Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstlatinreadinOOarrorich FIRST LATIN READINGS BY ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN, TEACHERS' COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY AND GEORGE M. WHIGHER, M.A. INSTRUCTOR IN CLASSICS, PACKER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N.Y. o>4Ko NEW YORK :. CINCINNATI :. CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1894, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. A. X: W. FIRST LAT. READ. 7 3 6/^ f>rinte& b^ XQliUiam tiviBon tKcw ^ox\i» Xi, S. B. » -.>K A7^ INTRODUCTORY NOTE.y^yp/ >{/ The present volume is put forth as an attempt at the partial solution of the vexed question of early reading material in Latin. The call for variety in the Latin authors read in American Preparatory Schools has recently been accentuated by the Report of the Committee on Secondary School Studies, presented to the National Educational Association in 1893. The objections to the exclusive use of Caesar's Commentaries as an introduction to the Latin language are set forth at length in that Report, and are so well known that a repetition of them here is not necessary. The opinion held by many teachers that, as now used, Caesar's great work is out of its proper relation to the scheme of secondary education does not conflict with the recognition of the important place occupied by the Commentaries in the study of the language, history, and litei^ture of Rome. It cannot be maintained that there is general agreement among teachers in this matter. But whether the object is to enrich or to rear- range the present scheme of Latin readings, or merely to provide a more gradual introduction to the Commentaries, there is a wide demand for some change from the inherited limitations in our schools, and the greatest obsta- cles in the way of any changes for the better are gradually giving way. Of these, the most formidable to the minds of some is the possible substi- tution of authors outside the confines of the classical period. It is held that a departure, in however small degree, from classical usage is most detrimental to the acquisition of that "classical style," which is considered the swiimiijii honuni in the teaching of Latin. 4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. If, however, the student's introduction to the literature of the Romans is to arouse a desire for further acquaintance with that literature, the material offered him should be attractive in itself, and of enough variety to sustain his interest. If he is to appreciate the beauties of language and construction, he should be equipped with the widest range of thought, vocabulary, and construction possible. He should be made to feel that his highest end is to gain, not alone a mastery of the mechanism of the language, but an insight into the thought and life of a people which contributed so largely to our present civilization — to study what is said not solely how it is said. It is on these lines that the editors have attempted to construct this book. The selections have been carefully made with reference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and, in great part, their relation to Roman life and customs. They are in all cases episodes of sufficient length to acquaint the student with the author's vocabulary and con- struction. In the use of this volume, the student should be urged to consult the works of reference indicated in the notes, and encouraged to observe from his own reading all matters which throw light on the stories of Rome and illustrate the similarities or contrasts in constructions and expressions in English and Latin. The aid thus given to an appreciation of English usage is evident, and is largely increased if the modern lan- guages, and particularly German, can be drawn upon for purposes of comparison. The grammatical references which accompany the text are not intended as a final arbitrary settlement of grammatical constructions. The fact that, in many instances, neither the makers of grammars nor the editors of texts agree among themselves in grammatical divisions and in the explanation of certain usages (e.g. the uses of the ablative and certain subjunctives) emphasizes the danger of insisting too strongly on one inter- pretation to the exclusion of all others. Experience shows that the wisest method is to insure a comprehension of the essential use and general scope INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 5 of the case or mode, and then in specific instances to encourage the great- est, instead of the least, variety of interpretation. When teachers and grammarians and editors are frequently unable to reach a common ground of agreement, over-refining and arbitrary classification can be but barren in results to the pupil. The vocabulary, as far as possible, has been prepared with the aim of leading the student to appreciate first the primary meaning of the word and to trace its development through its secondary and derived significa- tions. In the case of compound verbs, this has been done by placing all compounded forms under the simple verb, where the original verb value may be more readily traced. In the case of variations in the text, those readings have been selected which seemed most helpful to the student. No changes whatever have been made in the language of the author, but in some cases, especially in the selections from Cicero and Livy, omissions have been made to avoid the introduction of undesirable matter or quotations from the Greek. In a book intended for beginners, it has seemed best to have the spelling and assimilation of all the texts conform to one standard. With the exception of a very few words, the excellent Elementary Latin Dictionary of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis has been followed, as being accessible to most teachers and students. For the same reasons all quantities, especially * hidden quantities,' have, except in the case of obvious errors, been marked by the same guide. At the present stage of the study, the quantities assigned must necessarily, in many cases, be tentative and subject to cor- rection. Even in such quantities as are definitely settled, the great diffi- culty of securing absolute accuracy is evident, and corrections in this as well as in all other points will be gratefully received. The editors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Professors Peck and Egbert, of Columbia College, to Dr. Knapp, of Barnard College, and to Professor Lodge, of Bryn Mawr, for many suggestions and for their ser- vices in the ungrateful task of proof reading; to Professor Lodge for 6 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. early proof sheets of his revision of Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar ; and to Dr. Knapp, who has placed the results of his long study of Gellius at their disposal. These gentlemen, however, are not responsible for any misstatements or errors. While conscious of the defects which will be found in this volume, the editors trust that it may nevertheless have some small part in bringing about that broader view of the province of Latin teaching, which regards the lan- guage not as material for mental training alone, but as an essential part of the world's literature, and as a most important agent in securing the broadest culture and widest human sympathy. ROBERT ARROWSMITH. GEORGE M. WHICHER. August, 1894. TABLE OF CONTENTS. EuTROPius. Breviarium. p^gb Book I. Founding of Rome 13 Expulsion of the Kings 15 War with Tarquin 16 Coriolanus. Cincinnatus 19 The Gauls at Rome 20 Book II. Corvinus 21 Wars with the Samnites 22 War with Pyrrhus 23 First Punic War 25 The Heroism of Regulus 26 Book III. Second Punic War. Battle of Cannae . . . .28 Scipio 30 Book IV. Third Punic War. Destruction of Carthage ... 31 Book V. Mithridates 32 Book VI. Catiline's Conspiracy 33 Caesar conquers Gaul. Civil War 35 Conquest and Death of Pompey 36 Death of Caesar 37 Book VII. Rise of Octavianus 39 Philippi 40 Antony and Cleopatra. Reign of Augustus . . .41 7 • 8 CONTENTS. Cornelius Nepos. De Viris Inlustribus, page Miltiades .....»•••. 43 Themistocles 45 Aristides 55 Hamilcar 66 Hannibal 58 Cato 67 Atticus 69 Caesar. De Bello Gallico. Book II. Campaign against the Nervii 76 Book III. War with the Veneti . . 84 Book IV. i'irst Invasion of Britain 91 Book V. Second Invasion of Britain 101 Two Brave Rivals 110 Book VI. Customs of the Gauls Ill Customs of the Germans . . .< . . . .116 The Hercynian Forest .118 Book I. The German Manner of Fighting 120 Book IV. Description of the Suebi 120 The Gauls' Love of Gossip 121 AuLus Gellius. Nodes Atticae, Book. I. Fabricius and the Samnite Gold . . , ' , . .123 Socrates and Xanthippe 123 The Sibylline Books 123 Papirius Praetextatus 124 Book II. The Difference 125 Book III. The Meaning of the Palm 125 Pyrrhus and the Poisoner 126 Book IV. Scipio's Haughty Spirit 127 Book V. Bucephalus 128 Hannibal's Witty Answer 129 The Roman Crowns 129 CONTENTS. 9 AuLUS Gellius — continued. page Book VI. The Sacredness of Roman Oaths 132 Book VII. A Snake Story 134 Some Early Libraries 134 Book IX. Some Barbarous Superstitions 135 How Corvinus got his Name 136 Book X. Claudia's Impudence . 137 The Ring Finger 138 War or Peace? 139 The Ages of Man 139 Book XV. A Strange Death 140 Second Sight 140 The White Deer 141 Cicero. De Natura Deorum. Book II. The Gods appear to Men 143 Other Proofs of Divine Existence 144 The Deities 145 The Wonders of the Universe 147 Book III. The Gods do not always Punish 148 De Divinatione. Book I. Divination .... 149 Augury. Portents. Dreams 150 LivY. Historiae. Book I. Kings of Alba Longa 1^2 Romulus and Remus 1^3 Hercules and Cacus 1^^ Reign of Numa • • • 1^^ Book II. Horatius at the Bridge 160 The Gauls at Rome 1^1 Notes .......••••••• 1"' Vocabulary , . . . . 211 SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT. In beginning the reading of Latin the student meets certain difficul- ties which do not present themselves so prominently in his own language, and which he must master in order to gain the power of reading intel- ligently and readily. The chief of these difficulties are (1) the variety of meanings which may be expressed by the same case forms, instead of by prepositions, as in English; (2) the similarity of certain case endings; and (3) the order of words in the Latin sentences. The same features may be seen to some extent in English. The word him has two distinct uses, as may be seen by completing the sentence " Bring him — " in two different ways ; and, until the idea is completed, the mind, consciously or unconsciously, must hold the interpretation in suspense. If this principle, which is still more prominent in the Latin sentence, is thoroughly grasped and applied, the first difficulty will be much decreased. The first step, then, should be to understand the chief meanings of the dif- ferent cases and modes, and the second to keep these meanings in mind in reading until some other word helps to decide which one of them to select. The second difficulty is rare in English, owing to the almost complete absence of case endings, except in pronouns, where the same form serves for the direct and for the indirect object. A glance at the Latin declen- sions shows that similarity in forms occurs chiefly between the nominative and accusative, and between the dative and ablative. The case is to be decided as before, by the sense w^hen completed. The difficulties arising from the order of words are greater in appear- ance than in reality. The usual order of subject, verb, and object is often overthrown even in English, in poetry and in ordinary conversation, where there is a tendency to obtain emphasis by placing parts of the sentence in unusual positions ; e.g. " That I like," instead of " I like that,'' " a sailor bold," etc. In Latin, the greater flexibility of the language allows a much wider application of this principle, which is of great assistance in deter- mining the full meaning of the sentence. Examining the opening sentence 10 SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT. H on page 13, " Romanum imperium ... a Roraulo exordium habet," we can trace clearly the reasons for the order of words. The author, beginning his work on the history of Rome, naturally places the leading idea of the book in the most prominent position : " the Roman Empire " ; — " Imperium Romanum" would lay most stress on imperium: "the Roman Empire." So also the important fact is not that the empire had an origin, but that it had its origin in Romulus, which is indicated by the position of a Romulo, Attention to these details of order is of the greatest value in understanding the author's point of view, and therefore the spirit of his writings. Diffi- culties in the order of words may best be overcome by a literal translation, which will often develop the meaning, even though in awkward English. But throughout all the operations by which we try to arrive at the meaning, it must be borne in mind that the chief aim is not to translate the words into English, but to understand the thought in Latin; and this 'po'wer oi feeling the Latin thought will come surely, even if slowly at first, by close attention to the structure of the sentence. In studying the grammatical references which accompany the text the student will sometimes find that the form or construction treated may be explained according to other principles than those referred to. In some cases the Notes call his attention to this possibility, and he will find it of great profit and interest to discover the changes in sense which are thus developed. The Vocabulary is so arranged that compound verbs are found once in their proper alphabetical position, but without translation, and again under the simple verb. So, for instance, the meanings of conficio will be found only under /a ao. This is done in order that the student may see how the derived, and sometimes apparently unconnected, uses of a verb are really connected with its original meaning. The Notes are intended not to explain all constructions and allusions found in the text, but principally to call attention to important points which the student may follow out independently, in the works recommended and in his own observation of similarities in thought and usage in English. Par- ticularly, in reading the selections contained in this book, he should draw as widely as possible on his outside reading, on pictures and descriptions, and on his own observation, in order to gain a real appreciation of the interest which Rome and Roman things have always had for educated men. The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in most common use ; those to Harkness being in full-face type, (300) ; tliose to Allen & Greenough in plain type, (300) ; and those to Gildersleeve, last edition, 1894, in italics, (300). ,-- — -— -^^ / OP THE f TCJNIVERSIT 7 THE HtLLS OF ROME 'ervLan Wall Aurdian Wall A£pia The ori^nal Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion of the surrounding terri- tory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill, and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventlne, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius TuUius added the Viminal and Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications, of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet \vlde crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the excavations stands the well-known 'Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high, 'erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the Emperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus Martius, Its main artery, the famous ' Corso,' following the line of the ancient street shown on the plan. See Lan- ciani, Ancient Home, p. 86. 12 OF THB aNIVERSlTY EUTROPIUS. BREVIARIUM. Book I. Founding of Rome. Rape of the Sabines. Eomanum imperium, quo- neque ab ^ ^rrk^ exordio I ullum fere ^v^ ^c * ^ y minus, neque mcre- HUT-URN. {Vase in British Museum.) mentis^ toto orbe^ amplius htimana potest memoria recordarl, a Romulo exordium habet, qui Eheae Silviae, Vestalis virginis, fllius et (quantum putatus est) Martis, c;Lim Remo fratre uno partu editus est. ^s cum inter pastores latrocinaretur,* octo- decim annos ^ natus, urbem exiguam in Palatino monte constituit, ^'^ XI. Kal. Maias,^ Olympiadis sextae anno tertio. 2. Condita civitate/ quam ex nomine suo Rom am vocavit, haec fere egit. Multitudinem fmitimorum in civitatem recepit, centum ex senioribus legit, quorum consilio ^ omnia ageret,^ quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tum, cum uxores ipse et populus suus non haberent,^^ invltavit ad spectaculum ludorum Special Study. — Note uses of the ablative: Roman dates. 1 417 : 247 : 398. 2 424: 253: 397. 3 425, II, 2: 258,/, 2: 387. * 521, 2 : 325 : 585. 6 379: 256: 336. 6 642-4 : 376 : Appendix. M31: 255: 409. 8 420 : 248, 8 : 401. 9 497, 1 : 317, 2 : 630. 10 517 : 326 : 586. 13 14 EUTROPIUS. vTcInas urbl Romae nation^s, atque erirum virginSs rapuit. Com- motls bellis propter raptarum iniuriam, Caeninenses vicit, Antem- nates, Crustuminos, Sablnos, Fldenates, Veientes. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingiint. Et cum orta subito tempestate non com- !:? plruisset, anno r^gnl tricesimo septimo ad deos transTsse creditus^ est et conseeratiis. Deinde Romae- per quinos dies senatores imperav6rnnt et his regnantibus annus I'mus eompletus est. 673. B.C. 640. Oroivth of the city. 3. Postea Numa Pompilius rex creatus est, qui bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus clvitati,^ quam Eomulus, profuit. Nam et leges Romanis'^ moresque constituit, qui eonsuetudine proeliorum iam latrones ac semibarbarl putabantur, et annum descripsit in decem menses, prius sine aliqua supputatione confusum, et InflnTta Romae sacra ac templa con- stituit. Morbo decessit quadragesimo tertio im- peril anno. 4. Huic successit Tullus Hostilius. Hic bella reparavit, Albanos vTcit, qui ab urbe Roma duo- decimo mlliario^ sunt, Veientes et Fldenates, quo- rum alii sexto miliario absunt ab urbe Roma, alii octavo decimo, bello superavit, urbem ampliavit adiecto Caelio monte. Cum triginta et duos annos regnasset,^ fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. 5. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, suscepit imperium. Contra Latinos dimicavit, Aventinum montem clvi- MILIARIUM. Special Study . — Ablative : locative. 1 634, 1 : 330, b : 528. 2 426, II: 258, c, 2: 411. 8 886 : 228 : 346. * 384, 4, N. 2 : 235 : 345. fi 425, II, 2, N. 2 : 258, 4, /: 385, n. 6 235: 128, a: 131, 1. Longitude MAP OF ROME AND VICINITY )>Clypea 18 Bradley j- Poates, Engr's, N. V. BREVIARIUM, I. 15 616. tati adiecit et lanicvilum, apud ostium Tiberis civitatem supra mare sexto decimo mlliario ab urbe Roma condidit. Vicesimo quarto anno imperil morbo periit. 6. Deinde rSgnum Priscus bo. Tarquinius accepit. Hic numerum senatorum dupli- cavit, cireum Eomae aedi- ficavit, ludos Romanos Instituit, qui ad nostram memoriam permanent. Vicit Id^m etiam Sabinos et non parum agrorum/ sublatum ilsdem,^ urbis Romae terri- torio adiunxit, primusque triumphans urbem intravit. Muros fecit et cloacas, Capi- tolium incohavit. Tricesimo octavo imperil anno per^ Anci. fllios occlsus est, regis eius cui ipse successerat. Census. Expulsion of the kings. 7. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex b.c. 578 nobili femina, captlva tamen et ancilla. Hic quoque Sabinos subegit, montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum, urbl adiunxit, fossas circa murum duxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit, qui adhuc per orbem terrarum incognitus erat. Sub eo lloma, omnibus in censum d^latls, habuit capitum lxxxiii. milia civiuin Romanori]m cum iis, qui in agris erant. Occlsus Special Study. — Dative of separation. 1 397, 4 : 216, 4 : 369. 2 335, H, 2 : 229 : 345, r. 3 415, I, 1, N. : 246, h : 401, end. A. & W. LAT. R. 2 CLOACA MAXIMA, SUPPOSED TEMPLE OF VESTA, AND RUINS OF THE PALATINE. i 510. 16 EUTROPTUS. est scelere generi sul TarquiniT Superb!, filii eius regis, cul ipse successerat, et filiae, quam Tarquinius habebat iixorem. B-<^- 8. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque iiltimus regum, Volscos, quae gens ad Campaniam euntibus^ non longe ab urbe est, vicit, Gabios clvitatem^ et Suessam Pometiam subegit, cum Tuscis pacem fecit, et templum lovi in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea Ardeam oppugnans, in octavo decimo railiario ab urbe positam civitatem, imperium perdidit. Nam cum filius eius, et ipse Tarquinius iunior, nobilissimam feminam Lucretiam, ean- demque^ pudicissimam, Collatini uxorem, stuprasset, eaque de initiria marito et patri et amlcls questa fuisset, in omnium con- c. spectu se occldit. Propteu quam causam Brutus, parens et ipse TarquiniT, populum concitavit et Tarquinio^ ademit imperium. Mox exercitus quoque eum, qui civitatem Ardeam cum ipso rege oppugnabat, reliquit; veniensque ad urbem rex portis clausls exclusus est, cumque imperasset annos quattuor et viginti cum uxore et llberls suis fugit. Ita Romae regnatum est^ per septem reges annis^ ducentis quadraginta tribus, cum adhuc Eoma, uln plurimum, vix usque ad quintum decimum miliarium possideret. Consuls. War with Tarqidn. R-^. 9. Hinc consul es coepere pro uno rege duo hac causa creari, 509. ' ut. Si unus malus esse voluisset,^ alter eum habens potestatem similem coerceret.^ Et placuit ne imperium longius quam annuum liaberent,^ ne per diuturnitatem potestatis Insolentiores redde- rentur,^ sed cTvIles semper essent, qui se post annum sclrent^^ Special Study. — Subjunctive of purpose : accusative and ablative of time. 1 384, 4, N. 3 : 235, h : 353. « 379, 1 : 256, 2, b : 393, R. 2. 2 363 : 184 : 321, r. - 509, x. 3 : 307, /: 596, 2. 3 451, 3 : 195, e : 310. » 497 : 317 : 545, 1. 4 385, II, 2 : 229 : 345, R. » 498, 1 : 331 : 546. 5 301 : 146, d : 208, 2. lo 517 : 320, e : 633. BREYIARIUM, I. 17 futures esse privates. Fuerunt igitur anno primo ab expulsls^ regibus consules L. lunius Brutus, qui maxime egerat, ut Tar- quinius pelleretur,^ et Tar- quinius CollatinuSj marltus Lucretiae. Sed Tarquinio Collatino ^ statim sublata est dignitas. Placuerat enim, ne quisquam in urbe mane- ret,^ qui Tarquinius vocare- tur.^ Ergo accepto omnI patrimonio suo ex urbe mi- gravit et loco ipsius fac- tus est L. Valerius Publicola consul. 10. Commovit tamen bel- lum urbi^ Komae rex Tar- quinius, qui fuerat expulsus, et collectTs multis gentibus, ut in regnum posset restituT, dimicavit. In prima pugna Brutus consul et Ariins, Tarquinil fllius, in vicem se occlderunt, Romanl tamen ex ea pugna victores recesserunt. Brutum Eo- manae matronae, defensorem pudlcitiae suae, quasi communem patrem, per annum luxerunt. Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucretium Tricipitlnum conlegam sibi fecit, Lucretiae patrem, quo morbo mortuo, iteruni Horatium Pulvillum conlegam sibi sumpsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules babuit, cum Tarquinius Collati- nns urbe cessisset propter nomen, Brutus in proelio perlsset, Sp. Lucretius morbo mortuus esset. Special Study. — Subjunctive by attraction. ROMAN WALL. 1 649, 5, N. 2 : 292, a : 325, r. 3. 2 501, II: 332: 553. 3 385, TI, 2 : 229 : 345, r. 4 498, 1 : 331 : 546. 5 529, II : 342 : 663, 1. 6 386 : 228 : 347. 18 EUTROPIUS. Further attempts of Tarqidn. Bc- 11. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius, ut reciperetur * in regnum, belluui Komanls intulit, auxilium el ferente Porsena, Tusciae rege, et Romam paene eepit. Verum turn quoque victus est. Tertio anno post reges exactos ^ Tarquinius, cum suscipT non posset in regnum, neque el Porsena, qui pacem cum Romanis fecerat, auxilium praestaret, Tusculum^ se contulit, quae civitas non longe ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim annos privatus cum uxore consenuit. Quarto anno post reges exactos, cum Sabinl Eomanis bellum intulissent, victi sunt, et de his triumpha- tum est. Quinto anno L. Valerius ille, BrutI conlega et quater consul, fataliter mortuus est, adeo pauper, ut conlatis a populo nummis stimptum habuerit^ sepulturae. Quern matronae, sicut Brutum, annum luxerunt. 12. Nono anno post reges exactos, cum gener Tarquinil ad iniuriam soceri vindicandam^ ingentem conlegisset exercitum, nova Romae dignitas est creata, quae dictatura appellatur, maior quam consulatus. Eodem anno etiam magister equitum factus est, qui dictator! obsequeretur.^ Neque quicquam similius potest dici quam dictatura antlqua huic imperii potestati, quam nunc Tranquillitas Vestra liabet, maxime cum Augustas quoque Octa- vianus, de quo postea dicemus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dicta- ttirae nomine atque honore regnaverint.^ Dictator autem Romae primus fuit T. Larcius, magister equitum primus Sp. Cassius. 13. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos seditionem populus Romae fecit, tamquam a senatu atque consulibus premeretur.^ Tum et ipse sibi tribunos plebis quasi proprios indices et defen- Special Study. — Participle for abstract noun. 1 649, 5, N. 2 : 292, a : 325, r. 3. * 542, m, n. 2 ; 644, 1 : 300 : 427. 2 380, II: 258, h : 337, 6 497, 1 ..317^ 2 : 630. « 495, VI : 287, c, n.: 513. 6 517 . 326 : 586. ■^ 613, II : 312 : 602. 4. B.C. 501. VERSIT-^ ; BREVIARIUM, I. X^A^irlftv^ -^^^" sores creavit, per quos contra senatum et consules tutus esse posset. 14. Sequent! anno Volsci contra Romanos bellum reparaverunt, et victl acie etiam Coriolos civitatem, quam habebant optimam, perdiderunt. Corioldnus. Cincinnatus. 15. Octavo decimo anno post reges eiectos, expulsus ex urbe b.c. Q. Marcius, dux Romanorum, qui Coriolos ceperat, Volscorum ^^^' civitatem, ad ipsos Volscos contendit Iratus, et auxilia contra Romanos accepit, Romanosque saepe vicit. Usque ad quintum miliarium urbis accessit, oppugnaturus ^ etiam patriam, legatis, qui pacem petebant, repudiatis, nisi ad eum mater Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe venissent,^ quarum fletu et deprecatione superatus removit exercitum. Atque hic secundus post Tar- quiniiim fuit, qui dux contra patriam suam esset.^ 16. C. Fabio et L. Virginio consulibus trecenti nobiles homings, b.c. qui ex Fabia familia erant, contra Veientes bellum soli suscepg- ^ ^* runt, promittentes senatui et populo per se omne certamen implen- dum. Itaque profecti, omnes nobiles et qui singull magnorum exercituum duces esse deberent,^ in proelio conciderunt. Unus omnino superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerllem duel non potuerat ad pugnam. Post haec census in urbe habitus est et inventa sunt civium capita cxvii. milia cccxix. 17. SequentI anno, cum in Algido monte, ab urbe duodecimo b.c. ferme miliario, Romanus obsideretur exercitus, L. Quintius Cin- ^^^' cinnatus dictator est f actus, qui agrum quattuor iugerum* pos- sidens manibus suls colebat. Is cum in opere et arans esset inventus, siidore deterso togam praetextam accepit et caesis hostibus libera vit exercitum. Special Study. — Future participle in apodosis. 1 549, 3 : 293, &, 3 : 670, 4, (2). ^ 503, l : 320 : 631, 2. 2 510; 308; 597 * 52, 3 : 40, e : 33, 4. 20 EUTROPIUS. Decemvir's. Virginia. Gauls capture Rome. B.C. 451. 18. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita imperium consulare cessavit et pro duobus consulibus decern fact! sunt, qui summam potestatem haberent/ decemviri nominatl. Sed cum primo anno bene egisseut, secundo iinus ex iis, Appius Claudius, Virginil cuiusdam, qui honestis iam stlpendils contra Latinos in monte Algido mllitarat,^ f iliam virginem corrumpere voluit ; quam pater occidit, ne stuprum a decemviro sustineret, et regressus ad mllites movit tumultum. Sublata est decemvirls^ potestas ipslque damnati sunt. ^■^- 20. Post vlginti deinde annos Veientani rebellaverunt. Dic- 396. . tator contra ipsos missus est Furius Camillus qui primum eos ^»£v/ AXLl y ^^^H^y mm ilS^^^A^ff^^'""^^ '^' '^^^^^3^ j^ ^ ^tf^j^^^^£^ ] vn ^^^^Ll^;7J%^=^c^^^ ''''^^^Z~!^^'^~^r~^\~^j^mjk^i \ ^KSC^^iC^w bH^^^^^ ' jj ^*^^[T'^ ' \\ ' h' <^m^ VoPraOP ■sTw^^Tink^^^li ''^ \ \ ' fM ^ lnfe)Wv^'K BH^^^wll^Vwr jSis»\^ ^■T^^™f^^pl /^ RI^rI^^ iwlHRYi'lMi rW •Ifc^villTA ^^Tvl^^ ^&t%!l4ii>^Jjpondisset.* Tum r6x admiratus eum dixisse fertur : ^' Ille est FabriciuSy qui dlfficilius ab honestdte quam sol a cursu sud dverti potest.'^ Tum r6x ad Siciliam profectus est. Fabricius victls Lucanis et Samnitibus triumphavit. Consults deinde M. Curius Dentatus et Cornelius Lentulus »-^- 275 adversum Pyrrhum missi sunt. Curius contra eum pugnavit, exer- citum 6iu8 cecidit, ipsum Tarentum fug^vit, castra cepit. Ea dig caesa hostium vTgintT tria mllia. Curius in consulatu trium- phavit Primus Romam elephantos quattuor duxit. Pyrrhus ^ etiam a TarentO mox recessit et apud Argos, Graeciae civitatem, occlsus est. First Punic War. 18. Ann6 quadringentCsimo septuag^simo septimo, cum iam clarum urbis R6mae nomen esset, arma tamen extra Italiam mota non fuerant. Ut igitur cognosce retur, quae copiae Romanorum essent, census est habitus. Tum inventa sunt civium capita ducenta nonaginta duo milia trecenta triginta quattuor, quam- quam a condita urbe numquam bella cessassent.^ Et contra Afros bellum susceptum est primum Ap. Claudio Q. »-^' Fulvio consulibus. In Sicilia contra eos pugnatum*^ est et Ap. Claudius d6 Afrls et r6ge Siciliae Hierone triumphavit. 21. L. Manlio Vulsone M. Atllio Regulo consulibus bellum in b.c — ... 256 Africam translatum est. Contra Hamilcarem, Carthaginiensium ducem, in marl pugnatum,^ victusque est. Nam perditis sexaginta Special Study. — Accusative of limit of motion. 1 629, 1 : 334 : 467. 2 515^ m, n. 1, 2) : 313, (j : 605, n. 3301, I: 146, d: 208, 2. 26 EUTROPIUS. quattuor navibus retro se recepit. EomanI vigintl duas amise- ruiit. Sed cum in Africam transissent, primam Clypeam, Africae civitatem, in deditionem acceperunt. Consules usque ad Cartha- ginem processerunt, multlsque castellis vastatis Manlius victor Romani rediit et viginti septem milia captivorum reduxit, Atilius Eegulus in Africa remansit. Is contra Afros aciem instrtixit. Contra tres Carthaginiensium duces dimicans victor fuit, decern et octo milia hostium cecidit, quinque milia cum decem et octo elephantls cepit, septuaginta quattuor civitates in fidem accepit. Tum victi Carthaginienses pacem a Romanis petiverunt. Quam cum Kegulus nollet nisi durissimis condicionibus ^ dare, Afri aiixilium a Lacedaemoniis petiverunt. Et duce Xanthippo, qui a Lacedaemoniis missus fuerat, Romanorum dux Regulus victus est ultima pernicie. Nam duo milia tantum ex omnI Romano exercitu reftigerunt, quingentl cum imperatore Regulo capti sunt, triginta milia occlsa, Regulus ipse in catenas coniectus. The heroism of Regulus. ^•^' 25. Post haec mala Carthaginienses Regulum ducem, quern 250. • -T-> r. o ceperant, petierunt, ut Romam pronclsceretur, et pacem a Romanis obtineret, ac permutationem captivorum face ret. Ille Romam cum venisset, inductus in senatum nihil quasi Rom^nus egit, dixitque se ex ilia die, qua in potestdtem Afrorum venisset,^ Romdnum esse desiisse. Itaque et uxorem a complexu removit, et senatui suasit ne pax cum Poenis fieret^; illos enim frdctos tot cdsibus spem nullam habere ; se tanti^ non esse, ut tot milia captivorum propter unum se et senem et paucos, qui ex Romdnis Special Study. — Ablative absolute used for condition. 1431, 3: 310, a: 593, 3. 3524: 336, 2: 650. 2 498, 1 : 331 : 546. * 405 : 252, a : 380. BREVIARIUM, 11. 27 captl faerant,^ redderentnr} Itaque obtinuit. Nam Afros pacem petentes nullus admisit. Ipse Carthaginem rediit, offerentibus- que Eomanis, ut eum Eomae tenerent, negavit se in ed urbe mdnsurum,^ in qua, postquam Afris^ servierat,^ dignitatem honesti clvis habere non posset,^ Eegressus igitur ad Africam omnibus suppliciis exstinctus est. Battle of Lilyhaeum. Interchange of captives. 27. C. Lutatio Catulo A. Postumio Albino consulibus, anno b.c. belli PunicT vTeesimo et tertio Catulo bellum contra Afros com- missum est. Profectus est cum trecentis navibus in Siciliam; Afri contra ipsum quadringentas paraverunt. Numquam in mari tantis copils pugnatum est. Lutatius Catulus navem aeger ascendit; vulneratus enim in pugna superiore fuerat. Contra Lilybaeum, civitatem Siciliae, pugnatum est ingenti virtute^ X Romanorum. Nam lxiii. Carthaginiensium naves captae sunt, cxxv. demersae, xxxii. milia hostium capta, xiii. milia occTsa, Infinitum auri, argent!, praedae in potestatem Komanorum redac- tum. Ex classe Eomana xii. naves demersae. Pugnatum est vi. ^ Idus Martias. Statim pacem Carthaginienses petlverunt tributa- que est his pax. Captlvl Eomanorum, qui tenebantur a Cartha- giniensibus, redditi sunt. Etiam Carthaginienses petlverunt, ut redimi eos captlvos liceret/ quos ex Afrls EomanI tenebant. Senatus iussit sine pretio eos darl, qui in publica custodia essent ; qui autem a privatis tenSrentur, ut pretio dominis reddito Cartha- ginem redlrent atque id pretium ex fisco magis quam a Cartha- giniensibus solveretur.^ Special Study. — Substantive clauses. 1 624, 2, 2) : 336, dx 628, r. * 385 : 227 : 346. 2 600: 319, 1 : 552. ^ 624: 336, 2: 650. 8 637: 288: 281. 0419^ IH: 248: 399. 7 498, 1 : 331 : 546. 28 EUTROPIUS. Book III. Second Punic War. 7. M. Minucio Eufo P. Cornelio consulibus HistrTs bellum inlatum est, quia latrocinati navibus Romanorum fuerant, quae frumenta exhibebant, perdomitique sunt omnes. Eodem anno 2^g' bellum Ptinicum secundum Romanls inlatum est per Hanni- balem, Carthaginiensium ducem, qui Saguntum, Hispaniae clvi- tatem Romanls amicam, opptignare aggressus est, annum agens vicesimum aetatis, copiis_eongregatis c l. milium . Huic Roman! per legatos dentintiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Is legates admit- tere noluit. Roman! etiam Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur Hannibal!,^ ne bellum contra socios populi Roman! gereret. Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus data sunt. Sagunt!n! interea fame Vict! sunt, captlque ab Hannibale ultimis poenis adficiuntur. Bellum Carthaginiensibus indictum est. 8. Tum P. Cornelius Scipio cum exercitu in Hispaniam pro- fectus est, Ti. Sempronius in Siciliam. Hannibal rel!cto in Hispania fratre Hasdrubale Pyrenaeum transiit. Alpes, adhuc ea parte invias, sibi patefecit. Traditur ad Italiam Lxxx.-m!lia peditum, x. m!lia equitum, septem et xxx. elephantos addtixisse. Interea mult! Ligures et Gall! Hannibal! se conitinxerunt. Sem- pronius Gracchus cognito ad Italiam Hannibalis adventu ex Sicilia exercitum Ar!minum traiecit. HannihaVs great victories. Battle of Cannae. 9. P. Cornelius Sc!pi6 Hannibal! pr!mus occurrit. Gomm!sso proelio, fugat!s suTs ipse vulneratus in castra rediit. Sempronius Special Study. — Dative with impersonal passive. 1301: 230: 217. BREVTARIUM, in. 29 Gracchus et ipse confligit apud Trebiam amnem. Is quoque vin- citur. Hannibal! multi se in Italia dediderunt. Inde ad Ttisciam veniens Hannibal Flaminio consnll occurrit. Ipsum Flaminium interemit; Romanorum xxv. milia caesa sunt, c6terl diffugerunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem postea a Romanis Q. Fabius Maxi- mus. Is eum differendo ^ pugnam ab impetu f regit, mox inventa occasione vicit. 10. Quingent^simo et quadragesimo anno a condita urbe L. Aemilius Paulus, P. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem mittun- tur Fabioque succ6dunt, qui abi^ns ambo^ consules monuit, ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem, non aliter vince- rent,^ quam proelium differendo.^ V6rum cum impatientia Var- ronis consulis contrOdlcente altero consule apud vicum, qui b.c. Cannae appellatur, in Apulia pugnatum esset, ambo consules ab ^ ' Hannibale vincun4;ur. In ea pugna tria mllia Af rorum pereunt ; 2. magna pars de exercitu Hannibalis sauciatur. Ntillo tamen proelio Punico bello Roman! gravius accept! sunt. Periit enim in 60 consnl Aemilius Paulus, consularSs aut praetorii xx., sena- tor's capt! aut occ!sT xxx., nobil's viri ccc, m!litum xl. milia, equitum in. milia et quingent!. In quibus mal!s nemo tamen Romanorum pacis mentionem habere d!gnatus est. Servi, quod^ numquam ante, manum!ssi et milit's fact! sunt. 11. Post eam pugnam multae Ttaliae oTvitates, quae Romams paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulenint. Hannibal Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent, responsumque est a senatu eos ctves non esse necessarios, qui cuni armdti essent, capi potuissent. Hie omn's postea variis suppliciis interfecit et tres modios anu- lorum aureorum Carthaginem misit, quos ex manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et militum d'traxerat. Special Study. — Use of the gerund. 1 542, IV (1) : 301 , 1 : 431. 2 493^ 1 : 331 : 546. 8 446, 7 : 200, e, y. : 614, r. 2. 30 EUTROPIUS. Successes in Spain. Scipio is recalled to Rome. 15. Interea ad Hispanias, ubi occlsis duobus ScTpionibus nul- lus Eomanus dux erat^ P. Cornelius Scipio mittitur, filius P. Scipionis, qui ibidem bellum gesserat, annos uatus quattuor et vlginti, vir Roraanorum omnium et sua aetate et posteriore tem- pore fere primus. Is Carthaginem Hispaniae capit, in qua omne ^•^* aurum, argentum et belli apparatum Afrl habebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Magonem etiam, fratrem Hannibalis, ibidem capit, quem Eomam cum alils mittit. Romae ingens laetitia post liunc ntintium fuit. Scipio Hispano- rum obsides parentibus reddidit ; quare omnes fere HispanI uno animo ad eum transierunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis fratrem, victum ^ fugat et praedam maximam capit. B-<^- 18. Desperans Hannibal Hispanias contra Sclpionem dititius 207 . — . . * posse retineri, fratrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Italian! cum omni- bus copils evocavit. Is veniens eodem itinere, quo etiam Han- nibal venerat, a consulibus Ap. Claudio Nerone et M. Livio Sallnatore apud Senam, PicenI civitatem, in Insidias compositas incidit. Strenue tamen pugnans occlsus est ; ingentes eius copiae captae aut interfectae sunt, magnum pondus aurl atque argenti Romam relatum est. Post haec Hannibal diffldere iam de belli coepit eventu. Romanis ingens animus accessit ; itaque et ipsi evocaverunt ex Hispania P. Cornelium Sclpionem. Is Romam cum ingenti gloria venit. Scipio conquers in Africa. Peace is declared. B-c. 20. Anno quarto decimo posteaquam in Italiam Hannibal vene- ' rat, Scipio, qui multa in Hispania bene egerat, consul est factus et Special Study. — Use of participle for co-ordinate verb. 1549,5: 292, R.: 664, r. 1, 2. BREVIARIUM, IV. 31 in Africam missus. Cul viro^ divinum quiddam inesse existima- batur, adeo ut putar6tur etiam cum numinibus habere sermonem. Is in Africa contra Hannonem, ducem Afrorum, ptignat, exer- citum eius interficit. Secundo proelio castra capit cum quattuor milibus et quingentis mllitibus, xi. mllibus occlsis. Syphacem, Numidiae regem, qui s6 Afrls coniunxerat, capit et castra 6ius invadit. Syphax cum nobilissimis Numidls et Infinitis spoliis Romam ab Scipione mittitur. Qua r6 audita omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthagini^nsibus redire in Africam iubetur, quam Scipio vastabat. 21. Ita anno septimo decimo ab Hannibale ftalia llberata est. LSgati Carthagini^nsium pacem a Scipione petivSrunt ; ab eo ad senatum Komam mlssi sunt; quadraginta et quTnque diebus^ his indutiae datae sunt, quousque Eomam Ire et regredi possent.* Et XXX. milia pondo argent! ab his accepta sunt. Senatus ex arbitriO Sclpionis pacem iussit cum Carthaginiensibus fieri. Scipio his condicionibus dedit, we amplkis quam triginta naves haberent, ut qulngenta milia pondo argenti darent, captlvos et per- fugas redderent. Book IV. Third Punic War. Carthage destroyed. 10. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem suscipitur, b.c. sexcentesimo et^altero ab urbe condita anno, L. Manlio C6nsorIno et M. Manllio consulibus, anno qumquaggsimo primo postquam secundum Ptinicum transactum erat. Hi profecti Carthaginem oppagnavSrunt. Contra *eos Hasdrubal, dux Carthagini6nsium, dimicabat. Famea, dux alius, equitatui Carthaginiensium prae- Special Study. — Dative with compounds ; ablative of time. 1 386 : 228 : 347. 2 379, 1 . 256, 2, h : 393, R. 2. 8 519,11,2: 328: 572. A. * W. LAT. R.^Z 82 EUTEOPltfS. erat. ScIpiO- tunc, ScIpiOnis African! nepOs, tribtlnus ibi mllitabat. Haius apud omn^s inggns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et paratissimus ad dimicandum et consultissimus habSbatur. Itaque per eum^ multa a consulibus prospere gesta sunt, neque quic- quam magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vitabant, quam contra earn Romanorum partem committere, ubi Scipio dimicaret.^ 11. Per idem tempus Masinissa, rex Numidarum, per annOs sexaginta fer6 amicus populi Romani, anno vitae nonag^simo septimo mortuus quadraginta quattuor filiis relictis Sclpionem divlsorem rSgni inter fllios suos esse iussit. B.C. 12. Cum igitur clarum Scipionis nomen esset,^ iuvenis adhHc ' consul est factus et contra Carthaginem missus. Is eam c6pit fi-c diruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variarum civitatum excidiis Carthago conlggerat, et ornamenta urbium civitatibus Siciliae, Italiae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recognoscebant. Ita Carthago septingentesimo anno, quam condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen, quod avus 6ius accSperat, meruit, scilicet ut propter virtatem etiam ipse Africanus itlnior vocarfitur. Book V. Marius and Sulla. War with Mithridates. B.C. 4. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagSsimo secund5 88 primum Eomae bellum civile commotum est, eodem anno etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius sexies consul dedit. Nam cum Sulla consul contra Mithridat^n gesturus* bellum, qui Asiam et Achaiam occupaverat, mittergtur, isque exercitum in Campania paulisper tengret, ut belli socialis, dB qiiO diximus, quod intra Italiam gestum fuerat, reliquiae tolle- Special Study. — Future participle denoting purpose. 1 416, I, 1, N. 1 : 246, b: 401, R. 1. ^ 517 . 326 : 586. 2 629, II: 342 : 629, * 649, 3; 293, &, 2 : 670, 8. BREVIARIUM, Vl. 88 tentur, Marius adfectavit, iit ipse ad bellura Mithridaticum mit- tergtur.^ Qua r6 Sulla cominotus cum exercitti ad urbem venit. Illic contra Marium et Sulpicium dimicavit. Primus urbem Romam armatus ingressus est, Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit, atque ita consulibus ordinatis in futtirum annum Cn. Octavio et L. Cornelio Cinna ad Asiam profectus est. 5. Mithridates enim, qui PontI rex erat atque Armeniam b.c. Minorem et totum Ponticum Mare in circuitu cum Bosporo ten6- bat, primo Nicom6d6n, amicum populi Romani, Bithynia^ voluit expellere, senatuique mandavit, helium se el propter iniurias, quds passiis fuerat, inlaturum. A senatu responsum est Mithri- dati, si id faceret, quod^ bellum a Romanis et ipse patergtur. QuarS iratus Cappadociam statim occupavit et ex ea Ariobarza- n6n, rSgem et amicum populi Romani, fugavit. Mox etiam Bithyniam invasit et Paphlagoniam pulsis regibus, amicls populi Romani, PylaemenS et Nicomgde. Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litteras misit, ut, ubicunque invent! essent* civ6s Romani, tino die occiderentur.* Book VI. Death of Mithridates. Catiline^s conspiracy. 12. Dum haec geruntur,^ piratae omnia maria infestabant ita, b.o. ut Romanis, toto orbe victoribus, s5la navigatio ttita non esset.^ Quarg id bellum Cn. Pompeio dScretum est. Quod intra paucos menses ingenti et felicitate et celeritate confecit. Mox ei_ y delatum bellum etiam contra r6ges Mithridatgn et TigranSn. Special Study. — Temporal clauses with dum. 1498, II: 331, e: 546. * 624: 330, 2: 650. 2 414: 243: 390, 2. 5493, I: 331: 546. 8 See Notes. « 467, 4 : 276, 3 : 570. 7 500, II : 319: 552, 1. ,-,====^^. lTNIV 34 EUTROPIUS. QuO susceptO Mithridaten in Armenia Min6re nocturno proe- li5 vicit, castra diripuit, quadraginta milia eius occidit, vlginti tantum de exercitu suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithri- B-<^- dates cum uxore fugit et duobus comitibus. Neque multo post, )/ ' cum in suos saeviret, Pharnacis^ fllii sui, apud mllites seditione ad mortem coactus vengnum hausit. Hunc flnem habuit Mith- ridates. Periit autem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae^ consiliique. Kegnavit aniils sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus, contra Eomanos bellum habuit annis quadraginta. ®*^- 15. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio coss., anno ab 63. ' urbe condita sexcentesimo octogesimO nono, L. Sergius Catilina, nobilissimi generis vir, sed ingenii pravissimi, ad delendam^ patriam conitiravit cum quibusdam, Claris quidem, sed audacibus virls. A Cicerone urbe expulsus est. Socii eius deprehgnsi in carcere strangulati sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilina ipse victus proelio est interfectus. 16. Sexcentesimo nOnagSsimo anno ab urbe condita D. lu- nio Sllano et L. Mu- rena coss., Metellus de Creta triumph a- vit, Pompeius de bello pTratico et MitliridaticO. Nulla umquam pompa triumph! similis fuit. Ducti sunt ante 6ius currum fllii Mithridatis, filius Tigranis et Aristobulus, r6x ludaeorum; praelata est ingeiis pecunia et auri atque argent! infinitum. Hoc tempore nullum per orbem terrarum grave bellum erat. Special Study. — Genitive of characteristic. TRIUMPHAL CAB. 1896, V: 215: 365. 2 642, III, N. 2 ; 644, 1 : 300 : 427. BREVIARTUM, VI. 35 Caesar conquers Gaul. Civil War. 17. Anno urbis conditae sexcentSsimo nonagesimo tertio C. Itilius Caesar, qui postea imperavit, cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. D^creta est el Gallia et lllyricum cum legionibus decem. Is prlmo vTcit Helvetios, qui nunc SequanI appellantur, deinde vincendo^ per bella gravissima usque ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autera annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alp^s, flumen Rhodanum, Rhgnum et Oceanum est et cir- cuitu patet ad bis et tricies centgna milia passuum. Britannis mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romano- rum cognitum erat, eosque victos obsidibus acceptis stipendiaries fecit. Galliae^ autem tribtiti nomine annuum imperavit stlpen- dium quadringentigs, Germanosque trans Rhenum aggressus immanissimis proeliis vicit. Inter tot successus ter male ptlg- navit, apud Arvernos semel praesens et absens in Germania bis. Nam Iggati 6ius duo, Tittirius et Auninculeius, per insidias caesi sunt. 19. Hinc iam bellum civile successit exsecrandum et lacrima- bile, quo^ praeter calamitates, quae in proeliis acciderunt, etiam populi RomanI fortuna miitata est. Caesar enim rediens ex Gallia victor coepit poscere alterum consulatum atque ita, ut sine dubietate aliqua el deferretur.'* Contradictum est a Marcello con- sule, a Bibulo, a Pompeio, a Catone, itissusque dimlssis exercitibus ad urbem redlre. Propter quam iniuriam ab Arlmino, ubi mllites congregates habebat, adversum patriam cum exercitu venit. Consults cum Pompgio senatusque omnis atque universa nobilitas ex urbe fugit^ et in Graeciam transiit. Apud Epirum, Mace- Special Study. — Singular verb used with two subjects. 1 642, IV : 301, footnote : 431, 3. 3 425, H, l, 2 : 269, a: 389. 2 884, II: 227, /: 345. ^ See notes. 6 463, I: 205, d'. 285, 1. 15. r, 40. 36 EUTROPIUS. doniam, Achaiam, Pompgio duce, senatus contra Caesarem bellum paravit. Pompey is conquered^ flees to Alexandria, and is killed, 20. Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictatorem se fgcit. Inde Hispanias petiit. Ibi Pompeii exercittis validissimos et f ortissimos cum tribus . diicibus, L. Af ranio, M. Petreio, M. Yar- rone, superavit. Inde regressus in Graeciam transiit, adversum Pompeium dimicavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugatus, evasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius sequi noluit, dixitque Caesar: nee Pompeium scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse superdrL Deinde in Thessalia apud Palaeopharsalum productis utrimque ingentibus copiis dimicaverunt. Pompeii aci^s habuit quadraginta milia peditum, equites in sinistro cornti sexcentos, in dextro qulngentos, praeterea totlus Orientis auxilia, totam nobilitatem, innumeros senatores, praetorios, consulares et qui magnorum iam bellorum victorgs fuissent.^ Caesar in axjie sua habuit peditum non integra triginta mIlia, equites mlUe. B.C. 21. Numquam adhuc Eomanae copiae in unum neque ma- iores neque melioribus ducibus^ convenerant, totum terrarum orbem facile subacturae,^ si contra barbaros ducerentur."* Pugna- tum tamen est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postremum Pom- peius et castra eius direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexandream petiit, ut a rege Aegypti, cul tutor a senatti datus fuerat propter iuvenllem eius aetatem, acciperet auxilia. Qui fortunam magis quam amicitiam secutus occldit Pompeium, caput eius et anulum Caesarl misit. Quo conspecto Caesar etiam lacrimas ftidisse dicitur, tanti virl intuens caput et generi quondam sui. Special Study. — Sabjunctive of charadteristic. 1 503, 1 : 320; 631, 2. 8 549, 3 : 293, 6, 3: 670, 4, (2). 2 419, II : 261 : 400. 4 509, n. 3 : 307, /: 596, 2. 48. BREVIARIUM, VI. 87 Caesar returns to Borne and subdues his enemies, 22. Mox Caesar Alexandrgam venit. Ipsi quoque Ptolemaeus b.c. parare voluit insidias, qua causa r6gl bellum inlatum est. Vic- tus in Nilo periit inventumque est corpus 6ius cum l5rlca aurea. Caesar Alexandrea potitus rggnum Cleopatrae dedit, Ptolemael sororl. Rediens inde Caesar Pharnaxjem, Mithridatis Magni f ilium, qui Pom- peio ^ in auxilium apud Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Ponto atque multas populi ROmanI prOvincias occupantem vicit aci6, postea ad mortem co6git. 23. Inde Romam regressus tertiO s6 cOnsulem fecit cum M. "^ Aemilio Lepido, qui el^ magister equitum dictatSri ante annum ^ fuerat. Inde in Africam profectus est, ubi Tnfinlta nobilitas cum luba, Maur^taniae rgge, bellum reparaverat. Duc6s autem Roman! erant P. Cornelius Sclpio, ex genere antiquissimo Scl- pionis African! (h!c etiam socer Pomp6i! Magni fuerat), M. Petreius, Q. Varus, M. Porcius Cato, L. Cornelius Faustus, Sullae dictatoris f!lius. Contra hos comm!sso proelio post multas dimica- tiongs victor fuit Caesar. Cato, Sc!pio, Petreius, luba ips!^ s6 occ!dgrunt. Faustus, Pompeii gener, a Caesare interfectus est. Cassar is assassinated, 24. Post annum Caesar Romam regressus quarto s6 cOnsulem fecit et statim ad Hispanias est profectus, ubi Pompeii filii, Cn. Special Study. — Dative of reference : ipse agreeing with subject 1 884, 4, N. 2 : 236 : 350, 1. a 430 : 259, d : 403, N. 4. 8 462, 1: 196, I: 311,2. 88 EUTROPIUS. Pompeius et Sex. Pomp^ius inggns bellum praeparaverant. Multa B.C. proelia fu6runt, ultimum apud^ Mundam civitatem, in quo adeo ^' Caesar paene victus est, ut fugientibus suis se voluerit occidere, ne post tan tarn rei militaris gloriam in potestatem adul6scentium DEATH OF CAESAR. — GEROME. natus annOs sex et quinquaginta veniret. Denique revocatls suis vicit. Ex Pompeii filils maior occisus est, minor fugit. 25. Inde Caesar bellls eivilibus toto orbe compositTs Komam rediit. Agere insolentius coepit et contra consuetudinem Eo- manae libertatis. Cum ergo et honores ex sua voluntate praesta- ret, qui a populo an tea deferebantur, nee senatuT ad se venientl Special Study. — Prepositions with names of towns. 1433, 1: 258, c, N. 1; 416, 4. BREVIARIUM, VII. 39 adsurgeret, aliaque rggia ac paene tyrannica faceret, coniuratum ^ est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senatoribus equitibusque b.o. Romanls. Praecipul fu6runt inter coniuratos duo_Bruti, ex eo ^^j. genere Bruti, qui primus Romae consul fuerat et reges expule- 15. rat, C. Cassius et Servllius Casca. Ergo Caesar, cum senatus die inter ceteros v6nisset ad curiam, tribus et vTginti vulneribus confossus est. Book VII. Rise of Octavianus. Second Triumvirate. 1. Anno urbis septingentesimo fere ac nono interfecto Caesare bella civllia reparata sunt. Percussoribus ^ enim Caesaris sena- tus favebat. Antonius consul partium Caesaris cTvTlibus bellis opprimere eos conabatur. Ergo tur- bata r6 publica multa Antonius sce- lera committens a senatu hostis itidica- tus est. Missi ad eum persequendum duo consules, Pansa et Hirtius, et Octavianus adulesc6ns, annos duode- viginti natus, Caesaris nepos, quem ille testamento heredem relTquerat et nomen suum ferre iusserat. Hic est, qui postea Augustus est dictus et r6rum^ potitus. Quare profecti contra Antonium tres duces vicerunt eum. Even it tamen, ut vTctores consules ambo morerentur.* Quare tres exercitus tini Caesari Au- YOUNG AUGUSTUS. , _ _ _ , {Vatican.) g^sto paruerunt. Special Study. — Dative with special verbs. 1301: 146, d: 208. 2 885 : 227 : 346. 3 410, V, 3 : 223, a : 407, 2, d. * 501, 1, 1 : 332, 2 : 553, 3. 40 EUTROPIUS. ^'^' 2. Eugatus AntOnius amisso exercitu confugit ad Lepidum, qui Caesarl^ magister equitum fuerat et turn copias militum grand^s habebat, a quo susceptus est. Mox Lepido operam dante Caesar cum Antonio pacem fecit et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per testamentum fuerat adoptatus, Eomam cum exercitu profectus extorsit, ut sibi vicesimo anno consulatus daretur.^ Senatum proscrlpsit cum Antonio et Lepido, et rem publicam armis tenere coepit. Per hos^ etiam Cicero orator occisus est multique alii nobiles. Battle of Fhilippi. «-^- 3. Interea Brutus et Cassius, interfector6s Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Erant enim per Macedoniam et Orientem multi exercitus, quos occupaverant. Profecti sunt igitur contra eos Caesar Octavianus Augustus et M. Antonius (remanserat enim ad defendendam Italiam Lepidus). Apud Philippos, Mace- doniae urbem, contra eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio vlcti sunt Antonius et Caesar, periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius, secundo Brutum et Infinitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum gesserat, victam interfgcerunt. Ac sic inter eos divisa est res publica, ut Augustus Hispanias, Gallias et Italiam tenSret, Antonius Asiam, Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Italia L. Antonius consul bellum civile commovit, f rater eius, qui cum Caesare contra Brutum Cassiumque dimicaverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae civitatem, victus et captus est, neque occisus. 6. Interim Pompeius pacem rtipit et navali proelio victus fugiens ad Asiam interfectus est. Antonius, qui Asiam Orien- temque tenebat, repudiata sorore Caesaris August! Octaviani, Special Study. — Agent considered as means. 1 884, 4, N. 2 : 235 : 350, 1. 2 500, II : 332 : 563, 1. 8 415, I, 1, N. 1 : 246, b : 401, end. BREVIARIUM, VIL 41 Cleopatrain, rSginam Aegypti, duxit uxorem. Contra Persas ipse etiain pugnavit. Primls eos proeliis vicit, regredigns tamen fame et pestilentia laboravit et, cum instarent Parthi fugienti, ipse pr5 victo recessit. Antony and Cleopatra. Long and prosperous reign of Augustus, 7. Hie quoque ing^ns bellura civile commovit cogente uxOre Cleopatra, rggina Aegypti, dum cupiditate muliebrl optat ^ etiam in urbe rggnare. Victus est ab Augusto navall pugna clara et inlustri apud Actium, qui locus in Epiro est, ex qua fugit in B.a Aegyptum et dSsperatls rebus, cum omngs ad Augustum transl- rent,^ ipse^ s6 intergmit. Cleopatra sibi aspidem admlsit et vengno 6ius exstincta est. Aegyptus per Octavianum Augustum imperio Romans adiecta est praepositusque ei Cn. Cornelius Gallus. Hunc primum Aegyptus Romanum iudicem habuit. 8. Ita bellTs toto orbe confectis Octavianus Augustus Romam rediit, duodecimo anno, jquam* consul fuerat. Ex eo rem ptlb- licam per quadraginta et quattuor annos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum Antonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio prlncipattis eius usque ad finenj quTnqiiaginta et sex anni fuSre. Obiit autem septuagesimo sexto anno morte communT in a.d. oppido Campaniae Atella. Romae in campo Martio sepultus est, vir, qui non immerito ex maxima parte deo similis est putatus. Neque enim facile ullus eo aut in bellls fellcior fuit aut in pace moderatior. Quadraginta et quattuor annis, quibus solus gessit imperium, civilissimS vixit, in cunctos llberalissimus, in amicos fidissimus, quos tantis evexit honoribus, ut paene aequaret fastigio suo. Special Study. — Expressions for time since. 1 See Notes. ^ 452, 1 : 195, 1 : 311, 2. 2 517 : 326 : 586. * 430 (last ex.): 262, n. 2 : 563, 2. 42 EUTROPIUS. 10. Scythae et Indl, quibus antea Eomanorum nomen incogni- tum fuerat, munera et legates ad eum miserunt. Galatia quoque sub hoc provincia facta est, cum antea regnum fuisset, primusque earn M. Lollius pro praetore administravit. Tanto autem amore etiam apud barbaros fuit, ut reges, populi Eomani amici, in honorem eius conderent civitates, quas Caesareas nominarent. Multi autem reges ex regnis suis venerunt, ut ei obsequerentur, et habitu Eomano, togati scilicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsius cucurrerunt. Moriens divus appellatus est. Eeni ptiblicam beatissimam Tiberio successor! reliquit, qui privlgnus el, mox gener, postremo adoptione filius fuerat. ( UNIVEHSlJ CORNELIUS NEPOS. DE VIRIS INLUSTRIBUS. MiLTIADES. The battle of Marathon, 4. Dareus, cum ex Europa in Asiam redisset, hortantibus ^'^• amicis, lit Graeciam redigeret in suam potestatem, classem quln- gentarum navium compara- vit elque Datim praefecit et Artaphernem, hisque du- centa peditum, decern equi- tum mllia dedit, causam in- tersergns, s6 hostem esse Atheni^nsibus, quod e5rum auxilio longs Sardis expug- nassent^ suaque praesidia interfecissent. Illi prae- fectl r^gii classe ad Eu- boeam appulsa celeriter Eretriam cepSrunt omnesque 6ius gentis civSs abreptos in Asiam ad r^gem misfirunt. Inde ad Atticam accesserunt ac suas copias in campum Marathona d^dux^runt. Is est ab oppido circiter milia passuum decem. Hoc tumultu Ath^niensSs tarn proplnquo tamque magno perm6ti aTJxilium nus- Special Study. — Indicative and subjunctive in causal clauses. •^L C' ( j Trleorythu./ \^ || ^7y\^ •'"i^/ Xjlarathon •Uiitliat* li ywk \. ^4 /--^-^ %r \ ) PLAIN OF MARATHON l| ^594: 336,2: 650, 44 COfeNELIUS KEft)S. quam nisi a Lacedaemonils petiv^runt Phidippumque^ cars6reni Sins generis, qui hemerodromoe vocantur, Lacedaemonem mls6- runt, ut ntintiaret, quam celeri opus esset auxilio.^ Doml^ autem creant decern praetores, qui exercitui praeessent, in ils Miltiadem. Inter quos magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus s6 defenderent,^ an obviam Trent hostibus aeigque decernerent. Unus Miltiadgs maximg nitebatur, ut primo quoque tempore castra fierent: id SI factum esset,^ et civibus animum accesstirum, cum viderent d6 eorum virtute non dSsperari, et hostes eadem rg fore tardi- ores, si animadverterent auderi adversus s6 tam exiguls copiis dimicarl. 5. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Ath6ni6nsibus auxilio* fuit praeter Platae6ns6s. Ea mille misit mllitum. Itaque horum adventti decem milia armatorum completa sunt, quae manus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate. Quo factum est ut plus quam conlegae Miltiades valSret. Eius ergo auctoritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe 6dux6runt locoque idoneo castra f ece- l^l' runt. Dein postero dig sub montis radlcibus aciS regiOne in- cept, strticta non apertissima (namque arbores multis locis erant rarae) 12 proelium commiserunt hoc consilio, ut et mOntium altittidine tege- rentur et arborum tractu equitatus hostium impedirStur, n6 mul- titudine clauderentur. Datis, etsi non aequum locum videbat suis, tamen f retus numero ^ copiarum suarum confligere cupiebat, eoque magis, quod, priusquam Lacedaemonii subsidio venirent,^ dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum decem milia prodtixit proeliumque commisit. In quo tanto^ plus virtute valuSrunt Ath6niens6s, ut decemplicem nume- Special Study. — Ablative in special constructions. 1414, IV: 243, e: 406. ^ZdO: 233: 356. 2 426: 258, 4, d: 411,2. ^^25^1,1),^.: 264, b, 2: 401, H. 6. 8 629, I: 334: 467. ^620: 327: 577. *624: 336, 2: 650. 8 428: 250: 403. OF TTTTt ^TJNIVERSITy MAP OP ANCIENT GREECE and tlie ^GEAIST SEA Scale 4,526,000 50 40 30 20 10 5C Polyrrhei THEMISTOCLES. 46 turn hostium prOfligarint,^ adeOque eos perterru6runt, ut Persae nOn castra, sed nav6s petierint. Qua ptigna nihil adhac exstitit "nobilius : nulla enim umquam tam exigua manus tantas op6s prostravit. THEMI8TOCLE8. His early years. He devotes himself to public affairs, 1. Themistocles, Neocli filius, Atheniensis. Htiius vitia in- euntis adul^scentiae magnis sunt gmendata virtu tibus, adeo ut anteferatur huic n6mo, pauci par6s putentur. Sed ab initio est Ordiendum.^ Pater €ius NeoclSs generosus fuit. Is uxorem Acar- nanam civem duxit, ex qua natus est Themistocles. Qui cum minus esset probatus ^arentj.bas, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familiarem neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non frggit eum, sed 6r6xit. Nam cum iudicasset sine summa indu stria non posse earn exstingul, totum sB dedidit rel publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens. Multum in itidiciis privatis versabatur, saepe in contionem popull prodibat; nulla res maior sine eo gerebatur, celeriter quae opus erant reperisbat, facile eadem oratione explicabat. Neque minus in rebus gerendls promptus quam excogitandis erat, quod et d6 instantibus, ut ait Thucydides, v6rissim6 iudicabat et d6 futtiris callidissimg coni- ciebat. Quo factum est ut brevi tempore inltistrargtur. He strengthens the naval power of Athens. The doubtful response of the oracle. 2. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei publicae bello Cor- cyraeo: ad quod gerendum praetor a populo factus non solum Special Study. — Periphrastic conjugation. 1496, 6: 287, c: 513. 2456, n. : 204, h: 251. 46 CORNELIUS NEPOS. praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tempore ferOciorem reddidit clvitatem. Kam cum pecunia pUblica, quae ex metallls redlbat, largltione magistratuum quotanuls interiret/ ille persuasit populo ut ea pecunia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta primum Cor- cyraeos fregit, deinde mari- timos praedones consectando^ mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum divitiis ornavit, turn etiam perltissimos belli ^ na- valis fecit Athenienses. Id quantae salutl^ fuerit uni- versae Graeciae, bello cogni- tum est Persico. Nam cum Xerx6s et mari^ et terra bellum universae Inferret Europae cum tantis copiis, quantas neque ante nee postea habuit quis- quam: huius enim classis mllle et ducentarum navium longa- rum fuit, quam duo milia onerariarum sequ6bantur, terrestrSs autem exercittis septingenta peditum, equitum quadringenta milia fuSrunt : — cuius de adventu cum f ama in Graeciam esset perlata et maxime Athenienses petl dicerentur propter pugnam Marathoniam, mls6ru nt Delphos consultum,^ quidnam facerent^ de r^bus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut moenibus ligneis sS munirent.^ Id responsum quo valeret^ cum intellegeret nemo, ThemistoclSs persuasit consilium esse Apolli- nis, ut in nav6s se suaque conferrent ; ® eum enim a deo MINE OR CLAY PIT. {From pottery found near Corinth.) Special Study. — Dative of service : genitive of material. 1 617 : 326 : 586. 2 642, IV: 301: 431. 8 399: 218: 374. * 890 : 233 : 356. M26, II, 2: 258, 4, d: 385. 6 646: 302: 435. 7 529,1: 334: 467. 8 498, 1 : 331 : 546. THEMISTOCLES. 47 significarl murum llgneum. Tali c6nsili5 probato addunt ad superiorgs totidem naves triremes suaque omnia, quae movgri poterant, partim Salamina,^ partim Troezena deportant: arcem sacerdOtibus paucisque maioribus nata ^ ad sacra prOcuranda tra- dunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt. Battle of Thermopylae, 3. Huius consilium pl6 risque civitatibus displicSbat et in terra ^'^• 430 dimicarl magis placSbat. Itaque missi sunt delicti cum Leonida, j^^ Lacedaemoniorum r6ge, qui Thermopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros progredl non paterentur. Ii vim hostium non sustinue- mnt eoque loco omngs interierunt. At classis communis Grae- ciae trecentarum navium, in qua ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemlsium inter Euboeara continentemque terram cum classiariis r6giis conflixit. Angustias enim Themistocl6s quaer^bat, ne multitudine circumlrgtur. Hic etsi pari proelio discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat Special Study. — Ways of expressing purpose. 1 880, II : 258, 6 : 337. ^ 424 : 263 : 397. A, & W. LAT. R. 4 48 CORNELIUS NEPOS. periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam superas- set/ ancipiti premerentur periculo. Quo factum est ut ab Arte- mlsio discederent et exadversum AthSnas apud Salamma classem suam constituerent. Xerxes burns Athens. Themistocles forces the battle of Salamis. 4. At Xerxes Thermopylls exptignatis protinus accessit astu ^ idque ntillls defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus quos in arce invenerat, incendio -TV * ■^. ■ ■^ . -:.■.■•■■ -5i^' .... delevit. Cuius flain- ma plerterriti clas- siaril cum manere non auderent et plii- riml hortarentur, ut domos^ suas disce- derent moenibusque se defenderent, The- mistocles tinus re- stitit et universos pares esse posse aie- bat, disperses testabatur perituros, idque Eurybiadl, regi Lace- daemoniorum, qui turn summae imperii praeerat, fore adflrmabat. Quem cum minus quam vellet movSret, noctti de servis suis quem habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut ei ntintiaret suls verbis, adversarios eius in fugd esse: qui si discessisseiit, maiore cum labore et longmquiore tempore bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectdri cogeretur : quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. Hoc eo val^bat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum THE ACROPOLIS. Special Study. — Accusative of limit. 1 629, II : 342 : 663, 1. 2 330, II : 268, h : 337, THEMISTOCLES. 49 omngs cogerentur. Hac re audita barbanis, nihil doli subesse b.c. credens, postridig alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo g^^' hostibus adeo angusto marl confllxit, nt eius multittido navium 20. PLAN OF SALAMIS. explicarl non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio The- mistocli quam armis Graeciae. Themistocles induces Xerxes to leave Greece, 5. Hic etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias copiarum, ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset host6s. Iterum ab eodem gradti d^pulsus est. Nam Themistocles verens ne bellare |)ersev6raret,^ certiorem eum f6cit id agl, ut pons, quem ille in HellSsponto fgcerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excludere- tur, idque ei persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est seque a The- mistocle non superatum, sed conservatum iudicavit. Sic unlus Special Study. — Construction with verbs of fearing. 1498, III: 331, /: 550,2, 50 CORNELIUS NEPOS. viri prtidentia Graecia llberata est Europaeque succubuit Asia. Haec est altera victoria, quae cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari modo apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima post hominum memoriam classis est devicta. BRIDGE OF BOATS. B.C. 479. The fortifications of Athens. 6. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor in pace. Cum enim Phal^rico portu ^ neque magno neque bono Athenienses uterentur, huius consilio triplex Piraei portus constitutus est isque moenibus circumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequipe- raret, titilitate superaret. Idem mtiros Atheniensium restituit praecipuo suo perTculo.^ Namque Lacedaemonil causam idoneam nacti propter barbarorum excursiones, qua negarent^ oportere extra Peloponnesum tillam urbem muros habere, ne essent loca munita, quae hostes possiderent,* Athenienses aedificantes pro- Special Study. — Clauses of characteristic. 1421, 1: 249: 407. 2 419, III : 248 : 399. 8 603, II, 2: 320,/: 631, 1. 4 500, I: 819, 2: 631. THEMISTOCLES. 51 hib^re sunt cOnati. Hoc longg alio spectabat atqueVvidSrI volS- bant. Atlieiiiens6s enim duabus victoriis, Marathonia et Sala- mmia, tantam gloriam apud omn§s gentSs erant consectiti, ut in- tellegerent Lacedaemonil de prlncipatti sibi cum iis certamen fore. Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem audierunt mtiros instrui, l6gatos AthgnOs mis6runt, qui id fieri vetarent. His praesentibus d^sierunt ac s6 d6 ea re legatos ad eos missuros dlx^runt. Hanc legationem suscepit Themistocl6s et solus prlmo prof ectus est : reliqui legatl ut turn exirent,^ cum satis alti tuendo^ murl exstructi viderentur, praecepit: interim omngs, servl atque liberi, opus facerent^ neque ulli loco parce- rent, sive sacer [sive prof anus], sive privatus esset sive publicus, et undique, quod idoneum ad muniendum putarent, congererent. Quo factum est ut Ath6ni6nsium murl ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. Themistocles deceives the Spartans until the walls are finished. 7. Themistocles autem, ut Lacedaemonem v6nit, adire ad magis- trattis noluit et dedit operam, ut quam longissimg tempus dticeret, causam iiiterponens se conlegas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonil quererentur opus nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re cOnarl fallere, interim reliqui legatl sunt consecutl. A quibus cum audisset non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephoros Lacedaemoniorum ac- cessit, penes quos summum erat imperium, atque apud eos con- tendit falsa iis esse delata : quare aequum esse illos viros bonos nobilesque mittere, quibus fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent : interea se obsidem retinerent. Gestus est el mos, tresque legatl functi summis honoribus Athenas missi sunt. Cum his conlggas Special Study. — Subjunctive with verbs of commanding. 1 469, 2 : 247, d: 643. 2 493, 1 : 331 : 546. 8 642, II : 299 : 429. 52 CORNELIUS NEPOS. suos Themis to cl6s iussit proficlsci iisque praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legates dimitterent quam ipse esset^ remissus. Hos postquam Atlieiias pervgnisse ratus est, ad magistratum seiia- tumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit et apud eos liberrime professus est : Athenienses suo consilio, quod communi iure gentium facere possent, deos publicos suosque patrios ac penates, quo facilius ab hoste possent defendere, mtirls saepsisse, neque in eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum oppositum esse barbarls, apud quam iam bis classes regias fecisse naufragium. Lacedaemonios autem male et iniuste facere, qui id potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum domination! quam quod uni- versae Graeciae utile esset. Quar6, si suos legatos recipere vel- lent, quos Athenas miserant, s6 remitterent,^ aliter illos num- quam in patriam essent recepturi. Themistocles is banished from Athens and flees from Greece. B-o. 8. Tamen non effuo^it civium suorum invidiam. Namque ob 471. . ' eundem timorem, quo damnatus erat Miltiades, testularum suf- fragils e civitate eiectus Argos habitatum concessit. Hic cum propter multas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedae- monil legatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem acctisarent, quod societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam fecis- set. Hoc crimine absens proditionis damnatus est. Id ut audi- vit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum eius principes animadvertisset timere, ne propter se bellum ils Lacedaemonii et Athenienses indlcerent, ad Admetum Molossum regem, cum quo ei^ hospitium erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore religione se receptum tueretur, filiam eius parvulam adripuit et cum ea se Special Study. — Use of quo in final clauses. 1 620, II : 327 : 577. 2 523, m ; 339 : 632. THEMISTOCLES. 53 in sacrarium, quod summa colebatiir caerimonia, conigcit. Inde non prius ggressus est quam r6x eum data dextra in fidem reci- peret, quam praestitit. Nam cum ab Athenignsibus et Lacedae- moniis exposceretur ptiblice, supplicem non prodidit monuitque ut consuleret sibi : difficile enim esse in tam proplnquo loco tuto eum versarl. Itaque Pydnam eum dedtici iussit et quod satis esset praesidil dedit. Hic in navem omnibus Ignotus .nautis "•^' gscendit. Quae cum tempestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium erat exercitus, s6nsit Themistocles, si eo per- venisset, sibi^ esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coactus domino navis quis sit aperit, multa pollic6ns, si se conservasset. At ille clarissiml virl captus misericordia diem noctemque procul ab Insula in salo navem tenuit in ancorls neque quern quam ex ea exire passus est. Inde Ephesum perv6nit ibique Themistocl6n exponit : cul ille pro meritis postea gratiam rettulit. He goes to Artaxerxes. 9. Sci6 plerosque ita scripsisse, ThemistoclSn Xerxe rfignante in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissimum Thticydidi^ credo, quod et aetate proximus d6 iis, qui illorum temporum historiam rellque- runt, et eiusdem civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artaxerx^n eum venisse atque his verbis epistulam misisse: "Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intull, quam diti mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem tuum bellare patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona feci, post- quam in tuto ipse et ille in perlculo esse coepit. Nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet, proelio apud Salamlna facto, litterls eum certiorem feci, id agl ut pons, quem in Hell^sponto fecerat, dis- solveretur atque ab hostibus circumlretur : quo ntintio ille perl- Special Study. — Dative with periphrastic passive. 1 888 : 232 : 355. ^ 386, II : 227 : 346. 54 CORNELIUS NEPOS. cul5 est llberatus. Nunc autem confugi ^d t§ exagit^tus a cancta Graecia, tuam petens amicitiam : quam si ero adeptus, non minus m6 bonum amicum habebis quam fortem inimlcum ille expertus est. Tg autem rogo, ut dg iis r^bus, quas t^cum conloqui vol5, annuum mihi tempus dfis eoque transacts ad t6 venire patiaris.'' He is kindly received. Dies at Magnesia. 10. Htiius rex animi magnitudinem admirans cupi^nsque talem virum sibi conciliari veniam dedit. Ille omne illud tempus lit- teris sermonique Persarum se dedidit : quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius dicatur apud regem verba fecisse quam ii poterant, qui in Perside erant nati. Hic cum multa regl esset pollicitus gratissimumque illud, si suls titi consiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam bello oppressurum, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Magnesiae sibi constituit. Namque banc urbem ei r6x donarat, his quidem verbis, quae el pdnem praeberet^ (ex qua regione quinquagena talenta quotannis redlbant), Lampsacum autem, unde vlnum sumeret, Myunta, ex qua ohsonium Tiaheret. Htiius ad nostram memoriam monumenta mans6runt duo: sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est sepultus, statua in foro ^^* Magnesiae. De cuius morte multimodis apud plerosque scrlp- tum est, sed nos eundem potissimum Thticydidem auctorem pro- bamus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae morbo mortuum neque negat fiiisse famam, venenum sua sponte stimpsisse, cum se, quae regl de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, praestare posse d^spera- ret. Idem ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam Iggibus non concederetur,^ quod proditionis esset ^ damnatus, memo- riae prodidit. Special Study. — Forms of the locative, singular and plural. 1 497, 1 : 817, 2 : 680. ^ 624 : 336, 2 : 650. ARISTIDES. 56 Aristides. His rivalry with Themistocles and his banishment 1. Aristides, LysimachI filius, Ath6ni6nsis, aequalis ferS fuit Themistocli. Itaque cum eo dS prlncipatu contendit : namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his autem cognitum est, quanto anti- staret eloquentia innocentiae. Quamquam enim adeo excell6bat Aristides abstinentia, ut tinus post hominum memoriam, quern quidem nos audierimus,^ eognomine Justus sit appellatus, tamen ^g^' a Themistocle conlabef actus testula ilia exsilio decern annorum multatus est. Qui quidem cum intellegeret reprimi concitatam multitudinem non posse, cedensque animadvertisset quendam scrlbentem, ut patria pellergtur,^ quaesisse ab eo dicitur, quarg id faceret aut quid Aristides commlsisset, cur tanta poena dignus duceretur.-^ Cul ille respondit se ign5rare Aristiden, sed sibi n5n placere, quod tam cupide laborasset* ut praeter ceteros itistus appellaretur. Hic decem annorum legitimam poenam non pertu- lit. Nam postquam Xerxes in Graeciam descendit, sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus, populi scito in patriam restittitus est. 2. Interfuit autem pugnae* navali apud Salamlna, quae facta est prius quam poena llberaretur.^ Idem praetor fuit Atheniensium ^•^• apud Plataeas in proelio, quo Mardonius fusus barbarorumque g^pi. exercitus interfectus est. Neque aliud est tillum htiius in re militarl inlustre factum quam htiius imperii memoria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis et innocentiae multa , in primis, quod eius aequitate factum est, cum in communT classe esset Graeciae simul cum Pausania, quo duce Mardonius erat fugatus, ut summa Special Study. — Indirect question. 1 503, I, N. 1 : 320, d: 627, R. 1. * 616, II : 321 : 541. 2 498, 1 : 331 : 546. ^ 386 : 228 : 347. 8 600, 1 : 319, 2 ; 631, 2. See Notes. « 620, II : 327 : 577. 247. 56 CORN^ELIUS NEPOS. imperii maritimi ab Lacedaemoniis trans ferretur ad Ath6ni6ns6s : namque ante id tempus et marl et terra duc6s erant Lacedaemonii. Tum autem et intemperantia Fausaniae et iustitia factum est Aristidis, ut omn^s fer6 civitatSs Graeciae ad Ath^ni^nsium socie- tatem s6 applicarent et adversus barbaros hos duces deligerent sibi. Hamilcar. He commands in Sicily , and fortifies Eryx. 1. Hamilcar, Hannibalis iilius, cognomine Barca, Carthaginien- sis, primo Poenico j)ellg, sed temporibus extremis, admodum adul^scentulus in Sicilia praeesse coepit exercitui. Cum ante 6ius adventum et marl et terra male res gererentur Carthagini^n- sium, ipse, ubi adfuit, numquam hosti cessit neque locum nocendi dedit, saepeque e contrario occasione data lacSssTvit semperque superior discessit. Quo facto, cum paene omnia in Sicilia Poeni amisissent, ille Erycem sic defendit, ut bellum eo loco gestum non vidgretur. Interim Carthagini^nses classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, consule Romanorum, superati, statuerunt belli facere finem eamque rem arbitrio permlserunt Hamilcaris. Ille, etsi flagrabat bellandl cupiditate, tamen pacl^ serviundum* putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sumptibus diutius calamitates belli f erre non posse intelleggbat ; sed ita, ut statim mente agi- taret, si paulum modo res essent refectae, bellum renovare Romar nosque armis persequi, donicum aut virttite vlcissent^ aut vlcti manus dedissent. Hoc consilio pacem conciliavit, in quo tanta fuit ferocia, cum Catulus negaret bellum compositurum,* nisi ille cum suls, qui Erycem tenuerant, armIs rellctis Sicilia decederent, Special Study. — Impersonal passive of intransitive verbs. 