THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES : THE HAND-BOOK or TAKIGRAFY. GATING BRIEFLY THE ^^ N / PRINCIPLES OF THE CONTRACTED STYLE, \ S&.V >^ > . \ AND DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF AMANUENSES VJERBATIM REPORTERS. , \ ( INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE SIMPLE STYLE. BY DAVID PHILIP LINDSLEY, Author of " The Elements^ " The Manual," " The NotetaJcr," etc. SECOND EDITION. CHICAGO: D. KIMBALL, PUBLISHER, 83 MADISON STREET. 1884. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by D. F. LINDSLEY. in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, 1). C. PREFACE, The following work is the first complete treatise on the new short-hand, Takigrafy. In its simpler form Takigrafy has been widely known, and is widely used ; and the Contracted Style, though previously but partially published, is used in all parts of the country. The Note-Taker was published hi 1873 and Part I of the Reporter in 1880. The plates of both these works were destroyed in the Park Row fire of January 1882, so that t the Hand-Book is now the only work on the Contracted Style ^ of Takigrafy. The principles of the entire system have been >- condensed into this work ; but as the Simple Style is treated very briefly, the student is advised to master that style prac- tically by a study of either the Elements or Manual, as a prep- aration for the study of this work. o Commencing with the Contracted Style, the system is given jj in detail, and will be found a complete and sufficient guide to z reporting practice. Ample illustrations of the principles are given, (engraved in the Takgrafic character,) and the writing exercises, to which the student is especially referred, furnish Jjj more complete instruction for forming the outlines. No one can feel more keenly than the author, the inadequacy ** of even the best of text-books in an art of such wide and widen- ing influence. The uses of short-hand writing are becoming so varied that it is no longer possible to treat of them fully in a single volume. The different branches of strictly profes- sional work require a special treatise. Very much time has been squandered by young writers in learning outlines for words and phrases that they were quite sure never to meet again after their course of study was completed. Perhaps PREFACE. this cannot be avoided altogether, but the author has thought it advisable in this work to avoid technical and scientific terms, leaving them to be taken up as an after course, when the pupil has settled down upon some special line of reporting practice. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Many of the contractions used in the Reporting Style of Takigrafy are taken from the Phonography of Isaac Pitman, Esq., of Bath, England, as enlarged and improved by the experience of many writers. Takigrafy having added many forms of contraction peculiarly its own, has also been greatly enriched by those who have used it professionally during the last fifteen years, and has aimed to incorporate everything of excellence that the combined experience of both Takigrafers and Phonographers have furnished during a period of more than forty years. Among those who have contributed to the perfection of the Reporting Style of Takigrafy, are Mr. D. Kimball, Chicago, HI., who gave his personal services to the art for many years, and who introduced it extensively in the Western States ; Adley H. Cummings, Law Reporter, San Francisco, Cal. ; C. H. Herrick, Galveston, Texas ; Arthur M. May, Waukon, Iowa, and E. B. Goodrich, Ypsilanti, Mich., (Official Court Reporter) ; Rev. W. A. Yingling, Findlay, Ohio ; Rev. J. H. Cliilds, Wenham, Mass. ; and many others. The author cannot, however, agree with those who suppose that the art has reached its fullest measure of perfection. It is doubtless capable of still further advances ; but these advances must be made by conserving the excellences already made practical. The authors of systems on other bases, differ- ing from the Phonographic and Takigrafic, have contributed nothing, and, from the nature of the case, can hardly con- tribute anything to the general result. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PAGE SECT. The Value and Use of Shorthand 5 The Peculiar Advantages of Takigrafy 6 Previous Works on Takigrafy 7 Preparation for the Study of this Work 9 Length of Time Required to Master the Art 11 The Scope of the Present Work 11 The Magnitude of the Reporter's Profession 12 SIMPLE STYLE, CHAPTER I. ALPHABET. 15 The Consonant Letters, how written 1 The Joining of the Consonants, General Principles 2 The Vocal Signs, their Uses ; 3 General Principles of Joining Vocal Signs 4 Disjoined Vocals , 6 The use of the Variable Letters 6 Position of Outlines 7 DIPHTHONGAL SIGNS. The TFa-Series 8 Compounds of the El-and .Ar-Series 9, 10 The tf-Circle Series, 11 " " used Medially 12 " " before the Compounds of the El-and. -4r-Series 13 Long Sign Es " " " 13 The Terminations ion, ier, ure, &c 14 Shortened Forms used in the Simple Style 15 Reading Lesson in Simple Style, Sermon on the Mount 28 CONTRACTED STYLE, CHAPTER I. WORD-SIGNS. 29 Classes of Word-Signs 16 Table of Word-Signs 80-36 Reading Lesson 1, Exercise on the Word-Signs 37 Key to Reading Lesson 1 38 Writing Exercise 1 38-39 CHAPTER II. EXTENDED USE OF THE JE?-AND .Ar-HoOK SIGNS. 40 Additional Signs of the J^-hook Series 17 Large Initial Hooks on the Straight Stems 18 " " Hook on Ve and Ef 19 Zhe and ZMr used for Ja and Jer 20 CONTENTS. Miscellaneous Compounds, Emp, El-r, Hel, Arch, Arj 21 Use of the Compound Signs, General Principles 22 '1 he Tick vised for Ha, Who, and Final y 23 Reading Lesson 2, 45 Writing Exercise 2 and 3 40-48 CHAPTER III. THE USE OF THE CIRCLE AND THE DOUBLE CIRCLE. 49 The Circle before Ha, Wa and Ha 24 Es before the Compounds of the El Series, and Ja and Cha 25 Circle before the Compounds of the Ar Series 26 The Circle used f or Ze 27 Vocalization of words containing the Circle, &c 28 The Circle used on the Vocal Signs 29 The Double sized Circle 30 The Circle and Long Sign 31 Reading Lesson 3, 56 Writing Exercises 4 and 5 57-59 CHAPTER IV. St AND Sir LOOPS. 60 The St Loop 32, 33 The Str Loop 34 Circles and Lo' ps 35 Reading Lesson 4, 63 Writing Exercise 6 64-65 CHAPTER V. THE USE OF THE FINAL HOOKS. 06 The -EVi-Hook 36, 37 The Sfion-Hook. 38 Special Use of the SAon-Hook 39 The Fe-Hook 40 Reading Lesson 5, 70 Writing Exercises 7 and 8 71-72 CHAPTER VI. SHORTENED LETTERS. 73 Half-Length Letters 41, 42 Shortened Stems having Final Hooks 43 Reading Lesson 6, Gold 76 Writing Exercises 9 and 10 77-79 CHAPTER VII. LENGTHENED CURVES. 80 Double-Length Curves 44 Lengthened Up-strokes 45 Double-Lengths, and other forms of Contraction 46 Treble- Length Curves 47 Treble-Length Ea, Wa, Ha and Wa 48 Reading Lesson 7, Execution of John Brown, &c 84 Writing Exercise 11 85-86 CONTENTS. 3 CHAPTER VIII. PREFIXES. 87 Simple Prefix Signs 49 Contra, Counter, Magna-i, Self, Trans, With 50 Extra-i-u, Ex and Exter, &c 51 Im, In, Intra-e-i-o-u and Intraiu 52 Other Prefixes and Prefix-Syllables 53 The Prefix Ad before Ve and Ja, 91 The Compound Prefixes 54 Heading Lesson 8, Modern Republics 92 Writing Exercises 12, 13 and 14 93-96 CHAPTER IX. AFFIX SIGNS. 97 Table of Affix Signs 55 The use of the Affixes 56 Other Affix SyUables 57 Repeated Letters in Initial Syllables 58 Reading Lesson 9, National Character, 102 Writing Exercise 15 103-1 "4 CHAPTER X. PHRASE SIGNS. 105 General Directions for Phrase Writing 59-60 Table of Simple Phrase-Signs, with Key 106-107 Regularly Contracted Phrases, with Key 108-109 Phrases Irregularly Contracted, with Key 110-111 Miscellaneous Phrase-Signs, with Key 112-113 Reading Lesson 10, Labor Carlyle 114 Writing Exercises 16 and 17 115-117 " 18 Motion of the Heavenly Bodies, Dick 118 CHAPTER XI. ANALOGY AND EUGRAPHY. 119 The Laws of Analogy 63 Syllabication 64 Eugraphy 65 Requirements of Speed 66 The Nature of the Angles 67 The Homogeneousness of the Curves '. 68 Lineality and Phrasing 69 Requirements of Legibility 70 Reading Lesson 11, Mystery 128 Writing Exercises 19 and 20 129-131 " 21 A Universal Alphabet 132 CHAPTER XII. MISCELLANEOUS CONTRACTIONS. 133 Consonant Letters Omitted 71 Additional and Duplicate Word-Signs 134-135 Derivative Word-Signs with Key 136-137 Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline, with Key 138-141 Special Methods of Abbreviation, Initial Letters 74 Transcription 75 CONTENTS. Punctuation 76 Aids 77 Concluding Instructions 78 Reading Lesson 12, The Launching of the Ship 146 _" " Our Countries Future 147 ~" " The Love of Power 148 Writing Exercise 22, Writing Writ ing Well 149 " " 23 The Armor of Eric 151 " " 24 Freedom and Patriotism 153 Reading Lesson. Psalms, Chap. 19 154 " " Isaiah, Chap. 64 155 Specimens of Business Letters, with Key 156-157 Law Reporting. Testimony, with Key 158-159 " " Lawyers Plea 160-161 " " Indian Picture Writing, Hiawatha, 162 " " Expression of Thought, Channing 163 " " Declaration of Independence, with Key 164-167 " Extract from Paradise Lost. . . . 168 INTRODUCTION. THE VALUE AND USE OF SHORT-HAND Of the use of Short- Hand Writing in making verbatim re- ports of speeches, conventions, law cases, &c., little need, at this late day, be said. Its great importance for such purposes is universally conceded. Quite recently a demand for the art has sprung up in busi- ness circles. It has been introduced into our leading business establishments of almost all kinds, railroad, telegraph, and express offices, and bids fair at the present time to greatly relieve and assist the labors of the pen in every department of business. But there is a still wider field open for cultivation in which short-hand writing has not, as generally taught, been success- ful. Though great expectations were entertained thirty or forty years ago of the success of the old English Phonography, for these general purposes, and for all the uses of writing purely literary and professional work is still mainly done in the old way. Editors, authors, lawyers, and clergymen still continue to use the common writing. The immense amount of matter which finds its way into our books, magazines, newspapers, &c. is still written in the common way, as well as correspondence for business and social purposes, except as dictated to amanuenses, which, taken hi the aggregate, forms an amount of written matter entirely incalculable. It is ques- tionable whether the millions of tons of freight that choke the avenues of our internal trade that burden our rail-roads, canals and coast lines is as extensive or as important, as the mental products that need record and transportation in o ur advancing civilization. It is quite impossible that a people with the most magnificent opportunities, and the grandest providential destiny, at this time, when moral forces are all- 5 6 THE HAND-BOOK controlling, can consent to have the avenues of thought clogged up, while facilities for material development are abundant and ever increasing. That the art of short-hand will enter into and occupy this vast field is certain, and it will save at least three-fourths the time and a much larger percentage of the labor of writing. One reason of the neglect of short-hand heretofore is that most of the current systems are adapted only to the reporter or amanuensis. If the experience of the past forty years has demonstrated anything in reference to the art, it has shown that a style cannot be adapted to universal use, and to reporting and amanuensis purposes at the same time. If short-hand writing is to be generally introduced it can only be by teaching a style universally practical. It must be simple enough to be easily acquired and perfectly legible in its simplest form, and yet so flexible as to be easily contracted into a briefer form for reporting purposes. THE PECULIAR ADVANTAGES OF TAKIGRAFY. For all the uses mentioned above, Takigrafy is adapted. It has a fully written style suitable for correspondence and for recording business transactions, capable of taking the place of long-hand for all purposes. Built on this style as a foundation, is the Contracted Style, adapted to all the wants of the pro- fessional short-hand writer. This Contracted Style is capable of a greater or less degree of condensation. There is no as- signable limit to the degree of brevity that may be secured, though in every kind of writing there is a limit to the degree of contraction practically useful. The Simple Style may also be written with a greater or less degree of fullness. It may be written with as much minuteness and accuracy as our com- mon long-hand writing, (silent letters only being omitted, ) or it may be written, as it generally is, by the introduction of a few of the most frequently recurring word-signs, and an omission of obscure and unaccented vowels, thus rendering even the Simple Style capable of being written with great rapidity. And yet it will be seen that these two styles, with their variations, are so closely related as to form one and the same system. In its adaptations then, to all of the uses of OF TAKIGRAFT. writing, Takigrafy stands alone ; and yet, each style is as perfectly adapted to the use for which it is intended as it could possibly be, if there were, as in Phonography, but one style. PREVIOUS WORKS ON TAKIQRAFY. The Simple Style was first published in The Compendium of Tachygraphy in 1864, and more fully elaborated in the Ele- ments, published in 1869 ; but the Contracted Style was not published until 1873 and then only partially as given in the Note-Taker. The Note-Taker was not designed to serve professional reporters ; but, primarily, students in our colleges and semi- naries who might wish a briefer style than that taught in the Elements. The Note-Taker, supplemented by con- tractions published from time to time in the Rapid Writer and Takigrafer, was used by young men and young ladies am- bitious to take positions as amanuenses, or verbatim reporters ; but the Reporting Style of Takigrafy was taught only by means of private instruction and manuscripts, and hundreds of pupils acquired it in this way. Meantime it was held, as an article of faith, by certain publishers and their friends that Takigrafy had no reporting style. The fact that those using the art professionally were found in nearly all our cities throughout the Northern, Middle, and Western states, and on the Pacific coast, was ignored by these men, who saw in the Simple Style of Takigrafy a formidable rival. They sought to hinder the progress of one of the most beneficent inventions of the age, by pretending that it was deficient in its adaptation to the wants of professional reporters. The author of Takigrafy was not in haste to repel this injus- tice. While not indifferent to the wants of the few who wished to become professional writers, he regarded it as much more important that the *Simple Style should be widely intro- duced and practiced, and if, by the eclipse of the art for a time in its adaptation to reporting, lie could make its use for liter- ary and business purposes more apparent, he was willing to *Some may wish to know the measure of success which the author has met with in the introduction of the Simple Style of Takigrafy. It is impos- sible to give full statistics on the subject ; but an approximate estimate may 8 THE HAND-BOOK wait for a vindication of the briefer style, a vindication easily made when the proper time for it arrived. There were, it is true, many who thought that the publication of the art in its briefest form was essential to its introduction for general uses. Perhaps they were right in this, as hundreds, possibly thousands of persons, turned away from Takigraf y who were attracted by its simplicity, bnt who were led to believe that, if they found the art adapted to their use in its simple form, be made, based on the number of text books sold. So far as we may judge from this, ten persons have learned the Simple Style of Takigrafy for every one that has learned the Contracted. This proportion in favor of the Simple Style is much less than it should be ; for the Simple Style is adapted to the wants of at least a hundred times as many as need a Reporting Style ; and we have no doubt that, when its capabilities for usefulness are clearly understood, literary and business men generally will avail themselves of its use. There has been a protracted effort to prejudice the public mind on this subject, by creating an impression that a style was of no value what- ever that could be written only at the rate of a hundred words a minute. The insincerity of this pretense will be seen from the following considerations. 1st. The Corresponding Style of Phonography, which some publishers even yet attempt to make prominent, has never reached that rate of speed, and seldom reaches a speed of more than fifty words a minute. 2nd. A speed of one hundred words a minute, or even a speed of eighty or ninety words is a very great advance in labor-saving over the speed of twenty to thirty words, which may be considered the maximum of ordinary business writing. 3rd. If to treble the rate of speed in writing is of small account, why should we boast of our ability to treble our rate of speed in travelling. The old stage coaches ran on good roads at the rate of ten miles an hour, while our modern railroads scarcely reach thirty miles an hour in their ordinary traffic. To do three hours work in one will not be regarded by sensible men as an unimportant advantage. 4th. But even this does not measure the full advantage of the Simple Style of Takigrafy, for while it saves two-thirds of the time it saves a far greater proportion of the labor of writing. This is also comparable to the advantage gained by the rail-car over the stage-coach for we not only travel with more rapidity but with more ease and comfort. 5th. But the most important consideration is the fact that, for all ordi- nary purposes, the Simple Style of Takigraphy is as brief as is compatible with legibility and simplicity. No other system has ever approximated this rate of speed in any prac- tical form. The same classes of pupils that in Takigrafy write from sixty to one-hundred words in a minute, after three or four months of practice, write in Phonography only half as fast or from thirty to fifty words ; hence, the insincerity of objectors is apparent, and the enthusiasm of the multitudes who regard this style as the great literary, business, and social OF TAKIGRAFY. they might, at some future time, be embarrassed by not being able to go on to the full perfection of a finished and elaborate reporting style. This fear was entirely without foundation as, Takigrafy was from the very first, able to appropriate all the forms of contraction used by Phonographers, besides having resources of its own, peculiar and important. THE PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF THIS WORK. A thorough mastery of the Simple Style of Takigrafy as taught in the Manual and Elements, is the best preparation desideratum of the times, is fully justified. This style, and this alone, is capable of transforming the writing of our entire people. There is no form of business to which it is not applicable, there are no social or li terary purposes for which it cannot be used ; and if I am told that there is still one impediment in the path of its progress, namely, that people generally do not understand it, and therefore cannot read it, I reply that this impediment can be removed with perfect ease, and within the space of less than ten years, by united effort in that direction. Taught in our schools of every grade from the infant class up, it can be reduced to practice in one-half of the time required to master the common long hand. More than this, it can be taught without impeding, in the slightest degree, any other branch of study. It can be taught in such a way as to save, rather than consume time, even in the process of imparting a knowledge of its rudiments. Pupils must be taught the phonology of the language. They can be taught it by this means in a small fraction of the time required by the usual method, and by the time this important branch of an English education is under- stood, the pupil is already a ready writer of Takigrafy, with command of this wonderful art. It would be easy, of course, to discover other difficulties. What line of human progress have ever been without them ? Never was a beneficent invention more free from real impediments in its introduction, while, per- haps, none have been more thoroughly barricaded by fancied ones. We have thought it necessary to make these remarks on the Simple Style lest some should infer from our silence that we had abandoned the labor of twenty years in despair, and sank down to the low level of Stenography, Where the Phonographic writers arrived long ago. Having lost the inspira- tion of its first introduction. Phonography aims only at an improved form of Stenography ; and its professors, wrapping themselves up in professional dignity, and perched upon a high and almost inaccessible crag, beckon students upward to their own isolated position, well knowing that only one in a hundred of the aspirants will succeed. The author determined long ago to place the art of short-hand writing on an honest basis, and it is with no little satisfaction that he has found among his friends staunch defenders of every humane and moral movement. That the good work will go forward to a speedy and glorious success he has not a particle of doubt. 