part of them go to form an addition to the productive capital. The modes of valuing exports and imports are different in different countries. In England, the rates at which the exports and imports are valued, were settled in 1696. The value of all articles at that period, ex- ported or imported, was fixed, and the value of all the exports and imports of that country has ever since been stated in their custom- house books at the rates then established. This is called the official value in the English accounts of export's and imports. In conse- 245 quence of the great rise in most if not all the articles of trade, for more than a century past, this official value is much less than the real or actual value. The difference in some articles is very great, in most it amounts to forty, fifty, and sixty per cent. In 1807, the of- ficial value of the exports of British produce and manufacture was £24,550,724, but the real or declared value, as ascertained by the inspector-general of imports and exports and laid before parliament, was £39,041,854. In the United States, as we have before observed, the value of ex- ports is stated according to the average prices of the articles, at the places of exportation. In 1807, the average price of tobacco, for instance, at the places from whence it was exported was eighty-eight dollars per hogshead, and the value of all the tobacco exported dur- ing that year was calculated at that price. The value of the im- ports, so far as they are ascertained at the custom-house, (and they are ascertained only on goods subject to the payment of duties ad valorem) is determined by law, as follows, viz. — " by adding twenty per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if imported from tlie Cape of Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same, and ten per cent, on the actual cost thereof, if imported from any other place or coun- try, including all charges, commissions, outside packages and insu- rance only excepted." From this, it will readily be perceived that the value of imports of the United States, as estimated in their cus- tom-house books, must, generally, if not always, exceed that of their exports. In the preceding Tables, containing the exports and im- ports from 1795 to 1801, it will be perceived that the value of the latter exceeds that of the former in each year. In 1803 , the value of imports (as estimated at the place of importation) was $11 1,363,51 1, and the value of exports only $93,020,573, making a difference of $18,343,938. In 1807, our exports were valued at $108,343,150, and the imports at $138,574,876 84 cents, making a difference of $30,231,726. The value of the imports in 1807, it will be remem- bered, was estimated from the prices at which the same articles when exported in the same year were valued at the custom-house. Indeed, from this mode of calculating their value, and from the cir- cumstance that American merchants have been, for many years, prin- • ipally their own carriers, however paradoxical it may appear, it is 246 nevertheless true that the real gain of the United States has been nearly in proportion as their imports have exceeded their exports. This will be evident from a simple statement in respect to a single voyage. A vessel carries a cargo of flour to Spain or Portugal, say five thousand barrels. This was valued in 1811, at-$9 50 cents per barrel, making the value of the cargo, at the place of exportation, $47,500. This flour would bring the shipper in Spain, say fifteen dollars per barrel, making the value of the cargo at a foreign port, $75,000, the difference being $27,500. 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X ■* 1-1 CO CTl to oo oT bT tO^ CO t^ CTl oT CO^ W ■* bT c? to" i-i to CM i-t to" CM CO •* ■-<« 3 »o b. i-t CTl to iH CT> °i, to oC CO ctT 3 to 3 'n >o CO r-l CO r-i 00 CO f hT b» CTl ■* ■* ■* Tp to CTi CM h- to bl vT "* o b- to CM o 3 CM 3 3 to CO i-H CTi ,H b- *4jn b- i-KO >o CM o CO CM »n oT i-l ■*■ CO to CO CO CM CM * 00 to ■* CM 3 X i-H CO 3 »0 CTl CO CO 3 bT CT> (N b. in 1-1 to a ,-v*^\ ^/»/-\ (-%/•> r***^\ CO O CM to c x CI ' +J CTl u • +- CTl •5 - C b- 2 tH ■3 « C b- "^ £3 •^_ X O 1 . a cti C 3 O CTl is . b- 5 d b- -: h- S 1 a i c **^ 5 => ^ CO i s£ is I « rH xf^ 3 I-H br.tc 1 ® "* 7 s oj o ^ 2 « 4) -^ ! L.r!_._ <; r- 1 <. 1 ^ 5 tr fti w m o X r-l C <; r? c^ i-i E P- m w s s & S 252 TABLE No. II. Statement exhibiting the amount or value of goods paying duties ad va- lorem imported into the United States, together with the duties accru- ing thereon — also the amount or value of the same goods exported ; distinguishing those entitled to drawback and those not entitled to drawback. Value of : Value of Value of goods ex- | goods ex- goods im- ported pay-:ported pay- TEARS. ported pay- Duties. ing duties ad ing duties ing duties valorem enti- ad val. not ad valorem. tled to draw- entitled to back. drawback. 1801 55,569,255 7,070,430 - - ] 802 37,546,051 4,960,123 - - 1803 36,842,865 4,850,630 - - 1804 43,481,363 5,664,797 - - 1805 49,148,064 6,410,440 7,861,744 5,617,889 1806 54,832,896 7,162,099 10,121,468 6,066,099 1S07 57,820,532 7,560,929 11,047,359 5,437,034 1808 21,216,935 2,739,375 2, 50,192 1,443,198 1809 28,549,588 3,806,263 3,587,209 1,759,216 1810 52,476,125 6,814,255 3,791,835 2,837,076 1811 21,874,953 2,820,166 3,535,318 3,120,884 1812 24,729,282 5,782,144 1,630,122/ 888,900 The importations in these statements are from 1st January, 1801, to theSlsl December, 1812, and the exports from the 1st of October, 1801, to the 30th September, 1812. 253 o •~ 53 a 3 ~i: « 5 S.^2 5p b ^ -a >- o 1; -2 ^ — EC -". — X co -* 35 3 — Tfl — 05 u to co X co r- cc ~i r- CO l- 35 35 X &4 t> X o LQ lO • ~ 3 f^- C2 ~~ " — f— ~ "!t ~ ©» i~ j. 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I 1 Dist. of N.Carolina, East, Tennessee, West Tennessee South-Carolina, Georgia, Ter. of Orleans, Mississippi, Louisiana, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Dist. of Columbia, CHAPTER VIII. Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Funded, and on what terms — Sinking Fund — Increase or decrease of the debt at differ- ent periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at the time of the declara- tion of the late war between the United States and Great -Britain — Its in- crease since — Amount and terms of the late loans, and issues of Treasury Notes — Sketch of the national debt and sinking fund of Great-Britain, We have before stated, that in April, 1783, the debt of the Unit- ed States (exclusive of the State debts) was estimated at $42,000,375 and that from that time, to the commencement of the present go- vernment, a small part only of the interest of this sum was paid. The attention of the first Congress was early called to the subject of supporting public credit, and of making provision for the payment of the public debt. The first House of Representatives, under the constitution, directed the Secretary of the Treasury, to prepare and report a plan for the support of public credit. The Secretary, in pursuance of such direction, made a report on the subject, the 9th of January, 1790, which afterwards became the basis of the various laws passed by congress for funding and paying the public debt. By this report, the whole debt of the United States, foreign and domestic, liquidated and unliquidated, was estimated at $54,124,464 and 56 cents. The principal of the foreign debt, was - $10,070,307 Arrears of interest to the last day of December, 1789. - - - 1,640,071 62 $11,710,378 62 262 The foreign debt consisted of loans from governments and indivi- duals in Europe, as follows, viz. — CAPITAL SUMS BORROWED. Livres. Dolls. Cts. Of the royal French treasury, on interest at five per cent. - - - 24,000,000 In Holland, guaranteed by the French court, at four per cent. - - 10,000,000 Livres 34,000,000 6,296,296 Of the royal Spanish treasury, at five per cent. - - - - - 174,012 Florins. Lenders in Holland, first loan, five per cent. - - 5,000,000 second loan, four per cent. - 2,000,000 third loan, five per cent. - 1,000,000 fourth loan, five per cent. 1,000,000 9,000,000 3,600,000 $10,070,301 ARREARAGES OE IM'EREST TO olST DECEMBER, 1789- ON THE FRENCH LOAN. Livres. Dolls. Cts 1739, Jan. 1 , 5 yrs. interest on the 6,000,000 at five per cent. - - 277,777 77 Sept. 3, six years interest on the 18,000,000 at five per cent. - - 999,999 96 Nov. 5, four years interest on the 10,000,000 at four per cent. - - 296,296 263 ON THE SPANISH LOAN. Dolls. Cts. Arrearages on the Spanish loan of $ 174,01 1 to 21st March 1782, at 5 per ct. - 5,093 27 March 21, seven years interest on do. 60,904 62 1,640,071 62 $11,710,378 62 The principal of the Inundated domestic debt was $27,383,917 74 The arrears of interest to the end of 1790, amount to - - - 13,030,168 20 $40,414,085 9- The unliquidated debt was estimated at 2,000,000 Making together, - - $54,124,464 56 The state debts, including interest, were estimated at $25,000,000. la this report, the Secretary recommends to Congress an assumption of the state debts, with like provision for payment as the debts of the union, as " a measure of sound policy and substantial justice." If the United States should assume the state debts, the whole debt, to be provided for by the general government, would amount to about se- venty-nine millions of dollars, and the annual interest to $4,587,444 and 81 cents, as estimated in the report. It was doubted by the Secretary, whether, in addition to the other expenses of the government, it was in the power of the United States " to make a secure and effectual provision for so large a sum, on the terms of the original contracts." On this subject he says " the in- teresting problem now occurs : Is it in the power of the United States, consistently with those prudential considerations, which ought not to be overlooked, to make provision equal to the purpose of fund- ing the whole debt, at the rates of interest which it now bears, in ad- dition to the sum which will bo necessary for the current service ct (he {rovernmf nt ? 26i • v The Secretary will not say that such a provision would exceed the abilities of this country ; but he is clearly of opinion, that to make it, would require the extension of taxation to a degree, and to objects, which the true interest of the public forbids. It is therefore to be hoped, and even to be expected, that they will cheerfully con- cur in such modifications of their claims, on fair and equitable princi- ples, as will facilitate to the government an arrangement substantial, durable, and satisfactory to the community. It will not be forgotten, that exigencies may, ere long, arise, which would call for resources, greatly beyond what is now deemed sufficient for the current service ; and that, should the faculties of the country be exhausted or even strained to provide for the public debt, there could be less reliance on the sacredness of the provision. " But while the Secretary yields to the force of these considera- tions, he does not lose sight of those fundamental principles of good faith, which dictate, that every practicable exertion ought to be made, scrupulously to fulfil the engagements of the government ; that no change in the rights of its citizens ought to be attempted without their voluntary consent ; and that this consent ought to be voluntary in fact, as well as in name. Consequently, that every pro- posal of a change ought to be in the shape of an appeal to their rea- son and to their interest ; not to their necessities. To this end it is re- quisite, that a. fair equivalent should be offered for what may be ask- ed to be given up, and unquestionable security for the remainder. Without this, an alteration, consistently with the credit and honour of die nation, would be impracticable." With these views, he submits to the consideration of Congress, va- rious plans and propositions for the modification, security, and pay- ment of the domestic debt. The main object of all his propositions was either to lower the rate of interest, or to postpone the payment of the interest, or a part of the sum, to a distant day, with the con- sent of the creditors themselves. On the 14th of August, 1790, Con- gress passed " an act making provision for the debt of the United States. 1 ' This act proposed a loan of the whole of the domestic debt. The terms of the loan were, that two thirds of the principal of the debt subscribed should draw an interest of six per cent, per annum., from a ntL after the first day of January, 1791. and the remaining 265 third of the principal, to draw the same interest, from and after the year 1800 ; the interest on both to be payable quarter yearly ; and that so much of the debt subscribed, as consisted of arrears of interest, should, from and after the first day of January, 1791, bear an interest of three per cent. By the same act, Congress assumed twenty-one and a half millions of the debts of the several states ; and the sums assumed were ap- portioned to each state. This sum was also to be loaned to the Unit, ed States, by the individuals who held certain evidences of state debts, on the following terms, viz. Each subscriber to be entitled to one certificate for the sum equal to four ninths of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, commencing the first day of January, 1792 ; to another certificate for a sum equal to two ninths of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of six per cent, after the year 1800 ; and to a third certificate, for a sum equal to three ninths of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of three per cent, from the first day of January, 1792. This act was, at first, limited to one year, but was afterwards extended until the whole of the assumed debt was subscribed, and nearly the whole of the domestic debt of the United States. On the 31st day of December, 1794, the amount of the domestic or original debt of the United States, which was sub- scribed and funded according to the provisions of law, (including the debt standing to the credit of individual states, being balances found due to them on a final settlement of accounts between them and the United States, and including also, that which, previous to that time, had been purchased by the commissioners of the sinking fund,) was as follows, viz. Six per cent, stock, - $20,925,894 39 Deferred stock, .... 10,462,947 61 Three per cent, stock, - - 13.394.280 0] The amount of funded assumed debt, (including that purchased or redeemed by the commissioner* of U 260 the sinking iund,) on the last day of December, 1794; was as follows, viz. — Six per cent, stock, - - $8,120,836 23 Deferred stock, - - - 4,060,417 84 Three per cent, stock, 6,090,560 67 Making in the whole six per cent, stock, - $29,046,730 62 Deferred stock, - - 14,523,365 45 Three per cent, stock, - 19,484,840 68 $63,054,936 75 Redeemed by purchase, - 2,265,022 57 Total due, December 31st, 1794,* $60,789,914 18 The total amount of the unredeemed debt of the United States, botli foreign and domestic, and the particulars of which it consisted, on tht 31st day of December, 1794, was as follows, viz. — Foreign debt, $14,599,129 35 Deduct instalments of foreign debt in the year 1795, to be paid out of proceeds of foreign loans, - - 853,750 13,745,379 35 Funded domestic debt, viz. 1. Arising from original domestic debt, subscribed to loan pro- posed by funding act, Stock bearing present inte- rest of six per cent. $17,912,138 Of Stock bearing a future inte- rest of six per cent. - 8,538,228 97 Stock bearing interest of three per cent. - 12,275,347 55 * See Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1795 26? 2, Arising from state debts assumed, Stock bearing present inte- rest of six per cent. - $7,908,374 19 Stock bearing a future inte- rest of six per cent. - 3,940,608 96 Stock bearing an interest of three per cent. - 5,994,115 70 3. Arising from balances to creditor states, Stock bearing present inte- rest of six per cent. - 2,345,056 Stock bearing a future inte- rest of six per cent. - 1,172,528 Stock bearing an interest of three per cent. - 703,516 80 60,789.914 18 Unsubscribed debt, viz. Principal, exclusive of loan office certificates, bearing inte- rest, on nominal value, - $1,072,583 40 Interest thereupon, including indents, Principal of loan office certi- ficates, bearing interest on no- minal sum, Interest thereupon, Total of unredeemed debt, This is exclusive of a sum of $1,400,000 due to the bank of the United States, on account of the loan of $2,000,000 had of that in- stitution, pursuant to the eleventh section of the act by which it is incorporated, and which is not included in the mass of the debt, be- cause it is more than counter-balanced, by a greater value in stock 452,826 74 27,937 7,830 i £fii i7r. i, - $76,096,468 67 268 It is also exclusive of those loans, which are temporary anticipations of the revenue. The United States, by the terms of the loan, reserved to them- selves the right of paying the six per cent, and deferred stock, in any sum, not exceeding eight per cent, per annum, both on account of principal and interest ; and the three per cents, were redeemable at the pleasure of the United States. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his report of January, 1790, on the subject of funding the debt, proposes not only that funds be ap- propriated for the punctual payment of the interest, but that perma- nent funds, be also provided for the ultimate extinguishment of the debt itself. On this subject he says, " Persuaded as the Secretary is, that the proper funding of the present debt will render it a national blessing ; yet he is so far from acceding to the position, in the latitude, it is sometimes laid down, that ' public debts are public blessings,' a posi- tion inviting to prodigality and liable to danger and abuse, that he ar- dently wishes to see incorporated, as a fundamental maxim, in the sys- tem of public credit of the United States, that the creation of a debt should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment. This he regards as the true secret for rendering public credit immor- tal — and he presumes that it is difficult to conceive a situation in which there may not be an adherence to the maxim. At least, he feels an unfeigned solicitude, that this may be attempted by the United States, and that they may commence their measures for the establishment of credit, with the observance of it." In pursuance of these views of the Secretary, provision was made by law first for the punctual payment of the interest of this debt, and afterwards for the reimbursement and redemption of the principal ; and funds were appropriated and pledged for those purposes. Prior to the year 1795, the permanent duties on imported articles, the tonnage duties, the duties on spirits distilled within the United Slates, and on stills, after reserving out of the same, $G00,000 per annum, for the support of the government of the United States, and their common defence, were appropriated and pledged — 1 st. For the payment of the interest on foreign loans. 