1 884, 5: 280: 346, R. 1. ^ 519, II, 2: 328: 572. 2 466, N. : 294, c, n. : 251, 2. * 623, footnote 2 : 336, a, 1, n. : 532, R. 2. HAMILCAR. 67 ut succumbente patria ipse periturum s6 potius dixerit,^ quam cum tan to flagitiS domum redlret : ^ non enim suae esse virtu tis ^ arma a patria accepta adversus hostes adversariis tradere. Huius pertin^iae cessit Catulus. He ends the mercenary war, 2. At ille, ut Carthaginera v6mt, multC aliter ac spfirarat rem publicam s6 habentem c6gn6vit. Namque dititurnitate externl mali tantum exarsit intestlnum bellum, ut numquam in pari perl- culo fuerit Carthago, nisi cum d6l6ta est. Primo mercennaril milites, quibus adversus ROmanos usi erant, d6scTverunt : quorum numerus erat viginti milium. Hi totam abalienarunt Africam, ipsam Carthaginem oppagnarunt. Quibus mails adeo sunt PoenI perterritl, ut etiam auxilia ab ROmanIs petierint;^ eaque impe- trarunt. Sed extr6m6, cum prope iam ad desp^rationem pervSnis- sent, Hamilcarem imperatorem fecfirunt. Is n6n s6lum host6s ft milrls Carthaginis removit, cum amplius centum milia* facta essent armatOrum, sed etiam eo compulit, ut locorum angustils clausl plar6s fame quam ferr6 interlrent. Omnia oppida abali6- nata, in his Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima totlus Africae, restituit patriae. Neque eo fuit contentus, sed etiam fines impe- ril propagavit, tota Africa tantum otium reddidit, ut nullum in ea bellum vider6tur multis annls fuisse. His successes in Spain. 3. Rebus his ex sententia peractis fidentl animo atque Infesto R6manls, quo facilius causam bellandl reperlret, eif^cit, ut impe- rator cum exercitu in Hispaniam mitter^tur, eoque secum duxit Special Study. — Sequence of tenses in clauses of result. 1 495, 6 : 287, c : 513. » 401 : 214, c : 366. a 602, 2 : 332, b : 644, 3. * 417, 1, n. 2 : 247, c : 296, 4. 68 CORNELIUS NEPOS. filium Hannibalem annorum^ novem. Erat praeterea cum eo, adulescens inltistris, formosus, Hasdrubal. De hoc ideo mentiS- nein fecimus, quod Hamilcare occiso ille exercitui praefuit resque magnas gessit, et princeps largitione vetustos pervertit mores Carthagiiiignsium, §iusdemque post mortem Hannibal ab exercitu accepit imperium. 4. At Hamilcar, posteaquam mare transiit in Hispaniamque venit, magnas res secunda gessit fortuna: maximas bellicosis- simasque gentSs subegit, equis, armis, virls, pectinia totam locu- pletavit Af ricam. Hic cum in Italiam bellum inferre meditaretur, nono anno postquam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pugnans B.C. adversus Vettones occisus est. Huius perpetuum odium erga 229. * Romanos maxime concitasse videtur secundum bellum Poenicum. Namque Hannibal, filius eius, adsiduls patris obtestationibus eo est per ductus, ut interire quam Romanos non experirl mallet. Hannibal. His greatness as a general. 1. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Carthaginignsis. Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus omnes gent^s virttite superarit, non est infitiandum Hannibalem tanto^ praestitisse ceteros imperatores prudentia, quanto populus Romanus antece- dat f ortittidine cunctas nationes. Nam quotienscumque cum eo congressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset,^ Romanos videtur superare potuisse. Sed multorum obtrectatio d6vicit tinlus vir- tutem. Special Study. — Ablative and accusative of time with postquam. 1 396, V : 215, h : 365. 2 423 : 250, r. : 402. 3 510: 308: 597. HANNIBAL. 69 His oath of hatred toward Rome. Hic auteni velut her^ditate relictum odium paterniim erga Romanos sic conservavit, ut prius animam quam id deposuerit, qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam d^stiterit anirno bellare cum Romanis. 2. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quern absSns hostem reddidit Romanis, omnium ils temporibus potentissimus r6x Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit bellandi, ut usque a Rubro Marl arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. Ad qiiem cum legatl v^nissent RomanI, qui d6 6ius voluntate explorarent darentque operam con- silils clandestinls, ut Hannibalem in suspicionem r6gi adducerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea sentiret^ neque id f rustra fecissent, idqae Hannibal comperisset sgque ab interiori- bus consiliis segregarl vidisset, tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique cum multa dS fidS sua et odio in Romanos commemorasset, hoc ad- iunxit: "pater mens," inquit, "Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator proficIscSns Carthagine, lovi optimo maximo hostias immolavit. Quae divina r6s dum confici^batu r, quaeslvit a m6 vellemne s6cum in castra pro- ficiscl. Id cum libenter acc6pissem atque ab eO petere coepissem n6 dubitaret ducere, tuin ille, ^ faciam/ inquit, * si mihi fidem, quam postulo, dederis.' Simul m^ ad aram addtixit, apud quam sacrificare Instituerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem iurare iussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego iusiu- randum patri datum usque ad banc aetatem ita conservavl, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim^ futurus. Quare si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenier feceris, si me celaris : cum quidem bellum parabis, t6 ipsum frustraberis, si non me in eo principem posueris." Special Study. — Comparative clauses with tamquam. 1 618, II: 312: 602. 2 504, 3, 2): 332, g, r.: 555. 60 CORNELIUS NEPOS. He is made commander-in-chief. Subdues Saguntum. Crosses the Alps. 3. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in Hispaniam pro- fectus est : cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale imperatore suffecto, "•0. equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus sum- ' mam imperil ad eum dStulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis ^ natus imperator factus proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit: Saguntum, foederatam civitatem, vT expugnavit, tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex his unum in Africam misit, alteram cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania reliquit, ter- tium in Italiam s6cum dtixit. Saltum Pyrenaeum transiit. Qua- cumque iter fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit : neminem nisi victum dlmlsit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, quae Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat (quo facto is hodie saltus Grains appellatur), Alpicos conantes prohibere transitu concidit, loca patefecit, itinera muniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus Ire B.C. posset,^ qua antea unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac 218 ~ * copias tradtixit in Italiamque pervenit. The battle of Trasemenus. 4. CSnflixerat apud Ehodanum cum P. Corn6li6 Scipione con- sule eumque pepulerat. Cum h^ eodem Clastidii apud Padum decernit sauciumque inde ac fugatum dimittit. Tertio Idem Sclpio cum conlega Tiberio Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum ils manum conseruit: utrosque profilgavit. Inde per Ligures Appennlnum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc itinere adeo gravl morbo adficitur oculorum, ut postea numquam dextro Special Study. — Ablative of measure. 1 417 : 247 : 296. 2 501, H, 1 : 332 : 553, 1. HANNIBAL. 61 aeque bene iisus sit. Qua valetudine cum etiam turn premeretur lectlcaque ferretur, C. Flamiuium consulem apud Trasumenum cum exercitu insidiis circumventum occidit, neque multo post C. gn Cent^nium praetorem cum delecta manu salttis occupantem. Hinc in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam el venerunt duo consules, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius. Utrlusque exercitus uno proelio fugavit, Paulum consulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consulares, in iis Cn. Servilium Geminum, qui superiore anno fuerat consul. He is victorious in many battles. 5. Hac pugna ptignata Romam profectus est nullo resistente. In proplnquis urbi montibus moratus est. Cum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuam reverteretur, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romanus, in agro Falerno el se obiecit. Hic clausus locorum angustils noctu sine ullo detrlmento exercitus se expedl- vit Fabioque, callidissimo imperatori, dedit verba. Kamque obducta nocte sarmenta in cornibus iuvencorum deligata incendit eiusque generis multitudinem magnam dispalatam immlsit. Quo repentmo obie cto visu tantum terrorem iniecit exercitui Roma- norum, ut ggredi extra vallum n6m6 sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita multls diebus M. Minucium Rtifum, magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem ^ imperio,^ dolo productum in proelium fugavit. Tiberium Sempronium Gracchum, iterum consulem, in Lticanls absens in Insidias inductum sustulit. M. Claudium Mar- cellum, quinquies consulem, apud Venusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia. Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegl possit, quantus ille fuerit : quamdiu in Italia fuit, nemo el in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum post Can- nensem pugnam in campo castra posuit. Special Study. — Ablative and genitive of quality. 1 ace. by attraction. 2 419, n : 261 : 400 62 CORNELIUS NEPOa He is defeated at Zama. 6. Hinc invictus patriam defensum^ revocatus bellum gessit adversus P. Scipionem, f Ilium eius Scipionis, quern ipse primo apud Ehodanum, iterum apud Padum, tertio apud Trebiam fuga- rat. Cum hoc exhaustis iam patriae facultatibus cuplvit imprae- Bc- sentiarum bellum componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. ^ 202 * In conloquium convenit : condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum paucTs diebus apud Zamam cum eodem confllxit: pulsus (incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus noctibus Hadrumetum per- venit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt el : quos non solum efftigit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos e fuga conlegit : novis dilectibus panels diSbus multos contraxit. He is made chief magistrate. ;ui :ui| 7. Cum in apparando acerrimg esset occupatus, Carthaginignses bellum cum Eomanis composuerunt. Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in Africa gessit itemque Mago frater 6i usque ad P. Sulpicium C. Aurglium consules. His enim mag: stratibus legati CartliaginiensSs Romam venerunt, qui senatur populoque Eoinano gratias agerent, quod cum iis pacem fecis- sent,^ ob eamque rem corona aurea eos donarent ^ simulque pete- rent, ut obsides eorum Fregellis * essent captivique redderentur. His ex senatus consulto responsum est; munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse; obsideSj quo loco rogarenty futuros, captivos non remlssuroSj quod Hannihalem, cuius opera susceptum helium for et,^ Special Study. — Use of former supine. 1 646: 802: 435. » 384, II, 2: 225, di 348. 2 616: 321: 541. * 425, II: 258, c, 2 : 386. 6 204,2: 119, n.: 116, n. 1, c. HANNIBAL 6S inimlcissimum nominl Romano, etiam nunc cum impend apud exercitum haberent itemque frdtrem eius Mdgonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses cognito Hannibalem domum et Magonem revoca- runt. Hue ut rediit, rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat, anno secundo et vicesimo : ut enim Romae consules, sic Cartha- gine quotannis annul bini r^ges creabantur. In eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal praebuit ac fuerat in bello. Namque effecit, ex novis vSctigalibus non solum ut esset pecunia, quae Romams ex foedere penderStur, sed etiam superesset, quae in aerario reponergtur. Delude, M. Claudio L. Furio consulibus, Eoma Iggati Carthaginem v6n6runt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui^ exposcendi gratia missos, priusquam lis senatus daretur, navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum profugit. Hac r6 palam facta PoenI nav6s duas, quae eum comprehenderent, si possent ^ consequi, mls6runt : bona eius publicarunt, domum a fandamentis disiec6runt, ipsum exsulem itidicarunt. Antiochus is defeated at Thermopylae. 8. At Hannibal anno tertio, postquam domo profugerat, L. Cornglio Q. MinuciO consulibus, cum quinque navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrgnaeorum, si forte Carthaginienses ad bel- lum Antiochl spg fiduciaque indClcerentur,^ cul iam persuaserat, ut cum exercitibus in Italiam proficlscergtur. Hue Magonem fratrem exclvit. Id ubi PoenI resclv6runt, Magonem eadem, qua fratrem, absentem adfec6runt poena. lUl desp6ratls rSbus cum b.c. solvissent naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. D6 Magonis interitu duplex memoria prodita est : nam- que alii naufragio, alii a servulls ipslus interfectum eum scrip- Special Study. — Indirect questions with si. 1 648, I, N. 1 : 298, a.; 428, R. 1. 2 529, II: 342: 663, 1. 8 629, II, 1, N. 1 : 334, /: 460, 1, 6. A. & W. LAT. R. — 5 191. 64 CORNELIUS NEPOS. tum^ rellqugrunt. Antioclius autem, si tarn in gerendc bell6 cOnsilils 6ius p3,r6re voluisset, quam in suscipiendo Iiistituerat, B.o. propius Tiber! quam Thermopylls d6 snmma imperil dimicasset. Quem etsi multa stultg conarl videbat, tamen nulla dSseruit in r6. Praefuit panels navibus, quas ex Syria itissas erat in Asiam ducere, iisque adversus Ehodiorum classem in Pamphylio Marl e5nflixit. Quo cum multitudine adversariorum sul superarentur, ipse, quo cornH rem gessit, fait superior. Hannibal deceives the Cretans, 9. Antiocho fugato, vergns n§ dSderStur, quod sine dubio acci- disset, SI sui fecisset potestatem, Crgtam ad Gortynios v6nit, ut ibi quo se conferret,^ conslderaret. Vidit autem vir omnium callidis- simus in magno s6 fore perlculo, nisi quid provldisset, propter avaritiam Cret6nsium: magnam enim secum pectiniam portabat, d6 qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium. Am- phoras complur^s complet plumbo, summas ^ operit auro et argentO. Has praesentibus principibus dgponit in templo Dianae, simulans s6 suas fortunas illorum fidei credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas aaneas, quas s^cum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet easque in propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii templum magna cura custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale, n6 ille inscientibus ils tolleret sgcumque dtlceret. His device to kill Eumenes, 10. Sic cOnservatIs suls rebus Poenus, inlasis Cr6t6nsibus omni- bus, ad Prtisiam in Pontum perv6nit. Apud quem eodem anim5 fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quicquam ggit quam rggem arma- Special Study. — Meaning of summus and like superlatives. I See Notes. 2 529, i : 334 ; 457. s gc. amphords. ttANNIBAL. 66 vit et exercuit adversus Romanes. Quern cum vidSret domesticis opibus minus esse rObustum, conciliabat ceteros r6g6s, adiungebat bellicosas nationSs. Dissidebat ab eo Pergamenus rex EumeuSs, Eomanis amicissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et marl et terra : quo magis cupiSbat eum Hannibal opprimi. Sed utrobique Eumenes plus valebat propter Romanorum societatem : quern si removisset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc inter- ficiendum talem iniit rationem. Classe panels diebus erant decrg- ttiri. Superabatur navium multittidine; dolo erat pugnandum, cum par non esset armls. Imperavit quam pltirimas vengnatas serpentgs vivas conligi easque in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum elfecisset magnam multitudinem, dig ipso, quo facturus erat navale proelium, classiarios convocat ilsque praecipit, omnes ut in unam Eumenis rggis concurrant navem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant s6 dSfendere. Id illos facile serpentium multitudine consecuttiros. R6x autem in qua nave vehergtur, ut scirent, s6 facttirum: quem si aut cSpissent aut interfScissent, magno iis^ pollic^tur praemio^ fore. Success of his stratagem. 11. Tali cohortatione militum facta classis ab utrisque in proelium deducitur. Quarum aci6 constituta, priusquam slg- num pugnae dargtur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret suis, quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scapha cum cadticeo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adversariorum pervgnit epistulamque os- tendens s6 rggem professus est quaerere, statim ad Eumenem dsductus est, quod nemo dubitabat, quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius ducis nave declarata suis eodem, unde erat ggressus, s6 rec^pit. At Eumenes soluta epistula nihil in ea repperit, nisi quae ad inridendum eum pertinerent.^ Cuius etsi Special Study. — Use of quin after verbs of doubt negatived. 1890: 283: 366. 2503, I: 320: 631^2^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ y^ OF THK 66 CORNELIUS NEPOS. causam mirabatur neque reperiSbat, tamen proelium statim com- mittere non dubitavit. H5ruin in concursu Bithynii Hannibalis praecepto universl navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim r6x cum sustinere non posset, fuga salutem petit : quam consectitus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant conlocata. Eeliquae Pergamenae naves cum adversa- rios premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem fecimus, conici coepta sunt.^ Quae iacta initio risum ptignantibus concitarunt, neque quare id fieret poterat intellegi. Postquam autem naves suas oppletas c5nspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum, quid potissimum vltarent, non vidfirent, puppes vertSrunt s6que ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergam^norum superavit, neque turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari prudentia pepulit adversarios. His refuge betrayed to the Romans, He commits suicide. 12. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut IggatI Prusiae Eomae apud T. Quintium Elaminlnum consul arem cSnarent, atque ibi de Hannibale mentione facta ex iis unus diceret eum in Pru- siae regno esse. Id postero dig Flamininus senatui detulit. Patrgs conscripti, qui Hannibale vivo numquam s6 sine insidiis futuros exTstimarent,^ legates in Bithyniam mis6runt, in iis Fla- mininum, qui ab rege peterent, n6 inimlcissimum suum sScum haberet sibique dederet. His Prtisia negare ausus non est : illud recti savit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus itis hospitii esset : ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent : ^ locum, ubi esset, facile in ventures. Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod Special Study. — Active and passive of coepi. 1 297, 1, 1 : 143, a : 424, r. 3. 2 517 . 320, e : 626, r. 8 623, III: 339: 652. CATO. t)7 ei a r6ge datum erat munerl, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus aedificii exitus habfiret, scilicet ver^ns ne usu veniret, quod accidit. Hue cum legati Eomanorum v^nissent ac multitu- dine domum eius circumdedissent, puer ab ianua prospici^ns Han- nibal! dixit pltires praetor consuStudinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii circumiret ac propere sibi nuntiaret, num eodem modo undique obsidgrgtur. Puer cum celeriter, quid esset, renuntiasset omn^sque exitus occupatos ostendisset, s6nsit id non fortuito factum, sed se peti neque sibi ^ diutius vltam esse retinendam. Quam ne ali6no arbitrio dimit- teret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod semper secum habere consuerat, stimpsit. Sic vir fortissimus, multls varilsque b.c. 188 perfunctus laboribus,^ anno adquievit septuagesimo. Cato. His public offices, 1. M. Cato, ortus mtinicipio Tusculo, adulescentulus, priusquam Born honoribus operam daret, versatus est in Sabinis, quod ibi hgrg- ^^ dium a patre relictum habebat. Inde hortatti L. Valeril Flacci, quem in consulatti censtiraque babuit conlggam, ut M. Perpenna censorius narrare solitus est, Eomam demigravit in foroque esse coepit. Primum stipendium meruit annorum decem septemque. Q. Fabio M. Claudio consulibus tribunus mllitum in Sicilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra sectitus est C. Claudii JSTeronis, magnique ^ opera eius existimata est in proelio apud Senam, quo cecidit Has- drubal, frater Hannibalis. Quaestor obtigit P. Africano consul!, cum quo non pro sortis necessitudine v!xit : namque ab eo per- petua dissensit v!ta. Aedilis plebi factus est cum C. Helvio. Special Study. — Genitive and ablative of price and value. 1888: 232: 354. 2 421, 1: 249: 407. 3 404: 252, a; 379. 68 CORNELIUS NEPOS. Praetor prSvinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor supe- ri6re tempore ex Africa d6c6d6ns Q. Ennium po6tam deduxerat, quod n5n minoris^ aestimamus quam queralibet amplissimum Sardiniensem triumphum. His uprightness and reforms. B.C. 2. Consulatum gessit cum L. ValeriO PlaccO ; sorte prOvinciam ^^^' nactus Hispaniam citeriorem, exque ea triumphum dgportavit. Ibi cum diutius moraretur, P. Scipio Africanus consul iterum, cuius in priori consulatti quaestor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere et ipse el succ6dere, neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit, cum quidem Scipio principatum in civitate obtineret, quod tum non potentia, sed itire r6s publica administrabatur. Qua ex r6 iratus senatui, consulatu peracto privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato, censor cum e5dem Placco factus, sevgr6 praefuit ei pote- statT. Nam et in complurSs nobiles animadvertit et multas r6s novas in ^dictum addidit qua r6 luxuria reprimergtur,^ quae iam tum incipiebat pullulare. Circiter annos octoginta, usque ad extrgmam aetatem ab adulescentia, rel publicae causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A multis temptatus non modo nullum detrimentum existimationis f 6cit, sed, quoad vixit, virttitum laude cr^vit. His various pursuits. His learning and writings, 3. In omnibus rebus singularl fuit indu stria : nam et agricola soUers et perltus iuris consultus et magnus imperator et proba- bilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. Quarum studium etsT senior adripuerat, tamen tantum progressum fecit, ut non facile reperiri possit neque de Graecis neque de Italicis rebus, Special Study.— Genitive of value. 1 404 : 262, a : 379. 2 497, 1 : 317^ 2 : 630, ATTICUS. 69 quod ei fuerit ^ incOgnitum. Ab adulescentia cOnfecit CratiOnSs. Senex Listorias scrlbere Instituit. Earum sunt librl septem. Primus continet r^s gestas rggum populi RomanI, secundus et tertius unde quaeque civitas orta sit italica, ob quam rem omnSs Origines videtur appellasse. In quarto autem bellum Poenicum est primum, in quinto secundum : atque haec omnia capitulatim sunt dicta. Reliqua quoque bella pari modo persectitus est usque b.c ad praettiram Servii Galbae, qui diripuit Lusitanos : atque horum bellorum duc6s non nOminavit, sed sine nominibus r6s notavit. In iisdem exposuit, quae in Italia Hispaniisque aut fierent aut vidgrentur admiranda: in quibus multa industria et diligentia com par et, nulla doctrlna. Haius dS vita et moribus pltira in e5 librO persectlti sumus, quera s6paratim d6 eO fecimus rogattl T. PompOnil Attici. QuarS studiOsOs Catonis ad illud volumen delegamus. Atticus. His love of learning, 1. T. Pomponius Atticus, ab origine Ultima stirpis EOmanae b.c. generatus, perpetuo a maioribus acceptam equestrem obtinuit ^^^' dignitatem. Patre usus est dlligente et, ut tum erant tempora, diti in primisque studios6 litterarum. Hie, prout ipse amabat litteras, omnibus doctrinis, quibus puerilis aetas impertiri debet, filium grudivit. Erat autem in puero praeter docilitatem ingenii summa suavitas oris atque vocis, ut non solum celeriter acciperit quae tradebantur, sed etiam excellenter pronuntiaret. Qua ex rg in pueritia nobilis inter aequales ferebatur clariusque exsplendg- sc6bat, quam generosi condiscipuli animo aequo ferre possent.^ Special Study. — Subjunctive with comparatives. 1 608, I: 320: 631, 2. 2 502, 2: 832, b: 631, 3. 70 CORNELIUS NEPOS. Itaque incitabat omnSs studio suo, quo in numero fu6runt L. Torquatus, C. Marius filius, M. Cicero: quos cOnsuetudine sua SIC devinxit, ut nemo ils perpetuo fuerit carior. He becomes the heir of his uncle. 5. Habgbat avunculum Q. Caecilium, equitem ESmanum, f amili- arem L. Luculli, divitem, difficillima natura: cuius sic asperita- tem veritus est, ut, quern nemo ferre posset,^ huius sine offensione ad summam senectutem retinuerit bene vol entiam. Quo fact6 tulit pietatis frtictum. Caecilius enim moriens testamento adopta- vit eum heredemque fecit ex dodrante : ex qua li6reditate accepit circiter centies sestertium. Erat ntipta soror Attici Q. Tullio Ciceroni, easque nuptias M. Cicero conciliarat, cum quo a con- discipulatu viv6bat conitinctissime, multo etiam familiarius quam cum Quinto, ut iudicarl possit plus in amicitia val6re similitudi- nem morum quam adflnitatem. UtSbatur autem intimg Q. Hor- tSnsio, qui iis temporibus prlncipatum eloquentiae tenebat, ut intellegl non posset, uter eum plus diligeret, Cicero an Hort6n- sius: et id, quod erat difficillimum, efficiebat, ut, inter quos tantae laudis esset aemulatio, nulla intercSderet obtrectatio esset- que talium virorum copula. His dignity and indifference to public honors. 6. In re publica ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum par- tium ^ et esset et exTstimaretur, neque tamen s6 civilibus fluctibus committeret, quod non magis eos in sua potestate existimabat esse, qui se his dedissent, quam qui maritimis iactarentur. Hono- ris non petiit, cum ei paterent propter vel gratiam vel dignita- Special Study. — Force of subjunctive of characteristic. 1 529, II : 342 : 663, 2 401 ; 214, c : 366, ATTICUS. 71 tern : quod neque petl more maiorum neque capi possent ^ conservatis legibus in tarn etftisi ambitus largltionibus neque gerl 6 r6 publica sine perlculo corruptls civitatis moribus. Ad hastam ptiblicam numquam accessit. Ntillius rei neque praes neque manceps factus est. Neminem neque suo nomine neque sub- scribens acctisavit : in ius dg sua re numquam iit : indicium nul- lum habuit. Multorum consul um praetorumque praefecttiras d6- latas sic accgpit, ut neminem in provinciam sit secutus, honore fuerit contentus, rei familiaris despexerit frtictum: qui n6 cum Quinto quidem Cicerone voluerit ^ ire in Asiam, cum apud eum b.o. ISgati locum obtinere posset. Non enim decSre se arbitrabatur, ^^' cum praeturam gerere noluisset, adseclam esse praetoris. Qua in re non solum dignitati serviebat, sed etiam tranquillitati, cum suspiciongs quoque vltaret criminum. Quo fiebat ut eius obser- vantia omnibus esset carior, cum eam officio, non timori neque spel tribui vidSrent. The simplicity and refinement of his private life. 13. Neque vero ille minus bonus pater familias habitus est quam civis. Nam cum esset pectiniosus, nemo illo minus fuit emax, minus aedificator. Neque tamen non in prlmis bene habi- tavit omnibusque optimis r6bus tisus est. Nam domum habuit in colle Quirlnali Tamphilianam, ab avunculo hergditate relictam, cuius amoenitas non aedificio,^ sed silva constabat : ipsum enim tectum antiquitus constitutum plus salis quam stimptus habebat : in quo nihil commutavit, nisi si quid vetustate coactus est. Usus est familia, si utilitate itidicandum est, optima, si forma, vix mediocrl. Namque in ea erant pueri litteratissimT, anagnostae Special Study. — Idiomatic use of utor. 1 616, n : 321 : 541. 2 517 . 320, e : 633, 8 416, ni: 244, c: 396, n.1. 72 CORNELIUS NEPOS. optimi et pltlrimi libraril, ut ng pedisequus quidem quisquam esset, qui non utrumque horum pulchre facere posset/ pari mod.6 artifices ceterl, quos cultus domesticus deslderat, apprlme bonl. Neque tamen horum quemquam nisi doml natum domlque fac- tum habuit : quod est slgnum non solum continentiae, sed etiam diligentiae. Nam et non intemperanter concupiscere, quod a plurimis videas,^ continentis^ debet duel, et potius dlligentia quam pretiO parare non mediocris est industriae. Elegans, non magnificus, splendidus, non sumptuosus: omnisque dlligentia munditiam, non adfluentiam adfectabat. Supellex modica, non multa, ut in neutram partem conspici posset. Nee praeterlbo, quamquam nonnullls leve visum irl * putem,^ cum in primis lautus esset eques Eomanus et non parum liberaliter domum suam omnium ordinum homines invitaret, n6n amplius quam terna milia peraeque in singulis m6ns§s ex ephgmeride eum expSnsum silmptul ferre solitum. Atque hoc non audltum, sed cognitum praedicamus : saepe enim propter familiaritatem domesticis rebus interfuimus. His moderate use of wealth. 14. Nem5 in convivio 6ius aliud acroama audivit quam anag- nosten, quod nos quidem iucundissimum arbitramur: neque um- quam sine aliqua ISctione apud eum c6natum est, ut non minus animo quam ventre convlvae delectarentur : nam que eOs vocabat, quorum mores a suls non abhorrerent. Cum tanta pecuniae facta esset accessio, nihil dS cotldiano cultu mutavit, nihil de vltae consuettidine, tantaque usus est moderatiOne, ut neque in Special Study. — Future passive infinitive. 1503, I: 320: 631, 2. 840I: 214, d: 366. 2 486 : 311, 1 : 257. * 248 : 147, c, 1 : 435, N. 4. 6 616, N. 1: 313, 5f: 605, n. ATTICUS. 73 s6sterti5 vTcies, quod a patre acc5perat, parum s6 splendid© ges- serit neque in sestertio centi^s adfluentius vixerit, qnam insti- tuerat, parique fastlgio steterit in utraque fortuna. Ntillos habuit hortos, nuUam suburbanam aut maritimam stlmptuosaiu villam, neque in Italia praeter Aretinum et Nomentanum rtisticum prae- dium, omnisque ©ius pecuniae reditus constabat in Epiroticis et urbanis possessionibus. Ex quo cognosci potest usum eum pecu- niae non magnittidine, sed rations mgtiri solitum. His moral qualities. 15. Mendacium neque dlc6bat neque pati poterat. Itaque 6ius cOmitas n6n sine sevgritate erat neque gravitas sine facilitate, ut difficile esset intellectu,^ utrum eum amici magis vergrentur an amarent. Quid quid rogabatur, religiose pr5mitt6bat, quod non liberalis,^ sed levis arbitrabatur pollic6ri quod praestare non pos- set. Idem in tuendo, quod semel adnuisset/ tanta erat ctira, ut non mandatam, sed suam rem vidSretur agere. Numquam suscepti negOtil * eum pertaesum est : suam enim existimationem in ea r6 agi putabat, qua nihil habgbat carius. Quo figbat ut omnia Cice- ronum, M. Catonis, Q. Hortensii, A. Torquati, multorum praeterea equitum Eomanorum negotia procuraret. Ex quO iudicarl poterat nOn inertia, sed itidicio fugisse rei ptlblicae procurationem. His long life and last illness, 21. Tall modo cum septem et septuaginta annOs complesset atque ad extremam senecttitem non minus dignitate quam gratia fortunaque crevisset (multas enim hereditates nulla alia re quam Special Study. — Descriptive genitive. 1 647 : 803 : 436. » 507, HI, 2 : 316, a, 2 : 625, n. 4. 2 401: 214, (2: 366. * 410, IV: 221, b: 377. 74 CORNELIUS NEPOS. bonitate consecutus est) tantaque prosperitate tisus esset valstii- dinis, ut annis trlginta medicTna non indiguisset, nactus est mor- bum, quern initio et ipse et medici contemps6runt : nam putarunt esse tenesmon, cm remedia celeria faciliaque proponebantur. In hoc cum tres menses sine ullls doloribus, praeterquam quos ex curatione capiebat, consumpsisset, subito tanta vis morbi in imum intestinum prorupit, ut extremo tempore per lumbos fistulae ptiris gruperint. Atque hoc priusquam ei accideret, postquam in digs dolores accrescere febresque accessisse sensit, Agrippam generum ad se arcessi iussit et cum eo L. Cornelium Balbum Sextumque Peducaeum. Hos ut venisse vidit, in cubitum innixus "quantam/' in quit, "curam diligentiamque invaletudine mea tuenda hoc tem- pore adhibuerim/ cum vos testes habeara, nihil necesse est pluri- bus verbis commemorare. Quibus quoniam, ut spero, satisfeci, m6 nihil reliqui fecisse, quod ad sanandum me pertineret, reli- quum est ut egomet mihi consulam. Id vos ignorare nolui : nam mihi Stat alere morbum desinere. Namque his diebus quidquid cibi sumpsi, ita prodtixi vitam, ut auxerim dolores sine spe salu- tis. Quare a vobis peto primum, ut consilium probetis meum, deinde, ne frtistra dehortando impedire conemini." He refuses to prolong his life. 22. Hac Oratione habita tanta constantia vocis atque vulttis, ut non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum videretur migrare, cum qui- dem Agrippa eum flens atque osculans oraret atque obsecraret, ne id quod nattira cogeret, ipse quoque sibi acceleraret, et quoniam turn quoque posset temporibus superesse, se sibi suisque reserva- ret, preces eius taciturna sua obstinatione depressit. Sic cum biduum cibo se abstinuisset, subito febris decessit leviorque mor- Special Study. — Indirect question. 1629, I: 334: 467. ATTICUS. 76 APPIAK WAY. (RESTORATION.) bus esse eoepit. Tamen propositum nihilo s6tius perggit. Itaque ^•^• die quTnto, postquam id consilium inierat, pridie Kalendas Aprll6s Cn. Domitio C. Sosio consulibus decessit. Elatus est in lectlcula, ut ipse praescrlpserat, sine ulla pom pa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia. Sepultus est iuxta viam Appiam ad quintum lapidem in monumento Q. Caecilii, avuncull sui. GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. DE BELLO GALLICO. Book II. A description of the NerviL 15. Eorum fines Nervii attinggbant; quorum de natura mOribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat : Nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus ; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferrl, quod ils rebus relanguSscere animos et remitti virttitem existimarent : ^ esse homines feros magnaeque virttitis ; in- crepitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui s6 populo Romano dedidissent patri- amque virtutem proiGcissent ; confirmare sese neque ISgatos misstiros/ neque uUam condicionem pacis accepturos. They prepare to attack Caesar. 16. Cum per eorum fings triduum iter fScisset, invenigbat ex captivis Sabim flumen ab castris suTs non amplius milia passuum decem abesse: trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse/ ad- Special Study. — Tenses in indirect discourse. 1 525 : 336, 6 : 654, 2 525 ; 336, A : 653. 76 De bello gallico, n. ventumque ibi EOmanorum exspectare, ana cum Atrebatis et b.c. Viromanduis, finitimls suis (nam his utrisque persuaserant, uti ^^' eandem belli fortunam experlrentnr) ; exspectari etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulierSs quique per aetatem ad ptignam intitiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse, quo propter paludes exercitul aditus non esset.^ 17. His rebus cognitis, explorator^s centuriongsque praemittit, qui locum idoneum castrls deligant. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliqulsque Gallls complures Caesarem sectitl una iter facerent, quldam ex his, ut postea ex captlvis cognitum est, eorum dierum cOnsuStudine itineris nostri exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios per- vengrunt ; atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiongs impedlmentorum magnum numerum in- terc^dere, neque esse quicquam negotii,^ cum prima legio in castra vgnisset, reliquaeque legio- n6s magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis adorlrl ; qua pulsa impedimentlsque dlreptis, futurum ^ ut reliquae contra consistere non aud6- rent.^ Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium, qui rem defergbant, quod Nervil antlquitus, cum equitatti nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus el rel student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copils), quo* facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedaudi causa ad eos venissent, impedlrent,* teneris arboribus inclsis atque Inflexis crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis et rubis sentibus- que interiectis effecerant, ut Instar muri^ hae s^pes munlmenta praeberent, quo non modo non intrari, sed n6 perspici quidem posset.^ His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impedlretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt. Special Study. — Future passive infinitive, periphrastic form. 1603, I: 320: 631.2. 2 897: 216: 369. 3 637, 3: 288,/: 248. *497, II, 2: 317,6.: 545^2, *898, 4; 223, e: 373. 78 CAESAR. Position of the camp. A surprise. 18. Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri castrls delSge- rant. Collis ab summo aequaliter decllvis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo fl amine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passtis circiter ducentos Infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas silvas hostgs in oc- culto s6se continebant ; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationgs equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum ^ circiter trium. 19. Caesar equitatu praemlsso subsequebatur omnibus copiis;* sed ratio Ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam quod hostibus approplnquabat, consuetudine sua ^ Caesar sex legiones expedltas dticebat j post eas totius exer- citus impedimenta conlocarat ; inde duae legiones, quae proximo conscrlptae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedi- mentis erant. Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressl cum hostium equitatu proelium commlsSrunt. Cum s5 illl identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rtirsus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius, quam quem ad finem porrgcta ac loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes InsequI auderent, interim legiones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dlm^nso castra mtinire coeperuiit. Ubi prima impedi- menta nostri exercittis ab ils, qui in silvls abditi latebant, visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendl proelii conv6nerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinSsque constituerant atque ipsi sese con- flrmaverant, subito omnibus copils provolavSrunt impetumque in nostros equites fec6runt. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis incredi- Special Study. — Ablative of accompaniment without cum. 1 404: 216, b : 365. 2 419^ 1^ i). 248, a, n. : 392, r. 1. 3419, III: 263, N.: 399. Sveones DE BELLO GALLICO, II. 79 bill celeritate ad flumen decucurrgrunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverse colle ^ ad nostra castra atque eos, qui in opere occupati erant, contenderunt. The good training of the soldiers. 20. Caesarl * omnia uno tempore erant agenda : vexillum pro- ponendum, quod erat inslgne, cum ad arma con cur rl oport6ret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandl militSs, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi, acies instru- enda, militSs cohortandT, signum dandum. Quarum r6rum magnam partem temporis brevitas et successus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus ^ duae r6s erant subsi- dio,^ scientia atque tisus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitatl, quid fieri oporteret nOn minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri pote- rant, et quod ab opere singulisque legioni- bus singulos legates Caesar discedere nisi mtinitis castris* vetuerat. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per s6, quae videbantur, administrabant. 21. Caesar, necessarils rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milit^s, quam in partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem decimam dSv^nit. Militgs non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti Special Study. — Ablative absolute in conditional sentence. 1 425, 1, 1): 268, ^: 387; see Notes. 3 390 : 233: 356. ^ 888 : 232 : 354. * 481, 3 : 255, 4, and 310 : 593, 2. A. & W. LAT. R. 6 VEXILLUM. 80 CAESAR. siiae pristinae virttitis memoriam retingrent ^ neu perturbarentur animo, hostiumque impetum fortiter.sustingrent, qiiod non longius hostSs aberant, quam qu5 telum adigi posset,^ proelii committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandl causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas, hostiumque tarn paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad insignia accommodaiida, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegumenta detrudenda tempus de- scuTUM. fuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casii d6v6nit, quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendls suis pugnandl tempus dimitteret. ... " : Doubtful issue of the fight . 22. rnstructo oxercitu, magis ut loci natHra deiectusque collis et necessitas temporis, quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum dlversis legionibus ^ aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, s6pibusque^ densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocarT, neque quid in quaque parte opus esset providerl, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. Itaque, in tanta rerum iniquitate, forttinae quoque eventus varil seqiiebantur. 23. Legioriis nonae et decimae mllites, ut in sinistra parte aci6 constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassittidine exanimatos vul- neribusque confectos Atrebates — nam his ea pars obvenerat — celeriter ex loco superiore in fltimen compulerunt, et transire conant^s insectiti, gladiis m^gnam partem eorum impeditam Special Study. — Participle for coordinate verb. 1 498, 1 : 331 : 546. 2 503, 2 : 320, c ; 631, 3. « 481 : 255 : 409. DE BELLO GALLICO, II. 81 interf6c6nint. Ipsi transire^ flymen non dubitaverunt, et in locum iniquum progressi, rarsus resistentes hostSs redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecenint. Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis Viromanduis, quibus- cum erant congress!, ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fer6 a fronte et ab sinistra parte ntidatis castrls, cum in dextro comu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo^ septima constitisset, omn6s Nervil confertissimo ag- mine, duce Boduognato, qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt ; quorum pars aperto latere legionSs circum- venlre, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. 24. Eodem tempore equit^s nostri levisque armaturae peditSs, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixe- ram,^ cum s6 in castra reciperent, adversis hos- tibus occurr^bant ac rtirsus aliam in partem fugam petebant, et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros victores fliimen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostSs in nostris castris versari vidissent, praecipitSs fugae ses6 mandabant. Simul eorum, qui cum impedimen- tis veniebant, clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferSbantur. Quibus omnibus rebus perm5ti equit^s Trover!, quorum inter Gallos virttitis opinio est singu- laris, qui auxilii causa ab civitate ad Caesarem miss! vgnerant, cum multitudine hostium castra compleri nostra, legiones premi et paene cir- cumventas tengri, calones, equites, funditorgs, Numidas diversos MILES LEVIS ARIIA- TURAE. Special study. — Distinction between imperfect and perfect. 1 506, 1, 4 : 332, ^, N. 2 : 555, R. 3. 2 379^ 2 : 257, b : 335, 2, n. 8 See Notes. 82 CAESAB, dissipatOsque in omnSs partes fugere vidissent, dSspSratls nostrls rgbus domum contenderunt ; Romanos pulsos superatosque^ cas- trls impedlmentisque eorum hostes potltos civitati renuntiaverunt. The Romans gain the advantage, 2^, Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgerl slgnlsque in tinum locum conlatis duo- decimae legionis confertos milites sibi^ ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento ^ vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occl- sis signiferoque interfecto signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fer6 centurionibus aut vulneratls aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut iam s6 sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores et nonntillos ab novissimis deserto proelio excSdere ac t§la vitare, hostes neque a f route ex inf eriore loco subeuntes inter- mittere et ab utroque latere Instare et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque uUum esse subsidium, quod submitti posset : sctito ab novissimis tini militl^ detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit; centurionibus que nominatim appel- latis reliquos cohortatus, milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladils titi possent. Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus, ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extrgmis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. 26. Caesar, cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urggri ab hoste vidisset, tribtinos mllitum monuit, ut paula- tim sgs6 legiongs coniungerent, et conversa sTgna in hostes infer- rent. Quo facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret neque timerent Special Study. — Dative of separation. 1 890, I: 233: 356. 2 335, H, 2: 229; 345, b. 1. DE BELLO GALLICO, 11. n6 aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coepSrunt. Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedlmentis fuerant, proelio nun- tiato, cursu incitato, in summo colle ab hostibus e5n- spiciebantur ; et T. Labi^nus, castrls hostium potitus, et ex loco superiore quae r6s in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus, decimam legi6nem subsidiO nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga quo in loco rSs esset, quantoque in perlculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui ^ fecerunt. Desperation of the Nervii. Their defeat. 27. H6rum adventu tanta rSrum commatatio est facta, ut nostrl, etiam qui vulneribus c5nfecti procu- buissent,^ sctitls innlxi proelium redintegrarent ; tum calon^s, perterritos host^s conspicati, etiam inermes armatis occurrerent ; equit^s vgr6, ut turpittldinem fugae virtute d6l6rent, omnibus in locis pugnarent, qu5 s6 legionariis militibus praeferrent.^ At host^s etiam in extrgma sp6 saltitis tantam virtutem praestiterunt, ut, cum priml eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus msisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent; his dsiectls, et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui superessent ut ex tumulo t6la in nostros conicerent, et plla intercepta remitterent : ut non ngqui-" quam tantae virtutis homines iudicarl* deb^ret ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire inlquissimum locum ; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat. Special Study. — Relative clauses of characteristic. SIGNUM. 1 401, N. 4 : 216 : 369. 2 603, 1 : 320, a : 631. 8 497, 2 : 317, h : 545, 2, r. 1. 4 534, 1, N. 2 : 330, a, 2 : 528. 84 CAESAR. • 2S. Hod proeli5 facto, et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impeditum, vlctis nihil tutum arbifcrarentur, omnium qui supererant consensu, legates ad Caesarem mls^runt, seque ei dediderunt; et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate, ex sexcentTs ad tres senatores, ex hominum milibus sexaginta vix ad quingentos, qui arma ferre possent, s6se redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit, suisque finibus atque oppidTs uti iussit, et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. Book III. The Veneti conspire against Caesar. 8. Htiius est civitatis long© amplissima auctoritas omnis 5rae maritimae regionum earum, quod et nav6s habent Veneti pltlri- mas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consu6runt, et scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antec^dunt et in magno impetti maris atque aperto, panels portibus interiectis, quos tenent ipsi, omnes fere, qui eo marl titi consuerunt, habent vecti- B.c. gales. Ab his fit initiura retinendi^ Silii atque Yelanil, quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso dedissent, reciperattiros exlstima- bant. Horum auctoritate finitimi adducti, ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia, eadem d6 causa Trebium Terra- sidiumque retinent, et celeriter missis legatTs per suos princip^s inters© coniurant, nihil nisi communi consilio acttiros^ eundemque omnis fOrtunae exitum esse laturos, reliquasque civitates sollici- Special Study. — Future infinitive with verbs of swearing. 1 643 : 298 : 428, 2 522 : 330, /: 527, 2. S6. DE BELLO OALLICO, III. 85 taixt, ut in ea libertate, quam a maioribus acceperant, permajngre quam Romanorum servitutem perferre^ mallent. Omni ora mari- time celeriter ad suam sententiam perducta communem l6gSr tionem ad Publium Crassum raittunt, sT velit^ suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat.^ Both sides prepare for the struggle. 9. Quibus de rebus Caesar ab Grasso certior f actus, quod ipse aberat longius, nav6s interim longas aedifieari in flamine Ligere, quod influit in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia mstitui, nautas gubernatoresque compararl iubet. His rebus celeriter adminis- tratis, ipse, cum primum per anni tempus potuit, ad exercitum contendit. Veneti reliquaeque item civitat^s cognito Caesaris adventu, simul quod quantum in se facinus admisissent, in- telleggbant Iggatos,^ quod nomen ad omnes nation^s sanctum inviolatumque semper fuisset, retentos* ab se et in vincula con- iectos,* pro magnittidine perlculi bellum parare et maximS ea, quae ad ilsum navium pertinent, providere instituunt, hoc* maiore sp6, quod multum natura^ loci confidebant. Pedestria esse itinera conclsa aestuarils, navigationem impeditam propter mscientiam locorum paucitatemque portuum sci^bant, neque nostros exercitus propter frumenti inopiam dititius apud s6 morari posse confide- bant: ac iam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent,^ tamen se plurimum navibus posse, EomanOs neque ullam facultatem habere navium, neque eorum locorum ubi bellum gesturi essent vada, portuSy insulas novisse ; ac longS aliam esse navigationem in con- cluso marl atque ^ in vastissimo atque apertissim5 Ocean6 per- Special Study. — Conditions in indirect discourse. 1 624, 1, 2 : 336, 2, n. 2 : 644, 3, (6). ^ 413 : 245 : 408. 2 627, 1 : 337, 1 : 657. ^ 425, 1, 1), n. : 254, h : 346, k. 2. 8 623, III: 339: 651. ^ 515, ni : 313, a: 608. * 639, II: 270, x. 1 : 527. 8 459^ 2 : 247, di 643. 86 CAESAR. spiciebant. His initis consilils, oppida mUniunt, frumenta ^x agrls in oppida comportant, nav6s in Venetiam, nbi Caesarem primum esse bellnnx gesturum c5nstabat, qnam plurimas possnnt, cognnt. Socios sibi ad id bellnm Osismos, Lexovios, ISTamngtes, Ambiliatos, Morinos, DiablintrSs, Menapios adsciscunt ; auxilia ex Britannia, quae contra eas region^s posita est, arcessunt. Caesar^s motives. 10. Erant hae difficultatgs belli gerendi, quas supra ostendimus, sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant: initiriae retentorum equitum Eomanorum, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civitatum conitiratio; imprimis ne, hac parte negl6cta, reliquae nationSs sibi idem licSre arbitra- rentur. Itaque cum intellegeret omn6s fere Gallos novis rebus stud^re, et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omngs autem homings natura libertati studere et condicionem servittitis odisse, priusquam plures civitates consplrarent,^ partiendum sibi ac latins distribuendum exercitum putavit. 11. Itaque T. Labienum Iggatum in Trgveros, qui proxim! flumini Eheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic mandat Eemos reliquosque Belgas adeat,^ atque in officio contineat; Germanos- que, qui auxilio a Belgis arcessiti dicebantur, si per vim navibus flumen transire conentur, probibeat. P. Crassum, cum cohortibus legionariTs duodecim et magno numero equitatus, in Aquitaniam proficlsci iubet n6 ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur, ac tantae nationes coniungantur. Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum legionibus tribus in Unellos, Curiosolltes Lexoviosque mittit, qui eam manum distinendam^ ciiret. Decimum Brutum adul6- Special Study. — Accusative of gerundive denoting purpose. 1 620, II : 327 : 577. 2 499^ 2 : 331, /, r. : 546, R. 2. 3544^ 2, N. 2: 294, d: 430, DE BELLO GALLICO, m. 87 scentem class! Galliclsque navibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus convenTre iusserat, praeficit, et, cum primum posset, in Venetos proficTsci iubet. Ipse eo pedestri- bus copiis contendit. Description of the towns. 12. Erant eiusmodi fer6 sitiis oppidonim, ut, posita in extrfimis lingulis pr6munturilsque, neque pedibus aditum habSrent, cum ex alto s6 aestus inci- tavisset, quod bis ac- cidit semper horarum duodecim spatio, neque navibus, quod rtirsus minuente aestu nav6s in vadls adflictarentur.^ Ita utraque rS oppido- rum oppugnatio imp^- diebatur ; ac si quando magnitadine operis for- te superatT, — extruso marl aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis — suls fortunls desp^rare coeperant, magno numer5 navium appulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, sua dgportabant omnia, seque in proxima oppida recipiebant: ibi s6 rursus Isdem opportanitatibus loci defendebant. Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detin^bantur, summaque erat vasto atque aperto marl,^ magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas navigandi. Special Study. — Ablative absolute. TOWN OP VBNETI. U16, 2: 321: 541. 2 431, I, 4: 266, a: 409. 88 CAESAR. Their skips. Difficulties of the campaign. 13. Nam que ipsOrum naves ad hunc modum factae armataeque erant : carlnae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac dScessum aestus excipere possent ; prorae admo- dum 6r6ctae, atque item puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tem- pestatumque accommodatae ; navgs totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam ; transtra pedalibus in altittidinem trabibus conflxa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis crassitti- dine; ancorae pro funibus ferreis catenTs revinctae; pelles pro veils altitaeque tenuiter confectae, hae sive propter lini inopiam atque eius ustis inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis veri simile, quod tantas tempestates OceanI tantosque impetus ventorum sus- tingrl ac tanta onera navium regl veils non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. Cum his navibus nostrae class! ^ eiusmodi con- gressus erat, ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret, reliqua pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum illis^essent aptiora et accommodatiora. Neque enim bis nostrae rostro noc6re pote- rant (tanta in iis erat firmitudo), neque propter altitudinem facile telum adig^batur, et eadem dS causa minus commode copulis con- tin6bantur. AccSd^bat, ut, cum saevire ventus coepisset et s6 ventO dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent^ facilius et in vadls cOnsisterent ^ tutius, et ab aestti relictae nihil saxa et caut^s timgrent;^ quarum r^rum omnium nostris navibus casus erat extimescendus. Meeting of the fleets. 14. Compl-Qribus exptignatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intellSxit frtistra tantum laborem sum!, neque hostium fugam captis oppi- Special Study. — Subjunctive of result after impersonal verbs. 1 887 : 231 : 349. 2 501, I, l ; 332, 2 : 553, 4. DE BELLO GALLICO, III. 89 NAVIS LONGA. dls repriml neque iis ^ noc6ri posse, statuit exspectandam classem. Quae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ccxx. naves eorum paratis- simae atque onini genere armorum oma- tissimae profectae ex portu nostris adversae constiterunt ; neque satis Brtito, qui classl praeerat, vel tribunls mllitum centurioni- busque, quibus sin- gulae navSs erant at- tributae, constabat, quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae msisterent. Eostro enim noc6rI non posse cognoverant ; tur- ribus autem excitatls, tamen has altittido puppium ex barbarls navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco satis commode tela adigl possent et missa ab Gallls gravius acciderent. Tactics and victory of the Romans. Una erat magno tlsul rSs praeparata a nostris, — falces praeactl- tae Insertae adflxaeque longurils, nOn absimilT forma muralium falcium.^ His cum funes, qui antemnas ad malos destinabant, comprehensi adductlque erant, navigio remis incitato prae- rumpebantur. Quibus absclsis antemnae necessariO concidebant; ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus^ spSs in v6lls armamentlsque cCnsisteret, his ^reptls, omnis usus n avium uno tempore eriper- etur. Eeliquum erat certamen positum in virtu te, qua nostrl Special Study. — Genitive and dative with similis. 1 801, 1 : 230 : 217. 2 391^ n, 4 : 234, d : 359, r. 1. 8 884, II, 4, N. 2 : 236, a : 350. 90 CAESAR. mllites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod in cOnspecta Caesaris atque omnis exercittls res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset; omnes enim coll6s ac loca supe- riora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu ten^bantur. 15. DisiectTs, ut diximus, antemnis, cum singulis binae ac ternae nav6s circumsteterant, milit6s summa vi transcendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam barbarl fieri ani- madvertgrunt, exptignatTs compluribus navibus, cum el rei nullum reperlretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contend6runt. Ac iam, conversis in eam partem navibus quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco commovSre non possent. Quae quidem r6s ad negotium conficiendum maximg fuit opportuna: nam siiigulas nostri consectati expugnavgrunt, ut perpaucae ex omnI numero noctis interventti ad terram per- venerint, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugna- retur. ' . The Veneti are enslaved, 16. Quo proeliO bellum VenetOrum totiusque 5rae maritimae confectum est. Nam cum ^ omnis inventus, omnes etiam gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consilil aut dignitatis fuit, eo convene- rant, tum ^ navium quod ubique f uerat unum in locum coegerant ; quibus amlssis, reliqui neque quo sg reciperent,^ neque quem ad modum oppida defenderent^ habebant. Itaque s6 suaque omnia Caesarl dediderunt. In quos eo gravius Caesar vindicandum sta- tuit, quo dlligentius in reliquum tempus a barbarls ius legatorum conservaretur. Itaque omnI senatti necato reliquos sub corona vendidit. Special Study. — Use of cum — tum. 1 664, I, 5: 166, a: 588. 2 503, 1 : 320: 631, 2. DE BELLO GALLICO, IV. 91 Book IV. Caesar makes preparations to invade Britain, 20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis, quod ^•^- 55. omnis Gallia ad septentriOnfis vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod omnibus fer6 Gallicis bellis hostibus nostrls inde subraini strata anxilia intelleg^bat et, si tempus ann! ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magn5 sibi Usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adlsset,^ genus hominum perspgxisset, loca, portas, aditus cognovisset; quae omnia ferS Gallls erant incognita. Neque enim temere praeter mercatorSs illO adiit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter Oram mari- timam atque eas region^s, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad s6 undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset Tnsulae magnitadO, neque quae aut quantae nationgs incolerent, neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad maiorum navium multitudinem idOnei portus, reperire poterat. He setxds Volusenus ahead to report. 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam perlculum faceret, id5- neum esse arbitratus Gaium Volus6num cum navl longa prae- mittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus r^bus ad se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copils in Morinos pro- ficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. Hue nav6s undique ex finitimls regionibus et, quam superiore ^ aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat classem, iubet convenlre. Interim consilio 6ius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Britan- Speclal Study. — Future conditions after past tenses. i609, N. 3: 307,/: 696,2. 92 CAESAK. nos, a compltiribus insulae civitatibus ad eum l6gati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare ^ atque imperio populi Eomanl obtem- perare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit, et cum ils una Commium, quern ipse Atrebatibus superatis rggem ibi constitu- erat, cuius et virttitem et consilium probabat, et quem sibi tidelem esse arbitrabatur, ctiiusque auctoritas in his regionibus magni^ habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitat6s, horteturque ut populi Roman! fidem sequantur, seque celeriter eo venttirum nuntiet. Yolusenus, perspectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredl ac se barbarls committere non auderet, quIntO die ad Caesarem revertitur, quae- que ibi perspexisset renuntiat. S'ubmission of the Morini. Bringing together and assignment of the ships. 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se d6 superioris temporis consilio exctisarent, quod homings barbarl et nostrae consuetudinis imperlti bellum populo Eomano fecissent,^ sgque ea, quae imperasset, fact^rOs^ pollicSrentur, H5c sibi Caesar satis opportune accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, neque belli gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat, neque has tantularum re rum occupationes Britanniae anteponendas itidicabat, magnum ris numerum obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem rec6- pit. Navibus circiter octoginta onerariis coactis contractlsque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quod Specisd Study. — Tense of infinitive with verbs of promising. 637, N. : 330, /, n. : 531, n. 4. 2 404 : 252, a : 380, 1. 8 516, II: 321: 541, DE BELLO GALLICO, lY. 98 praeterea, navium longarum habebat, quaestori, Iggatls praefectis- que distribuit. Hue acc6d6bant octodecim onerariae nav6s, quae ex e5 loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebantur, quominus in eundem portum venire possent:^ has equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum Q. Titurio Sabino et L. Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios, atque in eos pagos Morinorum ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant, ducendum dedit; P. Sulpicium Eufum legatum, cum eo praesidio quod satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere iussit. Caesar sets sail ' '". ' ' . 23. His cOnstittltIs rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandum tem- pestatem, tertia ferg vigilia solvit, equitgsque in ulteriorem portum progredl et nav6s conscendere et se sequi iussit. A qui- bus cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse hora circiter diSi quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit, atque ibi in omni- bus collibiis expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. Cuius loci haec erat natura, atque ita montibus angustis mare conting- batur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad ggrediendum nSquaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent,^ ad horam nonam in ancoris exspec- tavit. Interim, legatis tribupTsque mllitum convocatis, et quae ex Yoluseno cognosset et quae fieri vellet ostendit, monuitque, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postularent (ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum babe rent ^), ad ntitum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur. His dlmissis, et ven- tum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo et sub- latis ancoris, circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit. Special Study. — Subjunctive with dum. 1 497, II, 2 : 331, e, 2 : 549. 2 519 . 328 : 572, 8 517^ 3^ 1 . 320, e : 633, 94 CAESAR. The Britons oppose his landing, but are defeated, 24:. At barbari, consilio Eomanorum cognito, praemisso equi- tatti et essedariis, quo plSrumque genere in proeliis titl consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsectltT, nostros navibus egredi probibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magni- tudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant; militibus^ autem, ignStls locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravi onere armorum oppressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consis- tendum et cum bostibus erat ptignandum ; cum illi aut ex arido, aut paulum in aquam progress!, omnibus membris expedltis, no- tissimis locis, audacter tela conicerent, et equos insuefactos inci- tarent. Quibus rSbus nostrl perterriti, at que huius omnino generis^ ptignae imperitl, non eadem alacritate ac studio quo in pedestribus tlti proeliis c5nsu6rant, titebantur. A standard-bearer's bravery. The Bntons routed, 2^. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, nav6s longas, quarum et species erat barbarls inusi- tatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removerl ab onerariis navibus et r6mis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac submovgri iussit; quae res magno usui nos- tris fuit. Nam et navium figtira et remorum ^- motu et intisitato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem rettulSrunt. Atque nostris militibus cunctanti- Speclal Study. — Genitive with adjectives. AQUILIFEB. ^388: 282: 354, ): 218, a: 374. DE BELLO GALLICO, IT. 95 bus, maxime propter altitiidinem maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, contestatus deos, ut ea res legionl fellciter evemret, "Desilite," inquit, "mllites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere : ego carte meum rei piiblicae atque imperatorl officium praestitero." ^ Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, se ex navl proiecit atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostri cohortati inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, QniversI ex navl desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus approplnquarimt. 26. Pugnatum est ab utrlsque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter Insistere neque signa sub- sequl poterant, atque alius alia ex navl, quibuscumque signis occurrerat, se aggregabat, raagno opere perturbabantur ; hostes vero, notis omnibus vadls, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navl egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impedltos adorie- bantur, plures paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in tiniversos tela coniciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia mllitibus^ complerl iussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, his subsidia sub- mittebat. Nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, suls omnibus con- sectitls in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt, neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque Insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesarl defuit. Timce with the Britons. 27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace miserunt; obsides daturos quaeque imperasset facturos esse polliciti sunt. Una cum his Special Study. — Use of the future perfect tense. 1 473, 1 : 281, r. : 242, r. 1. 2 421, n : 248, c. 2 . 405. A. & W. LAT. R. 7 96 CAESAR. legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern supra demon str aver am a Caesare in Britanniam praemlssum. Hunc illi e navl egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris mandata deferret, compre- henderant atque in vincula coniecerant : turn, proelio facto, re- mlserunt; et in petenda pace eius rei culpam in multittidinem contulerunt, et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur ^ petiverunt. Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere imprudentiae dixit, obsidesque imperavit; quorum ill! partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam pan- els diebus sese dattiros dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire, et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. Destruction of part of the fleet, 28. His rebus pace confirmata, post diem quartum quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves duodecim, de quibus supra demonstra- tum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum approplnquarent Britanniae et ex castrls viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cur- sum tenere posset ; sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, refer- rentur, aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui^ cum perlculo deicerentur; quae tamen, ancoris iactis, cum fluctibus complerentur, necessariO adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. 29. Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrlsque id erat incognitum. Ita tino tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverat, quasque in aridum sub- Special Study. — The objective genitive. 1 301, 1 : 146, d : 346, R. 1. 2 396^ m . 217 : 363, 2. DE BELLO GALLICO, TV, 97 duxerat, aestus compleverat j et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas adflictabat, neque ulla nostrls facultas. aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus navibus frac- tls reliquae cum essent funibus, ancorls reliqulsque armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod^ necesse erat accidere, totlus exercitus perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas naves erant usul, et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Grallia oportere, frumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat. The Britons conspire, Caesar makes preparations, 30. Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, qui post proe- liura ad Caesarera convenerant, inter se conloctitl, cum equites et naves et frumentum Komanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem mllitum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedlmentis Caesar legiones trans- portaverat, optimum factu esse duxerunt rebellione facta frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod his superatis aut reditu interclusis neminem postea belli inferendl causa in Britanniam transiturum confldebant. Itaque rtirsus coniuratione facta paulatim ex castrls discedere ac suos clam ex agrls dedticere coeperunt. 31. At Caesar, etsT nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventti navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides dare inter- mlserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex agrls cotidie in castra conferebat et, quae gravissime adflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas titebatur et, Special Study. — Quod with indicative in causal clauses. 1 445, 7 ; 200, e : 614, r. 2. 98 CAESAR. quae ad eas res erant usui/ ex continenti comportari iubebat. Itaque, cum summo studio a mllitibus adininistraretur, duodecim navibus amissls, reliquis ut navigarl commode posset, effecit. A legion engaged in reaping is surprised, 32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frtimenta- tum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, — cum pars hominum in agrls rema- neret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, — ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem maiorem quam consuettido ferret in ea parte videri, quam in partem legio iter fecisset. Caesar, id quod erat suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes qijae in stationibus erant secum in eam partem prolicIscT, ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortes succe- dere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi iussit. Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi, atque aegre sustinere, et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela conici animadvertit. Nam quod, omni ex reliquis partibus de- messo frumento, pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes hue nos- tros esse venttiros, noctti in silvas delituerant ; tum disperses, depositis armis, in metendo occupatos, subito adorti, panels inter- fectls, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatti atque essedls circumdederant. The British methods in warfare. Further engagements. 33. Genus hoc est ex essedls pugnae. Primo per omnes partes perequitant, et tela coniciunt, atque ipso terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant ; et cum se inter Special Study. — Dative or accusative and ad after usui. 1 390, II, N. 2 : 233 : 356. DE BELLO GALLICO, IV. 99 equitum turmas Insinuav6riint, ex essedls desiliunt, et pedibus proeliantur. Aurlgae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt, at- que ita curriis conlocant, uti si illi a multittidine hostium pre- mantur, expedltum ad siios receptum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proelils praestant; ac tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, utI in declivl ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere, et brevi moderari ac flectere, et per temonem percurrere, et in iugo insistere, et se inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint. 34. Quibus rebus perturbatls nostrls novitate pugnae, tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit: namque eius adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt. Quo facto ad lacessendum et ad committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus suo se loco continuit et brevI tempore intermlsso in castra legiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostrls omnibus occupatis, qui erant in agris reliquT, discesserunt. Sectitae sunt continues complures dies tempestates, quae et nostros in castrls continerent^ et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim bar ban nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sul llberandi^ facultas daretur, si Romanos castrls expulissent, demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multi- ttidine peditatus equitattisque coacta ad castra venerunt. 35. Caesar etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus acciderat, fore videbat, ut,. si essent hostes pulsl, celeritate perlculum effugerent,^ tamen nactus equites circiter triginta, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castrls constituit. Commisso proelio dititius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt. Quos Special Study. — Genitive of gerund with sui. 1 600, 1 : 320 : 631, 1. 2 542, I, i : 298, a : 428, r. 1. 3537, 3: 288,/: 248. 100 CAESAR. tanto spatio ^ seciiti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, complures ex iis occiderunt, delude omnibus longe lateque aedi- ficiis incensis se in castra receperunt. Peace is made, and Caesar returns to Gaid. 36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quem ante impera- verat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci iussit, quod propinqua die aequinoctii mfirmis navibus biemi navigationem subiciendam non existimabat. Ipse idoneam tempestatem nactus paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continantem pervenerunt ; sed ex ils onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliqui, portiis capere non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt. 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositl milites circiter trecenti^ atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti, primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt, ac, si sese^ intertici nollent, anna ponere iusserunt. Cum illi^ orbe facto, sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter milia sex convenerunt. Qua re ntintiata, Caesar omnem ex castrls equitatum suTs auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt, atque amplius horis quattuor fortissime pugnaverunt, et panels vulneribus acceptis complures ex his occlderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes abiectis armis terga verterunt, magnusque eorum numerus est occisus. 38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum, cum iis legioni- bus quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui rebellionem Special Study. — Direct and indirect reflexives. 1 879, 2 : 257, b : 398, 2. 2 449 . 196, «, i ; 520. DE BELLO GALLICO, V. 101 fecerant, misit. Qui cum, propter siccitates paluduin, quo se reciperent^ non haberent (quo superiors anno perfugio fuerant tisl), omnes fere in potestatem Labienl pervenerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legatl, qui in Menapiorum fin6s legi- ones dtixerant, omnibus eorum agrls vastatis, frumentis suc- cIsTs, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissi- mas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides mlserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, ex litterls Caesaris dierum viginti sup- plicatio a senatu decreta est. Book V. Caesafs second expedition to Britain, 8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legioni- bus et equitum mllibus duobus rellcto, ut portus tueretur et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur cognosce- ret, consiliumque pro tempore et pro r6 caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus, et pari numero equitum, quem in continenti rellquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvit; et lenl Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento intermlsso, cursum non tenuit; et, longius delatus aestii, orta luce, sub sinistra Britanniam rellctam con- spexit. Tum rursus aestus commutationem sectitus, remis con- teiidit ut eam partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit mllitum virtus laudanda, qui vectorils gravibusque navigils,^ non inter- mlsso remigandi labore, longarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus merldiano fere Special Study. — Use of gerundive as predicate adjective. ^ 1 603, 1 : 320, a : 631, 2. 'M30 : 248, c, 1 : 401. 102 CAESAR. tempore^ neque in eo loco hostis est visus ; sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae mantis eo convenissent, multi- tudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatlsque, quas sul quisque commodl^ fecerat, amplius octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca ab- diderant. He defeats the Britons. Lijury to the fleet. 9. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohor- tibus decem ad mare rellctis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent,^ de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit, eo minus veritus navibus, quod in litore molll atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibus Quintum Atrium prae- fecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia passuum circiter duodecim hostium copias conspicatus est. Illl equitatti atque essedls ad flumen progress! ex loco superiore nostros prohi- bere et proelium com- mittere coeperunt. Ee- pulsl ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti egregie et nattira et opere mtinltum, quem domestic! belli, ut videba- tur, causa iam ante prae- paraverant : nam crebrls arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusl. Ips! ex silvls ran propugnabant nostrosque intra munltiones ingred! pro- Special Study. —The testudo. isc. cawsa. M97, 1: 317,2: 630. DE BELLO GALLICO, V. 103 hibebant. At mllites legionis septimae testiidine facta et aggere ad mtinitiones adiecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvls expii- lerunt paucis vulneribus acceptls. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci iiaturam Ignorabat, et quod magna parte die! consumpta munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. 