10 THE HAND-BOOK for a study of this work. It has been objected by some that it is a disadvantage for those who desire to become reporters, to use the longer forms of the Simple Style since they must be unlearned as the student proceeds in the study of the art. There is doubtless some truth in this suggestion, so far at least as it applies to the words of most frequent occurrence ; but the student should not overlook the very important fact that the principles of contraction apply at most to only a few thousand words, while a far greater number of words are of very infrequent occurrence, and must be written in full if they are to be made entirely legible. Now, if the student has never learned the Simple style, or has passed over it hastily, without reducing it to practice, these uncommon words, technical terms, and proper names of persons and places, which have no assignable limit in number, are con- tinual sources of embarrassment. Words of frequent occur- rence, for which the student has contracted forms, may be mastered in time, anu successfully used ; but unusual, techni- cal and proper names, can never be fully mastered, being too numerous for special study and drill. On the other hand, the student who has reduced the Simple Style of Takigrafy thoroughly to practice, can write any word in the language with ease and fluency. He is already master of the class of words of which we have spoken, and when he has learned the principles of the Contracted style, in their application to the three or four thousand words of frequent occurrence, he be- comes speedily a successful writer. This is not mere theory ; experience in teaching hundreds of pupils confirms it. We have never known a single instance in our experience in teaching, nor has an instance been brought to our notice, in which a student has found any marked advantage in the neglect of the Simple Style ; while multitudes of persons have expressed their regret for having neglected it, for the reasons stated above. As a universal rule those students succeed soonest, and become the best writers, who master the Simple Style most perfectly before commencing the Contracted. If any gentlemen are pleased to amuse themselves, and those over whom they have influence, by decrying this method of study, their objections are certainly based on no OF TAKIGRAFY. 11 sufficient grounds. We have said that, to a limited extent, the unlearning of longer forms for words of frequent occurrence, may be a disadvantage ; but this difficulty may be easily met by introducing the pupil at an early stage of his progress to the word signs, which he can use, in connection with the Simple Style, until he is thoroughly grounded in the principles of the art, and can write from seventy to one hundred words a minute. He will then be prepared to take up the study of the second part of this work, and will pass through it with rapidity and success. THE LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED TO MASTER THE ART. This will differ very much with different persons, and will depend upon the method of study and attending circum- stances. Those able to give it their full attention under the guide of a competent teacher, can master the Simple Style in six or seven weeks, and the Contracted Style in three months. This is the length of time given to the study in the Plainfield School of Takigrafy, and is believed to be sufficient in most cases. THE SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK. The author presents the work to his friends and the public with great pleasure. Though far enough from being com- plete, and capable of still further advances toward perfection, still it is, in all respects, adapted to the wants of professional writers. In practice all professions tower far above the text books which teach their elementary principles. No reporter is expected to be limited to any one exposition of principles, no matter how excellent, any more than a professional man is expected to be limited to the tenets of one school ; but as pro- fessional men prefer to associate in societies, and maintain certain principles which are believed to be superior, so short- hand writers prefer to associate for mutual advantage. And they have as wide a field as writers of Takigrafy as they can have as writers of any other system. They are near enough to the Phonographic standards to appropriate anything that they may find of excellence in them with the same facility that they could if disciples of any one of the numerous and con- flicting systems known under this common name. 12 THE HAND-BOOK THE KAGNITUDE OF THE REPORTER'S PROFESSION. We have said that the exigencies of the reporter's profession carry him far beyond the text books. This should not be won- dered at, for this practice partakes of the magnitude of all other professions combined. In Law reporting the scribe has all the variety of practice that comes with the almost infinite variety of the subjects discussed and treated ; and yet the Medical or Scientific reporter will come upon still other classes of words and phrases, and every branch of science has its own technical terms, and its own peculiar phraseology. The ever widening spheres of business activity present many pecu- liarities, and each business calls for some culture in the art peculiarly its own, as for instance, the Railroad, Express and Insurance businesses. It was impossible in this work to enter into these specialties without making it too heavy for the use intended ; though some Exercises adapted to professional work are appended by way of illustration. The author designs, however, to prepare another work, or, possibly, more than one, in which the principles of Takigrafy will be applied more specifically to special branches of the reporter's work. In- struction in these special branches will also be found in the Short-hand Writer, which aims to be the exponent of the needs of professional writers. No complete work in any branch of reporting has yet ap- peared in any system. Some have treated partially of law re- reporting, yet this branch, the best known of any, is still very poorly developed, even in the systems which boast of their "standard" qualities and their " completeness. What is done well in any system which is constructed on the basis common to Phonography and Takigrafy, is an aid to all ; and Takigrafers, while doing their part, will hail with joy every real advancement made in the art. DEFINITIONS, AND DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY. -TACHYGRAPHY (now written as pronounced, Ta-kig-ra-fy .) Greek tachns, rapid ; and graphe, writing, rapid writing. PHONOGRAPHY. Greek phone, sound, or voice, and graphe writing ; the writing of the sounds of the human voice. Any kind of character that assumes to express the elements of spoken language. In a more restricted sense the system of short-hand writing invented by Mr Isaac Pitman of England, and the systems derived from it. PHONETIC, or PHONIC. Greek phone, voice, pertaining to the expression of the sounds of the voice in language. A pho- netic system of writing is one which expresses the sounds of speech, as nearly all languages assume to do. CALLIGRAPHY (kal-lig-ra-fy). Greek kalligraphia, fine or beautiful writing. EUGRAPHY. Greek eugraphe, correct writing. CONSONANTALS AND VOCALS. The short-hand letters which represent the consonant sounds are called consonantals. Those representing vowels, are called vocals, or vocal signs. OUTLINE WORD-FORM. The form a word assumes when written with the short-hand characters. MANNER OF HOLDING THE PEN. Hold the pen between the first and second fingers and thumb, the penholder pointing well to the right. The nibs of the pen should press evenly on the paper, so that the letters can be made smoothly. The pen can be rolled slightly so as to adjust it to the varying directions of the letters. A good steel pen is generally to be preferred. Never use a pencil for practice. 13 14 THE HAND-BOOK ON PREPARING THE WRITING EXERCISES. The attention of the student is called especially to the wri- ting exercises. They should be written, and corrected by a teacher, then rewritten and carefully studied, until the ap- plication of the principles, in all their details, is thoroughly understood. If this is done, the progress of the student will be satisfactory and rapid. Should, however, any be situated in such a way that the services of .a teacher cannot be ob- tained, the directions for writing the exercises will be" found so minute that a student, with ordinary carefulness and dili- gence, will be able to learn to write them correctly. In preparing the writing exercises for correction, the student should leave the space of one line blank under each line of writing; and, when the exercise is corrected by the teacher, it should be carefully rewritten, so that correct word -forms may be secured. If the work is studied without a teacher, the same course may be pursued. After preparing the exercise carefully, lay it aside for a day or more, that it may be taken up afresh ; then study each form carefully, to see that it conforms to the principles of the system, correcting every faulty outline; and finally, rewrite the whole exercise several times. After the exercise has been thus prepared, whether with or without a teacher, it should be written from dictation until it can be written with a fair degree of readiness; say at the rate of 75 to 100 words a minute. DRILLING ON THE TABLES. Study the Tables of word and phrase-signs carefully, and copy them accurately. Drill on each word and phrase sep- arately, as in learning the alphabet. After a certain portion of the table has been prepared in this way, it should be written from dictation several times, and then another portion pre- pared and written from dictation, in the same manner. The student should review from the first frequently, so that when the work is completed, the signs can be used with the most perfect freedom. The success of the pupil depends almost entirely upon his following a correct method of study. The hints given above are not sufficient to meet all cases and kinds of practice, but if faithfully followed will certainly yield excellent results. r THE HAND-BOOK OF TAKIGRAFY. CHAPTER I. SIMPLE STYLE. ALPHABET OF TAKIGRAFY. SEC. 1. CONSONANT LETTERS. Written Downward. Be Pe Ga Ka Ve Ef Zhe Ish The Ith Tha tha Written from Left to Right. De Te Ze Es En Ing Ja Cha Written Upward. Variable. Ra Wa Wha Ha Ya ' Em El Ar These letters are perpendicular, horizontal, or inclined to the left at an angle of 45 degrees. The up-strokes are inclined to the right at an angle of about GO degrees from the perpendicular. The downward ar is written at an angle of about 27 degrees. The letters The and Ith, are reversed into Tha tha. The curves are quarter circles, and unite with each other and the straight signs into definite geometrical forms, making angles right, acute, and obtuse, or joining without angles. This will be seen in the following Illustrations and exercises. Q 15 16 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 2. THE JOINING OF THE CONSONANTS. After mastering these letters thoroughly, by drilling on them as taught in the Manual and Elements, they may be joined as shown in the following illustrations. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF JOINING. 1. Acute angles are better than obtuse; but joinings with- out angles, are better still. 2. Facing curves are better than opposing curves. Remark 1. Where there is a choice of outline, the rapidity and beauty of the writing will depend very much upon the observance of these principles. Rem. 2. These illustrations form an excellent series of drills, and the student should drill on them, taking one at a tune, until they can be written with facility and accurateness. Right Angles. Acute Angles. ~7 L Z_ A Facing Curves forming Angles. Opposing Curves forming Angles. Straight Lines Joined without Angle. \ \ ,f OF TAKIGRAFY. 17 Straight and Curved Lines Joined without Angle. Rem. 3. The letters Be-El, Ma-Be, and some others given above, would fornr angles if made with perfect accuracy, but it is better in writing that this stiffness should be avoided and the letters joined without angle. Facing Curves Joined without Angle. -} O O a o C Opposing Curves Joined without Angle. Rem. 4. The student should drill on the above joining until each outline can be struck with one sweep of the pen, hi a rapid and graceful manner. SEC. 3. VOCAL SIGNS. Heavy and Long. Semi-circles. Dots. Dashes. Diamond Points. ncu / -NIX f si E A Ah A Oo O Au Oi Light and Short. ri u -^\ / v i a e oo u o I THE USE OF THE VOCAL SIGNS. All of the vocal signs may be joined in writing except the dots. They may, however, where it is more convenient, be used disjoined. Their use will be understood from the follow- ing : 18 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 4. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF JOINING. 1. All vocals if joined, must make a distinct angle with the following consonant. On the end of a consonant the semi-cir- cles except A-long, form hooks, as in the examples above. 2. The full form of the long vowel is preferred to the hook where both are equally convenient ; but for the short vowel the hook is preferred to the full form. 3. Dash vocals must make an angle with both a preceding and a folllfwing letter. 4. Either side of the diamond points may be curved when- more convenient in joining. Vocals Joined. Beat bit caught cot coat cut coin gout Bar barrel deep dip meet mid gate gat His has fight fit suit rude rudder SEC. 5. DISJOINED VOCALS. The dots are always disjoined, and other vocals may be disjoined for convenience at any time. 1. If the disjoined vocal is to be read before a perpendicular or inclined stroke, it is writen on the left of it. If read after. 3 right. If read before a horizontal stroke, it is written it. If read after, it is written beloAv. 2. The heavy dot belongs with the preceding consonant and the light dot with the following. They are placed near the middle of the letter, and are written near the end of the consonant which follows them, except in words ending in a disjoined vocal, where it must be placed near the end of the preceding consonant. OF TAKIGRAFY. Vocals Disjoined. Fair ferry Fade favor father feather southern lover Rem. 1. The variations of the 0-long and w-short, are for convenience in joining, and the form is chosen that makes the sharpest angle. Rem. 2. The semi-circles are joined by a connecting stroke in a few cases but this can be avoided by disjoining the vocals. Rem. 3. Obscure vowels are not written, and unaccented vowels may be frequently omitted, but long and accented vowels should be written in the simple style in most cases. Rem. 4. The omission of silent letters, and the use of letters adapted to the sounds employed, in place of the old spelling, is understood to lay at the foundation of the System. This feature is amply explained and illustrated in the works devoted to the Simple Style, to which the student is referred. These principles will be better understood by consulting the following 1. Deed, did, weak, wicked, ticket. 2. Detect, auditory, essential, emotion, token. 3. People, pauper, copper, form- ation, location decision. 4. Side, niece, tune, cube, pipe, navigate. 5. Public, arrogate, animal, balcony, tendency. 6. Heresy hair, wear, emergency, firmament. 20 THE HAND-BOOK Note. In common practice the disjoined vocals in the words wicked, ticket, essential, decision, public, tendency, and heresy, given above, are omitted. SEC. 6. THE USE OF THE VARIABLE LETTERS. The general principles of joinings given in sections 2 and 4, determine the use of the letters which admit of variation. They must be so used as to make acute rather than obtuse angles in case of straight signs, and curves that are homoge- neous. These principles apply both to the joining of the large letters with each other, and the joining of the small letters with the large. The application of these principles will be understood from the following Examples. SEC. 7. POSITION OF OUTLINES. 1. The outline of a word is its form as it stands in the writ- ten page. This outline has a relation to the line of writing. The first perpendicular or inclined letter in it, if it has such a letter rests on the line of writing. All letters which pre- ceed or follow this, follow their own natural direction with- out reference to the line. 2. If the outline contains\pnly horizontal strokes, it rests upon the outline. ^^^ Hem. 1. Npte that the consonant stroke rests^a the Hne, the vocal sign is not regarded, but foljows its own proper direction below, on the line, or above, as the case may be. Rem. 2. If the word contains two or more consonant strokes, the outline rests upon the first perpendicular or inclined stroke, even if that chances to OF TAKIGRAFY- 21 be the last stroke in the word, as in the word centennial, in the examples below. Rem. 3. Upstrokes are inclined letters and determin the position of the outline the same as the descenders. Rem. 4. It is not necessary that the paper be ruled. The proper place for the line will be known though no line appear on the paper. See Manual, page 38. Illustrations. 'V.J DIPHTHONGAL SIGNS. All the words in the language can be written with the use of the signs already explained ; but greater convenience and beauty of outline is secured by the use of the diphthongal signs which represent the union of such letters as pr in pray, pi in play, sp in spy, ps in hops, &c. Rem. It would be theoretically possible to indicate every union of conso- nants without an intervening vowel by a compound sign ; but this is not always convenient. The compound signs used in t he simple style are diph- thongal in character, and of frequent occurrence. SEC. 8. THE Wa SERIES. Qu, Dw, Tw, Gu AND Thw. Of these Qu, Div and Tw, are the most important and are provided with brief signs ; but they may be written with the alphabetic signs, which are also given below : The full forms are generally employed in the simple style, the briefer forms given under them in the contracted style. Rem. The full forms are named Ka-Wa, JDe-Wa, &c., from the Alpha- betic signs of which they are composed. The briefer signs are named @wa, Dwa and Twa. P. _^^ Qua Dwa Twa G a-Wa Tha-Wa 22 THE HAND-BOOK EXAMPLES OP THE FULL FORMS. Quick language dwell twit thwart SEC. 9. COMPOUNDS OF THE El AND Ar SERIES. These signs form two series an initial and a final series. Some of these signs are used both initially and finally, and are named Pla,pra, &c., when initial, Pel, per, &c., when final. Those that belong to both the initial and final series are the following : Bra Ber f 1 bla pra bel per r pla pel <\ gra ger ^ "X gla kra gel ker kla kel c c 9 J> ? ^ Dra tra fra fla shra thra Der ter fer fel sher ther Used Initially. v~ V V" tr- - cs w~ V Broom bloom prim plum grim glum Flame flute shred thread throng thrill Used Finally. Pebble pepper beggar buckle fitful pressure SEC. 10. ADDITIONAL SIGNS. The following signs also belong to the final series. Del tel vel ver ther nel Ingr OF TAKIGRAFY. 23 Examples. Peddle bottle oval over other owner kennel GENERAL PRINCIPLE. The signs used initially are employed in all cases, those used finally only where they are more convenient. Rem. The appropriate use of these signs is important to the formation of a good style. The signs may be said to be convenient when they form good angles, and admit the use of the vocal signs where they are needed. Examples. Able table noble double rabble rebel ^ - Eagle ogle bugle tackle fickle rascal The compound signs are used in the following words : NOTE. Words having, only initial compounds are not given here, since they all use the compound signs. Opal, upper, cooper, copal, suffer, sober, bubble, pebble, sample, simple, temple, trample, tremble, member, mumble, number, limber, amber, timber, eager, ogre, meagre, meeker, local, voycal, focal, ducal, buckle, bugle, bigger, beaker. Model, medal, muddle, metal, peddle, puddle, bottle, evil, awful, oval^. over, sever, mover, rover, rougher, tougher, measure, treasure, leisure, pressure. The alphabetic signs are used in these words : Neighbor, saber, able, enable, unable, disable, rabble, sable, table, dabble, babble, bible, bauble, papal, paper, chapel, pauper, maker, raker, wriggle, boggle, draggle, toggle, tackle, wiggle, tattle, tatter, tutor, prattle, brittle, brutal, favor, savor, fever, never, lover, deliver, silver, leather, lather, rather, gather, bother, harbor. SEC. 11. THE S-CIRCLE SERIES. The sound of -s unites with that of some other letters both initially and finally. In such cases it is represented by a % 24 THE HAND-BOOK circle written on the right and upper side of the straight lines, and on the inside of the curves : I \ Q J o Q~s _x or CLX Sp sk st sf sm sn si si spy sky stay sphere small snow sleet slap sway bNo-^^-li^-J?