269 2d. For the payment of the interest on stock created by the loan of the domestic or original debt of the United States. 3d. For the payment of the interest of the assumed debt. 4th. For the payment of the interest on the balances due to the credi- tor states. These appropriations had priorities according to the order in which they are enumerated. A fund was also created, previous to the year 1795, for the re- demption of the debt, which was called " the sinking fund,*' and was placed under the management of the President of the Senate, the Chief Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney -General for the time being, who were called Commissioners of ' ; the sinking fund." This fund consisted — 1st. Of the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of the year 1790. 2d. The proceeds of loans, not exceeding $2,000,000, authorized to be borrowed for that purpose. 3d. The interest on the public debt, purchased, redeemed, or paid into the treasury, together with the surplusses, if any, of monies appropriated for interest. 4th. The avails of the public lands. This fund was to be applied by the Commissioners, with the ap- probation of the President of the United States, as follows, viz. : — 1st. To purchases of the debt, till the fund is equal to two percent. of the outstanding stock, then bearing an interest of six per cent. 2d. To the redemption of that stock ; and lastly, to purchases of any unredeemed residue of the public debt. There was reserved, however, out of this fund, a sum not exceed- ing eight per cent, per annum, towards the payment of interest, and reimbursing of the principal of the loans made for purchases of the debt. The amount of the debt purchased by the Commissioners of the sinking fund up to December 31st, 1794, was $2,265,022 and 56 cents. 270 On the 19th of November, 1794, President Washington, in hi< speech to Congress, at the opening of their session, recommended that further provision be made for the security of public credit, and the ultimate redemption of the public debt, in the following words. — " The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fis- cal measures, has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open the way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt. Tt is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to consummate this work without delay. Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit, cannot be benefitted by procrastination ; and as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumu- lation of debt, which must ultimately endanger all governments." The Secretary of the Treasury, according with the views of the President on this subject, on the 16th of January, 1795, submitted to Congress, a plan for the further support of public credit. This plan, drawn up with great ability, recommended the adoption of a perma- nent system for the ultimate extinguishment of the whole debt of the United States. For this purpose, he proposed an increase of the sinking fund, by adding thereto duties on imports and tonnage, on spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, the avails of the sales of public lands, the dividends on bank stock belonging to the United States, and the interest of the money which should be re- deemed, and that there should be appropriated to the same fund, all monies, which should be received from debts due to the United States, antecedent to the present constitution, and all surplusses of the amount of revenue of the United States, which should remain at the end of any calendar year, beyond the amount of the appropriations charged upon them, and which, during the session of Congress com- mencing next thereafter, should not be specially appropriated. That this fund be applied to the payment and redemption of the six per cent, and deferred stock, (excluding that standing to the credit of the Commissioners of the sinking fund, and also that standing to the credit of particular states, on account of the balances reported in their fa- vour, by the Commissioners for settling accounts between the United 271 States and individual gtates,) according to the right reserved to the United States ; that is, to the payment annually, of eight per cent, on account of the principal and interest, and to continue until the whole of the same should be paid and redeemed, and after such re- demption, the same fund to continue appropriated, until the residue of the debt of the United States, foreign and domestic, funded and unfunded, should be redeemed and discharged. The Secretary also proposed, that the faith of the United States should be firmly pledged to the creditors, that this fund should be in- violably applied to the redemption, payment, and purchase of the whole debt of the United States, until the same was fully completed ; and that for this purpose, the said fund should be vested in the Com- missioners of the sinking fund, " as property in trust." He also pro- posed, that all priorities before established, in the appropriations for the funded debt, as between different parts of it after the year 1796, should cease unless dissented to, by the creditors ; and that the rev- enue thus appropriated, should constitute a common or consolidated fund, chargeable indiscriminately and without priority. The remarks of the Secretary, on the danger of a great accumula- tion of public debt, and on the necessary means to prevent it, are too important not to merit a place here. — " There is no sentiment," he says in his report, " which can better deserve the serious attention of the Legislature of a country, than the one expressed in the speech of the President ; which indicates the danger to every government, from the progressive accumulation of debt. A tendency to it is per- haps the natural disease of all governments ; and it is not easy to con- ceive any thing more likely than this to lead to great and convulsive revolutions of empires. On the one hand, the exigencies of a nation creating new causes of expenditure, as well from its own, as frojai the ambition, rapacity, injustice, intemperance and folly of other nations, proceed in unceasing and rapid succession. On the other, there is a general propensity in those, who administer the affairs of government, founded in the constitution of man, to shift off the burden from the present to a future day ; a propensity which may be expected to ! )e strong in proportion as the form of the state is popular. " To extinguish a debt, which exists, and to avoid contractin * more, arc ideas almost always favoured bv public feeling; and onin • 272 ion ; but to pay taxes lor the one or other purpose, which are the only means to avoid the evil, is always more or less unpopular. These contradictions are in human nature. And the lot of a country would be enviable indeed, in which there were not always men ready to turn them to the account of their own popularity, or to some other sinister account. Hence it is no uncommon spectacle to see the same men clamouring for occasions of expense, when they happen to be in unison with the present humour of the community, well or ill di- rected, declaiming against a public debt, and for the reduction of it, as an abstract thesis ; yet, vehement against every plan of taxation which is proposed to discharge old debts, or to avoid new, by defray- ing the expenses of exigencies a> they emerge. " These unhandsome acts throw artificial embarrassments in the way of the administrators of governments ; and cooperating with the desire, which they themselves are too apt to feel, to conciliate public favour by declining to lay unnecessary burdens, or with the fear of lo- sing it, by imposing them with firmness, serve to promote the accumu- lation of debt ; by leaving that, which at any time exists, with- out adequate provision for its reimbursement, and by preventing the laying with energy new taxes, where new occasions of expense occur. The consequence is, that the public debt swells, till its magnitude be- comes enormous, and the burthens of the people gradually increase, till their weight becomes intolerable. Of such a state of things great disorder in the whole political economy, convulsions and revolutions of governments are a natural offspring. " There can be no more sacred obligation, then, on the public agents of a nation, than to guard, with provident foresight and inflexi- ble perseverance, against so mischievous a result. True patriotism and genuine policy cannot, it is respectfully observed, be better de- monstrated by those of the United States at the present juncture, than by improving efficiently the very favourable situation in which they stand, for extinguishing, with reasonable celerity, the actual debt of the country, and for laying the foundations of a system which may shield posterity from the consequences of the usual improvidence and selfishness of its ancestors ; and which, if possible, may give immor- tality to public credit." On the policy of establishing a sinking fund, and of rendering it? 273 application to any other object, than that for which it is appropriated, inviolable, the Secretary, in the same Report, says " The intent is to secure, by all the sanctions of which the subject is susceptible, an invi- olable application of the fund according to its destination. No ex- pedients more powerful can be devised for this purpose, than to clothe it with the character of private property, and to engage absolutely the faith of the government, by making the application of it to the object, a part of the contract with the creditors. But is this necessary ? " Its necessity rests upon these cogent reasons. The inviolable ap- plication of an adequate sinking fund is the only practicable security against an excessive accumulation of debt, and the essential basis of a permanent national credit. " Experience has shewn, in countries the most attentive to the principles of public credit, that a simple appropriation of the sinking fund is not a complete barrier against its being diverted when imme- diate exigencies press. The causes which have been stated, with another view, tempt the administrators of government to lay hold of this resource, rather than impose new taxes. " This indicates the utility of endeavouring to give, by additional sanctions, inviolability to the fund. " But will those proposed answer the end ? They are the most effi- cacious that can be imagined ; and they are likely to be entirely effi- cacious. "• They cannot be disregarded without a breach of faith and con- tract, destroying credit, and that at a juncture, when it is most indis- pensable ; the emergencies which induce a diversion of the fund are those in which loans, and consequently credit, are most needed." In pursuance of the plan suggested by the Secretary, an act was passed by Congress, on the 3d day of March 1795, " making furthei provision tor the support of public credit, and for the redemption of the public debt." By this act the following additional appropriations are made to the sinking fund, viz. — " First. So much of the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares, and merchandize, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, as together with the monies, which now constitute the said fund, and shall accrue to it, by virtue nj 274 the provisions herein before made, and by the interest upon each in- stalment, or part of principal, which shall be reimbursed, will be suffi- cient, yearly and every year, commencing the 1st day of January next, to reimburse and pay so much as may rightfully be reimbursed and paid of the principal of that part of the debt or stock, which on the said first day of January next, shall bear an interest of six per cent, redeemable on account, both of principal and interest, not exceeding in one year eight per centum, excluding that which shall stand to the credit of the Commissioners of the sinking fund, and that which shall stand to the credit of certain states, in consequence of the balan- ces reported in their favour by the Commissioners for settling account- between the United States and individual states. " Secondly. The dividends, which shall be, from time to time, de- clared on so much of the stock of the bank of the United States, as be- longs to the United States (deducting thereout such sums as will be re- quisite to pay interest on any part remaining unpaid of the loan of two millions of dollars, had of the bank of the United States, pursuant to the eleventh section of the act, by which the said bank is incorpora- ted.) " Thirdly. So much of the duties on goods, wares, and merchan- dize imported, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits dis- tilled within the United States, and on stills, as with the said divi- dends, after such deduction, will be sufficient, yearly and every year, to pay the remaining instalments of the principal of said loan, as they shall become due, and as together with any other monies which, by virtue of provisions in former acts, and herein before made, shall on the 1st of January, in 1802, belong to the said sinking fund, not oth- erwise specially appropriated ; and with the interest on each instal- ment, or part of principal, which shall, from time to time, be reim- bursed, or paid, of that part of the debt or stock, which on the first day of January, 1801, shall begin to bear an interest of six per cent, per annum, will be sufficient, yearly and every year, commencing on the 1st day of January, 1802, to reimburse and pay so much as may rightfully be reimbursed and paid, of the said principal of the said •Icbt or stock, Lc. ■ ; Fourthly. The net proceeds of the sales of land-, beionsine;, or 275 which shall hereafter belong to the United States, in the western ter ritory thereof. " Fifthly. All monies, which shall be received into the Treasury, on account of debts due to the United States, by reason of any mat- ter prior to their present constitution. " And lastly : All surplusses of revenues of the United States, which shall remain, at the end of any calendar year, beyond the amount of the appropriations charged upon the said revenues, and which, during the session of Congress next thereafter, shall not be otherwise special- ly appropriated, or reserved by law." By the same act, the monies thus appropriated to the sinking fund, were placed under the direction and management of the Commission- ers of that fund ; and were to continue so appropriated, until the whole debt of the United States should be reimbursed and redeemed : and were declared to be vested in said Commissioners, in trust, to be applied to the reimbursement and redemption of the whole of said debt. And the faith of the United States was also pledged, " that the mo- nies or funds aforesaid shall inviolably remain and be appropriated and vested, to be applied to the reimbursement and redemption, in manner aforesaid, until the same shall be fully and completely effect- ed." The Commissioners were also authorized, if necessary , with the ap- probation of the President of the United States, for the purpose of pay- ing any instalments of the debt, which might become due, to borrow the sums required. This power was entrusted with the Commission- ers, in order to give complete security to the creditors, for the punc- tual payment of the principal, as well as the interest of the debt, ac- cording to the terms of the contracts. The reason for vesting the Com- missioners with this power, is given by the Secretary in his Report : " It is proposed to authorize the Commissioners of the sinking fund to provide by new loans for the reimbursement of the instalments which from time to time accrue. This is on the ground that it is es- sential to the perfection of the system of redemption, that all iht- means of ultimate execution should be organized in it. and that there >hould be no need of future provision.'" 276 The Commissioners were directed, to apply this fund — 1st. To the payment of eisht per cent, per annum, l»oth on ac- count of principal and interest, on the six per cent, stock, commenc- ing the reimbursement on the 1st day of January, 1796. 2d. To the payment of the loan had of the bank of the United States. 3d. To the payment of eight per cent, per annum, on account of principal and interest, on the deferred stock, commencing the reim- bursement on the 1st day of January, 1802, and 4th. To apply the surplus of the fund, towards the redemption of the debt, both foreign and domestic, by payment, or purchase, until the same should be fully paid or redeemed. By on act passed the 28th of April, 1796, the Commissioners were directed to pay this eight per cent, in the manner following, viz. — On the stock then bearing an interest of six per cent. 1st. By divi- dends to be made on the last days of March, June, and September, in each year, from 1796 to 1818, inclusive, at the rate ot one and one half per cent, upon the original capita'l. 2d. By dividends to be made on the last day of December, 1796, and from 1797 to 1817, inclusive, on the last day of December in each year, at the rate of three and one half per cent, upon the origin- al capital, and by a dividend to be made on the last day of Decem- ber, 1818. of such a sum, as will be then adequate, according to the contract, for the final redemption o'" the debt. The dividends on the deferred stock, to be made from the year 1801 to the year 1824, in like manner and proportion. By this permanent arrangement for the final payment of the do- mestic debt, the holders of six per cent, and deferred stock, were to receive an annuity of eight per cent, on their capital, until the whole should be paid. This annuity, it was found on calculation, would extinguish the capital of the six per cent, stock, on the last day of December, lr>18, and of the deferred stock, on the last of December. 1824, 277 The following was the state of the public debt, on the 1st day oi January, 1800 : — Guilders Dolls. Dolls. Cts Foreign debt, due in Amster- dam and Antwerp, - 26,900,000 10,760,000 Premiums payable on the loan of 9th March, 1784, 147,500 59,000 10.819,000 27,047,500 Domestic debt. viz. six per cent, stock, - - $30,087,650 5 Amount passed to the credit of the sinking fund. - 1,841,607 9 ,428,246,042 9K Deduct instalments reimburs- ed to the close of the year 1799, - - $3,215,575 37 Amount to be reimbursed, $25,030,467 59 Deferred stock, - $14,649,320 21 Amount passed to the credit of the sinking fund, - 966,376 4 $13,682,944 17 Three per cent, stock. - $19,701,545 1 Amount passed to the credit of the sinking fund, - 614,836 47 $19,086,708 54 Five and one half per cent. stock, - - - $1,848,900 Amount passed to the credit of the sinking fund. - 1,400 $1,847,500 278 Dolls Four and one half per cent, stock, - 176,000 Six per cent, stock per act of 31st May, 1796, .... 