10. Postrldie eius diel, mane, tripartite mllites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos qui fugerant persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris^ progressis, cum iam extremi essent in pro- spectu, equites a Q. A trio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte, maxima coorfca tempestate, prope omnes naves adfllctas atque in lltore eiectas esse ; quod neque ancorae funes- que subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim tempes- tatis pati possent. Itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. Rapid repairing of the ships. 11. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere desistere iubet ; ipse ad naves revertitur : eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterlsque cognoverat, coram perspicit, sic ut, amis sis circiter quadraginta navibus reliquae tamen re fid posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continenti alios arcessi iubet; Labieno scrlbit ut quam plurimas posset, ils legionibus^ quae sunt apud eum, naves Instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci et cum castrls una munltione coniungl. In his rebus circiter dies decem con- stimit, ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem mllitum inter- mlssls. Subductis navibus castrlsque egregie munitis, easdem Special Study. — Persons considered as means. 1 397, 3 : 216, 3 : 371. ^ 420 : 248, c : 401, R. 1. 104 CAESAR. copias quas ante praesidio navibus reliquit; ipse eodem unde redierat proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant; summa imperii bellique administrandi, communi consilio, permissa Cassivel- launo, cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a marl circiter milia passuum octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti BritannI hunc toti bello^ imperioque praefecerant. Description of Britain and the Britons. 12. Britanniae pars interior ab ils incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt; maritima pars ab iis qui praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgio transierunt (qui omnes fere ils nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex civi- tatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello inlato ibi permanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est Inflnita multitude creber- rimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia, pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut aere aut nummo aureo aut talels ferrels ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterranels regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ^ius exigua est copia; aere utuntur importato. Materia ctiiusque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et galllnam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus. 13. Insula natura triquetra, cuius tinum latus est contra Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, In- Special Study. — Dative with compound verbs. 1 386 : 228 : 347. DE BELLO GALLICO, V. 105 fei'ior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter milia passuum qumgenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio^ transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursti est Insula, quae appel- latur Mona; complures praeterea minores subiectae Insulae existimantur ; de quibus Insulls nonnulll scrlpserunt, dies con- tinues triginta sub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo per- contationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensurls breviores esse quam in continenti noctes videbamus. Huius est longi- ttido lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium. Ter- tium est contra septentriones ; cul parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc mIlia passuum octingenta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis Insula est in circuitu vicies centenum milium passuum. Their customs. 14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerlque frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et came vivunt pellibusque sunt vestltl. Omnes vero se BritannI vitro Inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc horridiores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promlsso atque omnI parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Skirmishing with the Britons. 15. Equites hostium essedarilque acriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere confllxerunt, tamen ut nostrl omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint; Special Study. — Genitive and ablative of quality. 1 419, II : 251 : 400. 106 CAESAR. sed compluribus interfectis cupidius Insectiti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi intermlsso spatio, impru- dentibus nostrls atque occupatis in munltione cas- trorum, subito se ex silvls eiecerunt impettique in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castrls conlocati, acriter pugnaverunt, duabusque missis subsidio co- hortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum, cum hae perexiguo intermlsso loci spatio inter se constitissent, novo genere ptignae perter- ritls nostrls per medios audacissime perrtiperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus fLaberius Durus tribiinus mllitum interficitur. Illi pluribus submlssis cohortibus repelluntur. 16. Toto hoc in genere ptignae, cum sub oculls GLADius. omnium ac pro castrls dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros, propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque Insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad htiius generis hostem; equites autem magno cum periculo dimi- care, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plerumque cederent, et cum paulum ab legionibus nostros remo vis sent, ex essedis desili- rent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem per- iculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut numquam conferti sed rarl magnisque intervallis proeliarentur,^ stationesque dispositas habe- rent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrlque et recentes def atigatis succederent. The enemy routed, 17. Postero die procul a castrls hostes in collibus constiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et lenius quam pridie nostros equites proelio Special Study. — Se used for reciprocal pronoun. 1 601, I, 1 : 332, a, 2 : 553, 3. DE BELLO GALLICO, V. 107 lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum C. Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolave- runt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulenint, neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio conflsl equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt; magnoque eorum numero interfecto, neque suT conligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedls desiliendl facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus quae undi- que convenerant auxilia discesserunt ; neque post id tempus umquam summis noblscum copils hostes contenderunt. Caesar marches to the Thames against Cassivellaunus, tvho declines battle. 18. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad fiumen Tamesim in fines CassivellaunI exercitum duxit; quod fiumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, translri potest. Eo cum venisset, ani- mum advertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hos- tium instrtictas ; rlpa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixTs munita, eiusdemque generis sub aqua d^fixae sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captlvis perfuglsque, Caesar, praemlsso equi- tatu, confestim legiones subsequi iussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu mllites ierunt, cum capite ^ solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, npasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent. 19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omnI deposita sp6 contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, mllibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra servabat; paulum- que ex via excedebat, loclsque impeditis ac silvestribus sese Special Study. — Ablative of degree of difference. 1423: 250: 403. 108 CAESAK. occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter facttiros cogno- verat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat et, cum equitatus noster llberius praedandi vastandlque causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus vils semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum- cum iis confllgebat atque hoc metu latius vagarl prohibebat. Eelinque- batur, ut neque longius ab agmine legionum disced! Caesar pateretur,^ et tantum in agris vastandls incendilsque faciendls hostibus noceretur,^ quantum labore atque itinere legionarii mlli- tes efficere poterant. Several tribes surrender. Caesar captures a stronghold of the Britons. 20. Interim Trinobantes^ prope firmissima earum regionum cTvitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesaris fidem sectitus ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque, sese el dedituros atque imperata facturos ; petunt, ut Mandubra- cium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit^ imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. 111! imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. 21. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omnI militum iniuria pro- hibitis, CenimagnT, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, CassI legationi- bus missis sese Caesarl dedunt. Ab iis cognoscit, non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis paltidibusque mtinl- Special Study. — Use of correlatives tantum — quantum. 1 501, I, 1 : 332, a, 2 : 553, 4. 2 301, 1 : 230 : 217. 8 497, 1 : 317, 2 : 630. Wl^ XHK t TJNIVERSIT DE BELLO GALLICO, V. X^^^^^^k^ tiim, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vltandae causa conve- nire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus : locum reperit egregie riatura atque opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tuleruut seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus ; multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. Attack on the naval camp. The Britons submit and Caesar returns to Gaul. 22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regionibus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit, atque his imperat uti, coactis omnibus copils, castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. Il cum ad castra venissent, nostri, eruption e facta, multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobill duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio ntintiato, tot detrlmentis acceptis, vastatis flnibus, maxim e etiam perinotus defectione clvi- tatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar cum constituisset hiemare ^ in continenti propter repentinos G-alliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahl posse intellegeret, obsides imperat ; et quid in annos singulos vectlgalis populo Romano Britannia penderet con- stituit. Interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus bellum faciat. 23. Obsidibus acceptiSj exercitum reducit ad mare, naves inve- Special Study. — Infinitive with verbs of resolving. 1498, 1, X.: 331, (^: 546, x. 3. 110 CAESAR. nit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum nume- rum habebat, et nonntillae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero, tot navigationibus, neque hoc neque supe- riore anno ulla omnino navis quae mllites portaret deslderaretur : at ex iis quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus ,^xpositIs mllitibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas^ curaverat numero sexaginta, perpaucae locum cape- rent; reliquae fere omnes reicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frtistra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites conlocavit ac, summa tranquillitate consectita, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves perdu xit. Tnjo brave rivals. 44. Erant in ea legione fortissimi virl, centuriones, qui prlmis ordinibus approplnquarent/ T. Pulio et L. Vorenus. Hi per- petuus inter se controversies liabebant quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant. Ex his Pulio, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas/^ inquit, " Vorene ? aut quem locum tuae probandae virttitis exspectas? hic dies de nostrls controversils iudicabit.^' Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaque pars hostium confertissima est visa, inrumpit. Ne Vorenus quidem tum sese vallo continet, sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur. Mediocrl spatio rellcto, Pulio pllum in hostes immittit, atque tinum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit ; quo percusso et exanimato, hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela Special Study. — Relative clauses of characteristic. 1 644, N. 2 : 294 (Z : 430. 2 593, l : 320 : 631. DE BELLO GALLICO, YI. HI universi coniciunt, neque dant regrediendl facultatem. Trans- figitur scutum PulionI, et Temtuni in balteo defigitur. Avertit hic casus vaglnam, et gladium educere conauti dextram moratur nianum, impedltumque hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit inimicus illl Vorenus et laborantl subvenit. Ad hunc se confestim a Pulione omnis multitudo convertit ; ilium veruto arbitrantur occlsum. Gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenus, atque uno inter- fecto reliquos paulum propellit ; dum cupidius Instat, in locum delectus Tnferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvento fert sub- sidium Pulio, atque ambo incolumes, compluribus interfectis, summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alter! inimicus auxilio salutlque esset, neque dliudicari posset uter utrl virtute anteferendus videretur. Book VI. Customs of the Gauls. The classes of society : commons, priests, icarriors. 13. In omni Gallia coram hominum qui aliquo sunt numero ^ atque honore genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco quae nihil audet per se, et nullo adhibetur «onsilio. Plerlque, cum aut acre alieno aut magnittidine tributorum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobili- bus. In hos eadem omnia sunt iura quae dominis in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est Druidum, alterum Equitum. Illl rebus divlnis intersunt, sacrificia publica ac prl- vata procurant, religiones interpretantur. Ad eos magnus adules- centium numerus discipllnae causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt Special Study. — Ablative of characteristic. 1 419, II : 251 : 402, A. & W. LAT. R. 8 112 CAESAR. apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatlsque constituunt; et, si quod est admissum facinus, si eaedes facta, si de hereditate, de finibus eontroversia est, ildem d^cernunt ; praemia poenasque constituunt : si qui, aut privatus aut populus, eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificils interdlcunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima. Quibus^ ita est interdictum,^ hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur ; his omnes dece- dunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant: neque his petentibus ius redditur, neque honos ullus commtinicatur. His autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus, qui sura mam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit ; aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio Druidum, nonnumquam etiam armis de prlncipatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus Car- nutum, quae regio totlus Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco consecrato : hue omnes undique qui controversies habent conveniunt, eorumque decrStls iudiciisque parent. Disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse exlstima- tur ; et nunc, qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt, plerum- que illo discendi causa proficlscuntur. Tlie Druids and their teachings. TJie knights. 14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt, mllitiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem. Tantis excitati praemils et sua sponte multl in discipllnam conveniunt et a parentibus proplnqulsque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque annos nonnulli vigintl in disciplina permanent. Neque fas esse exlsti- mant ea litterls mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis Special Study. — Indirect object. 1 384, 5 : 225, (?, n. 1 : 390, 2, n. 3. 2 301, 1 : 146, d-. 217. DE BELLO GALLTCO, Yl, 113 privatlsque rationibus, Graecis litterls utantur.^ Id mihi duabus d6 causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in valgum disciplTnam efferri velint^ neque eos, qui discunt, litterls conflsos minus memoriae stud^re ; quod fere plerlsque aceidit, ut praesidio lit- terarum dlligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant. In primis hoc volunt persuOd^re, non interlre^ animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtiitem excitarl putant, metu mortis neglScto. Multa praeterea de slde- ribus atque eorum motu, d6 mundl ac terrarum magnitudine, de r6rum natura, d6 deorum immortalium vl ac potestate disputant et iuventuti trOdunt. 15. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est usus atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod fer6 ante Caesaris adventum quo- tannls accidere sol^bat, uti aut ipsi iniurias Inferrent aut inlatas propulsarent), omn6s in bello versantur, atque eorum ut quisque est genere c6piisque amplissimus, ita plurimOs circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt. TJieir Huperstitions and human sacrifices. IG. Natio est omnium Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus, atque ob eam causam, qui sunt adfecti gravioribus morbis quique in proeliTs perlculTsque versantur, aut pro victimTs homines immo- lant aut se immolaturos vovent administrlsque ad ea sacrificia Druidibus tituntur, — quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placarl arbi- trantur; publiceque 6iusdem generis habent^ instituta sacrificia. Alii immam magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta vTminibus membra vivis hominibus complent; quibus succensis, Special Study. — Persuadere with infinitive or subjunctive. > 616, III : 326 : 587. 3 539^ u , 27O, n. 1 : 546, x. 2. 2 616, II : 321 : 541. * 388, 1, n.: 292, c: 238. 114 CAESAR. circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplicia eoriim qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxa sint^ comprehensi, gratiora dils immortalibus esse arbitrantur ; sed, cum eius generis copia defeeit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt. Their gods. Measurement of time. 17. Deiim maxime Mercurium colunt : huius sunt pltirima simulacra ; hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim max imam arbitrantur. Post hunc, Apollinem et Martem et lovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem : Apollinem morbos depellere ; Minervam operum atque artificiorum iuitia tradere; lovem impe- rium caelestium tenere ; Martem bella regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint ^ plerumque devo- vent: cum superaverunt, animalia capta immolant, reliquasque res in tinum locum conferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet. Keque saepe accidit, ut neglecta quispiam religione, aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet; gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatti constittitum est. 18. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant, idque ab Druidibus proditum dlcunt. Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum sed noctium f Iniunt ; dies natales et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies subse- quatur. In reliquTs vltae mstitutls hoc fere ab reliquls differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt, ut munus mllitiae sus- tinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur; filiumque paerili aetate in publico in conspectti patris adsistere turpe ducunt. Special Study. — ]\lsi and si non. 1 524 : 336, 2 : 625, r. 1. 2 495, n : 286, r. (end) : 514. DE BELLO GALLTCO, VI. 115 Social customs of the Gauls. 19. Virl, qiiantas pecimias ab uxoribus dotis nomine accepe- runt, tantas ex suls bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus com- municant. Hfiius omnis pecuniae coniiinctim ratio babetur fructusque servantur; uter eorum vlta^ superavit, ad eum pars utrlusque cum friictibus superior um temporum per ve nit. Viri in uxores, sicuti in llberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem; DYING GAUIi. et cum pater familiae inliistriore loco natus decessit, eius pro- pTnquI conveniunt et, de morte si res in susplcionem venit^ de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem habent et, si comper- tum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. Ffinera sunt pro cultil Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa; om- niaque, quae vlvis^ cordi fuisse arbitrantur, in ignem Inferunt, etiam animalia, ac paulo supra banc memoriam servi et clientes, quos ab ils dllectos esse constabat, iustls funeribus confectis una cremabantur. Special Study. — Ablative of specification. 1 424 : 253 : 397, 2 390, 1 : 233 : 356, 116 CAESAR. 20. Quae civitates commodius suam rem publicam aclministrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum,^ si quis quid de re ptiblica a fmitimis rumore aut fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat^ neve cum quo alio communicet, quod saepe homines temerarios atque imperltos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad facinus impelll et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. Magistratus, quae visa sunt, occultant, quaeque esse ex usu iudicaverunt, multitudini produnt. De re ptiblica nisi per concilium loqul non conceditur. The customs of the Germans. 21. German! multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam neque Druides habent, qui rebus dlvinis praesint, neque sacrificils student. Deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus iuvantur, Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam, reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. Vita omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit; ab parvulls laborl ac duritiae student. Their habits of life. 22. Agriculturae non student ; maiorque pars eorum vTcttis in lacte, caseo, carne consistit. Neque quisquam agri modum cer- tum aut fines habet proprios; sed magi stratus ac prlncipes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coie- runt, quantum et quo loco visum est agrI attribuunt, atque anno post alio transire cogunt. Eius rei multas adferunt causas : ne, adsidua consuetudine capti, studium belli gerendi agricultural commtitent ; ne latos fines parare studeant, potentioresque humi- liores possessionibus expellant ; ne accuratius ad f rigora atque aes- ttis vitandos aedilicent; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua Special Study. — Construction with muto and compounds. 1 888, 1, N. : 292, c: 238. 2 493, 1 : 331 : 546. 3 422, N. 2 : 252, c : 404, n. 1. DE BELLO GALLICO, VI. 117 ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut animl aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequarl videat. Their customs in war and social virtues, 23. Civitatibus maxima laus est, quam latissimg circum se vastatis flnibus solitudines habere. Hoc proprium virtutis exis- timant, expulsos agris fmitimos cedere, neque quemquam prope audere consistere : simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur, repenti- nae incursionis timore sublato. Cum bellum civitas aut inlatum defendit aut infert, magistratus qui ei bello praesint/ ut vltae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. In pace ntillus est communis magistratus, sed principes regionum atque pagorum inter suos itis dicunt, controversiasque minuunt. Latrocinia nul- 1am habent mfamiam quae extra fines ctiiusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea iuventtitis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causS, fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex principibus in concilio dixit, se ducem fore, qui sequi velint, prqfiteantur,^ consurgunt il, qui et causam et hominem probant, suumque auxilium pollicentur atque ab multittidine conlaudantur ; qui ex his secuti non sunt, in de- sertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur, omniumque his ^ rerum postea fides derogatur. Hospitem violare fas non putant; qui quaque de causa ad eos venerunt, ab iniuria prohibent, sanctos habent, hisque omnium domus patent victusque commtinicatur. Comparison of Gauls and Germans. 24. Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galll virttite supera- rent, ultro bella Inferrent, propter hominum multittidinem agrlque Special Study. — Conditional relative clauses. 1 497, 1 : 317, 2 : 630. 2 523, m ; 339 : 652. 3 386, II, 2 : 229 : 345, R. 2. 118 CAESAR. inopiam trans Ehenum colonias mitterent. Itaqiie ea, quae ferti- lissima Germaniae sunt, loca circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratostlieni et quibusdam GraecTs fama notam esse video, quam ill! Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt atque ibi consederunt ; quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese con- tinet summamque habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinion em. Nunc, quod in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia, qua ante, Ger- man! permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur, Gallis autem provinciarum propmquitas et transmarinarum rerum noti- tia multa ad copiam atque iisus largitur, paulatim adsuefacti superari multlsque victi proelils ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant. The Hercynian forest; the wild animals inhabiting it. 25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitudo novem dierum iter expedlto^ patet; non enim aliter finlrl potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. Oritur ab Hel- vetiorum et Nemetum et Eauricorum finibus rectaque fluminis Danuvil regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium ; hinc se flectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionibus multarumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit; neque quisquani est huius Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initium eius silvae dicat^ cum dierum iter sexaginta processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur acceperit. Multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci con- stat, quae reliquis in locis visa non sint: ex quibus quae maxime differant ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur, haec sunt. 26. Est bos, cervi figtira, cuius a media f route inter aures unum cornti exsistit, excelsius magisque directum his quae nobis nota Special Study. — Dative of reference. 1 384, 4, N. 3 ; 235 : 352. 2 503, 1 : 320, a : 631, 2. DE BELLO GALLICO, VI. 119 sunt cornibus. Ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique late diffuii- duntur. Eadeni est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoqiie cornuum. Method of capturing the elk. 27. Sunt item, quae appellantur alces. Harum est consimilis caprls figiira et varietas pellium ; sed magnitiidine paulo ante- cedunt, mutilaeque sunt cornibus, et crura sine nodls articullsque habent ; neque quietis causa procumbunt, neque, sT quo adfiictae casii conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubilibus : ad eas se applicant, atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animad- versum a venatoribus quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radlcibus subruunt, aut accidunt arbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum se consuetudine reclmaverunt, Tnflrmas arbores pondere adfllgunt atque una ipsae concidunt. 28. Tertium est genus eorum qui uri appellantur. Hi sunt magnitiidine paulo infra elephantos ; specie et colore et figiira tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas ; neque homini neque ferae quam conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose fovels captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore diirant adulescentes, atque hoc genere venationis exercent ; et qui pliirimos ex his interfece- runt, relatis in pablicum cornibus, quae sint ^ testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuescere ad homines et mansuefierl ne parvull c[uidem except! possunt. Amplitiido cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum bourn cornibus differt. Haec studiose conquislta ab labrls argento circumcliidunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis iituntur. Special Study. — Relative clauses of purpose. 1497, 1 : 317, 2: 630. 120 CAESAR. The German Manner of Fighting. (De Bello Gallico, I, 48.) 48. . . . Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se GermanI exercuerant. Equitum mllia erant sex, totidem numero pedites velocissiiiii ac fortissimi, quos ex omiii copia singuli singulos suae salutis causa delegerant : cum his in proeliis versabantur. Ad eos se equites recipiebant: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant, si qui gra- viore vulnere accexDto equo deciderat, circumsistebant ; si quo erat longius prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut iubis equorum sublevati cursum adaequarent. The Customs of the Suebi. (De Bello Gallico, IV, 1-2.) 1. . . . Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Ger- manorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus invicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent. Sic neque agricultura nee ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere tino in loco incolendi causa licet. Neque multum f rtimento, sed maximam partem ^ lacte atque pecore vivunt, mul- tumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, cum a pueris niillo officio aut dis- cipline adsuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciant, et vires alit, et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. Atque in cam se consuetudinem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissi- mis neque vestittis praeter pelles haberent quicquam, quarum Special Study. — Adverbial accusative. 1 878, 2 : 240, h : 334, R. 2. THE GAULS' LOVE OF GOSSIP. 121 propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in fliiminibus. 2. Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo, ut quae bello ceperint quibus vendant habeant, quam quo^ ullam rem ad se importari desiderent. Quln etiam iumentis, quibus maxime Galli delec- tantur, quaeque impenso parant pretio, GermanI importatis non tituntur; sed quae sunt apud eos nata, parva atque deformia, haec cotidiana exercitatione summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proeli- antur, equosque eodem remanere vestigio adsuefecerunt, ad quos se celeriter, cum iisus est, recipiunt; neque eorum moribus tur- pius quicquam aut inertius habetur quam ephippiis iiti. Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum equitum quamvis pauci adire audent. Vinum ad se omnino impoi-tarl non sinunt, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari arbitrantur. The Gauls' Love of Gossip. (De BeUo GaUico, IV, 5.) 5. . . . Est autem hoc Gallicae consuettidinis, uti et viatores etiam invltos consistere cogant et, quid quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit, quaerant, et mercatores in oppidls vulgus circumsistat, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognove- HEAD of GAUL. TUit, pronuutiarc cogant. His rebus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, cum incertls rilmoribus serviant et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. Special Study. — Genitive with verbs. 1 quo = €0 quod. AULUS GELLIUS. NOCTES ATTICAE. Book I. Fahricius and the Samnite Gold. 14. Itilius Hyginus in libro De Vita Eebusque Inlustriiim Viro- ^^s- rum sexto legates dicit a Samnitibus ad C. Fabricium, imperato- 282^ rem popull EomanT, venisse et memoratis multis magnisque rebus, quae bene ac benevole post redditam pacem Samnitibus fecisset, obtulisse dono^ grandem pecuniam orasseque, uti acciperet ute- returque, atque id facere Samnltes dixisse, quod viderent multa ad splendorem domtis atque victus defieri neque pro amplitudine dignitateque lautum paratum esse. Tum Fabricium planas manus ab auribus ad oculos et Infra deinceps ad nares et ad os et ad gulam atque inde porro ad ventrem Tmum deduxisse et legatis ita respondisse : dxim illis omnibus membris, quae attigisset, ob- sistere atque imperdre posset, numquam quicquam defuturum; proptered se pecuniam, qud^ nihil sibi esset usus, ab his, quibus^ earn sclret usui^ esse, non accipere. Special Study. — Construction of usus. 1 390, II : 233, a : 356. 2 414^ ly : 243, e : 406. ^ 122 NOCTES ATTICAE, I. 123 1 SOCRATES. (Rome.) Socrates and Xanthippe, 17. Xanthippe, Socratis philosophi uxor, inorosa admodum fuisse fertur et iurgiosa, irarumque^ et molesti- aruiii muliebrium per diem perque noctem scatebat. Has eius intem- peries in maritum Alcibiades deniT- ratus, interrogavit Socraten, quaenam ratio esset, cur mulierem tarn acer- bam domo non exigeret. "Quon- iam," inquit Socrates, "cum illam domi talem perpetior, insuesco et exerceor, ut ceterorum quoque foris petulantiam et iniuriam facilius. feram.'' ^ ^-^^^-$. The Sibylline Books. 19. In antiquls annalibus memoria super libris Sibylllnis haec b.c. 534— prodita est. Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Super- ^^^ bum regem adiit, novem libros ferens, quos esse dicebat divlna oracula; eos velle venumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontatus est. Mulier nimium atque immensum poposcit ; rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet,^ derisit. Turn ilia foculum coram cum Ignl apponit, tres libros ex novem detirit et, ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed enim Tar- quinius id multo risit magis dixitque anum iam procul dubio^ dellrare. Mulier ibidem statim tres alios libros exussit atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Special Study. — Poetical use of genitive with adjectives. 1 410, V, 1 : 223 : 383, 1. 2 513^ h . 312 : 602. 8 437.2: 261, h, s. : 417, 11. 124 AULUS GELLIUS. Tarquinius ore iam serio at que attentiore animo fit, earn constan- tiam confidentiamque non msuper habendam intellegit, libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod erat petltum pro omnibus. Sed earn mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam postea nusquam loci vlsam^ constitit. LibrI tres, in sacrarium conditi, Sibyllmi appellati ; ad eos quasi ad oraculum quindecimviri adeunt, cum dl immortales ptiblice consulendi sunt. Papirius Praetextatus. 23. Historia de Papirio Praetextato dicta scriptaque est a M. ' Catone in oratione, qua usus est ad milites contra Galbam, cum multa quidem venustate atque luce atque munditia verborum. Ea Catonis verba huic prorsus commentario indidissem, si libri copia fuisset id temporis, cum haec dictavi.^ Quod si non virtutes dignitatesque verborum, sed rem ipsam scire quaeris, res ferme ad hunc modum est : Mos antea senatoribus Romae fuit, in curiam cum praetextatis filiis introire. Tum, cum in senatti res maior quaepiam consultata eaque in diem posterum prolata est placuit- que, ut cam rem, super qua tractavissent, ne quis enuntiaret priusquam decreta esset, mater Papiril puerT, qui cum parente suo in curia fuerat, percontata est filium, quidnam in senatu patres egissent. Puer respondit, tacendum esse neque id dici licere. Mulier fit audiendi cupidior; secretum rei et silentium pueri animum eius ad inquirendum everberat : quaerit igitur compressius violentiusque. Tum puer matre urgente lepidi atque festlvl mendacil consilium capit. Actum in senatu dixit, utrum videretur titilius exque re publica esse, unusne ut duas uxores haberet, an ut una a]3ud duos nupta esset. Hoc ilia ubi audivit, animus compavescit, domo trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras ma- tronas adfert. Pervenit ad senatum postrldie matrum familias Special Study. — Tenses in letters. 1 sc. esse. 2 472, 1 : 282 : 252. NOCTES ATTICAE, HI. 125 caterva. Lacrimantes atque obsecrantes orant, una potius ut duobus ntipta fieret quam ut uni duae. Senatores ingredieiites in curiam, quae ilia mulierum intemperies et quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet, mirabantur. Puer Paplrius in medium curiae pro- gressus,, quid mater audire institisset, quid ipse matrl dixisset, rem, sicut fuerat, denarrat. Senatus lidem atque ingenium puerl exosculatur, consultum facit, utT posthac puerl cum patribus in curiam ne introeant, praeter ille unus Paplrius, atque puero postea cognomentum honoris gratia inditum ' Praetextatus ' ob tacendi loquendique in aetate praetextae prudentiam. Book II. The Difference, 5. Favorlnus de Lysia et Platone solitus dicere est : " Si ex Platonis '' inquit " oratione verbum aliquod demas mutesve atque id commodatissime facias, de elegantia tamen detraxeris; SI ex Lysiae, de sententia." Book III. The Meaning of the Palm. 6. Per hercle rem mirandam Aristoteles in septimo Prohlema- torum et Plutarclius in octavo Symposiacorum dicit. " Si super palmae,'' inquiunt, " arboris lignum magna pondera imponas ^ ac tam graviler urgeas oneresque, ut magnitudo oneris sustineri non queat, non deorsum palma cedit nee intra flectitur, sed adversus pondus resurgit et stirsum nititur recurvaturque " ; " propterea,'^ inquit Plutarclius, " in certaminibus palmam signum esse placuit victoriae, quoniam ingenium ligni eiusmodi est, ut urgentibus opprimentibusque non cedat." Special Study. — Subjunctive in conditions to express general truths. 1 508, 5, 2) : 309, a : 595, 3. ..i^^ b p ^ "^--^ y^^\, ^ B K A A^ ^ f OF THK 126 AULUS GELLIUS. Pyrrhus and the Poisoner. 8. Cum Pyrrhus rex in terra Italia esset et unam atqne alte- ram piignas prospere ptignasset satisque agerent Eomanl et ple- raqiie Italia ad regem desclvisset, turn Ambracieiisis quispiam Timochares, regis Pyrrhi amicus, ad C. Fabricium consulem fiirtim venit ac praemium petivit et, si de praemio conveniret, promlsit regem venenls necare/ idque facile esse factu dixit, quoniam fllius suns pocula in couvlvio regl ministraret. Eam rem Fabri- cius ad senatum scrlpsit. Senatus ad regem legates misit manda- vitque, ut de Timochare nihil proderent, sed monerent, uti rex circumspectius ageret atque a proximorum insidils salutem tutare- tur. Hoc ita, uti diximus, in Valerii Antiatis historia script um est. Quadrigarius autem in libro tertio non Timocharem, sed Niciam adisse ad consulem scrlpsit, neque legates a senatti missos, sed a coiisulibus, et Pyrrhum populo Romano laudes atque gratias scripsisse captivosque omnes, quos tum habuit, vestivisse et reddidisse. ^^g' Consules tum fuerunt C. Fabricius et Q. Aemilius. Lit- teras, quas ad regem Pyrrhum super ea causa miserunt, Claudius Quadrigarius scrlpsit fuisse hoc exemplo: "Consules Eoniani salu- tem dlcunt Pyrrho regi. Nos pro tuis iniuriis continuis animo tenus commoti inimiciter tecum bellare studemus. Sed commu- nis exempli et fidel ergo vlsum,^ ut te salvum velimus, ut esset, quenr armis vincere possemus.^ Ad nos venit Nicias familiaris tuus, qui sibi praemium a nobis peteret, si te clam interfecisset. Id nos negavimus velle, neve ob eam rem quicquam commodi exspectaret, et simul visum est, ut te certiorem faceremus, ne quid eiusmodi, si accidisset, nostro consilio civitates putarent Special Study. — Use of the latter supine. 1 537, N. 1) : 830, /, n. : 531, n. 4. ^ gc. est. 3 503, 1: 320: 631, 1. NOCTES ATTIC AE, IV. 127 factum, et quod nobis non placet pretio aut praemio aut dolls pftgnare. Ta, nisi caves, iacebis." Book IV. Scipio^s Haughty Sjyirit. 18. Sclpio Africanus antlquior quanta virtutum gloria prae- stiterit et quain f uerit altus aninil * atque magnificus et qua sui conscientia subnixus, pluriinis rebus, quae dixit quaeque fecit, declaratum est. Ex quibus sunt haec duo exempla eius fiduciae atque exsuperantiae ingentis: Cum M. Naevius tribunus plebis accusaret eum ad populum diceretque, accepisse a rege Antiocho pecuniam, ut condicionibus gratiosis et mollibus pax cum eo populi RomanI nomine fieret, et quaedam item alia crIminT ^ daret indigna tall viro, tum Sclpio pauca praefltus, quae dignitas vitae suae atque gloria postulabat, " memoria," inquit " Quirltes, repeto, diem esse hodiernum, quo b.c. Hannibalem Poenum imperio vestro inimicissimum magno proelio ^^^• vIcT in terra Africa pacemque et vTctoriam vobls peperl spec- tabilem. ^^on igitur simus adversum deos ingrati et, censeo, relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus lovl optimo maximo gratulatum." ^ Id cum dixisset, avertit et Ire ad Capito- lium coepit. Tum contio universa, quae ad sententiam de Scipione ferendam convenerat, rellcto tribuno Sclpionem in Capitolium comitata atque inde ad aedes eius cum laetitia et gratulatione sollemni prosecuta est. Fertur etiam oratio, quae videtur habita eo die a Scipione, et qui dicunt eam non veram, non eunt infitias,* quin haec quidem verba fuerint, quae dixl, Sclpionis. Special Study. — Dative of purpose. 1 399, III, 1 : 218, c, r. : 374, 6. 3 543 : 302 : 435. 2 390 : 233 a : 356. * 380, 2, 3) ; 258, 6, r. ; 333, 2, r. A. & W. LAT. R. — 9 128 AULUS GELLTUS. B.C. Item aliud est factum eius praeclarum. Petilii qiiidam tri- ^^^' buni plebis a M., ut aiiint, Catone, inimico Sclpionis, comparati in eum atque immissT, deslderabant iu senatii instantissime, ut pecuniae Antiochinae praedaeque in eo bello captae rationem redderet: fuerat enim L. ScipionT Asiatico, fratrl suo, imperatorl in ea provincia legatus. Ibi Sclpio exsurgit et, prolato e sinu togae libro, rationes in eo scriptas esse dixit omnis pecuniae omnisque praedae ; adlatum, ut palam recitaretur et ad aerarium deferretur. "Sed enim id iam non faciam'' inquit "nee me ipse adficiam contumelia," eumque librum statim coram discidit suis manibus et concerpsit, aegre passus, quod, cuT salus imperii ac reipublicae accepta ferri deberet, rationem^ pecuniae praedatae posceretur. Book V. Bucephalus. 2. Equus Alexandri regis et capite et nomine ^Bticephalas' fuit. Emptum Chares scrlpsit talentis tredecim et regi Philippo donatum; hoc autem aeris nostri summa est sestertia trecenta duodecim. Super hoc equo dignum memoria visum, quod, ubi ornatus erat armatusque ad proelium, hand umquam inscendT sese ab alio, nisi ab rege, passus sit. Id etiam de isto equo memo- ratum est, quod, cum Insidens in eo Alexander bello Indico et facinora faciens fortia, in hostium cuneuni non satis sibi provi- dens immlsisset coniectlsque undique in Alexandrum tells, vul- neribus altis in cervice atque in latere equus perfossus esset, moribundus tamen ac prope iam exsanguis e mediis hostibus regem vivacissimo cursu rettulit atque, ubi eum extra tela extule- rat, Ilico concidit et, dominl iam superstitis securus, quasi cum Special Study. — Construction of posco. 1 374, 1 : 239, c. r. : 339, n. 4. \ NOCTES ATTICAE, V. 129 senstis humani solacio animam exsplravit. Turn rex Alexander, parta eius belli victoria, oppidum in Isdem locis condidit idque ob equi honores ^Bucephalon' appellavit. HannibaVs Witty Answer, 5. In librls veterum memoriarum scrlptum est, Hannibalem Carthaginiensem apud rSgem Antiochum facetissime cavillatum esse. Ea cavillatio huiuscemodl fuit : Ostendebat el Antiochus in campo copias ingentes, quas belliim populo Romano facturus^ comparaverat, eonvertSbatque exercitum Inslgnibus argentels et aurels florentem ; inducebat etiam curriis cum falcibus et ele- phantos cum turribus equitatumque frenis, ephippils, monlli- bus, phaleris praefulgentem. Atque ibi r6x, contemplatione tanti ac tam ornati exercitus gloriabundus, Hannibalem aspicit et " putasne," inquit, " confer rl posse ac satis esse Romanis baec omnia ? " Tum Poenus, eludens Ignaviam inbelliamqiie mllitum eius pretiose armatorum : " Satis, plane satis esse credo Eomanis haec omnia, etiarasi avarissimi sunt." Nihil prorsum neque tam lepide neque tam acerbe did potest : r6x de numero exercitus sul ac de aestimanda aequiperatione quaeslverat, respondit Hannibal de praeda. The Roman Crowns. 6. Mllitares coronae multae, variae sunt. Quarum quae nobilis- simae sunt, has ferme esse accepimus : triumphalem, obsidionalem, civicam, muralem, castrensem, navalem. Est ea quoque corona, quae ' ovalis ' dicitur, est item postrema ' oleaginea,' qua titi Solent, qui in proelio non fuerunt, sed triumphum procurant. Special Study. — Future participle denoting purpose. 1 649, 3 : 293, h. 2 : 438, n. 130 AULUS GELLIUS. TRIUMPHAL CROWN. Ti'iumphales coronae sunt aureae, quae imperatoribus ob bono rem triumphi mittuutur. Id vulgo dicitur ' aurum coronarium.' Haec antiquitus e lauru erant, post fieri ex auro coeptae.^ Obsidionalis est, quam il, qui llberati obsidione sunt, dant ei duel, qui llbe- ravit. Ea corona graminea est, obser- varlque solitum, ut fieret e gramine, quod in eo loco natum esset,^ intra quern clausl erant, qui obsidebantur. Hanc coronam gramineam senatus po- pulusque Romanus Q. Fabio Maximo dedit bello Poenorum secundo, quod urbem Eomam obsidione hostium llberasset. Clvica corona appellatur, quam civis civl, a quo in proelio servatus est, testem vltae salutisque percep- tae-dat. Ea fit e fronde quernea, quoniam cibus victusque antlquissimus quercus capl solitus ; fuit etiam ex ilice, quod genus superiorl proximum est, sicuti scrlptum est in quadam comoedia Caecilil : " Advehun- tur," inquit, "cum Illgnea corona.'' Masu- rius autem Sablnus in undecimo librorum Memorialium civicam coronam tum darl solitam dicit, cum is, qui civem servaverat, eodem tempore etiam hostem occlderat neque locum in ea pugna rellquerat ; aliter ius civicae coronae negat concessum. Tiberium tamen Caesarem con- sul tum, an civicam coronam capere posset qui cIvem in proelio servasset et hostes ibidem duos interfecisset, sed locum, in quo ptignabat, non retinuisset eoque loco hostes potltl essent, rescrlp- CIVIC CROWN. Special Study. — Subjunctive of integral part. 1 297, 1 : 143, a : 423, n. 3. 2 529, H; 342: 663, 1. :N^0CTES ATTICAE, V. 131 sisse dicit, eum quoque civica dignum videi% quod appar^ret, e tarn inlquo loco civem ab eo servatum, ut etiam a fortiter ptig- nantibus retinerl non quiverit. Hac corona^ civica L. Gellius, vir censorius, in senatii Ciceronem consulem donarl a republica cen- suit, quod eius opera esset atrocissima ilia Catilinae coniuratio detecta vindicataque. Muralis est corona, qua donatur ab imperatore qui primus mtirum subiit inque oppidum hostiuin per vim ascendit ; idcirco MURAL CROWN. NAVAL CROWN. quasi muri pinnis decorata est. Castrensis est corona, qua donat imperator eum, qui primus hostium castra pugnans introlvit ; ea corona Insigne valll habet. Navalis est, qua donarl solet mari- timo proelio qui primus in hostium navem vl armatus transiluit ; ea q^asi navium rostrls Inslgnlta est. Et muralis autem et castrensis et navalis fieri ex auro solent. Ovalis corona murtea est ; ea titebantur imperatores, qui ovantes urbem introlbant. Ovandl ac non triumphandl causa est, cum aut bella non rite indicta neque cum iusto hoste gesta sunt, aut hostium nomen humile et non idoneum est, ut servorum piratarumque, aut, deditione repente facta, impulverea, ut did solet, incruentaque victoria obvenit. Cul facilitati aptam esse Veneris frondem credi- derunt, quod non Martins, sed quasi Yenerius quidam triumphus foret. Ac murteam coronam M. Crassus, cum bello fugitlvorum b.c. 71. Special Study. — Construction of dono. 1384, II, 2: 226, d: 348, R. 1. 132 AULUS GELLIUS. confecto ovans redlret, Insolenter aspernatus est senatusque consultum faciendum per gratiam curavit, ut lauro, non murto, coronaretur. Marcirs Cato obicit M. Fulvio Nobiliorl, quod milites per ambitum coronis de levissimis causis donas set. De qua re verba ipsa apposui Catonis : '^ lam principio quis vidit corona donari quemquam, cum oppidum captum non esset aut castra hostium non incensa essent ? '^ Fulvius autem, in quern hoc a Catone dictum est^ coronis donaverat milites^ quia vallum curaverant, aut qui puteum strenue foderant. Praetereundum non est, quod ad ovationes attinet, super quo dissensisse veteres scriptores accipio. Partim enim scrlp- serunt, qui ovaret, introire solitum equo vehentem^; sed Sablnus Masurius pedibus ingredi ovantes dicit, sequentibus eos non militibus, sed tiniverso senatu. Book VI. The Sacredness of Roynan Oaths. 18. Itisiurandum apud K/Omanos inviolate sancteque habitum servatumque est. Id et moribus legibusque multls ostenditur, Special Study. — Quasi with words and phrases. 1 See Vocabulary. NOCTES ATTICAE, VI. 133 et hoc, quod dicemus, ei rei iion tenue argumeiitum esse potest. Post proelium Cannense Hannibal, Carthaginiensium imperator, ^^^^ ex captivis nostris electos decern Komam mlsit mandavitque eis pactusque est, ut, si populo Romano videretur, permtitatio fieret captivorum et pro his, quos alterl^ pltires acciperent, darent argent! pondo libram et selibram. Hoc priiisquam proficisceren- tur iusiurandum eos adegit, redituros esse in castra Poenica, si Roman! capt!vos non permiitarent. Veniunt Romam decem capt!v!. Mandatum Poem impera- toris in senatu exponuut. Permutatio senatu! non placita. Pa- rentes, cognat! adf!nesque capt!vorum amplex! eos postllminio in patriam red!sse dicebant statumque eomni integrum incolu- memque esse, ac ne ad hostes redire vellent orabant. Turn octo ex his postliminium itistum non esse sibi responderunt, quoiiiam deiurio vinct! forent, statimque, ut! iurati erant, ad Hannibalem profect! sunt. Duo reliqu! Romae manserunt solutosque esse s6 ac liberates religione dicebant, quoniam, cum egress! castra hos- tium fuissent, commentlcio consilio regress! eodem, tamquam s! ob aliquam fortultam causam, Issent atque ita iureitirando satis- facto rursum iniurati ablssent. Haec eorum fraudulenta calliditas tam esse turpi s existimata est, ut contempt! vulgo discerptlque sint censoresque eos postea omnium notarum et damnls et ignominiis adfecerint, quoniam, quod facttiros deieraverant, non fecissent. Cornelius autem Nepos in libro exemplorum quinto id quoque litterls mandavit, multls in senatu placuisse, ut hi, qu! redire nollent, datis custodibus ad Hannibalem deducerentur, sed eam sententiam numero plurium, quibus id non videretur, superatam ; eos tamen, qui ad Hannibalem non redlssent, usque adeo intes- tabiles invlsosque fuisse, ut taedium vltae ceperint necemque sibi consciverint. Special Study. — Tenses after verbs of swearing, ^ alterutri = either one of the two parties. 134 AULUS GELLIUS. Book VII. A Snake Story. BALLISTA. 3. Tubero in historils scrip- turn rellquit, bello piimo Poenico Atilium Regulum consulem in Africaj castrls apud Bagradam flumen posi- tis, proelium grande atque acre fecisse adversus unum serpentem in illis locis sta- bulantem invisitatae immani- tatis, eumque magna totlus exercittis confllctione ballistis atque catapultis diu opptigna- tum, eiusque interfecti ^ co- rium longum pedes centum et vTgintI Romam misisse. Some Early Libraries. 17. Libros Athenis disciplinarum liberalium publice ad legen- dam praebendos^ primus posuisse dicitur Pisistratus tyrannus. Deinceps studiosius acctiratiusque ipsi Athenienses auxerunt; sed omnem illam postea librorum copiam Xerxes, Athenarum^ potltus, urbe ipsa praeter arcem incensa, abstulit asportavitque in Persas. Eos porro libros tini versos multls post tempestatibus Seleucus rex, qui Nicator appellatus est, referendos ^ Athenas ctiravit. Special Study. — Gerund and gerundive denoting purpose. 1 549, 5 : 292, r. : 664, r. 1. 2 544^ 2, n. 2 : 294, d : 430. 3410, V, 3: 223, a: 407, x. h h. NOCTES ATTICAE, IX. 135 Ingens postea numerus librorum in Aegypto ab Ptolemaels "c regibus vel conqulsltus vel coufectiis est ad milia ferme voltimi- num septingenta ; sed ea omnia bello priore Alexandrlno, dum dlripitur ea civitas, non sponte neque opera consulta, sed a mlli- tibus forte auxiliarils incensa sunt. Book IX. Some Barbarous Superstitions. 4. . . . Erant igitur in illls librls scrlpta huiuscemodi*: Scythas illos penitissimos, qui sub ipsis septentrionibus aetatem agunt, eorporibiis honiinum vesci eiusque victus alimento vltam diicere et anthropophagos nominari ; item esse homines sub eadem regione caeli ununi oculum in frontis medio habentes, qui appellan- tur Arimaspl, qua f uisse facie Cyclopas poetae ferunt; alios item esse homines apud ean- dem caell plagam singulariae v6locitatis, vestigia pedum ha- bentes retro porrecta, non, ut ceterorum hominum ; praeter- ea traditum esse memoratumque, in ultima quadam terra, quae 'Albania' dieitur, gignl homines, qui in pueritia canescant et plus cernant oculls per noctem quam interdiu; item esse com- pertum et creditum, Sauromatas, qui ultra Borysthenen flu- vium longe colunt, cibum capere semper diebus tertils, medio abstinere. Id etiam in Isdem librls scrlptum offendimus, quod postea Special Study. — Force of enclitic ce. THE CYCLOPS BLINDED BY ULYSSES. I 186, 1 : 101, footnote: 104, n. 1. 136 AULUS GELLIUS. in libro quoque Pllnil Secundi Naturalis Historiae septimo legi, esse quasdani in terra Africa liominum familias voce atque lingua effascinantium, qui si impeusius forte laudaverint pulchras arbo- res, segetes laetiores, infantes amoeniores, egregios equos, pecu- des pastu atque cultu opimas, emoriantur repente haec omnia, nulli aliae causae obnoxia. Oculis quoque exitialem fascina- tionem fieri in isdem librls scrlptum est, traditurque esse homi- nes in Illyrils, qui interim ant videndo quos dititius IratI viderint, eosque ipsos mares feminasque, qui vlsti ita nocenti sunt, pupil- las in singulis oculis binas habere. Item esse in montibus terrae Indiae homines canlnis capitibus et latrantibus eosque vesci avium et ferarum venatibus ; atque esse item alia apiid ultimas orientis terras miracula homines, qui ^monocoll' appellentur, singulis cruribus saltatim currentes, vivacissimae pernlcitatis ; quosdam etiam esse nuUls cervicibus, oculos in humerls habentes. lam vero hoc egreditur omnem modum admlrationis, quod Idem illl scrlptores gentem esse aiunt apud extrema Indiae, corporibus hirtis et avium ritu plumantibus, nullo cibatu vescentem, sed splritu florum naribus hausto victitantem ; Pygmaeos quoque haud longe ab his nasci, quorum qui longissimi sint, non longiores esse quam pedes duo et quadrantem. How Corvinus got his Name. 11. De Maximo Valerio, qui Corvinus appellatus est ob auxil- ium propugnatiOnemque corvl alitis, haud quisquam est nobilium scriptorum, qui secus dlxerit.^ Ea res prorsus miranda sic pro- '»-^. fecto est in librls annalibus memorata : Adulescens tall genere ■ editus, L. Furio, Claudio Appio consulibus fit tribunus mllitaris. Atque in eo tempore copiae Gallorum ingentes agrum Pomptinum Special Study. — Genitive and ablative of quality. 1503, 1: 320, (f: 031, 2. NOCTES ATTICAE, X. Tns6derant instru6banturque acifis a consulibus de vi ac multi- tiidine hostium satis agentibus. Dux iuterea Galloium, vasta et ardua proceritate armisque auro praefulgentibus, grandia ^ ingre- di6ns et raanii telum reciprocSjis iuc6d6bat perque contemptuin et superbiain eircumspiciens dCspiciensque omnia, venire iubet et congredl, si quis pugnfire s6cum ex onml Romano exercitii aud6- ret. Tiun Valerius tribflnus, ceteris inter metum pudoremque am biguis, impetrilto^ prius a consulibus, ut in Galium tam inaniter adrogantem pugnare sfisC permitterent, progreditur intrepidfi modesteque obviani; et congrediuntur et consistunt et conser6- bantur iam maiu'is. Atque ibi vis quaedam divlna lit: corvus repente imprOvIsus advolat et super galeam tribuni Insistit atque inde in adversarl 6s atque oculOs pQgnare incipit; Insillbat, obtur- babat et unguibus manum laniabat et prOspectum alls arc6bat atque, ubi satis saevierat, revolabat in galeam tribuni. Sic tri- bQuus, spectante utroque exercitQ, et sua virtiite nixus et opera alitis propQgnatus, ducem hostium fer6cissimum vicit interfe- citque atque ob banc causam cognomen habuit Corvlnus. Id factum est annis quadringentis quinque post Komam con- ditam. Statuam CorvInO isti divus Augustus in foro suo statuendam caravit. In 6ius statuae capite corvl simulacrum est, rel pug- naeque, quam diximus, monumentum. Book X. Claudia's Impudence. 6. N6n in facta modo, sed in voces etiam petulantiores publicfi vindicatum est ; ita enim dfibSre esse visa est Romanae discipllnae Special Study. — Cognate accusative. > 871, U : 238: 333, I. « 431, j,. 1 ; 260, b : 410, n. 4. 138 AULUS GELLIUS. dignitas inviolabilis. Appii namque illTus Caecl filia, a ludls quos spectaverat exiens, turba undique confluentis fluctuantisque populi iactata est. Atque inde egressa, cum se male habitam diceret: "quid me^ nunc factum esset/' inquit, "quantoque artius pres- 249* siusque conflictata essem, si P. Claudius, f rater mens, navali proelio classem navium cum ingenti civium numero non per- didisset? Certe quidem maiore nunc copia populT oppressa intercidissem. Sed utinam," inquit, "revlvlscat frater aliam- que classem in Siciliam ducat atque istam multittidinem per- ditum ^ eat, quae me nunc male miseram convexavit ! '^ Ob haec mulieris verba tam improba ae tarn inclvllia C. Funda- nius et Ti. Sempronius, aedlles plebel, multam dixerunt el aeris gravis vlginti quTnque mllia. The Ring Finger. 10. Veteres Graecos anulum habuisse in digito accepimus sinistrae manus, qui minimo est proximus. Eomanos quoque homines aiunt SIC plerumque anulis usitatos. Causam esse huius rei Apion in librls Aegyptiacis hanc dicit, ANULus. quod insectls apertlsque humanis corporibus, ut mos in Aegypto fuit, quas^ Graecl ^anatomas' appellant, repertum est, nervum quendam tenuis- simum ab eo uno digito, de quo diximus, ad cor hominis pergere ac pervenTre; propterea non in- scltum visum esse, eum potissimum digitum tall honore decorandum, qui continens et quasi co- nexus esse cum prlncipatti cordis videretur. Special Study. — Concord of relative pronoun. 1 415, III, N. 1 : 244, d. : 401, n. 7. 2 543, 2 : 302, R. : 435, n. 3. 3 445^ 4 . 199 . Q24, K. 3, &. NOCTES ATTICAE, X. 189 War or Peace f 27. In litterls veteribiis memoria exstat, quod par quondam fuit vigor et acritudo amplitiidoque popull RomanI atque Poenl. Neque immerito aestimatum. Cum alils quidem populTs de unluscuiusque republica, cum Poems autem de omnium terrarum imperio decertatum. Eius rel specimen est in illo utrlusque popull verbo factoque: Q. Fabius, imperator Eomanus, dedit ad Carthaginienses epistulam. Ibi scrip- b.c. tum fuit, populum Romanum misisse ad eos hastam et caduceum, signa duo belli aut pacis, ex quTs^ utriim vellent 6ligerent;^ quod elegis- sent, id unuin ut esse missum exlstimarent.^ Carthaginienses responderunt, neutrum sese eli- gere, sed jiosse, qui attulissent, utrum mallent relinquere ; quod rellquissent, id sibi pro el^cto futurum. M. autem Varro non hastam ipsam neque ipsum caduceum missa dicit, sed duas tessei-ulas, in quarum altera caduceum, in altera hastae simulacra fuerint inclsa. 219. CADUCEUS. Tlie Ages of Man. 28. Tubero in Historiarum primo scrlpsit, Servium Tullium re- gem, popull RomanI cum illas quinque classes seniorum et iunio- rum census faciendl gratia Institueret, ^ pueros ' esse existimasse, qui minores essent annis septem decem, atque inde ab anno septimo decimo, quo idoneos iam esse reipublicae arbitraretur, mllites scrlpsisse, eosque ad annum quadragesimum sextimi * iuniores ' supraque eum annum ^ seniores ' appellasse. Special Study. — Relative clauses of purpose. ^ 187, footnote 6 {end) : 104, d: 105, n. 2. 2 497. 317. qsq^ 140 AULUS GELLIUS. Earn rem propterea notavi, ut disorimina, quae fuerint iudicio moribusque maiorum ^ pueritiae/ 4uveiitae/ ^senectae/ ex ista censione Servii Tullii, prtidentissimi regis, noscerentur. Book XV. A Strange Death. ^'^- 16. Milo Crotoniensis, athleta inlustris, quern in chronicis scrip- turn est Olympiade sexagesima secunda primum coronatum esse, exitum habuit e vita miserandum et mirandum. Cum iam natu grandis artem athleticam desTsset iterque faceret forte solus in locis Italiae silvestribus, quercum vidit proxime viam patulls in parte media rlmis liiantem. Tum experirl, credo, etiam tunc volens, an ullae sibi reliquae vires adessent, immissis in cavernas arboris digitis, didticere et rescindere quercum conatus est. Ac mediam quidem partem discidit divellitque; quercus autem in duas diducta partes, cum ille, quasi perfecto ^ quod erat conixus, mantis laxasset, cessante vi rediit in nattiram manibusque eius retentis inclusisque stricta denuo et cohaesa, dilacerandum homi- nem feris praebiiit. Second Sight. B.C. 48. 18. Quo C. Caesar et Cn. Pompeius die per civile bellum sTgnis conlatis in Thessalia confiixerunt, res accidit Patavii in Transpa- dana Italia memorari^ digna. Cornelius quidam sacerdos, et nobilis et sacerdotii religionibus venerandus et castitate vitae sanctus, repente mota mente conspicere se procul dixit, pugnam acerrimam pugnari, ac deinde alios cedere, alios urgere, caedem, fugam, tela volantia, instaurationem piignae, impressionem, gemi- Special Study. — Ablative absolute with a clause. 1 431, N. 1 : 265, b : 410, n. 4. 2 593, n, 2 : 320, /. n. : 552, R. 2. NOCTES ATTICA E, XV. 141 tus, vulnera, proinde ut si ipse in proelio versaretur, coram videre ses6 vociferatus est ac posted subito exclamavit, Caesarem vicisse. Ea Cornelil sacerdotis hariolatio levis turn quidem visa est et vecors. Magnae mox admlrationi fuit, quoniam non modo ptigiiae dies, quae in Thessalia pugnata est, neqne proelil exitus, qui erat praedictus. Idem fuit, sed oranes quoque ptignandi reciprocae vices et ipsa exercit^ium duorum confllctatio vaticinantis motti atque verbis repraesentata est. The White Deer, 22. Sertorius, vir acer egregiusque dux, et utendl regendlque exercittis perltus fuit. Is in temporibus difficillimis et mentie- batur ad mllites si mendacium prodesset, ^ et litteras compositas pro verls legebat et somnium simulabat et falsas religiones con- »•^• ferebat, si quid istae res eum apud mllitum animos adiuvabant. 72. lUud adeo Sertoril nobile est : Cerva alba eximiae pulchrittidinis et vivacissimae celeritatis a Lusitano el quodam dono data est. Hanc sibi oblatam divlnitus et Instinctam Dianae numine conloqui secum monereque et docere, quae utilia factu essent, persuadere omnibus Institit ac, si quid durius videbatur, quod imperandum militibus foret, a cerva sese monitum praedicabat. Id cum dlxe- rat, universi, tamquam si deo, libentes parebant. Ea cerva quo- dam die, cum incursio esset hostium nimtiata, festlnatione ac tumultu consternata in fugam se prorupit atque in palude proxima delitiiit et postea requlslta perlsse cr^dita est. Neque multls diiebus post inventam esse cervam Sertorio nuntiatur. Tum, qui nuntiaverat, iussit tacere ac, ne cul palam diceret, interminatus est praecepitque, ut eam postero die repente in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis osset, immitteret. Admlssis de- Special Study. — Force of imperfect tense. 1 628, 1 : 341 : 663, 2. 142 AULUS GELLIUS. inde amicls postridie, visum sibi esse ait in quiete cervam, quae perisset, ad se revert! et, ut prius consuerat^ quod opus esset facto praedlcere; turn servo quod imperaverat significat, cerva emissa in cubiculum Sertorii introrupit^ clamor factus et orta admiratio est. Eaque hominum barbarorum credulitas Sertorio in magnis rebus magno usul fuit. Memoria prodita est, ex his nationibus, quae cum Sertorio faciebant, cum multls proelils superatus esset, neminem umquam ab eo descivisse, quamquam id genus hominum esset mobilissimum. REMAINS OF ROMAN CAMP. MARCUS TULLIITS CICERO. DE NATURA DEORUM. Book II. The gods appear to men. tunt in dies maiorgs atque meliores. 2. Vidimus ceteras opi- nioiies fictas atque vanas diuturnitate extabuisse. Quis enim liippocentau- rum f uisse aut chimaeram putat ? quaeve anus tarn excors invenlri potest, quae ilia, quae quondam credebantur, apud inferos portenta extimgscat ^ ? opTnionis enim eommenta delet dies, naturae indicia conflrmat. Itaque et in nostro populo et in ceteris deorum cultus religio- numque sanctitates exsis- Idque evenit non temere nee casu, sed quod et praesentes saepe di vim suam declarant, ut Special Study. — Relative clause of characteristic. 1 600: A. & \V. LAT. R. — 10 319, 2: 631, 1. 143 144 CICERO. B.C. et apud Eegillum bello Latmorum, cum A. Postumius dictator ^^^- cum Octavio Mamilio Ttisculano proelio dimicaret, in nostra aci6 Castor et Pollux ex equls ptignare visl sunt ; et recentiore memo- ria idem Tyndaridae Persen victum ntintiaverunt. P. enim Yatlnius, cum Romam venienti noctti duo iuvenes cum equls albls dixissent regem Persen illo die captum, senatuTque ntintiavisset, primo quasi temere de reptiblica locutus in carcerem coniectus est, post a Paulo litterls adlatis, cum idem dies constitisset, et agro a senatu et vacatione donattis est. Atque etiam cum ad fluvium Sagram Crotoniatas Locri maximo proelio devlcissent, eo ipso die auditam esse eam ptignam ludis Olympiae memoriae proditum est. B.C. 168. Other proofs of divine existences. Saepe Faunorum voces exaudltae, saepe visae formae deorum quemvis non aut hebetem aut impium deos praesentes esse confi- teri coegerunt. 3. . . . Praedictiones vero et praesensiones rerum futtirarum quid aliud declarant nisi hominibus ^ ea ostendi, monstrari, portend!, praedlci ? ex quo ilia ostenta, monstra, portenta, prodigia dicuntur. Quod si ea ficta credimus licentia fabularum, ne do- mesticis quidem exemplls docti ntimen ill ' "^^flh" " ^ — ^ II ' ^^^^^^ comprobabimus ? nihil nos P. i ,|[ J! Claudii bello Punico primo temeritas LLJ Is movebit, qui etiam per iocum deos SACRED CHICKENS. mrideus, cum cavea liberati pulli non pascerentur, mergi eos in aquam iussit, ut biberent, quoniam esse nollent ? qui risus classe devicta multas ipsi lacrimas, magnam Special Study. — Force and position of 7ie — quidem. 1 sc. divinitus. DE NATURA DEORUM, 11. 145 populo Romano cladem attulit. Quid ? conlega eius lunius eodem b.c. bello nonne tempestate classem amisit, cum auspicils non paruis- ^^^* set ? Itaque Claudius a populo condemnatus est, lunius necem sibi ipse conscivit ; C. Flaminium Caelius religione neglecta ceci- disse apud Trasumenum scrlbit cum magno reipublicae vulnere : quorum exitio intellegl potest, eorum imperils rempublicam ainplificatam, qui religionibus paruissent. Et si conferre volumus nostra cum externls, ceteris rebus aut pares aut etiam Inferiores reperiemur, religione, id est cultu deorum, multo superiores. Hie chief deities. 25. Saturnum eum esse voluerunt, qui cursum et conversionem spatiorum ac temporum contineret : Saturnus autem est appella- tus, quod saturaretur annis ; ex se enim natos comesse fingitur solitus, quia consumit aetas temporum spatia annlsque praeteritis Insaturabiliter expletur. Vinctus autem a love, ne immoderatos cursus haberet atque ut eum siderum vinculls adligaret. Sed ipse luppiter, id est luvdns Pater, a poetis ' pater divtim- que hominumque' dicitur, a maioribus autem nostrls ^optimus maximus.' Hunc igitur Ennius, ut supra dixl, nimcupat ita dicens : "Aspice hoc sublime candens, quem invocant omnes lovem." Hunc etiam augures^ nostrl, cum dicunt ^love fulgente, tonante'; dicunt enim 'caelo fulgente, tonante.' 26. Aer autem interiectus inter mare et caelum lunonis no- mine consecratur, quae est soror et coniunx lovis. Effeminarunt autem eum Itinonlque tribuerunt, quod nihil est eo mollius. Sed Kmonem a iuvando credo nominatam. Special Study. — Etymology of Saturnus, luppiter j luno. 1 sc. nuncupant. 146 . CICERO. Aqua restabat et terra, ut essent ex fabulis tria regna divisa : datum est igitur NeptunOj alterl lovis fratri, maritimum omne regnum, nomenque productum, ut Porttinus a portUj sic N eptunus a nandOj paulum primis litterls immutatls. Terrena autem vis omnis atque natiira Diti patri dedicata est, qui Dives/ ut apud Graecos 'Flutbn^ quia et recidunt omnia in terras et oriuntur e terrls. Cui nuptam dicunt Pro- serpinam ; ea est quam friigum semen esse volunt abscon- ditamque quaerl a matre fingunt. Mater autem est a gerendls frugibus Ceres, tamquam ' Geres ^ casuque prima littera itidem immutata. lam qui magna verteret Mavors;^ Minerva^ autem, quae vel minueret vel minaretur. 27. Cumque in omnibus rebus vim haberent maximam prima et extrema, principem in sacrificando lanum esse voluerunt, ex quo fores in llminibus profanarum aedium ianuae nominantur. lam Vestae nomen a Graecis est, — ea est enim, quae ab illls ^Hestia^ dicitur, — vis autem eius ad aras et focos pertinet. Nee longe absunt ab hac vl dl Penates. lam Apollinis nomen est Graecum, quem Solem esse volunt ; Dianam autem et Ltinam eandem esse putant. Quae autem dea ad res omnes venlret Venerem nostri nominaverunt, atque ex ea potius ' venustas ' quam ^Venus' ex venustate. The earth a ivitness. 39. Ac principio terra universa cernatur, locata in media sede mundi, solida et globosa et undique ipsa in sese nutibus suls conglobata, vestlta floribus, herbls, arboribus, frugibus, quorum omnium incredibilis multitudo Insatiabill varietate distinguitur. Special Study. — Etymology of Neptunus^ Ceres, etc. 1 sc. appellatus (a) est. DE NATURA DEORUM, 11. 147 Adde hue fontium gelidas perennitates, liquores perlucidos am- nium, riparuui vestitus viridissimos, speluncaruni concavas ampli- tudines, saxorum asperitat^s, impendentium montium altittidines, immensitatesque cam po rum ; adde etiam reconditas aurl argen- tique venas infinltamque vim marmoris. Quae vero et quam varia genera bestiarum vel cicurum vel ferarum ! qui volucrium lapsus atque cantiis ! qui pecudum pastus ! quae vita silvestrium ! Quid iam de hominum genere dicam ? ^ qui quasi cultores terrae con- stituti non patiuntur eam nee immanitate beluarum efferarl nee stirpium asperitate vastarl, quorumque operibus agri, insulae lltoraque conlucent distincta tectis et urbibus. Quae si, ut ani- mis, sic oculls videre possemus, nemo cunctam intuens terrain d6 divlna ratione dubitaret. At vero quanta maris est pulchritudo ! quae species iiniversl ! - quae inultitudo et varietas Insularum ! quae amoenitates orarum ac lltorum ! quot genera quamque dispa- ria, partim submersarum, partim fluitantium et innantium belua- rum, partim ad saxa natlvis testis inhaerentium ! The wonders of the heavens. 40. Restat iiltimus et a domicilils nostris altissimus omnia cingens et coercens caeli complexus, qui Idem aether vocatur, extrema ora et determinatio mundl, in quo cum admirabilitate maxima Igneae formae cursus ordinatos definiunt. E quibus sol, cuius magnitudine multls partibus terra superatur, circum eam ipsam volvitur, isque oriens et occidens diem noctemque conficit et modo accedens, turn autem recedens, binas in singulis annis reversiones ab extremo contrarias facit, quarum in intervallo tum quasi tristitia quadam contrahit terram, tum vicissim laetificat, ut cum caelo hilarata videatur. Luna autem, quae est, ut ostendunt Special Study. — Deliberative subjunctive. 1 484, V : 208 : 465-6. 2 gc. vians. 148 CICERO. mathematici, maior quam dimidia pars terrae, isdem spatils va- gatur, quibus sol, sed turn congrediens cum sole, turn degrediens, et earn Iticem, quam a sole accepit, mittit in terras et varias ipsa lucis mutationes habet, atque etiam turn subiecta atque opposita soli radios eius et lumen obscurat, tum ipsa incidens in umbram terrae, cum est e regione solis, interpositu interiecttlque terrae repente deficit. Isdemque spatils eae stellae, quas vagas dicimus, circum terram feruntur eodemque modo oriuntur et occidunt, quarum motus tum incitantur, tum retardantur, saepe etiam In- sistunt; quo spectaculo nihil potest admirabilius esse, nihil pulchrius. Sequitur stellarum inerrantium maxima multitudo, quarum ita descrlpta distinctio est, ut ex notarum figurarum similitudine nomina invenerint. Book HI. The gods do not always punish 'the wicked. 34. Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere solebat Harpalum, qui temporibus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tam diu vlyeret. B.C. Dionysius, de quo ante dixi, cum fanum Proserpinae expila- gg^~ visset, navigabat Syractisas, isque cum secundissimo vento cursum teneret, ridens ' videtisne,' inquit ^ amicT, quam bona a dis immor- talibus navigatio sacrilegis detur ? ' Idque homo acutus cum bene planeque percepisset, in eadem sententia perseverabat : qui cum in fanum venisset lovis Olympil, aureum ei ^ detraxit amicu- lum grand! pondere, quo lovem ornarat e manubils Carthaginien- sium tyrannus Gelo, atque in eo etiam cavillatus est aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium Special Study. — Ablative of quality. 1385, 2: 229: 345, R. 1. DE DIVINATIOXE, I. ' 149 iniecit, cum id esse ad omne aiml tern pus aptura diceret. Idem- que Aesculapii Epidauri barbam auream demi iussit : neque enirn con venire barbatum esse f ilium, cum in omnibus fanis pater ^ im- berbis esset. Etiam mensas argenteas de omnibus deliibrls iussit auferri, in quibus cum more veteris Graeciae inscrlptum esset BONORVM DEORVM, uti 86 corum bouitatc velle dicebat. Hunc igitur nee Olympius luppiter fulmine percussit nee Aescula- pius misero diuturnoque morbo tabescentem interemit, atque in suo lectulo mortuus in rogum inlatus est, eamque potestatem, quam ipse per scelus erat nactus, quasi iustani et legitimam hereditatis loco filio tradidit. DE DIVINATIONE. Book I. Natural and artificial divination. Thunderbolts. 6. Duo sunt enim divmandi genera, quorum alterum artis^ est, alterum naturae.^ Quae est autem gens aut quae civitas, quae non aut extispicum aut monstra aut fulgora interpretantium aut augurum aut astrologorum aut sortium — ea enim fere artis sunt — aut somniorum aut vaticinationum — haec enim duo naturalia putantur — praedictione moveatur ? 10. Quid ? de fulgurum vl dubitare num possumus ? nonne cum multa alia mirabilia, tum illud in primis : cum Summanus in fastigio lovis optimi maximi, qui tum erat flctilis, e caelo ictus esset nee usquam eius simulacrl caput invenlretur, hartispices in Tiberim id depulsum esse dixei-unt, idque inventum est eo loco, qui est ab haruspicibus demonstratus. Special Study. — Predicate genitive. 1 SC. Jpollo. 2 401 : 214, c. : 366, . 150 CICERO. 13. Casii, iijquis. Itane vero ? Quattuor tali iacti casu Vene- rium efficiunt: num etiam centum Venerios, si quadringentos talos ieceris, casu futuros putas ? Aspersa temere pigmenta in tabula oris iTneamenta efficere possunt : num etiam Veneris Coae pulchritudinem effici posse aspersione fortuita putas? Sus rostro si liumi A litteram impresserit, num propterea suspicari poteris Andromacham Ennil ab ea posse descrlbl ? Fingebat Carneades in Chlorum lapicldlnls saxo diffisso caput exstitisse PaniscI: credo aliquam non dissimilem tiguram^ sed certe non talem, ut cam factam a Scopa diceres. Sic enim se profecto res habet, ut numquam perfecte veritatem casus imitetur. Augury. Attus Navius. 16. Quis veterum scrlptorum non loquitur, quae sint ab Atto Navio per lituum facta ? Cum vicini omnes ad eum de rebus suls referrent, erat in magno nomine et gloria. Ex quo factum est ut eum ad se rex Priscus arcesseret ; cuius cum temptaret scientiam auguratus, dixit el cogitare se quiddam ; id possetne fieri consuluit: ille, augurio acto, posse respondit. Tarquinius autem dixit se cogitasse cotem novacula posse praecldl ; tum Attum iussisse^ experlrl: ita cotem in comitium adlatam Inspec- tante et rege et populo novacula esse discissam. Ex eo evenit ut et Tarquinius augure Atto Navio uteretur et populus de suls rebus ad eum referret. Cotem autem illam et novaculam defos- sam in comitio supraque impositum puteal accepimus. Portents. Dreams. 18. Ti. GracchuSj Publil filius, qui bis consul et censor fuit itemque et summus augur et vir sapiens civisque praestans, Special Study. — Future perfect in protasis. 1 sc. scriptum est. DE DIVINATIOXE, I. 151 nonne, ut C. Gracchus, fllius eius, scriptum reliquit, duobus anguibus clomi compreliensis haruspices convocavit ? qui cum respondissent, si marem emlsisset, uxorl^ brevi tempore esse mori- endum, si feminam, ipsi, aequius esse censuit se maturum oppe- tere mortem quam F. African! filiam adulescentem : feminam emisit, ipse panels post diebus est mortuus. 24. Redeamus ad somnia. Hannibalein Caelius scribit, cum columnam auream, quae esset in fano lunonis Laclniae, auferre vellet dubitaretque, utrum ea solida esset an extrlnsecus inaurata, perterebravisse, cumque solidam invenisset statuisse tollere ; ei secundum quietem vlsam esse lunonem praedlcere ne id faceret minarlque, si fecisset, se curaturam ut eum quoque oculum, quo bene vid^ret, amitteret, idque ab homine acuto non esse neglec- tum : itaque ex eo auro, quod exterebratum esset, buculam curasse faciendam et eam in sum ma columna conlocavisse. Hoc item in SllenI Graeca historia est : Hannibalem, cum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnls a love in deorum concilium vocarl ; quo cum venisset, lovem imperavisse ut Italiae bellum Inferret ducemque el tinum e concilio datum, quo ilium ^ utentem cum exercitil pro- gredi coepisse ; tum el - duceni ilium praecepisse ne respiceret, ilium ^ autem id diiitius facere non potuisse elatumque cupiditate respexisse ; tum vlsam beluam vastam et immanem circumplica- tam serpentibus quacumque incederet omnia arbusta, virgulta, tecta pervertere, et eum^ admlratum quaesisse de deo, quodnam illud esset tale mon strum, et deum respondisse Vdstitdtem esse Italiae, praecepisseque ut pergeret protinus; quid retro atque a tergo fieret ne laboraret. Special Study. — Disjunctive indirect questions. 1 388 : 232 : 335. 2 ^ Hannibalem. TITUS LIVIUS. HISTORIAE. Book I. Kings of Alba Longa. 3. Inter Laviiiium et Albam Longam deductam^ coloniam tri- ginta ferme interfuere anni. Tantum tamen opes creverant, maxime ftisis EtrtiscTs, ut ne morte quidem Aeneae movere anna aut Mezentius Etmsclque aut ulll alii accolae ausi sint. Pax ita convenerat, ut Etruscis Latimsque fluvius Albula, quern nunc Tiberim vocant, finis esset. Silvius deinde regnat, Ascanii filius, casti quodam in silvis natus. Is Aeneaiu Silvium creat ; is deinde Latlnuni Silvium. Ab eo coloniae aliquot deductae, Prisci Latini appellatl. Mansit Silvils^ postea omnibus cognomen, qui Albae regnaverunt. Latino Alba ortus, Alba Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capeto Tiberlnus, qui in traiectu Albulae amnis sub- mersus celebre ad posteros nomen flumini dedit. Agrippa inde Tiberinl filius, post Agrippam Eomulus Silvius a patre accepto imperio regnat. Aventino fulmine ipse ictus regnum per manus tradidit. Is sepultus in eo coUe, qui nunc pars Eomanae est urbis, cognomen colli fecit. Proca deinde regnat. Is Numitorem atque Amulium procreat ; Numitorl, qui stirpis maximus erat, regnum Special Study. — Dative with nomen est and similar expressions. 1 649, 5, N. 2 : 292, a : 664, 2. ^ 2 337^ n. 1 : 231, h : 349, 5. 