^ ps ks (x) ts fs ths ns Is rs On the end of the heavy signs the circle is written for z, as also on the liquids, Em, En, El and Ar. Bz gz dz vz thz mz ngz nz lz rz SEC. 12. THE CIRCLE USED MEDIALLY. When the circle occurs between two straight signs it is written on the outside of the angle. Between a straight and a curved sign it is on the inside of the curves ; and be- tween two curves it is written on the inside of both ; other- wise it is written as most convenient, as will be seen in the following illustration and examples. Illustration. The circle is used primarily in cases where it unites with th.e consonant without an intervening vowel. But its use is also extended to cases where an obscure vowel or small or short u occurs between the s and the letter to which it is attached. OF TAKIGRAFY. 25 Examples. ^ D O N= & -* ^- -t- ^ Guess ashes luscious wages scepter section Examples. - KEY. 1. Breast, guest, desk, rest, crest, west, blest. 2. Zest, nest, test, drest, trusty, chest. 3. Success, succession, secession, procession, retrocession, posseses. SEC. 13. THE CIRCLE BEFORE THE COMPOUNDS OP THE El AND Ar SERIES. Between two straight letters the circle on the left or upper side implies the r ; in other cases when the circle occurs be- tween any sign, and the compound of the El or Ar Series, the hook appears. Examples. Excrete exclude express bespread restrain describe &. Es BEFORE COMPOUNDS OF THE El AND Ar SERIES. In the Simple Style of Takigrafy the Alphabet form of the Es is used before compounds of the El and Ar Series, wherever the circle is not convenient. Examples. Extreme explore disclaim abstract fiscal 26 THE HAND-BOOK Rem. 1. If a vowel precedes in the beginning of a word, or follows it in the end, the long sign is used, except ha a few cases where the vowel may be joined to the circle. astronomy ostensible auspicious Kern. 2. When two vowels cr a diphthong precede * the long sign is used as in Science congruous theism theistic SEC. 14. THE TERMINATIONS ion, ier, nre, &c. The terminations ion, ier, and ure, are generally written yon, yer and yure ; so also yu is used for w-long in many cases. The words brazier, glazier and measure, pleasure, &c., are written mezhr, plezhr, &c. For convenience sake, oo is written for?t-long after Ya. and in some other cases where it is more convenient, as in the words communion, community, &c. Examples. r? KEY. 1. Christian, clothier, natural, measure, treasure. 2. Communion, community, opinion, unite. Rem. 1. A few word-signs and phrase-signs are used in the Simple Style, and obscure and unaccented vowels are omitted wherever'they are not necessary to legibility. For these features and an elaboration of the princi- ples briefly sketched in the preceding pages, the student is refen -d to the Elements of Takigrafy and the Manual, which shud be studied by a,! persons who wish to use Takigrafy for correspondence or for business purposes of any kind. Rem. 2. Those desiring to pass through the Simple Style merely as an introduction to the Contracted Style will find it to their advantage to i -1 OF TAKIGRAFY. 27 reduce it pretty thoroughly to practice before taking up the contractions. The supposition that it is a loss of time to do so, is not supported by experience. A thorough mastery of the Simple Style, is the very best preparation to success in the Contracted Style. Rem. 3. The Simple Style may be written at the rate of 80 to 100 words a minute, and even more rapidly than this, and the student should not re- gard himself as having successfully reduced this style to practice until he can write at least 70 to 80 words a minute. Rem. 4. For reading lessons hi the Simple Style, which are necessary to a full view of this style, see the Takigrafer, issued serially, at one dollar a year. SEC. 15. SHORTENED FORMS USED IN THE SIMPLE STYLE. In the practical use of the Simple Style obscure and unac- cented vowels are generally omitted ; also the dot vowels and the disjoined dashes, wherever they are not necessary to legi- bility. More than half of the vowels may be safely omitted by the proficient writer of this Style, and in some words of frequent occurrence all the vowels may be dropped. Words in which the vowels are omitted : I I Be,been up Am,may an,on are we were where you he here The following may be used as word-signs in the Simple Style : a ~J O _ / ^f s '-^ U > A Which will as,is who all how of the have in ye >- s c T^L c^ t^ c? y~i And could should that would what had his,has Phrases formed Hby connecting the above : -*' Va. i i ^ * <^ S* ? Of the, in the, to the, of all, of this, of which, we had, he has, who has. Ihave J)een, to dp, that ( is, they have, this is, that was, it may be so, you and I. / You should be, what is that, what would you do, where is she, here she is. Other shortened forms admissible in the Simple Style. ^^^*^ Q -X""* /*~~~ /^~ It is now, I was, use, u#e of some, the same, at any time. 28 THE HAND-BOOK J- u \ J_ X 1 L-V^ X^ oi \ J /V V iA^ v \_^_/~~/ <^C_x cf ^ * ^ ^^_J \J ^t ' ^^7 / ^ v n V-^ ^r V^ Xl_ >x^ UA^^ ^ n. 'L_ r^ ^_ 1 VX^V I "H. C^~l Q ? y v -v^ - cy/Vcy ix /r* ^. ^o Vo o_ ^_^. ^7 N^t, ^^ V CONTRACTED STYLE. CHAPTER I. WORD-SIGNS. The abbreviations employed in the contracted style of Ta- kigrafy may be classed under the following divisions : 1st, Word-signs : 3d, General contractions ; 3d, Prefixes and Af- fixes ; 4th, Phrase-signs. SEC. 16. CLASSES OF WORD-SIGNS. Definition. {A word-sign is a Takigrafic word-form short- ened by omitting some of the letters used in writing it fully. Word-signs are formed by special and sometimes irregular modes of contraction, which apply only to the words spe- cified, or to their derivatives. The characters used for word-signs are, a. Letters of the Takigrafic alphabet, b, Compound signs, c, Combined signs. d, Signs irregularly contracted, e, Contracts. /, Common abbreviations. Class b consists of the secondary letters of the El, Ar, and Es-series of compounds. Class c contains a consonant and a vowel. Class d comprises word-signs which employ one or more of the final letters of the word. Class e contains two or more consonants. Class / contains common abbreviations such as A. B., P. M. Note. Classes a, b and c are combined with Tables 2 and 3. Classes d, e and / correspond with Tables 4, 6 and 1. Word-signs may be further classed as Primitives and Derivatives. A Primitive word-sign is the simplest form in which it occurs ; a Derivative word-sign is any modification of such Primitive form. A table of Primitive word-signs is given below, with a few specimens of derivative signs. 29 30 THE HAND-BOOK Note. General principles of contraction enter, in some cases, into the formation of word-signs. These principles are explained in succeeding chapters. Letters writhen half-length imply a t or d after them. Lengthened curves imply dr or tr a double circle, s-s or s-za, small final hook n. There are also, other forms of contraction which are explained in their proper place. Rem. Words derived from those given in the table are written by adding prefixes or affixes which are explained in future chapters. A few examples are given. TABLE OF WORD-SIGNS. 1. COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. * Mr. c 1 A. B. ^ Mrs. c A. D. r Miss. c S~ A. M. p Master f~ M. D. X> Rev. ) Ph. D. -1 Hon. 1 /^~ P. M. Prof. 1. x-s, P. S. % Sec'y D. D. 3, Pres't -^^ D. C. ^> Gov. ^~^^ M. C. \ Capt. 1 *, B. C. V Exec'r 1 x P. 0. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. OF TAKIGRAFY. 31 2. VOCAL SIGNS. n ye " who V high L. "^ there o if x all y why -wi th e in ^ of ^, employ o as, is u have ^ he >./ ( how, out | without p has, his 3. SINGLE CONSONANT STEMS. B.P. I be, been D. T. A opportunity dollar I by \ object n principle-al fj speak "1 special * idle, idea head 1 above p suspect 4 r already *j about V habit 1( brother \ brief stipulate c <.K. ( give-n g- X \ together \ altogeher c dear jdull \ deliver take 1 subject S, s lor y ~^ taken f establish ^ signify c truth O business >. (begui c_ o \ begun tell, till up, hope x) began Q still 1 happy happen \ kingdom | account ^\ tac^ordiog '^ \ English <^ you, your <} first ^-" any * outward 7 7 ure shjeyt n each ^2 ^ when ^ conversation and, hand O oifi%l j> always ; &c. OF TAKIGRAFY. 33 CONTRACTS. E.P i behave fe companion j benevolent C accompany K benignant J, haphazard .K bethink f applicable J bespeak 1 probable i inhabitant 1 perhaps ] breakfast \ practice 1 I brilliant I public ( publish \ t prognosticate apprehend Jb passage ^\ impregnable V passenger a implication t. postage ; plenipotentiary I popular i> conspicuous ^ peculiar ; superincumbent L pecuniary L superintendent 34 THE HAND-BOOK ci.K s govern ^y collect )o example N. correct X aggregate \p expenditure vv congregate , consequence N T>. T <\ gratitude ^ difficult ^ congratulate \ doctor v^ gubernatorial C deficient , signify-icant l'' denominate ^ signature "~-^- downward V suggest ""> designate X capable OS. discrepancy ' n \^) discontinue ^ culpable ~^v indignant N^>. because \ indiscriminate \s/" become w ^ derange N. became ' "^ delinquent v/\ character OF TAKIGRAFY. 35 xr- contradict V* form "^ contiguous P efficient T contemporaneous y sufficient p constitute i. fourth *~> integrity ^ forward ( '** intangible \ afterward /a instruct 1__ infidel * intelligent 2 . infatuate HL strength ^j inoffensive V. F ? vegetable 5 frequent \ vocabulary l^ engineer I vengeance 2 usual ^ volume V^ thanksgiving ] involve /'"I ambiguous JL overwhelm /^\ magazine i figure (2 malignant 36 THE HAND-BOOK manipulate ^*f monopoly (^ manufacture x-^~ r memorandum v *~l number s -"\ neglect "~V-? nevertheless s_^v New England < knowledge newspaper nondescript notwithstanding endeavor individual intermediate length language represent re-public-ation-ish repugnant regular respect remark railroad exterior extraordinary world universe uniform unanimous union household OP TAKIGRAFY. 1. \ ^ c.l. c . . 1882. ..^. 1 1 1 L % Of \ 01 c / p U 448595 38 THE HAND-BOOK KEY TO READING LESSON 1. Exercise on the Word-Signs. 1. The way of the righteous is as a shining light. 2. The day, the time, the path, the goal, the glory, the place, the praise. 3. In the, on the, for the, to the, though the, through the, have the, all the. 4. John Jones, A. B. A. D. 1882. Adam Smith, A. M. (5) in account with Samuel Sampson, D. D. J The Deputy Post Master General, at (6) Washington, D. C. Perhaps the prin- cipal object in our meeting together, (7) is to consider the sub- ject in all its bearings. A knowledge of the (8) principles of language is of general utility . Notwithstanding the advantages of the (9) measure a large number of gentlemen were disposed to call it (10) in question. To him that hath shall be given, and from him (11) that hath not shall be taken even that which he(12) seem eth to have. They have taken advantage of your remarks. 13. A large number of persons were present. Would you be wise, (14) five things observe with care, of whom you speak, to whom (15) you speak, and how, and when, and where. WRITING EXERCISE 1. Write the following with the signs given in the table. About above accommodate accompany according account advantage afterward aggregate all almost alone already also although altogether always and any anything appli- cable apprehend ambiguous .. are as average. Became become because began, begin begun be been before benevolent benignant bespeak bethink between breakfast brief brilliant brother business by. Capable character child collect companion congratulate congregate consequent conspicuous constitute contiguous contemporaneous con- tradict conversation correct culpable. Dear deficient deliver denominate derange delinquent difficult discontinue dis- crepancy doctor designate dollar downward dull dwell. Each efficient either employ endeavor England English engineer establish evening example expenditure explain ex- terior external extraordinary. Fact figure first for form forth forward frequent future from. General generation give OF TAKIGRAFY. 39 given glory govern gratitude gubernatorial. Habit hand hap-hazard happen happy has hath have he head heart high him his home household hope how. Idea idle if in immediate injustice important implication impregnable indignant indiscriminate individual infatuate infidel inha- bitant inherit intermediate inoffensive instruct intangible integrity intelligent involve inward. Just. Kingdom knowledge. La/iguage last least length Lord. Magazine malignant manipulate manufacture may memorandum monopoly much more. Neglect never never- theless new newspaper notwithstanding number nondes- cript now. Object official opinion opportunity or our out outward overwhelm. Passage passenger postage popular peculiar pecuniary perhaps practice probable prognosticate pleasure principal principle public publish. Regular re- mark reply represent republic republication republish repugnant respect rule. Satisiy secretary school several short signify significant signature speak 'special stipulate still strength subject such sufficient suggest southern superincumbent superintendent sure suspect. Take taken tell till thank thanksgiving thing think them the there thy together truth. Unanimous uniform union universe usual. Value vegetable vengeance very vocabu- lary volume. When which while who whole why will wish with without world. Ye yesterday you your. A. B. A. D. A. M. B. C. Capt. D. C. D. D. Exec'r Gov. Hon. M. C. M. D. Ph. D. Master Miss Mr. Mrs. P. M. P. O. P. S. Pres. Prof. Sec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Write these derivatives with word-signs with added letters. Advantages objects principles manufactures republics engineers. Accountable remarkable having employing re- plying dwelling engineering. Objected represented respected. Hopeful wilful truthful. Forever whoever however when- ever. Immediately generally hourly surely shortly officially. Former collector satisfactory manufactory manufacturer childish glorify. Idleness newness individuality. CHAPTER II. EXTENDED USE OF THE El AND AT HOOK-SIGNS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS. SEC. 17. ADDITIONAL SIGNS. 1. In addition to the signs of the El-audAr- -Series, used in the Simple Style, and explained in Chapter I, we have the fol- lowing large hook signs. Zhel shel mel ingl wel whel yel hel quel 2. The signs Qua, Diva and Twa have small hooks, as pre- viously given. See page 21. The sign Qua is shaded to imply r ; and, with the enlarged hook, it is shaded to emply rl, as in the examples below. 3. The series of the r-hook signs may be completed by using the hook on Em for mr, the tick being used for hm. Examples. Quail dwindle twaddle murmur farmer f rtj c\ ^^ c^x_ cf Shelf ambrosial multiply knowingly wealth whelm Yellow help quality equality acquire querl Rem. 1. Observe, that Quel is reversed when it is preceded by E-\ong. Hem. 2. These signs Qua Dwa and Twa excepted, are not strictly fonetic in their use. They admit a vowel between the letters represented by the com- pound sign. They do not, however, allow the introduction of long un- accented vowels. It would not do to use these signs in such words as shoal, shawl, wheel, weal, Yale, &c. though acquire forms an exception to the general rule. 40 THE HAND-BOOK 41 4. Hooked Signs for zl and si. Zl and si are generally written with the circle on I, but there are a few cases in which hooked signs may be used with advantage. Examples. p> c^L*y \ 7 ^_ . 46 THE HAND-BOOK WRITING EXERCISE 2. The large hooks are used on Ma, En, Ing, Wa, Ya, Ha. ZHEL, SHEL, MBL. Ambrosial official shall shell shelf shelve multifarious multiform multilateral multiple multiply multiplicity multiplication mellifluous melancholy. Rem. The hook is not used in multitude and its derivatives, nor in the words malefactor, military, &c. INQLY. Alarmingly amazingly approvingly carres singly charmingly doubtingly jeeringly jestingly knowingly laugh- ingly swimmingly kingly strongly. WEL, YEL, HEL. Welcome welfare well-known well- spring well-wisher will-worship well will wealth whelm. Yellow yelp yell yellowish help helpful helpless hell-hound . QWA, DWA, TWA, Quick quarry quoin quarto queer equip equipoise equity quire quiet quietude twang twain tweak tweed twelve twig dwindle. QUEL, EQUEL, QUER. Qualify qualitative qualificative equal equally quality equality equalness unequal unequally unqual- ifiedly inequality. Querulous require inquire acquire querl. ZEL, SEL. Dazzle hustle tussle tassel Russell nozzle drizzle. Use the circle in muscle, wrestle, vassal, and the 'Ze,-El, in puzzle, fizzle, guzzle, grizzle frizzle, &c, BLER, PLER, ULER, CLER. Blur pillar feebler cobbler tippler color clerk clergy clergyman poplar scholar templar tumbler gambler mumbler grumbler humbler nobler troubler scribbler quibbler. Not used where a vowel follows the r, as in gallery, pillory. BREL, PREL, GREL, DREL, TREL. April pearl drill drill- ing trilling neutral central sprawl scrawl. Prelacy pre- liminary quadrille liberal illiberal corporal inaugural electoral collateral collaterally impearled temporal tem- porally liberally illiberally terrestrial industrial-ly-ism. Not used in girl curl nor in droll trail trial etc. The large initial hook on Ve and Ef. Prefigure prefix prevail prevent. Profane profuse proverb province provoke profound prefer preferable previous previ- ously previse profess professor professedly profusely pro- fuseness proverbial provide provokingly. OF TAKIGRAFY. 47 Y GHER, JEL, CHEL. Teacher preacher journey journal Agile angel angelic bachelor flagellate fragile vigil. EMP. Bump pump camp damp tamp samp thump lamp lump limp romp wampum hemp jump champ stamp en- stamp tramp encamp vamp. ER, IAR, URE. Miller taller tailor collar cooler familiar failure frailer sailor snarler parlor similar smaller. REL. Relish relax religious barrel apparel coral moral oral quarrel squirrel pearl furl unfurl curl girl gnarl marl. Not used in aerial real reel royal roll rule rail early &c. ARCH, AROE. Arch march scorch torch porch birch church smirch search charge barge large marriage courage courageous encourage discourage merge dirge gorge scourge. The tick for HA and WHA: Whole wholesome while whelm heavy halve hoof heath heather hath him hymn home whim whimsical hemp humor humorously. The tick for i short : Ditty oddity dirty lady booty ferry fairy very bony money downy shiny. WRITING EXERCISE 3. Use the signs of the L and .R-series in the final syllables : Bubble pebble pepper people blubber probable proper buckle bigger beggar bugle beaker breaker broker bleaker picker pucker progress bottle peddle poodle puddle petal prodigal putter baffle bevel Bristol brutal bushel. Cable copal couple grapple scribble scruple goiter cockle crackle cuttle cuttler gravel graver clever gather gainer gunner kennel grapnel. Double trouble trooper toggle trickle debter tetter total treadle straddle travel drummer tunnel tenor treacherous evil awful oval. Fable affable feeble vocal vicar vapor voucher fickle fisher frivelous shovel shuffle, civil civility sober supple social other thermal farmer. Maker meeker miracle medal metal mirthful moover muffler knocker novel novelty rebel revel rioter level limner rudder rumor hovel harper harsher wrecker weevil. 48 THE HAND-BOOK The full forms are preferred in the following words Enable unable dabble dapple taper trapper draper dormer pummel guitar frizzle vail avail veal vial vile avowal fail feel fool foal file foil fowl favor shawl shoal shield essen- tial labor liver lively neighbor. The following words may be written either in full or with the compound signs. Able bable babble pauper Bible Papal blabber paper pauper pickle bladder batter beadle beetle brittle paddle prattle bother botcher. Cattle clatter cobble dribble dinner draper table tickle titter tatter toddle tottle tittle dimmer trimmer dreamer streamer tumor hammer hobble. Frippery flipper shrubbery enamor rumor lamer shimmer swimmer mocker nickle wiggle wriggle. The signs of the I- and r-series in initial syllables embracing a vowel : Calomel calamity calcareous calumny collector college coliseum collateral colporter colloquial colurnbiad. Marvel marble mercenary marshal mortal mercy murmur. Valet valid value valve volatile vulgar. Carnal kernel corner corporal cartridge fervor perjurer purple. Call dear full care till until sure surely ensure philosophy philology pilgrim Delaware telegram telescope pulverize pell-mell pilfer belfry bell bill curdle girdle deluge Delhi delible tolerable tolerate valor fulfil devolve revolve. Use the full forms in the first syllable : Carbonate caravan carbuncle carcass cardinal carnage coral carp carriage cornice corona coroner corrosive. Delineate delirum delude delusive delve. Fardel farthing farinaceous ferocious fertile ferriage ferule fare-well forbear forage foreknowledge forestall fur- nace furbish hyperbola palpable parallel perish purpose purchase purify colossus valley voley volume voluble. CHAPTER III. THE USE OF THE CIRCLE. SEC. 24. THE CIRCLE BEFORE Ra, Wa AND Ha, 1. In the commencement of a word the circle is written on the under side of the Ra for sr, and on the upper side for sw ; but in the midst of a word, the hook of the Wa must appear, and the sr may have the circle on either side. 2. The circle may be written on the backside of the curve in such combinations as Em-s-Wa, Es-s-Wa, &c. 3. In such words as Soho, Sahara, the long sign is more convenient for s than the circle, though the circle can be used in the hook if preferred. Examples. SEC. 25. S BEFORE COMPOUNDS OF THE El SERIES AND Ja AND Cha. 1. Initial S followed by a compound of the El series, Ja or Cha, is best "written by the long sign in most cases, as in sickly supply sage satchel sidle Civil 2. The circle can be written in the large hooks, as in e_ e settle saddle social swell squall squirrel 49 50 THE HAND-BOOK 3. Preceeded by another consonant the circle is used when- ever convenient, and a connecting stroke may be used in a few cases. Examples. Exclaim exchange exaggerate possible misjudge mischief C < <^ <5> e e Postal Bristol briskly Paschal passage beseech Fiscal physical misplace discipline disclose displace Rem. When Pla follows Ex, as in explain, the. circle is omitted. SEC. 26. THE CIRCLE BEEORE COMPOUNDS OF THE Ar SERIES. 