80,000 Six per cent, navy stock, issued, - 109,200 Six per cent, navy stock, to be issued, 820,000 Eight per cent, stock issued in 1799, 5,000,000 •$65,832,820 30 Total amount of the unredeemed capitals of the foreign and domestic funded debt on the 1st of January, 1800, - - - $76,651,820 30 TEMPORARY LOANS. Sums obtained of the bank of the United States, in anticipation of the revenue at five per cent. - - - $1,400,000 Sums obtained at six per cent. - 1 ,840,000 Sums due on the subscription loan for stock, - - - 400,000 $3,640,000 Deduct the cost of two thousand two hundred and twenty shares owned by the United States, - 888,000 2,752,000 Debt of the United States, January 1st, 1800, $79,403,820 30 The above account of the state of the public debt was laid before a Committee of the House of Representatives, appointed on the 20th ol March, 1800, " to examine the accounts of the United State* relating to the public debt, and to report the amount respectively incurred and extinguished, and generally such facts as relate to the increase or diminution of the same, since the establishment of the government of the United States, under the present constitution ;" and was by them 279 reported to the House. This Committee also reported the following as a " Statement of debts contracted under the present Government of the United States, and of debts of the late Government discharged, up to January 1st, 1800, viz. : — DEBTS CONTRACTED. Five and an half per cent, stock issued for an equal amount due to France, ... - $1,848,900 Four and an half per cent. do. do. - 176,000 Six per cent, stock per act of May 31st, 1796, - 80,000 Navy stock issued and to be issued, - - 929,200 Eight per cent, stock, .... 5,000,000 Temporary loans, - - - $3,640,000 Deduct bank shares, - 888,000 2,752.0 Amount of debts contracted, - $10,786,100 DEBTS DISCHARGED. Foreign debt, January 1st, 1791, $12,343,437 8" Ditto January 1st, 1800, 10,819,000 -*- Foreign debt, reduced, - $1,524,437 87 Six per cent, stock purchased or redeemed, - 1,841,607 9 Three per cent. do. do. - 614,836 47 Deferred stock do. do. - 966,376 4 Five and an half per cent, stock, ... 1,400 Reimbursement of the six per cent, stock to the close of the year 1799, - - - 3,215,575 37 Amount of debts discharged, - $8,164,232 84 It may be observed, that the five and an half and four and an halt per cent, stock, was issued for the balance due to France, on account of the former loans from the French Government: during the revoju- 280 tionary war, and was made payable at the pleasure of the Govern- ment. The eighty thousand six per cent, stock was obtained on loan in the United States, in 1796, in pursuance of an act of Congress of May 31st of that year. The whole loan authorized by that act, and which was to be made by the Commissioners of the sinking fund, with the approbation of the President, was five millions of dollars, to be ap- plied to the payment of the capital, or principal of any parts of the debt of the United States then due, or to become due, in the course of that year, to the bank of the United States, or to the bank of New- York, or for any instalment of foreign debt. Books were opened for the whole sum, but eighty thousand dollars only were subscribed, and which was irredeemable, until the close of the year 1819. The navy six per cent, stock was issued or agreed to be issued, to certain persons, who built vessels of war, for the United States, in the years 1798 and 1799, and for which they agreed to receive in payment six per cent, stock payable at pleasure : and hence it has been generally denominated, navy six per cent, stock. The eight per cent, stock of five millions was issued in conse- quence of a loan, opened in the United States, in pursuance of an act authorizing the same, passed July 16th, 1798, and was redeemable after the year 1808. The temporary loans were in anticipation of the revenue,* and for -ubscription to the bank of the United States. The views taken by the Committee above referred to, as to the amount of public debt, at various periods, from the commencement of the Government, and as to its increase or diminution, jnay not be un- interesting. The Committee in their report say " The order of the House having particularly directed the attention of the Committee to the increase or diminution of debt, they have thought it their duty to bring into view the amount of debt with which the present Government commenced its operations, and to contrast the same with the balance of debt on the first of January in the present year. In discharging this duty, it will become necessary to explain the principles on which * The foreign debt was due in Holland, and was payable there, in unequui annual instalments, the last of which was due in ISO* 1 . 281 these statements rest ; which the Committee will do in as concise a manner as possible. But before they enter upon this detail, they cannot forbear to express the satisfaction which they feel in declaring, that the documents which have been obtained from the Treasury will, in their opinion, fully demonstrate the precision and abili- ty with which the business of that department has been conducted, and that by the fiscal operations of the government, the public debt has been diminished. 1 ' " In ascertaining the amount of the old debt, two different principles have been taken by those, who have made their calculations on this subject. The first has been to include only the interest upon the debt to the close of the year 1789, as the nearest convenient period to the day, when the government commenced its operations, and after deducting from the aggregate of debt, the amount of funds then in the power of the government, to consider the balance as the amount of old debt. " The second principle has been, to take the amount of debt, a;- the same has been liquidated and funded under various acts of Con- gress, and after deducting therefrom the funds acquired or possessed by the government at the close of the year 1790, to consider the ba- lance as constituting the true amount of old debt. The difference be- tween these principles consists in this : by the last mode of computa- tion, the interest, which accumulated upon the debt, subsequent to the close of the year 1789, and until the debt was funded and provided for by law, is considered as a part of the old debt, whereas by the first mode of computation that interest is totally excluded. " In consequence of a difference in opinion, which it is understood still exists on this point, the Committee have thought proper to state the debt in both modes, that the result in both cases may be perfectly understood. " The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Jan- uary, 1790, as appears by statement No. 9, amounted to - $72,237,301 97 " The funds then in possession of the government, and to be deducted, were — 3f> 2S2 •' Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 1790, ... - $28,239 61 " Cash in the hands of Collectors, 83,127 84 " Bonds at the custom-house, - 590,468 60 " Debts due to the United States, under contracts of the late govern- ment, collected at sundry times, 62,586 74 tc Debts paid in specie, during the year 1789, .... 15,927 13 ; ' Proceeds of the sales of land to the state of Pennsylvania, made by the late government, - - 151,392 41 931,742 33 • ; Amount of debt January 1st, 1790, - - $71,305,559 64 L ' By the same document it appears, that the debt contracted by the late government, as the same has been liquidated and funded by acts of Con- gress, amounts to - - $76,781,953 14 " That the funds possessed by this government, and to be deducted from the debt, were as follows : — ;< Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 1791, - - - - $570,023 88 " Cash in the hands of Collector.-. 225,786 95 " Custom-house bonds uncollected, 1,052,215 13 " Money collected from the credit- of the late government, as in the preceding stand^, 6~.586 74 ■'• Debts paid in spTj^f, during 1789, 15,927 13 " Sale ofland to Pennsylvania, 151,392 41 ' Debts purchased and discharged during the year 1790, - 518,424 8 2,596,356 32 ;: True amount of debt January 1st, 1791. - $74,185,596 82 283 ■* By the same document No. 9, it appears that the debt, exclusive of temporary loans, on the 1st of January, 1800, amounted to - - $76,651,820 30 ' Temporary loan*, without deducting bank shares, 3,640,000 ; ' Nominal amount of debt January 1st, 1800, - $80,291,820 30 ' Funds acquired by the government and which may be applied to face the foregoing debt — ■• Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 1800. deducting therefrom the amount of unclaimed registered debt, and debts due to foreign offi- cers, which are to be considered as a charge on the balance in the Treasury, - - - $2,061,683 49 •' Remittance to Holland, beyond the sum necessary to meet all de- mands on the foreign debt, to the close of the year 1799, - - 548,955 84 " Cash in the hands of Collectors and Supervisors, ... 532,247 81 " Bonds uncollected, at the custom- houses, estimated at six millions, payable on an average of six months, deducting the interest for that term leaves, - - - 5,826,214 ;i Two thousand two hun- dred and twenty bank shares, cost - - 888,000 ^ * •' Advance twenty -five per cent. - - - 222,000 1,110,000 10,079,101 14 'True amount of debt January 1st. 1800, - $70,212.718 16 284 -< For tlie purpose of shewing the rapidity with which the public- debt was diminishing, at the time when the hostility of France com- pelled the government to incur those great and extraordinary expen- ses, which appear in the Treasury statements, and to enter upon that extensive system of defence, which has resulted in the security of our commerce, the Committee thought it necessary, in addition to the preceding statements, to present a view of the debt on the 1st of January, 1798, remarking at the same time, that the reduction which at that time had been made, proves, in the most satisfactory manner, the ease with which the debt may be extinguished, whenever the Government shall be left unembarrassed by internal disorder, or foreign hostility. 1,1 The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Janua- ry, 1798, $76,366,618 8? " Funds to be deducted were — ■ Cash in the Treasury January 1st, 1798, ... . $1,021,889 4 " Cash in the hands of Collectors, - 265,369 3 "Cash in the hands of Supervisors, - 32,964 39 Ci Value of bonds uncollected at the custom-houses, January 1st, 1798, estimated at 6,309,058 ■ ; Bank stock at its value 1,110,000 8,739,280 46 •• True amount of debt January 1st, 1798— $67,627,338 36 " From whence it results (the Committe say,) that if the amount ol debt on the 1st of January, 1800, is contrasted with the debt on the 1st of January, 1790, it will appear, that the debt has diminished by the sum of $1,092,8-11 and 48 cents, or if it is compared with the debt of January 1st, 1791, the debt has diminished, by the sum of $3,972,878 and 66 cents ; so that, in either mode of stating the ac- count, it clearly appears, that the debt has in fact been diminished. " 285 The Committee proceed to say, they incline to the opinion, that the debt, as it was liquidated and funded by the government, after de- ducting the amount of funds, which arose prior to the 1st of January, 1791, ought to be considered, as constituting the true amount of debt, with which the present Government has been charged by the Con- stitution. There can be little doubt, that the debt as funded, ought to be con- sidered, as the amount of the public debt, and whatever difference in opinion there may be, in estimating the amount of public debt, at any period, as to the propriety of deducting the amount of funds then in the hands of the government, from this funded debt, there can be no doubt, that the funds arising ftom revenues, and from the value of bank stock, should be offset, against temporary loans made in antici- pation of that revenue, and for the payment of the bank stock. If we take this as a rule, the debt of the United States will be less, on the 1st day of January, 1800, than when the same was fund- ed, according to the various acts of Congress. The amount of debt as liquidated and funded, ac- cording to the foregoing statement of the Com- mittee was $76,781,953 U Amount of debt, exclusive of temporary loons, on the 1st of January, 1800, was - 76,651,820 30 Making a difference of - - - - 130,132 84 And this, notwithstanding the great expenses in the mean time in- curred by Government, in the wars with the Indians, $ 1,250,000 ex- pended in suppressing two insurrections in Pennsylvania, more than one million and a half in our transactions with Algiers and the other Barbary powers, and the still greater expenses occasioned by the dis- putes with France, in 1798 and 1799.* * In 1800, a further sum of §1,482,500, was borrowed at eight per cent, in pursuance of an act passed on the 7th day of May of that year, payable af- ter 1808. The funds provided and appropriated for the payment of the debt, subse- quent to the 3d of March, 1795, up to 1801, were as follows, viz.— By an act passed March 3d, 1797, additional duties were laid on certain articles im- ported into the United States, and were appropriated, first, for the payment 286 Uu a change ot Administration in 1801, a new modification of the sinking fund took place. On the 29th of April, 1802, an act was passed, entitled " an Act making provision for the redemption of the whole of the public debt of the United States." This act pro- vides, that the sum of seven millions, three hundred thousand dollars, should be appropriated annually to the sinking fund; which sum was to be paid, out of the duties on merchandize and tonnage, and the other monies, other than surplusses of revenue, which then constitu- ted the sinking fund, or which might accrue to it, by virtue of any former provisions. This sum, the act declares, " to be vested in the Commissioners of the sinking fund, in the same manner, as the monies heretofore appropriated to the said fund, to be applied by the said Commissioners, to the payment of interest and charges, and to the reimbursement, or redemption of the principal of the public debt ; and shall be and continue appropriated, until the whole of the pre- sent debt of the United States, and the loans which may be made for reimbursing or redeeming any parts or instalments of the principal of the said debt, shall be reimbursed and redeemed." It was made the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, by this act, to pay to the Commissioners of the sinking fund, this sum of $ 7,300,000, in each year, and at such times, as to enable them to pay the interest and principal of the debt, faithfully and punctually, according to the en- gagements of the United States. The Commissioners were to apply of the principal of the then existing foreign debt ; secondly for the payment of the principal of the debt then due by the United States, to the bank of the United States. By the act passed July 16th, 1798, authorizing 1 a loan of five millions of dollars, and winch was obtained at eight per cent, so much of the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage, beyond the permanent appropriations be- fore charged thereon, were pledged and appropriated, for the payment of the interest and principal of the loans, which might be made under the act, ac- cording to the terms and conditions of the same. A similar pledge and ap- propriation were made for the loan, obtained under the act passed 7th of May, 1800, and which loan was obtained, as before stated, at eight per cent. On the 13th day of May, 1800, additional duties were laid on certain arti- cles, imported into the United States, and were solely appropriated for the discharge of the interest and principal of the debts of the United States, be fore that time contracted, or to be contracted during the year 1800. 287 this sum annually, in the first place, to the payment of the interest and principal of the public debt, as the same should become due, ac- cording to the engagements of the United States, and also the interest and principal of all loans, which had been, or might be made on ac- count of the debt ; and in the next place, to apply the surplus, to- wards the further and final redemption, by payment, or purchase, of the debt. No purchases, however, of the debt were to be made above par. By the act of March 3d, 1795, the duties on spirits dis- tilled within the United States and on stills, constituted a part of the -inking fund, and were pledged for the payment of the debt, but as all the internal taxes were repealed, in 1802, these duties made no part of the fund provided by the act of the 29th of April of that year. In 1803, the nominal amount of the debt was a little more than seventy millions of dollars, of this $32,1 19,211 and 25 cts. was own- ed by foreigners, of which the English owned - $15,882,797 95 The Dutch, 13,693,918 30 Other foreigners, 2,542,495 Of the residue — Particular States owned ... - $ 5,603,564 Incorporated bodies, in the United States, - 10,096,398 72 Individuals, - - - do. 22,330,606 36 In the purchase of Louisiana, the United States agreed to pay the go- vernment of France, fifteen millions of dollars, three millions seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be paid to our own merchants, for their claims of a certain description on the French government, and the remainder, being $11,250,000, to be paid, in stock, at six per cent. To carry into effect this agreement, stock to that amount, was issued, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed November 10th, 1803, and made payable to the assignees of the French government. The interest on this stock was payable in Europe, and the principal \vas payable in four equal annual instalments, the first becoming due in 1818. By the act, which created this stock, a further sum of $700,000 annually, was added to the sinking fund, for the purpose of enabling 'ho Commissioners to pav the interest nn the samp : which sum wa' 288 iu be paid out of the duties on imports and tonnage. By this addi- tion, the whole sum to be paid annually to the Commissioners of the sinking fund, amounted to $8,000,000, and was vested in them, for the purpose of paying the former debt, and also the Louisiana debt so called, and was to continue, so vested and appropriated, until the whole was paid. And it was made the special duty of the Commis- sioners, out of this fund, to pay the instalments of the Louisiana debt, as they should fall due. On the 11th of February, 1807, the Government of the United States, by an act of that date, proposed to the holders of six per cent, deferred and three per cent, stocks, to exchange the same for six per cent, stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the Government. For this purpose, books were opened at the Treasury, and at the several Loan Offices, for subscriptions, to the whole amount of the stock standing on the books at the Treasury, and at the Loan Offices. On such subscriptions, the old certificates were to be given up, and new ones to issue, for the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, and deferred stock, due at the date of the subscription, bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and re- deemable at the pleasure of the Government, with a condition " that no single certificate should issue for a greater amount than ten thou- sand dollars, and that no reimbursement should be made, except for the whole amount of any such new certificate, nor till after, at least, six months previous public notice of such intended reimbursement." For the subscriptions in the three percent, stock, the subscribers were to receive a new certificate for a sum equal to sixty-five per cent, of the amount of the principal of the stock subscribed, bearing an in- terest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and sub- ject likewise to redemption, at the pleasure of the Government; with a restriction, however, on the part of the United States, that no part of the stock thus converted, should be reimbursed, without the assent of the holder, until after the whole of the eight per cent, and four and half per cent, stock, as well as all the six per cent, and deferred stock, which might be exchanged, under that act, should be redeem- ed. The sinking fund was also pledged for the payment of the in- terest and reimbursement of this new stock. Under this act, the amount of unredeemed six per cent, and deferred stock, subscribrd. 