152 HISTORIAE, I. 153 vetustum Silviae gentis legat. Plus tamen vis potuit quam voluntas patris aut verecundia aetatis. Pulso fratre Amtilius regnat. Addit scelerl scelus : stirpem f ratris virllem interimit ; f ratris f Iliae ^ Eheae Silviae per speciem honoris, cum Yestalem earn legisset, perpetua virginitate spem partus adimit. Birth and exposure of Romulus and Remus, 4. Sed debebatur, ut opinor, fatis tantae origo urbis. Vestalis cum geminum partum edidisset, Martem incertae stirpis patreni ntincupat. Sed nee dii nee homines aut ipsam aut stirpem a crude- litate regia vindicant ; sacerdos vincta in cus- todiam datur, pueros in profluentem aquam mitti iubet. Forte quadam divTni- tus super ripas Tiberis effiisus lenibus stagnis nee adirl usquam ad iusti cur sum poterat amnis, et posse ^ quamvis languida mergi aqua infantes^ spem ferentibus dabat. Ita velut defuncti regis imperio^ in proxima adluvie, ubi nunc ficus E-ummalis est — Eomularem vocatam ferunt — pueros exponunt. Vastae tum in liTs locis solitudines erant. Tenet fama, cum fluitantem alveum, quo expositi erant puerl, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset, lupam sitientem ex Special Study. — Present infinitive with expressions of hoping. 1 385, II, 2 : 229 : 345, r. 1. 2 535^ I, 3 : 272 : 531, 4. 3 421, 1 : 249 : 407. BRONZE WOLF. {Rome.) 154 LIVY. montibus qui circa sunt ad puerilem vagltum cursum flexisse ; earn submissas Infantibus adeo mitem praebuisse mammas, ut lingua lambentem pueros magister regii pecoris invenerit. Faus- tulo^ fuisse nomen ferunt. Ab eo ad stabula Larentiae uxor! educandos ^ datos. Ita geniti itaque educati, cum primum adolevit aetas, nee in stabulls nee ad pecora segnes venando peragrare ^ saltiis. Hinc robore corporibus animisque sumpto iam non feras tantum sub- sistere, sed in latrones praeda onustos impetus facere, pastori- busque rapta divide re, et cum his, crescente in dies grege iuve- num, seria ac iocos celebrare. They recover their kingdom, 5. Iam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludicrum ferunt. Ibi Euandrum, qui ex eo genere Arcadum multls ante tempestatibus tenuerit loca, sollemne adlatum ex Arcadia Insti- tuisse, ut nudi iuvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciviam currerent. Huic deditis ^ ludicro, cum sollemne notum esset, msidiatos ob iram praedae amissae latrones, cum Eomulus VI se defendisset, Eemum cepisse, cap tum regl Amulio tradidisse ultro acctisantes. Crimini^ maxime dabant in Numitoris agros ab ils impetum fieri; inde eos conlecta iuvenum manti hostllem in modum praedas agere. Sic Numitorl ad supplicium Eemus deditur. Iam inde ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat rSgiam stirpem apud se educarl: nam et expositos iussu regis Infantes sciebat, et tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere ; sed rem , immattiram nisi aut per occasionem aut per necessitatem aperire ' Special Study. — Historical infinitive. 1 387, N. 1 : 231, h : 349, 5. 3 535, l : 275 : 647. 2 544, N. 2 : 294, d : 430. 4 386 : 228 : 347. 5 390: 233, a: 356. HISTORIAE, I. 155 noliierat. Necessitas prior venit. Ita metu subactiis Komulo rem aperit. Forte et Numitori/ cum in custodia Kemum haberet, audissetque geminos esse fratres, comparaiido et aetatem eorum et ipsam minime servilem indolem tetigerat animum memoria nepotum ; sclscitandoque eodem pervenit, ut baud procul esset, quTn Remum agnosceret.^ Ita undique regl dolus neetitur. Eo- mulus non cum globo iuvenum, nee enim erat ad vim apertam par, sed alils alio itinere iussis certo tempore ad regiam venire pas- toribus ad regem impetum facit, et a domo Numitoris alia comparata manii adiuvat Remus. Ita regem obtruncant. 6. Numitor inter primum tumultum hostes invasisse urbem atque adortos rggiam dictitans, cum pubem Albanam in arcem praesidio armlsque obtinendam ^ avocasset, postquam iuvenes per- petrata caede pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, extemplo advocato concilio scelera in se fratris, orlginem nepotum, ut geniti, ut educati, ut cogniti essent/ caedem deinceps tyranni seque eius auctorem ostendit. Iuvenes per mediam contionem agmine in- gress! cum avum regem salutassent, seciita ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regl efficit. . Tlie city begun. Death of Remus. Ita Numitorl Albana re permlssa Romulum Remumque cupido cepit in his locis ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitude Albanorum Latlnorumque ; ad id pastores quoque accesserant, qui omnes facile spem face- rent ^ parvam Albam, parvum Lavlnium prae ea urbe, quae con- deretur, fore. Intervenit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, regni cupido, atque inde foedum certamen coortum a satis miti Special Study. — Use of quin. 1 384, 4, N. 2 : 235, a : 350, 1. 3 544^ 1 . 300 : 427. 2 504 : 319, d : 555, 2. 4 529, 1 : .334 : 467. 5 600, 1 : 319, 2 : 631. 156 LIVY. prmcipio. Quoniam gemini essent,^ nee aetatis verecundia dis- crlmen facere posset/ ut dil, quorum ttitelae ea loca essent, auguriis legerent, qui nomen novae urbl daret,^ qui conditam imperio regeret,^ Palatium Romulus, Eemus Aventlnum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt. 7. Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur sex vultures, iamque nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo sese ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multittido consaltitaverat. Tempore illl praecepto, at hi numero avium regnum trahebant. Inde cum altercatione congressl certamine Irarum ad caedem vertuntur. Ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse muros ; inde ab Irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset " sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!" interfectum. Ita solus potltus imperio Romulus ; condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata. Hercules and Cacus, «<^- Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, muniit. Sacra ' dils alils Albano rltu,^** Graeco Herculi, ut ab Euandro Instituta erant, facit. Herculem in ea loca Geryone interempto boves mira specie abegisse memorant, ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae se armentum agens nando traiecerat, loco herbido, ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves, et ipsum fessum via procubuisse. Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor accola eius loci nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum cum avertere eam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset,^ ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eo deductura ^ erant, aversos boves, eximium quemque pulchritudine, Special Study. — Future participle in unreal conditions. 1 616 : 321 : 541. s 424 : 253, n. : 397. 2 497, 1 : 317, 2 ; 630. * 510: 308 : 597. ^^611, 2: 308, d: 597, 3. HISTORIAE, I. 157 caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules ad prlmara auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oeulTs et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent.^ Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nee in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex loco Infesto agere porro armentum occepit. Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad deslderium, ut lit, rellctarum muglssent, reddita inclusarum ex spelunca bourn vox Herculem convertit. Qnem cum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vl prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava lidem pastorum nequlquam invocans morte occubuit. The death of Romulus, 16. His immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum rec6n- sendum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit. Nee deinde in terris Romulus fuit. Romana pubes s6dato tan- dem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem regiam vIdit, etsi satis credebat patribus, qui proximi steterant, subllmem raptum procella, tamen velut orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamditi silentium obtinuit. Deinde a panels initio facto deum ^ deo natum, regem ^ parentem- que urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum^ iubent; pacem precibus exposcunt, uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem. Fuisse credo tum quoque aliquos, qui discerptum regem patrum manibus taciti arguerent^ — manavit enim haec quoque sed perobsctira fama — ; illam alteram admlratio virl et pavor praesens nobilitavit. Et consilio etiam unlus hominis Special Study. — Verbs governing two accusatives. 1 629, II, 1, N. 1 : .334, /, n.: 460. 1, h. 2 373 . 239, 1, a : 340. 8 503, 1 : 320 : 631, 2. 158 LTYY. addita rei dicitur fides. Nam que Proculus Iiilius, sollicita civi- tate deslderio regis et infensa patribus, gravis, ut traditur, quam- vis magnae rei auctor in contionem prodit. " llomuliis," inquit, " Quirltes, parens urbis hfiius, prima hodierna luce caelo repente delapsus se mihi obvium dedit. Cum perfusus horuore venera- bundus adstitissem, petens precibus, ut contra intuerl fas esset, ^abl, ntintia/ inquit, ^Eomanis, caelestes ita velle, ut mea Eoma caput orbis terrarum sit: proinde rem mllitarem colant/ sciant- que et ita posterTs tradant nullas opes htimanas armls Eoma- nls resistere posse/ Haec/' inquit, "locutus subllmis abiit." Mirum^ quantum illi viro nuntianti haec fides fuerit, quamque desiderium Komull apiid plebem exercitumque facta fide im- mortalitatis lenitum sit. Reign of JSfumcL The temple of Janus. ^•^- 19. Qui^ regno ita potltus urbem novam, conditam vl et armls, itire eam legibusque ac moribus de integro condere parat. Qui- bus cum inter bella adsuescere videret non posse, quippe efferarl militia animos, mitigandum ^ ferocem populum armorum desuetu- dine uatus lanum ad infimum Argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit, apertus ut in armls esse civitatem, clausus pacatos circa omnes populos significaret. Bis deinde post Nuinae regnum clausus fuit, semel T. Manlio consule post Punicum primum per- fectum bellum, iterum, (quod nostrae aetatl dii dederunt ut vide- remus), post bellum Actiacum ab imperatore Caesare Augusto pace terra marique parta. Clauso eo cum omnium circa finitimorum societate ac foederibus iunxisset animos, positis externorum perl- culorum curls, ne Itixuriarent otio animi, quos metus hostium dis- , I Special Study. — Hortatory subjunctive. 1 484, II : 260 : 263, 3. 3 i.e. Mima. 2 305, N. 4 : 834, g : 407, 2, n. (eiid). * 234 : 294, h : 251. HISTORIAE, L 169 ciplinaque mllitaris continuerat, omnium primum deorum raetum iniciendum ratus est. Qui cum descendere ad animOs sine aliquo commento miracull non posset, simulat sibi cum dea Egeria congressus nocturnes esse ; 6ius s6 monitti, quae acceptissima dils essent, sacra Instituere, sacerdot^s suos cuique deorum praeficere. Reform of the calendar. The Vestal Virgins. Atque omnium primum ad cursas lUnae in'duodecim menses descrlbit annum; quern, quia tric6- nos dies singulis mensibus luna non explet, desuntque dies solido anno, qui solstitial! circumagitur orbe, in- tercalarils mensibus interponendls ^ ita dispensavit, ut vicesimo anno ad metam eandem solis, unde orsi es- sent, plenis omnium annorum spatiis dies congruerent. Idem nefastos dies fastosque fecit, quia aliquando nihil cum populo agl ^ utile f uturum erat. 20. Turn sacerdotibus creandls^ animum adiecit, quamquam ipse plti- rima sacra oblbat, ea maxime quae nunc ad Dialem flaminem pertinent. Sed quia in civitate bellicosa plures Romull quam Numae similes reges VESTAL VIRGIN. putabat fore, iturosque ipsos ad Special Study. — Ablative of gerund and gerundive. 1 642, IV, 544 : 301, 1 : 431. 2 533. 27O: 422. 3 644, 2 : 299, a : 429. A. & W. LAT. R. — 11 160 I^IVY. bella, Ti6 sacra rggiae vicis d^sererentur, flaminem lovT adsiduum sacerdotem creavit, mslgmque eum veste et curull regia sella adornavit. Huic duos flamings adieeit, Marti unum, alterum Quirlno; virginesque Vestae legit, Alba oriundum sacerdotium et genti conditoris haud alienum. lis, ut adsiduae templl anti- stitSs essent, stipendium de publico statuit, virgiuitate aliisque caerimoniis venerabilSs ac sanctas fecit. Book II. Horatius at the bridge. 10. Cum hostes adessent, pro se quisque in urbem ex agris demigrant, urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidils. Alia inuris, alia Tiber! obiecto videbantur tuta. Pons Sublicius iter paene hosti- bus dedit,^ ni unus vir fuisset Horatius Codes : id munlmentum illo die fortuna urbis Eomanae habuit. Qui positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum repentino impetu laniculum atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vidisset, trepidamque turbam suo- rum arma ordinesque relinquere, reprehensans singulos, obsistens obtestansque detim et hominum fidem testabatur, nequlquam de- serto praesidio eos fugere. Si transitum pontem a tergo reliquis- sent,^ iam plus hostium in Palatio Capitolioque quam in laniculo fore. Itaque monere praedicere, ut pontem ferro ignl, quacumque vl possint, interrumpant : se impetum hostium, quantum cor pore lino posset obsisti,excepturum. Vadit inde in primum aditum pon- tis, insignisque inter conspecta cedentium pugnae ^ terga, obversis comminus ad ineundum proelium armis, ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit hostes. Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Lar- cium ac T. Herminium, ambos claros genere factisque. Cum his Special Study. — Indicative in unreal conditions. 1 611, 1 : 308, h : 597, R. 3. 2 509, n. 3 : 307, /: 596, 2. 8 880,4,2: 229, c: 845,^. I, HISTORIAE, V. 161 primam periculi procellam et quod turaultuosissimum ptlgnae erat parumper sustinuit. Deinde eos quoque ipsos, exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus qui rescindebant, cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces minaeiter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare,^ nunc increpare omnes, ser- vitia regum superborum, suae iTbertatis immemores alienam op- pugnatum^ venire. CunctatI aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant. Pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore sublato undique in tinum hostem tela coniciunt. Quae cum in obiecto ctincta sctito haesissent, neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti pontem obtineret gradti, iam impetti conaban- tur detrtidere virum, cum simul fragor i-uptl pontis simul clamor Komanorum, alacritate perfecti operis sublatus, pavore subito impetiun sustinuit. Tum Codes "Tiberine pater/' inquit, "t6, sancte, precor, haec arma et hunc militem propitio flumine acci- pias ! " Ita sic armatus in Tiberim desiluit, multisque superinci- dentibus tells incolumis ad suos tranavit, rem ausus plus famae habittiram ad posteros quam fidel. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit: statua in comitio posita, agri quantum tino die circumaravit datum. Privata quoque inter ptiblicos honores studia eminebant: nam in magna inopia pro domesticis copiis unus quisque ei aliquid fraudans sS ipse victti suo contulit. Book V. The Gauls at Rome: the Capitol saved by geese. 47. Dum haec Veils agebantur, interim arx Eomae Capitolium- b.c. 890 que in ingenti perlculo fuit. Namque Galll animadverso ad Carmentis saxo ascensu aequo, nocte subltistrl, cum primo iner- Special Study. — Genitive with adjectives. 1 586, 1 : 276 : 647. 2 545 . 302 : 435. 162 LIVY. mem, qui temptaret^ viam, praemlsissent, traderit^s hide arma, ubi quid inlqui esset, alterni innixl sublevant^sque in vicem et trahentes alii alios, prout postularet locus, tanto silentio in summum evasere, ut non custodes solum fallerent, sed ne canSs quidem, sollicitum animal ad nocturnos strepitus, excitarent. Anseres non f ef ellere, quibus ^ sacrls lunonis in summa inopia cibi tamen abstinebatur.^ Quae res saluti ^ fuit : namque clangore eorum alarum que crepitu excltus M. Manlius, qui triennio ante consul fuerat, vir bello egregius, armis arreptis simul ad arma ceteros ciens vadit, et dum ceterl trepidant, Galium, qui iam in summo constiterat, umbone ictum d^turbat. Cuius casus prolapsi cum proximos sterneret, trepidantes alios armisque omissis saxa, quibus adhaerebant, manibus amplexos trucldat. lamque et alii congregati tells missilibusque saxis proturbar^ hostes, rulnaque tota prolapsa acies in praeceps deferrl. Sedato deinde tumultu reliquum noctis, quantum in turbatis mentibus poterat, quietl datum est. Luce orta vocatis classico ad concilium mllitibus ad tribunos, cum et r^cte et perperam facto pretium debergtur, Manlius primum ob virtutem laudatus donatusque non ab tri- bunls solum mllitum sed consensu etiam mllitarl; cul universi sellbras farris et quartarios vinl ad aedes eius, quae in arce erant, contulerunt — rem dictu parvam, ceterum inopia f ecerat eam argumentum ingens caritatis. Tum vigiles eius loci, qua fefelle- rat ascendens hostis, citati; et cum in omnes more mllitarl se animadversurum Q. Sulpicius tribunus mllitum pronuntiasset, consentiente clamore mllitum in iinum vigilem conicientium cul- pam deterritus a ceteris abstinuit, reum baud dubium eius noxae approbantibus cunctis d6 saxo deiecit. Inde intentiores utrimque custodiae esse, et apud Gallos, quia vulgatum erat inter Veios Special Study. — Ablative of separation. 1 497, 1 : 317, 2 : 630. 3 301 ; 146, d: 208, 2. 2 414 : 243 : 390, 2. ' * 890, II, n. 2 : 233, a : 356. HISTORIAE, V. 163 ROmamque nuntios commeare, et apud Romanos ab nocturni periculi memoria. The Romans are weakened by famine. 48. Sed ante omnia obsidionis bellTque mala fames utrumque exercitum urggbat, Gallos pestilentia etiam, cum^ loco iacente inter tumulos eastra habentes tum ^ ab incendiis torrido et vaporis pleno. Quorum intolerantissima g6ns umorlque ac f rigori adsueta, cum aestu et angore vexata vulgatis velut in pecua morbis more- rentur, iam pigritia singulos sepeliendi promiscue acervatos cumu- los hominum ur^bant ; bustorumque inde Gallicorum nomine inslgnem locum fecere. Indutiae deinde cum Romanis factae et conloquia permissu imperatorum habita ; in quibus cum identi- dem Galli famem obicerent, eaque necessitate ad deditionem vocarent, dicitur avertendae eius opinionis causa multls locis panis d6 Capitolio iactatus esse in hostium stationgs. Sed iam neque dissimularl neque ferri ultra fam^s poterat. TJiey buy peace. The insolence of the Gauls. Itaque dum dictator dilectum per sS Ardeae habet, magistrura equitum L. Valerium a Veils abducere exercitum iubet, interim Capitollnus exercitus stationibus vigiliis fessus, superatis tamen humanis omnibus malls cum famem tinam natura vinci non sineret, diem de die prospectans, ecquod auxilium ab dictatore appareret, postremo spe quoque iam non solum cibo deficiente et, cum stationes procederent, prope obruentibus Inflrmum corpus armls, vel dedl vel redimi se quacumque pactione possent iussit, iactantibus non obscure Gallis, baud magna mercede ^ se adduci posse, ut obsidionem relinquant. Tum senatus habitus tribtinls- Special Study. — Force of cum — tum. 1 5M, I, 5 : 107 : 588. 2 422: 252 : 404. 164 T^TVY. que mllitum negotium datum, ut paclscerentur. Inde inter Q. Sulpicium tribimum mllitum et Brennum regulum Gallorum conloquio transacta res est et mllle pondo aurl pretium populi gentibus mox impevattiri factum. Eel foedissimae per se adiecta indignitas est : pondera ab Gallls adlata iniqua, et tribtino recti- sante, additus ab msolente Gallo ponderl gladius, audltaque intoleranda Eomanis vox : vae victis. Camillus rejects the disgraceful terms. 49. Sed dilque et homines proliibuere redemptos vivere^Eo- manos. Nam forte quadam, priusquam Tnfanda merces perfice- retur^ per altercationem nondum omni auro appenso, dictator intervenit, auferrique aurum de medio et Gallos submoverl iubet. Cum illl renltentes pactos dicerent sese, negat eam pactionem ratam esse, quae, postquam ipse dictator creatus esset, initissu suo ab inferioris itiris magistratu facta esset ; dentintiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium expediant. Suos in acervum conicere sarcinas et arma aptare ferroque, non auro, recuperare patriam iubet, in conspectti habentes fana deum et coniuges et llberos et solum patriae deforme belli malls et omnia, quae defend! repetique et ulciscl fas sit. Instruit deinde aciem, ut loci natura patiebatur in sSmirutae solo urbis et natura inaequalT, et omnia, quae arte belli secunda suls eligl praepararlve poterant, provldit. The Gauls are routed. Galll nova re trepidi arma capiunt, iraque magis quam consilio in Eomanos incurrunt. lam verterat fortuna, iam deorum opes humanaque consilia rem Eomanam adiuvabant. Igitur primo concursti baud maiore momento fusi Galll sunt, quam ad Alliam Special Study. — Temporal clauses. 1 536, II, footnote : 331, e, 2 : 549, n. 1. ^ 520 : 327 : 577. HISTORIAE, V. 165 vicerant. lustiore altero deinde proelio ad octavum lapidem Gabina via, quo se ex fiiga contulerant, eiusdem ductu auspicio- que Camilli vincuntur. Ibi caedes omnia obtinuit. Castra capiuntur, et ne niintius quidem cladis rellctus. Dictator re- cuperata ex hostibus patria triuraphans in urbem redit, interque iocos militares, quos inconditos iaciiint, Eomulus ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis hand vanTs laudibus appellabatur. Servatam deinde bello patriam iterum in pace baud dubie serva- vit, cum prohibuit migrari Veios et tribimis rem intentius agen- tibus post incensam urbem et per se incllnata magis plebe ad id consilium. Eaque causa fuit non abdicandae post triumphum dictattirae, senatti obsecrante, ne rem publicam in incerto relin- queret statu. LITERATURE. The following works, and those mentioned in the introductions to the Notes, embrace only a limited selection from the vast amount of useful literature on the matters treated. With the student, reference to too many authorities defeats its own end, and the teacher can easily extend the bibliography at his pleasure. The volumes starred should be readily accessible to the student, either in his own possession or in the school library. Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature. J. E. B. Mayor. Macmillan &£o. Cruttwell's Roman Literature. Scribners. Teuffel's Roman Literature. Scribners. *Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome. American Book Co. Duruy's History of Rome. Triibner. *Outlines of Roman History. Pelham. G. P. Putnam's Sons. *The Story of Rome. Arthur Gilman. G. P. Putnam's Sons. *Plutarch's Lives (Translation). Clough. Little, Brown & Co. *Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, and *Pagan and Christian Rome. Rodolfo Lanciani. Houghton, Mifflin SrCo. *Early Rome (Epochs of History). W. Ihne. Longmans, Green & Co. Invalu- able in the study of the early traditions of Rome. *Roman Antiquities (History Primer Series). Wilkins. American Book Co. *A Companion to School Classics. Gow. Macmillan & Co. *Roman Life in the Day of Cicero. Church. Scribners. *Becker's Gallus. Longmans, Green & Co. ^Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Murray. *Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Murray. *Rich's Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities. Longmans, Green &, Co. Das Alte Rom, a photogi-aphic reproduction of the painting by Buhlmann and Wagner, gives an excellent panoramic view of Rome at the time of Con- atantine, 166 NOTES. EUTROPIUS. Of the life of Eutropius little or nothing is known with certainty. The single statement which he makes regarding himself occurs in the account of the inva- sion of Persia by the Emperor Julian, a.d. 363: "In which expedition I also took parf His history is dedicated to the Emperor Valens, and professes to be written at his command ; it ends with the death of Jovian, a.d. 364. A Byzantine writer nearly a thousand years later states that Eutropius was a secretary (epistolographos) under Constantine the Great (who died a.d. 337). If this is correct, then his life must fall within the limits of the fourth century. It was a period of great change. Constantine had transferred the seat of empire from Italy to Byzantium, which he had rebuilt and called by his own name. Rome was swiftly yielding to the advance of Christianity. More and more the empire was becoming a Greek Christian state, and the history of the eternal city was fading from the memory of those who called themselves by its name. What the religion of Eutropius was cannot certainly be determined. He makes no comments on the paganism he describes ; Claudius' and Flamini- nus' disregard of the omens is recorded precisely as it might have been by Livy, and various emperors are said to have been deservedly enrolled among the gods. A very late historian, indeed, pronounces him a Hellen (i.e. pagan) , and con- siders his testimony regarding Constantine of peculiar value. The same writer calls Eutropius a contemporary and a partisan of Julian, whose departure from the Christian faith has won for him the name of Apostate. Yet Eutropius calls the latter too violent a persecutor {nimiiis insectator) of the Christian faith, the only passage in which he mentions what had become in his time the state religion. The history compend, Breviarium, is the only extant work of Eutropius. In ten short books he rapidly narrates the events from the founding of Rome to the accession of Valens : *' so that Your Serenity's divine mind may rejoice to know that it has imitated the deeds of illustrious men, before it learned them by reading," as the preface states. It was abridged from Livy, Suetonius, and later writers ; though the only authority mentioned is Caelius Antipater, a con- 167 168 XOTES. [Page 13. temporary of the Gracchi. In style it is extremely plain and direct ; th^re is no straining after effect, little or no attempt at rhetorical ornament. There are some blunders in matters of fact, but none of any moment. For the age in which it was written, the diction is remarkably good ; it is not to be wondered at that the book soon became, and long remained, a favorite manual. It was early translated into Greek ; one version of it, by Paeanius, written about 380, is still extant. Other historians made extracts from it, and in the eighth century Paul the Deacon made it the basis of a new history. He had sent the book to his pupil, Adelperga, the Duchess of Beneventum (then a Lombard capital), who seems to have found it too dry and too pagan for her taste. This version of Paul's has often been confounded with the real work of Eutropius. Since the revival of learning, there have been many editions of Eutropius. The edition by H. Yerheyk (Ley den, 1793) contains a collection of Latin notes by various scholars, as well as the Greek translation. There are several modern critical editions ; one of the most usable perhaps is that by O. Eichert (Hanover, 1871), with German notes. There is a Lexicon to Eutropius by the same writer, and a selection for sight reading, edited by Professor Greenough. BREVIARIUM. Book I. 13. § 1- uUum fere : sc. imperimn, with which minus and amplius agree. fHius : appos. with qui. quantum putatus est : ' as was supposed ' ; note gender of partici- ple. octodecim annos natus : ' eight- een years old ' ; commonly duo de vi- ginti. Cf. VII, 1. For' less common ways of stating age, see II, 6, annorum trium et viginti; III, 7, annum agens vicesimum aetatis. Nepos, Atticus 7, cum haberet annos circiter LX. For the numeral, cf. II, 21. urbem exiguam : on the Palatine there are still remains which are ordi- narily referred to this earliest settle- ment. XI Kal. Maias : what is the date in our reckoning ? In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia or the feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds, but it came to be celebrated more and more as the dies natalitius ( * birthday ' ) of Rome. Olympiadis sextae anno tertio : B.C. 754. The dates given by Eutro- pius do not always correspond with the received chronology given in the margin (from Smith's Classical Dic- tionary). According to Varro (see Vocabulary) Rome was founded b.c. 753. There were many legends con- cerning that event, but Eutropius fol- lows the one which was most widely believed. It is related in greater de- tail by Livy I, 4-6. Cf. also Plutarch, Bomulus. § 2. condita civitate : * when the , city had been founded ' ; civitas = • urbs. Pages 13-15.] EUTROPIUS. 169 Romam vocavit : it is much more likely that the name Romulus was made from the name of the city. See Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 37. centum ex senioribus : * a hundred of the elders ' ; ex with abl. is regularly used with numerals instead of the part, gen. The number of senators was afterwards increased ; see § 6. For several centuries it was fixed at 300. Julius Caesar increased it to 900. Augustus diminished it to about 600, and fixed the senatorial age at twenty- five. 14. raptarum: sc. virginum; obj. gen. The chief idea is in the participle : * the stealing of the maidens,' not ' the stolen maidens.' For the story, cf. Ihne, pp. 33 and 69. cingiint : * surround ' ; they were on the north chiefly. orta tempestate : what is denoted by the abl. abs. ? non companiisset : ' he had dis- appeared ' ; see definition of Litotes, 637, VIII: 209, c: 700. Cf. Ihne, p. 61. per quinos dies : ' (each) for five days'; cf. hinorum hostium, II, 13. When are the distributive numerals used? 174, 2: 95: 97, R. 2, 3. For per, cf. § 8, annis. § 3. putabantur : note use of imp. tense. decern menses: twelve according to Livy I, 19. sine aliqua : = sine ulla ; for cor- rect use of aliquis, cf. Livy I, 19. R5mae : why not in Roma 9 sacra ac templa : there was a ten- dency to refer all religious institutions to Numa, just as among the ancient Hebrews all laws were ascribed to Moses. morbo decessit: i.e. he did not meet with a violent death as so many of the kings did. Cf. morbo mortuo, I, 10 ; fataliter mortuus, I, 11 ; morte communis VII, 8. § 4. miliarid : cf. in octavo decimo miliario, I, 8. Which expression ac- cords with the rule for this use of the abl. ? When paved roads were built leading from Rome (see II, 9), mile- stones at the side marked the distance from the gates of the city. This phrase means then 'twelve miles from Rome.' For another name for the same object, see Nepos, Atticus XXII, 4, ad quin- tum lapidem ; Livy V, 49, ad octavum lapidem. alii . . . alii : more accurately alteri . . . alteri. Why ? Cf. Cicero, De. Div. 1,6. adiecto Caelio monte: translate 'by annexing the Caelian hill.' 15. § 5. civitatem supra mare: Ostia, the port of Rome. § 6. circum : the Circus Maximus, between the Palatine and the Aven- tine hills. It was restored and orna- mented many times, until finally, under the emperors, it was a sump- tuous inclosure capable of seating 260,000 people (Pliny). Iud5s Romanes : called also magni or cir censes. They were celebrated each year, Sept. 4-12, in honor of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and con- sisted of chariot racing, sham battles, and athletic contests. ad nostram memoriam: cf. note on § 12 ; they were abolished by the Goths, A.D. 410. 170 XOTES. [Pages 15, 16. triumphans : for a good description of a triumph, see Plutarch, Aemilius Faulus. cloacas : see Lanciani, Ancient Borne, p. 53 ff. The Cloaca Maxima (see cut), " built twenty- five centuries ago, on unstable ground, under enor- mous practical difficulties, which still answers well its purpose, is a work to be classed among the greatest triumphs of engineering." non parum: cf. 7ion comparuisset, §2. per Anci filios : in classical prose the ace. with per is used when a person is considered as a means or instrument (cf. per quos, § 13 ; per legatos, III, 7); but Eutropius occasionally substitutes it for the abl. or dat. of agent ; cf. per se, § 16 ; per Hannihaleyn, III, 7 ; per hos, VII, 2. The difference between the two phrases is well shown in IV, 10, per eum multa a consulihus pros- pere gesta sunt. § 7. fossas circa murum : Livy I, 44, aggere et fossis et muro cir- cumdat urhem. The Servian wall was the chief defense of Rome for many centuries. Portions of it, as well as of the rampart {agger) , are still to be traced. censum : not a mere counting of the citizens, but an enrollment accord- ing to property for purposes of taxa- tion and military service. orbem terrarum: the usual Latin expression for ' the world,' cf. VI, 21 ; orbe alone, I, 1 ; VI, 25. incognitus erat: the constitution of Solon at Athens was essentially a census, and dates from this same period. capitum : cf. capita, II, 18. 16. § 8. Gabios civitatem : ' the city Gabii ' ; notice that an appositive agrees in case only. Capitolio : in § 6 it meant the tem- ple ; here the hill on which the temple stood. The building was dedicated by the consul Horatius Pulvillus. oppugnans : * while he was be- sieging.' Such circumstances are commonly expressed in Latin by sub- ordinate clauses with dum or cum. Cf. dum . . . optat, VII, 7. et ipse : ' also, likewise ' ; cf . parens et ipse, below, and note on § 20. The explanation would have been more helpful in the case of Collatinus (cf. § 9). The word iunior was probably added in a mistaken effort to make the matter clearer. Cf. Africanus iunior^ IV, 12. stuprasset : ' had offered violence to,' ' had dishonored. ' marito et patri : see §§9, 10. questa fuisset : ' had complained.' Cf. II, 9, datus fidsset, *had been given.' Except in these two places Eutropius (in these selections) employs esset, etc., not fuisset in the plup. pass, subj. On the other hand, in the plup. ind. he ordinarily has fuerat, etc., not erat. See I, 10, fuerat expulsus ; 1, 20, datum fuerat, etc. (but II, 6, subacti erant). In the perfect /z«', etc., do not occur. Epr the classical usage of such forms, cf . Caesar IV, 38 ; Livy I, 19 ; Gellius VI, 18. parens et ipse: *a relative like- wise', i.e. as well as Collatinus. Ac- cording to Livy he was the son of Tarquinia, the sister of Tarquinius Superbus, Pages 16-18.] EUTROPIUS. 171 eum, qui: a misleading arrange- ment ; eum is the king, while the ante- cedent of qui is exercitus. veniSnsque : cf. oppugnans^ above. rSgnatum est : * there was a regal form of government.' On the mythi- cal character of these stories of the kings, cf. Ihne, pp. 66-91. annis: strictly speaking, the abl. denotes the time within which, but, even in classical prose, it may include both extremities, and thus replace the ace. of duration. It is common in Eutropius and other late writers. In II, 9, per annos; I, 10, per annum; what is expressed by per? § 9. coepere : cf . references on coepta sunt, Nepos, Hannibal 11. eum: the object of coerceret : why placed here ? civilgs : cf . VII, 8, civilissime vixit (said of the Emperor Augustus), and note. 17, ab expulsis rSgibus : abl. of separation ; for the participle, cf . rap- tarum, § 2 ; for the meaning of the phrase, cf. post regesexactos, § 11 ; post reges eiectos, § 15. mtzime Sgerat ut : * had done most to.' ne quisquam : why not ut nemo? § 10. fuerat expulaus : cf . questa fuisset, § 8. in vicem s§ : what is the literal translation? The Latin had no re- ciprocal pronoun and various awkward expressions were used instead, com- monly inter se. Cf. Caesar III, 6 ; Nepos, Arist. I. Cf. also alius alium circumspectant, JjiYy II, 10. per annum : cf . annis, § 8 ; and annum luxerunt, § 11. quo morbo mortuo : ' and when he had died.' The Latin relative is very often best translated by and to- gether with a personal pronoun. For morho cf. morbo decessit, § 3. 18. § 11. Porsena: king of Clu- sium in Etruria. The Tarquins were said to have come from Tarquinii in Etruria. Tusciae : these traditions are thought to disguise the fact that Rome was conquered by the Etruscans. See Ihne, p. 89. ** They were far advanced in civilization, in architecture and the other arts, in trade, navigation, and manufactures, when the Romans were still half barbarians." Romam paene cepit : see the story of Horatius Codes, Livy II, 10 ; Ma- caulay's Lays of Early Home. dS his : * over them ' ; de is regu- larly used with triumpho. Cf. de Samnitibus II, 9. fStaliter mortuus est: 'died a natural death.' Cf. morbo decessit, § 3. habuerit : see footnote ; a favorite sequence in Xepos and late writers. § 12. gener Tarquinii: Mamilius Octavius of Tusculum. For an anec- dote of this war, cf. Cicero, De Nat. Deor. II, 2. soceri : objective genitive. ad iniuriam vindicandam: *to avenge the wrong ' ; notice that the noun is not the object of the verb in Latin. dictatura : this office had existed in other Latin tribes before this time. At Rome it was a device for lodging supreme power (except over the treas- ury) in the hands of one man. It was generally resorted to in times of ex- 172 NOTES. [Pages 18, 19. treme danger ; yet a dictator might be appointed to perform certain duties when no such crisis existed. The office was created for six months, but was often resigned before that term had expired. magister equitum: his functions are not clearly understood. Tranquillitas Vestra : 'Your Se- rene Highness.' Eutropius addressed his history to Valens, Emperor of the East, who reigned a.d. 364-378. sub dictaturae nomine : after hold- ing the office several times, Caesar was finally (b.c. 45) made dictator for life. Augustus, however, declined the title. Cf . note on YII, 2. § 13. tamquam . . . premeretur: ' as though it were oppressed. ' Eutro- pius does not mean to question the fact ; in late Latin tamquam is used in the sense of quod. Cf. also quasi, § 20. tribunes : these officers should be distinguished from the tribuni militumy who were military officers in command of legions. The civil magistrates here referred to were specially charged with the protection of their fellow plebeians against the patricians. Their power of vetoing any legislative action was of immense importance. This First Secession, as it was called, was the first act in a long struggle which was ended only by granting complete political equality to the plebeians. 19. Psr quos : = ut per eos. §15. Q.Marcius: surnamed Cori- olanus from the city which he had con- quered. For his story, see Plutarch, Coriolanus; Shakespeare's Coriolanus. oppugnaturus . . . nisi venissent : * would have attacked ... if they had not come ' ; this use of the fut. part, is late. secundus post Tarquinium : i.e. he was the second and Tarquin was the first. In giving rank in a series, the Latin usually (not always) in- cluded the starting point. § 16. cdnsulibus : the Romans regularly dated events by giving the name of the consuls for the year. Later they reckoned from the found- ing of the city. See I, 18 ; II, 18 ; V, 4. In IV, 10 ; VI, 15, both are used. Veientes : the powerful city of Veil in Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome, was finally conquered by Camil- lus B.C. 396 ; see § 20. implendum : sc. esse. The con- struction is doubtful. Verbs of prom- ising regularly take fut. infin. Cf . II, 14 ; Caesar IV, 21. In late Latin the gerundive is used as a fut. pass. part. ; in that case implendum esse takes the place of impletum iri (cf. Nepos, Atti- cus 13, visum iri) or futurum ut 4- suhj. (cf. Caesar II, 17). For the regular gerundive construction (with dat. of agent) , see Caesar II, 20. unus: the later Fabii, a powerful gens at Rome, were said to be descend- ants of this youth. A Fabius appears on the list of consuls ten years after this event, and on that account, if for nothing else, the story is suspected. Why? § 17. Sequent! anno : i.e. after the census. obsideretur exercitus : the Aequi- ans had attacked the Roman camp. agnim : * called the Quintian Mead- ow,' Livy III, 26. Pages 1^22.] EUTROPIUS. 173 togam praetextam : for the gar- ment, see Yocab., and cf. Gellius I, 28. Cincinnatus had laid aside his robe, as was commonly done in any active employment, but puts it on out of respect to the messengers of the Senate. Eutropius speaks as though they had brought him an official robe. 20. § 18- altero : often used for secundo. ab urbe condita : ' from the found- ing of the city ' ; cf . urbis conditae, V,4. decemviri : on the demand of the plebeians ten commissioners were ap- pointed, after a long struggle, to revise the laws and reduce them to writing. Their work, the celebrated code known as the Twelve Tables, was the founda- tion of Roman law for a thousand years. cum : concessive. Virginii : gen. limiting filiam. honestis iam stipendiis : ' already (in) honorable campaigns.' Cf. Nepos, Cato 1, stipendium meruit. quam : = et earn. Cf. quOj § 10. § 20. Veientani : cf . Veientes, § 16. ipsos : Eutropius frequently uses ipse for is. diu obsidens : ten years, according to the legend. et Faliscos : in good prose etlam ; cf. hie etiam, VI, 23 ; for Falisci, see the interesting story of the treacher- ous schoolmaster in Plutarch, Camil- lus. quasi . . . divisisset : cf . tam- quam, § 13. 21. victos Romanes : why does the writer not use an abl. abs. ? a Roma : in expressions of distance the preposition with names of towns is regular. apud flumen Alliam : one of the memorable defeats in Roman history. July 16, dies Alliensis, was henceforth an unlucky day in the calendar. datum fuerat : cf . questa fuisset^ § 10. For the events, see Livy V, 47-49. et ipse : * likewise ' ; "is used when a new subject [ Camillus'] takes an old predicate [^conditor^.'''' Cf. § 8. Book II. § 6. qui modus : ' a force which.' quae : = et eae (legiones) . tribunus militum : cf . note on ^n- hunos., I, 13. ne . . . posset : note that the mirac- ulous raven had a purpose. Corvus : or Corvinus ; see the same story, Gellius IX, 11. 22. amiorum : gen. of quality ; cf . note on annos natus, I, 1. By a law passed b.o. 181, the legal age for the consulship was fixed at forty-three. For exceptions, see IV, 12 ; VII, 2. § 9. dedecore vicerunt: at the famous Caudine Forks, a mountain pass east of Campania. ipsis : — eis ; cf . I, 20. facta fuerat: cf. questa fuisset^ I, 8. aquami Claudiam : better aqua Appia to distinguish it from one built by the Emperor Claudius ; between seven and eight miles long, chiefly under ground. It was the beginning of the magnificent water-supply sys- tem of Rome. See Lanciani, Ancient Bomej p. 58. 174 NOTES. [Pages 22-26. viam Appiam : see p. 75 ; the first and most famous of the Roman roads. Q. Fabium Maximum : the son of the general mentioned, § 8. 23. § 11. Tarentinis : one of sev- eral rich and powerful cities founded by the Greeks in southern Italy, a region often called Magna Graecia. originem trahgbat : royal families commonly claimed descent from mythi- cal heroes or from the gods. incognitos expaverunt: contact with the Carthaginians (cf. Ill, 8) and eastern nations made these ani- mals well known to the Romans. Augustus boasts in an inscription that 3600 were killed in the arena in his reign. iacere : the subject is quos : verbs of perception (seeing, etc.) may also take the present participle. sibi . . . contigissent : ' had fallen to his lot. ' 24. § 12. dSredimendiscaptivis: 'concerning the ransom of the cap- tives ' ; cf . I, 12, ad iniuriam vindi- candam. voluerit: for tense, cf. hahuerit, I, 11. contemptusque : que or et is used (often after a negative) where the adversative conjunction seems more appropriate in English. Cf. neque occisus (es^),VII,3 ; monuitquey Nepos, Them. 8. For Fabricius, see Gellius I, 14. ita ut : 'on condition that.' § 13. veterem statum : cf . Bo- mannm esse, II, 25 ; Gellius VI, 18. binonim : ' two apiece ' ; cf . quinos, 1,2. 25. § 14- occisurum: verbs of promising regularly take the future infinitive. Cf . I, 16 ; but also Caesar IV, 21. For this anecdote, cf. Gellius III, 8. SI . . . aliquid : ' if something ' ; probably used for the less emphatic si quid. a Tarento : cf . Nepos, Hannibal 2, projiciscens Carthagine ; which is ac- cording to the rule ? occTsus est : for full account, cf . Plutarch, Pyrrhus. He was a formid- able enemy, but the feeling of the Romans toward him was in curious contrast to their hatred of Hannibal. § 18. anno : sc. ah urbe condita. extra Italiam : the Roman power was now dominant throughout the peninsula ; the valley of the Po, how- ever, was still reckoned a part of Gaul. capita : lit. ' heads ' ; civium capitaj a technical term, may be translated 'persons,' 'souls.' Men in full citi- zenship are meant, whether they lived in Rome or not. Cf. I, 7, qui in agris erant. See Census in Diet, of Antiq. contra Afros: i.e. Carthaginians. Cf. Africa in Vocab. Carthage had long been an ally of Rome, but the growing commerce of the latter made their interests hostile, and at length brought on the conflict known as the Punic Wars. See Carthage and the Carthaginians, by R. Bosworth-Smith (Longmans). rege Siciliae : i.e. of Syracuse and its dependencies. Carthage had exten- sive possessions in the western part of the island. Cf. Nepos, Hamilcar 1. 26. §21. primam Clypeam : 'the first (city was) Clypea.' Pages 26-28.] EUTROPIUS. 175 in deditionem . . . accgpenint: ' accepted the surrender of.' decern et octo : generally dnode- viginti, sometimes octodecim. Regulus mansit : cf. Gellius VII, 3. in fidem accepit : ' took under his protection,' a euphemism common in Caesar. a Lacedaemoniis : the Spartans were famous for their military quali- ties. In much the same way Syracuse was delivered from the Athenians b.c. 412. § 25. haec mala : Paulus and Me- tellus had defeated the Carthaginians after the capture of Kegulus. ilia die : in the singular the gender is 'common.' Cf. illo die, VI, 20. Romanum esse desiisse : 'had ceased to be a Roman.' By Roman law a citizen captured in war (and thereby made a slave) lost all his civil rights (status) at Rome. Theoreti- cally (cf. uxorem a complexity even his marriage was dissolved. Cf. Caput in Diet, of Antiq. ; Gellius VI, 18, and note on postliminium. For a special arrangement concerning returned cap- tives, cf. II, 13. et senem : ' an old man too. ' Cf . et Faliscos, I, 20. 27. capti fuerant: since explana- tions about past events are apt to use the pluperfect tense (cf. Nepos, Them. 5, quern fecerat) , there is apparently a mechanical tendency in Eutropius to leave that tense unassimilated in clauses depending on an infinitive or subjunctive. Cf. V, 5. nullus admisit : ' did not admit (to the senate),' i.e. would not listen to them. A. & W. LAT. R. — 12 offerentibusque . . . ut: the im- plied notion of persuasion causes the subjunctive instead of the regular infinitive. negavit . . . mSnsurum : ' said that he would not remain ' ; in such cases the quoting verb in Latin has the negative. Cf. Nepos, Them. 6, ne- garent oportere. Distinguish between negavit (= dixit . . . non), and non dixit. § 27. nSvem . . . ascendit: cf. Nepos, Them. 8, in navem escendit ; Hannibal 7, navem ascendit. The usual verb is conscendere. Caesar IV, 23. tenebant : ' were (still) holding.' Cf. servieratj § 25, and notice mode of tenerentur below. ut redirent : iubeo is regularly fol- lowed by a pass, infin. (dari), but ** it takes ut when it is applied to decrees of the senate." Book IIL 28. § 7. nSvibus : dat. of disad- vantage; 'committing piracy on the ships.' Hannibalem : for his life, see Nepos XXIII, p. 58. For the use of per, cf. 1,6. CL milium: sc. militum; gen. of measure. For the disposition of these armies, see Nepos, Hannibal 3. admittere : cf . nullus admisit, II, 25. diira responsa : cf. Gellius X, 27. § 8. Gracchus : a mistake ; see Vocab. Lo7igus, and Nepos, Hannibal 4. § 9. P. Cornelius Scipio ; father of Africanus ; killed with his brother in Spain ; cf. § 15. 176 NOTES. [Pages 29-32. 29. et ipse : cf . I, 20. multi . . . dediderunt : Hannibal's hope was to destroy Rome by encourag- ing the subject peoples in Italy to revolt. Flaminiiim interemit: at the fa- mous battle of Lake Trasimenus. Cf . Cic. I)e Nat. Deor. II, 3. differendo : lit. ' by postponing,' i.e. by avoiding a pitched battle. From his ' Fabian policy ' he was called Cuncta- tor, and he was credited with the salva- tion of the Roman state. § 10. abiens : '• retiring ' ; he had been dictator, the last holder of the ofidce for more than a century. monuit . . . ut : with the infinitive moneo is a verb of saying ('warn that ') ; with the (regular) subjunctive it means * warn to.' The two are min- gled here ; the advice is more promi- nent than the prediction, non belongs to aliter. callidum : ' skillful ' ; cf . Nepos' judgment, Hannibal 1. calidum^ 'fiery,' would agree better with the other adjective. accept!: 'handled,' an ironical sense of received^ entertained. nobiles viri: descendants of men who had held certain high offices, which, in the later days, it was diffi- cult to obtain without wealth. Dis- tinguish them from patricians. § 11. multae . . . civitates : cf . § 9. Chiefly the Samnites, and other south Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and "not one Roman citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal" (Mommsen). obtulit ut : cf . II, 25. Snulorum : on the custom of wear- ing rings, cf. Gellius X, 10. 30. § 15. duobus Scipionibus: the father and the uncle of Africanus. P. Cornelio {Scipioni), § 7, was their cousin. fere primus : for the regard in which he was held, cf . § 20, and Gellius IV, 18. Carthaginem Hispaniae : called Carthago Nova. parentibus : cf . I, 8. § 18. desperans : ' giving up the hope.' apud Senam: one of the critical battles of the world's history. The elder Cato rendered good service here ; cf. Nepos, Cato 1. 31. § 21. Ms condicionibus : abl. of specification (respect) ; the sub- junctives are final. pondo : * by weight ' ; sc. lihrarunij cf. Gellius VI, 18. The terms were not accepted, and peace was not de- clared until the year 201 b.c. ; cf. Ne- pos, Hannibal 6-7. Book IV. § 10. Scipi5 : the son of Aemilius Paulus, but adopted into the Scipio family. 32. HHius : objective genitive. per eum : cf. I, 6. committere : sc. pug nam or proe- lium ; the omission is a rare and late usage. § 11. per idem tempus : an equiv- alent for the abl. of time within which; contrast it with per annos, below. § 12. iuvenis: for meaning, cf. Gel- lius X, 28 ; for legal age of consul, cf. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven. Pages 32-35.] EUTROPIUS. 177 septingentesimo : traditions agreed in making Carthage older than Rome, but there was a wide diversity in the dates assigned. Book V. § 4. urbis conditae : cf . I, 16, 18 ; for a similar use of tlie gen., cf. the common phrase Anno Domini. C. Marius : for the story of his re- markable career, cf. Plutarch, Marius, Sulla. Achaiam : the Roman province in- cluded the states of Greece south of Thessaly. Cf. Rom. xv. 26, 'them of Macedonia and Achaia.' belli socialis : the Social War, B.C. 90-88, was the last effort of the Samnites and other subject races in Italy to assert their indepen- dence. 33. adfectavit ut : the infinitive is commonly used with this verb. §5. Ponti rex: Pontus, south of the Black Sea, was his ancestral king- dom, but he extended his dominions widely. He is said to have been able to transact business in their own lan- guages with twenty-five peoples. mandavit : equivalent to a verb of saying. responsum est . . . quod : the use of quod is late. For the usual con- struction, cf. Ill, 11 ; for an added notion of advising, cf. respondU ut, Nepos, Them. 2. litteras misit ut : * gave order by letters ' ; cf . scribentem ut, Nepos, Arist. 1. cives Romanos : 80,000 are said to have perished Book VI. § 12. dum . . . geruntur : cf . Nepos, Hannibal 2, dum conjiciebatur. piratae : a Greek word. Cf . mari- timos praedones, Nepos, Them. 2. tuta non esset : for this extraordi- nary state of affairs, cf. Plutarch, Cae- sar, Pompey ; Cicero, Leg. Manil. 12. bellum : known as the Third Mithri- datic War ; it had been carried on for some eight years by Lucullus. 34. Phamacis : limits milites. He had conspired against M., and his ac- complices had been put to death (i7i suos saeviret). Bospomm : the kingdom north of the Black Sea. annis quadraginta : it was not more than twenty-five. §15. Catilina: cf. Sallust's Cati- line, and Cicero's famous orations. For a departure from the traditional view, see Beesley's Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. strangulati : for another method of public execution, cf. Livy V, 47. §16. pompa triumphi : 'triumphal procession.' Cf. I, 6. 35. § 17. imperavit : ' was em- peror ' ; a late use. decreta : for num. and gen., see 439 : 187, a, 1 : 285-6. Helvetios . . . Sequani : quite dis- tinct in Caesar's time. See Vocab. Under late emperors they were in- cluded in one province. Britannis : cf. pp. 91-110. quadringenties : sc. centena milia sestertium. Cf. Vocab. sestertius, stipendiarids : ' ' the Britons suf- fered more than the Romans gained, 178 XOTES. [Pages 35-38. for there was nothing worth taking from a people who were so poor and lived in so much wretchedness " (Plutarch, Caesar). .German5s : Caesar made two expe- ditions across the Ehine (b.c. 65, 53), but fought no battles there. He in- flicted some terrible defeats on Ger- mans who had crossed into Gaul. § 19. fortuna mutata est: i.e. from the republic to the empire. ita, ut : ' with such effect that ' ; I.e. by bribery, it is charged. ab Arimino : for the prep., cf. II, 14. " For a proconsul to pass beyond the boundary of his province was high treason to the state, and the boundary here was the little river Rubicon. The moment of crossing was therefore the turning point of his life" (Warde- Fowler) . Cf . also Plutarch, Caesar 29. 36. § 20. dictatorem : with the exception of Sulla there had been no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War. Primo proelio : at Dyrrachium in Illyria. scire vincere : ' know (how) to conquer.' illo tantum di§ : i.e. "that was the only day when Pompey had a chance " (Greenough). Possibly, 'that was the only chance he need have had.' Palaeopharsalum : usually known as the battle of Pharsalus (the town) or Pharsalia (the district). § 21. arege : Ptolemy : while nomi- nally independent, Egypt was ' occu- pied' by the Romans. It was made a province by Augustus ; cf. VII, 7. Quo conspecto : ' and when C. had seen it. ' tanti viri: modern critics are not inclined to rate Pompey as high as his contemporaries did. Cf. Cicero, Leg. Manil. generi: when the first triumvirate was formed b.c. 60, Pompey married Julia, the only child of Caesar. 37. § 22. Cleopatrae : the famous queen whose fate is the subject of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopa- tra. Pompeio in auxilium: the con- struction with two datives is more common. vicit acie : cf . Plutarch, Caesar : "In the account which he gave . . . he made use of these words only : veni, vidi, vici. Their having all the same form and termination in the Roman language adds grace to their concise- ness." § 23. tertio : even Cicero was in doubt whether to use tei^tio or tertium, and advised Pompey to abbreviate it TER. ante annum : 7iot ace. of duration ; for another phrase, cf. ante XII annis^ VII, 8 ; see also post annum ^ § 24. hie etiam : i.e. as well as Caesar. Cf. generi, § 21. victor fuit : at the battle of Thapsus. Cato : see Plutarch, Cato the Younger ; Addison's Cato, a Tragedy. 38. §25. insolentius: for the com- parative, 444, 1 : 93, a : 297, 2. Note the etymology of the word. It was the unconstitutionality of his acts that made them offensive. "Never in any civil war has victory been used with such clemency, or enormous strength wielded so gently" (Warde-Fowler). honores: 'offices.' Pages 39-42.] EUTROPIUS. 179 39. tyrannica: 'like a usurper.' Tyrannus was the Greek word for a ruler who had set aside the con- stitution. The meaning ' tyrannical ' was not necessarily attached to it at first. senatus die: 'on the day of the senate ' ; i.e. when it assembled. It was the Ides of March. curiam: the regular senate house was on the north of the Forum. The senate frequently convened in tem- ples elsewhere, and on this occasion assembled in a curia which Pompey had attached to his theater in the Campus Martins. Book VII. § 1. Caesaris nepos : the grand- son of Caesar's sister. nomen . . . iusserat: cf. fuerat adoptatus, § 2. See Vocab. Caesar and Augustus. rerum potitus : a common phrase. Cf . Alexandrea potitus, VI, 22. morerentur: they were wounded in battle, but their death was so favor- able to Augustus' interests that he was accused of murdering them. 40. § 2. pacem fecit: the second triumvirate, an agreement to share the power of the state among them. vicesimo anno : cf. II, 6. Senatum prosciipsit: 300 sena- tors and 2000 knights were included in the proscription or list of enemies to be killed. armis tenere : no new office of em- peror was created for Augustus, as for Napoleon. Augustus had tribunitial power (cf. I, 13); he was princeps senatus, chief of the senate ; after b.c. 13 he became pontifex maximus. But his real power came from the imperium or military command, given him for life ; hence the old title imperator acquired a new sense in the case of himself and his successors. Theoreti- cally Augustus was only the ' leading citizen,' practically he was an autocrat. § 3. neque occisus : cf. note on coutemptusque, II, 12. § 6. PompSius : Sextus ; he es- caped from Spain (VI, 24), collected a fleet, and made himself master of the Mediterranean. 41. pro victo: 'for conquered,' ' as good as conquered. ' § 7. dum . . . optat : = optans, ' be- cause she hoped. ' Cf . note on oppug- nans, 1, 8. Augustus and Antony would doubtless have quarreled without Cleo- patra's influence. ex qua : what is the gender of Epirus ? § 8. bellis . . . confectis : cf. Livy 1,19. annis : abl. of measure ; or cf. I, 8. principatus : ' leadership ' ; after- wards the ' sovereignty ' of the em- perors. , morte communi : ' a natural death.' Cf. I, 3, 11. ex maxima parte : ' in veiy many respects.' civilissime: 'in a manner becom- ing a citizen.' Cf. VII, 2 ; I, 9. aequaret fastigio: sc. eos ; cum with the abl. is also used, instead of the dative. 42. § 10. quas . . . nominarent : qiias = ut eas ; the compliment was in the name. 180 NOTES. [Page 42. Tiberio : the son of Livia, Augus- tus' wife, by her first husband Ti. Claudius Nero. In 11 b.c. he married Julia, the daughter of Augustus and the widow of Agrippa. On the death of C. and L. Caesar, the sons of Agrippa, Tiberius was adopted as the successor of Augustus. NEPOS. Cornelius Nepos (his praenomen is unknown) was born about 100 b.c. in Cisalpine Gaul. The little village of Ostiglia, near Mantua, long claimed the honor of being his birthplace, and in 1868 a statue was erected there to his memory. It has been shown, however, by a modern scholar that in all proba- bility Pavia (ancient Ticinum) was the scene of his birth. Nepos was educated in Rome, where he passed the greater part of his life in literary pursuits. Of its details we are not informed. He was an intimate friend of Cicero, Catullus, Atticus, and other literary men of the period, but apparently made no effort to enter the troubled political life of his day, and held no office, either civil or military. He died about 24 b.c. His fame as an author rested upon his historical works, of which he produced a not inconsiderable number. The first, apparently, and the one mentioned in the dedicatory poem of Catullus, was an outline of universal history, under the title Chronica ; it is quoted by Gellius and other later writers. A second work, also quoted by Gellius, was entitled Exempla^ and is thought to have been a 'history of morals,' illustrated by anecdotes from the lives of famous men. Nepos also wrote a biography of his friend Cicero, and, at the request of Atticus, a life of the elder Cato. Of all these works only the merest frag- ments now survive. There is extant only a portion of his last and longest work, which seems to have been entitled De Viris Inliistribus. In this he treated briefly of the lives of famous men, not merely of Rome, but also of Greece and other foreign nations. These biographies were arranged in classes, and in each class the kings, generals, historians, or grammarians of Rome were intended to contrast with those of foreign nations, though no formal comparison was added, as in the case of Plutarch's famous Lives. Of the sixteen books of this work we possess what is thought to be the third, De Excellentihus Ducihus Exterarum Gentium, from which most of the following selections have been made, and two biographies from the twelfth, De Historicis Latinis. The inaccuracies which are to be found in the work of Nepos may be ex- plained partly by the difficulty of compiling such a work at that age, and partly by the haste with which it was composed. The historian has the great merit of impartiality, and usually does full justice to his subject, of whatever party or Pages 43, 44.] NEPOS. 181 nation. Noticeable, too, is his desire to make his work morally profitable to his countrymen by holding up to admiration the noble deeds and sentiments of those whose history he is narrating. The style of Nepos is usually clear and simple, though sometimes marred by archaisms and inaccuracies. The popular interest m the subject matter of Nepos has led to a great number of editions of his work. For some time after the revival of learning the parts now extant were mistakenly credited to Aemilius Probus. The edition of Lambinus in 1569 was the first to ascribe them to Nepos. Of modern editions may be mentioned those of Nipperdey (a revision for school use by Lupus) and Siebelis, both with German notes ; there is an English edition by Browning and Inge (Clarendon Press, 1888), and an American edition by Lindsay (Ameri- can Book Co.). A special (German) lexicon to Nepos, by A. Haacke, may also be mentioned. DE VIRIS INLUSTRIBUS. MiLTIADES. 43. § 4. DarSus : Darius had made an expedition against the Scythians beyond the Danube about 508 b.c. causam interserens: more com- monly intei-ponens, as in Them. 7. Sardis: ace. plur. The lonians with the help of the Athenians and Eretrians captured and burned the city 499 B.C. oppido: Athens. Cf. the use of astu, Them. 4. 44. hemerodromoe : a Greek word from two words meaning 'day' and * course.' For this incident see Brown- ing's Pheidippides. creant: historical present; notice tense of the dependent verb. decern praetdres : ' ten generals ' ; they were elected each year at Athens. primd tempore : * on the first occa- sion,' ' as soon as possible.' eonim virtute : sua would be more in accord with good usage. dSsperari: like audei% dimicari, impersonal. § 5. PlataeSnses: the Latin often speaks of the inhabitants of a town or country where the English pre- fers the town or country name. In the next sentence ea is used (i.e. ea civitas) as though Plataea had pre- ceded. mille : seldom used as a noun ; milia is regularly a noun. Quo factum est ut : ' wherefore it came to pass that,' a frequent formula in Nepos. See Them. 1, 3, 6 ; Arist. 3. Quo is abl. of cause or means ; valeret is sub. of result in a substantive clause. acie . . . instructa: 'having drawn up their forces.' Notice the artificial arrangement of nouns and adjec- tives. non aequum : ' disadvantageous ' : a predicate adjective to locum. e5que magis, quod : ' and the more because ' ; eo is abl. to denote degree of difference, or cause. 182 NOTES. [Pages 45-48. Themistocles. 45. § !• anteferStur: notice the tense, a common and natural exception to the rule of sequence. est ordiendum : impersonal : * one should begin,' or use the editorial * we.' probatus : here an adj. ' satisfac- tory,' governing the dative. amicis famaeque : political friends and reputation are meant. xnaior: 'of greater importance,' i.e. than ordinary. The English is content with the positive. See note on insolentius^ Eutrop. VI, 25. opus : here the thing needed, quae^ is in the nom. as the subject of erant ; for another construction see Milt. 4. excogitandis : sc. in rebus, § 2. bello Corcyraeo: Neposisin error regarding this war and the war with the pirates. See Plutarch, The- mistocles. 46. e^ metallis redibat : ' accrued from the mines ' ; silver mines on the promontory of Sunium, the southern extremity of Attica. They were worked by gangs of slaves, and the revenue, it is said, was distributed among the citizens. cum . . . turn : * not only ' . . . 'but also.' Nam cum XerxSs: the principal verb is miserunt ; the words from huius enim to fuerunt are parentheti- cal, and a new dependent clause begins with cuius de adventu. septingenta : sc. milia. Herodotus gives the number as 1,700,000. The total number of persons in the expedi- ; tions is estimated to have been more than five million. respondit ut: just as a verb of warning may take the inf. when it is considered a verb of saying, so the re- verse may take place. See notes on Eutrop. II, 25 ; III, 10 ; and compare persuasit with infin. below. id responsum : this episode is told at length by Herodotus VII, 140 foil. quo valeret : the subject is respon- sum ; quo is an adverb of place : ' in which direction it had force,' i.e. to what it tended, what it meant. persuasit : regularly is followed by an lit clause. Why is the infinitive used here ? Cf. respondit above. 47. arcem: the famous Acropolis. See cut on p. 46, which shows it as adorned toward the end of the fifth century. § 3. non paterentur : subj. in a relative clause of purpose. The nega- tive and the verb are closely united ; ' to prevent. ' Hence the use of que . . . non instead of neve. Cf. use of neque . . . parcerenty § 6. edque : for the adversative force of que see Eutrop. II, 12. pariproelio: 'drawn battle.' The subject of the following verbs is, of course, the Greeks. 48. § 4- accessit astu : the verb is not used with the ace. without a preposition in the most careful writers. Cf. ad ephoros accessit, § 7. Possibly astu is felt as ace. of end of motion ; cf. Alcibiades 6, astu venit, and see below domos suas, ' to their homes ' ; also Africam accessit^ Hannibal 8. aiebat : notice the tense of this and the following verbs. Universos and Pages 48-52.] NEPOS. 183 disperses are contrasted; they agree with the subjects (eos) of esse and perituros (esse). Burybiadi, regl: he was general, but not 'king.' Tlie Spartans had the leadership (hegemony) of Greece at this period. Cf . Arist. 2. vellet : subj. by attraction. de servis suis : abl. instead of the part. gen. Cf. proximiis de iis, § 9. Translate 'the most faithful servant that he had.' He was a Persian cap- tive named Sicinnus. suis verbis : ' in his (Themistocles) words,' 'from him.' confectunun . . . oppressurum : the subject eum (Xerxes) would be expressed by a more careful writer. 49. § 5. male rem gesserat : 'had suffered a reverse.' eodem: Themistocles. gradu dSpulsus : ' he was forced from his position.' A gradus in the language of the arena is the position taken by a fighter. Cf. manus dedis- senty Hamilcar I. id agi ut : 'it was planned to.' The dependent verbs are in the subj. of purpose. For mood of feceraU cf. Eutrop. II, 25. qua . . . eadem : adverbs ; probably via was to be supplied. Literally ' by what (road),' . . . ' by the same (road).' mensibus . . . diebus : abl. of time within which ; minus is not necessarily followed by the abl. 417, n. 2 : 247, c : 296, 4. 50. § 6. triplex . . . portus : there were three basins or harbors surrounded with fortifications and connected by the 'long walls' with Athens about four and a half miles distant. causam qua neg^rent oportSre: ' a reason for saying that no city ought.' For the use of nego, cf. Eutrop. II, 25. Athenienses : the object of prohi- bere, which regularly takes the infin. (sometimes ne with subj.). The parti- ciple here denotes that the action had already begun. 51. principStu : ' leadership ' ; see note on Euryhiadi, § 4, and Aristides, §2. sibi : dat. of possess, with fore { = futurum esse), of which certamen is the subject. neque ullo loco : dat., obj. of parce- rent. Neque is used instead of neve (neu) . Cf . neu perturbarentur, Caesar II, 21, and non paterentur, § 3. § 7. ephor5s : the magistratus above. They were a board of five men who had full power over all other officers of the state. illos : the ephors. quibus fides habgrStur : ' in whom they had confidence,' a clause of char- acteristic. gestus est ei mos : ' his suggestion was followed' ; the expression often means to humor, gratify one^s whim. 52. ut ne : is found frequently in- stead of ne ; the negative force is felt especially with prius. quo : — uteo ; it is little used except to introduce a clause of purpose con- taining a comparative. Cf . quo maiore, § 8 ; quo facilius, Caesar II, 17. in eo : 'in doing so.' eo like qtiod above refers to the clause Athenienses . . . saepsisse. oppositum: takes its gender from propugnaculum. 184 NOTES. [Pages 52-55. fecisse : why not subj. ? 524, I, 1 . 336, 2, c: 635. qui . . . intuerentur : a causal rela- tive. § 8. testulanim suff ragiis : * ostra- cism' (see Webster's Diet.). Argos habitatum : the ace. supine with an object is not very common. Cf. Hannibal 6, patriam defensum; Livy II, 10, alienum oppiignatum. proditionis: for gen., see 409, II: 220: 378. Corcyram : the names of small islands are used like names of towns. Cf. Kaxum, below. se . . . iis : strictly speaking we should have eum and sibi, but the pro- nouns are selected not with reference to the subject of ti7nere, but of ani- madvertisset. hospitium : distinguish between this word and amicitia. Nepos is mistaken in the fact, according to Thucydides. in praesentia : adv. * for a time ' ; also explained as neut. plur. Cf . im- praesentiarum, Hannibal 6. receptum: part, agreeing with se ; translate by a verb co-ordinate with tueretur. 53. ill fidem : ' under his protec- tion.' tuto : adv. ' safely.' Cf . m tuto, § 9. esset praesidii: the subj. repre- sents th-s thought of Admetus ; prae- sidii is the part. gen. with qitod. escendit : see note on Eutrop. II, 27. gratiam rettulit : 'requite.' Cf. gratias agerenty Hannibal 7, ' express thanks.' § 9. proximus de iis : cf. centum ex senioribus, Eutrop. I, 2 ; for date of Thucydides, see Vocab. veni : epistolary tense, 472, 1 : 282 : 252. omnium Graidrum : join with qui. quam diu : ' as long as.' idem : agrees with the subject of feci ; for meaning, see p. 16, footnote 3. ipse : sc. esse coepi. 54. quas : object of conloqui, which, however, seldom has any object except a neuter pronoun ; de quibus would be more nearly correct. § 10. eruditus est : for se erudivit. verba fecisse : ' to have made a speech.' illud : often used to point out a quotation either direct or indirect. ilium : the king. muneribus donatus : cf . urbem ei donarat below ; for the constructions possible with dono, see note 3, p. 62. panem praeberet : it was the cus- tom of oriental rulers thus to assign the revenues from certain districts to members of their families or court. Thus the Ten Thousand Greeks (Anab. I, 4, 9) find certain villages given to the Persian queen 'for her girdle.' Cf. our 'pin-money.' est sepultus : ^ was buried.' neque negat : ' but he admits ' ; see note on non comparuisset, Eutrop. I, 2 ; for the adversative sense of -que, cf. Eutrop. II, 12. ossa . ^ . sepulta : sc. esse ; the clause is the object of prodidit. Aristides. 55. § 1. Themistocli : dat. or gen. with aequalis: 391, II, 4 : 234, d: 359, K. 1. inter se: cf. Eutrop. 1, 10, in vicem se. Pages 55-59.] NEPOS. 185 antistaret : although a general truth, notice that it follows the rule for sequence of tenses. quern quidem nos: 'of whom at least we ' ; de quo might have been expected. testula ilia : ' the famous vote,' Le. method of voting ; see note on testula- rum suffragiis, Them. 8. ezsilio : ablative of price ; regularly used with multo. Cf. Eutrop. II, 8, capitis damnatus^ and footnote. scribentem ut: cf. Eutrop. V, 5, litteras misit ut. These verbs regularly take the infin. ; but when the notion of commanding, urging, etc., is promi- nent, they are followed by the subj. Cf. respondit itt, Them. 2. § 2. liberaretur : i.e. before the vote to recall him was passed. He joined the Athenians the night before the battle. praetor: see on decern praetores^ Milt. 4. huius in re militari : ' in his mili- tary career.' inlustre factum: 'famous deed,' Translate quam, 'except.' quod . . . factum est : ' that it was brought about.' For this use of quod^ 540, IV : 333 : 524. The clause ut . . . transferretur depends upon factum est. 56. summa imperil maritimi : this occurred at Byzantium, b.c. 477. The alliance referred to below was known as the Confederacy of Delos. See Plutarch, Aristides. Hamilcar. § 1. male res gererentur: see Them. 5, male rem gesserat. saepeque e contrario : ' but often on the other hand.' For force of gwe, cf. Eutrop. II, 12. a C. Lutatio : sc. Catulo ; for de- tails, see Eutrop. II, 27. sed ita : refers to pad serviundum putavit. donicum: an archaic word; 'till that.' manus dedissent : to raise the hand (manum tollere) was in athletic con- tests a signal of defeat. Cf. Them. 5, gradu depulsus. negaret . . . compositurum : sc. se ; cf . Them. 4, oppressurum ; for nega- ret, cf. Eutrop. II, 25. 57. § 2. se habentem cognovit • ' found that it was.'' Cf. Caesar II, 19, aliter se habebat. The participle (in- step of infinitive) emphasizes the actuality. eo compulit: 'brought them to such a pass ' ; eo is an adv. niillum . . . bellum: an exagger- ated way of speaking ; cf . the same expression in § 1. § 3. imperator : ' as commander.' ^ Hannibal. 58. § 1- verum est . . . ut : the inf. usually follows verum est. cum eo : i.e. populus Bomanus. Quod : ace. of specification, * in re- gard to which.' Translate ' if then, he had not.' 59. qui . . . destiterit : ' since he ' ; a rel. causal giving the reason for the preceding statement. § 2. cmn . . . venissent . . . fe- cissent . . . comperisset : are co- ordinate ; the principal verb is adiit. 186 NOTES. [Pages 59-65. lovi optimo maximo: Hamilcar, of course, sacrificed to a Phoenician god, probably Baal. Optimus maxi- mus are very frequently joined thus in dedications and inscriptions. Cf. Cic. De Nat. Deorum, III, 10; Gellius IV, 18. dum coniiciebatur : cf. Eutrop. VI, 12, dum haec geruntur. dederis : note tense ; ' will have given.' The Latin is often more accu- rate than the English in sequence of future tenses. Cf. feceris, celaris, posueris below. iurare . . . fore : verbs of swearing like verbs of promising (Eutrop. 1, 16) take the fut. inf. of ind. disc. 60. § 3. imperatore: pred. abl., ' having been elected commander.' minor . . . annis . . . natus : usu- ally annos in spite of the rule. foederatam : i.e, with the Romans. itinera muniit: 'built roads,' the usual expression. 61. § ^- Homam prof ectus est : in 211 B.C., Hannibal appeared before the gates of Rome. Nepos confuses events in this chapter. dedit verba : a colloquialism ; * fooled,' i.e. gave words merely. obducta nocte : ' in the darkness of night' ; sc. caelo. iterum . . . quinquies: a mistake in each instance ; bis . . . quintum would be correct. 62. § 6. patriam defensum : the supine in -um rarely has an object. Cf. Eutrop. VII, 3, ad defendendam Italiam. impraesentianim : = in praesentia rerum, a colloquial adverb. Cf. in praesentia, Them. 8. milia passuum trecenta : the real distance was about half as great. § 7. ad . . . consules : ' until the consulship of. ' The persons were lost sight of : his magistratibus means prac- tically ' in this year.' So Eutropius uses quibus (sc. consulibus) in the sense of ' when. ' gratias agerent : cf . Them. 8, gra- tiam rettulit. corona aurea : see Gellius V, 6. non remissuros : should subject se {Bomanos) be expressed? 63. senatus daretur : ' a hearing was given.' § 8. interfectum eum scriptum : sc. esse with interfectum, of which eum is the subject, scriptum is the object of reliquerunt, *have left a written account that.' Cf . • Gellius VII, 3. 64. propius Tiber! : usually ace. Thermopylis ; loc. abl. Antiochus was defeated here, 191 b.c. For an anecdote of this king, see Gellius V, 5. quo : sc. proelio. § 9. sui fecisset potestatem : ' ex- posed himself.' Cf. the English col- loquialism 'had given a chance at him (self).' avaritiam Crgtgnsium: "Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, idle glut- tons."— Titus I, 12. summas: adj.; * the tops.' The i ablatives, like omni sua pecunia below, are abl. of means. in templ5 : temples were very com- monly used as treasuries and banks by the Greeks and Romans. domi : in what case ? 65. § 10- talem iniit rationem : cf. capit tale consilium, § 9. Pages 65-68.] NEPOS. 187 erant decreturi : ' were to fight ' ; the future looked at from the past. tantum satis habeant: 'should consider (hold) it sufficient ' ; tantum belongs with defender e. consecuturos : sc. esse, depending upon the idea of saying in praecepit ; so ?i\^o facturum below. veheretur: subj. in an ind. quest. The passive of veho is regularly used to mean sail^ ride. § 11. dubitabat quin: cf. § 2, foot-note 2 ; note the difference be- tween diibito here and below, commit- ter e non dubitavit. ad inridendum eum pertinerent : ' served to ridicule him.' 66. praesidia ; cf. castra nautica^ below. quae iacta: translate by a verbal noun. Why was not the abl. abs. used? puppes vertenint: of troops on land terga vertere is used. Cf. Caesar lY, 25. castra nautica : ships drawn up on shore, and protected by palisades : cf. Caesar V, 11, castra naval ia. pedestribus copiis : equivalent to tara, in contrast with the naval battle just described. § 12. Patres conscripti : the term used in addressing the senate. sibique dederet: ut is to be sup- plied from the preceding ne. Sihi and suum refer to patres^ secum to rege. illud recusavit ne : ' this he urged against them that they should not,' etc. For the following subj., see 505, II, 1: 331, e, 2: 548. inventuros : sc. esse, depends on the idea of saying in recusavit. 67. usu veniret: 'really come to pass.' usu is explained as an older form of the dative (iisui) of purpose. puer: the common word for slave regardless of age. Cf. slave name Marcipor^ i.e. Marci jp?«er,.and former use of ' boy ' in slave-holding states. sSnsit . . . sS : sc. Hannibal. Cato. § 1. municipio : ' country town ' ; its inhabitants were Boman citizens, but could not vote or hold office at Rome. Hence Cato's removal. in foro : to take part in legal and political business, most of which was transacted in or near the forum. stipendium meruit: for meaning, cf. Eutrop. I, 18, stipendiis wMita- rat. decern septemque for beginning service, seldom united by que. tribunus militiun Eutrop. I, 13. castra secutus : ' took the field with ' ; cf. Hannibal 2, in castra pro- ficisci. quaestor obtigit: 'assigned (by lot) as paymaster.' pro sortis necessitudine : ' in ac- cordance with the close relation of the office.' Cicero says that the consul should be in the place of a father to his quaestor. For Cato and Scipio, see further Gellius IV, 18. 68. § 2. neque . . . potuit : 'but could not.' principatum : he was jmnceps sena- tus, and the most influential man in the state. the usual time Numerals are see note on 188 JSrOTES. [Pages 68-72. turn non potenti^: Nepos is con- trasting Gato's age with his own. censor : he was surnamed Censori- niis from the old-fashioned vigor with which he administered that office. Note the regular series of offices through which he passed, the so-called ciirsus honorum. in edictum: the censor published at the beginning of his term the prin- ciples by which he would be guided in his action. A multis temptatus : Plutarch in his biography of Cato says that he was ' impeached ' nearly fifty times. § 3. agricola sellers: the only surviving work of Cato is the treatise De Re Bustica. Cf. the discourse put into his mouth by Cicero, De Senectute, §§51-54. probabilis orator : he left many speeches, but Cicero asks, ' Who reads Cato now ? ' See Gellius I, 23. senior : he began to learn Greek at eighty, according to the common story. 