1. The circle is used on the left and upper side of the straight stems implying the hook of the Ar series. 1 1 \ \ a cr J s-br s-pr s-gr skr s-dr str s-shr, s-chr Spring supper sober screw stream sadder sucker 2. Used medially, the hook is inferred between two straight signs in the same direction. In other cases the hook appears. Examples. \ Prosper distress express describe restrain unstrung 3. The following cases should be observed. Bskr bsk bstr bst kstr kst As the use of the circle on the inside of the angle is less con- venient, the r is frequently omitted in cases like the above. In some cases the long sign is used instead of the circle. OF TAKIGRAFY. 51 Examples. Subscribe obstruct offspring extreme Subscribe obstruct mainspring offspring unscrew SEC. 27. THE CIRCLE USED FOR Z. 1. The circle is used for the sound of z, with nearly the same freedom as for s ; and the long sign is used for z when preceded by a vowel in the commencement of a word, or followed by a vowel in the ending of a word, the same as with s. Examples. zone risen business prase prize 2. The circle is used for z, attached to vocal signs in some cases. SEC. 28. THE VOCALIZATION OF WORDS CONTAINING THE CIRCLE, &c. The matter of vocalizing stems which contain a circle, and of indicating the use of vocals between the parts of a com- pound of the I or r series will be understood from the following examples. The vocals are generally omitted in such cases. Sake sad a sober call tell till 52 THE HAND-BOOK. Submissive unsuccessful unsatisfying statistician SEC. 29. THE CIRCLE USED ON THE VOCAL SIGNS. The circle may be used after a vocal sign both initially and finally. Examples. Acid astonish asp ask assume assail assign associate iate Pursue phraisee loose nice voice spruce .__ y 3 ~~o v ^ to ' X^, /v, Joys annoys lose size views SEC. 30. THE DOUBLE SIZED CIRCLE. 1. The circle is made twice its usual size to represent s-s or s-z with any intervening vocal : the double circle is generally used to represent ses, sis, SMS and sear, as in the words. Suspend necessity senses analysis accessible 2. The double circle may be used in such words as analysis, and generally where practical ; but the single circle followed by the long sign Es is frequently preferred. Examples Society Cesarea thesis theses process recess OF TAKIGBAFY. 53 SEC. 31 THE CIRCLE AND LONG SIGN. In determinining whether the circle should be used or not, the student should keep in mind general principles whch ap- ply to a certain extent throughout the entire system. See Sec. 22. The circle admits of more liberty than the compounds of the L and R series, and is used with long vowels in some cases ; but attention to the following specifications will increase the legibility of the writing. 1. Words containing but two consonant letters, one of which is s, follow for the most part, the principles of the Simple Style ; that is, they use the circle when no vowel in- tervenes between the s and the stem letter as in spy, hopes, or where only a short vowel intervenes, as in does, said, sup. Where only three or four words are to be represented by the consonant stem and this attached circle, there will be no difficulty in making the outline sufficiently legible for report- ing purposes, but the number of words in these groups is in some cases ten, twelve, twenty, and even thirty or forty words. The groops containing the most words, are p-s, k-s, m-s, l-s, r-s, s-p, s-k, s-n, s-l, <&c. 2. We have, for instance, a group of forty words containing l-s . All of these words are perfectly definite as written in the simple style, but briefer forms are desired in reporting, es- pecially for the more frequently recurring words. The re- porter can, however, make no greater mistake than to write all the words in such groups with one outline, trusting to the context for the meaning of a sign that may be read in more than twenty ways. In Takigrafy it is better a To write all proper names and all words of infrequent occurence as in the Sinple Style. 6 To use initial vowels where they occur. c To use the circle on the final vowel where it is convenient. The words that remain will not generally be so numerous as to impair the legibility. 54 THE HAND-BOOK The forty words of the l-s group mentioned above may be disposed of as follows : KEY. 1. Alas, ails, allies, alleys, allays, allows, alloys, alias, 2. Eels, isles, eyeless, oils, owls, awls, lazy, lace, lees. 3. Lease, laws, loss, lows, loose, lose, lies, lice, louse, 4. Else, lass, less, lays, Alice, Elias, Ellis, Elsie, 5. Lacey, Lizzie, Lois, Lewis, Luce, Lucy. Rem. 1 While the forms given above may be regarded as absolute, to be used when they stand alone, some of them may be abbreviated in cases where a given word occurs with great frequency. These phrases may be made more or less definite as required. _>/ j^ y j** -> -^ Laws of honor laws of the land laws of God. Loss of honor loss of the land loss of good. Illustration. X5 Na NO OF TAKIGRAFY. The preceding cut gives the best outlines for the words of several groups. Where an outline is used for more than one word, the additional word or words, as given in the following key, are enclosed in parentheses. KEY. (1.) Apes opes pass (ups puss) pace (pussy poesy) pause (paws pose posy) oppose (compose) peace (piece peas) pays pies pious poise. (2.) Sap (sup) sip sop soup soap spy spew Esop Ossipee asp ekes aches, (3.) Oaks ox ax case chaos kiss cause accuse keys cooes cows. (4.) Sake (sick suck) seek soak sock ask some (sum psalm) seem (seam) same assume mess (miss muss ems) mass moose. (5.) Moss mace (mussy mossy) maze (mazy maize) mice mouse aims amass (amaze) alms amuse emus. (6.) For the sake of, you seem, the same, we seem, (with some), we assume, we oppose, keys of knowledge, kiss of peace. Hem. 1 Many words containing st, are written with the halved as taught in chapter VI, instead of the circle on the Te. Eem. 2 The words seem, same, sake, and some others, lose the vocal sign in phrases. The word same is almost always preceded by the, and the phrase- sign the-same is always used. So in the frequent phrases I seem, you seem tliey seem, it seems, &c., the vowel is not written. 4. Words containing s and a compound of the I or r series, are more easily legible then those containing single stems : but even here the circle cannot be used without some restric- tion. Every added stroke renders the outline more definite, until, in words of two, three or more syllables, the circle can be used with any vowel, except in special cases where two words are liable to conflict : yet the following rule must be observed even in long words. RULE. The long sign is written (1.) Where s is preceded by a vowel in the beginning, or followed by a vowel in the end of a word. (2.) Where s is preceeded by two vowels or a diphthong. The exceptions are, (a) where the circle is written in the vocal ; (6) in terminations like uous in contiguous &c. (c) Special contractions. 51 o THE HAND-BOOK ^ S %> ts* % ? y -N ^> s. St. <^ ^ fe ^ V ^^ ^ /^ c i_ , r. ^ ^. OF TAKIGRAFY. 57 WRITING EXERCISE 4. Use the circle in the following words : Bass buss boss ebbs abbs abbies abyss blows bless bliss apes opes apiece pass pays puss pus plays please press sup sap spy spew sups saps eggs guess goes glass grass gloss gross agrees case aches ekes sick suck sack class close cress cross. Adds odds odes does days aids dress odors its 'tis (it is) eats oats utters tress trace eaves views save salve fuss office frees flows offers ashes shoes shows ushers assures. With the initial circle : cease seize says siss cess season. With the final circle : sows asses assess eases oasis sees. Isis this these oaths others mess mass muss miss ems aims amiss amass alms sum some owns knows nose no's inns sons suns seems assigns singi Ails alas awls eels ells ills isles eyeless allows allays oils owls less lass else sell silly sully sally airs ears errs oars race rays ways arise yes use hie has hiss house whose ages edges etches chase chess choose chose. Specify supper submissive succeed success satisfy sudden situate Saturday seethe sink sunk sank seldom selling recess decency. Use the circle but not the signs of the L and R series : Bourse apples palace pales peals pierce poles polls pills pulls pulse purse applies appeals piles pules ghouls cares coals course cures curs dares dears doles doors doers tools tires attires tears tares fires furs fierce fools force furies varies shares shores shears theirs authors feathers fathers. Use the circle on the vowel in the following words : Buys boys boughs bows (ou) bows (o) blues peace piece peas pies pews poise plies pries prize spice spies spruce sip sop soap soup geese goose guise grease keys cooes cries skies sake seek soak sock. Dies dice dries dews dues eyes toys tries trice thrice sties trace trays strays trees strews decays destroys vice vies flies fries flees fleas flues sighs size thighs nice mice mouse moose seem same Seine assume muse assail seal lice lies loose lose 58 THE HAND-BOOK loss laws lease lees rose rows rice hoes hose hies hues hews choice juice. Use the long sign and omit the medial vowel : Baize bays obeys base abase abuse busy boozy blaze brays bruise brews pace place space pose oppose prose suppose pause paws posy prosy pussy applause supplies. Gaze graze glaze gauze glassy glossy greasy clause close (z) close (s) cruise crews accrues screws. Dace dose daisy dizzy dressy drowsy vase phase phrase flays flaws blues suffice suffuse sues those thus. Mace maize maze muse amuse mussy massy mossy kuees neice noisy sawn soon sown seeing saying sawing sewing sueing wooes neighs sail soul lace lays lazy wise woes rouse arouse areas racy houris hazy. Use the long sign and the vocal : Bias pious spouse spicy plows prows grouse kiss echoes choice scows dose dross drossy straws souse sows sighing soil louse Alice Elsie Elias Lacy Luce Lucy Lewis Lois Eliza Royce ruse Jews juicy hussy Hosea. WRITING EXERCISE 5. Use the circle in these words : Observe reserve deserve subserve dissolve resolve reason baptism Methodism barbarism supercede gospel expel vas- cular. Use the circle followed by Ze or Es : Sassafras hypothesis thesis theses Caesar society access success recess decease races Cicero scissors season season- able seasoning voices noises vices choices spices poises pieces creases processes. Use the long Ze or Es followed by the circle : Apotheosis reposes imposes disposes encloses supposes faces bases paces spaces places abases gazes grazes kisses freezes suffices replaces. Use the circle on the R hook side of the straight sign : Spring sprung sprang superfluous suppress supreme succor scream describe disagree express strive streak stratify OF TAKIGRAFY. 59 strategy sadder sodder restrain prosper prosperous desid- eratum excresence execrable. Use the long Es followed by a sign of the I or r series: Supple supply sepulcher cycle sickle sickly suckle ves- cicle physical. Use the circle but not the hook : suffer sulphur silver sliver slaver sever severe southern sapphire. Use the double circle : Necessity necessary ancestor suspend suspicious sustain sustenance senses essences excrescenses glimpses resuscitate progresses retraces presses represses analysis analyses Cisal- pine disgraces synthesis syntheses successive accessible. Use the long sign for Ze and Es : Zeal zealot zephyr zany zero zinc zone Zion zenith zo- ology theism deism risen rosin rising arising arisen em- blazon praising pleasing supposing disposing displeasing enclosing disclosing exposing revising refusing. As some tall cliff that lifts its awful form, Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm, Tho ' round its breast the rolling clouds are spread, Eternal sunshine settles on its head. Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear, Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Days, years, months and ages, shall circle away, And still the vast waters above thee shall roll ; Earth loses thy pattern forever and aye, O sailor boy ! sailor boy ! peace to thy soul. CHAPTER IV. THE-# AND Sir- LOOPS. SEC. 32. THE St LOOP. St may be written in some cases by a. loop, which may be both initial and final. It is written on the circle side of the straight stems, and on the inside of the curves. Used initially on the .R-hook side of the straight stems, it implies the r of the .R-hook series, the hook being omitted ; but it cannot be used on the signs of the I hook series. Used finally it is on the right and upper side of the straight stems, and can be used on all the signs, both the simple and compound ; as in 1. The Initial Loop. fP\\ <\ <\ ~- =- / <^ << KEY. 1. St-b, st-p, st-g, st-k, st-gr, 8t-kr, st-dr, st-tr, st-r, st-r, st-rl. 2. Strj, strch, stv, stf, stzh, stsh, stz, sts, at-the, st-ith, st-tha, st-tha. 3. St-ma, st-mp, st-em, st-emp, st-n, st-ng, st-la, st-el, stl-r. Examples. f J ^ /^ n KEY. 1- Bst, pst, blst, plst, brst, prst, sprst, spst, gst, erst, cist, scrst. 2. Vst, frst, flst, thrst, qust, mst, nst, 1st, rst, wst, yst, hst. Examples. \ Gn. r^ u V KEY. 1. Blest, prest, suppressed, drest, trust, classed, crust, thrust, quest. 2. Just, chest, tempest, fullest, behest, molest, wingest. SEC. 33. THE USE OF THE LOOP. 1. It will be observed that the loop represents the sound st, written Ste : hence its use is not fonetically necessary, being a mere abbreviation, used for convenience and for greater brevity. It should be used only where convenience and brev- ity require it. Theoretically, it may be used on all simple letters ; but the loop is inconvenient on De and Te, Bra and Pra, and not very easily made on En, Ing, and some others. Where the use of the loop is inconvenient Ste should be used instead. Rem. The initial loop is never used on the straight signs of the El series of compounds, nor on the si|?ns Wa, Ya, Ha, Ja and Cha. It cannot be used initially on any curve commencing with a hook. SEC. 34. THE Sir LOOP. 1. The st loop is enlarged to imply the addition of r, as L b c-~ ^ J> -P ^ ^ Pest pester jest jester last luster classed cluster 62 THE HAND-BOOK Rem. 1. The small loop is one-third the length of the letter ; and the large loop two-thirds its length. Rem. 2. The sir loop is not used initially as a general contraction. Rem. 3. Observe that the str loop is used to indicate the addition of r after an st loop, not to indicate the use of str in all cases ; and the following principles should be carefully studied. 2. Where s follows the loops it may be written on the opposite side of the stem, as in the examples below ; but where three s's occur, the long sign is used for one of them. Examples. Casts casters forests recesses processes successes 3. The str loop may be used on the Be, and be followed by Ka in obstruct and some other words. SEC. 35. CIRCLES AND LOOPS. 1. The use of the circles and loops are governed by similar principles ; we write : t> b k b r <" P 2 7 Pass passes past pastor muss must muster frost fullest a The circle is not used in pace, nor the loop in post, poster, cloister, <&e., where a long vowel or diphthong precedes the s. b Where a vowel follows st or str, as in the words testy, pastry, the loops cannot be used. Rem. 1. The shortened and lengthened Es is used for ft and str in some cases where the loops cannot be used. OF TAKIGRAFY. 63 65. e// V^_ji- >^ ^ Ebon weapon hidden rotten heaven often then men Non melon burn turn one luncheon agency 2. The a-hook of the Simple Style may be written for cm, and the i-hook for in : Rem. The n and m-hooks are the same. The aw-hook is written on the right and upper side of the straight stems. On the curves, no distinction in the hook is practicable except with the Ve, Ef, The and Tha. Examples. I J \ ^ _= JVC Pan, pin, gan, kin, tan, tin, fin, fan, shan, sin. Thin, than, minute, muslin, ran, win, chin, Jan. SEC. 37. THE USE OF THE A r -HooK. 1. The n-hook is used with a short vowel in most cases. Where n is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, the long sign is generally used. 2. The long sign is also used in all cases where the vowel follows the n in the end of a word. 3. The An-hook is used for an where it has the sound of ang in such words as bank, drank ; and the n-hook may be used for in in such words as brink, drink, &c. 66 _ THE HAND-BOOK _ 67 4. When the circle is turned on the n-hook side of the straight signs it implies the n, but the circle must be written in the cm-hook, and in the hooks on the curves. Examples. Prince prance fence France wince lance bank bone Rem. The small hooks are not generally used In the Contracted style for the vocal sign alone ; but they may be used in some cases, without danger of confusion, as hi the words practice, back, &c, which could never be confounded with prank, bank. So also tick and Dick may be written with the i-hook as the outlines formed could stand for no other words. SEC. 38. THE Shon HOOK. A large final hook may be used for the termination shn (spelled tion, sion, tian, dan, &c.) on most of the consonants. This hook is written on the right and upper side of the staight signs, and on the inside of the curves. The shon hook is used : 1. Where no vowel precedes the terminations, as in the words tension, deception. 2. Where the shn is preceded by the short-vowels a, e or , (o, . or n), as in the words passion, discretion, rendition, mission. Examples. A, U ^^Xi ^) P O^=> s^.9 Ambition passion erection revision mission ammunition repulsion. Rem. Where the shn is preceded by the long vowels, A, or V, the vowel is written as an affix, aiid the shn is ommitted. b. - SPECIAL USE OF THE Shon HOOK. 1. Where the letters mp precede the termination shn, as in the words redemption, the p is dropped, and the hook is writ- ten on the Em or Ma. 2, Ka is also omitted, when preceded by Te or Ing, as in the words destruction, sanction. 68 _ THE HAND-BOOK Examples, Redemption assumption destruction instruction distinction addiction. 3. The TO- hook is used for ition, after De, Te, Dra, Tra, Ja and Cha, as in magician, nutrition, <&c. 4. An tn-hook is also used after the circle, as in position, physician, and after an n-hook, as in mention. Examples. o - 5 -OS = r\ - 51 c^n b - 3 f*> Addition nutrition imposition decision transition attention mention. Rem. 1. The large hook on the En may be used for ntion, where it is preferred. Rem. 2. It will be noticed that in decision, given above, and in many other cases, the hook is used for izhn, instead of ishn. 5. The circle is written in the sTm-hook, and termina- tions ly, ary, &c., may be added to it. In some cases, how- ever, the termination tional may be contracted to shl, or omitted. Examples. 3 Traditions traditional passions passional traditionary dictionary. Provisional exceptional intentional proportional electioneer affectionate. 6. In the words Ocean, Prussian, Grecian, and some others, where the shn is a radical part of the word, the hook is not used ; as also in the word cession and its derivatives. These words are written as in the Simple Style. SEC. 39. THE F-HooK. 1. On the left and under side of the straight stems, the large hook is used for -v and /. This hook is used where the v is preceded by e-long, and i- and e-short, and in some cases with other vowels. OF TAKIGRAFY. 69 Examples. Brief reprieve grieve retrieve achieve differ serve 2. The v and /-hook may be used on the The and Qua. 3. The v is written in full after the circle. Ively after the circle, may be written by vel. 4. The circle may be written in the u-hook, and the termi- nations ly, ty, cfcc., may be added. Examples. "3 Thief equivocal submissive submissively festivity positively Rem. The following Writing exercises designate the proper use of the an, en, in, f and c-hooks in many words in common use. SEC. 40. THE VOCAL i USED FOR In, En, On. The vocal i (see Prefix In Chapter VIII) may be used for in en on, both medially and finally, as in the following examples. (For the half-length letters used, see the following chapter.) Examples. Infinity fasten facinate mason Sampson medicine mercenary listen llstenine 70 THE HAND-BOOK L- 5. J a. IX s . J c rf- X I . OF TAKIGRAFY. 