289 and for which new certificates were issued, was $6,294,051 and 12 cents, and which was called exchanged six per cents, and the three per cents, subscribed, at sixty-five per cent, on the amount, produced $1,859,850 and 70 cents, drawing an interest of six per cent, per annum, and was called converted six per cent, stock. In 1812, in pursuance of another act of Congress passed in that year, $2,984,746 and 72 cents, of the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, and de- ferred stock was exchanged for other six per cent, stock redeemable after the 31st day of December, 1824. After the United States had concluded a peace with France in 1800, the vast increase of their revenues, arising from duties on im- ports and tonnage, owing to a rapidly increasing population, and an unparalleled extension of their commerce, enabled them, very for- tunately, while Europe, was at war, to pay off a large proportion of this debt. The amount of public debt, on the 1st day of January, 1812, ac- cording to official Treasury statements, was - $45,154,189 and consisted of the following particulars, viz. : — Six per cent, and deferred stock, unre- deemed, - $17,067,096 Three per cent, stock, $16,157,890 Converted do. do. 565,318 16,723,208 1796 six percent, stock, - - - 80,000 Registered debt, and debt due to foreign officers, 33,885 $33,904,189 Louisiana six per cent, stock, 1 1 ,250,000 $45,154,189 The payments made, on account of the principal of the debt from April 1st, 1801, to January 1st, 1812, according to Treasury state- ments, amounted to $46,022,810 37 290 and were as follows, viz. : — 1. Foreign debt paid in full, $10,075,001 2. Eight per cent, five and a half per cent, four and a half per cent, navy six per cent, stock, and temporary loans, due on the 1st of .April, 1801, to the bank of the United States, 12,057,700 3. Reimbursement of six per cent, and deferred stock, - - 14,452,123 53 1. For lands, and purchased, - 74,569 81 5. Exchanged stock paid in full, - 6,294,051 12 6. Three per cent, stock, including re- imbursement of converted stock, and deducting converted stock, outstan- ding, 2,379,269 44 7. On account of unfunded debt, - 90,092 58 $46,022,810 During the period in which the Government paid this sum, no ad- ditional taxes of any importance were imposed, except an additional duty of two and a half per cent, on goods imported, paying ad valorem duties, to defray the expenses of the war with Tripoli, and of intercourse with the other Barbary powers, and which was called • ; the Mediterranean fund."' This duty was to cease in three months after the termination of the war with Tripoli, but was continued by various acts of Congress until 1815, when it was suffered to expire, and has been applied to the general expenses of the Government. The sums received into the Treasury from 1801 to 1811, inclusive, and which were applicable to the payment of the interest and prin- cipal of the debt, amounted to about ninety millions of dollars. Debt incurred during the late war between the United States and Great-Britain, as far as ascertained, up to February, 1815. War was declared against Great-Britain, June 18th, 1812. In anticipation of this event, by an act of Congress of 14th of March pre- ceding, a loan of eleven millions of dollars was authorized at an in- 291 terest not exceeding six per cent, per annum, reimbursable after the expiration of twelve years from the 1st day of January, 1813. Un- der this act, there was obtained, in the course of the year 1812, the sum of $10,184,700. Of this sum $2,150,000 was obtained of cer- tain banks, on special contracts, and was payable as follows, viz. — $1,350,000 in 1813, $750,000 in 1814, and $50,000 in 1817; and the residue, being $8,034,700, was funded, and made redeemable af- ter January 1st, 1825. About one half of this last sum was obtained of banks, and the other half of individuals. In the year 1813, the Commissioners of the sinking fund redeemed, by purchase, $324,200 of this stock, leaving the funded stock of this loan $7,710,500. On the 8th of January, 1813, a further sum of sixteen millions ot dollars was authorized to be borrowed, by the President of the Uni- ted States, without any limitation as to the rate of interest, or any other limitations, except, that the United States should not be pre- cluded from reimbursing the same, at any time, after the expiration of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1814. This sum was obtained by contract, and principally from individuals, at the rate of eighty-eight dollars for one hundred, viz. for every eighty-eight dol- lars, paid in money, a certificate of stock for one hundred dollars was to be issued, bearing an interest of six per cent, or what is the same, for every one hundred dollars, which the United States receiv- ed, they were to issue a certificate of stock for $113 63 cents and 7-llths of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. The amount of stock issued for this loan was $18,109,377 and 51 cts. making a bo- nus to the lenders, of $2,109,377. The first offers of the Secretary of the Treasury for this loan were, that the lender should be entitled to a certificate of stock, at six per cent, interest, and an annuity of one per cent, for thirteen years, and for which he was to receive a separate certificate; $531,200 were eventually taken at par, with an annuity of one and a half per cent, for thirteen years. The annuities on this sum amount to $7,968. By an act of August 2d, 1813, a further loan of seven and a half mil- lions of dollars was also authorized, and without any other limita- tions, than was contained, in the act relative to the sixteen million loan. This loan was obtained, on the following terms, viz. for everv $100 received, the United States issued stock for $113 .°,1 ceni- and 292 4-9th of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. ; and reimbursable, at any time, within twelve years, after January 1st, 1814. The six percent, stock issued on this loan, amounted to $8,498,583 and 50 cents, making a premium or bonus of $998,583 and 50 cents. March 24th, 1814, a loan of twenty-five millions of dollars was also authorized, towards the expenses of the war, for that year. On the 4th of April following, the Secretary of the Treasury issued his no- tice, that proposals would be received by him, until the second day of May then next, for ten millions, part of the twenty-five millions : the sums offered under this notice amounted to $11,900,806, of which §2,671,750 were at rates less than eighty-eight per cent, and $1,183,400 at rates less than eighty-five per cent, leaving $9,229,056, at eighty-eight per cent, or at rates more favourable to the United States. Of this sum, however, five millions were offered, with a condition, that, if terms more favourable to the lenders, should be allowed for any part of the twenty-five millions authorized to be borrowed that year, the same terms should be extended to those hold- ing the stock of the ten million loan. The Secretary of the Treasu- ry thought proper to accept the loan at eighty-eight and on the con- dition above stated. Offers were afterwards made to this loan, of sums, amounting to $566,000, and which were accepted on the same terms ; making the sum accepted $9,795,056. Of this sum, there was paid into the Treasury, prior to the 1st of July, 1814, $6,087,01 1. There was, however, a failure of payment on the part of some of those, whose offers were accepted for this loan, on the days fixed by the terms of the loan, to the amount of about two millions of dollars. On the 25th day of July, 1814, proposals were again invited, from the Treasury Department, for a loan of a further sum of six millions ; part of the twenty -five millions, to be received by the 22d day of August next succeeding. The amount offered, on this loan, was $2,823,300, of which $10U,000 was at less than eighty per cent. $2,213,000 at $80, for $100, in six per cent, stock ; and $510,300. at various rates, from eighty to eighty-eight. The loan was accept- ed at eighty per cent. The amount accepted, on these terms, was $2,723,300, to be paid, in four equal instalments ; the 1st on (lie 10th of September, and tiie remainder on the 10th of each of the ensuing months of October. November and December. On this loan, a fur- 293 ther sum of $207,000, was afterwards accepted, on the same terms, making the amount taken $2,930,300. Some persons, however, who had offered to take $416,000 of this loan, gave notice, that they could not carry their proposals into execution. This reduced the sum to $2,520,300. The sums actually paid into the Treasury, therefore, from the proceeds of the loans of twenty-five millions authorized by the act of March 24th, 1814, up to the 1st day of January, 1815, amounted only to about the sum of $11,400,000. As the terms of the last loan were more favourable to the lenders, than those of the preceding two million loan, the same terms were extended, according to the original contract, to those who had taken the first. These terms were, that for every $100 paid in, the United States were to issue certificates of stock, for $125, bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and reimbursable at the end of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1815. The amount of six per cent, stock, therefore, issued or to be issued, up to the 6th of January, 1815, for the proceeds of the two loans, as far as the same had been ascertained, at the Treasury, was as fol- lows, viz. — On the ten million loan, six per cent, stock to the amount of $°,919,476 25 On the six million loan, do. do. to the amount of 4,342,875 $14,262,351 25 Making a bonus or premium of about $2,852,000. The terms of these loans, were so disadvantageous to the United States, and the price of stocks was so depressed, some having been sold as low as sixty-nine and seventy, for cash, that no further sums were obtained under the act authorizing the twenty-five million loan, but Treasury notes were directed to be issued to makp up tl)p defi- ciencv. 294 The amount of stock issued, on these various loans, was as fol- lows, viz. — On the eleven million loan, ... $ 8,034,700 On the sixteen million loan, - - - 18,109,377 51 On the seven and a half million loan, - - - 8,498,583 50 On the ten million loan, - 9,919,476 25 On the six million loan, 4,342.875 $48,905,012 28 The amount received for this stock, was - 42,934,700 Making a difference of - - $5,970,312 26 In addition to these sums, the committee of defence of the city of Philadelphia, loaned to the Government $100,000 for the special pur- pose of fortifying an Island in the river Delaware, at par, for which stock has or will be issued under the act of March, 1812, and the cor- poration of the city of New-York have also advanced money, for the defence of that city, on the terms of the six million loan, and for which stock has, or will be issued to the amount of $1,100,009 87 Making the whole amount of funded stock issued or to be issued on these loans - - - $50,105,022 13 $500,000, part of the eleven million loan, which become due in De- cember, 1814, was not paid on the 20th of February, 1815. TREASURY NOTES. On the 30th of June, 1812, the President of the United States was authorized to cause to be issued Treasury Notes, not exceeding five millions of dollars, to be reimbursed within one year, from the time of issuing the same, and bearing an interest of five and two fifths per cent, per annum. These notes were to be signed by persons to be appointed by the President, and countersigned by the Commissioner of loans for that state, where they were made payable, and were made transferable, bv delivery and assignment, endorsed thereon, by 295 die person, to whose order, the same were made payable, and were receivable, in payment of all duties and taxes, laid by the authority of the United States, and of all public lands sold. The whole sum of five millions was issued at various times under this act. By an act of February 25th. 1813, the President was authorized to issue a fur- ther sum of five millions, with the same limitation, as to rate of inter- est and time of payment, as the former. Five millions were also is- sued, at different periods, under this act. As a part of the supplies, for the year 1814, a further sum of five millions was authorized to be issued by an act of March 4th, 1814, and by the same act, the Pre- sident was authorized to issue an additional sum of five millions, if he should deem it expedient, to be taken as part of the sum of twen- ty-five millions, authorized to be obtained on loan, during that year. On the 26th of December, 131 1, a sum not exceeding $7,500,000 was authorized to be issued to make up the deficiency of the twenty -five million loan, and in lieu of the three million loan authorized Novem- ber 15th, 1814. Part of the Treasury notes were paid, as they be- came due, others, to a large amount, were left unpaid ; and the amount, which had been issued, and were unpaid, or were ordered to be issu- ed, on the 20th of February, 1815, was as follows, viz. : — 1st. Those payable on or before the 1st of January, 1815, due and unpaid, amounted to (principal) - $2,799,200 2d. Those payable since January 1st, 1815, due and unpaid, 620,000 3d. Those payable almost daily, from the 11th of March, to and including the 1st of January, 1816, - 7,227,280 1th. Those payable from 11th of January, to and in- cluding the 1st of March, 1816, - - - 7,806,320 Making - - - $18,452,800 The amount of the debt incurred by the lato war, «o far as the 2915 same had been ascertained at the Treasury, on the 20th of February, may be stated as follows : — 1st. Stock issued or agreed to be issu- ed on permanent loans, - $50,105,022 13 Deduct purchased by Commissioners ers of sinking fund, 324,200 Leaves. - - $49,780,822 13 2d. Temporary loans, part of the eleven million loan, unpaid, ..... 550,000 3d. Treasury notes issued, or ordered, as above stated, .... 18,452,800 Makes, .... $68,783,622 13 To which add the old debt, or debt created before the late war, es- timated on the 31st of December, 1814, at $39,905,183 66, and con- sisting of the following particulars : — 1st. Old six per cent. stock nominal a- mount being, - $17,250,871 39 Reimbursed, - 12,879,283 78 Leaving due December 31st, 1814, $4,371,587 61 2d. Deferred stock, nominal amount be- ing - $9,358,320 35 Reimbursed, 3,971,148 36 Leaving due December 31st, 1814, $5,387,171 9y 3d. Three per cent, stock, - 16.158.177 3-1 297 4th. Exchanged six per cent, stock under the act of 1812, - $2,984,746 72 5th. Six per cent, stock of 1796, - 80.000 6th. Louisiana six per cent, stock, - $11,250,000 Purchased by Commis- sioners of sinking fund, 326,500 Leaves, - - $10,923,500 $39,905,183 66 Makes the debt of the United States on the 20th of February, 1815, as ascertained at the Treasury, - - - - $108,688,805 79 There are also claims on the Treasury, to a large amount, yet un- settled, which may go to increase the public debt. It appears by the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury of the 24th of February, 1815, to the Committee of way and means, that " contracts for loans'' had been made " through the medium of the war department, which had been recognized at the Treasury, to be paid in six per cent, stock, but which had not been so liquidated as to furnish a ground to estimate their amount." This is the first, and only account, which has been given to the public, or even to Congress, of any loans, made " through the me- dium of the war department." In what manner, under what authori- ty, and on what terms, these loans were obtained, is not stated by the Secretary. It is understood, however, that commanders of divisions of the army, probably by orders from the head of the war depart- ment, made these contracts for the purpose of either paying or sup- plying the men under their immediate command. Treasury notes, to a large amount, have been issued since the 20th of February, 1315. On the 24th day of February, 1815, the Secre- tary of the Treasury was authorized to issue Treasury notes, to the. 38 298 amount of twenty -live jnillious of dollars ; those under $100, to be without interest, those over that sum, to boar an interest of five and two-fifths per cent, or to be without interest, as the Secretary, with the approbation of the President, should direct. The notes, without interest, to be funded at seven per cent, and those bearing an interest, part of the twenty-live million, as well as those previously issued, may be funded at six per cent, reimbursable at any time, after the last day of December, 1824. The Secretary was also authorized to re-issue the notes, which might be delivered up and exchanged for funded stock, or paid in, for taxes or other demands, and to apply them to the same purposes, as when originally issued. The amount i-sued, under this authority, has not been made public. Probably the whole, or nearly the whole of those fundable at seven per cent, will be funded, and go to increase the amount of the firhded debt. On the 3d of March, 1815, a loan for the sum of $38,452,800, was also authorized ; this loan might be made in Treasury notes, pre- viously issued, and w r hich, by law, were made a charge on the sink- ing fund ; and the stock was reimbursable, after the expiration of twelve years, from the last day of December, 1815. Individual states have, also, large claims upon the general govern- ment, for expenses incurred in defending themselves, during the late war. To what amount, the national debt will be increased, from these sources, cannot yet be ascertained. The sinking fund, as before stated, since 180-3, has consisted of a permanent annual appropriation of eight millions of dollars. The funds, from which this sum is paid, are — 1. The fund arising irom the interest on the debt, re- deemed by payment, or purchase, and which has passed to the credit of the Commissioners of the .