69. Origines: only fragments of this work are now extant. diripuit Lusitands : after their sur- render he massacred many and sold the rest. separatim : the book referred to is lost ; the biography here is only a part of the chapter De Latinis Historicis. studios5s : ' those especially inter- ested in.' Atticus. § 1. ab origine ultima : * from the remotest origin ' ; the Pomponian gens claimed descent from Pompo, a son of King Numa. perpetuo obtinuit: 'kept to the last.' Like Maecenas, the friend of Horace, he did not care for a higher rank. patre usus est : translate * he had.' Cf. § 5, utehatur Q. Hortensio. quibus . . . impertiri : cf . note 3, p. 62. 70. § 5. testamentd adoptavit: cf. the similar case of Augustus, Eutrop. VII, 1. ex dodrante: 'according to the measure of three fourths (of his es- tate).' centies sestertium : sc. centena milia ; about $410,000. § 6. optimarum partium : the con- servatives; for the leaders, see the op- ponents of Caesar, Eutrop. VI, 19, 23. 71. conservatis legibus, etc. : 'without violating the law amid the corruption of such unrestrained in- triguing,' hastam publicam : ' public auc- tion ' ; a spear marked the place of sale. praes . . . manceps: the latter, one who contracts to collect taxes ; the former, his bondsman. Farming the revenue was usually in the hands of the knights. legati locum: rarely held by a knight. § 13. familias: an old gen. form, occurring chiefly in this phrase. neque tamen non : ' and yet.' Pamphilianam : from the name of the builder. usus est familia: cf. notes on §§1, 5. familia^ 'household.' 72. apprime boni : ' excellent ' ; the adv. is archaic and rare. Pages 72-74.] NEPOS. 189 Elegans, non magniiicus : cf. the advice of Polonius in Shakespeare's Hamlet : — " Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, But not expressed in fancy, rich, not gaudy." praeteribo : the object is eum soli- turn (esse), expensmn ferre : ' to debit, charge ' ; a bookkeeping term, op- posed to acceptimi ferre. 73. § 14. vicies . . . centies : cf . § 5. nullam . . . vUlam : his friend Cic- ero, who did not pass for a very w^ealthy man, had several villas in different parts of Italy. reditus : it might have been well to mention that Atticus lent money on usury, copied books at a profit, and dealt in gladiators. § 15. in ea re agi : translate * to be at stake.' 74. §21. tenesmon: "In his time physicians wrote their prescriptions in Greek, as they do now in Latin, and it was customary to speak of ailments and their cure by their Greek names." Cf. also acroama^ ephemeris, anag- nostes. nihil reliqui fecisse : object of satis- fed. Cf. Caes. Ill, 26. §22. temporibus superesse : 'to pass the crisis.' CAESAR. Gaius Julius Caesar, whose family traced its origin back to the Trojan Aeneas, was born July 12, 100 b.c. In the struggle between the senatorial and popular parties, which began during his early years, he identified himself with the democracy by his marriage with Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, at that time the leader of the popular party. By this marriage he incurred the hostility of the dictator Sulla, who ordered him to divorce Cornelia, and Caesar remained away from Rome until Sulla's death in 78 b.c. After some time spent in travel and study he returned to Rome, and was elected successively chief pontiff (Pontifex Maximus), military tribune, and quaestor. His relations with the people's party were made closer by his marriage with Pompeia, cousin of Pom- pey the Great, and he was careful to strengthen his popularity by all possible means. After serving as propraetor in Spain he was made Consul (59 b.c), and formed with Pompey and Crassus the First Triumvirate. His growing power excited the fears of the Senate, and in order that he might be kept away from Rome, the provinces of Gaul and lUyricum were assigned to him for five years. It was in these campaigns that Caesar's generalship and successes gained for him the title of one of the greatest commanders of all ages. Crassus died in battle (53 b.c.) when Caesar's successes in Gaul had excited the jealousy of Pompey, and in 50 b.c. it was proposed in the Senate that Caesar should give up his command, which had meanwhile been extended to ten years. In the fol- lowing year a resolution was passed, making him a public enemy unless he should 1 90 NOTES. [Pages 76, 77. disband his army. This was the beginning of civil war. Caesar advanced to Rome, and by his victory over Pompey at Tharsalia (Aug. 9, 48 b.c.) made him- self master of Rome. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was murdered. Caesar's victory over his enemies, Cato and Scipio, at Thapsus (April 6, 46 b.c), ended the war, and he returned to Rome with supreme power. After quelling an insur- rection excited by the sons of Pompey in Spain, Caesar was free to carry out the work of reform which he had in mind. He corrected the calendar, and made plans for righting abuses in the laws and administration of the State, for adorning the city and extending the empire. These plans, however, he was unable to see completed, although many changes were brought about in a very short time. His career was closed by his assassination in the Senate house on March 15, 44 b.c. Caesar's literary reputation rests chiefly on his Commentaries De Bella Gal- ileo^ the best known and most widely studied military textbook of all ages. In it he set down, in simple language, a straightforward narrative of his campaigns, wonderful in its concise descriptions of regions, peoples, and customs, and in its revelation of the character of the writer, his personal courage, his mastery of tac- tics, his resources in overcoming natural obstacles, his indomitable perseverance. His style in the narrative portions of his works presents few difiiculties. The vocabulary contains only ^'ords in common use, and the constructions call for no special comment, being those common to the best writers of the classical period. There are biographies of Caesar by Froude (N.Y., 1884), Trollope (London, 1870), and Warde-Fowler (Putnams, 1892). His military history may be studied in Colonel Dodge's volume Caesar^ in the Great Captains Series. Of the standard histories, Merivale treats most fully of the life of Caesar, while Napoleon's Caesar is of special interest in connection with the Gallic campaigns. GwizoV^ Popular History of France^ Vol. I., contains an account of Gaul and its inhabitants. Of interest are The Likenesses of Caesar (J. C. Ropes, Scrihnefs, February, 1887) and Warfare and Writing of Caesar {Atlantic, Vol. XLIV.). There are several good American editions of the Gallic War and a Lexicon of Caesar's Latinity by E. G. Sihler (N.Y. 1888). DE BELLO GALLICO Book II. 76. § 15. Eorum : the Ambiani, a tribe mentioned just previously. § 16. eSnim : the Nervii. 77. § 17. eorum diSnim : 'during those days ' ; limits itiyieris. sarcinis: difference between im- pedimenta and sarcina? Adiuvabat : what is the subject ? incisis : ' notched.' Snatis : springing out horizontally {in latitudinem) . 78. § 18. quern locum : notice Pages 77-86.] CAESAR. 191 repetition of antecedent ; cf . quam in partem^ IV, 32, and quibus ex civi- tatihus^ V, 12. "The main line from Paris to Brussels skirts the battle- field as it passes the station of Haut- mont." adversus . . . contrarius : opposite and facing. iniimus: *at the foot'; cf. Nepos, Hannibal 9, summas. § 19. quern ad finem : = ad finem ad qnem. cedentes: sc. hostes. prima : * the first part of.' quod . . . convenerat: what is the construction of the clause ? 79. adverse colle : ' up the hill.' § 20. Caesari . . . agenda : see note 1, p. GT. Note the effect of omit- ting all connectives from this passage. "The struggle that ensued was one of the most terrible that Roman sol- diers ever had to go through." signum : the first signal, to fall in ; the last, to charge. quid fieri oporteret : if the comma is placed after this clause instead of before, what is the construction ? nihil : emphatic for non. 80. § 21. profectus : what is the meaning of profectus f suls : sc. signis. § 22. certa : because the woods hid the enemy's movements. § 23. exanimatos : ' breathless ' ; for another meaning, see VI, 30. ea pars : i.e. sinistra pars aciei. 81. summum locum : not *the high- est point of the camp,' but 'the height occupied by the camp. ' § 24. dizeram : see § 19 ; the plup. is used colloquially for the perfect. clamor . . . fremitus: difference in meaning ? 82. § 25. This long and involved sentence can best be rendered by several co-ordinate sentences in Eng- lish. in angusto : ' in a tight place.' vidit : repeated because of the length of the sentence. ab novissimis uni militi : ' from a soldier in the rear.' For the episode, see Longfellow's Courtship of Miles Standish, II. 83. § 26. nihil . . . fecerunt: = nihil reliquerunt. § 27. inermes : i.e. not regularly equipped. quo : in the sense of ' in order that,' quo without a comparative is rare. Cf. Nepos, Them. 7. The comparative idea may be found in se praeferrent. 84. § 28. dizeramus : cf. dixeram^ §24. misericordia : for a good example of Caesar's * mercy,' see III, 16. Book III. § 8. Huius civitatis: i.e. the Veneti. regioniun earum : the southern coast of Brittany. milgno . . . aperto : hendiadys f or magno impetu aperti maris. ut sunt . . . consilia : does this characterization still hold true ? Cf. IV, 5, on p. 121. 85. § 9- concluso mail : what sea is meant ? 86. ex Britannia : cf. IV, 20. § 10. retentorum : ' done by de- taining. ' A. & W. LAX. R. ■ •13 192 NOTES. [Pages 86-104. consplr^rent : what two reasons for the subjunctive ? § 11. per vim : vi is not often used alone ; of. summa I'l, § 15 ; Gellius V, 6; Nepos, Hannibal 3. 87. § 12. operis : siege works built by the Romans. adaequatis : equaling in height. magnis aestibus: why were they strange to the Romans ? 88. § 13. adigebatur : could be hurled. 89. §14. quid agerent: 'what to do.' 90. § 16. sub corona : i.e. as slaves. Prisoners . were exposed for sale crowned with a garland. Cf. Nepos, Atticus 6, publicum hastam. 91. § 20. subministrata : a mere pretext on Caesar's part. Cf. Ill, 9. Book IV. 92. § 21. dare : = se daturos esse. Cf . facturos poUicerentur^ § 22 and Eutrop. I, 16. magni: cf. Nepos, Cato 1, note 3. § 22. tantularum : diminutives are often contemptuous. Britanniae : ' to the invasion of Britain.' 93. § 23. tempestatem : cf . this meaning with that of § 28. solvit : cf . the fuller forms naves solverunt, § 28, and 7iaves solvit^ § 36. consoendere : cf. Eutrop. II, 27. Britanniam attigit : probably near Dover. ut quae : = * since they.' 94. § 24. egredi: 'from disem- barking ' ; with prohibere the infin. is regular. Cf . V, 9. For another con- struction with verbs of hindering, see note on quominus, § 22. prohibebant : what is the force of the imperf . here ? 95. § 25. qui . . . ferebat: sc. is. § 26. speculatoria navigia: the boats, as well as their sails and rig- ging, and the dress of the sailors, are said to have been of a bluish-green, in order to escape notice. 96. § 27. sine causa : only from the Roman standpoint. § 28. sui : ' to themselves.' § 29. id erat incognitum : why ? 98. § 31- ad eas res . . . usui : cf. § 25, mag no usui nostris. 99. § 33. incitatos : ' at full speed.' brevi : sc. spatio or tempore. § 34. qui: = ei qui, i.e. the Brit- ons. sui liberandi : do these words agree in number ? 100. § 36- ^e aequinoctii : Sept. 24. The stay in Britain lasted about three weeks, and the return to Gaul occurred probably about Sept. 12. 101. § 38- fuerant usT; in the compound passive tenses, fui, fueram, fuero are used for sum, eram, ero, (1) when the tense is emphatic, or (2) when the participle is often used as an adjective. Here ' they had used ' (but did not on this occasion). Book V. 102. § 8- commodi : sc. causa. 104 § 12. mediterr5neis regioni- bus : a mistake, as the principal tin mines were and are in Cornwall. leporem : cf. Levit. 11,6. Pages 104-119.] CAESAR. 193 anserem: cf. Livy V, 47, anseres . . . lunonis. § 13. insula : Caesar's description of Britain in this passage, while in- exact in some features, owing to the sources of his information, is still striking as the first description of an unknown country. It was not until 100 years later that the island was circumnavigated by Romans, and any further information added to the scanty records. appelluntur : not appellare. 105. vergit ad Hispaniam: a crude conception of the fact. noctem : not true of Britain. certis . . . mensuris: for a de- scription of water clocks, see Diet, of Antiq., Clepsydra. Note Caesar's in- terest in scientific details. § 14. Gallica c5nsuetudine : see the description in VI, 11-20. 106. § 16. dispari : * unequal ' = with the advantage on the side of the Britons. equestris . . . inferebat: when both sides used cavalry, the danger was equalized. 110. § 23. deductis: cf. suhduci, §11. § 44. quinam : = uter. 111. inimicus : how different from hostis? from adversarius? Book VI. § 13. aliquo numero : ' of any ac- count.' eadem iura : cf . the powers of the husband in § 19. Druidum : see the article on Druid- ism in the Encycl. Brit. hi : the Druids. eos : the Gauls. 113. § 14- litteris : * characters, alphabet.' animts transire : a widespread belief in both ancient and modern times. See article Metempsychosis in Encycl. Brit. 114. § 17. Mercurium, etc. : the Gallic names of these divinities are in some cases uncertain, the Roman names being applied to those gods who seemed to correspond to the Roman gods. Cf. Cic. De Nat. 25-27. § 18. noctem . . . subsequatur : cf. the Eng. fortnight^ twelfth night, etc., and the Jewish and Puritan Sab- baths beginning at nightfall. 115. § 19- Viri: 'husband.' In Germany and some parts of Great Britain 'man' is still used in this sense. vitae . . . potestatem : the Ro- man paterfamilias had the same powers. in servilem modum: slaves were usually tortured when evidence was desired from them. funera . . . sumptuosa : a custom still maintained by the French and Irish. supra : ' before.' 116. §21. Solem: cf. Cic. De Nat. Deor. 27. 118. § 26. Bos : reindeer or bison. The descriptions in this and the follow- ing chapters are such evident errors and misconceptions that it is sur- prising to meet them in so careful a writer. 119. palmae: usually interpreted ' palm tree ' ; more probably the palm of the hand ; ' like branching hands,' 194 NOTES. [Pages 120-122. Book I. 120. § 48. SI . . . prodeundum : * if there was occasion to advance.' Book IV. 121. § 5. For tliis description, cf. Caesar VI, 20. AULUS GELLIUS. AuLus Gellius, who lived hi the second century a.d., was probably of Roman birth, though nothing is known of his personal life except that he spent a long period at Athens in study. During this time he kept a note-book in which he jotted down anything of interest which was brought to his attention in conversation or in books. From the material thus gathered he afterward compiled his only work, the Nodes Atticae, in twenty books, of which the eighth, except the headings, has been lost. The work is simply a great scrap book of unrelated extracts from Roman and Greek authors, especially archaic writers, with his own comments. Its chief importance is in the light which it throws on questions of grammar, history, and antiquities, and for the numerous quotations from ancient authors whose works have been lost. Gellius was an ardent lover of the archaic writers, and affected archaic constructions and vocabulary. These have recently been treated by Charles Knapp in Classical Studies in Honour of Henry Drisler (Macmillan & Co., 1894). CruttwelPs remarks on Gellius are good. The chief edition *6f the text is that of Hertz (Berlin, 1883-5). A useful selection is that of A. H. Westcott, Fifty Stories from Gellius (Allyn and Bacon, 1894). There is an English translation by Beloe (London, 1799). NOCTES ATTICAE. Book I. 122. § 14- Fabricius : cf . Eutrop. II, 12-14. rebus : * exploits ' ; cf . the meaning in line 3. The uses of res are so vari- ous that great attention is needful in the renderings selected. bene ac benevole : notice the al- literation and the use of two words, which together mean little, if anything, more than either would mean alone. Gellius is extraordinarily fond of such pairs of words ; cf . hospita atque incog- nita, I, 19 ; integrum incolumemque, VI, 18 ; Jluentis Jluctantisque, X, 6 ; and find instances in I, 19 ; I, 23 ; IX, 4 ; X, 10. The fondness for this usage may easily be illustrated from German and English. grandem pecuniam : ' big money.' \ lautum : etymology ? ! Fabricium . . . deduxisse : ind, disc, after dicit above. Pages 122-125.] GELLIUS. 195 defieri : how do compounds of facio form the pres. pass, system ? plants manus: 'flat or outspread hands ' ; cf . the colloquial expression ' the flat of the back. ' 123. § 17. admodiun : etymology and literal meaning ? scatebat : force of the tense ? The figure is that of a spring bubbling over. The verb ordinarily takes the abl. muliebrium : contemptuous; distin- guish between muUer and femina. per . . . perque : such repetitions are frequent in Gellius. Is que regularly appended to a prep. ? quaenam ratio esset cur : = simple cur. illam talem : ' such a shrew as that.'' ezerceor : * I train myself ' ; an ex- ample of the 'middle' force of the passive. cgterorum : how different from alii and alteri ? memoria : ' narrative ' ; cf . memora- tis, I, 14. § 19. Sibyllinis: for an account of the Sibyls, see Guerber's Myths. The Sibylline Books were in the care of special priests (quindecimviri) , and could be consulted only by express command of the Senate. They perished in the destruction of Rome by the Gauls. ecquid : a mere conjunction, * whether.' procul dubio : ab is usually found with procul in classical prose. ibidem: here used of time and strengthened by statim. Cf. the Ger- man use of da for then. id ipsum: i.e. the clause ut . . . curat. 124. ore . . . animo : abl. of quality, a very favorite construction in Gellius. insuper babendam : = contemnen- dam. nusquaxQ loci : for a like superflu- ity cf. the English expression 'nowhere in the world.' § 23. qua usus est : = quam ha- buit (dixit); cf. oratio . . . habita^ IV, 18. contra Oalbam : cf . Nepos, Cato 3. SI libri copia fuisset : = si liber adfuisset. The difficulty of obtaining, or referring to, books was a serious bar to accuracy on the part of, ancient writers. curiam : for an account of the curia cf. Diet, of Antiq. and Lanciani, An- cient Borne, p. 76 foil. quaepiam : rarer than aliquis, but with the same degree of indefiniteness ; it usually denotes something of little importance. ut . . . ne quis : cf . Nepos, Them. 7, ut ne prius, and uti ne introeant below. patres : the usual title of the sena- tors ; cf . Eutrop. I, 2 ; Nepos, Hanni- bal, 12. ezque re publica : ' (more) to the advantage of; supply magis from uti- lius. apud duos : cf. the dat. uni below, and Nepos, Atticus 5. Hoc ilia : pronouns tend to run together. adfert: sc. hoc. 125. sibi vellet : ' meant.' rem : in apposition with the preced- ing clauses. praeter: adverb. gratia : = causa. 196 NOTES. [Pages 125-130. Book III. § 6. per . . . mirandum: one word, separated by Tmesis, 636, V, 3 : 385, I: 705. queat : = possit. queo is very com- mon in Gellius. intra: 'downwards,' as m/m, I, 14. ingenium : for another meaning, of. 1,24. 126. § 8- Pyrrhus : cf . Eutrop. II, 11-14. unam atque alteram pugnas : ' one battle after another.' satisque agerent : ' had their hands full.' quos habuit: for the mode, see Eutrop. II, 25. super ea causa: = de ea causa; super = de over 120 times in Gellius ; cf. super hoc equo^ V, 2. animo tenus : ' to the bottom of our hearts.' negavimus velle : = diximus nolle ; cf. Eutrop. II, 25. The idea of saying passes into that of commanding : hence the use of neve and the subjunctive. Book IV. 127. § 18- antiquior : usually Maior to distinguish him from his (adopted) grandson, who is called Junior^ Eutrop. IV, 12, usually Minor. For the character of Scipio, see Eutrop. Ill, 20. qua subnizus : ' how he relied upon his own consciousness (of power).' crimini : cf . dono^ I, 14. Quirites : for the use of this term, cf. Livy, I, 16. lertur : ' is extant.' 128. aerarium : where was the Treasury ? See Diet, of Antiq. What money had the Romans ? See gram- mars, and Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 148. accepta ferri : a book-keeping term, ' to credit,' cf. Nepos, Atticus 13. Book V. § 2. Bucephalas : a Greek com- pound, ' Ox-head.' talentis tredecim : about $ 15,600. Super hoc equo : cf . de isto equo^ below. visum : sc. est ; the subject is the clause quod . . . passus sit, which takes the subjunctive to show the quotation. facinora : ' deeds ' ; usually in a bad sense. Distinguish between facinus, a deed, good or bad ; crimen, a crime against man ; nefas, impiety, a crime against the gods or moral law ; vitium, a fault ; scelus, a heinous act or sin ; and flagitium, an infamous deed. domini . . . securus : * assured of his master's safety ' ; the use of the gen. is poetical. 129. o^ equi honores : cf. oh hono- rem triumphi, V, 6 ; and in honorem eiuSy Eutrop. VII, 10. § 5. Antiochum: cf. Nepos, Hanni- bal 8. vertebat : ' maneuvered.' satis esse : = paria esse. nihil . . . neque : for double nega- tive, see 553, 2 : 209, a : 445. prorsum : with nihil, = omniiio, * nothing at all.' § 6. postrema : = adv. * lastly.' 130. eoque loco : elsewhere in these selections potiri takes the gen. Pages 131-135.] GELLIUS. 197 131. coniuratdo : cf . Eutrop. VI, 15, and sketch of Cicero, p. 199. per vim : cf . vi below, and Caes. Ill, 11. Gellius often uses per with the ace. = instrumental abl. rite : Livy I, 32, describes the rites necessary to a just declaration of war. The ambassador coming to the fron- tiers of the offending people, addressed a solemn appeal to Jupiter and made his demands. He then crossed the border and repeated the same formula to the first native he met; the same on entering the town gate, and again to the magistrates in the forum. If the demands were not satisfied within thirty days, he turned to Rome and made a report of his mission. If the people and senate decided for war, the messenger again set forth for the borders of the hostile country, and threw across the boundary a spear pointed with iron or burnt at the end and dipped in blood, at the same time pronouncing the declaration of war. These rites are said to have been bor- rowed by Numa from an ancient na- tion, the Aequicolae. 132. ovantes = eos qui ovant. 133. § 18- iusiurandum eos ade- git: 'bound them by oath.' cognati adfinesque : what is the difference in meaning ? postliminio : a legal fiction by which a returned captive might recover his lost civil rights. Cf. Eutrop. 11,25. egressi castra : ' gone beyond the limits of the camp ' ; this is the force of the ace. The stepping out of the camp would be expressed by the abl. The usage is common in the historians. plurium: * the majority.' Book VII. 134. §3- apud Bagradam: 'near'; what other ways of expressing the same idea ? unum : probably not emphatic. Cf. the German use of the num. ei;i, and the French un from unus (as indef. article) . in illis locis : the in is needless, though used by Gellius in the majority of such cases. stabulantem : = hahitantem; so sta- buliim originally meant an abode, for man or beast. § 17. multis post tempestatibus : * after a long period.' Book IX. 135. § 4- In illis libris: Gellius relates that on disembarking at Brun- disium (Brindisi) on his return from Greece, he noticed a number of ancient Greek works offered for sale at a very low price. These he purchased, skimmed over during the following two evenings, and, as was his custom, made extracts from their contents in his note-book, ' so that the reader may not be altogether uninformed when he hears such matters discussed,' — an end which should be more generally kept in view in the study of Latin. corporibus : for the construction, see 421, I: 249: 407. Cf. venationi- bus below, which shows clearly the force of the abl. Cyclopas : for a description of the Cyclops, see Guerber's Myths. Cf. a translation of Vergil's Aeneid^ III, 614 foil. 198 NOTES. [Pages 135-139. non ut ceterdrum: sc. prospec- tantia. diebus tertiis : * every third day.' offendimus : the ' editorial we. ' 136. laudaverint: customary ac- tion in present time. Cf. viderint below. interimant videndo : cf . the still prevalent belief in the ' evil eye.' apud . . . terras : = in terris. Cf . below apud extrema = in extremis. Note Gellius' fondness for the word. miracula homines : ' For amongst them are found . . . monsters with dogs' heads and without heads, who have eyes in their breasts, at least as the Libyans say.' Herodotus IV, 191. egreditur omnem modum: * sur- passes all bounds.' Cf . egressi castra, VI, 18. Pygmaeos: the Pygmies are de- scribed by Homer as a race of under- sized men dwelling far in the south where the cranes fly from the northern winter. The battles between the Pyg- mies and cranes are often described. Different writers located their home in various parts of the world. Aris- totle held that they inhabited the marshes from which the Nile was thought to flow, and Herodotus de- scribes a tribe of little blackmen by whose city ran a great river, flowing from west to east (possibly the Niger), and in it were crocodiles. Within recent years explorers have actually discovered an undersized race of men in these regions. § 11. Corvinus : for the same story, see Eutrop. II, 6. in eo tempore : what is the ordi- nary usage ? 137. satis agentibus: cf. Ill, 8, satis agerent Bomani. perque contemptum : = adv., ' con- temptuously.' pudorem: 'diffidence.' ut . . . permitterent : substantive clause, to be taken with impetrato. congrediuntur . . . consistunt . . . conserebantur : account for the tenses. Translate in connection with the following Atque : 'they were just joining battle when — .' Book X. 137. § 6. inde : = e turha. male habitam : ' ill used.* P. Claudius: for the event, see Cic. De Nat. Deor. II, 3. utinam . . . reviviscat : how is an impossible wish expressed ? She speaks here as though it might occur. multam : not the adj. ; see Vocab. §10. quas: i.e. the cutting and opening ; such attraction is frequent. videretur: what two reasons for the subjunctive ? 139. § 27. quod : explanatory ; 'that.' dedit ad . . . epistulam : ' wrote to.' Whynotdat.? ibi : = in ea epistula. scriptum fuit : cf. Caes. IV, 28. pro elects : cf . pro victo, Eutrop. VII, 6. § 28. Servium Tullium : for his census, cf. Eutrop. I, 7 ; II, 18. minores . . . annis : cf . Nepos, Han- nibal 3. There is great variety in the expression of age ; almost all forms of the expression occur except the full form, minus quam XVII annos nati. Pages 140-142.] GELLIUS. 199 Book XV. 140. § 16- n^tu grandis : what is the comparative ? Cf . Caes. II, 28. Magnus natu is not Latin. proxime vlam: 433, I: 261, a: 416, 22. in naturam: 'to its natural posi- tion. ' 141. § 18. dies idem fuit : cf . Cic. De Nat. Deor. II. 2, where a similar story is related. reciprocae vices : ' ups and downs,' ' the varying fortunes.' § 22. Sertorius : see Plutarch, Ser- torius. exercitus : gen. sing, or ace. plur. ? prodesset : may also be explained as subjunctive denoting repeated ac- tion (a late construction). Notice the indie, below, adhivabant. dono : cf. I, 14, with footnote. qui nuntiavferat : sc. eum. 142. clamor factus et orta ad- miratio : such asyndeton between clauses is frequent in Gellius. cum Sertorio faciebant : ' had to do with S. ' CICEEO. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on the third of January, b.c. 106, at Arpi- num, a small town in Latium. He was educated under the best teachers at Rome, and afterwards studied philosophy and rhetoric in Athens and the Greek cities of Asia Minor. His first and only military experience was a campaign in the Social War, b.c. 89. By his marked ability he soon gained distinction as an advocate, and in 77 he entered upon a successful political career. After hold- ing in customary succession various minor offices he became consul, b.c 63. His year of office was marked by the conspiracy of Catiline, an event which Cicero has made forever famous by his well-known orations. His own services in suppressing the conspiracy were conspicuous and afforded him endless satis- faction. Cicero, though a novus homo, sympathized with the constitutional or senatorial party, and by his conduct at this crisis he roused the resentment of the popular faction. In 58 he went into voluntary banishment to escape an indictment brought against him by his bitter opponent Clodius, but in 57 he was enabled to return to Rome. When the Civil War broke out between Caesar and Pompey in 49, Cicero sided with the latter, but easily made his peace with the victor. His political activity was suspended during Caesar's ascendency ; but on the assassination of the dictator, Cicero emerged from retirement. By fiercely denouncing Mark Antony, who was, in a measure, Caesar's political heir, he incurred his lasting resentment, and was put to death in 43 with the many other victims of the Second Triumvirate. Cicero's political career is best studied in connection with his orations, which do not immediately concern us here. They are the unquestioned models of Latin prose style, and while there have 200 NOTES. [Pages 143, 144. been widely different judgments on Cicero as a man and a statesman, his literary pre-eminence is rarely if ever disputed. During the years of his retirement, 46-44, he occupied his leisure in writing works on oratory and philosophy. They are largely translations from the Greek, usually in the form of dialogues, and show many marks of the haste in which they were composed. The two repre- sented in these selections are among the last in the series, being written early in the year 44. In the first, De Natura Deorum, representatives of the Epicu- rean, Stoic, and Academician schools discuss theories of the nature of the gods. Cotta, the Academician, is usually supposed to voice Cicero's own scepticism, though at the end of the work the author commends the orthodox views of the Stoic, from whose discourse most of the present selections are taken. The second work, De Divinatione, is an interesting dialogue between Cicero and his brother Quintus on the possibility of divination. It is a collection of curious tales, and the book well shows Cicero's union of theoretical scepticism, with practical sup- port of the state religion for political and social reasons. The most available biographies of Cicero are those by Trollope, Forsyth, and Collins {Ancient Classics for English Headers)^ each of which has a chapter on his philosophical works. A good literary biography is The StudenVs Cicero, by W. Y. Fausset (Macmillan & Co., 1890). A full and careful discussion of his philosophical attitude is to be found in Ritter's If/s^or?/ of Anc. Phil., Vol. IV. There is a separate edition of De Natura Deoriimhy J. B. Mayor {Camb. Univ. Press). DE NATURA DEORUM. Book II. 143. § 2. videmus : editorial we ; the speaker is Lucilius Balbus, whom Cicero chose to present the doctrines of the Stoics. ceteras : opposed to indicia below. hippocentauruxn : for these fabu- lous beings, see Guerber's Classical Mythology. apud inferos : see Vergil's account of the lower world, A en. VI. digs : * time ' ; in dies., ' every day.' 144. apud Regillum: cf. Eutrop. I, 12 ; Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome. ex equis : ' on horseback. ' Paulo : Aemilius Paulus, conqueror of Macedonia, father of Scipio Africa- nus Minor. idem dies : the pronoun is super- fluous in English. Cf. Livy I, 5, ad id ipsum congruere. vacatione : sc. militiae. § 3. ea : ' things of that sort' ; in- stead of eas referring to preceding nouns. ilia : ' those (words) ' agrees with ostenta, etc. P. Claudii : surnamed Pulcher ; for his defeat, see Gellius X, 6. puUi non pascerentur : for the original form of augury, cf. Livy I, 6, 7. In later times omens were drawn Pages 144-147.] CICERO. 201 from the way in which chickens ate. The art was discredited in Cicero's day: De Div. II, 35, *'Do you think Romulus observed omens in this way ? . . . Now we give orders to the poul- terer; he returns the answer." esse : note the quantity of the first syllable. 145. Flaminium: cf. Eutrop. Ill, 9 ; Nepos, Hannibal 4. " ' Fine omens forsooth, if things may be done when chickens are hungry, and not when they are full ! ' . . . And so in the next three hours his army was slaugh- tered and he himself was killed" (Cic. De Div. I, 35). § 25. The three following chapters, which are very much abbreviated, are fair specimens of ancient etymologies. The attempt to explain things from their names is a very old one. Cicero often indulges in it, and his mistakes (even when he is not copying) are not worse than much etymologizing since his day. voluenint : sc. Stoic teachers ; * they would have it,' *they maintained.' Note the infinitive. qui . . . contineret: 'to control the revolution and the recurrence of periods of time ' ; spatiorum . . . tem- porum = spatia temporum. siderum . . . adligaret : cf, Numa's construction of the calendar, Livy 1, 19. optimus maximus : cf. Nepos, Hannibal 2; Gellius IV, 18; De Div. 1,6. augures : sc. nuncupant ; the verb belongs to the language of law, civil and religious. § 26. aer : a Greek word which Cicero's authorities identified with Hera, the Juno of Greek mythology ; hence the further explanation lunonem a iuvando. 146. a nando : the critic remarks, III, 62 : nullum erit nomen, quod non possis una litterd explicare unde due- turn sit ; in quo quidem magis tu mihi natare ('to be at sea') visus es quam ipse Neptunus. Proserpinam : for her story, see Hawthorne's Tangleicood Tales. Ceres . . . Geres : cf. C. = Gains, Cn. = Gnaeus. See the letter C in Webster's Dictionary. § 27. lanum : cf. Livy I, 19, and Guerber's Myths. § 39. cematur : ' observe ' : horta- tory subjunctive. ipsa . . . conglobata : ' compacted to a ball by its own gravity.' For Cicero's idea of the universe, see De Repub. ('Scipio's Dream') VI, 17-18. 147. fontium gelidas : poetical for fontium gelidorum. Cf. speluncarum concavas, below. perennitates : in translating, sub- stitute adjectives for the abstract nouns. vel . . . vel : why not aut . . . aiit f Translated 'both . . . and.' universi : ' as a whole.' orarum ac litorum : one is the limit of the land, the other of the sea. Litus est quousque maximus Jluctus a mare pervenit. § 40. altissimus ; followed by a as though denoting separation. caeli complexus : ' the all-embrac- ing heaven.' igneae formae : = stellae. multis partibus : degree of differ- ence ; ' many times.' 202 NOTES. [Pages 147-151. ab extreme : 'from the extreme limit ' ; the summer and winter sol- stices. tristitia . . . contrahit: the verb alone is sometimes used in the sense of ' sadden.' Cic. Lael. 13, incommo- dis contrahuntur (amici). 148. isdem spatiis : i.e. inside the sphere in which are the fixed stars, but not necessarily at the same distance from the earth. subiecta atque opposita : 'brought beneath and in front of.' e regi5ne : a common adverbial ex- pression ; ' in a line with, opposite to.' deficit : the regular expression for an eclipse. vagas dicimus : cf . § 20, quae falso vocantur errantes. Nihil enim errat quod in omni aeternitale conservat pr^o- gressus et r^egressus reliquosqiie motus constantes et ratos. descrlpta . . . est : ' marked off ' ; cf. annum descripsit., Eutrop. I, 3. Translate freely : * whose varied forms have been so arranged.' Book III. § 34. testimonium dicere : ' bore witness. ' fanum . . . lovis Olympii: con- taining the celebrated statue of ivory and gold by the artist Phidias. Carthaginiensium : for their pos- sessions in Sicily cf. Nepos, Hamilcar 1 ; Eutrop. II, 18. 149. cuni • • • diceret : note that the verb of saying is irregularly at- tracted into the subjunctive ; = cum esset, ut dicebat. mensas: part of the temple furni- ture. atque : for adversative force cf . Eutrop. II, 12. DE DIVINATIONE. Book I. § 6. extispicmn : this and other genitives limit praedictione. interpretantium : * interpreters of ; governs monstra aut fulgora. § 10. num : note its force in these questions, 351, 1, n. 3 : 210, c : 456. 150. § 13. Casu, inquis : ' acci- dentally, you will say.' Veneris Coae : referring to a cele- brated painting by Apelles. res habet: cf. Nepos, Hannibal 2, se habentem* § 16. Priscus : sc. Tarquinius. ille, augurio acto : 'he (Navius), having practised his art, replied that it could be done.' The process is de- scribed De Div. I, 31. puteal: a circular stone enclosure, like a well curb, erected around any hallowed spot. comitio: the place in the Forum where the voters assembled. 151. § 18- C. Gracchus : the fa- mous tribune killed b.c. 121. ipsi : sc. moriendum esse, ' must die ' ; oppetere mortem, ' to perish ' (by a violent death) ; cf. Nepos, Atti- Pages 151, 152.] LIVY. lVERSITI "^ CALIFOi cus, decessit; Eutrop. VII, 8, ohiit^ * passed away.' Afrlcani filiam : the celebrated Cornelia, the ' mother of the Gracchi.' § 24. secundum quietem : ' after he had gone to sleep.' eum quoque oculum : cf . Nepos, Hannibal 4. LIVY. Titus Livius was born at Pataviiini (Padua) in 59 b.c, and died there in 17 A.D., though most of his life was spent at Rome in literary work. At about the age of thirty-five he began his great work on the history of Rome, which was not completed until shortly before his death. The history, originally in 142 books, of which all but 35 have been lost, was variously entitled Ab Urbe Condita Libri, Annates, and Historiae. It begins with the coming of Aeneas, and narrates the history of the Roman people with great minuteness down to 9 B.C. Livy is more a story-teller than a historian. He makes no attempt to sift historical evidence or to harmonize conflicting statements, but sets down fable, legend, and history, from various and often contradictory sources, with only an occasional word of doubt or explanation. With these faults as a his- torian, his wonderful skill as a narrator nevertheless makes his work a fas- cinating and valuable treasure-house of Roman story. His language, while often careless, is always vivid and picturesque. Through his conscious or unconscious imitation of the earlier sources from which he derived his material, archaisms are sometimes copied ; while the rapid flow of his narrative often causes breaks in construction and omissions of connectives and words which must be supplied from the context. The standard text is that of VVeissenborn (Leipzig, 1878). Good editions of special parts are those by J. B. Greenough (189r) and by John K. Lord (1893). There is a fine translation in the Bohn Library ; and an excellent one of the part relating to the Punic war (Books XXI-XXV) by Church and Brodribb (London, 1883). HISTORIAE. Book I. [For fuller details of the legends here treated, the manual of mythology should constantly be consulted ; and for their significance, Ihne's Early Borne. ] 152. § 3- Lavinium : according to the legend, Aeneas, landing on the Italian shore after his wanderings, married Lavinia, the daughter of King Latinus, and called the city which he founded by her name. Albam Longam : founded by Asca- nius, son of Aeneas. For an interesting description of its site, and a discus- sion of the story of the founding of 204 XOTES. [Pagks 152-155. Rome, see Lanciani, Ancient Borne, chap. 2. Silvius: sometimes made the son of Aeneas. The following reigns and the whole dynasty seem purely mythi- cal, invented to fill up the gap between the fall of Troy and the founding of Rome. Tiberinus, Aventinus: as in the majority of cases, the explanation is invented to account for existing con- ditions or names the origin of which is unknown. stirpis : partitive genitive. legat: 'left by will' ; cf. voluntas below. 153. per speciem: 'under pre- tence.' Cf. Gellius' fondness for adverbial phrases with per, which are freely used by late writers with no particular definiteness in the meaning of the preposition. Vestalem: cf. I, 20, and Lanciani, Ancient Borne, p. 135 foil. § 4 forte quadam divinitus : ' by a providential occurrence,' 'providen- tially.' amnis: genitive. posse . . mergi . . . infantes : depending on spem dahat. velut defuncti : nom. plur. = ' think- ing that they had carried out.' turn : later the most thickly settled part of Rome. 154. puerHem : =puerorum. earn : * and that she.' fuisse nomen : sc. ei. stabula : see note on stabulantem, Gellius VIII, 3. subsistere : ' faced.' § 5 . Palatio : for the derivation, see Lanciani, Ancient Borne, p. 37. Lupercal: "The oldest and most venerable sanctuary of kingly Rome was the Lupercal, a grotto consecrated by the emigrants from Alba to Fanu, called Liipercus ; that is to say, the * driver-away of wolves ' and the pro- tector of herds. This grotto . . . opened under the northwest spur of the Pala- tine. On February 15, it was the center of great rejoicings and of relig- ious ceremonies called the Lupercalia, during which the head shepherds, clothed with skins, used to run around the precincts of their Palatine vil- lage, asking the protection of Faunus Lupercus on their flocks of sheep" (^Lanciani). Euandrum . . . Tnstituisse : sc. dicitur. eo genere : referring to a town pre- viously mentioned. tempestatibus : meaning? Cf. note on Caes. IV, 23. Pana : see Guerber's Myths. per lusum, see note on per speciem. § 3. deditis : dat. after insidiatos, latrones . . . cepisse : sc. dicitur. VI : rarely used alone : cf . per vim, Caes. Ill, 11. 155. eodem : ' to the same con- clusion' (as Faustulus). § 6. Numitor . . . ostendit : notice the various ways of expressing col- lateral circumstances : by the parti- ciple agreeing with the subject of the main clause (dictitans), by the abl. abs. (perpetrata caede, advocato concilio) ; and by conjunctions {cum . . . avocas- set, postquam . . . vidit). gratulantes : = fut. partic, ' to con- gratulate him.' Pages 165, 159.] LIVY. 205 ratum . . . efiicit : ' confirms, rati- fies.' re : * power.' et : ' and indeed.' supererat : ' was excessive.' 156. tutelae: gen. 'under whose protection.' ad inauguranduxn templa : * as sacred places for observing the augu- ries.' Templum originally means 'a thing cut off,' then * a consecrated en- closure,' and hence *an enclosure sacred to a god = temple.' § 7. regem : ' as king.' ill! ... hi : ' one side . . . the other.' tempore . . . praeceptd: ('basing their claims on) the priority of time.' sic: sc. pereat: cf. Booth's 'Sic semper tyrannis ! ' at the assassina- tion of Lincoln. conditoris nomine : but see note on Tiberinus, § 3. Herculem: cf. Guerber's Myths. On his return from his tenth labor (stealing the cattle of Geryon), he passed through Italy. Cf. Nepos, Hann. 3. laeto : 'grateful,' 'luxuriant' (poet- ical). Cacus: perhaps 'the bad (man).' Cf. Euander, 'the good man.' quia . . . erant: gives the reason for aversos . . . traxit. 157. infests : 'uncanny.' ut fit: 'as is usual.' ex spelunoa: to be taken with reddita; but it suggests also in spe- lunca with inclusarum. § 16. His . . . operibus : the deeds of Komulus which are recorded in the intervening chapters. campo : sc. Martio ; now the busi- ness portion of Rome. Caprae paludem : the site is not certainly fixed. patribus: i.e. senatorihus. Cf. Nepos, Hann. 12. sublimem raptum: sc. eum esse; suhlimem = ' on high.' iota: note gender of pubes ('the youth ' of Rome), which is the subject of obtinuit. dewn . . . salvere . . . iubent: ' they bid him hail as god. ' pacem precibus ezposcunt: allit- eration often occurs in prayers, relig- ious formulae, etc. consilio : ' by the (deliberate) plan. ' gravis . . . auctor: 'a man of weight in any affair however impor- tant. ' mirum quantmn : sc. est; for the indie, after this expression, see foot- note. efferSri: indir. disc, depending on videret. lanum : cf. Cic. De Nat. Deor. II, 27. The temple was an arched pas- sage way with doors at the ends. The real reason for this custom of closing it is not known. ne luzuriarent : depends on the clause omnium . . . ratus est. 159. omnium pilmum : because nearly all religious festivals in an- tiquity were regulated by the lunar calendar. Cf . the ancient Jewish regu- lations ; how is the date for the modem Easter fixed ? duodecim menses: cf. Eutrop. I, 3. The earlier Roman year contained ten months. Cf. the name Decem- ber, 206 NOTES. [Pages 159-103. tricenos diSs : the lunar month is nearly twelve hours less than thirty- days. intercalariis mensibus : in spite of this remedy the Roman calendar was in continual need of adjustment. It was finally regulated by Julius Cae- sar. See the article Calendar in Diet, of Antiq. nefastos dies : properly days on which it was not permitted to tran- sact legal business ; also days on which the assembly might not be held. § 20. sacerdotibus ; cf . Eutrop. I, 3. Distinguish flamines, priests of individual gods, from pontijices, gen- eral regulator of matters of religion. Dialem flaminem : the priest of Jupiter, the highest of all in rank. 160. adsiduum : ' in constant at- tendance. ' Quirino : the Sabine Mars, often identified with Romulus. virgines Vestae : cf . note on Vesta- lem, I, 3. Book II. § 10. hostes : the Etruscans under Porsena. Cf. Eutrop. I, 11. Pons Sublicius : see Map, p. 12. The remains of an ancient wooden bridge are still to be seen near this point. Codes : qui altera lumine orhi nas- cerentury coclites vocahantur. Pliny, Hist. Nat. XI, 150. in statione : ' on guard. ' deserto praesidio : ' deserting their tr^nsitum : * as a passage way ' ; also explained as a partic. agreeing with pontem. monere praedicere : histor. infin. ; note the asyndeton. insignis : explained by obversis . . . armis. 161. qnod tumultuosissimum erat : ' the worst tumult of the battle.' servitia : = servi, as often in Livy. It is in appos. with eos, the omitted subj. of venire, with which immemores agrees. alius . . . circumspectant : note the number. The look was one of urging ; hence the clause ut . . . incipiaut. Tiberine pater : the God of the Tiber was frequently invoked under this name. privata . . . studia: cf. a similar case in V, 47. haec Veils agebantur: Camillus was recalled from exile and made dic- tator. Carmentis : or Carmentae (sc. sacel- lum, shrine) , a prophetess, the mother of Euander, who uttered oracles on the Capitoline hill. 162. sacris lunonis: * because sa- cred to Juno.' Cf. Caesar, V, 12. prolapsi : ' as he pitched headlong.' in praeceps : ' over the precipice.' ad tribunos : why not (as usual) trihunis ? militari : to avoid repetition of mili- tum. reum baud dubium : ' the one un- doubtedly responsible.' 163. § 48- inter tumulos : = colles ; originally swampy ground and full of malaria, as portions of the surrounding country are to-day. umorique ac frigori ; the cold and raw climate of Gaul is often mentioned by Latin writers. Pages 163-105.] LIVY. 207 bustorum . . . Gallicorum : the locality and the real origin of the name are uncertain. ^ dictator : Camillas, who had been exiled to Ardea. Cf . Eutrop. I, 20 ; Plutarch, Camillus. stationibus vigiliis : ' day and night watches.' diem de die : ' from day to day ' ; in dies^ ' every day.' 164. mille . . . auri: sc. libras. populi . . . imperaturi : ' destined soon to rule the world. ' § 49. diique et : often found in Livy, but never in Cicero or Caesar. infanda merces : the Romans could not endure to think that their country had been ransomed in this way, and hence invented this addition to the legend. inferioris iuria : as soon as a dicta- tor was appointed, other magistrates were entitled to act only as commis- sioned by him. in conspectu : ' in view ' ; in both senses, ' in sight ' and ' in mind. ' 165i Grabina via : ' on the road to Gabii,' towards the east. omnia obtinuit : ' was universal ' ; an unusual expression. ne nuntius quidem : a common exaggeration. iocos . . . inconditos : ' rude jests,' in artless verses. The soldiers were allowed great license of speech on such occasions. Veios : limit of motion. et . . . et : ' both . . . and.' intentius : the plan of removal had been proposed five years before. A. & W. LAX. R. — 14 \BRAp^ GRAMMAR REFERENCES IN THE TEXT. Ablative. Absolute 431: 255: 409-10. Accompaniment 419, 1: 248, 7 : 391, Cause 416: 245: 406-7. Characteristic 419, II : 251 : 400. Comparison 417 : 247: 398. Degree of Difference 423 : 250 : 400 Manner 419, III : 248: 399. Means 420 : 248, 8 : 401. Penalty 410, III : 220, 6, 1 : 577, R. 1. Place 425 : 258, 4 : 385. Place(figurative)425, II, 1, 2): 259, a 384, 389. Place (w. totusy etc.) 425, II, 2 258,4,/: 388. Place (locative) 425, II : 258, 4, 2 411. Place (domi. etc.) 426: 258, 4, d 412, R. 1. Separation 413: 243: 390. Specification 424 : 253: 397. Time 429 : 256 : 392. Time (duration) 379, 1 : 256, 2, h : 393, R. 2. Time (since, w. quam) 430, last ex. : 262, N. 2 : 566, 2. Time (before w. ante) 430: 259, d: 403, N. 4. With digmis 421, III : 245, a : 373, R. 1. With fretus 425, 1, n. : 254, 6, 2: 373, R. 1. With utor 421, 1 : 249 : 407. Accusative. Agent (w. per) 415, 1, 1, n. : 246, h : 403. Extent 379 : 256-7 : 335. Limit 380, II : 258, h : 337. Subject of Inf. 536 : 330 : 341. Subject of Inf. (omitted) 623, foot- note 2 : 336, a, 1, n. 2 : 532, 3. Time 379 : 376 : 336. and Abl. (w. donare) 384, II, 2: 225, d : 348. Amplus, etc., without quam 417, 1, N. 2: 247, c: 311, R. 4. Antequam 620 : 327 : 574-7. Apposition 363 : 184 : 320-1. Calendar 642, 4 : 376 : Append. Causal Clauses. Relative 517 : 320, e : 636. With cum 517 : 326 : 586. With q2iod etc. 516 : 321 : 541. Coepi passive 297, 1, 1 : 143, a : 424, r. 1. Contraction. Conjugation 235: 128: 131, 1. Declension 51-62 : 40, b, c : 29. Cum. Causal, see Causal Clauses. Temporal, see Temporal Clauses. Dative. Agent 388 : 232 : 352. Purpose (service) 390 : 233 : 356. Reference 384, 4, n. 2: 235: 350, 1 and 2. Reference point of view 384, 4, n. 3 : 235, /; : 353. 208 GRAMMAR REFERENCES. 209 Dative — continued. With Adjectives 391 : 234 : 356. With compounds 386 : 228-9 : 347. With impers. pass. 384, 5: 230: 217. With special verbs 385 : 227 : 346. Verbs of depriving 385, II, 2 : 229 : 345, R. 1. Dum, with Indicative, see Temporal Clauses. Epistolary Tenses 472, 1 : 282 : 252. Foret for esset 204, 2 : 119, n. : 112. Future. Infinitive passive 248 : 147, c, 1 : 436, R. 2, end. Participle, denoting purpose 649, 3 : 293, h : 670, 3. Conclusion 549, 3 : 293, 6, 3 : 670, 4(2). Genitive. Partitive, with adverbs 397, 4 : 216, 4: 369. Partitive, with numerals 397, 2 : 216, 2: 368. Partitive = ex. with abl. 397, n. 3 : 216, c : 371, R. 5. Price 405 : 252, a : 380. Quality. 396: 215: 365. With adjectives 399 : 218: 373. With verbs of plenty 410, V : 223 : 383. , With verbs 410: 221, 223: 376, 405. Gerund and Gerundive 542, 544 : 298, 300 : 427, 429. Necessity 466, n. : 294, c, n. : 243, R. 2. Idem = also 451, 3 : 195, e: 296. Impersonal Passive of intrans. verbs 301: 146, d: 208, 2. Indirect Discourse. Imperative 523, III : 339: 652. Question 529, I: 334: 467. Subordinate Clause 524 : 336 : 628, R., 650. Infinitive. Historical 536, 1 : 275 : 647. Future, see Future. Ipse agreeing with subject 452, 1 : 195, I'. 311, 2. Participle. For coordinate verb 549, '5, n. 2 : 292, a : 664, r. 1, 2. Future, see Future. Personal Construction 534, 1, n. 1 : 330, b : 528. Purpose Clauses. Relative 497, 1 : 317, 2 : 630. Substantive 498, 1 : 331 : 546. Substantive w, verbs of fearing 498, III: 331,/: 552. See Future and Gerund. Quod, see Causal Clauses. Relative Clauses. Causal 517 : 320, e : 636. Characteristic 503, 1 : 320 : 631, 2. Purpose, see Purpose. Result. Pure 500, II : 319 : 552. Substantive 501 : 332 : 553-4. After quam 502, 2 : 332, h : 647, r. 4. Sequence of Tenses. Perfect 495, 6 : 287, c : 513. Subjunctive. Attraction 529, II : 342 : 636. Hortatory 484, II ; 266 : 263, 3. With quam 502, 2: 332, h: 647, R. 4. With tamquam 513, II : 312 : 604. With quamquam 515, n. 1 : 313, g ; 605, 2, N. See Causal, Indir. Discourse, Pur- pose, Belative, Besult, Temporal. Supine. In urn 546 : 302 : 435. In w 547: 303: 437. Temporal Clauses. With cum 521, II : 325 : 585. With dum 467, 4 : 276, 3 : 572. With quousque 519, II, 2 : 328 •. 572. ABBREVIATIONS. abl. = ablative. abs. = absolute. ace. = accusative. act. = active. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. cf. = compare. comp. = comparative. conj. = conjunction. contr. = contraction. dat. = dative. dem. = demonstrative desid. = desiderative. dim. = diminutive. disc. = discourse. e.g. = for example. end. = enclitic. f. = feminine. freq. = frequentative. gen. = genitive. i.e. = that is. imp. = imperfect. impers = impersonal. incep. = inceptive. ind. = indirect. indecl. = indeclinable indef. = indefinite. iter. = iterative. m. = masculine. n. = neuter. nom. = nominative. num. = numeral. pass. = passive. pers. = personal. pi. = plural. prep. = preposition. pres. = present. pron. = pronoun. sc. = supply. sup. = superlative. The only case in which the meanings of a compound verb-form are given in the alphabetical position of the compound, is when neither the simple verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text; otherwise, the meanings will be found only under the simple verb. The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself when reading to analyze the composition of such verb- forms before consulting the Vocabulary. This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all. In a lexicon of this kind it would of course be impracticable and unfruitful to attempt to give all stages in the derivation of words. The editors have as a rule confined themselves to one step in the process, using their discretion in selecting that step which appeared to shed most light on the force of the deriva- tive. The bracketed words when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary. 210 VOCABULARY. A. = Aulus. SLf ab, aba, prep. w. abl., fy'omy hy^ on, near^ because of. abalieno, &re, Svi, &tU8 [alius], to alienate, sell, remove. abdico, see dico. abditus, see abdo. abdo, see do. abduco, see duco. abeo, see eo. abhorreo, see horreo. abicio, seeiaci5. abies, ietis, t.,Jir-treef spruce. abigo, see ago. abiungo, see iungo. abripio, see rapio. abscldo, see caedo. abscondo, see do. absens, entis [absum], adj., absent. absimilis, e [ab + similis] , 2iAyy unlike. absisto, see sisto. abstinentia, ae [abstineo], f., absti- nence, self-control ; disinterestedness. abstineo, see teneo. abstraho, see traho. absum, see sum. abundo, are, avi, — [unda, a icave], to abound. ac, see atque. Acamana, ae, f., a woman of Acarnania, a district in the western part of Greece. accedo. see cedo. accelero. are, avi, atus [ad + celer], to quicken, make haste. acceptus [accipio], adj., acceptable, dear. accessio, onis [accedo] ,i.,an approach ; increase; reinforcement, accido, see cado. accid5, see caedo. accipio, see capio. accllvitas, atis [acclivis, up-hill], i., an ascent. accola, ae [ad 4- colo], m., a neighbor. accommodo, are, avi, atus [ad + corn- modus, fif], to fit, accommodate to, accresco, see cresco. accurate [ad + cura], adv., carefully, precisely. accuso, are, avi, atus [ad + causa], to call to trial, accuse, blame. acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, fierce, severe. acerbe [acerbus], adv., harshly, severely. acerbus, adj., harsh, bitter, crabbed, severe. acerrime, see acriter. acervatus [acervo, to heap], adj., heaped. acervus, i, m., a heap, pile. Achaia, ae, f., a district in the Pelopon- nesus. Later, the Roman province of Southern Greece. Achilles, is, m., the champion of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, the hero of Homer's Iliad. acies, ei (e), f., the sharp point of a sword, spear, eXc; fierce expression; battle-line of men or ships; battle. 211 212 VOCABULARY. acriter [acer], adv., sharply j fiercely, vigorously, courageously ; super, acer- rime. acritudo, inis [acer], f., sharpness, ardor, fierceness. acroama, atis [Greek], n., music ; enter- tainment ; performance. Actiacus, Sid]., pertaining to Actium. Actium, i, n. 1. A town in Epirus. 2. A promontory near the town, acutus [acuo, sharpen'], adj., shaip, shrill, acute. ad, prep, with ace, in the direction of, to, towards; in accordance with; in the vicinity of; with numerals, about, almost. adaequo, see aequo, addo, see do. adduco, see duco. adeo, see eo. adeo [ad + is], adv., to this point (of space or time) ; so very, so much. adeptus, see adipiscor. adfecto, are, avi, atus [ad + facio], to strive, aspire to. adfero, see fero. adficio, see facio. adfigo, see figo. adfinis, is [ad + finis], m., a neighbor, relation. adfinitas, atis [adfinis], f., relation^ ship (by marriage) . adfirmo, see firmo. ad^cto, are, avi, atus [freq. of adfligo] , to dash against, toss about, hurt, trouble, wreck. adffilgo, see fligo. adfluenter [ad + fluo], adv., abundantly (only in comparative), adfluentia, ae [ad -f fluo], f ., abundance. adhibeo, see habeo. adhuc [ad + hue], adv., up to this time ov place , hitherto ; still; besides. adicio, see iacio. adigo, see ago. adimo, see emo. adipiscor, i, adeptus sum [ad + apiscor, to gain], to get, obtain, reach. aditus, us [adeo], m., a draioing near; access, way or right of approach. adiungo, see iungo. adiuvo, see iuvo. adligo, see ligo. adluviSs, — , f ., an inundation. Admetus, i, m., king of the Molossi in Epirus. administer, tri [ad + minister, servant], m., a servant, helper. administro, see ministro. admirabilis, e [admiror], adv., admi- rable, wonderful. admirabilitas, atis [admirabilis], f., admirable ness. admiratio, onis [admiror], f., admira- tion, ivonder, astonishment. admiror, see miror. admitto, see mitto. admodum [ad + modus], adv., exceed- ingly, venj ; with numerals, fully, at least. adnuo, ere, ui, —-, to nod to, consent, grant. adolesco, ere, olevi, ultus [ad + olesco, grow], to grow up, become mature. adoptio, onis [adopto] f., adoption. adopto, see opto. adorior, see orior. adorno, see orno. adquiesco, ere, quievi, — [ad + quiesco, from quies], to become quiet; be con- tent. adripio, see rapid. adrogo, see rogo. adscisco, see scisco. adsecla, ae [adsequor], m., an attendant. adsiduus [ad + sedeo], adj., constant, diligent, assiduous. adsisto, see sisto. adsuefacio, ere, feci, f actus [ad+suesco + facio] , to accustom. adsuesco, see suesco. adsurgo, see surgo. VOCABULARY. 213 adsum, see sum. Aduatuci, orum, m., a tribe in Belgic Gaul. adulescens, entis [adolesco], m. and f., a young man or ivoman (usually be- tween the ages of fifteen and twenty- five). adulescentia, ae [adulescens], f., youth. adulescentulus, i [dim. of adulescens], m., a very young man. adveho, see veho. adventus, us [ad + venio], m., arrival^ coming. adversarius, i [ad + verto], m., oppo- nent, enemy. ad versus [advertoj, adj., turned to- wards, opposite; opposed to, adverse, unfavorable. adversus and adversum, prep, with ace, facing, in opposition to, against. adverts, see verto. advolo, see volo. aedificator, oris [aedifico], m., a builder; one eager to bulk/. aedificium, i [aedifico], n., building. aedifico, are, avl, atus [aedis + f acio] , to build. aedlLis, is [aedis], m., aedile, a police magistrate at Rome who had charge of public buildings, kept certain rec- ords, and exhibited games. aedis (es), is, f., a house, dioelUngy temple (usually plural) . Aegates, um, f., three small islands off the west coast of Sicily. aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., sick, fee- ble. aegre [aeger], adv., with difficulty, scarcely. Aegyptiacus, adj., Egyptian (a late form for Aegyptius) . Aegyptus, i, f., Egypt. Aemilius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Lepidus, Papus, Paulus. aemuiatio, onis [aemulor, rival], f., zeal ; rivalry, jealousy. Aeneas, ae, m., a Greek name. (1) A Trojan prince, son of Venus and Anchises, the hero of Vergil's Aeneid, considered the founder of the Roman state. (2) Aeneas Silvius, one of the legen- dary kings of Alba Longa, grandson of(l). aeneus [aes], adj., of bronze or copper, aequaiis, e [aequus], adj., of the same age ; as uoun, a contemporary. aequaiiter [aequaiis], adv., equally, regularly. aequinoctium, i [aequus + nox], n., the equinox. aequiperatio, onis [aequipero], f., an equalizing, a comparison (rare). aequipero, are, avi, atus [aequus 4- par]. to equal, rival; compare. aequitas, atis [aequus], f., evenness^ fairness ; animi aequitate, with equa- nimity. aequo, are, avi, atus [aequus] , to equals make equal. ad — adaequo, are, avi, atus, to equalize, attain to. aequus, adj., equals level; even, easy ; favorable, ju^t. aer, aeris, m., the air, atmosphere, sky. aerarium, i [aes], n., treasury, fund. aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze; money; aes alienum, debt; aes grave, old standard. Aesculapius, i, m., the god of the medi- cal art, son of Apollo. aestas, atis, f., summer. aestimatio, onis [aestimo], f., valua- tion, esteem ; V(dae. aestimo, are, avi, atus [aes] , to reckon, esteem, judge. ex — existimo, are, avi, atus, to compute, value, judge, think. aestuarium, i [aestus], n., an estuary, marshy land. aestus, us, m., heat, glow ; tide. 214 VOCABULARY. aet&s, fttis [contr. from aevitSs, from aevum, age], f., time ; age ; old age. aether, eris [Greek], m., the upper air^ firmament. Afer, Afri, m., an African. AfrHnius, i, m.; L., an adherent of Pompey, killed in Africa B.C. 46. Africa, ae, f., Africa; of ten the northern part of the continent, especially near Carthage. Africanus, adj., African; a surname first assumed by the conqueror of Hannibal. See Scipio. Africus, i, m. (sc. ventus), the S. W. ivind. ager, agri, m., field, land; pi., lands, country. agger, eris [ad + gero] , m., mass, mate- rials for a mound, mound, dike. aggredior, see gradior. aggrego, are, avi, atus [ad + grex, floclc], to assemble, join. agito, are, avi, atus [freq. of ago] , to set in motion, drive; trouble; discuss; consider. con — cogito, are, avi, atus, to think, consider, intend. ex — exagito, are, avi, atus, to drive out; rouse, disturb; attack. ex + con — excogito, are, avi, atus, to think out, devise. agmen, inis [ago], n., an army (on the march) ; band, column ; novissimum agmen, the rear. agnosco, see nosco. ago, ere, egi, actus, to set in motion ; drive, chase; move forward, extend; do, perform ; spend (time) ; treat, nego- tiate ; agere gratias, to thank. ab — abigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive away. ad — adigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive to, drive in; bring up; compel; ius- iurandum adigere, to bind by oath. circum— circumago, ere, egi, actus, to drive around. con — cogo, ere, coegl, coactus, to drive together, collect ; force. ex — exigo, ere, egi, actus, to dnve out ; complete, pass, end. per — perago, ere, egi, actus, to do thoroughly, finish. re — redigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive back; reduce; render, bring into. sub — subigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive under, put down, conquer. trans — transigo, ere, egi, actus, to caj^y through y finish. agricola, ae [ager + colo], m., a farmer, husbandman. agricultura, ae [ager + colo], f., agri- culture. Agrippa, ae, m., (1) son of Tiberinus, a legendary king of Alba Longa ; (2) M. Vipsanius, son-in-law of Atticus, the powerful minister of Augustus. aio (def. verb), to say. aia, ae, f., a wing ; flank. alacritas, atis [alacer, eager], f., eager- ness, spirit. Alba, ae, m., son of Latinus, a legendary king of Alba Longa. Alba Longa (sc. urbs), f., an ancient town of the Latins, founded by Asca- nius, son of Aeneas; destroyed by T. Hostilius, and its inhabitants removed to Rome. Albania, ae, f., a district on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Albanus, 2id].,pe7^taining to Alba Longa, Albanian. Albinus, i, m., a family name at Rome. (1) Sp. Postumius Albinufi, consul B.C. 334 and 321. (2) A. Postwnius Albinus, consul B.C. 242. Albula, ae, f., an ancient name for the river Tiber. albus, adj., ichite; plumbum album, tin. alces, is, f., the elk. Alcibiades, is, m., an Athenian states- man, a pupil of Socrates ; died b.c. 404. VOCABULARY. 215 ales, itis [aia], m. and f., a bird. Alexander, dri, m., king of Macedonia, the conqueror of Persia; b.c. 356-323. Alexandria (ia), ae, f., a city in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great. Alexandrinus, adj., Alexandrine, per- taining to Alexandria. Algidus, i, m., a mountain in Latium. alias [alius], adv., otherwise, elseioherey at another time; alias . . . alias, at one time . . . at another ; partly . . . partly. alienus, [alius], adj., foreign^ hostile; unfavorable ; aes alienum, debt. alimentum, i [aloj, n., nourishment^ food. alio [alius], adv., elsewhere, to another place, person, or thing. aliquamdiu [aliquis H- diu], adv., a while, for some time. aliquando, adv., sometimes. aliquanto, aliquantum, adv., somewhat, rather. aliquantus [alius+quantus], adj., some, somewhat. aliqui, qua, quod [alius + qui], indef. pronoun, ordinarily used adjectively; see aliquis. aliquis, qua, quod [alius + quis] , indef. pronoun, ordinarily used substan- tively, some, any; some one, some- thing; any one, anything. aliquot [alius + quot] , indef. indecl. adj., so?ne, several. aliquotiens [aliquot], adv., several times, alitor [alius], adv., otherwise, differ- ently ; alitor ae, other than, differently from. alius, a, ud (gen. alius), adj., another, other, different, else ; alius . . . alius, one . . . one, another . . . another: pi., some . . . others; longe aliam (alio) atque, very different from. Allia, ae, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east about eleven miles north of Rome. alo, ere, ui, (i)tus, to nourish, augment, keep, foster. Alpes, ium, f., the Alps. Alpici, orum, m., those loho live among the Alps. alter, era, erum (gen. alterius), adj., one of two, the other, a second ; alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other; alter! . . . alter!, the one party . . . the other. altercatio, onis [alter] , f., a debate, dis- pute. alternus [alter], ad]., alternate, mutual. altitude, inis [altus], f., height, depth, thickness. altum, ! [altus], n., the deep, the high sea. altus [alo], adj., high, deep. aluta, ae, f., leather, softened with alum, alveus, i, m., a basket, trough. ambactus, i [Celtic], m., a vassal, depen- dant. ambiguus, adj., ivavering, doubting. Ambiliat!, orum, m., a tribe in the northern part of Gaul. ambitus, us [ambio, go around], m., canvassing for public office; bribery. ambo, ae, 6, adj., both. Ambraciensis, e, adj., pertaining to Ambracia, a city in Epirus. amentia, ae [a + mens], f., madness, folly. amice [amicus], adv., kindly. amicitia, ae [amicus], t, friendship. amiculum, i [amicio, wrap] ,n.,a7i outer cloak, mantle. I amicus, [amo], ^.d]., friendly. amicus, i [amo] , m., a friend, ally. amitto, see mitto. amnis, is, m., river, torrent. amo, are, avi, atus, to love. ' amoenitas, atis [amoenus], i.,pleasant- , ness, agreeableness. ! amoenus [amo], adj., pleasant, charm- I ing. 216 VOCABULARY. amor, oris [amo] , m., love^ affection. amphora, ae, f ., ajai^^ made of clay, with two handles. ample [amplus], adv., largely. amplexor, ari, Htus sum [freq. of am- plector], to embrace; he fond of, value. amplifies, are, avi, atus [amplus + facio], to increase, eidarge. amplio, are, avi, atus [amplus], to en- large, amplify. amplitudo, inis [amplus] , f., size, great- ness, dignity. amplius [amplus] , adv. (comp. of ample) , more, further. amplus, adj., larger distinguished, no- ble. Amulius, i, m., son of Proca, a legen- dary king of Alba Longa. an, interrog. conj., or, or rather, or indeed; ne . . . an, utrum ... an, ivhether . . . or. anagnostes, ae [Greek], m., a reader, slave that read aloud. Anartes, ium, m., a tribe of the Dacians. anatome [Greek], a cutting up; anat- omy. Ancalites, um, m., a tribe of Britons. anceps, cipitis [ambo + caput], adj., two- headed, twofold, doubtful. ancilla, ae, f., a female servant. ancora, ae, f., an anchor; a support, refuge. Ancus, 1, m., see Marcius. Andromache, ae, f., the wife of Hector in Homer's Iliad, the subject of a tragedy by Eunius. angor, oris [ango, squeeze'], m., stran- gling, choking. anguis, is, m. and f., a snake. angulus, i, m., «^ angle, corner. anguste [angustus], adv., closely, nar- 7'owb/, scantily. angustiae, arum [angustus], f., nar- row pass, narrows; difficulties^ per- plexity, want* angustus, [ango, squeeze], adj., narrow, tight, steep; in angusto, in a tight place, at a crisis. anima, ae, f., bi^eath, soul, life. animadverts, ere, i, versus [animus + adverts], to turn the mind to, per- ceive; in aliquem animadvertere, to punish. animal, alis [anima], n.,a living thing, an animal. animus, i, m., soul, mind; disposition, feelings ; courage, spirit ; will, resoht- tion ;■ esse in animS, to intend; animi causa, for pleasure. annaiis, e [annus], adj., relating to a year; as pi. noun (sc. libri), chroni- cles, annals. annStinus, [annus], adj., a year old, last year's. annus, i, m., a year. annuus, [annus], adj., annual; lasting for a year. anser, eris, m., a goose. ante (1) as adv., previously, in front; (2) as prep, with ace, before, in front of, in advance of. antea, B^dv., formerly, once. ante-cedS, see cedS. ante-ferS, see ferS. antemna, ae, f., a sail-yard. Antemnates, ium, m., the inhabitants of Antemnae, an ancient town of the Sabines, three miles from Rome. antepSnS, see pSnS. antequam, conj. [often separated], be- fore. anthrSpophagus, i [Greek], m., a man- eater, cannibal. Antias, ^\,is,2Ldi]., pertaining to Antium, a seacoast town in Latium. Antiochinus, adj., pertaining to Anti- ochus. Antiochus, i, m., king of Syria, sur- named the Great, B.C. 223-187. antiquitus [antiquus], adv., of old, for- merly, anciently. VOCABULARY. 217 antiquus, [ante], adj., old, belonging to aformei' time. antistes, stitis [ante + sto], m. and f., a priest, attendant. antisto, see sto. Antonius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. M. Antonius, the friend of Caesar and a member of the second trium- virate. He was defeated by Octavianus in the battle of Actium b.c. 31, and killed himself the following year- 2. C. Anto7iius, uncle of M., consul with Cicero b.c. 63. 3. L. Antonius J brother of M., con- sul B.C. 41 ; conquered by Augustus at Perusia. Snulus, i, m. [dim. of &nus, circle], a ring. anus, us, f., an old woman; sibyl. aperio, ire, ui, pertus, to open, disclose, uncover. aperte [apertus], adv., openly, clearly. apertus [aperio], adj., not defended, open, exposed. Apion, onis, m., a Greek grammarian and author who lived at Rome in the first century of our era. Apollo, inis, m., the Greek god (wor- shiped by the Romans) of poetry and music, divination and medicine, and of archery, apparatus, us [apparo], m., supplies^ engines, implements. appareo, see pareo. apparo, see paro. appello, see pello. appendo, see pendo. Appenninus, i, m., the Apennines. App., Appius,i,m., a Roman praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens. appllco, see plico. appono, see pono. apprime [primus], adv., especially, most of all. approbo, see probo. appropinquo, Sxe, Svi, atus [ad + pro- pinquus], to draw near, approach. Aprilis, is, adj., of April. apto, are, avi, atus [aptus], to fit, adjust. aptus, Sid]., joined, fitted, suitable. apud, prep, with ace, near, by ; at the house of; in the works of; in the presence of; with, close to, among, in the presence of. Apulia, ae, f., a province in the south- eastern part of Italy. aqua, ae, i., water; aqueduct ; mensurae ex aqua, water-clocks. aquila, ae, f., an eagle ; standard. Aquitania, ae, f., the south-western part of Gaul. ara, ae, f., an altar. arbitrium, i [arbiter, J?/f75re] , d.., judg- ment ; will ; power. arbitror, ari, atus sum [arbiter], to think, suppose, consider. arbor, oris, f., a tree. arbustum, i [arbor] , n., a grove, orchard. Arcadia, ae, f., a mountainous country in the center of the Peloponnesus. Areas, dis, adj.. Arcadian. arceo, ere, ui, — , to inclose; prohibit, keep off; pj'event, impede. con — coerceo, ere, ui, itus, to shut in, restrain, check. ex — exerceo, ere, ui, itus, to exer- cise, drill. arcesso, ere, ivi, itus [accedo] , to send for, summon, invite. Ardea, ae, f., the capital of the Ru- tuli, about eighteen miles south of Rome. ardeo, ere, arsi, arsus, to be hot, bum ; be eager or excited. ardesco, ere, arsi, — , to take fire ; be- come violent. ex — exardesco, ere, arsi, arsus, to take fire; be angry. arduus, adj., high, arduous. 218 VOCABULARY. Aretinus, adj., of Aretiumy an Etrurian town. argenteus, [argentum], adj., of silver. argentum, i, n., silver, silver-plate. Argi, orum, m., the city of Argos, in the eastern part of the Peloponnesus. Argiletum, i, n., a street in Rome, near the Forum. argumentum, i [argu5], n., argument, proof. arguo, ere, ui, utus, to show, maintain. aridus [areo, be dry'], adj., dry. Arimaspi, orum, m., a Scythian tribe. Ariminum, i, n., a town in Northern Italy on the Adriatic. Ariobarzanes, is, m., king of Cappa- docia, dethroned by Mithridates. Aristides, is, m., a famous statesman of Athens. He was archon (ruler) B.C. 489, and died about 468. Aristobiilus, i, m., king of Judaea, taken captive by Pompey b.c. 63. Aristoteles, is, m., one of the greatest of Greek philosophers, a pupil of Plato. He lived B.C. 384-322. arma, orum, n. pi., arms, iceapons; equipment. armamenta, orum [armo], n. pi., im- plements, rigging. armatura, ae [armo], f., armor, equip- ment ; levis armaturae, light-armed. Armenia, ae, f ., a country in Asia south- east of the Black Sea. Armenia Minor is the -portion west of the Euphrates. armentum, i, n., vattle. armo, are, avi, atus [arma], to arm, equip; armati, armed men, soldiei's. aro, are, avi, atus, toplov). circum — circumaro, are, to ploio around. arripio, see rapio. ars, artis, f., skill, art, knowledge. Artaphemes, is, m., the nephew of Darius ; commander of the Persians at Marathon. Artaxerxes, is, m., surnamed Longi- manus, king of Persia, reigned b.c. 465-425. arte [artus from arceo], adv., closely, tightly. Artemisium, i, n., a cape on the northern coast of Euboea. articulus, i [dim. of SiTtVLB, joint], m., small Joint, knot. artifex, icis, m., a workman, artist. artificium, i [artifex], n., art, trade; trick; cunning. Aruns, untis, m., the son of Tarquiuius Superbus. Arverni, orum, m., an important Gallic tribe. Their territory is now known as Auvergne. arx, arcis, f., a fortress, citadel. Ascanius, i, m., son of Aeneas, founder of Alba Longa; also called lulus and regarded as the ancestor of the Julian gens. ascendo, see scando. ascensus, us [ascendo], m., an ascent. Asia, ae, f. (1) The continent of Asia. (2) Asia Minor. Asiaticus, adj., Asiatic; see Scipio (4). aspectus, us [aspicio], m., appear- ance. aspergo, see spargo. asperitas, atis [asper], f. roughness; harshness, severity. aspernor, axi, atus sum [ab + spernor, despise], to scorn, despise. aspersio, onis [aspergo], f., a scatter- ing, spattering. aspicio, see *specio. aspis, idis, f., an asp, viper. asporto, see porto. astrolog^s, i [Greek], m., an astrono- mer, astrologer. astu [Greek], n. indecl., a city; the city, Athens. at, conj., but, yet, at least. Atella, ae, f., a small town in Cam- pania. VOCABULARY. 219 Athenae, &rum, f ., Athens, the chief city of Attica. Atheniensis, e, adj., Athenian; pi., the Athenians. athleta, ae [Greek], m., a wrestler, athlete. athleticus [athleta], adj., athletic. Atilius, i, 111., the name of a Roman gens. See Kegulus. atque, ac, conj., and, and especially, and even ; than, as ; simul ac, as soon as; idem (par) Sic, the same as; alius ac, other than; contra atque, differ- ently from what. AtrebUs, atis, m., pi. Atrebates (abl. tis), a tribe in Belgic Gaul. Atrius, i, m., Q., an officer in Caesar's army. atrox, obis, adj., fierce, harsh, tei^ri- hle. attentus [attendo, to strive], 8id]., atten- tive, striving after, careful. Attica, ae, f ., a peninsula in the eastern part of Greece. Area about 700 sq. m. Its capital was Athens. Atticus, i, m., the surname of T. Pom- poniust a friend of Cicero, given be- cause of his long residence in Athens. attineo, see teneo. attingo, see tango. attribuo, see tribuo. Attus, i, 111., a Sabine praenomen. See Navius. Atys, yos, m., son of Alba and king of Alba Longa. auctor, oris [augeo], m., a promoter, founder, author, doer, cause. auctoritas, atis [augeo], f., influence, authority, povjer. audacia, ae [audax], f., boldness. audacter [audax], adv., boldly, pre- sumptuously. audax, acis [audeo], adj., bold, auda- cious. audeo, ere, ausus sum, to dare, at- tempt. audio, ire, ivi, itus, to hear, hear of, listen to. ex ^exaudio, ire, ivi, itus, to hear clearly. auditio, onis [audio] , f., hearing ^ report. augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, to increase, spread; praise, honor; enrich. augur, uris [avis], m., a soothsayer, diviner, augur. auguratus, us [augur], m., the office of an augur. augurium, i [augur], n., augury, omen. Augpistus, i, m., properly an adjective meaning majestic. It was given as a title of honor to Octavianus, the grand- nephew of Caesar, B.C. 27, and borne by subsequent emperors. Aulus, i, m., a Roman praenomen. Aurelius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cotta. aureus [aurum], adj., golden. auriga, ae [aurea, headstall •\- ago] ,. m., charioteer, driver. auris, is, f ., ear. aurora, ae, f., the dawn. aurum. i, n., gold, money. Aurunculeius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cotta. auspicium, i [avis + * specio] , n., an omen; auspices. aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. autem, conj., but, moreover, yet; also, now. auxiliarius [auxilium], adj., assistant, aui'iUanj. \ auxilior, ari, atus sum [auxilium], to ' assist. ! auxilium, i [augeo], n., help, remedy; pi., auxiliary troops (usually foreign and light-armed troops) . avaritia, ae [avarus], f., greed. avarus, adj., avaricious, greedy; cove- tous, eager ; as noun, a miser. Aventinus, i, m., son of Romulus Silvius and king of Alba Longa. 220. VOCABULARY. Aventinus, i, m. (sc. mons), the Aven- tine, one of the seven hills of Rome. averto, see verto. avis, is, f., a bird. avitus [avus], adj., ancestral. avoco, see voco. avunculus, i, m. [dim. of avus] , uncle, mother's brother. avus, i, m., grandfather, ancestor. B. Baculus, i, m., P. Sextius, a centurion in the army of Caesar. Bagrada, ae, m., a river near Carthage. Balbus, i, L. Cornelius, consul B.C. 40, a friend of Atticus and of Caesar. balteus, i, m., a girdle, sword-belt. barba, ae, f., a beard. barbarus, adj., foreign, barbarous, bar- barian. Barca, ae, m., the cognomen of Hamil- car, the father of Hannibal. ^ beatus [beo, bless], adj., blessed, happy, prosperous. Belgae, arum, m., one of the three divisions of the Gallic race. They dwelt between the Rhine and the Seine. Belgium, i, n., the country of the Belgae. bellicosus, [bellicus], adj., warlike, fond of war, fierce. bellicus [bellum], adj., pertaining to war, military, martial. bello, are, avi, atus [bellum] , to wage war, fight. re — rebello, are, avi, atus, to wage loar again, rebel. bellum, i (for duellum, from duo), n., vjar, warfare. belua, ae, f., a wild bea.