71 WRITING EXERCISE 7. Use the .Eft-hook in the following words : Bin ben bun pin pen pun begin again hen kin ken din den dun tin ten tun gin chin win wen won one run earn ebon robin weapon akin Eden redden rotten sudden done undone Latin origin urchin margin welkin born burn spurn stern well-born stubborn stubbornly stubbornness steam-engine leathern southern London. Fin fen fun often soften seven eleven ravine thin then men mean meaning amen skin spin grin spun stone aspen trodden cabin. Prince pins pens pence tens tense clinics currency cousin mariner foreigner minute mi-nute minutely eminence dom- ineer dentifrice tremendous discriminate determinate pre- dominate calumniate obstinate patentee trinity plenipotence plenipotentiary procrastinate mendacious Monday mandarin. Uf-e the An-hook in the following words : Ban pan dan tan rattan fan ran than clan span scan plan bran stain sprain explain prance pans trance spans France lance strains sprains explains plantation chandelier shanty maintain maintenance planet planetary aggrandize. Use the En and An hooks before Tc in : Bank brink pink plank prank crank clank drink drank frank shrank stank stink sink wink chink Use the vocal hook without n in : Back black pack brackish practice Dick tick trick chick chicken kip gift. The En is written in full in : Bone boon bane bean paean pine upon pain pane cane gain cone gone dawn dine tine tune bony pony tiny downy penny puny slimy money. Shine sheen shone thine mine main moan moon noon nine line loon lane lean lone rain roan ruin wean wine Jane June china ocean can gun organ wagon reckon weaken silken slacken shrunken drunken token liken. WRITING EXERCISE 8. Use the Shon hook in the following words : Destitution restitution prostitution substitution elocution ascension recension munition admonition proportion prosecution 72 THE HAND-BOOK oppression passion ambition volition portion apportion eviction suppression election revision supervision vision prevision. Use the Shon hook omitting the Ka : Attraction detraction destruction dejection ejection injection instruction rejection direction retraction restriction. Use the In hook for Ishn in these words : Addition attri- tion edition logician magician rendition tradition statistician expedition perdition superstition traditions traditional additions additional. Use the In hook for Shn after the circle : Decision pre- cision acquisition requisition position imposition physician excision opposition proposition disposition. Use the In hook for Shn after the En hook : Attention pretention retention prevention mention. Use Zhe for Zhn : Cohesion adhesion erosion corrosion explosion deZ-usion infusion diffusion suffusion obtrusion detrusion profusion intrusion der-ision coZZ-usion effusion affusion allusion elusion illusion. Use the v-hook in these words : Beef peevish deaf brief reprieve retreive grieve grief heave weave bereave drive driven chief achieve mischievous chieftain restive festive sensitive laxative positive festivity definitive curve serve service revive reverence reference raveling strive striven divergence diversity diversely diversify diversion reversion divine define definition definite devise devisable divide dividend divisor defend defense defeat diverge illustrative destructive authoritative native nativity believe deprive thief thieve thrive equivocal quiver monograph lithograph lithographic lexicographic authographic hieroglyphic. After the circle the termination ive is written by Ve : Aggressive delusive oppressive impressive progressive decisive passive possessive receive deceive. The Ve is also used in these words : Brave deprave deprive grave gave groove drove drive strive supervise puff tough stuff stave gruff trough rough grove stove wove prove clove drove glove. CHAPTER VI. SHORTENED LETTERS. SEC. 41. HALF LENGTH LETTERS. 1. All the large letters may be written half length, to im- ply the sounds of d and t : the light letters when halved im- plying t, and the heavy letters d. 2. The letters m, n, I and r, known as the liquids, imply t when shortened, but the halved letters are shaded to imply the sound of d. Examples. ^ / - 7 ^ Apt act aft lagged received soothed seized thought pate straight. Attempt aimed ant end wilt willed art aired tart paired. Rem. Students should observe, that only these four letters are shaded to imply d. This principle is not applied to any of the other letters, though in some cases, as will be seen in the next section, a light letter is used to im- ply a d, and a heavy letter to imply a t, contrary to the rule. 3. The half length is used when a vowel intervenes between the halved letter, and the following d and t. In this case any vowel may intervene long, short, or diphthongal ; but the half length can not be used, when the d or t belongs to an- other syllable. The half length may be used, for instance, in pout, but not in poet. Examples. Bead bowed peat pout feet vowed white right greed bride sprite threat 73 74 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 42. THE USE OF THE HALF LENGTH LETTERS. 1. The half length letters are used quite freely, and shorten the outlines of thousands of words ; but there is some limita- tion to their use. Though De, Te,Ja, Cha, may be shortened, it is frequently quite as easy to lengthen the stroke by adding the full length De and Te as to shorten it to imply them. In the following cases, the shortened letters cannot be used : a. Where the shortened letter does not make a distinct an- gle with the letter to which it is joined. b. Where a vowel follows d or t in the end of a word. Examples. Dealt lofty arched hardy wretched caged 2. In words of one syllable, the rule limiting the use of the half length, to cases where a light sign implies a t and a heavy sign a d, should be generally followed ; there are, however, some exceptions. Exceptions. \ ( <^ f I Could should would had but that great called toward. 3. There are some other cases of words of one consonant stem that imply a t, when heavy, in which a connective vowel is used, as in the words, gate, bright. Where two or more consonant stems occur, such exceptions are more frequent, as in the words forget, arrogate, habit, &c. SEC. 43. SHORTENED STEMS HAVING FINAL HOOKS. 1. Stems ending in the small final hooks, may be shortened to imply d and t, and the added letter is read after the hook. In these cases more freedom is allowed in implying both d and t by light letters, and vice versa, but the rule should never be lost sight of, as its violation leads in many cases, to illegible forms. OF TAKIGRAFY. 75 Examples. Bend band tent taunt Bent tend Opened likened attend skinned softened thinned sinned went grant blent sickened wind, wont grand blend 2. Stems ending in the large hooks are not shortened with the same freedom, as those ending in the small ones, as it is not so easy to distinguish differences in the size of the hooks on the shortened stems ; such forms however, are sometimes used. 3. In some cases the v-hook after the shortened Ka, may be read last, as in active. 4. The termination ance is added in a similar manner, to the halved p, as in the words acceptance, reluctance. 5. The termination ity is added to the v-hook by a tick in - words where the t cannot be so easily added. 6. In like manner a tick may be added to an n-hook to im- ply a following vocal, as in the word plenty, in the examples below : Impassioned grieved active reluctance plenty, apportioned served acceptance receptivity. 76 THE HAND-BOOK 6. )x^ \ e c S , ^ a -ra^r u^ , ? ~ , , J ir \ 1 ,^-\_ P *0 ? c OF TAKIGRAFY. 77 WRITING EXERCISE 9. Use shortened letters with connective vocals where neces- sary : Abode about abide bead bide bowed bait bite bid bed bad bud but beat peat pate pout pit pet put pot God guide gad good get got coat caught kite cute kit cat cut cot could. Deed died date taught tight apt act aft eased east. Viewed vied vowed vote feet feat fought fight fit fat foot. Sheet shoat shout shut shot should seat sate sought sight suit essayed esteem. That thought. Aimed meat mate mote might mute mit met mat made mead. Neat naught note night knit gnat nut not end and (hand) owned aunt ant. Lead old late light lute lout lit let lot read rate wrote wrought right write rout writ rat. Wait await wight wit wet wot would. Heat hate hoot height hide. Chat chit-chat jade jawed chide chid. Shortened forms with initial hooks and circle : Bleed blade blued bled blood breed braid broad bride brewed bred blight brought bright brute. Played plate plead pleat plied plight plowed prayed prate pried prude proud. Glade glowed glide glued glad greed greet grade great gold. Cloyed cloud called clot clout. Trait trite. Fleet float flight flute flout flit flat freight fraught fruit fret freed fried. Short shirt threat throat. Spite spout spit spat spot speed spade spied supped sapped soaked sacked scat Scot state stout stewed sprite sprout sprat secret screwed street strait straight strewed smote smite smit smut summit seemed assumed slate sleet slat slight slit slot slide slid. Assert assort insert sweet sweat swayed send sand sunned sinned signed sound saint sent sennight. Wheat white whit whet what wide quote quite quoit quit twit. Use shortened stems with connected vocals : Body beauty pity pretty party purity duty verity forty severity mighty. Use the full-sized letters in these words : Bowed (bode) bawdy beat boot body boat bout abate abet abbot bit bet bat payed pawed pied pad pod petty putty piety. Goad 78 THE HAND-BOOK goat gout gut agate keyed cawed cowed kit cud cod. Did dead dote doubt doughty duet diet ditty debt dot toad tied toyed teat toot. Evade void feed fade food feud fed. Shade shady showed shied shed shad shod shoot. Assayed sowed sawed sighed. (Use the circle in seed side aside said sod soot sit set sat sot.) Amid mood mode need gnawed node nude annoyed naughty knotty. Lade lady lied lewd loud load led. Raid rowed ride rude rot rut root weed weighed wooed wade wed wad wood. Use the the tick for h, in heed head ahead. Hoed hied hewed chewed cheat jute jet jot. Blowed bloody brood brad bleat bloat blot gloat glut grate groat grit grot clad clod. Druid dread treed trade tried trod treat treaty trout trot. Flayed fled flood frayed afraid fraud. Shrewd shred throughout thread. Sped skid scud stout steed staid stayed stead stood strayed stride astrayed astute sled sold senate. Quiet quota. Tweed. WRITING EXERCISE 10. Use shortened stems ending in the jE7n-hook : Bend bound abound pent pant pained opened (h)appened. Gained Kent cannot county kind. Dent dint daunt taunt tint tent tend attend pretend vaunt prevent fount shan't shunt sinned thinned mount meant mint amend amount lent rent earned went want wont haunt hint gent agent chaunt acquaint. Blend bland blind plant. Imprint brand brunt grand ground grind drained trained. Trent front friend spent scant second sickened skinned stent stint stand sprained screened strand squint. Distant constant confront com- plained complaint constraint confound unbend. Words containing one or more shortened stems, ending in an En-liook with other letters : Abundant abandoned pendency blund(er)bus accountant countenance stipend attendant attending attendance ped- antry dentiform dentistry. Bending blending branding granting granted branded stranded wanted contented intended accidental. OF TAKIGRAFY. 79 Superabound superabundant superin(cum)bent reluctant splendor splinter. Dependent repentance redundant pre- venting repugnant malignant urgently authentic acquaint- ance retentive merchandize resplendent quantity occupant provident despondent respondent substantive verdant servant mendicant. Boundless foundling recount redound elephant eloquent resident resonant attentive coincident. Appendix pendant appendage (Zhe) hinder hindrance. A full length letter, followed by a shortened En : Bind paint plaint pawned pond conned. Deigned dined donate taint toned tuned astound. Feint faint font signed mind. Leaned loaned lined lend lint lenient. Rained round wound ruined rend weaned waned wind wound. Hind hound joined joint jaunt quaint. Blonde planed planned planet. Brained grained granite grind trend frowned shrined spanned stained strained predominant. Miscellaneous words containing shortened stems or letters : Portentous sentiment sentient lamenting emigrant orna- ment adornment assortment arraignment alignment cormo- rant resentment merchantman recreant evident gormandize tenement rubicund prevalent pertinent permanent termigant emergent admittance vindictive sycophant expo- nent dissolvent supplicant adjutant coadjutant coherent penitent omnipotent refrigerant precipitant. Correspond correspondent correspondence responding despondency Pentateuch pursuant. Written with full length signs : Boned Bennett bonnet bounty pound peanut fantastic benignity Gannet count vanity sonnet linnet monotonous renewed junta. Browned crowned gradation denominate ordinance pendulum penitence penetrate plenitude dignitary. The /7i-hook, tick, termination, ance, &c., Divinity tendency receptivity activity plenty plenteous affinity profanity acceptance reluctance curved served observed subserved preserved reserved deserved. Passion- ate proportionate impassioned proportioned. CHAPTER VII. LENGTHENED CURVES. SEC. 44. DOUBLE LENGTH CURVES. 1. The consonant curves are made twice their usual length to imply the addition of tr or dr to their own proper sounds. This contraction applies : 1st, to cases in which the tr or dr follows the lengthened letter without an intervening vowel, as in the words after, enter. 2d. where a vowel intervenes, as in fetter, latter. Rem. It should be observed, that when dr and tr are implied by the lengthened curves, there can be no vowel sound between the d or t and r. It would not do, for instance, to use the double length in entire, much less in Ontario. The double length letter is not used where a vowel follows the r in the end of a word, as in lottery, but when another consonant is added, it may be used, as in lateral. 2. Where the dr and tr form a diphthong, as in the words entry, sundry, &c. , the compounds of the r series are employed, though some long words form exceptions, as eccentric, intrinsic. 3. The liquid curves En and El, when doubled to imply dr, .are made heavy, as under, elder ; but Ma is not shaded except to imply emper, ember, emple, emble. 4. A heavy letter may imply a tr and a light letter a dr in some cases ; as in the words voter, shudder ; but the lengthened Ish may be shaded near the end in shudder and the lengthened / in fodder for the sake of greater distinctness. 5. The signs Qua and Tiva, are lengthened in analogy with the other curves, as in equator, twitter. 6. The lengthened curves are vocalized, in the same man- ner as the simple letters, but the vowels which follow, are read before the added letters, as with the half lengths. When the circle is added to a lengthened curve, it is read last of all, but the n of the n-hook may be read before the implied dr and tr, as in mentor, reminder, 80 OF TAKIGRAFY. 81 Examples. 1 Enter entry sunder sundry sister suitor. 2. After shutter litter leader bindery shoulder literal equator thunder. 3. Matters mentor reminder latterly flutter slighter matter murder. 4. Twitters posters letters binder disastrous disasters. 7. Emp may be lengthened when written up wards to imply br and pr, as in damper, timber, and when written downwards to imply bl and pi, as in temple, tumble. Examples. 7 r Damper timber temple trample December resemble assemble. SEC. 45. LENGTHENED UPSTROKES. Ra and Wa may be made twice their usual length to imply tr, as in writer, water. Rem. 1. The JV-hook is not used with the lengthened upstrokes as it is with lengthened curves, but when written is read last, as in warn, sworn. Rem. 2. In winter, hunter, wonder, the half length followed by the n-hook and Ha is used. Resn. 3. It should be observed that the lengthened upstrokes include the r, so that they imply tr with some propriety. The other straight signs Be Pe Ga Ka De Te, do not include r when lengthened, and so cannot properly imply it. Examples. Writer water warn horn sworn wonderful hinder hindrance. SEC. 46. THE DOUBLE LENGTHS , AND OTHER FORMS OF CONTRACTIONS. In many cases some other form of contraction takes the place of the lengthened curve. 82 THE HAND-BOOK 1. The large loop is used in pester, lustre, bluster, &c., instead of the lengthened Es. In general the lengthened s is used in cases analagous to those in which the halved s would be used. Thus we have Est in coast , post ; and Ester in coaster and poster. 2. In muster, duster, jester &c., we have the large loop ; though Ester is used in such words as cloister, Zoroaster, where the loop could not be employed ; and, for the sake of distinction of outlines, in the words foster, blister &c. ; distin- guishing them from fester and bluster. Rem. 1. The lengthened curves ending in the rc-hook form exceptions to the general rule, as a lengthened En could be written for ndr instead of lengthening the preceding letter. So also a halved letter, followed by Ra or Ar can be substituted for the double length. Rem. 2. More complete directions for writing words in which a differ- ence of outline is possible, are given in the writing exercises. SEC. 47. TREBLE LENGTH CURVES. 1. All the curves except Ing may be made three times their usual length to imply thr, as in the words another, neither. 2. The letters Fra and Ma may be shaded slightly near the end, to distinguish them more fully from the double lengths, but En and Es can'be sufficiently distinguished by an increased length. Rem. Some lengthened curves are used only in phrases. 3. Ing is lengthened to imply gr in such words as anger, linger &c. ; when a vowel follows the gr as in angry, the Qra must be used. 4. Ner is lengthened to imply kr, and Nel and Ingl to imply kl and gl, as in tinker, uncle, tingle. Examples. (1.) Another neither anger tinker (2.) Tinkle tingle twinkle strangle OF TAKIGRAFY. SEC. 48. TREBLE LENGTH Ra, Wa, Ha AND Wha. The Ra and the stem of the Wa, Wha and Ha may be made three times the usual length, and shaded near the end, to im- ply thr, as in the words rather, weather, heather, whither &c. Examples. Rather weather (wither) heather whither farther. 2. As the treble length curves occupy considerable space the upstrokes may be commenced one length below the line, and the down strokes a little higher than usual so as to bring the outline as near as possible to a central position. Examples. Mother, angle, thither, will there be, farther than, on the oths- hand. 84 THE HAND-BOOK J 7. y ^/ i v t *~ >c c ^ 2 ? y rv \ , c V o 1 \^ OF TAKIGRAFY. 85 WRITING EXERCISE 11. Use the double length curves : Provider voter sister Easter defaulter defrauder comforter fetter fritter shatter shutter shudder suitor cedar cider in- sulter benefactor malefactor manufacture compositor visitor, depositor center eccentric concentric heliocentric intr(in)sic. Shoulder shelter equator quarter squatter quadrature twit- ter interest disaster. Fitter litter letter latter fatter fodder laughter after rafter matter meter mutter alter filter elder wilder wilderness under tender ponder entertain intersperse slaughter slater sunder meander render defender quadrangle. Flitter sifter falter flatter flutter fritters oysters lighter loiter murder northern dissenter invader innovator elevator. EMBER AND EMPER. Lumber timber September November December member remember amber slumber chamber limber temper temperance temperament distemper damper hamper crimper pamper scamper whimper bumper jumper thumper. EMBL AND EMPL. Emblem tremble mumble tumble nimble thimble gambol jumble amble ample trample bramble humble temple dimple rumple crumple grumble rumble fumble sample dissemble assemble resemble reassemble preamble. Use trebled curves : Another neither mother father thither further blinker canker clinker drinker hanker hun- ker hunger rancor spanker thinker tinker winker. Tinkle twinkle crinkle sprinkle jingle mingle tingle dangle strangle bangle wrangle step-mother step-father. Anger languor anchor linger drinker periwinkle finger longer anthropology misanthropy. Not used in angle, mangle, tangle, jangle. Use trebled strokes in rather farther weather whither heather hitherward. Lengthened curves ending in the .Z?n-hook : Vender inventor fainter thunder mentor minter fomenter tormenter covenanter lender finder cylinder slender slander Polander Hollander lavender Hinder remainder islander germander gerrymander (ga) salamander yonder mender. The .E7n-hook is not used in center asunder founder flounder precentor meander monitor &c. 86 THE HAND-BOOK Rear on high the scaffold altar ; All the world will turn to see How a man has dared to suffer That his brothers may be free. Rear it on some hillside, looking North and South and East and West, Where the wind from every quarter Fresh may blow upon his breast, And the sun look down unshaded From the chill December sky, Glad to shine upon the hero Who for Freedom dares to die. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are, Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky; Whither ? ah ! whither ? Into the silent land ; Clouds in the evening sky more swiftly gather, And ehatter'd wrecks lie thicker on the strand. Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil days come not, nor f he years draw nigh when thou ahalt say, I have no pleasure in them. A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger. For whosoever shall do the will of my father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. What thou knowest not now, thou shalt know hereafter. If thine enemy hunger feed him, and if he thirst give him drink, for in so doing, thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head. For one people shall be stronger than the other people, and the elder shall serve the younger. CHAPTER VIII. PREFIXES SEC. 49. SIMPLE PREFIX SIGNS. The prefix signs most commonly employed are the following : )} com, con *~- extra-i-u ^ magna-i cJ self contra fj im, in ^ tranfl \*j counter ^ intra-i-o-u ^ with 1. Con, and Com are represented by the same .signs : written downward in the direction of Ka, and upward in the direction of Ra. These signs are about one-third the length of the full sized letters, and are joined in the outline. Examples. Console consider compress comply compose concede condemn convey. 2. The first sign for con and com is used in all words in which these prefixes are followed by o p p ov cs. o o P P ^. ^s P f 1 ^ s~ <) 9 3. The second form struck upward, is used when fol- lowed by 4. The following words deserve special mention : Command commit commission concomitant uncommon intercommunicate. Eem. 1. In some words con and com are not prefixes but form the root of the word, as in conical from cone, and comical from the Latin comiciu : such words should be written in full. The principal words of this class are coma, comb, come, comet, comic, comity, con and conic. 87 THE HAND-BOOK Rem. 2. Words in which com is followed by a root commencing in m, drop the m of the root in most cases ; thus we have com-ence, corn-union, commune for commence, communion, commune. Rem. 3. The word connect and its derivatives also lose the n of the root, but connive, connatural, and other words in which con is followed by n in the root, retain the second n. Rem. 4. Con may be frequently omitted before De, Te, Ve and Ef, and wherever it cannot be easily joined SEC. 50. Contra, Counter, Magna-i, Self, Trans, With. These prefixes need no special comment ; their use can be learned from the following Contradistinguished counterfeit countersign magnanimous magnificent counteract Selfish self-educated transgress transact withdraw withstand. Rem. 1. The first sign for counter is preferred when it can be joined in the outline. Rem. 2. In trans the circle is written on either side of the Te, as in the examples transgress, transact, given above. SEC. 51. Extra-4-u, Ex AND Exter &c. 1. Extra is used in such words as extra-professional, extrude &c. 2. The large loop is used initially on Ma and Ra in the words exterminate, extreme and their derivatives. 3. Extern and Exter are written with the St-loop on the Ma, Ra, and Ar. 4. The k may be omitted in some cases, and the circle in Expl as will be seen in the following Examples. * ^ V X V Extra-professional extravagant extricate extrude extreme exterminate. Externality extemporaneus extension extensively expulsion explicit explore OF TAKIGRAFY. 89 SEC. 52. Im, In, Intra-e-4-o-u AND Intrans. 1. The prefix Im is used only when followed by m in the root, as in immense. 2. When Im precedes a root commencing with any other letter than m the vowel is omitted, and Ma is written for the prefix. Examples. Immense immaterial impress implied impact impartial inimitable. Eem. In impartial, imperishable, and some other words the Imp may be used as given above. 8. The prefix in is used whenever convenient, and is joined in the outline. Examples. 7 7 V v Income index integral inaugural injure insure inbred incurred. Infringe influx inauthentic initial inelegant investigate infest incite. 4. This prefix cannot be used before the letters and the compounds of the Miook series, except Gla, Cla, Fla, Zhel and SheL "Where the prefix is inconvenient the letter En is written instead. In some cases, however, Ha is omitted, and the prefix retained. Examples. v eX"^ ~~ < - > * ^ <- "H Inweave indwell injudicious initiate insatiate inhabit 5. The circle is written in the prefix, but when in is fol- lowed by sb sp sg sk sd and st , the circle comes on the .R-hook side, which form is also used with the trigraphs Sera, Stra &c. Examples. Vl f *^1 ^ ^f V- V- ^ ^ !? e - N Insufferable insoluble insurmountable insist insensible inscribe mstrument. Insubordinate inspire inspirit insect incidental institute insignificant. 90 THE HAND-BOOK 6. The prefix Intra is formed by simply omitting the r-hook. In analogy with this the hook of the trans is omitted in intrans. Examples. Intricate intrepid intransitive introduce intrude. 7 Mel is used for the prefix multi, as given in Chap. 3, Sec. 17. SEC. 53. OTHER PREFIXES AND PREFIX-SYLLABLES. I 1 i^ \> ^ <\ ^ J _o -, Epi pre par post preter super subter bene dis dent. per para, peri ' dys Fare an, en ant, ent enter under fire, fore un.on ante, anti inter sine centi syn cent. Ultra retro water wood hydro hypo hyper out. Pal cal tel val fal ver fer ther mer ner. pol, pul col, cul vol, vul fol, ful Examples. 1. Epigram pre-eminent permarv t paragraph partial perish postpone. 2. Subterfuge benefit dentiform farewell fire-wood forenoon. 3. Enlarge antepast antagonist enterprise interference understand. 4. Nondescript nonsense sinecure synonym centigrade centennial. 5. Ultramarine retrograde water-wheel wood-bine out-do outrage. 6. Palpable political calculate college telegraph valor vulgar fulcrum. \ OF TAKIGBAFY. THE PREFIX Ad BEFORE V AND J. 2. Where the prefix ad is followed by v and j as in the words advise, adjoin, it may be written by the vocal sign. TJ^is prefix is used in the words adverb, advocate, advance, adven- ture, adjudge, adjoin, adjunct, adjust, &c. Rem. For the prefix syllables ab ac ad ag <&c., see page 101. SEC. 54. COMPOUND PREFIXES. The prefixes Com and Con are frequently preceded by de, dis, in, mis, re, and un, as in decom, discom, incom, &c. In these cases the prefixes are joined in the outline if convenient: In some cases however, the prefix which precedes the con or com may be joined to the root of the word, and in a few cases may be written over it disjoined, and the con or com omitted. Eem. 1. The prefixes circum, encum, incum, recum may be written with a prefix as though they were circom, encom &c. Rem. 3. Eecog may be written by the Ba in recognize, recognition &c. Examples. (1) Discompose decompose discomfort discommode encumber incumbent. circumstance (2.) Incompatible incompressible incongruous inconstant incontrovertible. incomplete inconsiderable (3.) Inconvertible reconcile uncontroverted uncontradicted unaccomplished. recommend (4.) Recognize misinform accompany accomodate inconsistent unmagnified. 92 THE HAND-BOOK /I 5 /I I t V ^ L J . i _ ^ 4 L. OF TAKIGRAFY. 93 WRITING EXERCISE 12. In the following words use the shortened Ka for con and com : Comprise compress comprehend complain conclude con- glomerate construct conceive contract consecrate consider conspicuous consecutive consequential consult considerable consummate consist conscious conjure (zhr) conserve con- trol , console concise concision concession committal conquest conclave concrete congress confront converse conquer comfort comprehensive compliance compressible compromise consulting concentrative concessive conclusive conceal consociate consistent concert conciliate conservative. Use the up-stroke in : Connecting concurring concord concave concavity converge converse conversing convince convene confine confide confound confessing confidant convex convict convention convenience concupisence confessor concurrent confirm. Combine compose compute concede conceding constitute constabulary comparative compatible compatriot compound compensate competent component comport. This prefix may be disjoined before De and Te : Condensing condign conducting condemn continue contaminate contain. Omit the ra and n in the root after the prefix : Command commend commemorate commensurate comment commerce connecting commingle commission commissioner commode commodity commodore commune common communicate community. Write the m and n in the root after the prefix : Com- miserate commissary commissariat commigrate commix commove connate connex connatural connive connote connumeration connubial. Immaculate immortal immaterial immeasurable immov- able immutable innoxuous innovate innate innutritious. With full length Ka : Commute. Use the prefix contra contri : Contradict contradiction contradistinguish contravene contravention contraband contract contraposition contraversion contrary contrariety contribute contributive contributor contrive contrivance contriver. 94 THE HAND-BOOK WRITING EXERCISE 13 Use Ma for im in : Imbecile imbitter imbosom imbue impair impartial impart impassable impeach impel imper- ceptible imperfect impertinent imperative impious impla- cable implant implead implicit implore imply import impost impressible imprudent impugn impunity. Use the prefix for in in : Inaccessible inaccurate inactive inadequate inadmissible inalienable inalterable inapplicable inappropriate inarticulate inaudible inaugural inauspicious inborn inbreathe inbred incapable incapacitate incisive incline inclose income incorporeal incorrect incrust incredible increase incredulous incredulity inculpate incurable indecent indebted indefatigable indelible indefensible indelicate indestructible indicate indictable indiscriminate indisposed indissoluble indolent induce indwell inebriate ineffable inequality inert inertness inestimable inevitable inexcusable inexpedient inexpressible inextinguishable inextricable in- fallible infamous infatuate infect infer inferior inflame infest inflict influence inform infract ingrate inimitable iniquity initial innocence innovate innumerable inoperative inordinate inquire inroad inscribe inscrutable inseparable insolvency insult insure insurmountable intellect intend intemperate intimate intimidate intuitive invalid inventive invariable investigate invent invincible involuntary invul- nerable incendiary incense instruct inspect insect inspire inspirit institute insubordinate instantaneous incentive. The En is used in the words incessant insatiable incest. MAGNA-I. Magnify magnificent magnificence magnitude magnanimous magnanimity. SELF. Self-denial self-denying self -admiring self-conceit self-conscious self-esteem self-evident self-interest selfish selfishness self-same self-will. WITH. Withdraw withstand withhold within without. Herewith therewith wherewithal. INTRA-I-O-U. Introduce intromit introcession intrinsic intrinsically intrench intrepid intricacy intrigue introvert intrude intrusive intransitive intransmissible intransmutable. TRANS. Transact transatlantic transcend transcribe OF TAKIGRAFY 95 transcript transept transfer transform transfuse transgress transitive translate translucent transmigrate transmissible transmit transmute transparent transplant transport trans- pose transverse. WRITING EXERCISE 14. 1. Write ka for ex in : Explain expletive explicate explicit explode exploit explore explosion. 2 Write stra for extra and extri in : Extradition extract extrajudicial extraneous extricate inextricable extravagant extrude. 3. Use the loop for ex in : Extemporize extemporaneous external, and the large loop for exter in exterminate extraor- dinary extreme. THE PREFIX SYLLABLES epi, non, para, post, preter, &c. Epidemic epicure epigram pretermit preternatural preem- inent perish partial particle paraphernalia paradox parallel paraphrase paragraph periwinkle periwig permanent postal postofflce pospaid postpone postage superfluous superstitious superstition supererogation superficial superfluity supervision superfine superintend superincumbent supercede supervene superabundant supernatural subterraneous subterfuge. Benefactor benevolent benefaction benefit benefice distort disjoin dysentery dyspepsia dentiform dentistry farewell fire-wood fire-place fire-fly fire-proof forenoon fore-castle fore-knowledge fore-arm forethought animal enlarge endow unseen anteater antepast antagonist antidote entrance entwine enterprise entertain interference interview inter- pose interweave understand underrate undergo. Nonexistence nonresistance nonpayment nonperformance nondescript nonsense sinecure synonym synthesis syncope syndicate synod synopsis centigrade centennial ultramarine retrogression retrocession retroversion retrograde retrospect waterwheel waterfall watermelon water-course water-lily water-power water-spout water-cure woodbine woodman woodland hydrogen hydrostatics hypochondriac hypocrite hypothecate hyperbola outfit outgo outlaw outlet outline outnumber outshine outside outdo outrage outward. 96 THE HAND-BOOK Palpable political calculate calisthenics kaleidoscope collect culture cultivate telegraph telephone telegram valor volley voluble vulgar vulture vortex fallacy folly mermaid energy nervous fervid thermal thermometer fulcrum verdant multiply multitude. COMPOUND PREFIXES. Write the prefix com and con : Accomplice accomplish incombustible encumber incumber discomfort discommode discompose disconcert disconsolate incommensurate incom- mode incommodious incommunicable incommutable incom- pact incomparable incompatible incompetent incomplete incompliance incomprehensible incompressible inconcealable inconclusive incongenial incongruous inconsequent incon- siderable inconsistent inconsolable inconspicuous inconstant inconsumable incontrovertible inconvertible incon vincible incumbent recommence (re-downward) recommend recon- cile recondite reconquer reconsecrate reconsider reconstruct recontinue reconvene reconvert reconvey. Uncomfortable uncompromising unconcerned uncondi- tional unconformable unconscionable unconscious uncon- trollable unconverted uncontroverted uncontradicted unac- complished. Circumcision circumference circumflex cir- cumfuse circumspect circumvent. Miscomfort miscomprehend misconception misconceive misconduct misconstruct misconstrue misinform. Noncon- ductor nonconformity noncontagious. Precompose preconcert preconstitute noncombatant non- commissioned noncornmital noncompliance nonconcurrence nonconformist intercommunion intercomparison. Omit com, con and cog : Accommodate accompany decom- pose (disjoin) decompound encompass disconnect discontent discontinue inconceivable incontestable incontinent incon- venient recognize recompense reconnoitre ncommon (disjoin) uncommunicable unconstitutional circumlocution circum- navigate circumcise circumscribe circumstance preconceived preconformed. Miscellaneous : Umnagnified unimagined unintelligent uninterested reinaugurate reinsert reinsure CHAPTER IX. AFFIX-SIGNS. Abbreviated signs are provided for the most frequently re- curring affixes. Their use will be easily understood from the following table and examples. SEC. 55. TABLE OF AFFIX-SIGNS. ( ship tionality ometer self lessuess with ward ure ual, ural ually, urally ular c ation - otion * ution ^ bility J bleness I barity b pality ^ ography x ocracy j fication | faction 7 fulhiess s> c/ J? ize uation ulation ology 97 98 THE HAND-BOOK 1. Hesitation emotion restitution debility reasonableness barbarity disparity. 2. Municipality geography theocracy telegraph telegraphic likelihood. 3. Infinitude howsoever helpfullness partnership constitutional nationality. ratification 4. Thermometer recklessness therewith reward nature natural naturally. myself 5. Gradual ocular epitomize secularize graduation congratulation theology. SEC. 56. THE USE OF THE AFFIXES. 1. The affix ation may follow the circle or a loop. 2. The hook may be used for ution as in constitution ; but the vocal sign is more distinctive and should be used in most cases. Rem. The affixes ation, otion, ution, should be studied in connection with the #A-hook explained in chapter 8. 3. The terminations em'on, es?'on, osion, ttsion, in which the s has the sound of zhe, are written by the use of that letter as in the following Examples. Persuasion adhesion erosion allusion compensation incrustation. 4. In analogy with the signs for bility, polity, parity, we have the following : I N, N* _ . _~ } ) r Ferity gality garity delity telity tality tility vility verity merity. Mility nah'ty nority rality rility yality charity gility jority Rem. 1. It will be noticed that all of these signs may be reduced to one principle. They provide for omitting the syllables ality, elity, ility, arity, and erity, indicating them by the vowel that precedes the /. OF TAKIGRAFY. 99 Rem. 2. The signs forperity, derity, ferity, verity, merity, and dellty, having no attached vocals are disjoined if necessary to legibility. Rem. 3. Observe that the full vowel is used for ttity, ality, instead of the hook, which is used only in garity, barity, parity, and jmlity, and in these cases the hook is made long and narrow to distinguish it from the an and An-hooks. Rem. 4. Where ility and ality is preceded by a single consonant stem, and followed by an s, it is better to write the word in full. L L Prosperity legality vulgarity fidelity utility fatality dexterity. Servility severity humility temerity criminality minority morality. Virility cordiality charity agility majority faculty parity. 5. The terminations bleness and bility may add the hook where it is more convenient. (5. The vocal sign in ography and ocracy should be written upward when convenient, but it can be written downward when necessary as in geography, or omitted. 7 The two signs for tional are used according to convenience. 8 Ward is written with a full length wa shaded near the end. 9. Ometer, ular, ulation, are double length signs. 10. Ize may be written with the circle where the Ze is not convenient ; but the long sign is to be preferred. 11. The circle is added to the affixes and the El is added for ly, or the ly is indicated by means of tfte tick, as in the form ualy, given in the table. 12. The double circle may be used on ya for iousness in analogy with the termination lessness ; so also ciousness. Examples. Accountableness optional re warder righteousness graciousness amiability. familiarize 100 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 57. OTHER AFFIX SYLLABLES. Affixes not given in the table are written in accordance with the general principles of contractions, or in full. Such are the terminations ate, ble, ed, ing, ly, ment, ous, pie, &c. 1. The t erinination ed is frequently omitted, but a light dot placed at the end of the outline may be written to indi- date it when necessary, in cases where De cannot be joined in the outline. 2. a The termination ing is easily joined in most cases, and should be generally used ; but in words ending in kting, like acting, connecting, &c., the ing may be indicated by a tick b. This tick, struck upward or downward, as may be con- venient, may also be used after the ste and ster loops, in such words as jesting, casting, trusting, investing, blustering, festering, &c. c. The tick for -ing may be used wherever it is more con- venient than the Ing ; as in subsisting, submitting, after the shortened Es and Ma ; believing, reprieving, after the Fe-hook. Examples. Practicing ticketing infesting ministering 3. The termination ful may, in some cases, be written by Ef as in useful eventful. 4. The El is written for ly when convenient, though it may be indicated by the tick, as taught in the preceding section : when it follows a word ending in Z it may be omitted. Examples. o ^ *. U ^, ^y -A 5? Printed splendid scented being amusingly naturally locally incidentally 5. When the termination ure follows s it is frequently writ- ten by shra or zher. as in fissure, pleasure. When the termi- nations iar, ier and ure follow I they are sufficiently indicated by the shaded El, as in failure, familiar, collier. 6. The terminations ble, and pie omit the le when it cannot be written by the hook. OF TAKIGRAFY. 101 7. The terminations ate, er, our, ment, mental, mentality , follow general principles. } Examples. *~ r-f \ Vicious vitiate fissure measure familiar collier sensible municipal. Detriment sentiment ornamental instrumentality vigor weaker confessor. Rem. The termination Mentality may also be written by the disjoined ment. SEC. 58. REPEATED LETTERS IN INITIAL SYLLABLES. 1. In such words as abbreviate and approximate the db and ap may be omitted, writing -breviate, -proximate. So ag and ac, ad and at, where followed by gr, cr, dr, and tr may be omitted, as in : Address, attribute, aggress, accredit, written -dress, -tribute, -gress, -credit. 2. The prefixes ac, a/, and ag may, in like manner, be omitted, in some cases, before cl, fl, and gl, as in acclimate, afflict, ag-glutinate, written -climate, -flict, -glutinate. Rem. 1. The number of words containing these initial syllables is small. Those omitting the prefix are abbreviate, appreciate, appropriate, approx- imate, aggrandize, aggress, agglomerate, agglutinate, acclimate, accredit, accrue, acclivity, address, attract, attribute, afflatus, afflict, affluence, and their derivatives. Rem. 2. In a few cases the vocal sign is written, and the second con- sonant omitted, as in apprehensive. Rem. 3. In some cases both the vocal sign and the following consonant may be written. This will be necessary only when the contracted form would be liable to be confounded with the word stripped of the prefix, and in the case, for the most part, of words of infrequent occurence, such as afflux, appraise, which might be confounded with flux and praise. Rem. 4. The ac is omitted oily when the following c is hard. In such words as accelerate, accept, accent, ancient, &c., the Ka must be written, though the vowel may be omitted in many cases. Rem. 5. The use of double letters in general, is taught in the Manual, pp. 77 to 99. The treatment of the doubled m and n with the prefixes com. and con, im and in, is given in Chap. VIII. In all cases not specified, it will be safe to omty one of the doubled letters, as in succor, affect, effect, allot, illicit, annex, ennoble, arrest, error, irritate, assort, essay. 