-.inking fund, and which, in 1813, amounted to $1,932,107 U2 -\ The bind arising from the sales of public land.;, which in 1813, wa> - 830.'J71 53 299 J. From the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares and merchandize, imported, and on the tonnage of vessels, sufficient to make up the balance. If the whole of the eight millions was not expended, by the Com niissioners, in any one year, the balance went into the expenditures of the succeeding year. After paying the interest and reimburse- ment of the debt, and such parts of the principal as became due, by contract, it was made the duty of the Commissioners, to apply the balance of the eight millions, to the purchase of stock, whenever if was below par. Notwithstanding this, the whole of the late loans, as well as all the Treasury notes, issued prior to February 20th, 1815, were made a charge on this fund, without any addition being made to the fund itself. In consequence of this, the fund became overcharged several millions, (even without applying any part, to the purchase of stock, though it was much below par,) and afforded no security to the money lender. Sensible of this, at last, Congress declared by the act of Novem- ber 15th, 1814, authorizing a loan of three millions of dollars, for which stock was to issue reimbursable in twelve years, " that in ad- dition to the annual sum of eight millions of dollars, heretofore ap- propriated to the sinking fund, adequate and permanent funds shall, during the present session of Congress, be provided and appropriated, for the payment of the interest and reimbursement of the principal ot said stock created by this act." And by the same act, declared " that an adequate and permanent sinking fund, gradually to reduce, and eventually to extinguish the public debt, contracted, and to be contracted during the present war, shall also be established dur- ing the present session of Congress.'' And by various subsequent acts, passed during the same session, an annual direct tax of six millions of dollars, and all the internal taxes, including the du- ties on the postage of letters, were pledged " towards establishing an adequate revenue, to provide for the payment of the expenses of Government ; for the punctual payment of the public debt, principal and interest, contracted and to be contracted, according to the terms of the contracts respectively ; and for creating an adequate sinking fund, gradually to reduce, and eventually to extinguish the public lebt, contracted and to be contracted." k,c. '•' and were to remain so oOO pledged, until other taxes and duties, equally productive, were pro- vided, and established by law, for the same purposes." The plan of the sinking fund, originally adopted by the United States, was taken, substantially, from that of Great-Britain. The present British sinking fund, was established by Mr. Pitt, in 1786 ; and commenced, by a permanent annual appropriation of one mil- lion sterling, to be applied by Commissioners, called Commissioners of the sinking fund, to the redemption of the public debt by purcha- ses of stock ; and the interest of the stock, thus purchased, was to be applied to the same purpose. A further permanent annual grant of two hundred thousand pounds, was afterwards added to this sum for the same object. Afterwards, Parliament made it a standing rule, that the creation of a new debt should be accompanied with the means of extinguishment, and on every new loan, permanent funds to the amount of one per cent, of the loan, were provided, and added to the sinking fund. Other sums were afterwards added to the sink- ing fund, in consequence of loans obtained on a particular plan of ex- tinguishment, the details of which it is unnecessary to specify. The ^inking fund of Great-Britain has, generally, been applied to purcha- ses of stock ; while that of the United States has not been so applied, except in its commencement, unless a balance remained in the hands of the Commissioners, after the reimbursement ot the six per cent, and deterred stock, and the payment of that part of the principal of the debt, which fell due in each year ; and not then, unless stocks were below par. The United States stock redeemed by payment, or purchase, has, in the Treasury books, passed to the credit of the Commissioners of the sinking fund ; the interest of which, as before stated, constitutes, in their hands, a part of the sinking fund. The amount thus passed to their credit, on the 1st day of Janua- ry, 1814, was as follows: — Foreign debt — five per cent, stock, $8,200,000 Four and a half per cent, stock, - 820,000 Four per cent, stock, 3.180,000 $12,200,000 301 Domestic debt — six percent, stock, $1 ,946,026 92 Three per ct. stock, 698,555 41 Deferred six per ct. stock, - - 1,005,179 83 Eight per cent, stock, 6, 1 82,500 Exchanged six per cent, stock, - 6,294,051 12 Converted six per cent, stock, - 1,859,850 70 Four and a half per cent, stock, - 176,000 Five and a half per cent, stock, - 1,848.900 Navy six per cent. stock, - - 711,700 Louisiana six per ct. stock, - - 326,500 Six per cent, stock of 1812. - 324,200 21,373,463 98 $33,573,463 98 Those, who have a curiosity to see the increase of the national debt of Great-Britain, from the time of the revolution, in 1689, to February 1st, 1813; together with the amount of money applied to the redemption of the national debt of that country, from the com- mencement of the sinking fund in 1786, to February 1st, 1813, and the produce of the sinking fund, at the latter period, may consult Ta- bles No. I. and II. taken from Hamilton's late enquiry, concerning the national debt of Great-Britain. From these, it will be seen, that, in 1689, the British national debt, was only £1,054,921 sterling, and that on the 1st of February, 1813, the funded debt of that Kingdom amounted tOc£812,013,135 sterling ; that of this sum c£21 0,46 1,356 had been redeemed by the Commis- sioners of the sinking fund, 06*1,961,582 converted for life annuities, find that £24,378.804, had been transferred, for the purpose of the 302 iatid tax, making £236,801,742 redeemed, leaving the unredeemed amount of funded debt, February 1st, 1813, £575,211,393; that ♦his debt was invested in the following funds, viz. — Bank annuities, ... - £11,686,800 Loan of 1726. - 1,000,000 South Sea annuities, including loan of 1751, - 16,125,684 Three per cent, consolidated, .... 312,894,703 Three per cent, reduced, 78,760,033 £420,467,222 Four per cent, consolidated, .... 61,060,921 Five per cent, consolidated, £92,060,254 Loyalty loan, - - - 1,622,994 93,683,248 £575,211,393 The three per cents, were redeemed, at an average nearly at 62| The four per cents. - at - 84$ The five per cents. - at - 89|- That the produce of the sinking fund, on the 1st of February, 1813, was £13,013,914 sterling. Besides the funded debt of Great-Britain, ihejloating debt, as it is called, consisting o{ navy debt, and exchequer bills outstanding, amounted, on the 5th of January, 1813, to £53,155,372. (See No. \T. Appendix No. II.) For the amount of the funded debt of Great-Britain, redeemed and unredeemed, the annual charges of the same, with the .-inking fund applicable to the reduction of the debt, for each year, from 1804 to (813, see No. IV. in Appendix No. II. The amount of capital funded in Great-Britain, has greatly exceed- ed the sums raised, as most of the loans have been taken in the three per rents. This excess, during the war of the American revolution. 303 and from 1793 to 1812 inclusive, is stated by Mr. Hamilton, as fol- lows. — Sums raised. Capital funded. Debt contracted during the war of the American revolution, - £91,760,842 £115,267,993 Loans from 1793 to 1812 inclusive, 322,358,532 498,861,867 Bills funded, in that period, 62,258,173 74,920,020 £476,380,547 £689,049,880 Of which redeemed by the Com- missioners, - - - 133,536,836 210,461,356 £342,843,711 £478,588,524 342,843,711 Excess of capital funded, above sums raised, - £135,744,813 In consequence of the operation of the sinking fund in Great-Bri- tain, the national funded debt of that Kingdom has increased but about ninety-one millions sterling, from 1804 to 1813, a period of nine years ; notwithstanding the loans, obtained in each year, were large. In 1804, the unredeemed amount of funded debt was £484,162,622, and in 1813, was £575,211,393. The difference is £91,048,771, or about $400,000,000, principally in the three per cents, being an annual increase, of about forty-four millions of dollars. The British sinking fund, in 1804, was £6,282,947, being in pro- portion to the debt, as one to seventy-seven, and in 1813, was £13,013,914, being in proportion to the debt, at that time,as one to forty-four. (See No. IV. in Appendix No. II.) What will be the annual increase of the debt of the United States, in consequence of the late war, cannot yet be ascertained with preci- sion. Making an allowance, for the difference between the value of stock at three per cent, and six per cent, the annual increase ot the American national debt, during the late war, cannot fall much diort of the annual increase of the British funded debt, fortlie above period of nine vears. That the United Stales, however, while they remain at peace, will be able to pay the interest of their debt, as well as the other necessa- ry expenses of the government, and also to extinguish the principal of the debt, within a reasonable time, with a proper application of their funds, there can be no doubt. 305 TABLE No. I. The amount of the National Debt of Great-Britain, at the Revolution, and at the commencement and termination of each war, to February 1st, 1813, has been as follows : — £ 1689 1,054,925 1697 21,515,742 1701 16,394,701 1714 53,681,076 1740 46,449,568 1748 78,293,313 1756 72,289,673 1763 133.959,270 National debt at the revolution, — at the peace of Rysvvick, — at the commencement of the war, — at the peace of Utrecht, — at the commencement of the war, Funded debt at the peace of Aix la Chapelle, — at the commencement of the war, — at the peace of Paris, including what was contracted in sub- sequent years, to discharge arrears. — at the commencement of the American war, ... — at the peace of Versailles, — including what was funded in subse- quent years, and this being reduced by purchases made by the Commis- sioners for the redemption of the national debt, there remained unre- deemed at the commencement of the war, ... — at the peace of Amiens, including the loan of that year, - £567,008,978 of which redeemed, 67,225,915 1775 1783 1793 1802 122,963,254 238,231,248 There was no reduction of the national debt dur- ing the short peace which followed the treaty of Amiens. Funded debt 1st February, £812,013,135 Of which redeemed or converted into life annuities, - 212,422,938 1813 In this statement the value of annuities granted for vears is not included. 227,989,148 499,783,063 599,590,197 30 306 TABLE No. II. The amount of money applied for the redemption of the national funded debt, of Great-Britain, and of capital and interest redeemed since the commence-^ ment of the sinking fund in 1786, to 1st February, 1813, and the produce of the sinking fund, at that time, are as follows : — Sums Capital Interest expended, redeemed, redeemed. £ £ £ 126,822,903 6,586,934 126,998 202,522,956 7,796,400 142,000 133,536,835 210,461,356 1,961,582 24,378,804 236,801,742 Three per cents. Four per cents. Five per cents. I Converted for life annuities, Transferred for purchase of land tax, Permanent annual grant to sinking fund, Additional permanent annual grant, Amount of one per cent, sinking fund, Sinking fund of 1807, on Lord Henry Petty's plan, Annuities, the term of which is expired, Life annuities, of which the nominees have died, piior to July 5th, 1802, Life annuities unclaimed for three years, prior to January 5th, 1813, 6,075,688: 311,856! 7,100i 6,453,491 1 1,000,000' 200,000; 4,738,683! 626,255 79,880: i 21,141' 30,135 ! 13,149,587; 35,673 13,013,914 Deduct life annuities granted for capital, £40,333 Of which expired, - - - 4,660 Amount of sinking fund 1st February, 1813, The three per cents, were redeemed nearly at 62 7-8 at an average. The four per cents, at 84 1-2. The five per cents, at 89 3-8. The funded debt, 1st of February, 1813, was - £812,013,135 Redeemed by sinking fund, - - - 210,461,356 £601,551,779 J 1,961,582! £599,590,197i 24,378,804! Converted for life annuities, Transferred for purchase of land tax, Unredeemed debt of Britain, 1st February, 1813, £575,211,393 Which debt was invested in the following funds : — iBank annuities, :Loanofl726, - , South sea annuities, including loan of 1751, (Three per cent, consolidated, | Three per cent, redeemed, Four per cent, consolidated, Five per cent, consolidated, •Loyalty loan, £92,060,254 1,622,994 £11,686,800; 1,000,000' 16,125,684 ; 312,894,703: 78,760,033 j £420,46772~22 ; 61,060,921; _93,683,248 £575,211,392: CHAPTER IX. Keventes, derived, principally, from duties on imports and tonnage- Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of the Go- vernment, to 1814 — Gross and net amount of the customs, accruing' annu- ally, in each state and territory, from the commencement of the Govern- ment, to December 31st, 1810, with the amount of drawbacks, &c. — An ac- count of internal duties laid prior to 1802 — Amount received, prior to, and since their repeal in that year — Various internal taxes laid since 1812 — Di- rect taxes, which have been laid, at different periods— Amount of the va- luation of lands and houses, in 1799 — Comparative view of the value of lands and houses, in 1799, and 1814, in several states — Proceeds of sales of public lands — Estimate of the quantity of public lands yet unsold — Post-Office establishment — Amount of postage received — Receipts and ex- penditures, at different periods. Previous to the late war, between the United States and Great- Britain, the revenues of the United States were derived from the fol- lowing sources, viz. — 1. Imported articles. 2. The tonnage of ships and vessels. 3. Spirits distilled within the United States, and on stilts. 4. Postage of letters. 5. Taxes on patents. 6. Dividends on bank stock. 7. Snuff manufactured, in the United States. 8. Sugar refined, in the United States. 9. Sales at auction. 10. Licenses to retail Wines and distilled spirits. 1 1. Carriages for the conveyance of persons. 12. Stamped paper. 13. Direct taxes. 14. Sales of public lands. The revenues of the United States, have been principally derived 308 from duties on imports and tonnage. Internal taxes were laid, at different periods, after the commencement of the Government, and by an act passed April, 1802, were all discontinued, from and after the 30th of June of the same year. On the 14th of July, 1798, a direct tax, of two millions of dollars, was laid upon the United States, and was the only direct tax imposed previous to the late war. The customs, as they are called, consist of duties on imports and tonnage, and also of monies, arising from passports, clearances, light money, &c. Th*; gross amount of the customs is that, which ac- crues on the importation of merchandize, the net amount, as it is call- ed in the Treasury book, is that which remains, after deducting the drawbacks on the exportation of the same merchandize ; and also for drawbacks on domestic spirits exported, on which a duty has been paid, and for bounties and allowances for the fisheries, and on the ex- portation of salted provisions, and also, after deducting the expenses of prosecution and collection. This amount is secured to the Government, by bonds payable at different periods, according to the term of credit, given to the import- er. Owing, however, to the bankruptcy of obligors, failure of col- lectors, and other causes, the whole of the money thus secured, does not come into the public Treasury. The amount of the actual receipts from the customs, from the com- mencement of the Government, to the year 1813, was as follows, viz. — From 4th March, 1789, to 31st December, Dolls. Cts. 1791 - 4,399,472 99 1792 - 3,443,070 85 1793 - 4,255,306 56 1794 - 4,801,065 28 1795 - - - 5,588,461 26 1796 - 6,567,987 94 1797 - 7,549,649 65 1798 - - 7,106,061 93 1799 6,610.449 31 309 Years. Dolls. Cts. 1800 - - -. 