^t. bene [bonus], a,dv., well; comp. melius, sup. optime. benevole [benevolus], adv., kindly. benevolentia, ae [bene -I- volo] , f ., good- will, kindly feeling. bestia, ae, f ., a beast, animal. bibo, ere, bibi, — , to drink. Bibroci, orum, m., a tribe of Britons. Bibulus, i, m., L. Calpurnius, consul with Caesar B.C. 59. biduum, i [bis + dies], n., two days' time. biennium, i [bis + annus] , n., two years' time. bini, ae, a [bis], adj., two by two, two each. bipartito [bis + pars], adv., in two divisions. bis [duis, duo], num. adv., twice. Bithynia, ae, f ., a country in Asia Minor, on the Propontis and the Black Sea. Bithynii, orum, m., the people of Bi- thynia. Boduognatus, i, the chief leader of the Nervii at the battle of the Sabis River, bonitas, atis [bonus], f., goodness. bonus, adj. (comp. melior, sup. optimus) , good, advantageous, friendly ; bono animo esse, to feel friendly. As noun, bonum, n., profit; pi., bona, orum, goods. Borysthenes, is, m., the river Dnieper. bos, bovis, m. and f., the ox, cow. Bosporus, i, a name given to several straits. 1. Thracius; between Thrace and Bithynia (Straits of Constantinople). 2. Cimmerius; the strait leading from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azof. The name is also used to denote the kingdom of Bosporus on the north shore of the Black Sea. bracchium, i,n., an arm. Brennus, i, m., chief of the Gauls who burned Rome, B.C. 390. brevis, e, adj., short. brevitas, atis [brevis], f., shortness. Britanni, orum, m., the Britons. Britannia, ae, f., the country of the Britons, England and Scotland. Britannicus, adj., British. VOCABULARY. bruma, ae [contr. from brevissima, sc. dies] , f ., the winter solstice ; ivinter. Bruttii (Brittii), orum, m., a people in the south-western part of Italy. Brutus, i, m., a family name at Rome. 1. L. Junius Brutus, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, consul with Col- latinus B.C. 509. 2. M. lunius Brutus, one of the murderers of Caesar b.q. 44. 3. D. lunius Brutus, an officer with Caesar in the war against the Veneti, who afterwards conspired against him, B.C. 44. Bucephalas, ae, m., the horse of Alex- ander the Great. Bucepbalos, i (ace. on), f., a town in India named for the horse of Alex- ander. bucula, ae [bos], f., a heifer. biistum, i, n., a funeral-pyre, C. C. = Gaius. C. = centum. Cacus, i, m., a giant slain by Hercules, cadaver, eris [cado], n., a corpse. cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, to fall, he killed, die ; happen. ad — accido, ere, cidi, — , to fall tOj happen, fall to the lot of; impers., accidit, it happens. con — concido, ere, cidi, — , to fall, perish. de — decido, ere, cidi, — , to fall down ov from. in — incido, ere, cidi, — , to fall in ivith, meet ; occur. inter — intercido, ere, cidi, — , to fall, perish . ob — occido, ere, cidi, casus, to fall; set (of the sun). re — recido, ere, cidi, casiirus, to fall back. super + in — superincido, ere, — , — , to fall on from above. caduceus, i, m., a staff carried by her- alds, the sign of peace. caedes, is [caedo], f., killing, slaughter: Caecilius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Q. Caecilius, the uncle of Atticus. 2. Caecilius Statius, an ancient Latin dramatic poet. See also Metellus. Caecus, i, m., App. Claudius, a Roman statesman ; censor B.C. 312, consul 307. caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus [root sac, to split], to cut, cut up; kill, con- quer. ab — abscido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut off. ad — accido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut into, fell. con — concido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut up, cut to pieces, destroy. in — incido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut into, hew away. ob — occido, ere, cidi, cisus, to kill. prae — praecido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut short, cut off. sub — succido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut down; destroy, pillage. caelestis, e [caelum], adj., celestial, heavenly. Gaelius, i, m., L. Caelius Antipater, a distinguished historian of the second century b^c. Gaelius, i, m. (sc. mons), the Caelian hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, caelum, i, n., heaven, sky. Caeninenses, ium, m.,the inhabitants of Caenina, a town of the Sabines. caerimonia, ae, f., a sacred Hte, cere- mony. caeruleus [caelum], adj., dark blue. Caesar, aris, m., a family name in the Julian gens. 1. C. lulius Cae.sar, the famous dic- tator; born B.C. 100, conquered Gaul 58-50, killed by conspirators 44. 2. The grandson of Caesar's sister, C. Octavius, was adopted by Caesar 222 VOCABULARY. and became C. Julius Caesar Octavia- nus. Born B.C. 63, died a.d. 14. See Augustus. Caesarea, ae, f., the name given to several cities founded in honor of Augustus. calamitas, atis, f., calamity, defeat. calliditas, atis [callidusj, f., shrewd- nessy skill. callidus, adj., shrewd, skillful. calo, onis, m., a camp servant. Calpurnius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Bibulus. Calvinus, i, m., T. Veturiiis, consul b.c. 321. Camillus, i, m., a family name in the Furian gens. 1. M. Furius Camillus, a famous hero of republican Rome ; defeated the Gauls shortly after the burning of Rome B.C. 390. 2. L. Furius Camillus, son of (1), was consul B.C. 340. Campania, ae, f., a district on the west- ern side of Italy south of Latium. campus, i, m., a plain. Campus Martius, the level space north of the Capitoline hill at Rome; in earliest times outside the walls and used as a place of exercise. candeo, ere, ui. — , to shine^ glow. in — incendo, ere, i, census, to set on fire, hum ; excite. sub — succendo, ere, i, census, to kindle beneath, set on firp. canesco, ere, — , — [cftneo, to he gray], to turn white (of the hair). canlnus [canis], adj., of a dog, canine. canis, is, m. and f., a dog. Cannae, arum, f., a small town in Apu- lia. Cannensis, e, ad]., pertaining to Cannae. Cantium, i, n., a district in the south- eastern part of England, modern Kent. cantus us [cano, sing] , m., a song, sing- ing. capesso, ere, ivi, itus [desid. of capio], to seize, take part in^ administer; undertake. Capetus, i, m., son of Capys and king of Alba Longa. capillus, i [caput], m., the hair. capio, ere, cepi, captus, to take, get, seize, capture, arrive at; consilium caper e, to form apian. ad — accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to accept, receive ; listen to, learn. ex — excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take out, except, take up; intercept, capture; receive. in — incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to hegin, undertake. inter — intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to seize in passing, intercept. ob — occipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to hegin. per — percipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to seize, receive; recover, save (late for recipio) . prae — praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take beforehand, foresee ; instruct. re — recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take back, receive; admit; se reci- pere, to retreat. sub — suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take up; adniit, support; undertake. incur, undergo. Capitolinus, adj., pertaining to the (-(ipitol. Capitolium, i, n., the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome. Also the hill on which this temple stood, the Mons Capi- tolinus, the citadel as well as the chief sanctuary of Rome, capitulatim, [capitulum from caput], adv., briefly, by topics. Cappadocia, ae, f., a province in Asia Minor. capra, ae [caper, goat], i., a she-goat. Caprae Paliis, see palus. captivus, i [capio], m., a captive, pris- VOCABULARY. 223 Capua, ae, f., a Greek city near Na- ples, renowned for its wealth and luxury. caput, itis, n., the head; a person, man; mouth (of a river) ; life. Capys, yos, m., son of Atys, king of Alba Longa. career, is, m., prison. carina, ae, f., « keel. caritas, atis [cSlrus] , f., clearness, favor. Carmentis, is, f., a prophetess, the mother of Euander. Carneades, is, m., a skeptical Greek philosopher, B.C. 213-129. Carnutes, um, m., a Gallic tribe living on the banks of the Liger (Loire) . caro, carnis, i., flesh. carpo, ere, psi, ptus, to pick, gather. con — concerpo, ere, psi, — , to tear apart, rend (rare). dis — discerpo, ere, psi, ptus, to tear in pieces, mangle, mutilate, Carthag^niensis, e, adj., Carthaginian. Carthago, inis, f. 1. Carthage, a city fouuded by the Phoenicians on the northern coast of Africa. Destroyed by the Romans B.C. 146. 2. Carthago Nova, a city founded by the Cartha- ginians on the east coast of Spain. carus. adj., dear, costly, beloved. Carvilius, i, m., a chief of the Britons in Cantium. Casca, ae, m., P. Servilius, a conspirator aofainst Caesar B.C. 44. caseus, i, m., cheese. Cassi. orum, m., a tribe of Britons. Cassius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Longinus, Viscellinus. Cassivellaunus, i, m., Caswallon, a prominent chief of the Britons. castellum, i [dim. from castrum], n., a stronghold, castle, fort. castitas, atis [castus, chaste], t., chas- tity, purity. Castor, oris, m., a hero in Greek my- thology, the twin brother of Pollux. A. & W. LAX. R. — 15 They were especially worshiped as the protectors of travelers by sea. castrensis, e [castra], adj., of the camp. castrum, i, n., fortified place, town; pi., castra, orum, n., a camp; a cam- paign. casu [casus], adv., by chance. casus, us [cado] , m., that which tefalls ; event, chance, misfortune, death. catapulta, ae [Greek], f., catapult, an engine for hurling missiles. See cut, p. 134. catena, ae, f., a chain, fetter, caterva, ae, f., a crowdf mob; band, flock. Catilina, ae, m., L. Sergius, a conspira- tor during the consulship of Cicero B.C. 63. Cato, onis, m., a family name in the Porcian gens. 1. M. Porcius Cato, the famous censor, lived from B.C. 234-149. 2. M. Porcius Cato, the great-grand- son (1), was defeated by Caesar, and committed suicide at Utica b.c. 46. Catulus, i, m., C. Lutatius, consul b.c. 242, defeated the Carthaginians in a battle off the Aegates Islands. Cauda, ae, f., a tail. Caudex, icis, m., App. Claudius, was consul B.C. 264. causa, ae, f., reason, motive; pretext; case, state ; causa [with gen.], for the sake of, on account of; causam dare, to occasion, cause. cautes, is, f., a ragged cliff, crag. cavea, ae, f., a cage, coop. caveo, ere, cavi, cautus, to take care, beioare, guard against. caviliatio, onis [caviller], f., raillery, irony. caviller, ari, atus sum, to mock, jest, satirize. cedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to move, yield, 7'etreat. 224 TOCABULARY. ad — accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, to move towardSy draw near; be added;, agree to, enter into. an e — antecedo, ere, cessi, — , to go in front, anticipate; precede; sur- pass. con — concede, ere, cessi, cessus, to ivithdraw ; suhmit ; allow. de — decedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to retire ; avoid ; die. dis — discedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to depart ; leave ; come off. ex — excedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to leave, remove. inter — intercedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to go between ; intervene ; occur. pro — procedo, ere, cessi, — , to ad- vance, press forward. re — recedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to go back, withdrav^, return. sub — succedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to come up, advance ; succeed, follow. celeber, bris, bre, adj., famous. celebro, are, avi, atus [celeber], to practise, repeat ; celebrate. celer, eris, ere [cello, impel] , 2i.&]., rapid, sudden. celeritas, atis [celer], f., speed, rapidity. celeriter [celer], adv., quickly, at once. celo, are, avi, atus,^o hide. Cenimagni, orum, m., a tribe of Britons, ceno, are, avi, atus [of. cena, dinner] , to dine, censeo, ere, sui, sus, to value, estimate ; hold or express an opinion ; think, vote. re — recenseo, ere, ui, — , to count. censio, onis [censeo], f., an estimating, i^atlng (late). censor, oris [censeo], m., a censor, a Roman majfistrate. censorius [censor], adj., pertaining to a censor; as noun, an ex-censor. Censorinus, i, m., L. Manlius (Marcius), was consul B.C. 149. censura, ae [censeo], f ., the censorship ; censure. census, us [censeo], m., a census, enu- meration. centeni, ae, a [centum], distrib. adj., a hundred each. Centenius, i, m., C, propraetor b.c. 217 ; defeated by Hannibal. centesimus, [centum], adj. hundredth. centies [centum], adv., a hundred times, centum, num. adj., a hundred (C). centurio, onis [centum], m., a centu- rion. Ceres, Cereris, f., the Latin goddess of the earth and agriculture. cerno, ere, crevi, certus, to separate, j)erceive, decree. de — decern©, ere, crevi, cretus, to ordain, decree; strive, contend in battle. certamen, inis [certo, to fight], n., a struggle, battle, engagement. certe [certus], adv., certainly, at least. certus [cerno], adj., artain, positive, sure, true; certiorem facere, to in- form; certior fieri, to be informed. cerva, ae [cervus], f., a hind, deer. cervix, ids, f., the neck, shoulders, throat. cervus, i, m., stag. cesso, are, avi, atus [cedo], to pause, come to an end, cease. ceterus [nom. sing. ra. lacking], adj., the rest, the other, others. Chares, etis, m., a court official who wrote a history of Alexander the Great. chimaera, ae [Greek], f., a fabidous monster. Chius, adj., of Chios, a Greek island in the Aegean. chronicus [Greek], adj., pertaining to time ; sc. libri, chronicles, records. cibatus, us [cibd,feed], m.,food. cibus, i, m.,food. Cicero, onis, ra., a Roman family name. 1. M. Tullius, the famous Roman orator, born at Arpinum b.c. 106; consul in 63 ; killed, 43. VOCABULARY. 225 2. Q. Tullivs, the younger brother of M., was with Caesar in Gaul and Britain. He was put to death B.C. 43. cicur, uris, adj., tame. cieo, ere, civi, citus, to stir^ rouse. ex — excieo, ere, cm, citus, to call out, summon. Gincinn§,tus, i, m., L. Quintius, a cele- brated hero of the early Republic, consul B.C. 460; dictator 458, 43t). CineSs, ae, m., the friend and trusted minister of Pyrrhus, famous for his wit and eloquence. Gingetorix, igis, m., a chief of the Britons in Cantium. cingo, ere, cinxl, cinctus, to surround, enclose, besiege. Cinna, ae, m., L. Cornelius, consul B.C. 87, 8(5. circiL, adv., and prep, with ace, about, around. circinus, i, m., a pair of compasses. circiter [circus], adv., and prep, with ace, about, not far from, near. circuitus, us [circumeoj, ra., a going round, circuit, winding way. circum [circus], adv., and prep, with ace, around, near, in the neighbor- hood of, about. circumago, see ago. circumaro, see aro. circumcludo, see claud5. circumdo, see do. circumeo, see eo. circumplico, see plico. circumfero, see fero. circumsisto, see sisto. circumspecte [circumspicio] , adv., with consideration, cautiously (very rare). circumspecto, see specto. circumsto, see sto. circumvenio, see venio. circus, i, m., a circle ; circular or oval race-course, circus. citerior, ius [cis], adj., on this side, hither. citissime [citS, quickly], adv., very rapidly. cito, are, &vi, fttus [inteus. from cieo], to rouse. con — concito, ftre, avi, fttus, to arouse, urge, excite. ex — excito, are, avi, atus, to rouse forth, excite, stimulate. in — incito, are, avi, atus, to urge on, incite, encourage. civicus [civls] adj., civic. civ^s, e [civis], adj., pertaining to a citizen; civil; polite, moderate. civis, is, m., a citizen. civitas, atis, f., citizenship; state, com- munity ; city (late). clam [celo], adv., secretly. clamor, oris [ciamo, cry out], m., out- cry, noise, clamor. clandestinus [clam], adj., secret, con- cealed. clangor, oris, m., noise. ciare [ciarus], adv., clearly ; loudly. ciaritas, atis, f. [ciarus], clearness, bril- liancy, fa me. ciarus, adj., clear; loud, glorious, famous. classiarius [classis], adj., pertaining to a fleet; as noun, classiarii, orum, m., maHnes. classicum, i, n., a trumpet call. classis, is, f., a class of citizens; the navy; a fleet. Clastidium, i, n., a fortified town near the Po River. Claudius, i, m., the name of one of the oldest and most famous of the Roman gentes. See Caecus, Caudex, Crassi- nus, Marcellus, Nero, Pulcher, Qua- drigarius, Tiberius. claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, to shut, close, enclose. circum — circumcludo, ere, clusi, clusus, to shut in, surround. con — concludo, ere, clusi, clusus, to shut up, confine. 226 VOCABULARY. dis — disclUdd, ere, cliis!, clilsus, to keeplipart, separate. ex — excludo, ere, clusi^ clusus, to shut out, cut of, exclud''. in — includo, ere, clusi, clusus, to shut in. inter — intercludo, ere, clusi, clu- sus, to shut off, hinder. prae — praecludo, ere, clusi, clu- sus, to dose, shut, block. clava, ae, f., a club. ciavus, i, m., a nail. Cleopatra, ae, f ., a common name in the families of the Macedonian kings of Egypt. The famous Cleopatra lived B.C. 69-30. cliens, entis [cluens from clueo, hear"], m. and f., a vassal, dependant, client. clientela, ae [cliens], f., vassalage; alliance, protection. Clypea, ae, f., a fortified town near the seacoast in the territory of Carthage. cloS^a. ae, f., a sewer, drain. Cn. = Gnaeus. coacervo, are, avi, atus [con + acervus], to heap up, collect. Codes, itis, m., Horatius, who defended the Sublician bridge in the war with Porsena. coeo, see eo. coepi, isse, coeptus, began. The passive form is used with a passive infinitive. coerceo, see arceo. cogito, see agito. cognatio, onis [con + (g)nascor], f ., rela- tionship. cognatus [con+ (g)nascor], adj., re- lated by blood, kindred; as noun, a kinsman, blood relation. cognomen, inis [con+ (g)nomen], n., a name added to the individual and clan names of a person; a surname, nickname. cognomentum, i [cognomen], n., a sur- name (rare). cognosco, see nosco. I cogo, see ag3. cohaereo, see haere5. cohors, hortis, f ., a cohort (the tenth part of a legion). cohortatio, onis [cohortor] , f ., the act oj encouraging, exhortation. cohortor, see hortor. CoUatinus, i, m., L. Tarquinivs, the husband of Lucretia and one of the first two consuls B.C. 509. coUis, is, m., a Kill. colo, ere, ui, cultus, to cultivate; dwell; cherish, worship, honor. in — incolo, ere, ui, — , to dwell, set- tle, inhabit. colonia, ae [colo], f., a colony, settle- rnent. color, oris, m., color, complexion. columna, ae, f., a column, pillar. comburo, see uro. comedo, see edo. comes, itis [con + eo], m. and f., a com- panion. comitas, atis [comis, friendly], f., good nature, friendliness. comitium, i [con + e5], n., the place near the Roman Forum where the voters assembled; comitia, the as- sembly of the people. comitor, ari, atus [comes], to accom- pany. commeatus, Qs [commeo], m., passing back and forth, trip ; provisions, commemoro, are, avI, atus [con + memor] , to call to mind, mention, tell. commendo, see mand5. commentarius, i [commentor, to think over], m., a note-book; usually plur., memoirs, records. commenticius [comminlscor, to invent] , adj., invented, feigned, imaginary, forged. commentus [comminiscor], adj., false, feigned. commeo, are, avi, atus, to pass to and fro. VOCABULARY. 227 comminus [con + manus], adv., hand-to hand, at close quarters, committo, see mitto. Commius, i, m., the chief of the Atre- bates. commodate [commodo, adjiLst]^ adv., Jittlngly (only one occurrence]. commode [commodus, suitable], adv., fitly, easily, conveniently (very rare). commodum, i [commodus], n., conven- ience, advantage, utility. commoveo, see moved . communico, fire, Svi, fitus [commu- nis], to share with, communicate, plan. communis, e [con + munus], adj., com- mon ; ordinary ; public ; res com- munis, the public interest. commutatio, onis [commuto], f., a change. commuto, see muto. comoedia, ae [Greek], f., a comedy. compared, see pfireo. 1. compare, see paro. 2. comparo, are, avi, atus [compfir, like'] , to compare. compavesco, see pavesco. compello, see pello. comperio, ire, peri, pertus, to leatm, discover. compertus [comperio], adj., known, certain. compleo, see pleo. complexus, us [complector, to em- brace], m., surrounding, embrace. complures, a or ia [con + plus], adj., several, many, very many. compono, see pono. comporto, see porto. compositus [compono], adj., invented, pretended. comprehendo, see prehendo. compresse [comprimo, to compress], adv., pressing'y, urgently (only comp.). comproto, see probo. concavus, adj., hollow. concedo, see cedo. concerpo, see carpo. concido, see cado. concido, see caedo. concilio, are, avi, atus [concilium], to IV in over, reconcile ; obtain. concilium, i [con-f-calo, call], n., as- sembly, council. concito, see cito. concludo, see claudo. concupisco, ere, pivi (ii), Itus [cupio], to long for, strive for. concurro, see curro. concur sus, us [concurro], m., a running together^ concourse; charge, engage- ment. condemno, see damno. condicio, onis [condico, to agree], t., a condition, state ; terms, stipulation. condiscipuiatus, us [condiscipulus], m., companionship at school. condiscipulus, i [con + discipulus, scholar], m., schoolmate. conditor, oris [condo] , m., a founder, in- ventor, writer. condo, see do. conecto, ere, nexus [con + necto. Join], to unite, connect. confercio, ire, fertus [farcio, to stuff] , to crowd together. confero, see fero. confestim, adv., immediately, at once. conficio, see facio. confidentia, ae [confido], f., confidence^ boldness. confido, see fido. configo, see figo. confirm©, see firmo. confiteor, eri, fessus [con + for, speak], to confp.ss, acknoivledge. conflictatio, onis [conflict©], f., a con- flict, struggle. conflictio, onis [confligo] , f ., a collision, conflict. conflicto, are, avi, atus [freq. of con- fligo], to strike together; annoy. 228 VOCABULARY. confligo, see filgd. confluo, see fluo. confodio, see fodio. confugio, see fugio. confundo, see fundo. congero, see gero. conglobo, are, avi, atus [globus, ball], to roll together. congredior, see gradior. congrego, are, avi atus [con + grex], to collect, unite. congressus, us [congredior], m., an encou7iter, meeting. congruo, ere, m, — , to coincide. conicio, see iacio. conitor, see nitor. coniuncte, adv. [coniunctus], together, conjointly ; in friendly manner. coniunctim [coniungo], adv., jointly, together. coniungo, see iungo. coniunx, coniugis [coniungS], m. and f., a husband, wife. coniiiratio, onis [coniuro], f., a conspir- acy, plot. coniuro, see iuro. conlabefio, fieri, factus sum, to totter, be overthrown (rare). conlaudo, see laudo. conlega, ae [conligo], m., one chosen at the same time, a colleague. conligo, see lego. conloco. see loco. conloquium, i [conloquor], n., an inter- view, conference. conloquor, see loquor. conluceo, ere, — , — [con -f lux], to shine, glow. Conor, ari, atus sum, to try. conquiro, see quaero. conscendo, see scando. conscientia, ae [con+ scio], f., conscious- ness, knowledge ; conscience. conscisco, see scisco. conscnbo, see scribo. conscriptus [conscnbo], adj., enrolhd; plur. with patres or as noun, sena- tors. consecro, see sacro. consector, ari, atus sum [con + sector from sequor], to follow hai^d, chase, pursue. consenesco, ere, ui [senex], to grow old or loeak; waste aioay ; fade. consensus, iis [consentio], m., consent, assent, united opinion; ex communi consensii, by common consent. consentio, see sentio. consequor, see sequor. consero, see sero. conservo, see servo. considero, are, avi, atus, to inspect, re- flect ^ consider. consido, sidere, sedi, sessus [con + sido, sit], to sit, stop, encamp; establish one^s self, settle. consilium, i [consulo], n., apian, advice; counsel, wisdom ; authority; council; consilium capere or inire, to form a plan. consimilis, e [con + similis], adj., ZiA;e, similar. consisto, see sisto. conspectus, us [conspicio], m., sight, presence. conspicio, see *specio. conspicor, ari, atus sum, to see^ observe. conspiro, see spiro. constantia, ae [consto], f., firmness; constancy, resolution. consterno, are, avi, atus [con + sterno. strike], to terrify, alarm. constituo, see statuo. consto, see sto. consuesco, see suesco. consuetudo, inis [consuesco], f., habit, custom, man7ier. consul, ulis, m., a consul. The usual name of the two highest officials of the Roman republic. They were elected annually, and their names were used in plane of a date. VOCABULARY. 229 consults, e [consul], adj., of a consul, of consular rank; as noun, an ex- consnl. consulatus, us [consul], m., consulate, consals'dp. consulo, ere, ui, tus, to consult, con- sider; counsel, give advice to; provide for; ask advice of. consulto [consulo], adv., purposely, ad- visedly. consultum, i [consulo], n., resolution, decree. consultus [consulo], adj., experienced, skillful, learned; iuris consultus, a lawyer. consumo, see sumo. consurgo, see surgo. contagio, onis [contingo], f., contact, contagion. contemno, see temno. contemplatio, onis [contemplorj^o gaze at], t., survey, contemplalion. contemptus, us [contemno], m., con- tempt. contendo, see tendo. contentio, onis [contendo], f., exertion, struggle ; contest, contention. contentus [contineo], adj., content, sat- isfied. contestor, see testor. contexo, see texo. continens, entis [contineo], adj., lying near, continuous ; connected, uninter- rupted. continens, entis (sc. terra), f., the con- tinent, mainland. continenter [continens], adv., continw- ally, without interruption. continentia, ae [continens], f., self-re- straint. contineo, see teneo. contingo, see tango. continuus [con + teneo], adj., succes- sive, uninterrupted. contio, onis [contr. from conventio, assembling], f., assembly ; an address. control, prep, with ace, against, opposite to, contrary to; adv., on the other hand; contrH atque, contrary to what. contradico, see dico. contraho, see traho. contrarius [contra], adj., opposite, con- trary. controversia, ae [contra + verto], f., dispute, controversy. contumelia, ae, f., insult, indignity; violence, rudeness. convenio, see venio. conversio, onis [convert©], f., a return, turning back. converto, see verto. convexo, see vexo. conviva, ae [con-vivo], m., a table-guest, guest. convivium, i [con-vivo], n., a feast. convoco, see voco. coorior, see orior. copia, ae [co(n)+ops], f., abundance, supply; pi., troops, supplies; means, force, wealth. copula, ae [con + apo, bind], f., a bond of union ; grappling iron. cor, cordis, n., the heart; cord! esse, to be dear. coram [con-f-os], adv., in presence of, before the eyes of, in person. Corcyra, ae, f., a small island off the coast of Epirus, modern Corfu. Corcyraeus, adj., pertaining to Cor- cyra. Coriolanus, i, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of Corioli B.C. 493. Corioli, orum, m., an ancient town in Latium belonging to the Volscians. corium, i, n., a skin, hide. Cornelius, i, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. See Balbus. Cinna, Faustus, Gallus, Len- tulus, Merula, Nepos, Riifinus, Scipio, Sulla. 230 VOCABULARY. comu, us, n., a horn ; trumpet ; wing (of an army) . corona, ae, f., a crown; garland; sub coronS, vendere, to sell into slavery. coronarius [corona], adj., pertaining to a wreath. corono, are, avi, atus [corona], to crown* corpus, oris, n., a body. corrumpo, see rumpo. Corvinus, i, m., a Roman family name. See Corvus. corvus, i, m., a raven, Corvus, i, m., 3f. Valerius y a celebrated Roman hero, twice dictator, six times consul ; born about 371 B.C. cos, cotis, f ., a whetstone. coss., contraction for consulibus. cotidianus [cotidiej, adj., daily ; usual, customary. cotidie [quot + dies], adv., daily y each day. Cotta, ae, m., a Roman family ^ame. 1. C. Aurelius Cotta was consul B.C. 200. 2. L. Aurunculeius Cotta was an oflScer in Caesar's Gallic army. Cous, adj., of Cos, an island near the coast of Caria. Crassinus, i, m., a family name in the Claudian gens. 1. App. Claudius Crassinus was one of the decemviri b.c. 451, the hero in the famous story of Virginia. 2. App. Claudius Crassinus was consul B.C. 349. crassitudo, inis [crassus, thick], f., thickness. Crassus, i, m., a Roman family name. 1. P. Licinius Crassus, a lieuten- ant in Caesar's army, son of the tri- umvir. 2. M\ Otacilius Crassus was consul the second time B.C. 240. 3. M. Licinius Crassus, the trium- vir, consul B.C. 70, famous for his enormous wealth. creber, bra, brum, adj., crowded, nu^ merous, frequent. credo, ere, credidi, itus, to believef trust, think ; intrust, commend to. credulitas, atis [credo] f., credulity, cremo, are, avi, atus, to burn. creo, are, avi, atus, to create, make, be- get ; elect, declare elected. pro — procreo, are, avi, atus, to beget. crepitus, us [crepo, to sound], m., a rust- ling. cresco, ere, crevi, cretus, grow, in- crease ; become influential, prosper. ad — accresco, ere, crevi, cretus, to grow, increase. Creta, ae, a large island in the Medi- terranean, south of Greece, modern Candia. Cre tenses, ium, m., Cretans, the inhabi- tants of Crete. crimen, inis [cerno], n., accusation, slander; fault, crime, offense. Crotoniates, ae, m., an inhabitant of Croton, a Greek town in southern Italy. Crotoniensis, is, adj., pertaining to Cro- ton. cruciatus, us [crucio], m., torture, cruelty, suffering. crucio, are, avi, atus [crux, cross], to crucify, torment. ex — excrucio, are, avi, atus, to torment, torture. crudelitas, atis [criidelis, cruel], t., cruelty. crus, cruris, n., a leg. Crustumini, orum, m., the inhabitants of Crustumeria, a town in the terri- tory of the Sabines, north of Rome. cubiculum, i [cubo, lie down], m., a bed- chamber. cubile, is [cubo, lie dow7i], n., a bed. cubitum, i, n., the elbow. culmen, inis, n., height, top. culpa, ae, f., blame, fault. VOCABULARY. 231 cultor, oris [col5], m., a cultivator ; wor- 8.upp2r. cultus, us [colo], m., cultivation^ wor- ship ; culture t training ; mode of life; dress, splendor. cum, prep, with abl., with, together with. cum, conj., when, after, since, although ; cum primum, as soon as; cum . . . tum, both . . . and, not only . . . hut also. *cumbo, same root as cubo, fire, ul, itum, to lie. ob — occumbo, ere, cubui, cubitum, to fall (in death). pro — procumbo, ere, cubui, cubi- tum, to lie down, sink, fall forward ; fall, sink down, he heaten down. sub — succumbo, ere, cubui, to yield, succumh. cumulus, i, m., a heap, pile, mass. cunctatio, onis [cunctor], f., delay, hesi- tation. cunctor, Sri, atus sum, to linger, hesi- tate, doubt. cunctus [coniunctus, con +iungo], adj., all together, all. cuneus, i, m., a wedge; wedge-shaped body of troops, cupide [cupidus], adv., eagerly, zeal- ously. cupiditas, atis [cupidusj, f., desire, longing ; greediness, avarice. cupido, inis, f., wish, longing. cupidus [cupio], adj., desirous, fond, eager. cupio, ere, ivi (ii), itus, to long for, desire, covet; vjish well to. cur, adv., why ? for what purpose ?■ curatio, onis [euro], f., the taking care of, administration ; cure. ciiria, ae, f., the senate-house at Rome. Curiosolites, um, m., a tribe on the north-western coast of Gaul. Curius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Dentatus. euro, are, avi, atus [cura, care], to care for, provide for ; attend to, arrange. pro— procuro, are, avi, atus, to look after, superintend. curro, currere, cucurri, cursus, to run. con — concurro, currere, (cu)currl, cursus, to run together, run up, rush, charge; meet, coincide. de — decurro, currere, (cu)curri, cursus, to run down, hasten. ob--occurr6, currere, (cu)currl, cursus, run to meet; meet with, en- counter; withstand; occur. per — percurro, currere, (cu)curri or curri, cursus, to run through. pro — procurro, ere, (cu) curri, cur- sum, to run forward. sub — succurro, curri, cursus, to run to help, succor. currus, us [curro J, m., a chariot. cursor, oris [curro], m., a runner, courier. Cursor, oris, m., L. Papirius, a cele- brated general ; consul six times ; dictator the second time B.C. 309. cursus, us [curro], m., running, speed; course, voyage; cursum tenere, to hold a straight course. curulis, e [currus], adj., of a chariot; sella curulis, official chair. custodia, ae [custos], f., care, guard, custody. custodio, ire, ivi, itus [custos], to guard, defend, keep. custos, odis, m. and f., a guard, keeper, defender, attendant. Cyclops, opis, m., my thical giants having but one eye. Cyrenaei, orum, m., the inhabitants of Cyrene, a Greek city on the coast of Africa, west of Egypt. D. = Decimus. D. - 500. 232 VOCABULARY. Daci, orum, m., the Dacians^ a people living on the north of the Danube. damno, &re, avi, a^^us [damnum], to condemn, sentence; hind, compel; coisure. con — condemno, are, Svi, atus, to sentence, condemn, damnum, i, n., injury, loss, fine, pen- alty. Danuvius, i, m., the Danube. Dareus (Darius), i, m., the name of several Persian kings. Darius I., the son of Hystaspes, reigned b.c. 521- 485. Datis, idis, m., a Persian commander, defeated at Marathon. de, prep, with abl.,/rom; in; of, about, concerning, after, in accordance with, for. debeo, ere, ui, itus [de + habeo], owe, ought; pass., be due; debet, debuit + inf., ought. debilito, are, avi, atus [debilis, v)eak'], to weaken ; dishearten. decedo, see cedo. decem, indecl. num. adj., ten (X.). decemplex, icis [plico], adj., tenfold. decemvir, I, m., one of a commission of ten men, decemvir. deceo, ere, decui, — , to be suitable, be- coming. decerno, see cerno. decerto, are, avi, atus, [decerno], to go through a contest, fight it out. decessus, us [de + cedo], m., retreat, withdrawal ; ebb. decido, see cado. decimus [decem], num. adj., tenth. Decius, i, ra., the name of a Roman gens. See Mus. deciaro, are, avi, atus [de + ciarus], to make clear, declare, proclaim. declivis, e [de + clivus, slope], adj., slop- ing downwards, dzscending. decoro, are, avi, atus [decus, honor], to decorate, distinguish. decretum, i [decerno], n., a decree, deci- sion; decreto stare, to abide by the decision. decumanus [decimus], adj., decuman; decumana porta, the main gate of the camp near the quarters of the tenth cohort. decurro, see curro! dodecus, oris [de + decus, honor], n., disgrace, dishonor. dedico, see dico. dediticius [dedo], adj., having surren- dered; as noun, one who has surren- dered, a subject. deditio, 'oii\. [dedo], f., a surrender. dedo, see do, deduco, see duco. defatigo, see fati^o. defectio, onis [deficio], f., defection, revolt ; deficiency, failure. defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, to ward off, repel; defend, protect. defensor, oris [defendo], m., a defender. defero, see fero. deficio, see facio. defigo, see figo. definio, see finio. defodio, see fodio. deformis, e [de + forma], adj., de- formed, misshapen. defugio, see fugiS. defungor, see fungor. degredior, see gradior. dehortor, see hortor. deicio, see iacio. deiectus, us [deicio], m.,a descent, slope, depression. deiero, see iuro. deinceps [deinde -f- capioj , adv., one after the other, successively ; next, moreover. deinde or dein [de + inde], adv., after- wards, nixt, then, thereafter. deiiirium, i [de + iuro], n., an oath (occurs only once in Latin). deiabor, kpp labor. VOCABULARY. 283 dSlecto, ftre, ftvl, fttus [freq. of dg- licioj , delight^ please. delego, see Iggo. deleo, ere, evi, etus, destroy ^ overthrow^ ruin. delibero, fire, fi^, fttus [de + libra, balance']^ loeigh (consider) well, delib- erate, ponder, consult. deligo, see lego, deligo, see ligo. deliro, ftre, — , — [dSlirus from lira, a furrow], to be deranged, rave. delitisco, ere, ui— [de +late6, hide], to lark, 63 concealed, lie in wait. Delphi, orum, m., a town of Phocis in Central Greece, renowned for the oracle of Apollo, delubrum, i, n., a sanctuary, shrine. demerg5, see mergo. demeto, see meto. demigro, see migro. demiror, see miror. demo, see emo. demonstro, see monstro. denftrro, see nftrro. deni, ae, a [decern], distrib. num., ten by ten, ten each. denique, adv., at last, finally ; briefly, in fine. densus, adj., thick, dense, crowded. Dentatus, i, m., M, (M".) Curius, a Roman general in the wars with the Samnites and Pyrrhus, renowned for his simplicity and frugality. Died B.C. 270. denuntio, see nuntio. denuo [de + nov6], adv., aneio, again. deorsum [de + vorsum, verto], adv., downwards, down below. depello, see pello. depereo, see eo. depono, see pono. deports, see porto. deprecatio, onis [deprecor, to pray], f., warding off by prayer; supplication; intercession. deprehendo, see prehend5. deprimo, see premo. depugno, see pugno. derideo, see rideo. derogo, see rogo. descendo, see scando. desclsco, see scisco. describo, see scribo. desero, see sero. desertor, oris [desero], m., a deserter, desertus [desero], adj., desert, solitary. desiderium, i [desidero], n., desire, long- ing. desidero, fire, ftvi, fttus, to wish^ want ; lack; long for; dzmand. desidia, ae [de + sedeo] , f ., idleness. desilio, see salio. desino, see sino. desipio, ere, — , — [sapio, tobe wise], to b3 foolish, trifi,e. desisto, see sisto. despectus, us [despicio], m., a looking down upon, view. desperfitio, onis [despero], f., despair, desperation. despero, see spero. despicio, see ^specio. destituo, see statuo. desuetudo, inis [de + suesco], f., dis- I use. I desum, see sum. detego, see tego. detergeo, ere, tersi, tersus [de + tergeo, \r rub], to wipe off, remove, cleanse, j empty. determinatio, onis [terminus, end], f., a limit, boundary. j deterreo, see terreo. i detineo, see teneo. detraho, see traho. detrimentum, i [de + tero, wear away], n., loss; harm, defeat. detrudo, see trudo. I deturbo, see turbo. i deuro, see uro. deus, i. m., a, god, divinity. 234 VOCABULARY. devenio, see veniS. devincio, see vincio. devinco, see vinco. devoveo, see voveo. dexter, era, erum, and tra, trum, adj., rig 'it ; on the Hyht hand. dextra, ae [dexter], f., the right hand ; a promis", pledge. Diablintres, um, m., a Gallic tribe, allies of the Veneti. Dialis, e, ad]., pertaining to Jupiter. Diana, ae, f., the goddess of the chase, sister of Apollo, and identified with the goddess of the moon. dico, are, avi, atus, to dedicate, conse- crate, vow ; dicare in clientelam, to proclaim themselves clients. ab — abdico, are, Svi, atus, to dis- own, reject, abandon. de — dedico, are, avi, atus, to dedi- cate. prae — praedico, are, avi, atus, 7o say openly, assert, proclaim, report; boast. dico, ere, dixi, dictus, to say, speak, tell; assent, promise; appoint, call; causam dicere, to plead a case. contra — contradico, ere, dixi, dic- tus, to contradict, oppose. ex — e^co, ere, dixi, dictus, to make known, command, in — indico, ere, dixi, dictus, to pro- claim, declare ; appoint. inter — interdico, ere, dixi, dictus, to forbid, exclude, interdict. prae — praedico, ere, dixi, dictus, to predict, forewarn; charge, com- mand. dictator, oris [dicto], m., a dictator ; a magistrate with supreme power, chosen at times of extreme peril. dictatura, ae [dictator], f., the office of dictator. dictito. are, avi, atus [dico], to assert. dicto, are, avi, atus [iter, of dico], to say often, declare. diduco, see diicS. dies, diei, m. and f., day; multd di§, late in the day ; in dies, from day to day. differ© , see fero. difficilis, e [dis neg. +facilis], adj., dif- fiGult, hard ; morose, moody. difficultas, atis [difficilis], f., difficidty. diffissus [diffindo, cleave], adj., splits cloven. diffugio, see fugio. diffundo, see fundo. digitus, i, m., a finger. dignitas, atis [dignus], f., value ^ merit; rank, dignity. dignor, ari, atus sum [dignus], to deem worthy, deign, condescend. dignus, adj., worth, worthy, deserving* digredior, see gradior. diiudico, see iudico. dilacero, are, avi, atus, to tear in pieces (late). dilectus, us [diligo], m., a selection, levy. diligens, entis [diligo], adj., careful, diligent ; attentive ; sparing ; fond of. diligenter [diligens], adv., carefully t ex- actly. diligentia, ae [diligens], f., diligence, ac' tivity, earnestness. diligo, see lego, dimetior, see metior. dimicatio, onis [dimico], f., a combat, struggle. dimico, are, avi, atus, to fight. dimidius [dis + medius], adj., half ; as noun, dimidium, i, n., a half. dimitto, see mitto. Diogenes, is, m., a Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., surnamed the Cynic. Dionysius, i, m., the tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. A'M-'MM. directe fdirectus], ^dv., straight, directly, directus [dirigo], adj., direct ^ straight ^ stc'p. diripio, see rapio. VOCABULARY. 235 diruo, see ni3. Dis, itis, m., the god of the lower world, the Greek Pluto. discedo, see cedo. discerpo, see carpo. discindo. see scindo. disciplina, ae [disca], f., learning ^ in- struction, discipline; system. discludo, see claudo. disco, ere, didici, — , to learn. ex — edisco, ere, didici, — , to learn thoroughly, commit to memory. per — perdisco, ere, didici, — , to learn thoroughly, get by heart. discrimen, inis [dis + cemo], n., dis- tinction, difference. disicio, see iacio. dis-p&lor, &ri, Stus sum, to wander about, straggle, he scattered (rare). di8pS.r, paris [dis + p5r] , adj., unequal^ unlike, different. dispenso, . are, Svi, fitus. to manage, adjust. dispergo, see spargo. displiceo, see placed. dispute, see puto. dissensio, onis [dissentio], f., difference of opinion, dissension. dissentio, see sentio. dissideo, see sedeo. dissimilis, e [dis + similis] , adj., dis- similar, unlike. dissimulo, see simulo. dissipo, are, Svi, atus, to scatter, dissi- pate. dissolvo, see solvo. distinctio, onis [distinguo], f., difference ^ variation. distinguo, see stinguQ. distribuo, see tribuo. diu, adv., long, for a long time ; quam diu, as long as. diutius, comp. of diu. diutumitas, atis [diutumus], f., long continuance, length of time. dittturnuB [diu], adj., proZow^red. divello, ere, velli, vulsus [dis + vello, pitU], to rend, tear apart. diversus [diverto], adj., scattered, sep- arate ; different ; contrary, opposed to. dives, itis; comp. ditior or divitior; sup. ditissimus, adj., rich. Dives, itis, m., the personification of wealth. divido, ere, visi, visus, to divide, sepa- rate. divinitus [divinus], adv., by divine agency, by inspiration ; providentially. divino, are, Svi, atus, to prophesy. divinus [divus], adj., divine, sacred. divisor, oris [divido], m., one who dis- tributes, an ex'^cutor. divitiae, arum [dives], f., wealth, riches. divus, adj., divine ; as noun, a god. An epithet given to the Roman emperors after death. do, dare, dedi, datus, to give, put, place ; fwndsh, yield; dare negotium, to commission, direct; dare in fugam, to put to flight ; dare manus, to yi-ld ; dare operam, to attend to ; dare poe- nas, to pay the penalty ; dare verba, to deceive. ab — abdo, dere, didi, ditus, to put away, hide. ab + con — abscondo, dere, di, di- tus, to hide. ad — addo, dere, didi, ditus, to add, join to. circum — circumdo, dare, dedi, datus, to place around, surround. con — condo, ere, didi, ditus, to put together, compose, build, found; con- ceal. de — dedo, dere, didi, ditus, to give up, surrender ; devote, ex — edo, dere, didi, ditus, to put forth, shoio, elevate ; bear, produce, in — indo, dere, didi, ditus, to put into, confer, apply. per — perdo, ere, didi, ditus, to lose, destroy, ruin, waste. 236 VOCABULARY. pro — prodo, dere, didi, ditus, to give or put fort'i, make known; hand down; betray^ surrender. re — reddo, dere, didi, ditus, to give back, return ; render. re 4- con — recondo, dere, didi, ditus, to lay up, hide. trans — trado, ere, didi, ditus, to give over, give up, deliver, surrender ; intrust; transmit; trSditur, it is said. doceo, ere, ui, tus, to teach, point out. docilitas, atis [docilis, teachable], i., docility, teachableness. doctrina, ae [doceoj, f., teaching ; knowl- edg3 ; principle. dodrans, antis [de + quadrans] , m., a quarter off; three-fourths; heres ex dodrante, heir to three-fourths. dolor, oris [doleo, feel pain], m.,pain, sorrow, distress, vexation. dolus, i, m.., fraud, guile, stratagem. domesticus [domus], adj., private, do- mestic; domesticum bellum, civil war. domiciiium, i [domus], n., a dwelling, abod3. dominS,tio, onis [dominor, to rule], i., ru'e, control. dominus, i [domo], m., a master, lord. Domitius, i, m., Cn., consul B.C. 32. domo, are, ui, itus, to tame, conquer. per — perdomo, are, ui, itus, to subdue, vanquish. domus, us, f., a house, home; house- hold. donicum, conj., until (archaic and rare). dono, are, avi, atus [doniim], to give, present, covfer. donum, i [do], n., a gift. dos, dotis [do], f., dowry. Dr aides, um, ra., the Druids, priests of the Gauls and Britons. dubietas, atis [dubius], f., doubt, hesi- tation (late). dubitatio, onis [dubito], f., doubt, hesi- tation. dub its, are, avi, atus [dubius], to he uncertain, doubt, hesitate. dubius [for du hibius, duo-habeo], adj., doubtful, uncertain. ducenti, ae, a [duo + centum], adj., two hundred. duco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead ; think, consider; protract, put off\ uxorem ducere, to marry; vitam ducere, to live. ab — abdiico, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead away, withdraw. ad — adduco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead to, bring; induce, influence. de — deduco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead, withdraw ; induce ; launch ; uxorem deducere, to bring home as a bnde. dis — diduco, ere, duxi, ductus, to draw apart, separate, relax. ex — educo, ere, diixi, ductus, to lead out. in — induce, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead in, introduce ; induce ; cover, put on. ob — obduco, ere, diixi, ductus, to lead towards or against ; pa s, spend. per — perdiico, ere, diixi, ductus, to lead through, conduct; persuade; construct ; protract. pro — prodiico, ere, diixi, ductus, to lead forward or out ; extend, pro- long. re — rediico, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead back; draw back; remove. sub — subduco, ere, diixi, ductus, to draw away ; draw up on shore. ductus, lis [diico], m., leadership. dum, conj., while, until. duo, ae, o, num. adj., two (II.). duodecim [duo + decem], num. adj., tioelve (XII.). duodecimus [duo + decimus], adj., twefth. duodeni, ae, a [duo + deni], adj., twelve at a time, by twelves. VOCABULARY. 237 duodeviginti, ae, a [duo + de+ viginti] , num. adj., eighteen (XVIII.) • duplex, icis [duo + plico, fold], adj., tio )fold, double. duplies, fire, avi, atus [duo + plico, fold], to dovhle. duritia, ae [durus], f., hardness, hardi- ness. duro, are, Svi, atus [durus], to harden, make hardy. diirus, adj., hard, harsh, difficult. Durus, i, m., Q. LaberiuSf a tribune in Caesar's army. dux, ducis [duco], m., a leader , guide, commander. £. §, ex, prep., with abl., out of, from, in accordance loith, instead of, in conse- quence of, on; ex equo or equis, on horseback ; ex usu, of advantage, ad- vantageously. eS. [abl. of is, sc. parte], adv., there, on that side. ecquid [ecquis], inter, adv., whether. ecqui, quae(a), quod, inter, adj. pro., is there any ? any ? Sdico, see dico. edictum, i [edico], n., an edict, procla- mation. edisco, see disco. edo, ere (esse), edi, esus, to eat. edo, see do. 1. educo, are, avi, Stus [2. educo], to educate. 2. educo, see duco. effascino, fire, — , — , to bewitch. effemino, fire, fivi, fitus [ex + femina], to make feminine ; to enervate, weaken. 1. effero, fire, fivi, fitus [ex + ferus], to make wild. 2. effero, see fero. efficio, see facio. effugio, see fugio. effundo, see fundo. effusus [effundo], adj., extended, broad, profuse. egeo, ere, ui, — , to be poor or in need. in — indigeo, ere, ui, — , to have need of, want. Egeria, ae, f., the nymph from whom king Numa received revelations, egestas, fitis [egeo], t., poverty, need. ego, mei, pers. pron., /. egomet, pi. nosmet [ego + met, inten- sive suffix], emphatic form of ego. egredior, see gradior. egregie [egregius], adv., unusually well, excellently. egregius [e + grex, herd] , adj., eminent, distinguished. egressus, see egredior. egressus, us [egredior], m., a going out, departure, landing. eicio, see iacio. eiusmodi [is + modus], adv., of this kind, such. elegfins, antis [elego, fire for eligo], adj., select, elegant, polite. elegantia, ae [elegfins], f., taste, refine- ment, elegance. elephantus, i, m., the elephant. eligo. see lego. eloquentia, ae [eloquor], f., eloquence. eludo, see ludo. emax. ficis [emo], B.d].,fond of buying. emendo fire, fivi, fitus [ex + mendum, fault], to amend, correct. emineo, ere, ui, — , to be conspicuous. emitto, see mitto. emo, ere, emi, emptus, to buy, purchase ; gain, take. ad — adimo, ere, em!, emptus, to take away, destroy, deprive of. de — demo, ere, dempsi, demptus, to take away, remove. inter — interimo, ere, emi, emptus, to take from the midst of, kill. re — redimo, ere, emi, emptus, to buy back, redeem, ransom. Snfiscor, see nfiscor. 238 VOCABULARY. enim [nam], conj., for, in fact; fre- quently in the phrase sed enim. Ennius, i, m., Q., one of the earliest Roman poets, B.C. 239-169. enumero [numerus], are, Svi, atus, to reckon up, recount, enumerate. enuntio, see nuntio. eo, ire, ivi (u), itum, to go, march. ab — abeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go away, depart. ad — adeo, ire, ivi (u), itus, to go to, approach; reach, visit; attack, encounter ; undertake. circum — circumeo, ire, ivi (ii) , itus, to go around; surround. con — coeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to come together, assemble, combine. de + per — depereo, ire, ii, iturus, to perish, be lost. ex — exeo, ire, ii, itus, to go forth, leave. in — ineo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to enter, begin; inire numerum, to estimate the number. inter — inter eo, ire (ii), iturus, to go to waste; die. intro — introeo, ire, ivi, to enter. ob — obeo, ire, ii, itus, to attend to, perform; die, perish. per — pereo, ire, ivi (ii) , iturus, to perish, be lost, die. praeter — praetereo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to pass over, pass, omit. pro — prodeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go forward, advance, come out. re- redeo, ire, ii, itus, to go back, return. sub — subeo, Ire, ii, itus, to come up, draw near ; undergo, suffer. trans — transeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go across, cross; pass through or bij ; desert. eo [is], adv., thither, there; to such an eictent; before comp., so much the — . eodem [idem], adv., to the same place or purpose. ephemeris, idis [Greek], f., a day-book, diary. Ephesus, i, f., a Greek city near the coast of Asia Minor. Epidaurus, i, f., a city in Greece on the Saronic Gulf, famous for its temple of Aesculapius. ephippiatus [epbippium], adj., using saddles. ephippium, i [Greek], n., a saddle. ephorus, i [Greek] , m., a Spartan magis- trate. Epirus, i, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper. Epiroticus, adj., of Epirus, epistula, ae [Greek], f., a letter. epulae, arum, f., a banquet, feast. eques, itis [equus], m., a horseman; knight; pi., cavalry; magister equi- tuo, commander of the cavalry, ap- pointed by a dictator. equester, tris, tre [equus], adj., of a knight, knightly ; of cavalry, cavalry, equitatus, us [equito], m., cavalry. equito, Sre, avi, atus [equus], to ride, per — per equito, Sre, avi, — , to ride through. equus, i, m., a horse. Eratosthenes, is, m., a Cyrenian Greek, famous as a mathematician and geog- rapher; B.C. 276-192. Eretria, ae, f., a town on the western shore of the island Euboea. erga, prep, with ace, towards. ergo, noun and adv. As abl. following a gen., because of, for the sake of; as adv., therefore, then. erigo, see rego. eripio, see rapio. error, oris [erro, 7Joander\, ra., loander- ing ; error, fauH. erudio, ire, ivi, itus [rudis, rough], to polish, educate. eruditus [erudio], adj., learned, skilled. eruptio, onis [erumpo], f., an outbreak, a sally. VOCABULARY. 239 Eryx, cis, m., an ancient town on the western coast of Sicily, escendo, see scando. Esquilinus, i, m. (sc. coUis), the largest of the seven hills of Rome; now the heights of Santa Maria Maggiore. See plan, p. 12. essedarius, i [essedum], m., a charioteer, one who ^fights from a chaHot. essedum, i [Celtic], n., a war-chariot. et, conj., andy also, even; et . . . et, both . . . and. etiam [et + iam], conj., also, even. etiamsi, conj., even if, although. etiamtum, adv., even then, still. Etruria, ae, f., the country of the Etrus- cans, northwest of Latium, and sepa- rated from it by the Tiber. Etruscus, adj., Etruscan; pertaining to Etruria. etsi [et + si], conj., although, even if. Euander, dri [Greek, 'Goodman'], m., a mythical Acadian who settled near the Palatine hill before Rome was founded. Euboea, ae, f., a large island off the eastern coast of Greece ; modern N''(ropo)it. Eumenes, is, m., a king of Pergamum in Asia Minor, B.C. 198-158. Europa, ae [Greek], f., the continent of Europe, Europe. Eurybiades, is, m., a Spartan admiral who commanded the Greek fleet at the battle of Salamis. evado, see vado. eveho, see veho. evenio, see venio. eventus, us [evenio], m., outcome, fate, event. everbero, see verbero. evoco, see voco. ex, see e. ex-ad versum, prep., over against, op- Zjosite, exagito, see agito. A. & W. LAT. R. — 16 ex£mino, Bxe, 5,vl, atus [ex&men, means of weighing], to weigh, con- sider, examine. exanimatus [exanimo], adj., breathless. exanimo, are, avi, atus [ex + animo from anima], to vjeaken, exhaust ; kill. exardesco, see ardesco. exaudio, see audio. excedo, see cedo. excellenter [excellens from excello]. adv., excellently. excello, ere, — , celsus, to be eminent, excel. excelsus [excello], adj., high, lofty. excidium, i, n., ruin, destruction. excieo, see cieo. excipio, see capio. excito, see cito. exclamo, are, avI, atus [es + ciam5], to cry out. excludo, see claudo. excogito, see agito. excors, cordis [ex + cor], adj., stupid, excrucio, see crucio. excursio, onis [ex + curro], f., a run" ning out, sally ; irivasion. excuso, are, avi, atus [ex + causa], to excuse, defertd. exemplum, i, n., a specimen, example. exeo, see eo. exerceo, see arceo. exercitatio, onis [exercito, freq. of ex- erceo], f., practice, training. exercitus, us [exerceo], m., an army. exhaurio, see haurio. exheredo, axe, avi, atus [ex + heres], to disinherit. exhibeo, see habeo. exigo, see ago. exiguitas, atis [exiguus], i., smallness, shortness, fewness. exiguus [exigo], adj., small, scanty, eximius [eximo, take out], adj., choice, uncommon. e^stimatio, onis [existimo], f., opinion, judgment ; character, reputation. 240 VOCABULARY. existimo, see aestimo. exitialis, e [exitium], adj., fatal, de- structive. exitus, us [exeo], m., a going out, way of egress; result. exitium, i [exeo], n., destruction, ruin. exordium, i [ex + ordo], n., a begin- ning. exosculor, see osculor. expavesco, see pavesco. expedio. ire, ivi (ii), itus [ex + pes], to S3tf7^ee ; prepare, procure. expeditio, onis [expedio], f., an expedi- tion, campaign. expeditus ^^expedio] , adj., ready, unin- cumbered; raoid. expello, see pello. expilo, are, avi, atus, to pillage, plun- der. expensum, i, n., [ex + pendo, weigh], what is paid out, expense ; ferre ex- pensum, to enter as paid. experior, iri, pertus sum, to test, try; await, undergo ; find, learn, know. expleo, see pleo. explico, see plico. explorator, oris [exploro], m., a spy, scout. exploro, are, fivi, atus, to search out, examine, choose out. expono, see pono. exposco, see posco. expugno, see pugno. exsanguis, e [ex + sanguis], adj., bloodless, pale. exsecro, see sacro. exsilium, i [exsul], n., exile, banishment. exsisto, see sisto. ex-splendesco, ere, dui — , [ex + splen- deo, shine], to shine forth, be distin- guished. exspecto, see specto. exspiro, see spiro. exstinguo, see stinguo. exsto, see sto. exstruo, see struo. exsul, ulis, m., a person banished, exile. exsulo, are, fivi, atus [exsul], to be in exile. exsuperantia, ae [ex + supero] , f ., pre- eminence, superiority (rare). exsurgo, see surgo. extabesco, see tabesco. extemplo [ex + dim. of tempus], adv., suddenly, immediately, forthwith. exter or exterus, adj., outward, outer, foreign. exterebro, see terebro. externus [exter], adj., external, foreign, ."itrange. extimesco, ere, timui [ex + *timesco], to dread, fear greatly. extispex, icis, m., a diviner, by means of the entrails of animals. extorqueo, see torqueo. extra [exter] , prep, with ace, outside of, beyond, besides ; except. extraho, see traho. extremo [extremus], adv., at last, finally. extremum, i [extremus], n., the end, termination. extremus [exter], adj., outermost, last, exti^eme ; at the end of. extrinsecus, adv., without, on the out- side. extrudo, see trudo. exiiro, see uro. faber, fabri, m., an artisan, workman, smith. Fabius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Licinus, Maximus, Vibula- nus. Fabricius, i, m., C. Fahricius Luscinus, a Roman statesman and general, prom- inent in the war with Pyrrhus, and famous for his stern morality and sim- plicity of life. He was consul B.C. 282, 278. fabula, ae [for, speak], f., storyf tale. VOCABULARr. 241 facets [facetus, humorous], adv., hu- morously, wittily, facies, ei, f., a form, appearance; coun- tenance. facile [facilis], adv., easily, readily. facilis, e [facio], adj., easy, convenient; comp. facilior, sup. facillimus. facilitas, atis [facilis], f., ease, kindli- ness, kindness, courtesy. facinus, oris [facio] , n., a deed, action, crime ; facinus (in se) admittere, to commit a crime. facio, ere, feci, factus, to do, make, act, form ; pass, fio, fieri, factus sum; see Gram. 297, III., 2: 142, a, 6, c: 173, R. 2 ; certiorem facere, to inform. ad — adficio, ere, feci, fectus, to do something to, influence; treat, visit with. con — conficio, ere, feci, fectus, to do thoroughly, complete; wear out, exhaust ; prepare, collect, furnish. de — deficio, ere, feci, fectus, to fall, desert; he wanting; revolt; pass. defio (always of things), same as ac- tive. ex— officio, ere, feci, fectus, to form, effect; accomplish; render; build; produce-. in — inficio, ere, feci, fectus, to stain. inter — interficio, ere, feci, fectus, to slay, kill. per — perficio, ere, feci, fectus, to accomplish, perfect. prae — praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, to place in command of, appoint. re — reficio, ere, feci, fectus, to re- make, repair, refit ; restore ; recruit. sub — sufficio, ere, feci, fectus, to suffice, appoint as successor, substitute. f actio, onis [facio], f., a party, political party, faction. factum, i [facio], n., a deed, act. facultas, atis [facilis], f ., ability, power ; opportunity, means, supply; pi., re- sources, stock. fagus, I, f., a beech tree. Falernus, i, adj., Falernus ager, a dis- trict in the north of Campania. Falisci, orum, m., the inhabitants of Falerium, a town in Etruria near Mount Soracte. fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus, to deceive, dis- appoint. falsus [fallo], Sid]., false, ungrounded. falx, falcis, f., a sickle, scythe, wall hook. fama, ae [for], f., report, rumor; re- nown, honor. Famea, ae [Fhameas], m., the surname of Himilco, commander of the Car- thaginian cavalry in the third Punic war. He was induced by Scipio to desert to the Romans B.C. 148. fames, is, f., hunger, starvation. familia, ae [famulus, servant], f., a household, family; race, estate, re- tinue; mater familias (old genitive), mistress, matron. familiaris, e [familia], adj., belonging to a family, private, intimate, friendly ; as noun, an intimate friend; res familiares, property. familiaritas, atis [f amiHaris] , f., inti- macy, friendship. familiariter [familiaris], adv., inti- mately, on friendly terms. fanum, i, n., a shrine, temple, far, f arris, n., coarse meal, grits, fas [for], indecl. n., right (according to divine law), law, justice. fascinatio, onis [fascino, enchant], f., a bewitching, enchantment, fastigium, i, n., top, height; slope, descent. fastus [fas], adj., legal, not forbidden. fataliter [fataiis, fatal], adv., fatally, according to fate. fateor, eri, fassus [for], to confess. pro — profiteer, eri, fessus sum, to confess, profess ; avow, promise. fatigo, are, avi, atus, to tire, vex, test. 242 yOCABULARY. de — defatigo, Sre, S,vi, S,tus, to tire out, ex'iauit, fatigue. Faunus, i, a Latin god of agriculture; pi. rustic deities. Faustulus, i, m., the shepherd who found and brought up Romulus and Remus. Faustus, i, m., L. Cornelius, son of the dictator Sulla, who sided with Pompey and was killed by Caesar after the bat- tle of Thapsus, B.C. 46. faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, to be favor- able, favor, support, chensh. favor, oris [faveoj, m., favor, goodwilly praise. Favorinus, i, m., a Latin author of the time of the Emperor Hadrian, a.d. 117- 138. None of his works are extant. febris. is [ferveo, (:ilow'], t., fever, felicitas, atis [felixj, f., good fortune, success. feliciter [felix], adv., luckily, happily. felix, icis, adj., happy, successful, for tu- na ie. femina, ae, f., a woman, female* fera, ae [ferus] , f., a ivild beast. ferax, acis [feroj, Sid]., fertile. lere, adv., almost, nearly, for the most part, usually; about; with neg., hardly, scarcely. ferme [for ferime, superl. of fere], adv., stronger form of fere. fero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear, lift; endure; bring, receive, report, drive, blow (of the wind); pass., to rush; to enter, set down {in book-keeping) . signa ferre, to advance; fertur, is said; ferre sententiam, to judge. ad — adfero, ferre, attuli, adiatus, to bring, present, produce, affirm; carry word. ante — antefero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear in front, prefer ; pass., become first, surpass. circum — circnmfero, ferre, tuli, latus, to cast around. con — confero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bring togetiier, collect; convey; im- pute; compare; postpone; se con- ferre, betake one's self. de — defero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bring down, bring; report, inform; assign, confer upon; offer; accuse; register. dis— differo, ferre, distuli, dila- tus, to carry asunder, scatter; post- pone ; delay ; differ. ex — effero, ferre, extuli, eiatus, to carry out or away ; spread abroad; raise, elate; bury. in — infero, ferre, intuli, iniatus, to introduce, throio ; inflict; make, produce; inspire; signa inferre, to attack. ob— offero, ferre, obtuli, obiatus, to bring before, offer; promise; ex- pose. per — perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, to carry through; convey, report, en- dure. prae — praefero, ferre, tuli. latus, to carry before, put before, prefer. pro— prof ero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bring forth ; extend; put off, make known. re- refero, ferre, tuli, latus. to bring back; report, r^lute; pedem referre, retreat; gratiam referre, make return, requite. trans —transfers, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear or take over or across ; trans- port, transfer. ferocia, ae [ferox], f., fierceness, cour- age, cruelty. ferox, ocis, adj., fierce, bold, warlike, cruel. ferreus [ferrum], adj., iron, of iron. ferrum, i, n., iron ; sword, spear. fertilis, e [fero], ad]., fertile, fruitful, prolific. ferus, adj., wild, barbarous, cruel. fessus, adj., tired. VOCABULARY. 248 festlxi9.ti5, 5iiis [festinS, hasten], f., husle, hurry. festivus [iestvis, festive] f ad]., pleasant, l^retty, witty. fictilis, e [fingo], adj., made of clay, earthen. fictus [fingo] , ad j . , false , fictitious, ficus, i, f., a fig tree. fidelis, e [fidSs], adj., faithful, trust- ivorthy, loyal. Fidenae, Sxnm, f., an ancient town in the country of the Sabines, five miles north of Rome. Fidenates, urn, ra., the people of Fidenae. fidens, entis [fidoj, adj., trustlngy hold, confident. fides, ei, f., good faith, loyalty ; promise ; alliance; timst. fido, fidere, fisus sum, to trust. con — confido, ere, fisus sum, trust, bslieve, rely. dis — diffido, ere, fisus sum, to dis- trust, doubt. fiducia, ae [fides], f., trust, assurance, courage. fidus, adj., trusty, faithful. figo, ere, fixi fixus, to fix, fasten. ad — adfigo, ere, fixi, fixus, to fix on, attach to, fasten upon. con — configo, ere, fixi, fixus, to fasten tof/ethv^ unite. de — deHgo, ere, fixi, fixus, to drive down, faHen into, fdant. prae — praefigo, ere, fixi, fixus, to fix in front, prefix. trans — transfigo, ere, fixi, fixus, to pierce through, transfix. figura, ae [fingo], t.,form, shape. filia, ae, f., daughter. filius, i, m., .m], ^dw., firmly. firmitiido, inis [firmus], f., fit^mness, strength. firmo, fire, fivi, fitus, [firmus], to wake firm, strengthen, fortify; animate, encommge. ad — adfirmo, are, Svi, fitus, to declare, affirm. con — confirmo, £re, £vi, fitus, to confirm, strengthen, encourage, affirm. fiscus, I, m., a purse; treasury. fistula, ae, f., an ulcer. Flaccus, i, m., a family name in several gentes at Rome. (1) L. Valerius Flaccus, the patron of the elder Cato, consul B.C. 11)5. (2) Q. (M.) Fulvius Flaccus, consul B.C. 264, when the first Punic war broke out. flfigitium, i [fifigito], n., a crime, shame- ful deed, infamy. fifigito, fire, fivi, fitus, to demand, call for, importune. fiagro, fire, fivi, fitus [same root as fiamraa], to burn, be inflamed or ex- cited. flfimen, inis, m., a priest. flamma, ae, f., flame, fire. Flfimininus, i, m., T. Quintius, a distin- guished Roman general, consul B.C. 198. Flfiminius, i, m., C. Flaminius Nepos, consul B.C. 223, 217; defeated and killed by Hannibal at Lake Trasume- nns. flecto, ere flexi, flexus, to bend, turn. in — inflecto, ere, fiexi, fiexus, to bend. fleo, fiere, flevi, fietus. to weep. 244 VOCABULARY. fletus, Ss [fleS], m., weeping^ entrea- ti '.s. *fligo, ere, to strike (ante-classical). ad — adfligo, ere, flixi, flictus, to das'i afjainst, shatter, ruin. con — confllgo, ere, flixi, flictus, to sti'ik 3 tor/ether ; contend, Jig ht. pro — profligo, are, fivi, fitus, to rout, overthrow. floreo, ere,ui,— [flos], to hloom^ prosper ^ fimrlfih. flos, floris, m., a flower, blossom. fluctuo, are, avi, atus [fluctus], to un- dulate, be restless. fluctus, us [fluo], m., a floods wave; storm. fluito, are, avi, — [fluo], to float, flumen, inis [fluo], n., a stream^ river. fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus, tofloio. con — confluo, ere, fluxi, — , to run together, crowd, throng. pro — profluo, ere, fluxi, —, to flow along. fluvius, i [fluo], m., a river. foculus, i [dim. of focus], m., a little h'^arth ; fire-pan, brazier. focus, i, a hearth. fodio, ere, fodi, fossus, to dig. con — confodio, ere, fodi, fossus, to dig ; stab. de — defodio, ere, fodi, fossus, to bury. per — perfodio, ere, fodi, fossus, to dig or pierce through. foederatus [foedero from 2. foedus], adj., allied, confederate. 1. foedus, adj.,/ou?, unseemly. 2. foedus, eris, n., a treaty, alliance, league. fons, fontis, m., a spring, fountain. foras [foris], adv., out of doors, out- ward. fore = futurutn esse, see sum. forem = essem, see sum. foris. is, f., a door; usually plur. foris [foris], adv., out of doors, abroad. fSrma, ae, i., form, figure, beauty. formosus [forma], adj., shapely, beauti- ful. fors, fortis [fero], f., chance, luck. forte [fors], adv., by chance, by acci- dent. fortis, e, adj., strong, brave. fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely. fortitude, inis [fortis], f., courage, bravery. fortuito [fortuitus], adv., by chance. fortuitus [fors], adj., casual, accidental (rare). fortuna, ae [fors] , i., fate, fortune, state, property. forum, i, n., a public place, market-place, forum. fossa, ae [fodio], f., a ditch, pit, moat. fovea, ae, f., a pit. fragor, oris [frangS], m., crashing, thunder-peal. frango, ere, fregi, fractus, to break; wreck ; subdue, tire out. frater, tris, m., a brother. fraudulentus [fraus, fraud], adj., de- ceitful, fraudulent. fraudo, are, avi, atus [fraus, deceit], to rob, cheat. Fregellae, arum, f., an ancient town of the Volsci in the southern part of Latium. fremitus, us [fremo, make noise], m^ uproar, noise. frenum, i, n., a bridle, curb, bit. frequentia, ae [frequens], f., a crowd, throng. fretus, adj., relying on (with abl.). frigidus [frigeo, be cold], adj., cold. friges, frigoris, n., cold. frons, frondis, f., a bough, foliage; gar- land. frons, frontis, f., the forehead, front. fructus, us, m., fruit, crop; profit; in- come ; adijantag", result, ^ff^ct. frumentor, ari, atus sum [frumentum], to get supplies, forage. VOCABULARY. 245 frumentum, i [fruor], n., grain; pi., crops. frustrSL, adv., in vain. frustror, ari, atus sum [frustra], to deceive, disappoint f frustrate. (frux) frugis, f., fruity crops. fuga, ae, f., flight. fugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee ; avoid, escape. con — confugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee, take refuge. de— defugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee from, shun, avoid. dis — diffugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee apart, scatter. ex — effugio, ere, fugi, — , to escape. pro — profugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee, escape. re — refugio, ere, fugi, —, to flee back, escape. fugitivus [fugio], did]., fugitive. fugo, are, avi, atus [fugio] , to put to flight, rout. [illustrious. fulgens [fulgeo], adj., shining, bright, fulgeo, ere, fulsi, — , to flash, gleam. prae — praefulgeo, ere, — , —, to gleam. fulgur, uris [fulgeo], n., lightning ; pi., fulgora. fulmen, inis [fulgeo], n., lightning, thunderbolt. Fulvius, i, in., the name of a Rpman gens. See Flaccus, Nobilior. funda, ae, f., a s'ing. fundamentum, i [fundo, to found] ^ n., ground, foundation. Fundanius, i, m., C, tribune of the people B.C. 216. funditor, oris [funda], m., a slinger. fundo, ere, fudi, fiisus, to pour, shed; rout, vanquish. con — confundo, ere, fudi, fusus, to pour together, mingle, unitp, confuse. dis — diffundo, ere, fudi, fusus, to spread out, extend, stretch. ex — effundo, ere, fudi, fusus, to pour out, waste. per — perfundo, ere, fudi, fusus, to pour over ; inspire. fungor, fungi, functus sum, to perform, discharge. de — defungor, fungi, functus sum, to perform. per — perfungor, fungi, functus sum, to fulfil, perform ; be delivered from. funis, is, m., a rope, cable. funus, eris, n., burial, funeral rites; corpse. Furius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Camillus, Purpureo. furor, oris [furo, rage], m., rage, mad- ness, fury. furtim [furtum], adv., stealthily, se- cretly. fiirtum, i [fur, thief '\,n., theft. futurus, see sum. Q. Gabinus, Sid]., pertaining to Gabii ; pi., the inhabitants of Gabii. Gabii, orum, m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome. Galatia, ae, f., a province of Asia Minor, settled by Gallic tribes in the third century B.C. Galba, ae, m., a family name in the Sulpician gens at Rome. (1) P. Sulpicius Galba, consul B.C. 211, 200. (2) Ser. Sulpicius f consul B.C. 144. During his praetorship in Spain he ordered the massacre of a band of Lusitanians who had surrendered to him. galea, ae, f., a leather helmet. Gallia, ae, f ., the country of the Gauls j modern France and the territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy was settled by Gauls and was called Gallia Cisalplna; hence the plural Galllae. 246 VOCABULARY. Gain, 5rum, m., the Oauls. Gallicua, adj., Gallic; pertaining to Gaul. grallina, ae [gallus, cock], f., a hen. Oallus, i, m., a Roman family name. (1) Cn. Cornelius Gallus, governor of Egypt under Augustus. (2) 3/. Trebius Gallus, military tribune in the army of Caesar. geHdus [gelu,/;'05«], adj., cold, cool. Gellius, i, m., L. Gellius Foplicola was consul B.C. 72, censor B.C. 70. Gel6{n), onis, m., tyrant of Syracuse, gained a victory over the Carthagin- ians on the day of the battle of Sala- mis, B.C. 480. gemini. orum, m., twins. Geminus, i, m., Cn. Servilius, was consul B.C. 217, and fell in the battle of Cannae, gemitus, us [gemo, to sigh] , m., groan- ing, lamentation. gener. generi, m., a son-in-law. ganero, are, avi, atus [genus], to beget, crpate, biiig forth. generosus [genusj , adj., toell-born, noble. gens, gentis, f., a nation, race, tribe, clan, p-'ople. genus, generis [root of gig(e)no], n., blrt.'i, descent, family, race; sort, class ; nature, style. Germani orum, m., the Germans. Germania, ae, f., Germany. gero, ere, gessi, gestus, to bear, carry ; perform, do, camj out; wags. con — congero, ere, gessi, gestus, to briny together, collect. Geryon, onis, m., a mythical king of Spain, said to have three bodies, whose cattle were carried off by Hercules. gigno, ere, genui, genitus, to beget, pro- da e, bear. gladius. X, m., a sword. globosus [globus], adj., globular. globus, i, m., a ball; band; crowd. gloria, ae, f., glory, honor, fame. gloriabundus [glorior, to glory], adj., I glorying, exulting (late and rare). j Gortynii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Gortyn(a), a town in Crete. Gracchus, i, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens at Rome. (1) Tl. Sempronius Gracchus, con- sul B.C. 215, 213, was killed by Hanni- bal in an ambuscade 212. (2) Ti. Sempro7iius Gracchus, hus- band of the famous Cornelia and father of the well-known Gracchi, was tribune of the people b.c. 187; consul, 177, 1G3. (3) C. Gracchus, his son, the famous tribune, was killed b.c. 121. gradior, gradi, gressus sum, to step, walk. ad — aggredior, gredi. gressus sum, to approach, attack, undertake. con — congredior, gredi, gressus sum, to come together, unite with, engage, attack. de — degredior, gredi, gressus sum, to 7^ecede. dis — digredior, gredi, gressus sum, to go apart, depart. e — egredior, gredi, gressus sum, to go out, leave, disembark ; .mrpas^. in — ingredior, gredi, gressus sum, to enter. pro — progredior, gredi, gressus sum, to advance, proceed. re — regredior, gredi, gressus sum, to step back, withdraw, return. trans — transgredior, gredi, gres- sus sum, to cross. gradus, us [gradior], m.,a step ; degree ; position, rank, honor. Graecia, ae, f., Greece. Graecus, adj., Grecian, Greek. Grains, adj., Grecian, Greek (archaic and poetical). gramen. inis, n., gras^. gramineus [gramen], adj., of grass, grassy. grandis. e, adj., large, grand. VOCABULARY. gratia, ae [grfttUB], f., favor, regard; return, acknowledgment; friendship, love, popularity, influence; pi., grft- tiae, arum, thanks; gratia, for the sake of. gratiosus [gratia], adj., in favor; agreeable, favorable. gratuiatio, 5ni8 [gratulor], f., r Voic- ing y congratulation. gratulor, ari, atus sum [gratus], to congratulate. g^ratus, adj., welcome, pleasing, grate- ful. gn^avis, e, adj., heavy, hard, severe; important, grave ; troublesome, griev- ous. gravitas, atis [gravis], f., weight, dig- nity ; power, influence. gravo, are, avi, atus [gravis], to weigh down. grex, gregia, m., a flock, band. gubernator. oris [gubemS, steer], m., a pilot. guia, ae, f., the throat, neck. gusto, are, avi, atus [gustus, tasting], to taste. habeS, 5re, ul, itus, to have, hold, possess keep ; regard, consider ; habere se, to be ; insuper habere, to scorn (late). ad — adhibeo, ere, ui, itus, to bring to, admit, invite, summon, make use of. ex — exhibeo, ere, ui, itus, to fur- nish, procure. prae — praebeo,' ere, ui, itus, to hold in front, of er, furnish, exhibit. pro — prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, to check, k^^p of; cut of; hinder. habito, are, avi atus [freq. of habeoj, to dwe I. inh'bl' ; live. habitus, us [habeoj, m., state, condition ; habit, manner ; dress. Hadrumetum, i, a city on the African coast southeast of Carthage. haereo, Sre, haesi, haesTlraB, to stick. ad — adhaereo, ere, haesI, haesus, to cling to. con — cohaereo, ere, haesi, haesus, to stick together. in — inhaereo, ere, haesi, haesus, to adhere, cling. Hamilcar, aris, m., a Carthaginian name. (1) A general in the first Punic war, defeated by Regulus b.c. 256. (2) Surnamed Barca, the father of Hannibal; died b.c. 229. Hannibal, alis, m., a Carthaginian name. (1) The father of Hamilcar Barca. (2) The son of Hamilcar Barca, was born B.C. 247, invaded Italy 218. In 202 he was defeated by Scipio at Zama: he fled to the East, and died in 183. Hanno, onis, m., a common Carthaginian name. (1) A general taken captive in Sicily B.C. 210. (2) A commander in Africa defeated by Scipio b.c. 203. harioiatio, onis [hariolor, prophesy], i., a S'jothsaying, prophecy. Harpalus, i, m., a famous robber of the fourth century b.c. Hasdrubal, alis, m., a Carthaginian name. (1) Son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca. (2) Son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal; defeated at the battle of the Metaurus, B.C. 207. (3) The leader of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war, b.c. 149. hasta, ae, f., a spear, dart; hasta pub- lica, public sale or auction^. haud adv., not, by no means. haurio, ire hausi haustus, to driyik. ex — exhaurio, ire, hausi, haustus, to tak3 out, eniity out, exhaust. haustus, us [haurioj, m., a drawing in, drink. hebes, etis, adj., blunt, dull. 248 VOCABULARY. HellespontUB, I, m., the straits of the Dardanelles, leading from the Propon- tis (Sea of Marmora) to the Aegean Sea. Helvius, i, ra., C, colleague of Cato in the aedileship b.c. 199. Helvetii, orum, m., a Celtic tribe living north of the Lake of Geneva in modern Switzerland. hemerodromos, i, pi. oe [Greek], m., a courier. herba, ae, f., herhy grass. herbidus [herba], adj., grassy. hercle [contr. for hercule], inter j., hy Hercules^ indeed. Hercules, is [Heracles], m., the famous hero and demi-god, celebrated for his strength and marvelous deeds. Hercynius, adj., Hercynian (of a forest in Germany) . hereditas, atis [heres], t.., heirship ^ in- heHtance. heredium, i [heres], n., an hereditary estate. heres, edis, m., an heir. Herminius, i, m., T.y aided Horatius Codes at the Sublician Bridge, hiberna, orum [hiems], n., winter quar- ters. Hibernia, ae, f., Ireland. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this; he^ she^ it; as follows; the latter. hie, adv., here, at this point. hiemo, Sre, S,vi, aturus [hiems], to winter, pass the winter. hiems, hiemis, f., winter; storm. Hiero, onis, m., king of Syracuse b.c. 270-216. hilar atus [hilarus, gay], Sidj., joyful. hinc [loc. liic], adv., hence, from this place or time. hio, are, avi, atus, to stand open, gape. Hippo, onis, m., a city in Africa west of Carthage. hippocentaurus, I [Greek], m., a being half horse, half man. HirtiuB, i, m., ^., a personal and politi- cal friend of Caesar; consul with Pansa B.C. 43 hirtus, adj., rough, hairy, shaggy. Hispania, ae, f., Spain (including Portu- gal). It was divided into two prov- inces, H. Citerior and Ulterior; hence the pi. Hispaniae. Hispanus, i, m., a Spaniard. historia, ae [Greek], f., history, account. Histri, orum [Istri], m., the people of Istria (Histria), a peninsula at the northern end of the Adriatic Sea. hodie [hoc + die], adv., to-day. hodiernus [hodie], adj., of this day, to- day's. homo, hominis, m. and f., a human be- ing; man, mankind. honestas, atis [honestus], f., honor, virtue. honestus [honor,] adj., honorable, up- right, noble, illustrious. honor, oris [honos], m., honor, dignity, public office. honorificus [honor + facio] , adj., con- ferHng honor, full of honor. hora, ae, f ., an hour, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) or night. Horatius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Codes, Pulvillus. horreo, ere, ui, — , to dread, shudder at. ab — ab-horreo, ere, ui, to dread; to diferfrom, be averse. horridus [horreo], B.d]., frightful, wild. horror, oris, m., hoj^ror. hortatus, us [hortor], m., encourage- ment, urging. Hortensius, i, m., Q., a celebrated Roman orator, the friend and rival of Cicero; lived B.C. 114-50, consul 69. hortor, ari, atus sum, to urge, encour- age, incite. con » cohortor, ari, atus sum, to exhort, animMe, encourage. de — de-hortor, ari, atus sum, to dis courage , diss ua de . VOCABULARY. 249 hortus, I, m., a garden, orchard, park. hospes, hospitis, m., a guest, friend. hospitium, i [hospes], n., hospitality, frif^ndship. hospitus, adj., strange, foreign (poetic; only f. sing, and neut. pi. once). hostia, ae, f., a sacrificial animaly victim. hostllis, e [hostis], adj., hostile. Hostilius, i, m., T alius, the third king of Rome; reigned B.C. 673-641. hostis, is, m., an enemy, foe. hue [hie], adv., hers, to this place. huiuscemodi [hie + modus], adv., of this kind. hum^nit^s, &tis [humanus], f., human- ity ; civilization, cultivation. humanus [homo], adj.,/iMma/i; refined, civiliz2d ; humane. humerus, i, m., the shoulder. humilis, e [humus], adj., low; lowly, poor, mean. humilit&s, fttis [humilis], f., lowneas, humbleness. humus, i, f., the earthy ground, soil. Hyginus, i, m., C. lulius, a freedman of Augustus. He wrote various books, none of which have survived. iaceo, Sre, ui, — , to lie, lie dead ; iacens, entis, one fallen. iacio, ere, led, iactus, to throw, cast, hurl; throw up, construct. ab — abicio, icere, iecl, iectus, to throw away, fling down, hurl. ad — adicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw to, fling ; add. con — conicio, icere, conieci, con- iectus, to throw together, conjecture ; cast. de— deicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throio dovni, dislodge ; kill; disappoint. dis — disicio, icere. ieci. iectus, to disperse, scatter, rout. ex — eicio, icere, ieci. iectus, to throw out; expel; se eicere, rush. in — inicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw in, infuse ; lay on ; occasion. inter — intericio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw or place between ; elapse, in- tervene (in pass.) . oh — obicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to place in front of ; expos?. pro — proicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw, cast away ; reject. re- reicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw back : rppulse. sub subicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw up, expos". ; subdue. tr9.ns — tr&icio or tr&nsicio, icere, ieci. iectus, to throw or bring across. iacto, &re, SLyi, &tus [freq. of iacio], to toss or push about ; discuss, give out. iactiira, ae [iacio], f., a throwing away, loss. iam, adv., now, already, at once. Iftniculum, I, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber. iftnua, ae, f., door, entrance, gate. ISnus, i, m., a Latin divinity who pre- sides over all beginnings ; commonly represented with two faces. ibi, adv., there ; thereupon, then. ibidem [ibi], adv., m the same place, just there. ico, ere, ici, ictus, to strike, to smite (rare) . idcirco [id + abl. of circus], adv., on that account, therefore. idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same. identidem [idem et idem], adv., repeat- edly, again and again. ideo, adv., on that account, therefore. idoneus, adj., suitable, fit ; capable. idus, uum, f., the Ides; either the thir- teenth or fifteenth day of the month. igitur, conj., then, therefore, accordingly. ignavia, ae [ignavus, cowardly], f., cowardice, baseness. 250 VOCABULARY. igneus [ignis] , ad j . , fiery . ignis, is, m.,fire. ignoro, fire, avi, atus [ignSrus, igno- rant]y to bs ignorant, not to know, overlook. ignosco, see nosco. ignotus [ignosco], adj., unknown, un- familiar. ilex, icis, f., an oak, holm oak. ilico [for in loco], adv., on the spot, there; immediately. ilignus [ilex], adj., oaken. ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it ; the former. illic [ille], adv., there, in that place. illo [ille], adv., thither, to that place or end. illyricum, i, n., a district on the east coast of the Adriatic, north of Epirus. iUyrii, orum, m., the Illyrians, the peo- ple of Illyricum. imbellia, ae [imbellis, unwarlike], f., unfitness for war (late). imberbis, e [in +barba], adj., beardless. imitor, ari, atus sum, to imitate. immanis. e, adj., huge, immense. immanitas, atis [immanis], f., immens- ity, siz-",. immatiirus [in + matiirus] , adj ., unripe, premature. immemor, oris [in + memor], adj., urir rninJfuf, careless. immensitas, atis [immensus], f., im- IWHSttlJ. immensus [in neg. +metior], adj., im- measurable, vast, immense. immerito [immeritus, undeserved], adv., unjuatly, undeservedly. immitto, see mitto. immoderatus [moderor], adj., uncon- troll'^.d. immolo, are, avi, atus [in + mola, inial], to sprinkle with sacrificial iwal, sacHfice. immortaiis, e [in + mortaiis, mortal], adj., immortal. immortaiitas, atis, f., immortality. immunis, e [in+munus], adj., free from public services. immunitas, atis [immunis], t., freedom from public duties, immunity.' immuto, see muto. imparatus [in + paratus], adj., not 7^eady, unprepared. impatiens, entis [in neg. + patiens], adj., impatient, intolerant, impetuous. impatientia, ae [impatiens], f., impa- tience. impedimentum, i [impedio], n., a hin- dixince; pi., impedimenta, baggage. impedio, ire, ivi, itus [in + pes], to hinder, hamper, prevent, embarrass. impello, see pello. impendeo, ere, — , — , to overhang. impense [impensus], adv., exceedingly, very much. impensus [impendo, to expend], adj., expensive, large. imperator, oris [impero], m., a com- mander-in-chief, general, emp2ror. imperatum, i [impero], n., a command, order. imperfectus [in + perficio], adj., unfirv- ished, impeifect. imperitus [in + peritus], adj., inexperi- enced, unacquainted loith, ignorant. imperium, i [impero], n., command, control; government, military author- ity ; sovereignty, empire. impero, are, avi, atus, to rtile, com- mand ; order, levy ; to be emperor. impertio, ire, ivi, itus [in + partio, share], to share with, bestow. impetro, are, avi, atus, to procure, gain ; accomplish, bring to pass ; succeed. impetus, iis [in + peto], m., an attack ; violence, vhemence. impius [in + pins, pious], adj., wicked, impious. impleo, see pleo. impono, see pono. importo, see porto. VOCABTLARY. 251 impraesentiSrum [in praesenti^ rS- rumj, adv., for ths present, now. impressio, onis [imprimo], f., an onset, attack. imprimo, see premo. improbus [in neg. +probus, upright^^ adj., wicked, outrageous. improvisus [in neg. +provideo], adj., umxpected ; as noun in the phrases de or ex improviso, unexpectedly, of a sudden. imprudens, entis [in + neg. providens], adj., not foreseeing, imprudent, off guard. imprudenter [imprudens], adv., impru- denll;/, unwisely. imprudentia, ae [imprudens], f., want of foresight, imprudence. impulvereus [in neg. +pulvis, dust]^ adj., dustl'ss; without trouble, easy. imus, see Inferus. in. prep., with ace. after words implying motion, to, into, towards, against, upon, over ; with abl., in, at, during, amoncf, in cas". of. inaequalis. e [aequalis], adj., uneven. inanis e, adj , empty ; vain, idle. inaniter [inanis"", adv., emptily, vainly. inauguro, are, avi, atus, to watch for . omen^from birds. inauratus [aurum], adj., gilded. incedo. see cedo. incendium, i [incendo] , n., fire, confla- gration. incendo, see candeo. incertus [in neg. + certus] , adj., uncer- tain, doubtful. incido, see cado. incido, see caedo. incipio, see capio. incito. see cito. incivnis, e [in neg. + civilis] , adj., rude, xmcivil. inclinatus [inclino, lean], adj.. disposed. incognitus [in neg. + cognosco], adj., unknown. incoho, axe, avI, atus, to begin, under- I take. incola. ae, m., an inhabitant, occupant. '■ incolo, see colo. , incolumis. e, adj., safe, unharmed. I incommodum, i [in neg. + commodum] , I n., inconvenience, damage, disaster, defeat. I inconditus [in neg. +condo], adj., con- ! fused, rude. \ incredibilis, e [in neg. + credo], adj., j incredible, extraordinary. incrementum, i [incresco], n., growth, increase. increpito, are [increpo], to reprove, taunt, blame. increpo, are, ui, itus, to upbraid. incruentus [in neg. + cruentus, bloody], adj., lolt'iout bloodshed, bloodless. incursio, onis [in + curro], f., an incur- sion, attack. incuso, are, avi, atus [in + causa], to accuse, blame. inde, adv., from that place, thence; next, then. index, dicis [in-j-dico], m., sign, mark, index. Indi, orum, m., the people of India. India, ae, f., India, modern Hindustan. indico, see dico. Indicus, adj., Indian. indigeo, see egeo. indignitas, atis [indignus], f., indig- nity, insult. indignus [in neg. + dignus] , adj., un- worthy, undeserving, shameful. inditus, see indo. indo, see do. indoles, is, f., nature, disposition, induco, see duco. induo. ere, ui, utus, to put on. industria, ae [industrius], f., industry, diligence; ability. indutiae, arum, pi., f., a truce, armis- tice. ineo, see eo. 252 VOCABULARY. inermis, e, and inermus [in neg. + arma], adj., unarmed. inerrans, antis [in + erro, wander]^ adj., 7iot icanderlng, fixed. iners, ertis [in neg. + ars] , adj., unskiU fid, idle, effeminate. inertia, ae [iners], f., indolence^ inactivity, infamia, ae [infamis], f., dishonor, dis- grace, infamy. infamis, e [in + fama], adj., infamous. infandus [in + for], adj., unspeakable, infamous, disgraceful. infans, antis [in neg. + for], adj., not sp?aMng ; as noun, an infant. inferior, ius [inferus], adj., lower, in- ferior. infero, see fero. inferus, adj., below, vnderyieath. Comp. inferior. Sup., infimus or imus. infests, are, avi, atus [infestus], to attack, molest^ infest. infestus, adj., hostile, dangerous. inficio, see facio. infimus [superl. of inferus], adj., lowest ^ at the bottom of. infinitus [in neg. + fini3], adj., un^ bounded, vast, enormous ; numberless ; as noun, a large amount or number. infirmus [in neg. 4-firmus], adj., in- firm, weak. infitiae, arum [in neg. + for], f., only ace. in the phrase infitias ire, to deny ; with quin (late) . infitior, ari, atus sum [infitiae], to deny. inflecto, see flecto. infra, adv., bdow ; prep, with ace, below. ingenium, i [cf. gen. in gigno], n., dis- position, ability, character. ingens, entis, adj., large, huge, great. ingratiis [gratia], adv., against one's icill. ingratus [in neg. + gratus] adj., un- pl'^a-ant; thankless, unprofitable. ingredior, see gradior. inhaereo, see haereo. inicio, see iacio. inimiciter [inimlcus], adv., in a hostile manner. inimicitia, ae [inimicus], f., enmity. inimicus [in neg. + amicus], adj., un- friendly , hostile ; as noun, a personal enemy, as distinguished from hostis, a public enemy. iniquitas, atis [iniquus], f., inequality, injustice; bad character ; unfavorable position. iniquus [in neg. + aequus], adj., uneven, unfair, unfavorable, initium, i [ineo], n., a beginning. iniiiratus [in neg. + iiiro], adj., unsworn, not under oath. iniuria, ae [in neg. + ius], f., wrong, injustice, violence, injury. (iniussus, lis) [iubeo], m., abl. only, without orders. iniuste [iniustus], adv., unjustly. inludo, see ludo. inlustris, e, adj., clear, distinguished, glorious. inlustro, are, avi, atus [in + lustro; cf. lux], to make bright, make famous. inmtor, see nitor. inno, see no. innocens, entis [in + noceo], adj., harm- less, innocent, blameless. innocentia, ae [innocens], f., blameless- ness, innocence. innumerus [in neg. 4-numerus], adj., countless. inopia, ae [inops, needy], f., want, scar- city, poverty. inopinans, antis [in + opinor, think], adj., unawares t off one's guard. inquam, def ., I say. See 297, II, 2 : 144, b ; 190, 2. inquire, see quaero. inrideo, see rideo. inrumpo, see rumpo. insatiabilis, e [in + satur, /«?(!, adj., ungating, not cloying. insatiabiliter [insatiabilis], adv., in- VOCABULARY. 268 Inscendo, see scand5. insciens, entis [in neg. +8Cio], adj., not knowing, ignorant. inBcientia, ae [insciens], f., ignorance, leant of experience. inscitus [in neg. 4-scio], adj., ignorant, foolish, inseco, fire, ni, sectus [se:o, cut], to cut into, cut up. insequor, see sequor. insero, see sero. insidiae, firum [in+sido, sit], f., pi. atnbiish ; treachery. Insideo, see sedeo. insidior, firi, fitus sum [insidiae], to lie in wait for. insignis, e [in + slgnum], adj., remark- able, distinguished. insigne, is [insignis], n., a sign, badge, ornament. insignio, ire, IvI, itus [insignis], to mark, distinguish . insilio, see salio. insinuo, fire, fivi, fitus [in + sinuo, to curve], get into, ivork one's icay into. Insisto, see sisto. insolens, entis [in neg. + soleo], adj., unusual; hauc/hty, insolent. insolenter [insolens], adv., haughtily, insolently. inspecto, see specto. instabilis, e [in + stabilis, from sto], adj., unsteady, variable. instfins, antis [insto], adj., present, im- mediate, urgent. instanter [instfins], adv., earnestly, pressingly. instar, n., indecl., an image; with gen., like. instaurfitio, 611^3 [instauro, renew], i., a renewal. instinguo, see stinguS. institno, see sta-tuo. institQtnm, i [instituo], n., a plan, design; custom, institution. inst5, see sto. Instruo, see stru5. insuef actus [in 4- suesco + facio], adj., accustomed, inured. Insuesco, see suesco. insula, ae, f ., an island. insum, see sum. insuper, adv., moreover, besides; Insu- per habere, to scorn (late) . integer, gra, grum [in + root tag in tango], adj., untouched, new; full, entire, vigorous ; de integro, anew. intellego, see lego. intemperanter [intemperfins], adv., without restraint, immoderately. intemperantia, ae, f., lack of control; arrogance ; insubordination. intemperies (only ace. and abl. e), f., excess, fwy. intentus [intendo, to stretch], adj., at- tentive. inter, prep, with ace, between^ among, during. inter calfirius, adj., intercalary, inserted in the calendar. intercede , see cedo. intercido, see cado. intercipio, see capio. intercludo, see claudo. interdico, see dico. interdiu, adv., in the daytime, by day. interefi [inter -f- is] , adv., in the mean- time, meanwhile. inter eo, see eo. interfector, 6ris,m. [interflcio], a slayer, murderer. interflcio, see facio. intericio, see iacio. interiectus, us [intericio], m., interven- tion. interim [inter + *im from is], adv., in the meantime, meanwhile. interimo, see emo. interior, ius [inter], adj., comp. (no posi- tive), inner, interior. Sup. intimus. interitus, Us [intereo], m., deaths de- struction. 254 VOCABULARY. interminor, Sri, 9,tua sum [inter + minor, th7^eaten]j to forbid with threats. intermitto, see mitto. internecio, onis [interneco, destroy] ^ f., slaughter, utter ruin. interpono, see pono. interpositus, us [interpono], m., inter- position. interpreter, ari, &tus sum [interpres, interprater'], to explain, interpret. interrogo, see rogo. interrumpo, see rumpo. intersero, see sero. inter sum, see sum. intervallum, i [inter + vallum], n., an interval, distance. intervenio, see venio. interventus, us [intervenio], m., com- ing between (up) , intervention. intestabilis, e [in neg. + testor, to wit- ness], adj., incapable of being a vnt- ness ; infamous, abominable. intestinum, i [intestinus], n., an intes- tine, entrail. intestinus, [intus], adj., internal; bel- lum intestinum, civil war. intime, [intimus, inmost], adv., very in- timately, most cordially. intolerandus [toUoJ, adj., intolerable. intolerans, antis, adj., not enduring, impatient. intra [contr. from intera], adv. and prep, with ace, inside of, vnthin. intrepide [intrepidus, undaunted], adv., undauntedly, intrepidly. intro, are, avi, atus [intro, xoithin], to enter. introeo, see eo. introitus, us [introeo], m., a going in, entrance. intromitto, see mitto. introrsus [intro + versus from verto], adv., inside, toward the interior. intueor, see tueor. intUB, adv., within, on the inside. inusitatus [in neg. + usitatus, usual], adj., unusual, unfamiUar, novel. inutilis, e [in neg. + utilisj, adj., useless, unprojitable. invado, see vado. invenio, see venio. inventor, oris [invenio], m., a discoverer, inventor. invictus [in neg. + vinco], adj., uncon- querable, invincible. invidia, ae [invideo, to envy], f ., envy, ill will. invioiabilis, e [in + violo, to violate], adj., inviolable. inviolate [invioiatus], adv., inviolably. invioiatus [in neg. + vioiatus from violoj, adj., sacred, inviolable. invisitatus [in neg. 4- visito, iter, of video], adj., unknown, extraordinary. invisus [invideo, to hate], 2^^]., hateful, hostile, troublesome. invito, are, avi, atus, to invite, summon, invitus, adj., iinivilling, on compulsion. invius [in neg. + via], adj., impassable. iocus, i (pi. also ioca), m., a jest, joke. Jones, um, m., the lonians, a branch of the Greek race ; particularly those set- tled on the coast of Asia Minor. ipse, a, um, dem. pron., himself, herself, itself, themselves ; very ; et ipse, like- wise, as well. ira, ae, f., ayiger. iratus [irascor, to be angry], adj., angry, is, ea, id, dem. pron., this or that; he, she, it ; such. iste, a, ud, dem. pron., that, that of yours. ita [is], adv., in this way, so, thus; as follows, in such a way ; accordingly, and so. Italia, ae, f ., Italy. The name did not include the basin of the Po (Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus. Italicus, adj., Italian. itaque [ita + que], adv., and «o, there- fore, consequently. VOCABULARY. •25L item, adv., likewise, just so, also, more- over. iter, itineris [eo, ire], n., a journey, inarch, road. iterum, adv., again, once more, for the second time. itidem [ita], adv., in like manner. iuba, ae, f., a mane. luba, ae, m., king of Numidia, defeated by Caesar at the battle of Thapsus B.C. 46. iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus [uncertain ; per- haps ius + habeo] , to order, command. iucundus, a,d}., pleasant ; pleasing ; joij- fvl, dear. liidaei, orum, m., the Judaeans, Jews. iiidex, icis [ius + dico], m., a judge. iudicium, i [iudex], n., judgment; opin- ion ; sentence ; trial ; court. iudicc [iudex], fire, fivi, fitus, to judge; think, be of the opinion,; pronounce, dis — diiudico, fixe, fivi, fitus, to dis- tinguish, decide. iugerum, i [iungo], n., a measure of land, somewhat more than half an acre. iugum, i [iungo], n., a yoke, ridge. lulius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Caesar, Proculus. iumentum, i [iungo], n., a beast of bur- den, pack animal. iungo, ere, iunxl, iunctus [cf. iugum], to join, bind, fasten, yoke. ab — abiungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, to unj'asten, unyoke, separate, remove. ad^ adiungo, ere, iunxi, iiinctus, to join to, fasten to, add. con — coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, to units, connect, form by associating. se — seiung5, ere, iiinxi, iunctus, to disunite, separate. iunior, see iuvenis. lunius, i, the name of a Roman gens. See Brutus, PuUus, Silanus. luno, onis, f., the chief female divinity of the Latins, the sister and wife of Jupiter. A. & W. LAT. R. — 17 luppiter, lovis, m., the chief god of the Latins. He was originally a person'fl- cation of the sky, and had the control of thunder, lightning, rain, and storms. iurgiosus [iiirgium, quarrel], adj., quar- relsome (rare). iiiris consultus, m., a lawyer. iliro, fire, Svi, fitus, and iuror, ari, atus sum [ius], tn take an oath, swear. con — coniuro, fire, fivi, fitus, to conspire, plot. de — deiero, are, fivi, fitus, to fake an oath, swear. ius, iiiris, n., right, justice, authority; court. iusiiirandum, i [iiis + iiiro], u.,an oath ; with adigere, to bind by oath. (iussus, us) [iubeo] , m., command (only ab. sing.). iiistitia, ae [ius], i., justice, uprightness. iustus [ius], 2n{].,just, fair; proper, fit- ting ; regular. iuvencus, i, m., a bullock. iuvenilis, e [iuvenis], adj., youthful. iuvenis, e, adj., young. Comp. iiinior. iuventa, ae [iuvenis], f., youth. inventus, utis [iuvenis] , m., youth ; men (from seventeen to forty-six years old). iuvo, fire, iuvi, iutus, to help, aid. ad — adiuvo, iuvfire, iuvi, iutus, to assist, support. iUxtfi, adv., near. K. K., the abbreviation for the Roman prae- nomen Kaeso. KaL = Kalendae, firum, f., the Kalends, the first day of the month. L. L. = Lucius. L. = 50. Labienus, i, m., T. Attius Lablenus, a lieutenant in Caesar's army. Laberius, !, m. See Diirus. 256 VOCABULARY. labor, labl, lapsus sum, to slip. de— delabor, labi, lapsus sum, to glide down. pro — proiabor, Iftbi, lapsus sum, to fall headlong. labor, oris, m., labo7% toil, misfor- tune. laboro, are, avi, atus [labor], to toil, strive ; be in distress ; he troubled. labrum, i [lambo], n., the lip; edge, rim. lac, lactis, n., milk. Lacedaemon, onis, f., the city of Sparta, the capital of Laconia. Lacedaemonius, adj., Lacedaemonian, Spartan. lacesso, ere, ivi, itus [lacio, entice'], to rouse, annoy, attack. Lacinius, adj., of Lacinium, a promon- tory in the southern part of Italy. lacrima, ae, f., a tear. lacrimabilis, e [lacrimo], adj., lament- able. lacrimo, are, avi, atus [lacrima], to weep. laetifico, are, avi, atus [laetus + facio], to cheer, gladden. laetitia, ae [laetus, joyful], f., joy, re- joicing. laetus, di.^]., joyful, pleasing, rich. Laevinus, i, m., P. Valerius, was consul B.C. 280; defeated by Pyrrhus, on the banks of the Siris. lambo, ere, — , — , to lick, lap. Lampsacus, i, f., a town on the Helles- pont. laneus [lana, wool], adj., woolen. languidus, adj., weak, sluggish. lanio, are, avi, atus, to tear, mangle, lacerate. lapis, idis, m., a stone ; milestone. lapicidinae, arum [lapis + caedo], f., stone quarries. lapsus, us [labor] , m., a gliding, flight. Larcius, i, m. (Lartius), the name of an ancient Roman gens. (1) T. Lartius Flavus w?iS appointed the first dictator B.C. 501. (2) *Sp.i/arciz^5 aided Horati us Codes at the Sublician bridge. Larentia, ae, f., the wife of Faustulus, foster-mother of Romulus and Remus. largior, iri, itus sum, to give freely, dis- tribute; bribe. largitio, onis [largior], f., liberality, bribery. lascivia,ae [l3iSCivvLB, sportive],!., jollity. lassitudo, inis [lassus, weak] , f., weak- ness, weariness. lateo, ere, ui, — , to lie hid, escape notice. Latinus, i, m., son of Aeneas Silvius, mythical king of Alba Longa. Latinus, adj., Latin; pertaining to Latium; pi., the Latins. Latium, i, n., a district on the west coast of central Italy, between the Tiber river and the district of Campania. latitude, inis [latus], f ., width, breadth, extent. latro, onis, m., a robber, brigand. latro, are, avi, atus, to bark. latrocinium, i [latro], n., brigandage^ pij^acy, robbery. latrocinor, ari, atus sum [latro], to be a robber, commit piracy. latus, adj., broad, wide. latus, eris, n., a side ; flank. laudo, are, avi, atus [laus], to praise, commend. con — conlaudo, are, avi, atus, to praise highly, commend. laureus [laurus], adj., of laurel. laurus, i (abl. lauru and lauro), f., a bay tree, laurel. laus, laudis, t., praise, fame, glory. lautus [lavo, wash], adj., washed; ele- gant, distinguished. Lavinium, i, n., a city on the seacoast of Latium, founded by Aeneas and named in honor of his wife Lavinia. laxo, are, avi, atus, to loose, spread out, relax. VOCABULARY. 257 lectica, ae [lectus], f., a couch, chair, litter. lecticula, ae [dim. of lectica], f., a small litter; bier. lectio, onis [lego], f., reading. lectulus, i [dim. from lectus, couch], m., a bed. legatio, onis [lego], f., an embassy. legfttus, i [legoj, m., an ambassador, legate ; lieutenant, deputy. legio, onis [lego], f., a legion, legionarius [legio], adj., pertaining to a legion, legionary. legitimus [lex], adj., lawful , legale legit- imate. lego, Sxe, S.yi, fttus, to send^ dispatch ; bequeath. de — delego, fire, ftvi, fitue, to refer. lego, ere, legi, lectus, to gather, collect ; select, appoint ; read, recite. con — conligo, ere, legi, lectus, to collect, gather; obtain, get, acquire; se colligere, to rally. de — deligo, ere, legi, lectus, to select, pick out ; levy. dis — dnigo, ere, lexi, lectus, to choose out ; love. ex — eligo, ere, legi, lectus, to pick out, choose. inter — intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, to discern; ascertain; know, under- stand. nee — neglego, ere, le^, lectus, to neglect, disregard, despise. lenis. e, adj., gentle ^ smooth. lenio iri. ivi, itus [l§nis], to soothe. Lentulus, i, m., L. Cornelius was consul B.C. 275. Leonidfis, ae, m., the famous Spartan king who perished at Thermopylae B.C. 480. lepide [lepidus], adv., pleasantly, wit- tily. lepidus, adj., pleasant, elegant, witty. Lepidus, i, m., M. Aemilius, a member of the second triumvirate, was consul with Caesar b.c. 46. He was deprived of his power by Augustus, and died B.C. 13. lepus, oris, m.,the hare. levis, e, adj., light, trivial, easy. lex, legis, f., a law, decree. Lexovii, orum, m., a tribe on the north- ern coast of Gaul, libenter [libens, glad], adv., gladly, cheerfully. liber, era, erum, adj., free; pi. m., liberi, children. liber, bri, m., a book. liberfilis, e [liber], adj.,/ree-6orn, noble ; liberal, generous. liberfiliter [liberfilis], adv., graciously, kindly ; freely, generously. libere [liber], sidy., freely, boldly. libero, fire, fivi, fitus [liber], to set free, release. libertas, fitis [liber], i., freedom. libra, ae, f., a pair of scales; a pound. librfirius, i [liber], m., a secretary; copyist, translator. licentia, ae [liceiiB],f., freedom, license. liceor, liceri, licitus sum, to bid (at an auction) . licet, lic§re, licuit or licitum est, impers., it is allowed, permitted. Licinius, i, a Roman gens name. See Grassus, LucuUus, Miirena. Licinus, i, M. Fabius, consul b.c. 246. Liger, eris, m., the river Loire, in France. . ligneus [lignum, wood], adj., made of wood, wooden. ligo, fire, fivi, fitus, to bind. ad — adligo, fire, fivi, fitus, to bind fast. d9 — delig5, fire, fivi, fitus, to bind fast, tie, fasten. Lig^res, um, m., the people of Liguria, a district on the northwest coast of Italy near the modern Gulf of Genoa. Lilybaeum, i, n., a Carthaginian town in western Sicily. limen, inis, n., a threshold; house. 258 VOCABULARY. llneamentum, I [linea, a line], n., a line, feature, lineament. lingua, ae, f., the tongue. lingula, ae [lingua], f., a tongue of land, peninsula. linquo, ere, liqui, — , to leave. re — relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, to leave, bequeath. linum, i, n.,flax. liquor, oris, m., a fluid, liquid. littera, ae, f., a letter (of the alphabet) ; pi., writing, literature, letters; a letter. litteratus [littera], adj., learned, edu- cated. litus, oris, n., a shore, beach. lituus, i, m., an augur's staff. Livius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Salinator. loco, are, avi, atus [locus] , to place. con — conloco, are, avi, atus, to place, station ; arrange. Locri, orum, m., (1), an ancient Greek city in southern Italy. (2) The inhab- itants of the city, Locrians. locupleto, are, avi, atus [locuples, rich], to enrich. locus, i, pi. loci and loca, m., a place, spot ; room ; position, rank, condition. locutus, see loquor. Lollius, i, m., M., propraetor of Galatia under Augustus, was consul B.C. 21. longe [longus], adv., at a distance, far, by far. Longinus, i, m., Sp. Cassius, one of the foremost conspirators against Caesar B.C. 44. longinquus [longus], adj., remote, dis- tant; prolonged. longitudo, inis [longus], f., length. longurius, i [longus], m., a long pole. longus, adj., long, tall; distant^ tedious. Longus, i, m., Ti. Sempronius, consul B.C. 218 ; defeated by Hannibal at the Trebia. loquor, loqul, locutus sum, to speak, say. con — conloquor, i, locutus sum, to talk with, hold a conference, converse. lorica, ae [lorum, strap], f., a corselet of leather; coat of mail. Lucani, orum, m., the inhabitants of Lucania, a district in southern Italy. Lucretia, ae, f., the wife of Collatinus. Her disgrace at the hands of Sextus Tarquinius led to the establishment of the republic. Lucretius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Tricipitinus. LucuUus, i, m., L. Licinius, famous for his wealth and luxury, was born (prob- ably) B.C. 110; consul 74; conducted the war against Mithridates 74-63 ; died 57 or 56. ludibrium, i [ludus], n., mockery. liidicrum, i [ludus], n., sport, game, fes- tival. ludo, ere, lusi, lusus, to play. ex — eludo, ere, lusi, lusus, to elude, avoid; deceive; mock. in — inludo, ere, lusi, lusus, to jeer at, ridicule ; cheat. ludus, i, m., play, game ; place of train- ing, school. lugeo, ere, luxi, lilctus, to mourn, be- ivail. Lugotorix, igis, m., the chief of a tribe of Britons. lumbus, i, m., the loin. lumen, inis [lux], n., a light. luna, ae, f., the moon. Luna, ae, f., the goddess of the moon, identified with Diana. lupa, ae, f., a she-wolf. Lupercal, aiis, n., a grotto on the Pala- tine hill at Rome sacred to the god Pan. L. ludibrium, the Lupercalian festival. Lusitanus, adj., Lusitanian, of a prov- ince in the southwest of Spain. lusus. us [ludo], m., sport. Lutatius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Catulus. VOCABULARY. 259 lilx, lacis, f., light, daylight; prima luce, at dawn. luxuria, ae [luxus, excess], f., luxury , extravagance. luxurior, ari, atus sum, to revel. Lycaeus, i, m., an epithet of the god Pan. Lysias, ae, m., a celebrated Athenian orator, who lived about 458-378 B.C. Lysimachus, i, m., an Athenian, the father of Aristides. M. = Marcus. M.' = Manius. M. = 1000. Macedonia, ae, f., an extensive country north of Greece. The inhabitants were not usually reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander Macedonia became the chief power in the ancient world. maestus, adj., sad. magis, adv., more, rather; eo magis, all the more; sup. maxime, greatly, chiefly, exceedingly. magister, tri, m., a master, ruler, teacher ; magister equitum, a military officer, master of the horse. magistratus, us [magister], m., a mag- if^trate; magistracy. Magnesia, ae, f., a city of Asia Minor near Mt. Sipylus in Lydia. magnificus [magnus + facio], adj., splendid, magnificent, noble. magnitudo, inis [magnus], f., magni- tude, greatness or size. mag^opere or magno opere, adv., very greatly, exceedingly. magnus, adj., great, large, abundant, powerful. Comp. malor; sup. maxi- mus. Mago. onis, m., the brother of Hannibal, captured by Scipio in Spain. maior, see magnus. As m. noun, ma- iores, ancfstors. Mains, I, m., the month of May; usually as adj., agreeing with mensis, Kalen- dae, Idus. malacia, ae [Greek], f., a calm. male [mains], adv., badly, ill, unhap- pily, unsuccessfully. Comp. peius; sup. pessime. maleficium, i [male + facio], n., mis- chief, damage, harm. maio, see volo. mains, adj., bad, evil, hurtful, Comp. peior; sup. pessimus. As noun, ma- lum, i, n., misfortune. mains, 1, m., a mast. Mamilius, i, m., see Octavius. mamma, ae [Greek], f., a breast, dug. manceps, ipis [manns + capio], m., a purchaser at public auctio7is, con- tractor, renter. mandatum, i [mando], n.,an order j com- mand. mando, are, avi, atus [manns + do], to commission, enjoin, command. con — commendo, are, avi, atus, to commend or commit for protection, en- trust, recommend. re — remando, are, avi, atus, to send back word (very rare) . Mandubracius, i, m., a British chief. mane, adv., in the morning. maneo, ere, mansi, mansus, to stay, continue ; abide by. per — permaneo, ere, mansi, man- sum, to continue, remain. re — remaneo, ere, mansi, — , to re- main behind. Manilius, i, m., M., was congul B.C. 149, and carried on war against Carthage. manipulus, i [manus + pleo] ,m.,a com- pany of soldiers, maniple (one third of a cohort), the original standard of which bore a handful of hay. Manlius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. M. Manlius, surnamed Capitolinus, consul B.C. 392, aided in the defense of 260 VOCABULARY. the capitol against the Gauls. See also Censonnus, Torqu&tus, Vulso. xn&no, are, avi, — , to trickle ; spread. manubiae, arum [manus], f., prize- money. mansuefacio, ere, feci, factus [man- suesco (manus + suesco) , to grow used to the hand -\-fSiCio], to tame; pass., to grow tame. manumitto, ere, misi, missus [manus + mittoj, to make free, evfranchise. manus, us, f., a hand; hand, troop; force ; combat ; dare manus, to yield ; per manus, in succession. Marathon, onis (ace. ona), f., a small deme or ward on the eastern coast of Attica, about twenty-three miles from Athens. Marathonius, adj.,pe7'^aimn5r to Maj^a- thon. Mardonius, i, m., the son-in-law of Da- rius, defeated at Plataea b.c. 379. Marcellus, i, m., a famous family name in the Claudian gens. (1) M. Claudius Marcellus, a cele- brated general, was consul b.c. 214. He captured Syracuse b.c. 212, but was defeated and slain in his fifth consul- ship by Hannibal b.c. 208. (2) M. Claudius Marcellus, son of (1), was consul b.c. 196. (3) M. Claudius Marcellus, consul B.C. 51, a violent opponent of Caesar. Caesar afterwards pardoned him, and Cicero, his intimate friend, returned thanks in the oration Pro Mar cello. Marcius, i, m., Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome, B.C. 640-616. See also Corioianus. Marcus, i, m., a common praenomen. mare, is, n., the sea. Marius, i, m. (1) C, one of the most famous Roman generals, born b.c. 157; was seven times consul. He defeated a vast horde of barbarian invaders from Ger- many, at Aquae Sextiae, b.c. 102; died B.C. 86. (2) C. Marius, his son, consul b.c. 82. maritimus [mare], adj., pertaining to the sea, marine, maritime. maritus, i [mas], m.., a husband. marmor, oris [Greek], n., marble. Mars, Martis, m., an ancient Roman divinity worshiped as the god of war. Martins, i [Mars], m., the month of March; usually an adj., -agreeing with mensis, Idus, Kalendae, etc. Martins [Mars] , adj., pertaining to Mars, Campus Martins, see Campus. mas, maris, m., a male. Masinissa, ae, m., king of Numidia, was an ally of Scipio Africanus in Africa, B.C. 202. He reigned until the third Punic war, and died B.C. 148. Masurius, i, m., Sabinus, an eminent Roman lawyer, lived in the first cen- tury A.D. mater, tris, f., a mother. materfamilias, see familia. materia and materies, ae [mater], f., material ; timber, wood. mathematicus, i [Greek], m., a rnathe- matician. matrona, ae [mater], f., a matron, woman. maturus, adj., ripe, mature; seasonable, fit. Mauretania, ae, f., a district on the northwestern coast of Africa, embrac- ing parts of modern Morocco and Algiers. Mayors, tis, m., Mars. maxime [maximus], see magis. Maximus, i, m., a Roman surname. (1) Q. Fabius Maximus was magis- ter equitum to the dictator Papirius B.C. 325. He was consul six times, the last in B.C. 296. (2) Q. Fabius Maximus, son of (1), was defeated by the Samnites B.C. 292. VOCABULARY. 261 He escaped degradation by his father's offer to serve as his lieutenant in his next campaign. (3) Q. Fabius Maximus, grandson of (2) , surnamed Cunciator from his caution, was a famous general in the second Punic war. He was five times consul; died B.C. 203. medicina, ae [medicus], f., medicine; remedy. medicus, i [medeor, heal], m., a physi- cian, surgeon. mediocris, ere [medius], adj., common, moderate, mediocre. mediocriter [mediocris], adv., moder- ately, somewhat. mediterraneus [medius + terra], adj., inland, removed from the sea, meditor, ftri, &tus sum, to reflect upon, practice, meditate. medium, i [medius], n., the middle, midst, space between. medius, adj., middle, between, melior, adj., see bonus. melius, adv., see bene. membrum, 1, n., a limb (of the body). memor, oris, adj., mindful, grateful. memoria, ae [memor], i., memory; re- port, record, time, age. memoriSIia, ium [memoria], n., me- moirs. memoro, are, fivi, atus, to remind of, speak of, recount. Menapii, orum, m., a tribe of the Belgae living near the mouth of the Rhine. mendacium, i [mendax, false], n., a lie. mens, mentis, f., the mind; disposition; reason. mensa, ae, f ., a table. mensis, is, m., a month. mensura, ae [metier], f., a measure; mensura ex aqua, a water clock. mentio, onis, f., mention. mentior, iri, itus sum, to lie, cheat, pretend. mercator, 5ris [mercor], m., a trader ^ merchant. mercatura, ae [mercor], f., trade, mer- chandise. mercennarius [merces], adj., hired; subst., a mercenary, hireling, sei^ant. merces, edis, f., a price ; pay. mercor, ari, atus sum [merx, wares], to trade, purchase. Mercurius, i [cf. merx], m., a Latin god of commerce and gain. mereo, ere, ui, itus, andmereor, §rl, itus sum, to get, earn, deseiwe ; serve. mergo, ere, mersi, mersus, to dip, plunge, sink. de — demergo, ere, mersi, mersus, to sink. sub — submergo, ere, mersi, mer- sus, to submerge. meridianus [meridies], adj., of midday. meridies, ei [medius + dies], m.,. mid- day, noon; the south. meritum, i [mereor], n., desert, merit, service, kindness. Morula, ae, m., L. Cornelius, consul B.C. 193. meta, ae, f ., a goal. metallum, i [Greek], n., metal; amine. Metellus,!, m., Q. Caeci^iws, surnamed Creticus, was consul B.C. 60. metier, iri, mensus sum, to measure or deal out, distribute. dis — dimetior, iri, mensus sum, to measure off, measure. meto, ere, messui, messus, to reap. de — demeto, ere, messui, messus, to cut down, reap. metus, lis, m.,fear, dread. mens, adj., my, mine. Mezentius, i, m., a legendary king of Caere in Etruria. migro, are. avi, atus, to migrate, remove. de — demigro, are, avi, atus, to move from, migrate. re — remigro, are, avi, atus, to come back, return. 262 VOCABULARY. miles, itis, m. and f., a soldier. miliarium, i, n., a milestone^ mile, see cut on p. 14. militaris, e [mfles], adj., military; as noun, a soldier ; res mHitEris, the art of war, military operations. nulitia, ae [miles], f., rnilitary service. milita, are, avi, atum, [miles], to be a soldier, wage war. mille, indecl. adj., a thousand; pi. mHia, um, as noun, n., thousand, thou- sands (M). Milo, onis, m., a celebrated athlete from Crotou, of the sixth century B.C. Miltiades, is, m. (1) Sou of Cypselus, an Athenian, became tyrant of the Thracian Cher- sonese. (2) Son of Cimon, nephew of (1), with whom Nepos has confused him, was also an Athenian, and succeeded to the kingdom (tyranny) of the Cher- sonese. In B.C. 490 he led the Athe- nians at the famous battle of Marathon. minaciter [minax, threatening], adv., threateningly. Minerva, ae, f., the virgin daughter of Jupiter, the Latin goddess of wisdom and of all skilled arts, minimus, adj., least, smallest; see par- vus, ministro, are, avi, atus [minister], to attend, serve. ad — administro, are, avi, atus, to help, perform; oversee^ govern. sub — subministro, are, avi, atus, to supply, provide. minor, us, adj., less, smaller; see parvus, minor, ari, atus sum, to threaten. Minucius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Riifus, Thermus. minuo, ere, i, utus [minus], to diyninish, reduce; settle; recede (of the tide). minus [minor], adv., less, not; nihilo minus, notwithstanding, none the less. mirabilis, e [miror], adj., wonderful. mirftculum, I [mIror], n., a wonder, m,arvely miracle. mirandus [miror], adj., wonderful, strange. miror, ari, atus sum, to wonder at, be astonished. ad^admlror, ari, atus sum, to wonder at, admire. de — demiror, ari, atus sum, to wonder, be amazed. mirus, adj., wonderful. miser, era, erum, adj., unhappy, unfor- tunate, pitiable. miserandus [miseror, to pity], adj., pitiable, lamentable. misericordia, ae [miser + cor], f., pity, compassion, mercy. missiUs, e [mitto], adj., that can be throicn. Mithridates, is, m., surnamed the Great, king of Pontus, B.C. 120-63. Mithridaticus, adj., pertaining to Mith- ridates. mitigo, are, avi, atus [mitis + ago] , «o soften. mitis, e, adj., mild, kind, placid. mitto, ere, misi, missus, to seiid, dis- patch ; throw, shoot ; let go. ab — amitto, ere, misi, missus, to send aivay, los'* ; dismiss. ad — admitto, ere, misi, missus, to permit, admit, give audience to ; com- mit. con — committo, ere, misi, missus, to join ; intriLst, commit ; cause, do ; pugnam committere, to join, begin, battle. dis — dimitto, ere, misi, missus, to dismiss, let go, lose, abandon. ex — emitto, ere, misi, missus; to send forth, discharge; throw away; let go. in — immitto, ere, misi, missus, to se7id into or against, hurl; sink; admit. inter — inter mitto, ere, misi, mis- sus, to interposp, interrupt ; stop, cease. intrS * mtr5mitt3, ere, misi, mis- sus, to send or let into, introduce. ob — omitto, ere, misi, missus, to lay aside, omit, throio away, neglect. per — permitto, ere, misi, missus, to permit ; intrust. prae — praemitto, ere, misi, mis- sus, to send forward. pro — promitto, ere, misi, missus, to sendforxoard; 2'>romise, assure. re — remitto, ere, misi, missus, send hack, relax ; abate. sub — submitto, ere, misi, missus, send secretly, dispatch ; furnish ; loioer. monile, is, n., a necklace, collar, mobilis, e [moveo], adj., fickle, change^ able, movable. mobilitas, fttis [mobilis], f., speed; fickleness. mobiliter [mobilis], adv., easily. moderor, ari, fttus [modus], to check, restrict, regulate. moderatio, onis [moderor], f., modera- tion, self-control. moderatus [moderor], adj., self -con- trolled, temperate, modest. modicus [modus], adj., small, moderate. modius, i [modus], m., a measure, peck. modo [modus], adv., only, just ; now. modus, i, m., a measure, amount ; man- ner. moenia, ium, n. pL, city lo alls, fortifica- tions ; city. moles, is, f., mass, mound; dike, dam. molestia, ae [molestus, troublesome], f., trouhlesomeness, annoyance. mollis, e, adj., soft, gentle, smooth; yielding. Molossi, orum, in., a semi-Greek people living in the southern part of Epirus. momentum, i [moveo], n., a short time, time. Mona, ae, f., the Isle of Anglesea, ndrth of Wales. moneo, ere, ui, itus, to advise, icarn, remind. VOCABULARY. v 268 monitus, fls [mone5], m^J^ monocolus, i (Greek), ra., one-legged (late) , epithet applied to a fabled race of giants, each with but one leg of prodigious strength. mons, montis, m., a mountain, hill, height. monstro, are, avi, atus, to show, point out, declare. de — demonstro, are, avi, atus, to point out, state; explain, prove. monstrum, i [monstro], n., an omen, miracle. monumentum, I [moneo], n., a m,onu- ment, record; tomb. morbus, I, m., sickness, disease. moribundus [morior], adj., at the point ofdjath. morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die. ex — emorior, mori, — , — , to die off. Morini, orum, m., a tribe of the Belgae living near the Strait of Dover. moror, ari, atus sum [mora], to delay, wait. morosus [m.oa],8id]., fretful, capricious. mors, mortis [morior], f., death. mortuus [morior], adj., dead. mos, moris, m., a custom, habit; char- acter, manners. motus, lis [moveo], m., motion, disturb- ance, revolt. moveo, ere, movi, motus, to move, re- move, influence, excite. con — commoveo, ere, movi, motus, to arouse, disturb, move, influence. per — permoveo, ere, movi, motus, to rouse thoroughly , alarm; induce. re — removed, ere, movi, motus, to . remove, put aside, dismiss, withdraw. sub — submoveo, ere, movi, motus, to drive off, dislodge. mox, adv., soon, directly, then. mugio, ire, ivi, — , to low, bellow. muliebris, e [mulier], adj., pertaining to a woman, woman-like. mulier, eris, f., a looman, wife. 264 VOCABULARY. multimodis [multus + modus], adv., in many ways. multitudo, inis [multus], f., a multi- tude. multo, ftre, ftvi, fttus [multa, a Jine] , to fine, depHve ; punish, condemn. multum, multo [multus], adv., much, by /«^> greatly. Comp. plus; sup. plurimum. multus, adj., comp. plus, sup. plurimus, much; pi. many, multo die, late in the day. Munda, ae, f., a Roman colony in the south of Spain. munditia, ae [mundus, neat], f., neat- ness, cleanliness. mundus, i, m., the world, universe. municipium, i, n., a town possessing the right of Roman citizenship, but gov- erned by its own laws; a free town. munimentum, i [munio], n., a fortifica- tion, defense. munio, ire, ivi (ii), itum [moenia], to fortify, secure, guard. munitio, onis [munio], f., fortification, fortified works, defenses. munus, eris, n., a duty, se^^ice; gift. miiralis, e [miirus], adj., pertaining to a v)all. Murena, ae, m.,L. Licinius, consul b.c. 62. murteus [murtus], adj., of myrtle. murtus, i [Greek], f., myrtle. murus, i. m., a wall. Mus, Muris, m., P. Decius, was consul B.C. 279, and fought against Pyrrhus. mutatio, onis [muto], f., change. mutilus, adj., maimed, mutilated; mu- tilae comibus, without horns. muto, ftre, avi, atus, to change. con — commuto, are, avi atus, to change, alter, exchange. in — immuto, are, avi, atus, to change. Myus, untis (ace. iinta) , f ., an Ionian city in Caria, near the mouth of the Meander. N. nactus, see nanciscor. Naevius, i, m., M., a tribune of the people B.C. 185. nam, con j., /or, hut. Namnetes, um, m., a tribe on the west coast of Gaul north of the Loire, namque, conj.,/o7* indeed, for truly. nanciscor, i, nactus sum, to get, obtain. naris, is, f., the nostril; pi. nose. narro, are, avi, atus, to narrate, tell. de — denarro, are, avi, atus, to tell, relate (very rare) . nascor, i, natus sum, to he horn ; arise, proceed. ex — enascor, i, natus sum, to grow or spring out. natalis, e [natus], adj., pertaining to hirth, natal ; dies natalis, a birthday. natio, onis [nascor], f., a nation, tribe, people. nativus [natus], adj., natural, native. natura, ae [natus], f., nature, disposi- tion ; situation. naturaiis, e [natura], adj., natural natus [nascor], adj., lit. horn; with annos and numerals, old. naufragium, i [navis + frango], n., shipwreck, ruin. nauta, ae [for navita, from navis], m., a sailor. nauticus [nauta], adj., nautical, navaiis, e [navis], adj., naval. navicula, ae [dim. of navis], f., a small vessel, hoat. navigatio, onis [navigo], f., a voyage; navigation. navigium, i [navigo], n., a vessel, hoat. navigo, are, avi, atus [navis + ago], to sail, navigate. navis, is, f., a ship, vessel; navis longa, war ship, galley ; navis oneraria, transport. Navius, I, m., Attus, a famous augur of the time of Tarquinius Priscus. VOCABULARY. 265 nav5, are, ftvl, atus [(g)navu8, busij], to be busy at, perform with vigor. Naxus [Naxos], i, f., one of the Cy3la- des Islands in the Aegean Sea. ne, conj., that . . . not, lest, not to; that. ne . .'. quidem, not . . . even (the em- phatic word is placed between) . ne, enclitic interrog. particle, whether; ne . . . an or ne . . . ne, whether . . . or. nebulo, onis [nebula, mist], m., a worth- less fellow, scamp. nee, see neque. necessario [necessarius] , adv., neces- sarily. necessarius [necesse], adj., necessary, indispensable ; as noun, an intimate friend, relative. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary, inevi- table. necessitas, atis [necesse], f., necessity ^ pressure. necessitudo, inis [necesse], f., friend- ship, intimacy. necne, conj., or not. neco, are, avi, atus, to kill, necto, ere, nezui, nexus, to bind^ tie; contrive. nefastus [nefas, crime], adj., unhal- lowed, unpropitious. neglego, see lego. nego, are, avi, atus, to say no, deny, refuse. negotium, i [nee + otium], n., business ; toil, trouble. Nemetes, urn, m., a tribe of Germans set- tled in Gaul near modern Speier. nemo, inis [ne + homo], m. and f., no one. Neocles, i. m., an Athenian, the father of Themistocles. Nepos, Otis, m., Cornelius, the historian, lived probably B.C. 99-24. nepos, Otis, m., grandson; nephew (late) ; pi., descendants. Neptunus, i, m., a Roman god, brother of Jupiter, and chief divinity of the sea. nSquaquam [ne + quaquam, anywhere] , adv., not at all, by no means. neque or nee [ne + que], adv., nor, and . . . not; neque . . . neque or nee, neither . . . nor. nequiquam, adv., in vain, to no purpose. Nero, onis, m., C. (App.) Claudius Nero was consul B.C. 207 with Livius Salina- tor, and defeated Hasdrubal at Sena. Nervii, orum, m., a brave and warlike tribe of the Belgian Gauls who lived between the river Sabis (modern Sambre) and the sea. nervus, i [Greek], m., a sinew^ muscle, nerve. neu, see neve, neuter, tra, trum [n§ -f uter], pron., yieither. neve or neu [ne-hve], conj., nor ; and . . . not ; neve . . . neve, neither . . . nor. nex, necis, f., death ; murder, slaughter, Nicias, ae, m., the physician of Pyrrhus, who offered to poison his master. Nicomedes, is, m., sumamed Philopator, king of Bithynia, expelled by Mithri- dates, but restored by the Romans. nihil [ne + hilum, a trifle], n., indecl., nothing, not at all. nihilo [abl. of nihilum], none the . . . ; nihilo minus, none the less. NIlus, i, m., the river Nile. nimbus, i, m., a rain storm, cloud. nimis, adv., too much, very, excessively. nimius [nimis], adj., excessive, too much, too great. nisi [ne + si], conj., ifn,ot, unless, except. nitor, i, nisus or nixus sum, strive, at- tempt; rely upon. con — conitor, 1, nisus or nixus sum, to strive, struggle, endeavor. in — innitor, i, nisus or nixus sum, lean on. re — renitor, i, to withstand, resist. 266 VOCABULARY. no, nftre, navl, to swim. in — inno, are, avi, atus, to swim in. trans — trano, are, avi, — , to swim acj'oss. Nobilior, oris, m., M. FulviuSy consul B.C. 189, when he conquered the Aeto- lians. nobilis, e [nosco], adj., noted , notable, renowned, noble. nobilitas, atis [nobilis], f., renown, nobility ; the nobles. nobilito, are, avi, atus [nobilis], to make famous. nocens, entis [noceo], adj., harmful, hurtful. noceo, ere, ui, iturus, to hurt, injure, mohst. noctu [nox], adv., by night. nocturnus [noctu], adj., nocturnal, by night. nodus, i, m., a knot; joint ; knob. nolo, see volo. nomen, inis [nosco], n., a name, a re- nown ; account ; pretense ; authority. Nomentanus, adj., pertaining to Momen- tum, a Sabine city. nominatim [nomino], adv., by name. nomino, are, avi, atus [nomen], to name, call, mention. non, adv., not, no. nonagesimus, num. adj., ninetieth. nonaginta, num. adj., ninety (XC). nondum [non + dum] , adv., not yet. nonnullus [non + niillus] , adj., some, several. nonnumquam [non + numquam], adv., sometimes. nonus [novem], adj., ninth. nos, nosmet, pi. of ego, we. nosco, ere, novi, notus, to know. ad — agnosco, ere, gnovi, gnitus, to recognize. con — i cognosco, ere, gnovi, gnitus, to learn, discover; knoiv thoroughly; investigate. re + con — rec5gn5sc5, ere, gnovi, gnitus, to recall, recognize. in— ignosc5, ere, gnovi, gnotum, to overlook, forgive, excuse. \ noster, tra, trum [nos], adj., our, our ! own. i notitia, ae [nosco], f., knowledge.^ nota, ae [of. nosco], f., a mark, sign, stamp. noto, are, avi, atus [nota], to mark, call attention to, mention, blame. notus [nosco], adj., well known, familiar. novacula, ae, f., a razor. novem, num., nine. novitas, atis [novus], f., newness, rare- ness, novelty. novus, adj., new, fresh ; novae res, a revolution. nox, noctis, f., night. noxa, ae [noceo], f., an offense, c?nme. nubo, ere, nupsi, nuptum, to veil one's self, mai^y. nudo, are, avi, atus [nudus], to make bare, strip, expose. nudus, adj., naked, bare. niillus [ne + iUlus], adj., none, no; as noun, no one (gen. nullius ; dat. nulli) . num, interrog. particle, expects the an- swer no. Numa, ae, m., see Pompilius. niimen, inis [nuo, to nod], n., a divinity, divine power. numerus, i, m., number, account; cha?'- acter, rank. Numidae, arum, m., the Numidians. Numidia, ae, f., a country of northern Africa, west of the Carthaginian terri- tory. Numitor, oris, m., son of Proca, grand- father of Romulus. nummus, i, m., money; coin; sesterce (=4.1 cents). numquam [ne + umquam], adv., never. nunc, adv., noio. niincupo, are, avi, atus [nomen + capio]. to call, call by nam^. VOCABULARY. 26 nilntio, Sxe, Svi, SLtus [nHntius], to tell, announce, report. de — denuntio, are, avi, atus, to an7iounce, denounce, order, threaten. ex — enuntio, are, avi, atus, to speak out, tell. pro — pronuntio, are, avi, atus, to tell, declare, recite, appoint. re — renuntio, are, avi, atus, to bring hack ivord, report. nuntius, i, m., a messenger; message. nuptiae, arum, [nubo], f ., nuptials, mar- riage. nusquam [ne + usquam], adv., nowhere, in no place. n&tus, us [nuo, to nod\, in., a nod, mo- tion ; command, promvie. ob, prep, with ace, on account of , for, because of. obduco, see duco. obeo, see eo. obicio, see iacio. obitus, us [obeo], m., destruction, death. obnozius [ob + noxa], adj., liable, ex- posed to. obru5, see ru5. obscure [obscurus], adv., obscurely, obscuro, are, avi, atus, to darken, obscure. obsecro, see sacr5. obsequor, see sequor. observantia, ae [observe], f., obse?^)- ance, respect, honor, attention. observo, see servo. obses, idis [obsideo], m. and f., a host- age. obsessio, 5nis [obsideS], f., siege, block- ade. obsideo, see sedeo. obsidid, onis [obsideo], f., a siege. obsidionaiis, e [obsidio], adj., pertain- ing to a siege. obsigno, see signo. obsisto, see sisto. obsonium, i [Greek], n., a sauce, relish, side dish. obstinatio, onis [obstino, persist], i., persistence, stubbornness, obstinacy. obstinatus [obstino], ad]., persistent. obstupefacio, ere, feci, factus, to aston- ish. obtempero, see tempero. obtestatio, onis [obtestor], f., protesta- tion, entreaty, adjuration. obtestor, see tester. obtineo, see teneo. obtingo. see tango. obtrectatio, onis [obtrecto], f., detrac- tion, jealousy, envy. obtrecto, see tracto. obtrunco, are, — , atus, to kill, slay. obturbo, see turbo. obvenio, see venio. obverto, see verto. obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, towards; obviam venire or Ire, to meet. occasio, onis [occid5], f., an occasion, opportunity. occasus, Us [occido], m., agoing down, setting. occido, see cado. occido, see caedo. occipio, see capio. occults, are, avi, atus [freq. of occulo, to cover], to hide, conceal; secrete, occultus [occulo, to cover], adj., hidden, secret, concealed. occumbo, see *cumbo. occupatio, onis [occupo], f., engage- ment, occupation. occupo, are, avi, atus [ob + capi5], to seize, hold, occupy, attack, employ. occurro, see curro. Oceanus, i, m., the Atlantic and its divisions in contrast with the Mediter- ranean Sea. Octavianus, i, m., see Caesar and Augus- tus. 268 VOCABULARY. Octavius, I, m. (1) C/i., a partisan of Sulla, was consul B.C. 87 with L. Cornelius Cinna. The latter adhered to Marius, and Oc- tavius was massacred when they tri- umphed. (2) Octavius Mamilius, dictator of Tusculum, son-in-law of Tarquinius Superbus. octavus [octo], adj., eighth. octingenti, ae, a [octo + centum] , num. adj., eight hundred (DCCC). octo, num. adj., eight (VIII.). octodecim, num. adj., eighteen (XVIII.). octogesimus [octoginta], num. adj., eightieth. octoginta [octo], num. adj., eighty (LXXX.). oculus, i, m., the eye. odi, odisse, def., to hate. odium, i [odij, n., hatred^ aversion. offendo, ere, i, fensum, to hit upon, meet with, find. offensio, onis [offendo], f., a hurting; harm; offense. offero, see fero. officium, i [opus + facio], n., service, favor ; duty, office. oleaginous [olea, olive"], adj., of olive. Olympia, ae, f., a town in the western part of the Peloponnesus. Olympias, adis, f., an Olympiad, the space of four years intervening be- tween the games at Olympia. The period was widely used in assigning dates, the first Olympiad beginning B.C. 776. Olympius, Sid]., pertaining to Olympus, the abode of the Greek gods, omitto, see mitto. omnino [omnis], adv., in all, altogether, only, in general ; at all. omnis, e, adj., every, all. onerarius [onus], adj., laden, for freight; navis oneraria, a transport ship, freight ship. onero, are, avi, atus [onus], to load; burden, oppress. onus, oris, n., a load, weight, cargo; difficulty, trouble. onustus [onus], adj., loaded, opera, ae [opus], f., work, pains, aid; operam dare, take pains. operio, see pario. opimus, Sid]., fertile, rich, splendid. opinio, onis [opinor], f., an opinion, be- lief; expectation; report, reputation. opinor, ari, atus sum, to think, believe. oportet, ere, uit, impers., it is necessary, proper; one ought ; it behooves. oppeto, see peto. oppidum, i, n., a walled town. oppleo, see pleo. oppono, see pono. opportune [opportunus], adv., season- ably, suitably. opportunitas, atis [opportunus], f., fitness, opportunity, advantage. opportunus [ob + portus], adj., fit, suitable. opprimo, see primo. oppiignatio, onis [oppugno], f., an as- sault, attack, siege. oppugno, see pugno. ops, opis, f., power, help; pi., opes, wealth, resources. optimus, see bonus. opto, are, avi, atus, to hope, desire. ad^adopto, are, avi, atus, to adopt. opus, operis, n., work, business, need; fortification; magno opere or magno- pere, very much, exceedingly. ora, ae, f ., a coast, shore. oraculum, i [oro], n., an oracle, proph- ecy. oratio, onis [oro, speak], f., speech, icords. orator, oris [oro], m., an orator, ambas- sador. orbis, is, m., circle; the world (sc. ter- rarum) . VOCABULARY. 269 orbitas, atis [orbus, destitute], f., be- reav''m"nti orphanage. Orcynius, adj., see Hercynius. ordino, are, avi, atus [ordoj, to arrange, regulate. ordior, iri, orsus sum, to begin, ordo, inis, f., an order, rank, row. Oriens, entis [orior], m. (sc. sol), the rising sun ; the east. origo, inis [orior], f., an origin, source, pedigree; pi. Origines, the title of a work by Cato upon the early history of the Italian cities. orior, iri, ortus sum, to rise, begin, spring from. ad — adorior, iri, ortus sum, to rise up against, attack ; attempt. con — co6rior, iri, ortus sum, to arise; happen, break out. ornamentum, i [orno], n., an orna- ment. ornatus [orno] , adj., equipped. orno, are, avi, atus, to furnish; honor, decorate; increase. ad — adomo, are, avi, atus, to adorn, honor. 6ro, are, avi, atus [os], to pray, beg, en- treat. OS, oris, n., the mouth, face ; voice. OS, ossis, n., a bone. osculor, ari, atus sum [osculum, kiss, from os], to kiss. ex — exosculor, ari, atus sum, to praise greatly, admire (late). Osismi, orum, m., a tribe in the north- western part of Gaul. ostendo, see tendo. ostentum, i [ostendo], n., a prodigy, iconder. ostium, i [os], n., the mouth of a river. Otacilius, i, a Roman gens name. See Crassus. otium, i, n., leisure, ease, peace, retire- ment. ovaiis, e [ovo], adj., pertaining to an ovation (late). ovatio, onis [ovo], f., an ovation, a lesser triumph. OVO, are, — , — , to exult; receive an ovation, triumph. P. = Publius. pabuiator, oris [pabulor], m., a forager. pabulor, ari, atus sum [pabulum], to forage. pabulum, i, n.,food. paciscor, i, pactus sum, to bargain, agree, stipulate. paco, are, avi, atus [pax], to pacify, make peaceful. pactio, onis [paciscor], f., a bargain, arrangement. Padus, i, m., the River Po. paene, adv., almost, nearly. paenitet, ere, uit, impers., to repent, regret, be sorry. pagus, i, m., a district, canton. Palae(o)pharsaius, i, f., see Pharsaius Palaestina, ae, f., Palestine. palam, adv., openly, publicly. Paiatinus, i [sc. mons], adj., the Pala- tine Hill ; see plan, p. 12. Paiatium, i, n., the Palatine Hill. pallium, i, n., a Grecian cloak, mantle. palma, ae, f ., the palm. palus, udis, f., a marsh, fen ; Caprae or Caprea Paliis, Goat Swamp, a marsh at Rome. Pamphylium, i, adj., P. Mare, a large gulf in the southern coast of Asia Minor. pan, Panos, m., a (Greek) god of the fields and shepherds. Paniscus, i, m., a little (statue of) Pan. panis, is, m., bread. Pansa, ae, m., C. Vibius, consul with Hirtius B.C. 43. Paphlagonia, ae, f., a country in Asia Minor between Bithynia and Pontus on the shore of the Black Sea. 270 VOCABULARY. Papirius, I, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cursor. Papirius Fraetextatiis, of whom an anecdote is related by Gellius, I., 23, is not otherwise known. Fapus, i, m., Q. AemiliuSj was consul B.C. 282 and 278. par, paris, adj., like, equal, suitable, same. par^tus [paro], adj., preparer?, ready. parce [parous, spai^ing], adv., sparingly. parco, ere, peperci and parsi, parcitum and parsum, to spare, omit. parens, entis [pario], m. and f., a father or another, parent ; relation (late use). pareo, ere, ui, — , to appear, obey, be subject to. ad — appSreo, ere, ui, — , to appear ; to serve. con — compareo, ere, ui, — , to ap- pear, show one's self. pario, ere, peperi, partus and paritus, to bring forth, produce, obtain, get. ob — operio, ire, perui, pertus, to cover, hide. re — reperiS, ire, repperi or reperi, repertus, to find, discover, ascertain. paro, are, avi, fitus, to prepare ; obtain; equip. ad — apparS, are, avi, atus, to pro- vide, get ready, furnish. con — compare, are, avi, atus, to prepare, get together, procure. prae — praeparo, are, avi, atus, to make ready beforehand, provide. re — reparo, are, avi, atus, to renew. pars, partis, f., a part, number; dis- trict ; side, direction ; party, faction. PartW, orum, m., the Parthians, a Scyth- ian people southeast of the Caspian Sea. In the second century b.c, they over- ran the country east of the Euphrates, and founded a kingdom which success- fully resisted the encroachments of the Roman power for two centuries. partim [pars], adv., partly. partior, irl, itus sum [pars], to divide; partitus, divided. partus, us [pario], m., birth; progeny. parum, adv., too little, not enough. parumper [parum], adv., a while. parvulus [parvus], adj., very small, trifling; as noun, parvulus, i, m., a child. parvus, adj., small, trifliiig. Comp. minor; sup. minimus, pascor, i, pastus sum, to feed, eat. passim [passus from pando, to spread], adv., in all directions, everywhere. passus, us, m., a step, pace ; mille pas- suum, pi. milia passuum, a Roman mile = 4854 English feet. pastor, oris [pasco, feed], m., a shep- herd. pastus, us [pascor], m., pasture, fodder ; feeding. Patavium, i, n., a city in the north of Italy, modern Padua, patefacio, ere, feci, factus [pateo + facioj, to open, disclose ; pass., patefio. pateo, ere, ui, — , to be open, extend, be manifest. pater, tris, m., a father, ancestor. paternus [pater], adj., fatherly, of a father. patientia, ae {j^bXIot], t., patience, suh- mission, suffering. patior, pati, passus sum, to suffer, per- mit. per — perpetior, i, pessus sum, to endure, be patient under. patria, ae [patrius], f., fatherland, country, home. patrimonium, ii [pater], n., a paternal estate, patrimony. patulus [pateo] , adj., spreading, open. paucitas, atis [paucus], f., fewness, small number. paucus. adj., feio, little. pauiatim [paulum], adv., little by little, gradually. paulisper [paulum], adv., a short time. VOCABULARY. 271 paul5 and paulum [paulus] , adv., by a little. Paulus, i, m., a family name in the Aemi- lian gens at Rome. (1) L. Aemilius PauliLS, a distin- guished general, consul B.C. 219 and 216. In the latter year he fell in the defeat at Cannae. (2) L. Aemilius Paulus, surnamed Macedonieus, was the son of (1). As consul a second time in b.c. 168, he conquered Perseus, king of Macedonia, in the battle of Pydna. pauper, eris, adj., poor. Fausanias, ae, m., king of Sparta, com- mander of the Greek forces at Plataea B.C. 479. pavesco, ere, ~, — [paveo, to be afraid]y to become alarmed (very rare). con — compavesco, ere, — , — , to be thoroughly terrified. ex — expavesco, ere, pSvi, — , to dread, fear greatly (rare). pavor, oris [paveo, be afraid], m., terror. pax, pacis, t., peace. pectus, oris, n., the breast. (pecu), n., cattle, large cattle ; only nom. ace. pi. pecua. pecunia, ae [pecus], f., money. pecuniosus [pecunia], adj., rich. pecus, oris, n., cattle. pecus, udis, f., cattle. pedalis, e [pes], adj., afoot thick. pedes, itis [pes], m., a foot soldier ; in- fantry. pedester, tris, tre [pes], adj., on foot. peditatus, Hs [pedes], m., infantry. pedisequus, i [pes + sequor], m., a fol- lower, footman, servant. Peducaeus, i, m.. Sex., a friend of Atti- cus, governor of vSardinia under Caesar, B.C. 48. pellis, is, f., a skin, hide. pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, to drive off; expel; defeat, conquer. A. & W. LAT. R. — 18 (1) ad — appello, are, avi, atus, to call, address, name, appeal to, accuse. (2) appello, ere, pull, pulsus, to drive to, direct^ steer for. con — compello, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive together, collect; force, compel. de — depello, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive away, dislodge, deter. ex — expello, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive out, expel, remove. in — impello, ere, puli, pulsus, to urge on, incite, impel. pro — propelld, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive away, put to flight, rout, repel, defeat. Peloponnesus, i, f.,' the Peloponnesus, modern Morea. Penates, ium, m.,the Penates, household gods; a home, dwelling. The images of the Penates were kept in the cen- tral part of the house ; the hearth and the table were sacred to them. pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, to weigh ; pay, suffer, ponder. ad — appendo, ere, di, sus, to weigh out. penes, prep, with ace, loith, iri the power of. pemtVLQ, Sid]., inner ; sup. innermost. per, prep, with ace, through, by means of, by. peraeque, adv., regularly, uniformly. perago, see ago. peragro, are, avi, atus, to wander through. percipio, see capio. percontatio, onis [percenter], f., ask- ing, inquiring. percenter, ari, atus sum, to inquire, question, search out. percurro, see curro. percussor, oris [percutio], m., a stabber, murderer. percutio, ere, cussi, cussus [per + quatio, shakel, to thrust through, strike, kill. 272 VOCABULARY. perdiscS, see disc5. per do, see do. perdoixi5, see dom5. ' perduco, see duco. pereo, see eo. perequito, see equito. perennitas, atis [perennis, pereiinial], f ., perpetuity J unf ailing ness. perexiguus [per + exiguus], adj., very small. perfects [perfectus, perficio], adv.,pe?'- fectly. perfero, see fero. perfodio, see fodio. perfuga, ae [perfugio], m., a desertery refugee. perfugium, i, [perfugio], n., a place of refuge, refuge. perfundo, see fundo. perfungor, see fungor. Pergamenus, adj., pertaining to Per- ganium, a city in Mysia (Asia Minor) . pergo, see rego. periculum, i, n., trial; risk, danger. peritus, adj., skilled, experienced, famil- iar with. perlucidus [per + lucidus, shining], adj., transparent, pellucid. perlustro, are, avi, atus [per + lustro], to examine. permaneo, see maneo. permirandus [miror] , adj., very ivonder- ful{\2Lte). permissus, Hs [permitto] , m. , permission. parmitto, see mitto. permoveo, see moveo, permutatio, onis [permuto], f., change ^ exchange. pernicies, ei [per + nex], f., destruc- tion, ruin. pernicitas, atis [penux, nimble], f., nimbleness, activity. perobscunis [per + obscums], adj., very obscure. perpauci, ae, a [per + paucu8], adj., very few. perperam, adv., lorongly. Perpema, ae, m., M., was consul b.c. 92, and died in 49, at the age of ninety- eight. perpetior, see patior. perpetro, are, avi, atus, to perform, commit. perpetuo [perpetuus], adv., continu- ally. perpetuus [per + peto], adj., continu- ous, entire, perpetual ; in perpetuum, fo7'ever. perrexi, see pergo. perrumpo, see rumpo. persequor, see sequor. Perses, ae, m., a Persian. In Eutro- pius, VII. 6, the Parthians. Perseus, ei [Perses, ae], m., the last king of Macedonia, defeated by Paulas at . the battle of Pydna, b.c. 168. persevero, are, avi, atus, to persist, persevere. Persicus, adj., Persian. Persis, idis, f., Persia. perspicio, see *specio. persuadeo, see suadeo. pertaedet, ere, taesum est, to be tired of, sick of. perterebro, see terebro. perterreo, see terreo. pertinacia, ae [per + tenax, from te- neo], f., obstinacy. pertineo, see teneo. perturbatio, onis [perturbo], f., confu- sion. perturbo, see turbo. Perusia, ae, f., a city in Etruria. pervenio, see venio. perverto, see verto. pes, pedis, m., a foot; pedem referre, to retreat. pestilentia, ae [pestis, plague], i., a pestilence, plague. Petilii, orum, m., two tribunes of the people who accused the elder Scipio of embezzlement b.c. 187. VOCABULARY. 273 peto, ere, ivi, itus, to aim at, seek, ask, request ; try to reach ; attack. ob — oppeto, ere, ivi, itus, to meet. re — repeto, ere, ivi, itus, to attack or seek again; take back, recall, re- peat. Petreius, i, m., a partisan of Pompey; fought against Caesar in Spain, Greece, and Africa. petulans, antis [peto], adj., saucy, pet- ulant. petulantia, ae [petulans], t., petulance. phalerae, arum [Greek], f., a metal breastplate (especially for horses). Fhalericus, adj., pertaining to P hale- rum, one of the harbors of Athens. Fhameas, ae, m., see Famea. Pharnaces, is, ra., the son of Mithri- dates, who succeeded his father as king of Pontus. He was defeated by Caesar in the battle of Zela B.C. 47. Fharsalus, i, f ., a city in Thessaly where Caesar defeated Pompey B.C. 48. Fhidippus, i [Fhidippides or Fhilippi- des], m., a celebrated Athenian runner B.C. 390. Fhilippi, orum, m., a city in Macedonia famous for the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Octavianus, b.c. 44. Fhilippus, i, m. (1) King of Macedon B.C. 359-336, father of Alexander the Great. (2) King of Macedon b.c. 220-178 ; entered into alliance with Hannibal and was defeated by Flamininus at Cynocephalae b.c. 197. philosophus, i [Greek] , m., a philosopher. Picenum, i, n., a province of Italy on the Adriatic coast north of Latium. Fictones, um, m., a tribe on the west coast of Gaul south of the Loire, pietas, atis [plus, dutiful], f., devotion, piety. pigmentum, I [pingo, to paint], n., a color, paint. pigritia, ae, f., sloth, laziness. pilum, i, n., a heavy javelin; pike. pinna, ae, f., a feather, wing; pinnacle. Piraeus, i (Piraeeus), m., the chief har- bor of Athens. pirata, ae, m., a pirate. piraticus, [pirata], adj., piratical, per- taiuiiig to pirates. Pisistratus, i, m., an Athenian noble who made himself master (tyrant) of Athens b.c. 560. placeo, ere, ui, itus, to please, be agree- able; seem best to; placuit, it was decreed. dis — displiceo, ere, ui, itus, to dis- please, be unsatisfactory. placide [placidus, calm], adv., calmly, placidly. place, are, avi, atus, to appease. plaga, ae, f ., a snare ; a stretch of coun- try, zone, tract. plane [planus], ^dv., plainly, assuredly. pianities, ei [planus], t., plain. planus, adj., level, fiat; clear, plain. Plataeae, arum, f., Plataea, a small town in Boeotia where the Persians .were defeated by the Greeks under Pausanias b.c. 479. Plataeensis, e, adj., Plataean. Plato, onis, the famous Athenian phil- osopher, pupil of Socrates. He lived about 428-347 b.c. plebs, plebis, and plebes, ei, f ., the com- mon people, the populace, plebeians. plenus [pleo], did]., full. pleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill. con — compleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill up; complete; occupy. ex — expleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill full. in — impleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill, finish. ob — oppleo. ere. evi, etus, tofillup. plerumque [plerusque], adv., mostly, generally, very often. plerusque, [plerus, very many], adj., very many , most ; the majority. 274 VOCABULARY. plico, are, — , — , to fold. ' ad — applico, are, avi (ui) , atus (itus) , to attach ; lean against. circum — circumplico, are, avi, atus, to icind about. ex — explico, are, avi (ui), atus (itus), to unfold; explain, narrate; arrange y perform. Plinius, i, m., C. Plinius Secundus, known as Pliny the Elder, a volumi- nous Latin author, a.d. 23-79. plumo, are, avi, atus [pluma, feather], to cover ivith feathei^s (late). plumbum, i, n., lead; plumbum album, tin. plures. plurimus, see multus. plus, plurime, see multum. Plutarchus, i, m., Plutarch, a Greek writer of the first century a.d., the author of the famous " Lives " of Greek and Roman worthies. Pluto (n), onis, m., the Greek god of the lower world. poculum, i, n., a drinking cup. poena, ae, f ., compensation, punishment, penalty. Poenicus, older form of Fiinicus, adj., Phoenician, Carthaginian. Poenus, i, m., a Carthaginian. poeta. ae, m., a poet. poUex, icis, m., the thumb, great toe; digitus poUex, thumb. poUiceor, eri, itus sum, to promise, vol- unteer. pollicitatio, onis [poUiceor], f., a prom- ise. Pollux, ucis, m., a demigod, the twin brother of Castor. Pometia, ae, f . (also Suessa Fometia) , an ancient town of the Volsci in the south of Latium. pompa, ae [Greek], f., a procession; parade, pomp. Pompeius, i, m. (1) Cn., surnamed Magnus, the tri- umvir, was born B.C. 106; consul 70; completed the piratical war 67, the Mithridatic war 65. With Caesar and Crassus he formed the first trium- virate 60. The civil w^ar between Caesar and Pompey began 49, and the latter was defeated at Pharsalus 48. He fled to Egypt, where he was mur- dered September, 48. (2) C7i., the son of the triumvir, col- lected his father's adherents in Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar in the battle of Munda B.C. 45. (3) Sex., the younger son of the tri- umvir, collected a fleet and maintained himself against the authorities at Rome for some years after Caesar's death. Pompilius, i, m., Numa, the second king of Rome, reigned b.c. 715-673. Pomponius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Atticus. Pomptinus, i, adj., P. Ager, sl marshy district in the southern part of Latium. pondo [pondusj, adv., by loeight. pondus, eris, [pendo] , n., weight. pono, ere, posui, positus, to put, set, place; set aside; appoint, pitch; posi- tus, situated. ante — antepono, ere, posui, posi- tus, to place in front, prefer. con — compono, ere, posui, positus, to place together, to arrange, settle; finish. de — depono, ere, posui, positus, to lay aside, lay down, place ; give up. ex — expono, ere, posui, positus, to set in order ; place out ; land; state, expose. in — inpono, ere, posui, positus, to put on, establish, set. inter — interpono, ere, posui, posi- tus, to place between, interpose ; allege. ob — oppono, ere, posui, positus, to set b-'fore, expose. prae — pono, ere, posui, positus, to set over, place in command of. VOCABULARY. 275 pro — propono, ere, posui, positus, to set forward, present ; declare, ex- pound; raise. re — repono, ere, posui, positus, to put hack, replace ; to put aside. pons, pontis, m., a bridge. Fonticus [Pontus], adj., pertaining to Pontus; Ponticum (mare), the Black Sea. Pontus, i, m. (1) Pontus EuxinuSy the Black Sea. (2) A country ou the southern coast of the Black Sea. (3) A district on the western shore of the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Ister (Danube) . populor, ari, &tus sum, to plunder, ravage, lay waste . populus, i, m., a people. Porcius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cato. porrectus, see porrigo. porrigo, see rego. porro [pro], 2i^Y., forward, henceforth, furthermore, again. porta, ae, f., a gate. portend© , see tendo. portentum, i [portendo], n., a sign, token. porto, are, Svi, atus, to hear, hring, convey. ab — asporto, are, Svi, atus, to carry off, remove. con — comporto, are, avi, atus, to hring tog'ither, colled, carry. de — deporto, are, avi, atus, to carry off, remove ; hring hack, gain. im— importo, are, avi, atus, to hring into, import. re — reporto, are, avi, atus, to caii^ hack. trans — transports, are, avi, atus, to carry over, transport. Porsena, ae (Porsenna), m., Lars, king of Clusium in Etruria, attempted to re- store Tarqninius to his throne, B.C. 508. Portunus, i, m., the Roman god of harbors. portus, us [cf. por in porto], m., a har- bor, port; portum capere, to make port. posco, ere, poposci, — , to demand, ask. ex — exposes, ere, poposci, — , to demand. possessio, onis [possido], f., possession, estate. possideo, ere, sedi, sessus [sedeo], to occupy, hold, possess. possido, ere, sedi, sessus [cans, of pos- sideo], to take possession of. possum, posse, potui [potis, ahle -{- sum], to he ahle; can; plurimum posse, to have great poioer. post, adv., after, later; anno post, a year later. post, prep, with ace, behind, after. postea [post + ea], adv., afterwards. posteaquam [postea + quam], conj., after. posteruB [post], adj., the following, next ; posterity. Comp. posterior ; sup. postremus or postumus. posthac, adv., after this, hereafter. postliminium, i [post + limen], n., a return home ; restoration of rank and privileges. postquam [post . . . quam], conj., after, lohen. postremus [see posterns], adj., last, final; postremo, ad postremum, at last. j postridie [posterus + die], adv., the next day. I postuiatio, onis [postulo] , f . , a demand, application ; complaint. postuiatum, i [postulS], n., a demand, I request. postulS, are, avi, atus, to ask, request, demand. Postumius, i, m., A. Postumius Alhus, dictator b.c. 498, when the battle of Lake Res^illus was fought. See also Albinus. 276 VOCABULARY. pot§ns. entis [possum], adj., powerful. potentia, ae [potens], f., mighty inflvr- ence. potestHs, atis [possum], f., might, power; opportunity , permission ; au- thority , sovereignty. potior, iri, itus sum [potis, able'], to get possession of, acquire. potius [potis], adv., rather, more, soo7ier; sup. potissimum. prae, prep, with abl., before; in com- parison with. praeacutus [prae + acutus], adj., with sharp point, sharpened. praebeo, see habeo. praeceps, cipitis [prae + caput] . adj., headlong, hasty ; steep, precipitous. praeceptum, i [praecipio], n., teaching, counsel; instructions. praecido, see caedo. praecipio, see capio. praecipuus [praecipio], adj., special, particular ; eminent, prominent. praeclarus, adj., very bright, splendid, renjwned. praecliido, see claudo. praeda, ae, f., booty; advantage. praedico, see dico. praedictio, onis [praedico], f., a predic- tion, prophecy. praedium, ii, n., a farm, estate. praedo, onis [praeda], m., a robber, pirate. praedor, ari, atus sum [praedo], to rob, pillage, get booty. praefatus, see praefor. praefectura, ae [praef ectus] , f., a gov- ernorship, prefecture. praefectus, i [praeficio], in., a leader, commander. praefero, see fero. praeficio, see facio. praefigo, see figo. praefor, fari, fatus sum [prae + for, to say], to say before; invoke. praef ulgeo, sec fulgeo. praemittS, see mitt5. praemium, i [prae + emo], n., a reioard, prize. Praeneste, is, n., a town in Latium east of Rjrae, modern Palestrina. praeparo, see paro. praepono, see pono. praerumpo, see rumpo. praes, praedis [prae + vas, bait], m., a surety, bondsman. praescrlbo, see scribo. praesens, entis [praesum], adj., at hand, present. praesensio, onis [prae + sentio], f., a presentiment. praesentia, ae [praesens], f., presence; in praesentia, temporarily, for the present. praesidium, ii [praesideo], n., a defense, protection; guard, garrison; post, station. praesto, see sto. praesum, see sum. praeter, prep, with ace, beyond, except, contrary to, besides. praeterea [praeter + ea] , adv., besides, hence foi'th. praetereo, see eo. praeter quam [praeter + quam] , adv., excepA, beyond, besides. praetexo, see texo. praetextatus [praetextus] , adj., wear- ing a purple-bordered robe peculiar to magistrates and children. praetor, oris [praeitor, from praeeo], m., a general, commander; praetor, judge. praetorius [praetor], adj., of ov belong- ing to the commander ; praetoi^ian, of praetorian rayik. praetura, ae [praetor], f., the praetor- ship. pravus, adj., bad, wicked. prehendo, ere, hendi, hensus, to grasp. con — comprehendo, ere, di. hen- sus, to catch, seize, anxst. VOCABULARY. 