102 THE HAND-BOOK OF TAKIGRAFY. 103 WRITING EXERCISE 15. Use the terminations ation, otion, ution, in : Nation nations station stations ration inflation probation perturbation dissipation palpitation degradation gradation condensation pulsation incrustation expectation motion emotion potion devotion. Use zJie for the termination asion, esion, osion, usion in : Abrasion persuasion evasion invasion adhesion cohesion erosion explosion corrosion allusion effusion confusion diffusion infusion. Use the terminal signs for bility, polity, parity, perity, &c. Ability indivisibility incomprehensibility fallibility prob- ability capability sensibility principality municipality bar- barity disparity prosperity frugality legality prodigality rascality neutrality vulgarity fidelity infidelity dexterity posterity brutality fatality futility utility versatility servility polarity severity temerity humility criminality finality minority plurality sterility cordiality charity agility majority regularity jocularity secularity particularity. Written in full in : Facility docility universality sincerity parity verity civility rarity. Use the terminations given in the table in : Acceptableness reasonableness formidableness geography stenography biog- raphy chirography neography photography. Takigraphy phonography theocracy democracy aristocracy stenographic takigraphic phonographic lexicographic orthographic auto- graph lithograph calligraph paragraph photograph. Manhood childhood likelihood womanhood falsehood. Magnitude sim- ilitude fortitude rectitude gratitude latitude. Whosoever howsoever whensoever whomsoever wheresoever whatsoever gratification ratification edification rectification mortification faction satisfaction fiction defection perfection. Fullness helpfulness carefulness artfulness carelessness helplessness artlessness sinlessness recklessness graciousness conscious- ness righteousness. Friendship authorship courtship worship hardship ownership partnership. Thermometer barometer chronometer. Himself herself itself ourselves yourselves herewith therewith forthwith wherewith. 104 THE HAND-BOOK Upward onward backward reward rewarder rewarding structure fixture lecture culture cultured sculptured stature posture discomfiture. Actual annual manual habitual annu- ally gradually spiritual structural agricultural natural unnatural naturally ocular secular jocular oracular vernac- ular particular regular. Idealize localize individualize familiarize. Infatuation graduation insinuation situation population stipulation stimulation modulation congratu- lation regulation granulation geology biology philology apology chronology technology physiology. Use the first sign tor tional in : National rational notional irrational sensational nationality occasional. Use the second sign for tional in : Emotional exceptional provisional professional optional. Use the I after the s/in-hook in : Intentional passional tra- ditional additional confessional conventional. Other terminations written in accordance with general prin- ciples : Fragment element instrument instrumental instru- mentality detrimental ancient anciently patient patiently . transient accident accidental urgent urgently gentle gently. Falsehood, vulgarity, recklessness and rascality are relics of barbarism. He received our congratulations with immense satisfaction. The distinguished lecturer spoke of geology, geography and astronomy, and said that in subsequent lectures he would treat of biology and mesmerism. EDUCATION. Education means the development, perfection and proper use of the body and mind. It relates to the train- ing and guardianship of youth from infancy to mature age ; to the influencing of the character, not only of individuals but of nations. The highest powers and noblest sentiments of our nature might remain forever dormant were they not developed and matured by the instruction and example of the wise and good. In a still wider sense, education may mean the whole training of the thoughts and affections by inward reflection and outward events and actions, by intercourse with men, 'by the spirits of the just made perfect,' by instruction from the word of God, and the training of the whole man for life and immortality- CHAPTER X* PHRASE SIGNS. SEC. 39. GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR PHRASE WRITING. The general principles of phrase writing are the same in the Contracted as in the Simple Style, for which see Elements of Takigrafy pages 85 to 90. The following points should, how- ever, be noted. 1. The phrases should be short ; two or three words are sufficient in most cases. 2. Join words only when they are united in sense. 3. Avoid all difficult or awkward joinings. Rem. 1. In the application of these principles, the student must rely upon the tables until he can use them properly. He should be especially careful not to use a long phrase unless it is authorized in the text books. Rem. 2. Words may be regarded as united in sense sufficiently to form a phrase if they follow one another in a natural manner ; but when sepa- rated by a pause of any kind, even a rhetorical pause, they cannot be joined. B. THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASE-SIGNS. Phrase-signs are either simple or contracted. Simple Phrase- signs are formed by joining the proper outlines of the words that compose them without change. Contracted phrase-signs are formed : a By further con- tracting some of the words of which they are composed. b. By omitting some of the words. Rem. By far the greater number of phrase-signs are simple. Contracted phrase-signs should not be constructed at random, but should be well ma- tured and used with uniformity. SEC. 60. SIMPLE PHRASES. Simple phrases may be formed where convenient, by joining articles and adjectives to nouns ; adverbs to the words which they qualify ; pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and auxil- iary verbs to one another, and to words which follow them generally. Rem. The following tables will sufficiently illustrate the use of phrases. But their number may be indefinitely increased, subject, however, to the limitations as to length and convenience previously mentioned. 105 106 THE HAND-BOOK KEY TO TABLE OF Sniffs PHRASE^TSIGN^S^ A man A boy A child You can You could * You have been Where are you^ Where were you Where will you The man The men The children You are You may You must Much more Much easier Much sooner - Good men Good principles Good wishes Your own Your number Your name Too much Too soon Too many Great trials Great measure Great advantages They will be They have They would be Very good Very much Very many I shall be I have been I cannot do Who can be Who will go W T ho are they All times All places All the 31 y wish 3! y name 31 y own Which are Which will Which would Quite easy Quite sure Quite likely Thy vears Thv life Thine own Which has Which had Which may So easy So sure So soon He has / He has been He had, He had come What could What can What would As may be As .you As 'they He did - He shall He can That time Tfeat place That purpose As good as As great as As well as His own His time His name Are you Are they Are we As soon as As far as As fast as She will She may be She has not As he Is he -' Was he Only one Only this Only that Her own Her parents Herself Were we Were you AVere they How soon How far How many It may It has It should Have I, Have you Have been Have not been For them For whom From me Its value Irs nature Its own Will be Will not be Will have been From us Through such Through some We shall be we have been We are I shall be I shall not be He shall not be Of the Of all Of which Our time Our means - ( >ur own I may be I may have been I might have been In the In us In some OF TAKIGRAFY. 107 IX r-~^n/ 1 I s s s 110 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 62. PHRASES IRREGULARLY CONTRACTED. In phrases irregularly contracted, some of the "words are either omitted or contracted in an unusual manner. The words most frequently omitted are : the, of, of the, to, to the, or, for, a, and, all. KEY. 1. In the first place, in the second place, in the third place, in the last place, for the purpose of, for the most part, one of the most, one of the best, some of the worst. 2. Laws of the land, will of the people, day of the week, day of the month, time of the year, nature of the subject, one of the conditions, the advantages of the system. 3. In order to be, in relation to, in respect to the, in regard to that, in proportion to, with reference to, from day to day, from hour to hour. 4. From time to time, from place to place, from city to city, from street to street, from mouth to mouth, from heart to heart, from generation to generation. 5. In consequence of, in connection with, in accordance with, on account of, on one account, on this account, on no account. 6. On their account, on their own account, on another ac- count, there is no other way. 7. One or two, two or three, three or four, more or less, right or wrong, sooner or later, good or bad, life or death. 8. By and by, by the by, forever and ever, over and over, over and above, through and through, now and then, hither and thither, high and low, better and better. 9. For a moment, in a word, for a time, on the one hand, on the other hand, on either hand, for instance, for the sake of . 10. Next week, next month, next time, at one time, at no time, at any time, in the mean-time. 11. At another time, at first, at last, at least, at length, at all events, at once, at the same time, it seems to me, it seemed to me. 12. I have, I have been, I am (I may), he may, we may, I am not, I incline to think, I am inclined to think, I incline to the opinion, I much prefer. 13. Aught not, aught not to be, aught not to think, point of view, almost always, most likely, most always, there must always be. 14. A long time, fora long time, for so long a time, manner in which, it will not be said, which will, which will not, which will never. 15. Out of the way, out of the world, one of them, which of them, some of them, neither of them, any of them. OF TAKIGRAFY. Ill i-^-v 112 THE HAND-BOOK MISCELLANEOUS PHRASE-SIGNS. KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE. Who art, who had, who hast, who hadst, who wast, who wilt, such as are, such as can, such as may, as sure, as short, have the, at the. Have the time, at the time, in some, in the same, with the same, to some, to the same, by some means, by the same means, by such means. Be not, was not, it was not, it was supposed, it was said, cast upon, cast away, cast down. Something has been said, seems to be, out and out, come together, go together; near together, close together, together with, party spirit. Arts and arms, Eastern continent, North America, United States of America, Eastern States, Western States, New York City, Great Britain. Mr. Chairman, Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, fellow citizens, ladies and .gentlemen, My Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Sir. Your favor, your honor, yours respectfully, yours truly, yours &o., truly yours, I remain, please accept, yours very truly. In reply to yours, I wish to say with reference to this matter, I fail to see, I do not think, he did not think, what do you say. At present, at the present time, than their own, less than their, full as well, quite as well, there is hardly, as follows, at the rate of, at this rate. Signs of the times, if it is convenient, as far as we are able to judge, have they any right, they have no right, in order to, in order that you may. Peculiar circumstances, peculiar circumstances of the case, generations to come, right or wrong, rights of the people, laws of inheritance, last will and testament. Just and honorable views of the Creator of the universe, Almighty God, Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, Christ Jesus, in heaven, kingdom of heaven. Telegraph operator, court reporter, circuit court, court of common pleas, supreme court, superior court, court of general sessions, county commissioner, notary public. Social intercourse, social etiquette, good society, society at large, political economy, more mature consideration, church and state. Bank account, business address, business tact, business ability, in busi- ness life, a fortunate venture, on change, bill of exchange, gold certificate. Enclosed we (I) hand you, we are in receipt of your favor, enclosed please find, permit me to congratulate you, please reply immediately, I have received your letter, I am in receipt of your letter. Marriage certificate, mutual service, mutual respect, marital obligations, marriage portion, bride and bridegroom. OF TAKIGRAFY. 113 -r J w SV 13. \\ f 7 V- 114 THE HAND-BOOK \ L/ C I 2 f y\ . L>^^ ' N 5 ^ e : "\y O 6\ \ OF TAKIGRAFY. 115 WRITING EXERCISE 16. The phrases are separated by commas : A great many, a long time, a long way, an easy task, an ardent desire, all the, all of, all of the, all times, all places, all processes, all ways, all worlds, all sciences, all sorts of. Are we, are you, ase they, are they sure, are not, are not sure, are all. As well as, as far as, as great as, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as soon as possible, as it, as this, as that, as we, as you, as they, as it is, as it was, as it were, as it may be, as it may be said, as there is, as there be, as if it were, as he, as he is, as he was sure. At it, at which, at any time, at all times, at all events, at no time, at the same time, at some time, at once. And are you, and is this, and is that, and shall we, and have we, and do they suppose, about it, about us, about time, about which. Above us, above them, above measure. Because it is, because of this, because of that, because of ' which, by chance, by some means, by no means, by all means. Can they, can we, can any one, can you, could we, could they. Do we, do you, do you suppose, do you mean, do you have, do you desire, do you know. Did you know, do you believe, do you think, do you care, do they, do they dare, do they expect. Does it seem possible, does this appear. Every person, everything else, everyone, every where. For this, for that, for us, for me. for my part, for every one, for all of us, for many persons, for the purpose of, for the most part, for this reason. From time to time, from us. Give us, give them, give me. Great advantages, great privations, great privileges, great measure, great men, great trials, great many, good reason, good measure, good will, good principles, good inclinations, general principles. He is, he was, he has been, he had been, he shall be, he will be, he may be, he might be, he can be, he could be, he will never, he will need. Had he, had you, had there been. Hast thou, hadst thou. How much, how soon, how many, how far, how are you, how could you, how can we, how bright, how brief. I believe, I can, I have, I had, I have been, I have seen, I have done, I will be, I will not, I am, I am sure, I am very sure, I believe, I hope you are, I hope you will, I may as well, 116 THE HAND-BOOK I hope. If there is, if it is, if there was, if it was, if it was not, if it is not, if it were, if it were not, if there is not, if there is to be. Is it, is not, is it not, is this, is that, is there, is it not possible. It is, it was. In me, in my, in many, in most cases, in us, in any, in no, in accordance with, in account with, in connection with, in consequence of, in all respects, in as much as, in my opinion, in reference to, in regard to, in relation to, in respect to this, in the mean time, in the name of, in the first place, in the next place, in the last place, in the second plaee, in the third place, in any way, in the way, in some way, in the same way, in no way, in every way. It is, it was, it will be, it would be, it may be, it has been, it had been, it is necessary, it is unnecessary. Just so, just as. Let us, lend us, let us know, let no one, lead them, love them, leave them, learn to, many times, many ways, many days. May I, may you, may they, may we, may not, may not be. More and more, more easily, more securely, more certainly. Most easily, most likely, most important. Much more, much easier. Must be, must not be, must not have. WRITING EXERCISE 17. Neither of them, neither of us, neither of which, New York City, New York State. No one, no time, no measure, no such thing, not only, not any. Of all, of the, of their, _pf one, of him, of his own, of which it is, of which it is said, on this, on that, on which, on some, on any, on this account, on that account, on his account, on his own account, on no account, in any account, on this occasion, on the other hand, on either hand, ought not, ought not to think, ought not to have, ought to be done, over and over, over and above. Peculiar circum- stances, point of view. Quite likely, quite sure, quite certain. Rather be, rather have, Reporting Style. Seems to be, assumes to be, shall be, shall have, shall not, shall not be, shall not have, should be, should not be, should have been, so as to be, so as to have, so there is, so there may be, so on, so soon, so easy, so far, so that you may, some one, some way, some may suppose, something certain, something more, such as, such as are, such as can, such as may be, such a man. That was, that which, OF TAKIGRAFY. 117 that is, that is not, that is not necessary, that it was, there is, there was, there may be, there must be, there is no objection, there were, they were, they will, they may, they would be. This is, this is not, this may be, this time, this manner, this means, this principle, this privilege, this practice, those times, those places, those principles, those practices, those privileges. To be sure, to do, to bear, to wish, to some extent, to which you are, the other, the other way, the other day. Was it, was this, was that, we are, we have been, we may be, we shall be, we can be, we cannot be, we could not be, we shall not be, we shall not have, we were, we will, we wish, were I, were you, were they, were there not, where are you, where will they, where shall we, what is, what was, what will be, what can be, what could be. When we, when they, when there is, when they were, which are, which may be, which cannot be, which would have been, which you could, which is not, which was not, which will, which will not, while there is, while it is, while you are, who are, who has, who hast, who was, who would, who can, who could, who is, who was, who were, who were not, who will, who will not, who may, who may not, will be, will there be, will you, will they, with us, with me, with no, with one, with many, with reference to, with respect to, with regard to, with which it is, with which we are, would you, would he, would they, would there be, would become, would believe. You are, you would, you should, you shall, you must, you can, you could, you will be, you will have, you will not, you may, you might. Omit of the : The day of the week, close of the day, time of the year, meaning of the word, liberties of the people, nations of the earth, advantages of the system, condition of the body, faculties of the mind. Omit of: Kingdom of heaven, word of God, loss of time. Omit to : I wish to be, I want to go, I ought to be, from month to month, from day to day, it seems to me, it appears to me. Omit a : For a moment, in a minute, for a long time, after a time, once a month. Omit and : By and by, over and over, better and better, father and mother, brother and sister. Omit from : From hour to hour, from week to week. 118 THE HAND-BOOK WRITING EXERCISE 18. Motion of the Heavenly Bodies ; Thomas Dick. Having taken a cursory view of the magnitude of the num- berless bodies scattered through the regions of space, let us now consider the motions which are incessantly going forward in every part of the universe : for all the myriads of globes and systems to which we have alluded are in rapid and per- petual motion ; and we have no reason to believe that there is a single quiescent body throughout the immensity of creation. We have here planets revolving around suns, planets revolving around planets, suns performing their revolutions around suns, suns revolving around the centers of sidereal systems, and in all probability every system of creation revolving around the center and Grand Mover of the whole. The rate of these mo- tions, in every known instance, is not less than several thou- sands of miles every hour, and in many instances thousands of miles in a minute. The fixed stars though to a common observer they appear exactly in the same position with regard to each other are found in some instances to be carried for- ward with motions far more rapid than even the bodies of the planetary system, though their magnitude is immensely super- ior. The star 61 Cygni, whose apparent motion is five seconds annually, is so distant that this motion is equivalent to one hundred and seventy-seven thousand miles an hour. Cassi- opeia moves at the rate of two thousand one hundred and sixty miles every minute. These are motions altogether in- comprehensible, especially when we take into consideration the enormous magnitude of the stars, some of which may be a thousand times larger than all the planets and comets be- longing to our system. They display the amazing and uncon- trollable energies of omnipotence, and afford a distinct source of admiration and astonishment in addition to all the other wonders of the universe. If, then, we would endeavor to obtain a comprehensive idea of the motions going forward through- out the spaces of immensity, we must not only conceive of planets revolving around luminous centers, but of suns revolv- ing around suns, of suns and systems revolving around the centers of the nebula? to which they respectively belong, of all the systems and nebulae of the universe revolving in immense circumferences around the throne of the Eternal, the great center of all worlds and beings, of each sun, and planet, and system, notwithstanding, pursuing a course of its own in diff- erent directions, and in numerous instances acted upon by different forces, in short, of the ten thousand times ten thou- sand luminous and opaque globes of every rank and ordei within the circuit of creation, all performing their rapid but harmonious motions throughout every region of space, and without intermission, in obedience to the laws of their Creator CHAPTER XI. ANALOGY AND EUGRAPHY. Allusion has previously been made to certain general principles, or laws,* that have an influence upon word-forms, and which, running through the entire field, bind them together into one system. These principles may be considered, so far as is necessary for practical purposes, under two general divisions, the Laws of Analogy, and the Laws of Engraphy . Analogy consists in a similarity in certain respects between things which are in other respects different. When applied to the outlines of words in Takigrafy, analogy consists in writing such portions of two or more words as are alike in sound in the same manner, and such portions as are similar in a similar manner. In the words ingress, egress, digress, congress, regress, transgress digressing, for example, the root gress, which is put in italics, appears with- out change. The law of analogy is observed here in the common spelling : but if the first word was spelled ingress, the second egres, the third Aigreos, the fourth congroce, and so on, this law would be broken. In Takigrafy, this principle applies to all classes and parts of words. As the same sound is written by the same sign, so the same combination of sounds is written by the same combination of signs. SEC. 63. THE LAWS OF ANALOGY. 