9,080,932 73 1801 - - - 10,750,778 93 1802 - - - 12,438,235 74 1803 - - - 10,479,417 61 1804 - - - 11,098,565 33 1805 - - - 12,936,487 04 1806 - - - 14,667,698 17 1807 - - - 15,845,521 61 (l808 - - - 16,363,550 58 1809 - - - 7,296,020 58 1810 - - - 8,583,309 31 1811 - - - 13,313,222 73 1812 - - - 8,958,777 53 1813 - - - 13,224,623 25 flie amount receivable mated at a , in ; bout 1814. was esti- j > 7,000,000 In consequence of the late peace, and the double duties, there is no doubt, that the amount of the customs, which will accrue in 1815, will exceed that of any former year ; estimates of the amount have varied from fifteen to thirty millions. The gross and net annual amount of the customs, which have ac- crued, with the amount of drawbacks on merchandize, and on spirits exported, of bounties and allowances, and expenses of collection, in each state, and territory, from March 4th, 1789, to 1810, inclusive, appears from table No. I. This statement was laid before Congress, on the 27th of February, 1812, and serves to shew, not only the amount of the customs, with the drawbacks, but also the extent of trade in each state and territory. The amount of duties, which accrued, in 1805, 1806 and 1807. was much greater, than in any preceding, or subsequent years. The net amount accruing in 1805, being - $14,980,218 62 1806, - 16,081,976 60 1807, - 16,493,434 75 Making - $47,555,629 97 .310 Of this sum, the amount which accrued, and was secured in the states of Massachusetts, New-York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South- Carolina, was as follows, viz. — Massachusetts in 1805, - - $3,308,046 41 1806, - 3,524,326 92 1807, - - 3,576,674 15 $10,409,047 48 New-York, in 1805, - - $4,882,076 56 1806, - 4,875,783 02 1807, - - 4,826,713 42 ■ $14,584,573 00 Pennsylvania, in 1805, - -$2,300,563 37 1806, - 3,017,403 45 1807, - - 3,162,733 16 5,480,699 98 Maryland, in 1805, - - $1,130,834 31 1806, 1,446,597 73 1807, - - 1,633,899 84 $4,211,331 88 South-Carolina, in 1805, - - $843,135 47 1806, - 871,393 26 1807, - - 735,527 84 2,450,056 57 Making, in these five states, - $40,135,708 91 The duties remained nearly the same from 1802 to 1812, except an addition of two and a half per cent, on merchandize imported, paying duties ad valorem, which constituted the -Mediterranean fund : the great increase of the duties, therefore, from 1802, to the com- mencement of commercial restrictions, was owing, principally, to the increased population, and consumption of the country, and U the prosperous state of American commerce, during this period. 311 The duties on imports are laid, either upon the value of the arti- cles imported, and which are called duties ad valorem, or a certain sum is imposed, on the articles themselves, called specific duties. Many articles, however, are imported duty free. These consist of articles in a raw state, which are necessary for our manufactures, or agriculture, such as bullion, copper, old pewter, tin, salt-petre, sul- pher, dying drugs and woods, woad, wool, furs, raw hides, to which are added sea stores, wearing apparel, personal baggage and imple- ments of trade, belonging to emigrants, and philosophical apparatus, for the use of seminaries of learning. For some years, prior to 1804, goods imported subject to duties ad valorem, were divided into three classes, the first class paid twen- ty per cent, the second fifteen, and the third twelve and a half per cent on their value.* On the 25th of March, 1804, by an act, entitled " An act further to protect the commerce and seamen of the United States against the Barbary powers," an additional duty of two and a half per cent, was laid on all the imports then paying duties ad valorem. This increas- ed the rate of these duties to twenty-two and a half, seventeen and a half and fifteen per cent. A separate account was to be kept, of the monies arising from this additional duty, and it constituted a distinct fund, by the name of " the Mediterranean fund," and was to be ap- plied solely " for the purpose of defraying the expenses of equipping, officering, manning, and employing such of the armed vessels of the United States, as may be deemed requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting the commerce and seamen thereof, and for carrying on warlike operations against the regency of Tripoli, or any other of the Barbary powers, which may commit hostilities against the United States, and for the purpose of defraying any other expenses incidental to the intercourse with the Barbary powers, or which are authorized by this act." This additional duty was to cease, and be discontinued at the expiration of three months, after (he ratification of a treaty of peace, with the regency of Tripoli. Peace was made with that regency, in 1805, yet this additional * On goods imported in foreign vessels an addition of ten per rent, i? mad* 1 to the amount of this and other dutf e« 312 duty has been continued by various acts of Congress, until March 3d, 1815, when it ceased ; and the proceeds of it have been applied, to the general expenses of the Government. On the 1st day of July, 1812, an addition of one hundred per cent, was made to all the per- manent duties, to continue during the war then existing between Great- Britain and the United States, and one year thereafter. As the addi- tional duty, which constituted the Mediterranean fund, was temporary, this was not increased by the act. This addition of one hundred per cent, increased the rates of duties ad valorem, to forty-two and a half, thirty-two and a half, and twenty-seven and a half per cent, until March 3d, 1815, when the Mediterranean fund ceasing, they will continue at forty, thirty, and twenty-five, until the 18th day of February, 1816, being one year from the exchange of ratifications of the treaty of peace, between the United States and Great-Britain. The articles subject to duties ad valorem, are numerous, and in- clude all manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, hemp and flax, all manu- factures of metals (except nails, spikes, steel, wool and cotton cards, which pay specific duties) all manufactures of earth, stone, and leath- er, (except boots and shoes) all carriages and parts of carriages, ca- binet wares, paper hangings, carpets and carpeting, and many other articles. The net amount of the ad valorem duties, from 1801 to 1812, wa^ is follows, viz. — Dollars. 1801 - 7,070,430 1802 - - 4,960,123 1803 - - , 4,850,630 1804 - - 5,664,797 1805 - 6,410,440 1806 - 7,162,099 1807 - - 7,560,929 1808 - - - 2,739,375 1809 - - - 3,806,26:: 1810 - 6,814,255 1811 - 2,820,166 1812 - - 5.782.144 313 Imported spirits, wines, molasses, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, have paid specific duties. In some years prior to the late war, the duty on spirits was, on an average, about twenty-nine cents per gal- lon, wines from fifty-eight to twenty-three cents per gallon, and mo- lasses five cents, teas, on an average, about twenty cents per pound, coffee five cents, sugar two and a half cents, and salt twenty cents per bushel, weighing fifty-six pounds. Table No II. shews the gross amount of duties, on each of these articles, from 1793 to 1810, inclusive, (except on salt, which ceased in 1807,) and the amount of drawbacks on the same, for the same period. The net amount of duties accruing, on each of them, for the year- 1805, 1806, and 1807, was as follows, viz. : — Dolls. Dolls Spirits, 1805 2,267,389 1806 - 3,102,219 1807 - 2,683,802 . 8,053,410 Wines, 1805 843,319 1806 559,703 1807 868,812 2,271,834 Molasses, 1805 464,445 1806 - 428,883 1807 - 414,133 1,307,461 Teas, 1805 - 681,774 1806 975,053 1807 - 1,223,968 2,880.79* 40 314 Dolls. Dolls, Goffee, 1805 352,371 1806 1,005,574 1807 714,975 2,073,420 1805 1,922,220 1806 1,999,886 1807 - 1,885,473 5,807,579 •Salt, 1805 763,391 1806 846,318 1807 - 711,819 2,321,528 The net amount of duties on spirits imported, from 1793 to 1810. inclusive, was $33,536,140, being about one fifth of all the duties on imports, during that period. Specific duties have also been laid, on various other articles imported, at different rate.-, which produced, in 1806, the net amount of $1,014,841 and 30 cents. (See Table No. III.) INTERNAL TAXES. Soon after the establishment of the Government, duties on spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, were laid ; other in- ternal taxes were afterwards, at different periods, added, and which, as before stated, were repealed in 1G02. Those which were impos- ed, prior to that time, and, in the Treasury books, were denominated internal taxes, were — 1. Duties on spirits distilled within the United States, and on still-. 2. — on snuff manufactured in the United State-. 3. — on retined sugar. 4. — on sales at auction. 5. — on licenser to retail wine-, and spirituous liquor. 315 6. Duties on carriages for the conveyance of person.-. 7. — on stamped paper. The sums actually paid into the Treasury from those internal tax- es, from their commencement, to Septemher 30th, 1812, wa l $0,460,003 54 cents, and the annual receipts were — Dolls. Cts. 1792 - - 208,942 81 1793 - - - 237,705 70 1794 - - - 274,089 62 1795 - - - 337,755 36 1796 - - - 475,289 60 1797 - - - 575,491 45 1798 - - - 644,357 95 1799 - - - 779,136 44 1800 - 809,396 55 1801 - - - 1,048,033 43 1802 - - - 621,898 89 1803 - - - 215,179 69 1804 - - - 50,941 29 1805 - - 21.747 15 1806 - - 20,101 45 1807 - - 13,051 40 1808 - - - 8,210 73 1809 - - 4,044 39 1810 - - - 7,430 63 1811 - - - 2,295 95 1812 - - 4,903 6 ,6,460.003 54 The greatest amount of these taxes accrued, in 1801, being $989,533 and 29 cents, and the amount accruing in each state ac- cording to official Treasury statements, was as follows, viz. : — . Dolls. Cts. New-Hampshire. • 9.785 70 -ok«. amounted In $254,940 64 air At the first session of the thirteenth Congress, held in the summer of 1813, the following internal duties were laid, viz. : — 1. Duties on licenses for stills and boilers. 2. — on carriages, for the conveyance of persons. 3. — on licenses to retailers of foreign merchandize, wines, and spirituous liquors. 4. — on sales at auction. 5. — on refilled sugar. 6. — on stamped paper of a certain description. These taxes were to commence on the 1st day of January, 1814. And for the purpose of collecting the same, each state was divided in- to a certain number of collection districts, each district having a prin- cipal collector, with power to appoint deputies under him. The amount of the tax laid, on most of these objects, was about double the former tax on the same, and on licenses to retailers, was about three times the amount of the former. The original plan of the Treasury department, and which was adopted by Congress, contemplated a reliance on loans to carry on the war, and to pay the reimbursements of the old debt. A revenue sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the Government, to pa} the interest of the existing public debt, and the interest on new loans, was to be provided. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his letter to the Committee ot ways and means, of January 10th, 1812, in answer to their enquiries relative to supplies and revenue, in the event oficar, stated, that the sum of about nine millions of dollars, would be sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of Government, and to pay the interest of the ex- isting public debt ; and that this sum, with the amount of interest on new loans, must annually be provided. Supposing ten millions to be borrowed in 1812, the sum to be rais- ed by taxes in 1813, according to the statement of the Secretary, would amount to $9,600,000. To meet this, the Secretary calcula- ted. that the duties on import'-, if doubled, and with a duty of twenty 313 cents per bushel on salt, would produce — -. $5,400,000 and proceeds of sales ofland, - - 600,000 6,000,000 Leaving a deficiency of - 3,600,000 9,600,000 To make up this deficiency, the Secretary proposed a direct tax of three millions of dollars, and a tax on spirits distilled and on stills, on refined sugar, on licenses to retailers, on sales at auction, on car- riages, and stamp paper, sufficient to produce two millions more, both amounting to $5,000,000 Deducting the expenses of collection, assessment, and losses, estimated at - - 750,000 Leaving, when in full operation, in 1814, - 4,250,000 But which were estimated to produce, in 1813, only 3,600,000 These taxes, however, were not laid by Congress, until the sum- mer of 1813, to commence from the 1st of January, succeeding. The sums which accrued from these internal taxes, (exclusive of the direct tax) for the two first quarters of 1814, amounted to $2,212,491 and 73 i cents, and the sums accruing from each, were as follows, viz. : — Licenses on stills and boilers, $1,062,758 99 Carriages, - 214,639 731 Licenses to retailers, 663,887 Sales at auction, - - 53,695 38£ defined sugar, - - 116 34 Stamped paper, - 217,364 281 $2,212,491 731 319 The amount accruing in each State and Territory, was as fallows, viz. : — -jx^MXcoviaiooKrtTjMHTji^H cn) V)M CI CI Ol CO « N r.o CO C! W H 00 0» H H S. ?,X C". ?U 'J 3tj3 ^5 fl a'flocoxoiOHioHO^iccoo! . h- o O) Ol CN Tj< CO 00 ' O 00 cT ^oocN^cNb-co(^oo i O'o^iriTj>'*^j' i oco-^ *o © '.0 ■* Oi X io o H (O CO Ol ID CO C! © CO 't lO f) K O -** •-^H i^X^O CN K H C. XV)-0!0 1 OCl COKN £! -2 vi rj T "" 1 1_l CO -j« 00 O 00 ^H »0 N. 00 Cl VC CI lO 'J'h oTo cF-t CO*" r-7 r-T >. For the naval department, 2,638,612 95 $11,660,292 21 From September 30th, 1812, to Sep-* tember, 30th, 1813, the money paid from the Treasury : — 1. For civil list, foreign intercourse, kc. amounted to - $1,705,016 cb 2. For the military department, 18,404,650 49 3. For the naval department, 6,317,411 15 $26,427,077 99 And from September 30th, 1813, to December 31st, 1813, being the last quarter of 1813, the amount paid : — 1. For civil list, foreign inter- course, kc. was - $400,000 2. For the military department, 5,887,747 3. For the naval department, 1,248,145 10 $7,535,892 10 Making an aggregate, for the years 1812 and 1813, of - $45,623.262 30 44 346 The sums authorized to be ex- pended in 1814, and for which ap- propriations were made, were — 1. For civil list, foreign inter- course, &c. - #2,445,355 59 2. For the military department, 24,502,906 3. For the naval department, 8,169,910 87 #35,118,172 46 It is well known, that the expenses of 1814 exceeded the appro- priations, by some millions, and that there are claims upon the Trea- sury, to the amount of many millions, yet unsettled, some of which are mentioned, in the preceding Chapter, on the subject of the pub- lic debt. What will be the amount of the expenses, on a final ad- justment of these various claims, is yet uncertain. The whole amount of expenses incurred in the years 1812, 1813, and 1814, for the civil list, foreign intercourse, &x. and for the military and naval depart- ments, will probably equal, if not exceed, the whole expenses, for the same objects, from the commencement of the Government, to the 1st of January, 1812. As the army was not disbanded, until the summer of 1815, and the naval establishment remained nearly the same, the expenditures of 1815 cannot fall greatly short, of those of the preceding year. 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Amount of duties accruing on the following a rticles, ' 'mportedin 1806, with the rates of duties on each. QUANTITIES. Excess of Excess Rate Excess of importation over of ex- port. 0- of duty. duties over Beer, ale, k, porter, glls. exportation ver im- port. Cts. drawback. 181,815 - - 8 14,545 20 Cocoa, - - lbs. 1,418,232 - - 2 28,364 64 Chocolate, 2,117 - - 3 63 51 Sugar candy, 1,573 - - 111 180 89 loaf, 3,180 - - 9 286 20 other refined and lump, 976 - - 61 63 44 Almonds, - - 282,517 - - 2 5,650 34 Currants, 372,097 - - 2 7,441 94 Prunes and plumbs, 66,479 - - 2 1,329 58 Figs, 408,449 - - 2 8,168 98 Raisins in jars and muscadel, 773,398 - - 2 15,467 96 all other, 2,412,221 - - n 36,182 31 Candles, tallow, 175,820 - - 2 3,516 40 wax, 6,254 - - 6 375 24 Cheese, 262,846 - - 7 18,399 22 Soap, 819,241 - - 2 16,384 82 Tallow 1,755,841 - - H 26,337 62 Mace, - 2,620 125 - Nutmegs, 173 - - 50 86 50 Cinnamon, - 9,149 20 - Cloves, - 24,318 20 - Pepper, * 1,848,617 - - 6 110,917 2 Pimento, 468,008 - - 4 18,720 32 Chinese cassia, 181,802 - - 4 7,272 8 j Tobacco, manufactured other \ than snuff and segars, $ 6,638 - - 6 398 28 Snuff, 16,562 - - 10 1,656 20 Indigo, 264,163 - - 25 66,040 75 Cotton, 785,378 - - 3 23,561 34 Powder, hair, 5,514 - - 4 220 56 gun, 204,822 " " 4 8,192 88 Starch, 14,565 - - 3 436 95 Glue, 105,612 . . 4 4,224 48 Pewter plates and dishes, 78,200 - - 4 3,128 Anchors and sheet iron, 582,236 , H 8,733 54 Slit and hoop do. 271,063 - - 1 2,710 63 3re TABLE No. III. -CONTINUED. QUANTITIES. | E xcess of I Excess of R a teofl Excess of importation exportation c i u ^ v duties over ex- j over im- over Nails, - - lbs. portation, jportaiion. Cents. drawback. 61,190 58 3,059,529 _ 2 Spikes, 407,936 - - 1 4,079 36 Quicksilver, 51,606 - - 6 3,096 36 Ochre, yellow, in oil, 22,079 - - n 331 19 dry yellow, 119,854 - - i 1,198 54 Spanish brown, 619,710 - - i 6,197 10 White and red lead, 2,648,981 - - 2 52,979 62 Lead & manufactures oflead, 3,513,351 - - 1 35,133 51 Seines, 10,651 - - 4 426 4 Cordage, tarred, 206,096 - - 2 4,121 92 untarred, 47,391 - - 2i 1,184 77 Cables, 30,542 . - 2 610 84 Steel, - - cwt. 12,228 - 100 12 228 Hemp, 116,101 - - 100 1 16,101 Twine and pack thread, - 3,361 - - 400 13,444 Glauber salts, 103 - 200 206 Coal, - bushels, 311,146 - 5 15,557 30 Fish, dried, - quintals, 219,349 _ 50 109,674 50 pickled salmon, bbls. 6,862 - - 100 6,862 mackarel, - 14,756 - - 60 8,853 60 other, 16,271 - - 40 6,508 40 Glass, black qt. bottles, gro. 20,273 - - 60 12,163 80 window, not above 8 ) by 10, 100 sqr. ft. \ 22,546 160 36,073 60 do. 10 by 12, - 3,985 - - 175 6,973 75 do. above 10 by 12, 4,243 - - 225 9.546 75 Segars, - - M. 22,969 - - 200 45,938 Foreign lime, - casks, 339 - - 50 169 50 Boots, - pairs, 3,817 - - 75 2,862 75 Shoes, silk, 6,913 - - ! 25 1,728 25 kid, Morocco, k.c. 45,758 - - 15 6,863 70l all other, 5,374 - 10 537 40 1 Cards, wool &. cotton, dozs. 4 i 50 2 j playing, - packs, 11,672! - - 25 1 2,906 75' Total excess of duties over draw back, 1,024,809 70 Excess of drawback over dutie 'son Mace, - 3,275 — — — _ Cinnamon, - 1,829 80 — — — , — Cloves, - ■ 4,863 60 9,968 40 1,014,841 30 Total, Treasury Department, Register's Office, 4th November, 1807. 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X © © >o tO © tO T _ 3 r 3 © C-J CO^ CO^ —^ t"^ f- ■O -* CM CO CO ■"* tO _ sA 1> -P f Jl 1-1 i' 2 " ^ p aa r. o tO to © tO >0 CO ' G* ' CC t^ - Jl 1> ©" ©" ft" oo" C-" ft tO 0. CO I- co to tO tO cc CO SO CO CO CO ^ w r/i — i tf 1) ^J ■a O D U 55 u 00 M — „ — ^-1 C :;: , C/l - < — W CHAPTER X. Tonnage of the United States — Amount employed in foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of American tonnage, from 1793 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state, in 1810, and in the ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Charleston — Ves- sels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Comparative view of American tonnage, with that of other nations — Amount of foreign tonnage, in American for- eign trade, at different periods, and the nations to which it belonged — American navy, in 1815. The increase of the tonnage of the United States has been without example, in the history of the commercial world. This has been ow- ing to the increased quantity of bulky articles of domestic produce exported, to the increase of their population, and to the extent of their carrying trade. The actual tonnage was not ascertained, at the Treasury Depart- ment, until the year 1793. Previous to that time, the only account of the tonnage kept at the Treasury was that, on which duties were collected, and which included the repeated voyages made by the same vessels in the course of the year. The following is the amount of tonnage on which duties were col- lected from 1789 to 1792 inclusive, with its employment, in the for- eign trade, coasting trade, and fisheries : — Foreign trade. Coasting trade. Fisheries. 