277 de — dSprehendo, ere, di, hensus, to capture, detect. re — reprehendo, ere, dl, hensus, to check ; upbraid. premo, ere, pressi, pressus, to press, harass, pursue, oppress. de — deprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, to press down, sink, silence. in — imprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, to imprint, mark, stamp. ob — opprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, to weigh down ; overwhelm, surprise. re — reprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, to repress, check. presse [pressus, from premo], adv., closely, tightly. pretiose [pretiosus, costly, from pre- tium], adv., expensively, richly. pretlum, i, n., price, value; reward, money. prex, precis, f., a prayer, entreaty, curse (usually plural). pridie [cf. pri(or) 4-die], adv., the day before. primipilus, X [primus + pilus] , m., a chief centuHon. primo [primus], adv., at first. primum [primus], adv., ^rs<; cum pri- mum, as soon as. piimus, ?i&]., first, foremost; prim&luce, at daybreak. princeps, ipis [primus 4-capio], m., a chief, leader, prince. principfitus, us [princeps], m., a chief authority (in a state) ; headship, leader- ship. principium, i [piinceps], n., a begin- ning, origin. prior, us, adj., former, previous, first ; sup. primus. Priscus, i, m., elder, a surname of the the first king Tarquinius. priscus [prius], adj., former, elder; primitive, strict. pristinus [prior], 2^^]., former, old. prius [prior], adv., before, sooner. priusquam [prius . . . quam], conj., be- fore, sooner than. privatim [privatus], adv., privately, as a single individual. privatus [privo, to set apart], adj.,pn- vatp. privignus, i [privus, prius + gigno], m., a stepson. pro, prep, with abl., in front of, before; for, in behalf of , instead of; in propor- tion to ; as, on account of. problema, atis [Greek], n., a question, problem; pi., the title of a work of Aristotle. probabilis, e [probo], adj., probable; commendable, good. prdb&tus [probo], adj., approved. probo, are, fivi, atus [probus, good], to test, to approve, prove. ad — approbo, £re, S.vi, fttus, to approve. con — comprobo, are, avi, atus, to approve, sanction; confirm. Proca, ae, m., king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius. procedo, see cedo. procella, ae, f., a storm, tempest. proceres, um, m., chiefs. proceritas, atis [procerus, tall], L, height, tallness. procreo, see creo. procul, adv., at a distance, far from. Proculus, i, m., P. lulius, the Roman senator to whom Romulus appeared after his death. procumbo, see *cumb3. prociiratio, onis [procUr5], f., care, charge, sei*vice. procure, see euro, prodeo, see eo. prodigium, i, n., a prodigy , portent. proditio, onis [prodo], f., treason. proditor, oris [prodo], m., a traitor, betrayer. * prodo. see do. produco, see duc5. 278 VOCABULARY. proelior, ari, atus sum [proelium], to fight. proelium, i, n., a battle, combat, engage- ment. prof anus [fanum, shinne], adj., unholy, common, prof ane. profecto [pro + factum], adv., indeed, assuredly. profero, see fero. professus, see profiteor. proficiscor, i, fectus sum [pro + facis- cor, from facio], to set out, proceed; spring from,. profiteor, see fateor. profligo, see fligo. profluo, see fluo. profugio, see fugio. progenies, ei, f., race, descendants. prognatus [pro+(g)natus], adj., sprung from, born of. progredior, see gradior. progressus, us [progredior], m., prog- ress, advarice. proMbeo, see habeo. proicio, see iacio. proinde [pro + inde] , adv., hence, there- fore, then. proiabor, see labor. promisee [promiscus, comynoni, adv., indiscriminately. promissus [promitto], adj., long, flow- ing (of hair). promitto, see mitto. promptus [promo, set forth], adj., pre- pared, quick, prompt. promunturium, i [promineo, project], n., a headland. pronuntio, see nuntio. propago, are, avi, atus, to propagate, in- crease, extend. propatulum, i, n., a courtyard. prope, prep, with ace, near, close to. prope (comp. propius, sup. proximo), adv., near, nearly, almost ; proximo, nearest, next ; last, most recently, propello, see pello. propere, adv. [properus, quick], hastily, speedily. propinquitas, atis, f. [propinquus], 7iearness, relationship. propinquus, adj., near; as noun, a rela- tive, relation. propior, us (sup., proximus) [prope], adj., nearer ; proximus, nearest, next, last. propitius [prope], adj., propitious. propono, see pono. propositum, i [propono] , n., a purpose, proposition ; subject. proprius, adj., one^s own, particular. propter, prep, with ace, on account of, in consequence of. propterea [propter + ea] , adv., /or this reason, therefore; propterea quod, because. propugnaculum, i [propugno], \i.,abul- 10 ark, defense. propugnatio, onis [propugno], f., a de- fense. propugno, see pugno. propulso, are, avi, atus [freq. of pro- pello], to drive off, repulse. prora, ae, f., the proio, fore part of a ship. proripio, see rapio. prorumpo, see rumpo. prorsum [pro + vorsum, from verto], adv., absolutely, at all. prorsus [pro + versus, from verto], adv., certainly ; in short. proscribo, see scribo. prosecutus, see prosequor. prosequor, see sequor. I Proserpina, ae, f ., the mythical daughter of Ceres, carried off by Pluton to be- come the queen of the lower world. prospecto, see specto. prospectus, iis [prospicio], m., a view, sight. prospere, adv., favorably, successfully. prosperitas, atis [prosperus, favora- ble], f., good fortune, prosperity . VOCABULARY. 279 prospicio, see ^specio. prosterno, see sterno prosum, see sum. protego, see tego. protinus, adv., foi'wai'd, at o?ice, imme- diately. proturbo, see turbo. prout, conj., as, just as, according as. proveho, see veho. provided, see video. provincia, ae, f., a province. rovoco, see voco. provolo, see 1 volo. proxime, see prope. proximus, see propior. prudentia, ae [prudens, contr. from providens], i., foresight, prudence. Prusias, ae, m., king of Bithynia. Ftolemaeus, i, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after Alexander the Great. pubes, is, f., youth, young men. publico [publicus], adv., in the name of the state, publicly. publico, are, S,vi, &tus [publicus], to make public ; confiscate. Fublicola, ae, m., P. (L.) Valerius, was consul B.C. 509, after the resignation of Collatinus. publicus [contr. from populicus, from populus] , adj., belonging to the state, public, common. Publius, i, m., a frequent Roman prae- nomen. pudicitia, ae [pudicus], f., modesty, virtue. pudicus [pudeo, be ashamed], adj., mod- est, virtuous. pudor, oris, m., shame, modesty. puer. pueri. m., a child, boy ; servant. puerilis, e [puer], adj., of a child, boy- ish ; puerili aetate, in childhood, when a boy. pueritia, ae [puer], f., boyhood. puerulus, i [dim. of puer], m., a little boy. pugna, ae, f., a fight, combat. pugno, are, avi, atus [pugna], to fight, combat. de — depugno, are, avi, atus, to fight fiercely. ex — expugno, are, avi, atus, to storm, attack ; take by assault. ob — oppugno, are, avi, atus, to attack, storm, besiege. pro — propugno, are, avi, atus, to fight, attack; protect. pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., beautiful, fine. Pulcher, chri, m., P. Claudius, the son of App. Claudius Caecus, consul b.c. 249, was defeated by the Carthaginians in a naval battle. pulchre [pulcher], adv., beautifully, finely, very. pulchritudo, inis [pulcher], f., beauty. Pulio, onis, m., T., a centurion in Cae- sar's army. pullulo, are, avi, atus [pullus] , to spring up, increase. Pullus, i, m., L. lunius, consul b.c. 249. pullus, i, m., a young animal; chicken. pulsus, us [pello], m., a blow, stroke, Pulvillus, i, m., M. Horatius, consul B.C. 509. pulvis, eris, m., dust. Plinicus, adj., Punic, Phoenician ; Car- thaginian (as founded by Phoenicians). pupilla, ae [dim. of piipa, girl], f., the pupil of the eye. puppis, is, f., the stern. Purpureo, onis, m., L. Furius, consul B.C. 196. pus, piiris, n., matter, pus. puteal, aiis [puteus], n., a well curb. puteus, i, m., a icell,pit. puto, are, avi, atus, to think, consider, suppose. dis — disputo, are, avi, atus, to treat of, investigate, debate. Pydna, ae, f., a town in Macedonia, near the coast of the Thermaic Gulf. 280 VOCABULARY, Pygmaeus, i, m., a pigmy; a race of fabulous dwarfs in Africa. Pylaemenes, is, m., king of Paphlagonia, expelled by Mithridates. Pyrenaeus, i, m., the Pyi^enees. Pyrrhus, i, m., king of Epirus, invaded Italy B.C. 280, and defeated the Romans in two battles. He was finally defeated B.C. 275. Pythia, ae, f., a name applied to the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. Q. = Quintus. qua [qui], adv., lohere ; in what direc- tion, hoio. quadragesimus [quadraginta j , num. ^di]., fortieth. quadraginta, num. 2l&]., forty (XL.). quadr^ns, antis [quattuor], m., a quarter. Quadrigarius, i, m., Q. Claudius, a Roman historian who lived about 100-78 B.C. quadringenti, ae, a [quattuor + cen- tum] , num. 2,^]., four hundred (CCCC). quadringentesimus [quadringenti], adj., four hundradih. quadringenties [quadringenti], num. adv., four hundred times. quaere, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to .seek, ask. con — conquiro, ere, quisivi, quisi- tus, to seek for ; bring together. in — inquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitus, to search into, investigate, inquire. re — require, ere, quisivi, quisitus, to ask, require ; lack. quaestio, onis [quaero], f., an inquiry ; investigation ; trial. quaestor, oris [quaero], m., a quaestor, state trea'iurer; quartermaster. quaestus, us [quaero], m., gain. quaiis, e [quis], interr. adj., of what sortf what sort of? quam [quis], adv., how much, how ; as, than; aftpr; with sup., as possible. quamdiu, adv., how long, as long as. quamquam, conj., although, even if; hoivever. quam vis [quam + volo], adv., as you ivill; however much or many. quando, adv., ever, at any time; when. quanto [quantus], adv., by how much; quanto . . . tanto, as ... so. quantum [quantus], adv., how much, how far, as far as, as. quantus, adj., how great, how much; after tantus, as. quare [qua + re], adv., wherefore, why. quartarius, i [quartus], m., a small measure, gill. quarto [quartus], adv., the fourth time. quartus [quattuor], num. adj., /owr^A. quasi [quam + si], conj., as if. quater, adv., /owr times. quattuor, num. adj.,/ow?' (IV.). quattuordecim [quattuor + decern] , num. ^&]., fourteen (XIV.). -que, conj., enclitic, and. queo, quire, quivi, quitus, to be able, can. quercus, lis, f., an oak. querneus [quercus], adj., of oak ^ of oak leaves. queror, i, questus sum, to complain, lament. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which; qui often = et is, cum (since) is, ut is. qui, quae or qua, quod, indef. pron. or adj., any, any one, anything. quia [qui], conj., because, since. quicquam, see quisquam. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, indef. rel. pron., whoever, whatever, whichever. quid [quis], interr. adv., whyf quidam, quaedam, quoddam and quid- dam, indef. pron., a certain, a certain one; somebody. quidem, adv., indeed, at least, assuredly, to be sure ,* ne . . . quidem, not even. quies. etis, f., rest, repose, quiet; .sleep. VOCABULARY. 281 quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet (quid- libet), indef. pron., any one you please, any one, who or whatsoever. quin [old abl. qui + ne], conj., that, that 7iot, but that, without. quinam, see quisnam. quindecim [qulnque + decern], uum. Sid}., fifteen (XV.). quindecimvir, i, m., a member of a board of fifteen men. quingenti, ae, a [qulnque + centum], num. adj.,^ye hundred (D.). quini, ae, a, num. distrib. Sidj., five each, five at a time. quinquageni, ae, a [quinqu2Lgint&], num. distrib. ad]., fifty each. quinquS,gesimus [quinqu^ginta] , num. adj., fiftieth. quinquagint^, num. ad]., fifty (L.). quinque, indecl. num. adj.,^i;e (V.). quinquies [quinque], num. adv., five tim-'s. Qulntius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Gincinn&tus, Flamininus. qulntus [quinque], num. ad]., fifth. Quintus, i, m., a Roman praenomen. QuirinlUis, is [sc. collis], adj., the Quirinalf one of the seven hills of Rome. Quirinus, i, m., the Sabine god of war ; a name given to Romulus after his death. Quirites (i)um, m., a name applied to the Romans as citizens ; in their mili- tary capacity they were Romani. quis, quae, quid, inter r. pron., who? v)hich? whatf quis, quae or qua, quid, indef. pron., any one or thing, any. quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, interr. ^Ton.,who? which f what? who then? what then? quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam and quidpiam, indef. pron., some, any, some one. quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one, anytJiiiu/. quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef. pron., each, every, every one; unus quisque, each one. quivis, quae vis. quidvis or quodvis [qui + voloj, indef. pron., any one you please, any. quo [qui], adv., (1) rel. adv., whither, where; (2) interr. adv., whither? where? (3) indef. adv., to any place, anywhere, quo [qui], conj., with comparatives, in order that, that, that thereby; quo minus, that not. quoad [qui + ad], conj., as long as; until, till. quod [qui], conj., because, supposing that, in that, so far as ; quod si," but if. quominus, see quo. quondam, adv., once, formerly, some time. quoniam [quom (=cum) +iam], conj., since, seeing that, because. quoque, conj., also, too, quoque = et quo. quousque, adv., till when? how long? until (late). quot, indecl. adj., how many, as many as. quotannis [quot + annus] , adv., yearly, each year. quotienscumque, adv., as often as, V)he7iever. B. radius, i, m., a ray. rac^, icis, f., a root, base. rSdo, ere, rasi, rasus, to shave. ramus, i, m., a branch, hough. rapio, ere, rapui, raptus, to seize, carry away, plunder. ab— abripio, ere, ripui, reptus, to take away forcibly, carry off. ad — adripio, ere, ripui, reptus, to snatch, lay hold on, appropriate. dis — diripio, ere, ripui, reptus, to tear asunder, ravage, plunder. T-\BR>A^*> 282 VOCABULARY. ex — eripio, ere, ripui, reptus, to take or snatch away ; rescue ; deprive. r^Lrus, adj., few, scattered, separate, ratio, onis [reor], f., a reckoning y ac- count; method^ science; reason, re- gard, manner. ratus [reor], adj., thought out, defined, fixed. See also reor. Kaurici, orum, a tribe living near the Helvetii. rebellio, onis [re + bellum], f., a re- newal of war, 7'evolt. rebello, see bello. recedo, see cedo. recens, entis, adj., recent, late, fresh. recenseo, see censeo. receptus, us [recipioj, m., a drawing back, retreat, refuge. recido, see cado. recipio, see capio. reciproco, are, avi, atus, to move hack and forth, brandish. reciprocus, alj., alternating, recito, are, avi, atus, to read aloud, re- cite. reclino, are, avi, atus [re + clino, leanl, to lean back ; reclinatus, leaning back. recognosco, see nosco. recondo, see do. recorder, ari, atus [re + cor], to remem- ber, recall. rectum, Sidv., forward, in front. rectus [rego], adj., straight, direct. recupero, are, avi, atus [re + capio], to get back, recover. recurvo, are, — , atus [re + curvus, b-'^nt'], to bend or cuy^ve back. recuse, are, avi, atus [re + causa], to refuse, object, decline, hesitate. reddo, see do. redeo, see eo. redigo, see ago. redimo, see emo. redintegro, are, avi, atus [re + inte- gro. to make ichole], to renev} ; revive reditus, lis [rede9], m., a return, income, interest. rediico, see duco. refero, see fero. reficio, see facio. refugio, see fugio. regia, ae [rex], f., a palace. Regillus, i, m., a small lake (now dry) in Latium, east of Rome. regina, ae [rex] f., a queen. regio, onis [rego] , f., a direction ; region, territory ; recta regione, parallel with. regius [rex], adj., kingly, royal. regno, are, avi, atus [regnum], to be king, rule. regnum, i [rex], n., kingship, suprem- acy ; kingdom ; reign. rego, ere, rexi, rectus, to regulate, rule, conduct. ex — erigo, ere, rexi, rectus, to raise, erect, build; stimulate. per — pergo, ere, perrexi, rectus, to goon, march, hasten. por (=pro) — porrigo, ere, rexi, rectus, to reach out, extend. regredior, see gradior. Regulus, i, m., M. Atilius, surnamed Seii^anus, was consul B.C. 256. He was defeated in Africa and taken prisoner, 255. regulus, i [rex], m., a chieftain. reicio, see iacio. relanguesco, ere, langui, — , to groiv faint, relax, abate. religio, onis [re + ligo], f., religion, scruple, sanction. religiose [religiosus] , adv., religiously, sc7'npulously . relinquo, see linquo. reliquiae, arum [reliquus], f., remains, remnant. reliquus [relinquo], adj., remaining, rest of; future, suhsequerit ; nihil reliqui facere, to leave nothing un- done. remando, soc mando. VOCABULARY. 283 remaneo, see maneo. remedium, ii [medeor, heal], n., a rem- edy, cure. remez, igis [remus + ago] , m., a rower. Eemi, orum, m., a powerful tribe of the Belgae who formed alliance with Caesar. remigo, are, — , — , [remex], to row. remigro, see migro. remissus [remitto], adj., remiss, indul- gent, relaxed. remitto, see mitto. remoUesco, ere, — , — [mollis], to become sojten°d or enei^ated. removeo, see moveo. Remus, i, m., the brother of Romulus. remus, i, m., an oar. renitor, see nitor. renovo, are, avi, atus [re-f novua], to renew. renuntio, see nuntio. reor, reri, ratus sum, to think, suppose ; ratus, thinking. reparo, see paro. repente [repens, sudden], adv., sud- denly. repentinus [repens], adj., sudden, unex- pected. reperio, see pario. repeto, see peto. repo ere, si, tus, to creep, crawl. repono, see pono. reports, see porto. repraesento, are, avi, atus [re -f prae- sensj , to represent, depict. reprehendo, see prehendo. reprimo, see premo. repudio, are, avi, atus [repudium, di- vorce, from pudet], to reject, scorn ; repudiate, divorce. require, see quaero. res, rei, f ., a thing, affair, business, event, circumstance, condition, fortune ; action, undertaking ; cause, oppor- tunity ; property, wealth ; reality ; res publica, the state, commonwealth ; res familiaris, private property , fortune ; res gestae, deeds, exploits. rescinds, see scindo. rescisco. see scisco. rescribo, see scribo. reservo, see servo, resists, see sistS. respiciS, see * specie. respondeS, see spondeS. responsum, i [respondeo], n., an answer. restituS, see statuS. rests, see stS. resurgS, see surgS. retards, see tardS. rete, is, n., a net, snare. retentus, see retineS. retineS, see teneS. retrS, adv., backward ; behind. reus, i, m., defendant, prisoner, culprit. reverentia, ae [re -I- vereor], f., respect, awe, revei^ence. reverts, see verto. reverter, see vertS. revinciS, see vinciS. reviviscS, ere, — , — [re -}- vivS], to come to life again. revocS, see vocS. revolS, see (1) volS. rex, regis [regS], m., a king. Bhea, ae, f., also called Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine. Bhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. Bhodii, Srum, m., the Rhodians, people of Rhodes, an island southwest of Asia Minor. rideS, ere, risi, risus, to laugh. in — inrideo, ere, risi, risus, to laugh at, ridicule. de — derides, ere, risi, risus, to mock, deride. rima. ae, f., a crack, cleft. ripa, ae, f., the bank of a river. risus, lis [rideS], m., laughter. rite, adv., ceremonially, duly; justly, fitly- 284 VOCABULARY. ritus, fls, m., a religious ceremony ^ rite ; habit, manner; abl. ritu, with gen., in the manner of, like. robur, oris, n., the oak; strength, vigor. robustus [robur], adj., hard, strong, robust. rogatus, us [rogo], m., a desire, request. rogo, are, avi, atus, to ask, desire. ad — adrogo, are, avi, atus, to claim; demand arrogantly . de — derog5, axe, avi, atus [rogo], to take away, diminish. inter — interrogo, are, avi, atus, to ask, question, examine. rogum, i, n., a bier, pyre. Roma, ae, f., Rome. Romanus, adj., Roman. Romani, orum, m., the Romans. Romuiaris, e, adj., pertaining to Romur- lus. Romulus, i, m., (1) the founder of Rome, the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars; (2) son of Agrippa, a mythical king of Alba, rostrum, i [rodo, gnaw], n., the beak or ram of a ship ; a beak, bill, snout. rota, ae, f., a wheel. ruber, bra, brum, adj., red. , rubus, i, m., a bramble bush. Rufinus, i, m., P. Corne^ms, consul with Dentatus B.C. 290. Rufus, i, m., a Roman family name. (1) M. Minucius Rufus, magister equitum to Q. Fabius Maximus B.C. 217, consul B.C. 221. (2) P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of the people B.C. 88; killed by Sulla, whom he had deserted. (.3) P. Sulpicius Rufus, a legate in Caesar's army in Gaul B.C. 56. ruina, ae [ruo], f., downfall, ruin. Ruminaiis, e, adj., of Rumina, the god- dess of nursing mothers ; R. Jicus, the fig tree of Romulus and Remus. riimor, oris, m., a rumor, report. rumpo, ere, riipi, ruptus, to burst, break. con — corrump5, ere, rflpi, ruptus, to break up ; destroy ; con^upt, offer violence to. in — inrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, to break in, fall upon ; interrupt. inter — interrumpo, ere, rupi, rup- . tus, to break apart. per — perrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, to break through, ruin. prae — praerumpo, ere, rupi, rup- tus, to break or tear off. pro — prorumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, to break out. ruo, ere, rui, atus (fut. part, ruiturus), to fall. dis — diruo, ere, ui, utus, to tear asunder, destroy. ob — obruo, ere, ui, utus, to over- whelm, oppress. sub — subruo, ere, ui, utus, to undermine. rursus [revorsus, reverto], adv., on the other hand, again, backwards. rusticus [rus, country], adj., t^ral, rus- tic. S. Sabini, orum, m., a race in central Italy, adjoining Latium on the east. Sabinus, i, m., a Roman surname. (1) Q. Titurius Sabinus, a lieutenant in Caesar's army. (2) Masurius Sabinus, an eminent Roman lawyer of the first century A.D. Sabis, is, m., a river in the north of Gaul flo^ving into the Meuse ; modern Sambre. sacellum, i [sacrum], n., a chapel, shrine. sacer, era, crum, adj., holy, sacred; as noun, sacra, n. pi., rites, sacrifices. sacerdos, otis [sacer], m. andf., a priest, priestess. sacerdotium, i [sacerdos] , n., the priest- hood. sacrarium, i [sacer], n., a shrine. VOCABULARY. 285 sacrifice, ire, avi, atus [sacer + f acio] , to offer sao'ltice. sacrificium, i [sacrifico], n., a saa^ijice. sacrilegUB, i. m., o?ie loho plunders temples. sacro, are, avi, atus, to consecrate. con — consecro, are, avi. atus, to consecrate. ex — exsecror, ari, atus sum, to curse, abhor, swear to. ob — obsecro, are, avi, atus, to implore, supplicate. saepe, adv., often, frequently . saepio, ire, si, tus, to inclose, fortify. saevio, ire, ii, itus [saevus, fierce], to rage, punish cruelly. sag^tta, ae, f., an arrow. Sagittarius, i [sagitta], in., an archer ^ bowman. Sagra(s), ae, f., a small river in the south of Italy, not far from Locri. Saguntini orum, m., the inhabitants of Saguntum. Saguntum, i, n., a city on the east coast of Spain, sal, sails, m., salt; wit, elegance. Salamis, inis (ace. ina), f., a small island off the western coast of Attica. Salaminius, ad]., pertaining to Salamis. Salinator, oris, m., M. Livius, consul B.C. 210 with Claudius Nero. salio, ire, ui. saltus, to leap. de — desilio, ire, ui, sultus, to leap down, dismount. in — insilio, ire, ui, — , to spring on, dash at. trans — transilio, ire, ui, — , to leap over ; paf^s by ; e rceed. saltatim [salio], adv., by leaps. saltus, us, m., a mountain chain ; dejile, glen. salum, i [sal] (only ace. and abl. sing.), n., the open sea. saluto, are, avi, atus [salus] , to salute. con— consalHto, are, avi, atus, to salute. salus, utis [salveo], f., health, safety. (salveo), ere, — , — [salvus], to be well, be greeted. salvus, adj., safe, sound. Saxnnites, ium, m., the Samnites, a branch of the Sabine race who inhab- ited the mountains of central Italy. sancte [sanctusj, adv., solemnly, con- sanctitas, atis [sancio, to hallow], t, sanctity, sacredness. sanctus [sancio, to hallow], adj., hal- lowed, sacred. sano, are, avi, atus [sanuB, sound], to heal, cure. Santones, um (Santoni), m., a tribe on the west coast of Gaul, north of the Garonne River. sarcina, ae, f., a pack, load of baggage. See page 77. Sardinia, ae, f ., Sardinia. Sardiniensis. e, adj., Sardinian. Sardis (Sardes), ium, f., the capital of Lydia in Asia Minor. sarmentum, i [sarpo, to prune] , n., brush- wood, faggot. satis, adv., enough, sufficiently, rather. satisfacio, ere, feci, factus [satis + facio], to satisfy. Satumus, i, m., a Latin god of agricul- ture and civilization; the father of Jupiter, Juno, and other divinities. saturo, are, avi, atus [satur, fulJ]^ to fill- saucio, are, avi, atus [saucius], to wound. saucius, adj., wounded. Sauromatae, arum (Sarmatae), m., the tribes of southern Russia and districts on the west. Saverrio, onis, m., P. Sulpicius, con- sul B.C. 279 with Decius Mus. They were defeated by Pyrrhus near Auscu- lum. saxum, i, n., a stone, rock. scando, ere, — , — , to climb. 286 VOCABULARY. ad — ascendo, ere, scendi, scensus, to ascendy mount; go on hoard (ship). con — conscendo, ere, scendi, scen- sus, to mount, ascend; in navem con- scendere, to embark on. d^ — descendo, ere, scendi, scensus, to descend ; resort to ; yield. ex — escendo, ere, scendi, scensus, to mount; in navem escendere, to embark. in — inscendo, ere, — , — , to mount. trans — transcends, ere, scendi, — , to climb over, surmount, cross. Bcapha, ae [Greek] , f ., a skif, light boat. scato, ere, — , — , to bubble, gush (old and poetic). sceleratus [scelus], adj., wicked^ in- famous. scelus, eris, n., a sin, crime. scienter [scio], adv., cleverly, wisely. scientia, ae [scio], f., knoivledge, skill. scilicet [scire + licet], adv., evidently, namely, that is. scindo, ere, scidi, scissus,^^o tear or break down. dis — discindo, ere, scidi, scissus, to tear apart or in pieces. re — rescinds, ere, scidi, scissus, to tear open. scio, scire, scivi, scitus, to know, under- stand. Scipio, onis, m., one of the most illus- trious families at Rome; members of the Cornelian gens. (1) P. Cornelius Scipio Asina, con- sul B.C. 221. (2) P. Cornelius Scipio, consul b.c. 218; defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed with his brot^ier Cn. in Spain b.c. 212. (3) P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus {Maior), the son of (2), one of the greatest of Roman heroes. He was consul in B.C. 205, and defeated Han- nibal at Zama. He died (probably) 183. (4) L. Cornelius Scipio, the brother of (3), was consul 190. He defeated Antiochus at Magnesia and assumed the surname of Asiaticus. (5) P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (Minor) , the son of L. Aemilius Paulus, was adopted by the son of Africanus Maior. He was consul b.c. 147, and conducted the third Punic war to its close. In 133 he captured the city of Numantia in Spain, from which he is called Numantinus. He died mysteri- ously b.c. 129. (6) P. Cornelius Scipio, the father- in-law of Pompey, was adopted by Metellus, and sometimes is known by that name. With Cato he was defeated by Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46. sciscitor, ari, atus sum [scisco], to in- quire. scisco, ere, scivi, scitus [scio], to approve, enact. ad — ascisco, ere, scivi, scitus, to approve, receive, unite. con — conscisco, ere, scivi, scitus, to approve of, decree ; necem sibi con- sciscere, to commit suicide. de — descisco, ere, scivi (ii), scitus, to withdraw, desert, revolt. re — rescisco, ere, scivi (ii), scitus, to discover, ascertain. scitum, i [scisco], n., a statute, de- cree. Scopas, ae, m., a famous Greek sculptor, scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to write, write down. con — conscribo, ere, scripsi, scrip- tus, to enroll, enlist. de — describe, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to describe, define, af^s'ign, divide. prae — praescribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to direct, command, pre- scribe. pro — proscribo, ere, scripsi, scrip- tus, to punish, outlaw, proscribe. VOCABULARY. 287 re » rescribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus, to write again, reply; place to one's credit. sub — subscribo, ere, scrips!, scrip- tus, to write under, subscribe to, sign (especially to sign an accusation as prosecutor) . scriptor, oris [scribo], m., a writer, author, clerk. Sc3rtlies (a), ae, m., Scythian, the wan- dering tribes of Europe and Asia north of the Black and Caspian Seas. See Sauromatae. secretus [^secemo, to separate], adj., separate, hidden ; as noun, secretum, a secret, mystery. secundum [sequor], prep, with ace, along, next to, according to. secundus [sequor], adj., second; favor- able, successful. securus [se, ioithout-\- guxsl], ad]., free from care, secure, sure. secus, adv., otherwise; comp. setius; nihilo setius, nevertheless. sed, conj., but ; yet. sedatus [sedo, settle], adj., calm, quiet. sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, to sit, settle, remain, be encamped. dis — dissideo, ere, sedi, — , to sit apart ; strive, quarrel. in — insideo, ere, sedi, — , to sit on, be fixed ; with equo, to be mounted on. ob — obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, to besiege, occupy ; ivatch closely. sides, is [sedeo], f., a seat; settlement, habitation. seditio, onis [se(d) -fitio, from ire], f., a sedition, rebellion. seges, etis, f., a cornfield; crop, produce. segnis, e, adj., slow, sluggish. Segontiaci, orum, m., a tribe of Britons. Segovax, actis, m., a British chieftain in Cantium. segrego, are, avi, atus [se, apart from -h ffrex], to separate, segregate. seiungo, see iungo. Seleucus, i, m., king of Syria, surnamed Nicator; reigned B.C. 312-280. selibra, ae, f., a half pound. semel, adv., once. semen, inis, n., seed. semibarbari, orum, m., semi-barbarians, semirutus [ruo], adj., half razed, half mined. semita, ae, f., a path, byway. semper, adv., always, ever. Sempronius, i, m., a Roman gens name. Ti. Sempronius, tribune of the peo- ple b.c. 2 IG. See Gracchus, Longus. Sena, ae, f., a small town on the eastern coast of Italy. senator, oris [senex, old], m., a senator; councillor. senatus, us [senex], m., the council of elder.^, senate. senecta, ae [senex], f., old age (poetic), senectus, utis [senex], f., old age. senex, senis, adj., old: as noun, an old man. Comp. senior. Senones, um, m., a powerful tribe of the Gauls living west of the Seine. A branch settled in Italy (near Ravenna) and burned Rome b.c. 390. sensus, us [sentio], m., sense, feeling ^ opinion. sententia, ae [sentio], f., ayi opinion, judgment; sense; sententiam ferre. to judge. sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, to perceive, think ; feel, know, imagine. con — consentio, ire, sensi, sensus, to agree, accord. dis — dissentio. Ire, sensi, sensus, to differ in opinion, disagree. sentis, is, m., a thorn, brier. separatim [separo, to separate], adv., separately, singly. separatus [separo, to separate], adj., separate, distinct. sepelio, ire, ivi, sepultus, to bury ; per- form the funeral rites. \, is, I., a hedge. A. & W. LAT. R.- -19 288 VOCABULARY. septem, num. adj., seven (VII.). septentriones, um [septem + trio, plow-ox], m., the constellation of the Great Bear ; the North. Septimus [septem], adj., seventh. septingentesimus [septingenti] , num. I adj., seven hundredth. \ septingenti, ae, a [septem -h centum] , num. adj., seven hundred (DCC). septuS,gesimus [septu&ginta], num. adj., seventieth. septuaginta, indecl. num. adj., seventy (LXX.). sepulcrum, i [sepelio], n., a grave, sepul- cher. . sepultilra, ae [sepelio], f., burial. Sequani, orum, ra., an important tribe in the eastern part of Gaul north of the Rhone. sequor,!, secutussum, to follow, pursue; ensue. con — consequor, i, secutus sum, to pursue, overtake ; arrive; obtain. in — insequor, i, secutus sum, to pursue, follow up. ob — obsequor, i, secutus sum, to submit to, indulge in, assist. per — persequor, i, secutus sum, to pursue, prosecute ; relate. pro — prosequor, i, secutus sum, to follow after, pursue ; address. sub — subsequor, i, secutus sum, to follow after, follow . serenus, adj., clear, serene. Sergius, i, m., a Roman gens name. See Catilina. serius [severus], adj., grave, serious. sermo, onis [sero, to weave], m., talk, conversation, discourse. sero [serus, late], adv., too late. sero, ere, sevi, satus, to plant, sow. con — consero, ere, ui, tus, to join in battle ; conserere manus, to fight hand to hand. de — desero, ere, ui, tus, to leave, abandon, desert. in — insero, ere, ui, tus, to fasten into ; insert. inter •» inter sero, ere, ui, tus, to insert; allege. serpens, entis [serpo, to creep], i., ser- pent, snake. Sertorius, i, Q., an officer in the army of Marius. He went to Spain as pro- praetor in B.C. 82, and maintained an independent command until his death in 72. servilis, e [servus], adj., servile, of slaves. Servilius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Casca, Geminus. servio, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to be the slave of , follow, devote one's self to. servitium, i [servus], n., slavery ; slaves. servitus, litis [servus], f., slavery. Servius, i, m., see Tullius. servo, are, avi, atus, to save, keep, ivatch. con — conservo, are, avi, atus, to save, spare, maintain. ob — observo, are, avi, atus, to observe, watch. re — reservo, are, avi, atus, to keep back, reserve, preserve. servulus, i [servus], m., a young slave, boy. servus, i, m., a slave, sei^ant. sestertius, i [semis + tertius], m., a ses- terce (HS.) ; a silver coin = 4.1 cents; neut. pi. sestertia (sc. milia) , used with distrib. num. adj., thousands of sester- ces ; as neut. sing, sestertium (sc. cen- tena milia) used with num. adv., to denote millions. setius, see secus. seu or sive [siH- ve, or], conj., lohether, either; seu . . . sen, ichether . . . or, either . . . or. severe [severus], adv., .sti^ictly, severely. severitas, atis [severus], f., strictness, severity, sternness. severus, adj., serious, strict, harsh. VOCABULARY. 289 sex, indecl. num. adj., six (VI.). sexageni, ae, a [sexagintS], num. adj., sixty each, sixty. sexagesimus [sexagintSL] , num. adj., sixtieth. sexaginta, num. adj., sixty (LX.). sexcentesimus [sexcenti] , num. adj., six hund?'edth. sexcenti, ae, a [sex + centum], num. adj., six hundred (DC). sexies [sex], adv., six times. Sextius, 1, m., see Baculus. sextus [sex], num. adj., sixth. si, conj., if, lohether ; quod si, hut if. Sibyllinus, adj.. Sibylline, pertaining to the Sibyllae or prophetesses. sic, adv., so, thus; sic . . . ut, just as. siccitas, atis [siccus], f.^dryness, drouth. siccus, adj., dry. Sicilia, ae, f., Sicily. sicut [sic + ut], adv., jz^^ as. sicuti [sic-huti], 3idv., just as if. sidus, eris, n., a constellation. signifer, feri [signum -f fero], m., a standard bearer, ensign. significo, are, avi, atus [signum + facio], to make signs, signify, notify. signo, are, &vi, atus [signum], to make a sign. ob — obsigno, &re, avi, atus, to seal. signum, i, n., a sign, mark; seal; sig- nal ; standard, image. Siianus, i, m., D. Junius, consul with L. Murena b.c. 62. sUentium, i [silens, silent], n., silence, quiet. Silenus, i, m., an historian quoted by Cicero, Livy, and other writers; said by Nepos to have lived in the camp of Hannibal. Silius, i, T., an officer of Caesar's army, silva, ae, f., a wood, forest. silvestris, e [silva], adj., wooded, woody ; living in the woods. Silvia, ae, f., S. gens, the race of Sil- vius. See Bhea. Silvius, i, m., king of Alba Longa, son of Ascanius. The name was used as a surname by his descendants, similis, e, adj., like. similitudo, inis [similis], f., resem- blance, similarity. simul, adv., at the same time, at once; simul . . . simul, both . . . and, partly . . . pai^tly : simul atque, as soon as. simulacrum, i [simulo], n., an image, representation. simulo, are, avi, atus [similis] , to make like ; pretend. dis — dissimulo, are, avi, atus, to pretend, dissemble. simultas, atis [simul], f., rivaby, jealousy. sine, prep, with abl., without. singuiaris, e [singuli], adj., one by one, single ; singular, wonderful. singidarius [late for singuiaris], adj., single, peculiar. singuli, ae, a, adj., one by one, one apiece ; single ; each. sinister, tra, trum, adj., left. sinistrorsus [sinister -f- verto] , adv., ^o the left. sino, ere, sivi, situs, to permit, let. de — desino, ere, sivi (ii), situs, to cease, stop. sinus, us, m., a cw^e,fold; bay ; bosom. sisto, ere, stiti, status [sto], to place, stop; halt. ab — absisto, ere, stiti, — , to with- draw, leave off. ad — adsisto, ere, astiti, — , to stand by; assist. circum — circumsisto, ere, stiti (steti), — , to take one's stand around, surround. con — consists, ere, stiti, stitus, to stand, remain, be posted; consist, depend. 290 VOCABULARY. de — desisto, ere, stiti, stitus, to stand ojffrom ; desist, stop ; desistere sententia, to give up the iiotion. ex — exsisto, ere, stiti, — , to make come out ; appear, arise, project, exist. in — insisto, ere, stiti, — , to stand, stand upon; pursue; insist. ob — obsisto, ere, stiti, stitus, to resist, withstand. re — resisto, ere, stiti, — , to resist, withstand ; halt. sub — subsists, ere, stiti, — , to halt, hold out ; encounter ; make a stand. Sipylus, i, m., a mountain in Lydia. sitiens, entis [sitio, to thirst], adj., thirsty. situs, us [sinoj, m., a situation, site. sive, see seu. socer, eri, m., a father-in-law . socialis, e [socius], adj., social. societas, atis [socius], f., alliance, soci- ety, participation. socius, i, m., a comrade, ally, confederate. Socrates, is, m., the famous Athenian philosopher, the teacher of Plato. He was put to death by his countrymen B.C. 399, at the age of seventy. sol, solis, m., the sun. Sol, Solis, m., the Sun (as a god), often identified with Apollo, solacium, i, n., comfort, consolation. soleo, ere, itus sum, to he wont, he accustomed. solidus, adj., ivhole,firm, compact. solitudo, inis [solus], f., solitude; a wilderness. sollemnis, e, adj., religiously fixed, sacred, solemn ; as n. noun, soUemne, a ceremony, rite, solemnity. soUers, ertis, adj., skillful, expert. soUicito, are, avi, atus [soUicitus], to urge, incite, tempt, solicit. sollicitus, adj., agitated; watchful. solstitiaiis, e [solstitium, solstice], adj., of the summer solstice. solum [solus], adv., only. solus, adj., only, alone. solvo, ere, solvi, solutus, to loose; set sail; annul; pay; unseal, open (a letter) . dis — dissolvo, ere, solvi, solutus, to loose ; dissolve ; destroy ; discharge, pay off. somnium, i [somnus], n., a dream, vision. somnus, i, m., sleep. sopor, oris, m., a deep sleep. soror, oris, f., a sister. sors, sortis, f., lot, chance; office. Sosius, i, ra., C, a friend of M. Antony, consul B.C. 32. sospito, are, ~, — [sospes, safe], to save. Sp. = Spurius. spargo, ere, sparsi, sparsus, to strew. ad — aspergo, ere, spersi, spersus, to scatter, spatter over. dis — dispergo, ere, spersi, spersus, to scatter, disperse. spatium, i, n., space, interval. IpeciSsriei-pspecio], f., sight, appear- ance, pretense ; kind, sort. specimen, inis [*specio], n., a proof, ex- ample. *speci6, ere, spexi (obsolete), to look. ad — aspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to look at, look. circum — circumspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to look around. con — conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to observe, see, perceive. de — despicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to look down upon, despise. per — perspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to see, inspect; perceive, recognize, prove. pro — prospicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to foresee, look out; provide for. re — respicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to look hack ; b'i mindful of, regard. sub — suspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to look up, admire, esteem. 'TNIYERSIT-^ VOCABULARY. spectabilis, e [specto], adj., visible; tcorth seeing, remarkable. spectaculum, i [specto], n., a shoWy spec- tacle. specto, are, avi, atus [freq. of *specio], to look at, behold ; tend toioard, aim at. circum — circumspecto, are, avi, atus, to look around. ex^exspecto, are, avi, atus, to look out for, wait for, await. in — inspecto, are, avi, atus, to look on. pro — prospects, are, avi, atus, to look forth, tcatch. specuiatorius [speculor], adj., scout- ing, spying ; navigium specuiatorium, a spy boat. spelunca, ae [Greek], f., a cave, cavern. spero, are, avi, atus, to hope, expect^ u'ish. de — despero, are, avi, atus [de + spero], to give up hope, despair ; de- speratus, desperate. spes, ei, f., hope, expectation. spiritus, us [spiro], m., breath ; a breeze ; life. spiro, are, avi, atus, to breathe. con — conspiro, are, avi, atus, to conspire. ex — exspiro, are, avi, atus, to breathe out, expire. splendide [splendidus], adv., splendidly. splendidus [splendeo, to shine"], adj., bright, splendid, illustrious, luxurious. splendor, oris [splendeo, to shine"], m., brightness, splendor, elegance. spolium, i, n., spoil, booty. spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsus, to promise. re — respondeo, ere, spondi, spon- sus, to answer, reply, respond. sponte, abl., and spontis, gen. [obso- lete nom. spons], f., of one^s own ac- cord, willingly. stabilitas, atis [stabilis, steady], t., firmness, steadiness. stabulor, ari, atus sum [stabulum], to have an abode, be stabled. stabulum, i [sto], n., a fold, hut. stagnum, i [sto], n., a pool. statim [sto], adv., instantly, at once. statio, onis [sto], f., a picket, guard. statua, ae [sto], f., a statue, image. statuo, ere, ui, utus [sto], to set, erect ; appoint; resolve, determine. con — constituo, ere, ui, iitus, to construct, build; establish ; fix, deter- mine, bring to a stand; draw up^ moor; agree, accord. de — destituo, ere, ui, utus, to set doion, deposit. in — instituo, ere, ui, utus, to build ; arrange^ form ; provide, begin, estab- lish. re- restituo, ere, ui, utus, to re- place, restore, rebuild. status, us [sto], m., state, position, rank. Stella, ae, f., a star. sterno, ere, stravi, stratus, to lay low, scatter ; pave. pro — prosterno, ere, stravi, stra- tus, to destroy. stinguo, ere, — , — , to extinguish. dis — distinguo, ere, nxi, nctus, to separate, distinguish, adorn. ex — exstinguo, ere, nxi, nctus, to quench, kill, blot out. in — instinguo, ere, — , to instigate, incite. stipendiarius [stipendium], adj., tribu- tary, paying tribute. stipendium, i [stips, gift -^'pendo], n., tribute, pay ; campaign. stirps, is, m. and f., a stock, stem ; plant y shrub; race, family. sto, are, steti, status, to stand, take the part of, to stand fir my continue; stat mihi, / am resolved. ante — antisto, are, steti, — , to ex- cel, surpass. circum — circumsto, are, steti, — , to stand about, surround. 292 VOCABULARY. con — consto, 9xe, stiti, stftturus, to halt, remain; consist of; constat, it is evident. ex — exsto, 5xe, — , — , to project, survive. in — insto, are, stiti, stS,turus, to draw near, be present ; press on, pur- sue. prae praesto, 9xe, stiti, stitus, to show; bestow, supply; surpass; be preferable; do, perform. re — resto, are, stiti, — , to rernain. strangulo, are, avi, atus, to strangle, throttle. Mil. strenue, adv., vigorously. strepitus, lis [strepo, to make a noise], m., noise, uproar. stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus, to draw or bind tight, press together. struo, ere, struxi, striictus, to erect, build; contrive, arrange, draw up. ex — exstruo, ere, striixi, striictus, to build. in — instruo, ere, striixi, striictus, to build ; put in order, arrarige, equip. studeo, ere, ui, — , to be eager, take pains about; loish ; favor ; try. studiose [studiosus], adv., eagerly, dili- gently. studiosus [studium], adj., eager for, fond of. studium, ii [studeo], n., zeal, fondness for; study. stulte [stultus,/oo^is^], slAy., foolishly. stupro, are, avi, atus [stuprum], to de- bauch, dishonor. stuprum, i, n., debauchery, defilement, dishonor. suadeo, ere, suasi, suasus [cf. sua(d)- vis, sweef], to advise, persuade. per — per suadeo, ere, suasi, sua- sus, to persuade. suavitas, atis [suavis, sweet], f., sweet- ness, suavity. sub, prep, with ace. and abl., under; at the base of; near; during, about. subduco, see duco. subeo, see eo. subicio, see iacio. subigo, see ago. subito s}xbit}xa],2idy., suddenly. subitus [subeo], adj., sudden, unex- pected. sublevo, are, avi, atus [sub + levo, to raise], to raise up, hold up, help, re- lieve. sublicius [sublica, asiaAje], adj., on piles. sublime [sublimis], adv., on high, aloft. sublimis, e, adj., high, lofty. subliistris, e, adj., glimmering. submergo, see mergo. subministro, see ministro. submitto, see mitto. submoveo, see moveo. subnixus [sub + nitor], adj., sustained, relying on. subruo, see ruo. subscribe, see scribo. subsequor, see sequor. subsidium, i [sub + sedeo], n., a reserve, reinforcement, resource. subsisto, see sisto. subsum, see sum. suburbanus [urbs], adj., near the city, suburban. succedo, see cedo. succendo, see candeo. successor, oris [succedo], m., a succes- sor. successus, lis [succedo], m.,an advance ; success. succido, see caedo. succumbo, see *cumbo. sudis, is, f., a stake, pile. siidor, oris [siido, to sweat], m., sweat; fatigue. Suebi, orum, m., a tribe of Germans ; the Swablans. suesco, ere, suevi, suetus, to become accustomed. ad — adsuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, to become accustomed to. VOCABULARY. 293 con^consuesco, ere, suevl, suetus, to acquire a habit, become accustomed. in — insuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, to become accustom,ed or inured. Suessa, ae, f., see Pometia. sufficio, see facio. suffragium, i, n , a vote. sui, sibi, se [sese], reflex, pron., him- self, herself J itself, themselves. Sulla, ae, m., L. Cornelius, surnamed Felix, born B.C. 138. He was elected consul B.C. 88, and afterwards com- pleted the war against Mithridates. In 82 Sulla had made himself master of Italy, was elected perpetual dicta- tor, and carried out extensive reforms in the constitution. He died B.C. 78. Sulpicius, i, m., a Roman gens name. Quintus, a tribune in the force defend- ing the capitol B.C. 390. See Galba, Rufus, Saverrio. sum, esse, fui, futurus, to be, exist ; be- long to, be the part of; with dat., have, jwssess. ab — absum, esse, fifui, to be dis- tant, absent, lacking. ad — adsum, esse, adfui, to be near, be present; help. de — desum, deesse, defui, to fail, be lacking. in — insum, esse, fui, to be in or on, belong to. inter — intersum, esse, fui, to be between, be present; differ; interest, it concerns, is important. prae — praesum, esse, fui, to pre- side over, have command of; supei^in- tend. pro — prosum, prodesse, profui, to be of advantage to, profit. sub — subsum, esse, fui, to be under- neath, be hidden, be at hand. super — super sum, esse, fui, to sur- vive, remain over, abound. summa, ae [summus], f ., the total ; chief point; control. Summanus, i, m., a Roman deity to whom nocturnal lightnings were ascribed. summum, i [summus], n., the top, sum, mit. summus [sup. of superus] , adj., highest, greatest, chief; utmost. sumo, ere, sumpsi, siimptus [sub + emo], to take ; spend. con — consumo, ere, sumpsi, siimp- tus, to spend, consume. sumptuosus [sumptus], adj., extrava- gant ; costly ; splendid. sumptus, us [siimo], m., expense, cost, cost of living. supellex, lectilis, f., furniture, house- hold utensils. super, adv., and prep, with ace. and abl., above, upon, about, concerning, beyond, over. superbia, ae [superbus], f., haughtiness^, pride. Superbus, i, m., see Tarquinius. superbus, 2idi]., haughty, proud ; august. superincido, see cado. superior, ius [superus], adj., upper, higher, earlier, superior; victorious; elder. supero, are, avi, atus [super], to pass over or around, overcome, conquer; survive. super stes, itis [super -|-sto], adj., re- maining, surviving. super sum, see sum. superus [super], adj., above, on high. Comp. superior; sup. summus or supremus. supervenio, see venio. supplex, icis [sub + plico], c, a suppli- ant. supplicatio, onis [supplied], f.,a thanks- giving. supplicium, i [supplex], n., punishment, execution, torture. supputatio, onis [sub -h puto] , f ., a reck- oning, computation (rare). 294 VOCABULARY. suprft, adv. and prep, with ace, above, over, before, on. surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus [sub -f rego], to rise. ad — adsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrec- tus, to rise. con — consurgo, ere, surrexi, sur- rectus, to rise together, arise. ex — exsurgo, ere, surrexi, to rise re — resurgo, ere, surrexi, surrec- tus, to rise again, be restored. sursum [sub + vorsum, from verto], adv., upwards, high up. sus, suis, m. and f., a svnne,pig, boar. suscipio, see capio. suspicio, see *specio. suspicio, onis [suspicio], f., suspicion; appearance ; indication. suspicor, ari, atus sum [suspicioj, to look askance, suspect. sustineo, see teneo. suus, adj. pron., his, her, its, their, own; sui, one's friends, soldiers, party ; neut. pi., sua, one' s property . symposiacus [symposium], adj., relat- ing to a banquet; as noun, n. pL, Sym- posiaca, the writings of Plutarch entitled Symposium. Syph§,x, acis, ra., a king of Numidia, taken prisoner and sent to Rome by ScipioB.c. 203. Syracusae, 3,rum, f., Syracuse, a large and prosperous Greek city in Sicily. Syria, ae, f., Syria. T. T. = Titus. tabeliarius, ii [tabella], m., a letter car- rier, courier. tabesco, ere, tabui, — , to waste away. ex— extabesco, ere, tabui, — , to pas a away, disappear. tabula, ae, f., a tablet, slab, record. taceo, ere, ui, itus, to be silent; keep silent. j taciturnus [taceo] , adj., silent, taciturn. ! tacitus [taceo], adj., silent. taiea, ae, f., a rod, bar. talentum, i [Greek], u., a talent, equal to about $1200. talis, e, adj., such. talus, i, m.,the ankle bone; heel; a die (often made of bone), tam, adv., so, so veinj, as. tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, how- ever, nevertheless. Tamesis, is, m., the Thames River in England. tamquam, adv., as, as if, as though. Tampbilianus, adj.,pe?Vainm5' to Taui- philus, a Roman surname. tango, ere, tetigi, tactus, to touch ; reach to. ad — attingo, ere, ti^, tactus, to border on, touch, attain. con — contingo, ere, tigi, tactus, to touch, reach ; occur, happen to. ob — obtingo, ere, tigi, — , to fall to one's lot, league ; to happen. tantulus [dim. of tantus], adj., vein/ small, slight. tantum [tantus], adv., only, so much, .so far, merely. tantus, adj., so great, so large, such; tanti, of. tarde [tardus], adv., slowly. tardo, are, avi, atus [tardus] , to check, hinder. re — retardo, are, avi, atus, to re- tard. tardus, adj., sloiv, cautious, reluctant. Tarentini, orum, m., the people of Tarentum. Tarentum, i, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of Italy ; modern Taranto. Tarquinius, i, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from Etruria. (1) Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome, reigned B.C. 616-578. VOCABULARY. 295 (2) Tarquinins Superbus, son of Priscus, the last king of Rome, reigned B.C. 534-510. (3) Sex. TarquiniuSf sun of Super- bus, who offered violence to Lucretia, was killed by Brutus B.C. 509. taurus, i, m., a bull. Taximagulus, i, m., a British chieftain in Cantiuni. Teciiosages, um, m., a division of the Volcae. tectum, i [tego], n., a roof ; building. tegumentum, i [tego], n., a covering. tego, ere, texi, tectus, to cover ; protect. de— detego, ere, texi, tectus, to uncover^ disclose, betray. pro — protego, ere, texi, tectus, to cover, shield, protect. telum, i, n., a dart, spear. temerarius [temere], adj., heedless, reckless. temere, adv., rashly, blindly, casually. temeritas, atis [temere], f., rashness, temerity. temno, ere, — , — , to scorn. con — contemno, ere, tempsi, temp- tus, to despise, scorn. temo, onis, m., a wagon pole. temper atus [tempero], adj., temperate, mild. tempero, are, avi, atus [tempus], to soften, qualify , forbear , be moderate. ob — obtempero, are, avi, atus, to submit. tempestas, atis [tempus], f., a period of time, season ; weather ; storm. templum, i, n., a sacred spot, temple. tempto, are, avi, atus [freq. of tendo] , to attempt ; attack ; try to. tempus, oris, n., time, opportunity, emer- gency. tendo, ere, tetendi, tensus or tentus [teneo], to stretch, strive, aim at, start for. con — contendo,ere, tendi, tentus, to hasten, press towards ; assert, contend. ob — ostendo, ere, tendi, tensus or tentus, to display, point out, explain. pro — portends, ere, tendi, tentus, to presage, portend. teneo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold, keep ; re- strain ; seize, gain. ab — abstineo, ere, ui, tentus, to holdback; abstain; spare. con — contineo, ere, ui, tentus, to contain, hold, confine ; continere se, to restrain one's self. de — detineo, ere, ui, tentus, to de- tain, delay. dis — distineo, ere, ui, tentus, to keep apart. ob — obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, to ob- tain ; occupy, keep ; inhabit ; prevail. per — pertineo, ere, ui, to extend; pertain to, belong to. re— retineo, ere, ui, tentus, to re- tain, keep back. sub — sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, to sustain, check. tener, era, erum, adj., tender, young. tenesmus, i (ace. on), m., tenesmus, a disease. tenuis, e, adj., thin, shallow ; fine, deli- cate; poor. tenuiter [tenuis], adv., thinly. tenus, n., a stretched cord (old) ; as ace. absol., with gen. and as prep, with abl., as far as, only. ter, num. adv., thi^ee times, thrice. terebro, are, — , atus, to bore. ex — exterebro, are, — , atus, to bore out. per — perterebro, are, avi, — , to bore through. Terentius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Varro. tergum, i, n.. Vie back; tergum vertere, to fiee. terni, ae, a [tres], num. adj., three by three, by threes, three each. terra, ae, f ., the earth ; land ; terHtory, country. 296 VOCABULARY. Terrasidius, i, m., T., an officer in Caesar's army in Gaul. terrenus [terra], adj., earthy ^ pertain- ing to the earth. terreo, ere, iii, itus, to terrify, alarm; deter. de — deterred, ere, ui, itus, to frighten away, deter. per — perterreo, ere, ui, territus, to terrify, dismay. terrester, tris, tre, adj. [terra], of the earth or la7id, land — . territorium, i [terra], n., a territory, do- main. terror, oris [terreo], m., fear, terror. tertius [tres], num. adj., third; tertio, the third time. tesserula, ae [dim. of tessera, cube], f., a small tally or counter. testa, ae, f., a potsherd; shell. testamentum, i [testis], n., a loill, testa- ment. testimonium, i [testis], n., witness, testi- mony. testis, is, m. and f., witness. tester, ari, atus sum [testis], to hear witness, declare, beseech. con contestor, ari, atus sum, to call as witness, supplicate, appeal to. ob — obtestor, ari, atus, to conjure, appeal to. testudo, inis, f., tortoise; testudo. See cut, p. 102. testula, ae [dim. of testa], t, a potsherd, voting tablet. texo, ere, ui, tum, to weave. con — contexo, ere, ui, tus, to weave, join. prae — praetexo, ere, ui, tus, to provide with a border; toga prae- texta, bordered with purple. 'i:hemistocles, is (i), m., the celebrated Athenian statesman, born about b.c. 514. In 481 he was chief archon. . He was banished in 471, and fled to Persia, where he died in 449. Thermopylae, arum, f., a narrow pass on the east coast of Greece between Mt. Oeta and the Maliac Gulf, leading from Thessaly into Locris. Thermus, i, m., Q. Minucius, consul b.c. 193. Thessalia, ae, f., Thessaly, a large dis- trict in northeastern Greece. Thucydides, is, m., a celebrated Athenian historian who lived b.c. 472-403. Ti. = Tiberius. Tiberinus, i, m., son of Capetus, a king of Alba Longa. Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber, anciently called Albula. Tiberius, i, m., the emperor Tiberius, the successor of Augustus. His name originally was Ti. Claudius Nero; b.c. 42-A.D. 37. Tigranes, is, m., king of Armenia, father-in-law of Mithridates; died b.c. 56. timeo, ere, ui, — , to fear, be anxious. Timochares, is, m., a friend of Pyrrhus, who, according to some historians, of- fered to poison the king. See Nicias. timer, oris [timeo], m., fear, cause of fear. tiro, onis, m., a recruit ; beginner. Titurius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Sabinus. Titus, i, m., a praenomen of Sabine ori- gin. toga, ae [tego], f., the toga, the charac- teristic outer robe of the Romans. togatus [toga], adj., wearing the toga; civil (not military), peaceable. toll5, ere, sustuli, subiatus, to lift, take on board; do away with, bring to an end; remove, destroy. tonans, antis [tono, to thunder], adj., thundering. tonitrus, us [tono], m., thunder. tormentum, i [torqueo, twist], n., a rope; engine for throwing stones or darts ; instrument of torture ; torment. VOCABULARY. 297 Torqu9,tus, !, m. (1) L. ManliuSy a friend of Atticus and Cicero ; consul b.c. 65. (2) A. Manlius, praetor B.C. 52, a friend of Atticus. torqueo, ere, torsi, tortus, to twist. ex » extorqueo, ere, torsi, tortus, to twist out, extort. torridus [torreo, parc/i], adj., di^y, hot. tot, indecl. adj., so many. totidem [tot], indecl., adj., Jits^ as many, so many. totus, adj., allf whole. trabs, trabis, f., a beam, timber. tracto, &re, &vi, £tus [freq. of trabo], to treat. ob— obtrecto, 9xe, &yi, fttus, to un- derrate, injure. tractus, us [traho], m., a stretch, tract y row. trSdo, see do. traho, ere, tr&xi, tractus, to draw, drag, derive ; pass along ,' claim. ab — abstrabo, ere, tr^Lxi, tractus, to drag off; abstract. con — contraho, ere, tr£xi, tractus, to draw together, collect ; contract. de — detraho, ere, tr&xl, tractus, to draw away, remove. ex — extraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to extract, protract, waste. tr3icio, see iacio. trSiectus, us [trfiicio], m., a crossing, passage. tr£no, see no. tranquillitas, atis [tranquillus], f., calmness, stillness; (as title of em- peror). Serene Highness. tranquillus, adj., tranquil. trans, prep, with ace, across, over, beyond. transcendo, see scando. transeo, see eo. tr3,nsfero, see fero. transflgo, see figo. trUnsgredior, see gradior. transigo, see ago. tr&nsilio, see salio. transitus, us [transeo], m., a passage, crossing. transmarinus [trans + mare] , adj., beyond the sea. transmlssus, us [transmitto], m., a passage. transpadanus [trans 4-Padu8], adj.,6e- yond the Po. transports, see porto. transtrum, i [trans], n., a thwart, row- er's bench ; cross-beam. Trasumenus, i, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of Hannibal's victory over the Romans b.c. 217. Trebia, ae, f., a small tributary of the Po River near Placentia. Trebius, i, m., M. Trebius Gallus, a tribune in Caesar's army. Trebonius, i, C, a lieutenant in Caesar's army. trecentesimus [trecenti], num. adj., three hundredth. trecenti, ae, a [tres + centum], num. adj., three hundred (CCC.). tredecim [tres + decem], num. adj., thirteen (XIII.). trepido, are, avi, atus, to be disturbed, tremble. trepidus, adj., terrified. tres, tria, num. adj., three (III.). Treveri, orum, m., an important tribe of Gauls, allies of the Romans. Their chief town was on the site of modern Treves. tribunus, i [tribus, a tribe], m., a tHb- une, the commander of a tribe; tri- buni militum, military tribunes, the chief officers of a legion, six in num- ber; tribuni plebis, tribunes of the people. tribuo, ere, ui, utus, to allot, give, pay, render. ad — attribuo, ere, ui, utus, to as- sign, appoint, attribute. 298 VOCABULARY. dis — distribuo, ere, ui, utus, to distribute, divide. tributum, i [tribuoj, n., atar, tribute. tricesimus [triginta], num. adj., thir- tieth. tricies [triginta], num. adv., thirty times. Tricipitinus, i, m., S}). Lucretius^ the father of Lucretia, consul with Brutus B.C. 509. triduum, i [tres-f dies], n., the space of three days, three days. triennium, i [tres+ annus], n., the space of three years, three years. triginta, indecl. num. adj., thi7'ty (XXX.). Trinobantes, um, m., a tribe of Britons. tripartite [tres + partes], adv., in three divisions. triplex, plicis [tres -j- plico] , adj., triple, threefold. triquetrus, adj., three cornered, tnan- gular. triremis, is [tres +remus], adj., having three banks of oars ; as noun, a tri- reme. tristitia, ae [tristis, sad], f., son^ow. triumphaiis, e [triumphus], adj., tri- umphal. triumpho, axe, avi, atus, to triumph, celebrate a triumph. triumphus, i, m., a triumph, triumphal procession. Troezen, enis [ace. ena], f., an ancient city near the east coast of the Pelopon- nesus, across the Saronic gulf from Athens. Troia, ae, f., Troy, a city in the north- western corner of Asia Minor, renowned for its ten years' siege by the Greeks. tropaeum, i, n., a sign of victory, tro- phy ; victory. trucido, are, avi, atus, to cut to pieces, slaughter, kill. trudo, ere, trusi, trusus, to thrust. de — detrudo, ere, trusi, trusus, to strip off, remove. ex — extrudo, ere, trusi, trusus, ^o push out, shut out. trux, trucis, adj., loild, savage, stern. tu, tui, pers. pron., thou, you. tuba, ae, f., a trumpet. Tubero, onis, m., Q. Aelius, a Roman lawyer and historian of the first cen- tury B.C. tueor, eri, tuitus or tutus sum, to look at, see ; guard, defend. in — intueor, eri, tuitus sum, to look upon ; consider. TuUius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cicero. Servius TuUius^ the sixth king of Rome, reigned b.c. 578->534. TuUus, i, m., see Hostilius. tum, adv., then; moreover; cum . . . tum, both . . . and, not only . . . but also. tumultuosus [tumultus], adj., tumultu- ous, turbulent. tumultus, us [tumeo, to swell], m., a tw- mult ; uprising, rebellion ; peril, crisis. tumulus, i [tumeo, to swell],m., a mound, hillock. tunc, adv., then, at that time, now. turba, ae, f., a crowd, turmoil. turbidus [turba], adj., wild, confused. turbo, are, avi, atus [turba], to disturb, confuse. de — deturbo, are, avi, atus, to beat down. per — perturbo, are, avi, atus, to throiv into confusion, embarrass. pro — proturbo, are, avi, atus, to drive away, repulse. ob — obturbo, are, avi, atus, to con- fuse, disturb, distract. turma, ae, f., a squadron of cavalry. turpis, e, adj., ugly ; base, dishonorable. turpiter [turpis], adv., basely. turpitude, inis [turpis], f., baseness. turris, is, f., a tower. Tusci, orum, m., the Etruscans. See Etruria. VOCABULARY. 299 Tuscia, ae, f., Etruria. Tusculanus, adj., pertaining to Tuscu- luni. Tiisculum, i, n., an old town in Latium, about ten miles southeast of Rome. tutela, ae [tueor], f., keeping, protec- tion. tuto [tutus], adv., safely. tutor, ari, fitus sum [tueor], to watch, defend. tutor, oris [tueor], m., a guardian, tutor. tutus [tueor], adj., safe. Tyndarides, ae, m., son of Tyndareus, the husband of Leda ; a name given to Castor and Pollux. tyrannicus [tyrannus], adj., tyrannical. tyrannus, i [Greek], m., a ruler, tyrant. ubi, adv., where, when ; ubi primum, as soon as. ubicumque, adv., ivherever. ubique [ubi + que], adv., anywhere. ulciscor, i, ultus sum, to avenge. uUus [gen. ullius], adj., aiiy. ulterior, ius [iiltra], Sid]., farther. ultimus [ulterior], farthest, last, ex- treme ; oldest, earliest, Ji7^st. ultra, prep, with ace, beyond. ultro, adv., besides, moreover; of one's own accord, voluntarily. umbo, onis, m., the boss of a shield. umbra, ae, f., shade, shadow, umor, oris, m., moisture. umquam, adv., at any time, ever, usu- ally with a negative. una [unus], adv., in company, together ; una cum, along with. undecimus, [undecim], num. adj., elev- enth. undique [unde + que], adv., from all sides, on all sides, everywhere. TJnelli (Venelli), orum, m., a tribe of Gauls living on the coast of the Eng- lish Channel. unguis, is, m., a nail, hoof, claw. universus [unus + verto], adj., all, entire. unus [gen. unlus], num. adj., one, only, sole (I.) ; unus quisque, each one. Urania, ae, f., one of the Muses. urbanus [urbs], adj., of the city ; refined, urbane. urbs, urbis, f., city ; the city (Rome). urgeo, ere, ursi, — , to press, oppress; drive, urge. uro, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn. con — comburo, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn up, consume. de — deuro, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn up, dry up, consume. ex — exiiro, ere, ussi, ustus, to bum up, consume. urus, i, m. [Celtic], the bison, wild ox. iisitor, ari, atus sum [freq. of utor], to be in the habit of using. usquam, adv., anywhere; to any place. usque, adv., even to, as far as ; usque ad, until ; usque eo, to such an extent. usus, see utor. usus, us [utor], m., use, pi^actice ;* ex- perience, skill; p7'ofit; need; inti- ' macy , familiarity . ut (uti) , conj., as, as though ; how ; that, in order that, so that; although; when. uter, tra, trum, adj., which (of two). uterque, traque, trumque [uter + que] , adj., both, each. uti, see ut. irtica, ae, f., an important city on the coast of Africa, northwest of Carthage. utilis, e [utor], adj., useful, fit, profita- ble. utilitas, atis [utilis], f., usefulness; profit. utinam [uti + nam], adv., oh that! loould that ! litor, liti, usus sum, to use; enjoy; have, possess ; to associate loith, be in- timate with. utpote, adv., namely, as being, since. 500 VOCABULARY. utrimque [uterque], adv., from or on both sides. utrobique [uter + ubi + que] , adv., on both sides, in both points. utrum [uter], conj., whether; utrum . . . SLU., whether . . . or; utrum . . . necne, whether . . . or not. uxor, oris, f., a loife. V. V=5. vacatio, onis [vaco, to be empty], t., free- dom, immunity. vacuus [vaco], adj., empty, free, desti- tute, idle. vado, ere, — , — , to go, rush. ex — ev&do, ere, vasi, vasus, to escape. in — invado, ere., vasi, vasus, at- tack, invade. vadum, i, n., a shoal, ford. vae, inter j., woe! vagina, ae, f., a scabbard, sheath. vagitus, lis [vagio, to cry], m., a crying. vagor, ari, atus sum, to wander. vagMs [vagor], adj., wandering. valens, entis [valeo], adj., strong, well. valeo, ere, ui, itiirus, to be loell; bs poiverful ; be able ; be worth, mean. Valerius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Corvus, Flaccus, Laevinus, Publicola. (1) Q. Valerius of Antium, a Roman historian of the first century B.C. (2) L. Valerius, magister equitum with Camillus b.c. 390. valetudo, inis [valeo], f., health, sick- ness, weakness. validus [valeo], adj., strong, healthy, effective. vallum, i [vailus, a stake], n., a rampart, set with stakes, wall. vanus, adj., empty, vain. vapor, oris, m., an exhalation, vapor. varietas, atis [varius], f., variety, mot- tled appearance. varius, adj., diverse, various. Varro, onis, m., a Roman family name. (1) C. Terentius Varro, consul B.C. 216 ; defeated with his colleague Paulus in the battle of Cannae. (2) M. Terentius Varro, a learned and voluminous writer, served as a legate of Pompey in Spain. The greater part of his long life, b.c. 116- 28, was devoted to scholarly pursuits. Varus, i, m., Q., is named as one of the leaders of the Pompeian party at the battle of Thapsus. vas, vasis (pi. vasa, orum), n., a vessel, jar. vastitas, atis [vasto], f., devastation. vasto, are, avi, atus [vastus], to devas- tate, ruin. vastus, adj., vast, wide-spreading. vaticinatio, onis [vaticinor] , t, prophecy. vaticiiior, ari, atus sum [vates, seer + cano, sing], to foretell, prophesy. Vatinius, i, m.. P., a man to whom the gods Castor and Pollux appeared. ve, conj. enclitic, or; ve . . . ve, either . . . or. vecors, cordis [ve, ivithout-{-coT],3id]., senseless, foolish. vectigal, aiis [veho], n., a tax, toll; revenue. vectigaiis, e [vectigal], adj., tributary. vectorius [veho], 2id]., fitted for carry- ing; navigium vectorium, a trans- port ship. ' vebiculum, i [veho], n., a vehicle, car- riage. veho, ere, vexi, vectus, to bear, carry, convey ; ^Siss., to ride, sail (navi, equo, etc.) ; act., to ride (rare). ad — adveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry or bring to. ex^-eveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to lead out ; elevate. pro — proveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry forward ; pass., go, drive, sail. Veientanus, adj., pertaining to Veii. VOCABULARY. 301 Veientes, um, m., the inhabitants of Veil. Veil, orum, m., a powerful city of Etru- ria, about twelve miles from Rome. After more than three centuries of warfare it was destroyed by Camillus B.C. 396. vel [volo], conj., or; even; vel . . . vel, either . . . or. Yelanius, i, m., Q., a tribune in Caesar's army in Gaul, velocitas, atis [velox, swift],f., swiftness. velum, i, n., mil. velut [vel + ut] , adv. , just as. vena, ae, f., a vein ; mine. venatio, onis [venor], f., hunting. venator, oris [venor], m., a hunter. venatus, us [venor], n., hunting (only dat. and abl.). vendo, dere, didi, ditus [contr. from venumdo], to sell, offer for sale. venenatus [veneno, to poison] , adj., poisoned. venenum, i, n.,poiso7i. venerabilis, e [veneror], adj., venerable, reverend. venerabundus [veneror], adj., reveren- tial. venerandus [veneror], adj., reverend, venerable. Venerius [Venus], adj., pertaining to Venus; as noun, the Venus-throw at dice. veneror, axi, atus sum, to worship, revere, honor. Veneti, orum, m., a people living on the northwestern coast of Gaul, north of the Liger (Loire). Venetia, ae, f., the country of the Veneti. Veneticus,adj.,perfai7izn5r to the Veneti. venia, ae, i., favor, grace, kindness. venio, ire, veni, ventus, to come, occur. circum — circum venio, ire, veni, ventus, to sui^ound, ensnare ^ circum- vent. con — convenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come together, assemble ; be agreed upon, be suitable. de — devenio, ire, veni, venturus, to come from ; arrive at. ex — evenio, ire, veni, ventus, to turn out, come to pass. in — invenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come upon, find, invent. inter — intervenio, ire, veni, ven- tus, to come upon, appear, inter- vene. ob — obvenio, ire, veni, ventus, to fall in with, meet, befall. per — pervenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come, arrive, reach. super — supervenio, ire, veni, ven- tus, to come upon, surprise; go be- yond, surpass. venor, ari, atus sum, to hunt, chase. venter, tris, m., the belly, stomach ; appe- tite. ventito, are, avi, — [freq. of venio], to come often, frequent. ventus, i, m., wind. venumdo, dare, dedi, datus [venum, sa^e + do], to put up for sale. Venus, eris, f., the Roman goddess of love. Venusia, ae, f., a town in Apulia. venustas, atis [venus, beauty], i., love- liness, grace, taste. verbero, are, avi, atus [verber, a lash] , to whip, scourge, beat. ex — everbero, are, — , — , to nag at (rare and poetical) . verbum, i, n., a word; verba dare, to deceive. verecundia, ae [vereor], f., reverence. vereor, eri, itus sum, to fear, dread. vergo, ere, — , — , to lie, stretch or slope towards. Veritas, atis [verus], f., truth, truthful- ness. vero [verus, true], adv., in truth, truly ; but, however. 302 VOCABULARY. verso, are, avi, atus [freq. of verto], to turn; change. versor, ari, atus sum [verso], to he, live ; he busy with. versus, us [verto], m., a ?me, vei^se. verto, ere, i, versus, to turn ; change. ab — averts, ere, i, versus, to turn away or aside (rarely iiltrans.). ad — adverts, ere, i, versus, to turn to ; animum advertere, to ohserve ; punish. con — converts, ere, i, versus, to turn, loheel around; change; signa conversa inferre, to face ahout and advance. ob — ob verto, ere, i, versus, to turn towards. per — perverts, ere, i, versus, to overthrow, corrupt, pervert. re — reverter, i, versus sum, to re- turn. The act. is old and rare, except in the perf . stem. verum [verus], adv., truly, hut. verus, adj., true. verutum, i, n., a dart, javelin. vescor, i, — , — , to feed on, eat. Vesta, ae, f., the goddess of the hearth. A fire was continually burning in her temple near the Forum, and her priest- esses, the Vestal virgins, were among the most important dignitaries in the state. Vestaiis, e, did]., pertaining to the god- dess Vesta. vester, tra, trum [vSs], possess, pron., your, yours. vestigium, i, n., the sole; foot; foot- print; spot; instant. vestiS, ire, ivi, itus [vestis], to cover, clothe. vestis, is, f., garment, clothing. vestitus, us [vestiS], m., clothing, dress. vets, are, ui, itus, to forhid, not alloiv ; oppose, prevent. VettSnes, um, m., a tribe living on the boundaries of Spain and Portugal. Veturia, ae, f., the mother of Q. Marcius Coriolanus. Veturius, i, m., a Roman gens name. See Calvinus. vetus, eris, adj., old, aged; former. vetustas, atis [vetus], f., antiquity, length of tune. vetustus [vetus], adj., old, ancient, of long stayiding. vexillum [dim. of velum], i, n., stand- ard, flag. See cut, p. 79. vexo, are, avi, atus [vehS], to annoy. con — convexS, are, avi, atus, to croivd, press together (late and rare). via, ae, f., a loay, road, journey ; pas- sage. viator, Sris [via], m., a traveler. Vibuianus, i, m., C. Fahius, consul for the third time B.C. 479. vicesimus [viginti], num. adj., twentieth. vicies [viginti], num. adv., twenty times. vicinus [vicus], adj., near, neighboring. vicis, is [nom. wanting], f., alternation, succession; in vicem, in turn. vicissim [vicis], adv., in turn. victima, ae, f., a victim, sacrifice. victitS, are, — , — [freq. of vivS], to live, subsist. victor, Sris [vincSJ, m., a conqueror; as adj., victoinous. victSria, ae [victor], f., victory. victus, see vincS. victus, us [vivS], m., mode of living^; food. vicus, i, m., a town, village. videS, ere, vidi, visus, to see, look at; understand; pass., seem; seem good. prS — prSvideS, ere, vidi, visus, to foresee, provide. vigil, ilis, m., a sentinel. vigilia,ae [vigil], f., wakefulness; watch. viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty (XX.). vigor, Sris [vigeS, to thrive], m., vigor, activity. villa, ae, f., a country house, farm, villa. VOCABULARY. 303 vimen, inis [vieo, to weave, hind'\yU., a twig, osier. viminalis, is [vimen], adj., of osiers; as noun, Viminalis (sc. collis), the Viminal, one of the seven hills of Rome. vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, to bind^ tie, fasten. de — de vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, to bind, oblige; gain, win. re— revincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, to bind together, fasten. vinco, ere, vici, victus, to conquer, pre- vail, surpass. de — devinco, ere, vici, victus, to overcome. vinculum, i [vincio], \\.,a chain, bond. vindico, are, avi, atus [vis + dico], to claim; liberate; avenge, take ven- geance on, vinum, i, n., loine. violenter [violens from violo], adv., vio- lently. violo, are, avi, atus [vis], to do violence to ; invade, ravage. vir, viri, m., a man ; hero ; husband. vires, see vis. Virginia, ae, f., the maiden whose at- tempted enslavement by Appius Clau- dius led to the downfall of the dccem- vii-s B.C. 449. virginitas, atis [virgo], f., virginity. Virginius, i. m. (1) L. (T.) was consul b.c. 479. (2) L., the father of Virginia, was made consul b.c. 449. virgo, inis, f., a maiden, virgin. virgulta, orum [virg^la, a twig], n., a thirk-t. viridi, e, adj., green, fresh, blooming. virilis, e [vir], adj., masculine, male, manly. Viromandui, orum, m., a tribe of the Bel-ae. virtiis, utis [vir]. f., manliness, valor; goodnf'ss ; rirtuf. A. & ^y. LAT. R. — 20 vis [pi. vires], f., power, violence ; attack, outbreak; amount, number. Viscellinus, i, m., Sp. Cassius, appointed the first magister equitum by T. Lar- cius B.C. 501. visus, us [video], m., a sight, appearance. vita, ae [vivo], f., life, conduct. vitium, i, n , a fault, vice. vito, are, avi, atus, to shun, try to escape. vitrum, i, u., woad (a dye plant), vivax, acis [vivo], adj., long lived; lively, vigorous. vivo, ere, vixi, — , to live, dwell ; live on. vivus [vivo], adj., living, alive. vix, adv., ivith difficulty, hardly, scarcely. vociferor, ari, atus sum [vox + fero], to cry out, exclaim. voco, are, avi, atus [vox], to call, sum- mon; rouse ; name. ab — avoco, are, avi, atus, to call away. ad — advoco. are. avi, atus, to call to or together. con — convoco, are, avi, atus, to call together, summon. ex — evoco, are, avi, atus, to call out, summon. in — invoco. are, avi, atus, to call on, invoke. pro — provoco, are, avi, atus, to challenge. re — revoco, are, avi, atus, to recall, recover. voians, antis [volo], ad]., flying. Volcae, arum, m., a tribe of Gauls in Gallia Transalpina. 1. volo, are, avi. aturus, to fly. ad — advolo, are, avi, atus, to fly to, hurry on, rush upon. pro — provolo, are, avi, to dash forth. re — revolo, are, — , — , to fly back. 2. volo, velle. volui, — , to be willing ^ wish . magis — maio, maile, maiui. fo pre- fer. 304 VOCABULARY. ne — nolo, nolle, nolui [ne + volo], to b2 unwilling, not wish, not want. Volsci, orum, m., an ancient tribe living in the south of Latium, finally sub- dued by the Romans B.C. 338. Volso (Vulso), onis, L. Manlius, consul B.C. 25(3. volucer, oris, ere [voloj, adj., loinged, flying. volumen, inis [volvo, to roll], n., a roll, book, volume. Volumnia, ae, f., the wife of Coriolanus. voluntas, atis [volo], f., loill, desire; consent, affection. voluptas, atis [volo], f., pleasure, de- light. Volusenus, i, m., C. Volusenus Quadra- tus, a tribune in Caesar's army. volvo, ere, volvi, volutus, to roll ; re- volve. Vorenus, i, m., X., a centurion in Caesar's army. voveo, ere, vovi, votus, to vow ; conse- crate. de — devoveo, ere, vovi, votus, to vow, devote. yox,Ydcis,t.,avoice, sound; ivord; lan- guage, statements. Vulcanus, i, m., the Latin god of fire and of metal work. vulgatus [vulgo, to publish], adj., com- mon, notorious. vulgo [vulgus], adv., commonly, pub- licly, usually. vulgus, i, n., the common people, the populace, the common soldiers. vulnero, are, avi, atus [vulnus], to wound, hurt, injure, offend. vulnus, eris, n., a loound, blow, misfor- tune. vultur, uris, m., a vulture. vultus, lis, m., the countenance, face, look. Xanthippe, es, f., the wife of Socrates. Xanthippus, i, m., a Spartan commander by whose aid the Carthaginians de- feated Regulus B.C. 255. Xerxes, is, m., the king of Persia, son of Darius ; defeated by the Greeks at Salamis b.c. 480. Zama, ae, f ., a city in Numidia, near the borders of Carthage. OF THK UNIVERSITY ik r ..j^a«nnppp U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDMS^mEflfl