1789 - 123,893 - 68,607 - 9,062 1790 - 346,254 - 103,775 - 28,348 1791 - 363,110 - 106,494 - 32,542 1792 - 411,438 120,957 - 32,062 Inconsequence of acts of Congress passed in 1792 and 1793, no vessel can be employed, in foreign trade, unless duly registered by 388 the Collector of the district, where such vessel belongs, and the own- er obtains from the Collector a certificate of such registry ; and no vessel can obtain a register, unless she was built in the United States, or has been taken and condemned as lawful prize, and is owned by an American citizen. No vessel can be employed in the coasting trade, unless duly enroll- ed or licensed by the Collectors of the districts. This register, en- rollment, or license, specifies the tonnage of each vessel, and an ac- count of each vessel so registered, enrolled, or licensed, is annually transmitted by the Collectors, to the Treasury Department. There are also other vessels employed in foreign trade, owned by citizens of the United States, but which, on account of being foieign built, or some other cause, are not entitled to a register, or to be con- sidered as American vessels. These vessels have however papers called sea letters, and are therefore denominated .tea letter vessels. In 1806, the tonnage of vessels having sea letters, and employed in foreign trade, was eighty-seven thousand tons. To give an American character to a vessel, it is not necessary that any part of the crew, except the captain, should be citizens of the United States. If the captain be an American citizen, all the rest of the crew may be foreigners. The following duties on tonnage are paid in the United States, by permanent acts. American registered vessels, pay 6 cents per ton upon entry, Coasting vessels, - 6 do. do. per annum, Fishing vessels, - 6 do. do. do. American vessels not registered (having sea letters) 50 cents per ton upon entry. American built vessels, owned by foreigners, 30 cents per ton, and 50 cents light money. Foreign built vessels, owned by Americans, 50 cents per ton. Vessels entirely foreign, 50 cents per ton and 50 cents light money. By an act passed July 1st, 1812, and which is to continue during the war, vessels belonging wholly, or in part, to the subjects of 389 foreign powers, pay an additional duty of one dollar and fifty cents per ton. With respect to merchandize imported, American registered ves- sels pay American rates of duties, and merchandize imported in all other vessels, whether having sea letters, or being American built, are owned by foreigners, or foreign built, are owned by Americans, or are entirely foreign, pay foreign duties. By an act of the 27th of March, 1804, an American registered ves- sel loses its American character, " if owned by a person naturalized in the United States, and residing for more than one year in the coun- try from which he originated, or for more than two years in any for- eign country — unlesss such person be in the capacity of Consul, or other public agent." It is understood, that the late Commercial Treaty between the United States and Great-Britain places the tonnage duties of the vessels of both nations on the same footing in their respective ports. Whether this will eventually benefit American navigation, indeed, whether it will not be injurious to it, remains yet to be decided ; and experience alone must determine. Were the British West-India ports open to American vessels, there would, perhaps, be less room to doubt on the subject. The American trade with the British West- Indies always has been, and will, probably, continue to be great ; and can now only be carried on in British vessels, navigated according to British laws. Should this policy continue, there can be little doubt, that, in this trade, American capital, to a certain extent, will be employed in navigating British vessels, and in supporting British seamen. And it is, perhaps, yet doubtful, whether in the circuitous trade between Great-Britain and her West-India Islands, by the way of the United States, British vessels will not be able to carry, on freight, between the United States and Great-Britain, cheaper than American vessels. The amount of registered tonnage, employed in foreign tradp. from 1793, to 1813, was as follows, viz. — Tons. 95ths 1793 - 367,734 23 1794 - 438.862 71 390 Tons. 95ths. 1795 - 529,470 63 1796 - - 576,733 25 1797 - - 597,777 43 1798 - - 603,376 37 1799 - - 669,197 19 1800 - 669,921 35 1801 - - 718,549 60 1802 - 560,380 63 1803 - - 597,157 05 1804 - - 672,530 18 1805 - - 749,341 22 1806 - - 808,284 68 1807 - - 848,306 85 1808 - - 769,053 54 1809 - 910,059 23 1810 - - 984,269 05 1811 - - 768,852 21 1812 - - 760,624 40 1813 - 674,853 44 And the following tonnage was employed in the coasting trade, from 1793 to 1812. Enrolled. Licensed. Under 20 tons. Tons. 95ths. Tons. 95ths 1793 114,853 10 7,217 53 1794 167,227 42 16,977 36 1795 164,795 91 19,601 59 1796 195,423 64 22,416 66 1797 214,077 5 23,325 66 1798 227,343 79 24,099 43 1799 220,904 46 25,736 8 1800 245,295 4 27,196 91 1801 246,255 34 28,296 91 1802 260,543 16 29,079 58 391 Enrolled. Licensed. Under 20 tons, Tons. 95ths. Tons. 95ths. 1803 - 268,676 12 - 30,384 34 1804 - 286,840 1 - 30,696 56 1805 - 301,366 38 - 31,296 73 1806 - 309,977 5 - 30,562 54 1807 - 318,189 93 - 30,838 39 1808 - 387,684 43 - 33,135 33 1809 - 371,500 56 - 33,661 75 1810 - 371,114 12 - 34,232 57 1811 - Enrolled and licensed, - 420,362 1812 - do. do. 477,971 The increase of the registered tonnage, or that employed in foreign trade, from 1793 to 1801, was three hundred and fifty thousand eight hundred and fifteen tons and thirty-seven ninety-fifths, having nearly doubled, in that short period. From 1793 to 1810, a period of se- venteen years, the increase of tonnage, employed in foreign trade, was six hundred sixteen thousand five hundred and thirty-five tons and eighty-two ninety-fifths. In 1793, the tonnage employed in the coasting trade, was one hundred twenty-two thousand and seventy tons and sixty-three ninety-fifths, and in 1801, amounted to two hun- dred seventy-four thousand five hundred and fifty-one tons, making a difference of one hundred fifty-two thousand four hundred and eighty -one tons; and from 1793 to 1810, the increase was two hundred eighty-three thousand two hundred and seventy-six tons. We have before stated the amount of tonnage employed in the fisheries ; the increase from 1793 to 1807, was about forty thousand tons. Tables No. I. and II. contain the amount of tonnage, annually employed, in foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, owned in each state, from 1793 to 1810. The whole amount of tonnage, in the United States, in 1810, was one million four hundred twenty-four thousand seven hundred and eighty-one tons, according to Treasury statements. — Of this, Tons. New-Hampshire owned ?8.817 392 Tons. Massachusetts, - - 495,203 Rhode-Island, - - - 36,155 Connecticut, .... 45,108 New-York, - - - 276,557 New-Jersey, - - 43,803 Pennsylvania, ... - 125,430 Delaware, - - - - - 8,190 Maryland, .... 143,785 Virginia, ----- 84,923 North-Carolina, - - - 39,954 South-Carolina, .... 53,926 Georgia, ... - 15,619 Ohio, ..... none New-Orleans, .... 13,240 The state of Massachusetts has many hundred miles of sea-coast, with numerous inlets and harbours ; and many of her inhabitants have always been engaged in navigation. The amount of tonnage owned in that state, in 1810, was more than one third of the whole tonnage in the United States. The amount of tonnage owned in the ports of Boston, New-York. Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston, in 1810, was as follows :-— Tons. 95ths. Boston, - - - 149,121 85 New-York, - - 268,548 1 Philadelphia, - - 125,258 15 Baltimore, - - - 103,444 69 Charleston, - - - 52,888 16 It is believed, that the shipping, belonging to the port of New-York, is equal to, if it does not exceed, that of any port, in the world, ex- cept the port of London. 393 Tl>e tonnage of vessels built in the United States, from 1804 to 1813. was as follows :— Tons. 95ths. 1804 - 103,753 91 1805 - - 128,507 3 1806 - - 126,093 29 1807 - - 99,783 92 1808 - 31,755 34 1809 - - - 91,397 55 1810 - - - 127,575 86 1311 - - - 146,691 82 1812 - - - 84,691 42 1813 - - 31,153 40 The number of vessels built and registered, during the same period, in all the ports of the British empire (except Ireland) with the amount of their tonnage, is contained in Xo. XIII. of Appendix No. II. ; the greatest amount built in any one year was one hundred thirty-five thousand three hundred and forty-nine. The amount of American tonnage for 1310, as stated above, takes from Treasury documents, is greater than the actual amount. It wa? made from the abstracts, furnished by the Collectors of the several districts, in which a deduction for vessels worn out, lost at sea, or ta- ken and condemned in foreign countries, was not always made. The true amount for 1810 may be stated at about one million and a quarter. The amount of American registered tonnage, employed in foreign trade, in 1807, and on which duties were paid (including the repeated voyages) was one million eighty-nine thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. The amount of tonnage of vessels which entered inwards, at the several ports of Great-Britain, from all parts of the world, (including their repeated voyages) was, for the same year, one million four hundred eighty-two thousand four hundred and twelve. This amount of British tonnage includes those vessels, which entered inwards from Ireland, the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Man, and the whale fisheries. — (See No. XV. Appendix No. II.) The amount of British tonnage, which cleared outwards, from all the ports 50 394 of Ireland, to all parts of the world, in 1807, was five hundred seven- ty-four thousand six hundred and eighty-eight. — (See No. XXI. Ap- pendix No. II.) Mr. Anderson, in his view of the importance of Canada, &c. states the amount of British tonnage, entered inwards, into the ports of Great-Britain, from Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, and Man, and the whale fisheries, on an average, from 1804 to 1813, to be about seven hundred thousand. This would leave the amount of British tonnage, employed in trade with all other parts of the world, in 1807, about eight hundred thousand. — (See Anderson, Appendix Nos. XVI. and XVII.) That the increase of American tonnage has been Avithout example, at least in modern times, will appear, on comparing it with the in- crease of the tonnage of other commercial nations, and particularly Great-Britain. In 1581, in the reign of Elizabeth, a period so much celebrated in history, the tonnage of England was only seventy-two thousand four hundred and fifty ; an amount far less, than is now owned, in either of the ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. In 1700, the commercial tonnage of England was estimated at two hun- dred seventy-three thousand six hundred and ninety three, in 1750, at six hundred nine thousand, seven hundred and ninety-eight, and in 1800, at one million two hundred sixty-nine thousand, three hundred and twenty-nine ;* having little more than doubled, in each half cen- tury, from 1700 to 1800. On the 5th of January, 1813, the British tonnage amounted to one million five hundred seventy-nine thousand, seven hundred and fifteen. — (See No. XV. Appendix No. II.) The state of New- York now owns as great, and the state of Massachusetts a much greater amount of shipping, than was owned by England, a little more than a century ago. For many years past, the United States have owned a much great- er amount oi tonnage, than any other nation, except Great-Britain. About the year 1787, the amount of tonnage, employed in the for- eign trade of France, was a little more than one million ; of this France owned about three hundred thousand ; the rest was foreign tonnage. The navigation of France has decreased since that period. * See Chalmer's Estimate, 234. 395 In 1800, the number of vessels employed in the foreign commerce ol France, that entered inwards, was seven thousand five hundred and eighty-one ; their tonnage two hundred seventy-three thousand, four hundred and eighty-six — Of this ninety-eight thousand three hundred and four tons was French, and one hundred seventy-four thousand eight hundred and thirty-three foreign. The number of vessels, that cleared outwards, the same year, was eight thousand six hundred and thirty-six, their tonnage three hundred twelve thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven ; the French owned one hundred four thousand, six hundred and eighty-seven of this, and the residue was owned by for- eigners.* In 1804, the number of trading vessels, belonging to the states and nations around the Baltic, including those of Norway and Holstein, was four thousand one hundred and thirty-four, and their tonnage about four hundred ninety-three thousand, four hundred and seven- teen British.! The shipping of the Baltic has not, probably, increas- ed since that period. The American tonnage, therefore, is more than double that of all the maritime nations of the north of Europe. The rapid increase of American tonnage, after the commence- ment of the present government, in a few years, almost excluded for- eign tonnage from the trade of the United States. Table No. III. contains a statement of American and foreign tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United States, for each year, from 1790 to 1799. In 1790, the proportion of foreign tonnage, to the whole amount of tonnage, employed in the foreign American trade was as 41. 4 to 100, and in 1799 was as 14. 9 to 100. In 1807, the propor- tion was as 7. 3 to 100. Table No. IV*. presents a statement of the tonnage of vessels, entered in the United States, from 1790 to 179G, and the nations to which the same belonged. In 1790, the amount oi foreign tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United State? was two hundred fiity-one thousand and fifty-eight tons, in 1796, was forty-nine thousand, nine hundred and sixty, in 1802, (a year oi peace in Europe) was one hundred forty-six thousand, seven hun- dred and seventy-nine, and in 1807 was eighty-six thousand three * See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 4th vol. p. 52.1 : Oddv 396 hundred and twenty-two. In the years 1790, 1796, and 1802, it was owned by foreign nations, as follows : — 1790. 1796. 1802. Tons. Tons Tons. Great-Britain, 216,914 19,669 - 104,262 France, 12,059 2,055 - 7,659 Spain, 7,381 2,449 - 8,582 Portugal, 3,777 - 637 - 1,111 Italy, - - 758 - - - United Netherlands, 6,136 - 301 - 102 Imperial, 459 - . . - - Hanse Towns, 1,978 - 4,987 - 12,980 Denmark, 1,113 - 10,430 - 6,492 Sweden, - 535 - 5,560 - 1,127 Prussia, 394 - . . - - Russia, . . . . 2,994 American built owned by Great-Britain, ( " " " - - 519 British built owned by ( Americans, - ' i ' ' ' - - 951 The extensive coasting trade of the United States, as well as the fisheries, will tend to increase the American navigation, and will al- ways be an excellent nursery for seamen, from whence the American navy in case of emergency can be supplied with hands. Fortunate- ly for the country, the American navy, formerly considered by many a mere gangrene upon the nation, seems now to be the favourite ot all parties. Its brilliant success, during the late war, and in its late excursion to the Mediterranean, has raised its own fame, as well as that of the American character, and justly entitles it to public patron- age, both in peace and war. The American navy, in the summer of 1815, consisted of about seventy ships, brigs, and schooners, besides- some small sloops, and gun-boats. Not having in our possession an official list, we are unable to state the exact number of vessels, or the number of guns. 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H *-< CX CO « T* t* *# g er; CO iO cm cm CO t~ !> t- t- a rr CO ' co c o ' s e'- CM T* 1-1 • co - t- t- t- co « £• CO O O t- i-i CM O O I- t> iO i3 ^ w CO - :- «, f co" ~ cA /: 00 cm OS 00 • • ■o cr. c 1~~ — — 1- M r- co i— co t co r~ i> o •* o ■<* or. -r H l> -r ~l n CM - 0' O -CM CO ^lO CO cr. cr. co cr. co co co t- i> t> c- i> i- W C/2 OS O P- C fc C I j £> in < W APPENDIX No. I. The country, or vice-royalty, of New-Spain and its dependencies, adjoins Louisiana ; the following- brief account of the coinage and commerce of that country, and particularly that part of the commerce carried on from the port of Vera Cruz, cannot be uninteresting to an American merchant or statesman. It was taken from accurate documents on the spot, in 1810, by a gentleman of ability, and may be therefore depended on as correct. The country is very extensive, includes the province and city of Mexico, and contains the most valuable silver mines in the world. The city of Mexico is much more populous, than any city, either in North or South America. By the last census or enumeration, it contained upwards of one hundred and eighty thousand inhabitants; and in 1809, the number of births in the city, was 6,693, and the deaths, 6,160. Judging by this, its popula- tion is about one third of that of London or Paris. The coinage of gold and silver is carried on in the mint, which is established in the city of Mexico. In 1809, the whole coinage was as follows, viz. : — In Gold, .... ^1,464,818 In Silver, .... 24,708,164 Making the whole coinage for 1809, - §26,172,982 If we add to this, the amount coined from the first establishment of the mint in 1630, to the end of the year 1808, a space of 178 years, be- ing 1,496,832,112 It forms the enormous total of coinage, from the first foundation of the mint, of - 81,523,005,094 The commerce of New-Spain is carried on, principally, from the port of Vera Cruz, on the Gulph of Mexico, and Acapulco, on the Pacific Ocean. 52 u APPENDIX NO. I. The commerce carried on from the port of Vera Cruz, in 1809, was as follows :■ — ■ IMPORTS. ., „,, ,-, . C National produce and manufactures, J: rom Old Spam, < l ' ' Foreign do. do. ,. ., ~ , . C Colonial industry, - §1.643,018 • t- rom the Colonies. < ■ * J ' 'Effects from Europe, 1,620,183 Dolls. 10,252,698 6,914,607 £17,167,305 3,263,201 Total amount of importations for 1809, EXPORTS To Old Spain, To the Colonies, Total amount of exports for 1809, $20,430,506 Dolls. 21,825,226 6,452,307 ^28,277,533 COASTING TRAUE FROM THE SAME PORT. Imports, ...... Exports, ...... In the year 1809, there arrived from Old Spain, square rigged vessels, ...... From the Colonies, ..... 8624,012 346,711 119 172 Total, .... In the same period, cleared out for Old Spain, Do. do. do. for the Colonies, 291 62 177 Total, 239 The imports and exports, on Government account, are not included in the foregoing statement; they amount to very considerable sums. Government imports principally quicksilver for the mines, playing cards, paper, &c. &c APPENDIX NO. I. Ill and the exports consist, in money, gold, silver, tobacco, grin-powder, cop- per, tin, lead, &c. The money alone exported by Government in 1809, ex- ceeded twenty -five millions of dollars. Dolls. The gold coin exported by individuals in 1809, was - 13,052 Silver do. do. do. was - 21,761,188 j; Total amount of specie exported by individuals and con- tained in the above statement of exports for 1809, - 21,774,240 To which may be added the specie exported by Govern- ment, during the same period, and which may be stat- ed, at least to be - - - - 25,000,000 Makes the grand total of cash exported in 1809, - £46,774,240 Although this statement appears enormous, yet it is under-rated, for though the coinage during the year 1809, was only twenty-six millions, yet it must be recollected, that since the year 1804, in which the war broke out with Great -Britain, but a small proportion of money had been exported, and of course much had been accumulated. The exports of flour from Vera Cruz, to the Havanna, in the year 1809, was twenty-six thousand seven hun- dred and twenty -four bales, of two quintals each, upwards of twenty-seven thousand barrels. New-Spain is a beautiful wheat country, and could sup- ply not only the Island of Cuba, but all Spanish America. The articles of produce and manufacture exported from New-Spain, are cotton, indigo, sugar, cocoa, coffee, flour, horns, lard, rice, cheese, jerked beef, soap, allspice, anniseed, venilla bean, sarsaparilla, bark, jallap, dye- woods, oil or extract thereof, leather, morocco, cordovan and sole, hides and deer skins, cochineal, wool, tin, copper, lead, pearls, gold and silver, in bullion and corned, gold leaf for gilders' use, earth ern ware from the man- ufactory of Xalapa, cloths, hats, &c. &c. &c. In the year 1809, the produce of the interiour brought down to Vera Cruz, took up fifty-three thousand seven hundred and eighteen mules, IV APPENDIX NO. 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'O — —« CI — ol 0'* 'O CO O 81 CO 13 l^ CO CD i- a — <-i©-!CMCMCMO>CMCMC0 V* 'M CO r^i tO CD i- ~. >o 50 f- tO £- o tO 1 — 1 tO CM 1 — 1 '..- -~, -f O: 'J. ** 00 OO oo 3 CO CO CO CM cr. — -..- CO C7j :.: iO :,-) r- to CO c o (^ 1- -*■ to CO co t- CO tO — »n CO CM 50 — < cr. r- CO O CM -r CO oo CM -* O to 1— _ r ,-i iC r~ Tf ■0 CO 0 to CO co o «> l> 00 tO to O CO CO CO CO CM CM CM &* to co to co >o to cn cjo oo co^ co co^ co^ «> co co_ cor^ co co CS CC 't « l> O d CO CS CD -< CD t Ot ■* « rt Ol Gl CO O^ CM GO^ l~- CO y-t tO l> t- CO co co'co -& 0 CO O l> CO CO OO O -# "O CO !> 00 CO O i— CM CO OOOCOO--**-*'-*-* cocococooocococococo APPENDIX NO. II. XI No. 6. That the amount of the unfunded debt of Great-Britain, under the heads of Navy Debt, and Exchequer Bills outstanding, may, for the years 1804, 1805,1806, 1807, 1808, 1809,1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813. be slated as follows : — Exchequer Navy debt. bills Total. Years ending 5th January, 1804 outstanding. £. £. 19,067,600 £. 4,037,307 23,104,907 1805 5,001,567 25,253,500 30,255,067 1806 5,911,588 27,180,400 33,0^1,988 1807 5,885,819 27,207,500 33,043,319 1808 6,561,237 31,942,900 38,504,137 1809 7,221,167 39,301,200 46,522,367 1810 8,263,175 39,164,100 47,427,275 1811 7,595,838 38,286,000 47,681,838 1812 7,883,890 41,491,800 49,375,690 1813 7,748,872 45,406,400 53,155,372 No. 7- That the amount of the unfunded debt of Ireland, under the head of Treasury Bills outstanding and unprovided for, in the years ending 5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811. 1812, and 1813, may be stated as follows : — ! Irish Currency Years ending 5dv January, £. 1804 1,999,000 1805 1,099,000 1806 299,000 1807 - 1808 400,000 1809 541,666 1810 655,729 1811 114,062 | 1812 1,840,479 1 1813 2,508,940 : Xll APPENDIX NO. II. No. 8. riutt the net produce of the new, and additional duties, imposed in Great-Bri- tain, in each year, from the 5th January, 1803, to the present year, on an average of the two years, last past, or of the fast two years tliereof a sepa- rate account has been laid before Parliament, 7i-as respectively as follows : — Year ended 5th Jan 1804 1805 1806 | 1807 I 1808 i 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 Permanent Taxes. War Taxes. 960,346^ 1,506,877 996,779 £ ! £ 78 18S ^ Customs 8c excise, 7,299,056 j {0,L ; t Property, - - 4,891,5015 ''Customs taken at the esti-^ mated amount for this year, and which with part of the sum included in the prece- ding year under the head, )> customs and excise, makes the total actual produce of the temporary or war duty {jn the two last years — Property, C Excise,' - - - 518,617 ? ? Property, - - 6,555,571 $ Excise •1,222,287 105,000 f466,101 Customs, -646,409 Excise, - 12,190,557 Total. £ 12,768,745 1,000,000 1,960,346 1,417,886: 2,924,763 7,074,188| 8,070,967! 63,681 ! 63,681: - ! 1,222,287: - , 105,000' 64,790 15,699 530,891 662,108 * Exclusive of, £375,000, short annuities expired, and £65,000, saving on management of public debt. | The produce of the only complete year the duties have been in existence % Actual produce from 5th July, 1812, to 5lh July, 1813, including the estimated amount of linen bounties repealed APPENDIX NO. II. "Xill No. 9. That the total sum, to be provided, by Great-Britain, -within the year 1815, may be estimated atfolloivs : — Interest on the public funded debt, charges of management, and sinking fund including the ad- dition to the sinking fund in the present session 34,939,534 Interest on imperial loan, - 496,277 Proportion to be defrayed by Great-Britain of the following charges viz. — Civil Government of Scotland, pensions on revenue, militia and de- serters warrants, bounties for promoting fishe- ries, &c for the United Kingdom, estimated to be the same as in the year ended 5th Jan. 1813, j 835,000 Charges of collection and management of the rev-, enue of Great-Britain and Ireland, estimated to| be the same as in the year ended 5th Jan. 1813, | 4,099,000 Civil list and other charges on the consolidated fund of Great-Britain, and civil list and perma-' nent grants for Ireland, estimated to be the same as in the year ended 5th January, 1813, - j 2,038,000 15-17 of - £6,972,000 SEPARATE CHARGES OF CrREAT-HRITAIX. On the consolidated fund, estimated as at 5th January, 1813, - - £ 35,000 Loyalty loan repaid, 171,836 Interest on exchequer bills, - - - 1,800,000 Do. on debentures, 40,000 Grant to sinking fund in respect to ex- chequer bills unprovided for, - - 260,000 To discharge exchequer bills issued on account of the vote of credit, Anno. 1812, 3,000,000 | j Supplies voted 1813 for Great-Britain & £ Ireland including a vote of credit of £5,200,000 71,550,000' Deduct, proportion of supplies to be defray- ed by Ireland, .....I 8,417,0001 35,435,811 6,152,000 5,307,136 63,133 ,000 ';jllQ,Q28,~947 XIV APPENDIX NO. II. No. 10. That the total sum, to be provided by Ireland witlrin the year 1813, may be esti- mated as follows ■• — Interest of public funded debt, charge of management and Irish Curr'y sinking fund, including charges on the loan for present ses sion, ...-.--.. Proportion to be defrayed by Ireland of the following charges,] viz.' — Civil Government of Scotland (Pensions to the i Hereditary revenue of G. Britain) &.c. kc. (same as No. 9.)" 905,100 Charges of collection and management of the rev- enues of Great-Britain & Ireland, kc. kc. (same as No. 9.) 4,441,000,' Civil list and other permanent charges on the con- solidated fund of G. Brkain, &.c. &c. (same as j No. 9.) - - - - . - - 2^07,800 2-17 of - £7,553,900! SEPARATE CHARGES OF IRELAND, VIZ. ' Interest on exchequer bills, - £125,500 , Grant to sinking fund in respect to treasury bills, ... 21,604 .Supplies voted 1813 for G. B. and Ireland inclu- f* 77,512,500 B. and Ireland inclu- ding a vote of credit of £5,200,000 British, - Deduct, proportion of supplies to be defrayed by Great-Britain, £ 5,425,400 888,700 147,104 68,394,000 9418,5001 £15,579,704'' APPENDIX NO. II. XV No. 11. That the total official value of imports, into Great-Britain, in the years ended 5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 181 1, 1812, and 1813, may be taken as follows : — Foreign East-India and colonial Irish produce. and Total. Years ended 5th produce. China. January, £. £. £. £. | 1804 21,643,577 ) 23,986,869 \ includ. Ireland i 6,348,887 27,992,464 1805 - I 5,214,621 23,201,490 1806 21,292,870 2,979,598 6,072,160 30,344,628 1807 21,841,005 3,248,131 3,746,771 28,835,907 1808 21,958,382 3,494,767 3,401,509 28,854,658 1809 19,869,723 3,910,981 5,848,649 29,629,353 1810 - 26,933,625 3,475,759 3,363,025 33,772,409 1811 33,146,975 3,280,747 4,708,415 41,136,135 1812 21,201,450 3,318,879 4,106,251 28,626,580! 1813 19.443,574 3,551,269 Not yet made up. No. 12. That the toiul official value of exports , from Great-Britain, in the years ended the bth January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813, may be taken as follows: — Years ended 5th January, 1804 - 1805 - 1806 - 1807 - 1808 - 1809 - 1810 - 1811 - 1812 - 1813 - British pro- duce & man- ufactures. Foreign and colonial merchandize. Irish produce and manu- factures. Total. £. 22 252 027 23'935,'793 25,004,337 27,402,685 25,171,422 26,691,962 35,104,132 34,923,575 24,131,734 31,243,362 £• £. £. 9,326,468 ) 10,515,575$ 9,552,423 8,789,368 9,105,827 7,397,901 14,680,524 10,471,941 7,975,396 11,508,673 Includ. Irish produce. 398,085 335,131 289,322 464,404 502,244 474,343 302,54 1 489,506 $31,578,495 I 34,451,367 34,954,845 36,527,184 34,566,571 34,554,267 50,286,900 45,869,859 32,409,671 43,241,541 XVI ATTENDIX NO. II. No. 13. That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, which, have been built and registered in the several, ports of the British Empire, (except Ireland) may be stated as follows : — ■ Ships. Tonnage. Year ended 5th January 1804 1 ,402 135,349 1805 991 95,979 1806 1,001 89,584 1807 772 69,198 1808 770 68,000 1809 568 57,140 1810 596 6 1 ,396 1811 685 84,891 1812 870 115,630 1813 760 94,198 Xo. 14. That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage,, and the number of Men and Boys usually employed in navigating the same, which belonged to the several ports of the British Empire, (except Ireland) on the 30th September, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807. 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, and 1812, may be stated as follows:— Ships. Tons. Men. Year ended 30th September, 1803 19,828 2,108,990 148,600 j 1804 20,713 2,210,508 148,598 ! 1 805 20,984 2,226,636 152,642 1806 21,106 2,208,169 150,940 ; 1807 21,192 2,224,720 152,658 1808 21,542 2,265,860 151,781 1809 21,951 2,307,489 155,038 1810 22,577 2,367,394 158,779 1811 22,973 2,415,619 157,063 1812 22,996 1 2,421,695 159,710 ' APPENDIX NO. II. XVII No. 15. That the number of Vessels, ivith the amount of their Tonnage, and the number of Jifen and Boys, employed in navigating the same (^including their re- peated voyages J -which entered inwards, at the several ports of Great-Bri- tain, from all parts of the ivorld, in t/ie years ended 5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 181l/l812, and 1813, may be stated as follows : — Year ended 5th January, 1804 BRITISH. FOREIGN Ships. 11,996 Tons. Men. Ships 4,252 Tons. Men. 33,660 1,614,365 93,004 638,034 1805 10,508 1,395,387 82,979 4,271 607,299 30,744 1806 11,409 1,494,075 87,148 4,515 691,703 34,719 1807 12,110 1,482,412 88,963 3,792 612,800 31,346 1808 11,213 1,436,667 84,997 4,087 680,144 32,488 1809 11,316 1,314,241 82,754 1,925 282,892 15,512 1810 12,656 1,539,573 95,796 4,922 759,287 38,285 1811 13,557 1,609,088 102.900 6,876 1,176,243 60,094 1812 12,908 1,522,692 94,740 3,216 687,180 34,157 1813 13,869 1,579,715 96,371 2,536 518,443 25,519 No. 16. That tlie number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, and the number of Men and Boys, employed in navigating the same ("including their repeated voyages J -which cleared outwards, at the several ports of Great-Britain, to all parts of the -world, in tlie years ended 5th January, 1804 to 1813, inclu- sive, may be stated as follows : — Years ended 5th January, 1804 BRITISH. FOREIGN. Ships. 11,072 Tons. Men. 92,940 Ships Tons. Men. 1,444,840 3,662 574,542 30,414 1805 11,131 1,463,286 93,748 4,093 587,849 30,507 1806 11,603 1,494,968 94,388 3,930 605,641 30,910 1807 12,239 1,485,725 94,513 3,457 567,988 29,616 1808 11,428 1,424,103 89,715 3,846 631,910 31,411 1809 11,923 1,372,810 89,632 1,892 282,145 15,671 1810 11,499 1,531,152 102,523 4,530 699,750 37,256 1811 13,092 1,624,274 107,724 6,641 1,138,527 60,870 1812 12,774 1,507,353 96,739 3,350 696,232 37,262 1813 14,328 1,665,518 105,004 2,647 540,902 27,841 o4 XVlll APPENDIX NO. II. Xo. 17. That the official value, in Irish currency, of all imports into, and exports from Ireland, for ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, distinguisTiing each yeai and the value of foreign articles exported, -was as follows: — Official value of Official Irish produce Foreign & colo- and manufac- nial merchan- Years ending- the 5th January, 1804 exports. tures exported dize exported. 5,275,650 4,629,086 141,302 1805 5,712,802 4,903,261 171,179 1806 5,736,214 5,059,867 142,481 1807 5,605,959 5,033,354 157,666 180S 6,637,907 5,307,806 150,370 1809 7,129,507 5,696,897 234,112 1810 7,471,557 5,408,910 330,933 1811 6,564,578 5,471,012 627,472 1812 7,234,603 5,833,996 256,415 ! 1813 8,820,359 6,463,744 404,424 No. 18. That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, that were built' and registered, in the several ports of Ireland, in the ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, teas as follows : — Years ended 5th January, 1804 Vessels. ~~ 42~ _ Tons. 2,418 1805 38 1,611 1806 28 1,212 1807 41 1,687 1808 io 1,838 1809 32 1,235 | 1810 31 1,643 i 1811 21 1,331 | 1812 41 1,655 j 1813 50 1,952 ' Xo. 19. That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, and number of J\len and Hoys usually employed in navigating them, which belonged to the several ports of Ireland, in the ten years, ending 50th September, 1812, dis- tinguishing each year, was as follows : — Vears ending 1 30th September, Ships. Tons. Men. 1803 1,065 58,871 5,218 1804 1,061 58,060 5,176 1805 1,067 56,755 5,062 1806 1,076 55,545 5,081 1807 1,098 56,902 5,217 1808 1,104 68,958 5,324 1809 1,119 61,150 5,560 1810 1,126 58,646 5,416 1811 1,133 59,1.54 5,484 1812 1,111 57,103 5,320 APPENDIX NO. 11. XIX No. 20. That the number of vessels, with the amount of their tonnage, and the number of men and boys employed in navigating the same, ("including their repeat- ed voyages ) and entered inwards, in the several ports of Ireland, from, or to all parts of the world : in the ten years ending 5th Jan. 1813 — distinguish- ing each year, and the Irish, British, and foreign vessels, was as follows : — Years ending 5th Jan. 1804 - INWARDS. IRISH. BRITISH. FOREIGN. Ships i Tons. 1^3T5 : 97,946 Men. Ships Tons. 56934 Men. 32,286 Ships 600~ Tons. 947800 Men.! 6,529 5,996 6,1 59j 1805 - 1,243; 90,541 6,1166,242 610,618 33,553 534 79,778 5,182 1806 - 1,276 91,290 6,230 : 6,139 580,752 33,775 545 82,420 5,539 1807 - 1,497 102,163 7,0496,687 630,368 36,818 498 80,001 5,055 1808 - 1,503107,733 7,231:6,836 652,946 36,539 461 78,533 4,674 1809 - 1,583 111,614 7,48517,189 696,403 38,426 159 25,326 1,580 1810 - 1,546 103,698 7,21715,975 535,299,30,648 343 56,946 3,525, 1811 - 1,982 130,991 8,983:7,514 673,540 i.38,536 660 119,188 6,643' 1812 - 1,956 133,748 9,125j7,404 686,255|39,504 644 129,994 6,673 1 1813 - 2,229|152,355 10,398|9,022 830,473147,809 405 79,307 4,255! No. 21. That the number of vessels, with the amount of their tonnage, and the number of men and boys employed in ?iavigati?ig the sa?ne, including their repeated vonages, that cleared outwards, in the severed ports of Ireland, from, or to, all parts of the world : in the ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, distin- guishing each year, and the Irish, British and foreign vessels, was as fol- lows : — 1 Years OUTWARDS. ending 1 IRISH. BRITISH. FOREIGN. 1 1 5th Jan. Ships 131 Tons. 90,254 Men. jShipsJ Tons. , Men. Ships Tons. Men.l 5,728 ; 1804 - 6,324 5,160 509,387 29,368 553 93,995 1 1805 - 1,080 82,934 5,832:5,013 507,177 28,337 531 78,971 5,093 ! 1806 - 1,172 90,173 6,07715,442 535,761 30,648 521 77,783 4,910 ! 1807 - 1,353 97,162 6,754 ! 5,888o74,688 32,441 522 83,048 5,139: j 1808 - 1,320 97,856 6,797|6,294 615,702 34,631 418 72,662 4,130 : 1809 - 1,405 108,435 7,22116,473 641,157 35,715 163 27,856 1,591) ; 1810 - 1,527 109,144 7,398 5,877538,699 30,477 000 56,267 3,225 1811 - 1,841 125,389 8,650 6,931627,012 35,595 639 1117,414 6,312 ' 1812 - 1,853 129,031 8,6516,865 642,767 36,05 1, 621 i'126,588 6,265, . 1813 - 2,103 151,141 10,04218,465 792,829 45,437J 421 ! 85,505 4,368: ERRATA. Page 27, line 1, for " inclusive" read exclusive — page 33, last line, for " one" read our — page 35, line 1, for "those" read these — page 47, line 9, for " these" read their — page 76, Table No. VII. the heading inserted by mistake — page 92, line 10, strike out " in" — page 95, line 20, for " prices" read price — page 99, line 1, for " 1804" read 1814 — page 102, Note, for " Peccohet's" read Peuchcfs — page 105, line 15, for "parts" read ports — page 110, line 26, for " 1795" read 1793— page 116, line 20, for "the" be- fore climate, readier — page 136, line 2, for "the" before citizens, read their — page 141, line 8, for " them" read thence — page 144, last line, for " chapter" read chapters — page 170, line 15, strike out the word "and" and figures YT. — page 172, line 10, for "negotiated" read regulated — page 196, line 21, for " pounds" read tierces — page 248, for " pounds" after the word " salt" read bushels — page 264, line 31, for " or" read o/i--page 290, line 10 strike out "and" between "lands and purchased" — page 301, line 12, for " 373" read 673, and for " 573" read 873 — page 301, last line, for " pur- pose" read purchase — and page 306, Table No. 1J. line 35, for " redeemed" read reduced. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ■ REC'D 10-UHB / JUL 2 1988 / UN 2 5 1992 / / Form L9-Series 444 / / 3 1158 00505 0694 HL 105 P68s 1816