1. Derivative words are written in analogy with their primitives. Hem. This rule applies especially to the derivative word-signs, and to that large class of words formed by means of the addition of prefixes and affixes. These derived forms are, for the most part, regularly formed. A given stem remains unchanged throughout the entire list of derivative forms, and even the prefix and affix signs have some analogy to the signs from which they are derived. The word form, for instance, remains un- changed throughout a list of over a hundred derived words. 2. Compound words are written in analogy both with the simple words from which they are formed, and with other compounds formed by uniting any of their parts. 3. In all classes of words the same combination of letters are written, so far as possible, in the same manner. *See Chap. Ill, page 43, and Chap. IV, pages 53-65. 119 120 THE HAND-BOOK Hem. 1. The third rule embraces a much wider field, and one that cannot be dismissed BO summarily. This rule applies to all combinations of con- sonant sounds that are, or may be, written by means of distinctive signs. a. Compounds of the L and R series come under this law ; and it is im- perative in the use of all TRUE INITIAL COMPOUNDS like pi in play, pr in pray, fr in free, &c. In final compounds the law does not demand the use of the compound sign, so its use here is merely for convenience. b. The law of analogy demands also that all consonants that unite with a following d or t, as in the words apt, act, art, and &c., represent such union by shortening the former of the two consonants ; but does not apply to cases in which a vowel precedes the d or t, as infeet, mate, &c. c. The lengthened curves present another instance of the operation of this law ; but it applies primarily only to cases in which a curved letter is fol- lowed by the sounds of tr and dr without an intermediate vowel, as in the words after, enter, under. Rem. 2. There is a conflict to the application of this law to the half- lengths and the double-lengths ; for in cases where ter and der are added to a curve the shortened form might be used, though not with the same degree of appropriateness as the lengthened sign. After might be written aft-er and enter, ent-er ; but the true syllabication is af-ter and en-ter, which determines the mode of contraction. Other cases, however, occur in which the appli- cation of the true principles are not so obvious, as wil be seen in the use of the different forms for st and sir, &c. 4. The operation of the laws of analogy may be traced throughout the entire system of word and phrase-signs. Whether a given principle extends through a larger or smaller class of words, it has a power to produce uniformity as far as its influence extends. But the action of one law is partially suspended by the action of another law in many cases. The termination ward, for instance, and the words word and heard, which express the rd by making the end of the stems Wa and Ha heavy, have usurped so much territory from the action of the law which demands the expression of rd by means of a halved Ar. The general rule could be followed in these cases, but, for the sake of briefer and more convenient word-forms, a new principle is introduced which, within a limited sphere, over-rides the first or more general law. Other examples of the operation of law within a limited sphere will be noticed by the student. Tne principles have been already detailed in con- nection with the rules for writing in previous chapters. SEC. 64. SYLLABICATION. 1. The Laws of Analogy apply to syllables. Whether written with one or more strokes, the same syllable should, so far as convenient, be always written in the same way. OF TAKIGRAFT. 121 Rem. The amalgamation of two syllables into one stroke is allowable as a means of contraction ; and convenience requires the use of two forms for some frequently recurring prefix syllables, as for instance, col, car, pU, per, &c., but these deviations should not divert the student from the general principles. The union of two syllables into one stroke should always be regarded as irregular, even though provided for in the rules for contraction. 2. Setting aside exceptions which occur, every syllable should have a single stroke sign to represent it, as in : co-rro- sive, su-bli-mate, pa-ra-gon, Go-li-ath. The principal exceptions are : a. Where two strokes are necessary, as in the first syllables of 6ar-bar-ic, fur-be-low, a&-sent, dar-kens. 6. Where a word is shortened by the contraction or omission of one or more syllables, as in the middle syllable of suc-ces-sive, ac-cessi-ble re-susci-tate ; the first syllable in a-nal-o-gy, profe-ssional, pre-fig-ure ; and the last syllable in men-fa'on,, ver-nac-wZar ; and in words gener- ally written with prefix and affix signs which represent more than one syllable. Rem. 1. It will be observed that in dividing the words into syllables the ordinary rules of syllabication are not always followed. Rem. 2. Though the common laws of syllabication are not strictly fol- lowed, yet it is better, when equally convenient, to divide a word by using those forms of contraction which preserve the syllables in the most natural form. It is better to write ar-dent, than ard-ent ; ev-(i)-dent than evid-ent : though ind-(i)-vid is written for individual, and many other words are specially contracted contrary to this principle. An application of this rule will however, indicate the proper outline of the word in many cases. It will explain, for instance, why we use the rd in earl, furl, &c., but not in early, fairly, Ac. Final syllables except when compounded with the pre- vious syllable in an affix sign should be written with a separate stroke, as ly in regularly, rarely, &c. SEC. 65. EUGEAPHY. 1. The term Eugraphy, from the Greek, eu, good or well, and graphe, writing, is used to designate that quality in the writ- ing of Tachygraphy which gives to it grace and flexibility. It should not be confounded with the term caligraphy, which means beautiful writing, for eugraphy means, not beautiful writing, but the beauty or gracefulness of the writing. 2. The principles of eugraphy apply to the LETTERS, the WORD-FORMS, and the PHRASE-SIGNS. As applied to the letters, grace of form is secured by accuracy in direction, proportion, curvature, and shading. 122 THE HAND-BOOK a. Inclined, full-sized letters should be so proportioned in length as to fill the same space perpendicularly as the upright letters. 6. The same principle will apply to the half-length, double, and treble-length characters. They each will fill one-half a space, or two or three spaces, as the case may be. Hem. An earnest effort on the part of the writer to accustom himself to accuracy in this respect will be rewarded by an increased beauty in the writing. He should practice on each letter, contrasting its half-length, full and double-length forms with one another until he gains skill in making suitable distinctions. 3. The proper size of the letters for note-taking is one- eighth of an inch for Be and Pe as the standard for the space occupied. The Ga, Ka, The, El, &c. will be a little longer, and Ra, Wa and Ha, a little longer still than Ga, Ka. Examples. ll\\)) ( ( ^ ^ ^ V Rem. In making the standard of size, one-eighth of an inch, it is not de- signed to urge this size upon all. Many persons will prefer to write larger characters for the sake of greater distinctness. Characters may be made of any size without interfering with the principles of eugraphy, provided the proper proportions are maintained. Yet, greater rapidity of writing can be secured in the use of small letters than larger ones. 4. As applied to words and phrases, the principles of eu- graphy determine the comparative convenience of different outlines. Good outlines are those best adapted to speed and legibility : hence, the laws of eugraphy have reference, first, tO THE REQUIREMENTS OF SPEED, and Second, to THE REQUIRE- MENTS OF LEGIBILITY. These requirements coincide in some particulars, but not in all. SEC. 66. THE REQUIREMENTS OF SPEED. 1. The requirements of speed are based on the laws of mo- tion, and relate to the BREVITY, FACILENESS, and LINEALITY of the outlines. Rem. Some outlines may be written much more easily than others which contain the same number of strokes. Hence it is the province of the laws of eugraphy to point out the conditions under which the most facile outlines may be produced. OF TAKIGRAFI. 123 2. The brevity of the outline will be determined generally by the principles of contraction. Yet some discretion may be used as to whether to employ a longer or shorter form for a word or phrase. Where brevity can be secured without sac- rificing too much to obtain it, it is desirable ; but the student should be cautioned against an undue regard for brief forms which are gained by a loss of flexibility or legibility. Rem. All contractions demanded by the laws of analogy should be employed : those not demanded, but only permitted, should be submitted to the limitation of the other principles which enter into the formation of good word-forms. 3. The facileness of an outline depends upon. a. THE NATURE OF THE ANGLES MADE IN JOINING ITS LETTERS, b. THE HOMOGENEOUSNESS OF THE CURVES THAT UNITE. C. THE READ- INESS WITH WHICH THE WORD-FORMS MAY BE JOINED INTO PHRASES. SEC. 67. THE NATURE OF THE ANGLES. 1. When the hand is in rapid motion, any change of direc- tion hinders the speed of the writer. If the first stroke glides into the second without an angle, the highest rate of speed can.be secured. 2. When an angle must be formed, the more acute it is the more easily it can be made. Rem. For illustration of the angles, right, acute and obtuse, and facing and opposing curves, see pp. 16 and. 17. 3.-Obtuse angles are relieved : a. By use of half-length signs. b. By skillful use of the variable signs, c. By the insertion of vocal signs where it is convenient, as in bog, bag, dog, dock. SEC. 68. THE HOMOGENEOUSNESS OF THE CURVES. 1. Curves are homogeneous when they face the same way, or form any portion of a circle that may be made by tracing the circle in the same direction. Opposing curves are made by tracing the circle in opposite directions Rem. The curves Ma, Es, Ith, Ef and El, are homogeneous ; so are the curves Tha, La, Ish and En ; but the curves in the first example are, each and all, opposed to the curves in the second example 124 THE HAND-BOOK 2. When an angle occurs between them, facing curves are made much more easily than opposing curves ; for the pen traces a second curve in the same direction without an entire loss of motion ; and when an opposing curve is made, the direction of the stroke must be reversed. 3. When opposing curves lie in the same direction, they unite without an angle, and are made with perfect freedom. Kem. 1. As a general rule, when a variable curve follows a curve of the same length, it may be turned so as either to unite without an angle or to face the same way as the curve to which it is joined. The union without an angle takes the precedence where it is equally convenient. Rem. 2. When curves of different lengths unite, those facing are always to be preferred, as an angle must in these cases always be formed. 4. These principles apply equally to vocal curves, and to the union of vocal and consonantal curves. Rem. We have Ma after E, and Em after A. El follows E, and La fol- lows rt-short ; and we have the forms La-Mid, land, and El-i-ent, lint, and many others that will be noticed, where the direction of the letters The, Ith, Em and El are varied on account of a preceding or following curve. 5. These principles apply also to the union of curves with straight lines or dashes. If a curved letter lies in the same general direction as the straight line, though an angle is needed, there is a continuous movement in the same direction favor- able to speed ; and if, added to this, they unite without an angle, the gain is still greater. Rem. 1. Some exceptions to the principles given in this and preceding sections are unavoidable, for in many cases a curve occurs between two letters, with one or both of which it will unite with a greater or less degree of difficulty. If any of the letters are variable, as in most cases one or more of them will be, the difficulty can easily be reduced to a single bad angle ; but even in case of variable letters, a change that aids the joining with a preceding letter may increase the difficulty of joining with the following letter, and vice versa. Cases of this kind will afford scope for the ingenuity of the writer. Rem. 2. So in other ways one principle may influence or over-ride the operation of another principle. Such details cannot be given here ; but the teacher of the art is advised to add to the illustrations given, so as to adapt them to different classes of his pupils. Such instruction will bear good fruit in the increased beauty and facilenss of the outlines. SEC. 69. LlNEALJTY AND PHRASING. Word-forms should have, so far as possible, a forward instead of a backward tendency. If the outline runs downward or OF TAKIGRAFY. 125 backward, away from the line of writing, it frequently hinders phrasing, and time is lost in bringing the pen back to the proper place for commencing the next word-form. Rem. 1. The variable letters and the contractions may be so used as to favor linear word-forms. Such words, for instance, as public, publication, aggregate, aggregation, and others, may be relieved from running too far below the line by using La and Ba instead of the compounds Bla and Gra. Rem. 1. So much regard has been paid to this principle in the arrangement of the alfabet that it will be easy to secure good outlines by a little atten- tion and care on the part of the writer. In any extreme case of difficulty, the word-form may be divided, as in the compound word book-keeper. SEC. 70. THE REQUIREMENTS OF LEGIBILITY. The requirements of legibility presuppose, as a basis, a fair degree of accuracy of penmanship, and regard to the proper distinctions in the length and shading of the letters. Rem. The student shoud be drilled on all the elements introduced into this style, contrasting half-length and full-length characters, full-length and double and treble-lengths, &c., till he can make the new distinctions as readily as those introduced into the first style. 1. The first special requirement of legibility as applied to word-forms is CONSISTENCY OF OUTLINE. When the reader has become accustomed to see a given word written in a given way, he reads it from memory, without looking through the characters to see what they spell. If the form be changed at random, he will read with slowness and uncertainty. 2. Another requsite of legibility is AN OBSERVANCE OF THE LAWS OF ANALOGY. This will greatly aid the memory of forms, and the reader, becoming accustomed to see a given combina- tion of sounds expressed in a given way, will read with cer- tainty and ease. Rem. It will be observed that full, long vowels and diphthongs separate consonants, and that they generally accompany full and open outlines, while small and short vowels more frequently accompany contracted forms. This is especially true in regard to the use of the circle and the compounds of the L and R series, and to some extent of the half-length signs. 3. A third thing essential to a legible style of writing is A PROPER DISTINCTION OF WORDS containing the same conso- nants. If the words in question are of such meaning that they cannot be confounded, theqe is no danger ; but if they are of like or opposite significations, there is need of a dis- tinct difference in the word-forms. 126 THE HAND-BOOK 4. A PROPER USE OF VOCALIZATION may be named as a fourth requisite of a legible style. A proper regard for brevity will lead the writer to omit all vowels that are not necessary ; but it is unwise economy to add to the labor of reading to save a far less labor in writing. a. Vowels are necessary in some words containing only one consonant, as boy, bow, bough, ape, ope, pie, pew, &c. b. Besides these there are a larger number of words of two consonants, comprising nearly all uncommon words that may be written in full, as in the common style. The following will serve as specimens of the words alluded to : bag, sag, cap, gap, map, rap, tap, mob, sob, jog, job, dame, cape, cake, wake, tall, gall, &c. c. In addition to these, many words of three or four con- sonants, with or without a contraction of consonant outline, may be vocalized, as in blab, slab, clod, plod, trod, shad, clog, flog, grog, brine, swine, twine, stripe, strap, blame, flame, bloom, flume, broom, brim, trim, &c. Rem. To these words in which the vocal sign is used for the sake of greater ease in reading should be added those mentioned under the rules for the requirements of speed. Sec. 67 c. d. The sign for I is frequently contracted by omitting one of the strokes, and words ending in ny may be written in analogy with any, by adding the tick. The last remark applies to such words as bony, stony, cony, funny, honey, briny, &c. e. When two vocal sounds occur together, as in the words aerial, pean, pious, science, &c., one or both of the vowels should be written. The former, -which is in most cases the accented vowel, is to be preferred when equally convenient. /. Vocalization will be frequently necessary in the follow- ing cases : 1. In writing proper names of persons and places. 2. In quotations from the Latin, Greek, German, French, and other foreign languages. 3. In technical terms used in the arts and sciences. 4. In all unusual words, or words used in an unusual con- nection, or in a peculiar sense. Rem. 1. Words generally considered technical or uncommon may be sufficiently familiar to some persons to be treated like ordinary word* ; OF TAKIGRAFY. 127 and some quotations from foreign languages are so familiar that they may be contracted like ordinary phrases, as, for instance, vice versa, viva voce. The purpose of the writing, and the knowledge of the subject, will deter- mine the amonut of vocalization necessary to perspicuity. It is only neces- sary that the manuscript be easily read by the persons, and for the pur- poses, for which it was written. Rem. 2. The careless writing of bare skeletons of consonant letters, with- out any reference to their legibility, so common among amateurs in Phonog- raphy, should be discouraged by the teacher. 5. A fifth requirement of legibility is A PROPER REGARD TO THE RELATIONS Of WORDS IN THE SENTENCE. Words that are used in familiar phrases, or in constructions that are familiar, become more easily legible from the connec- tion in which they stand. But words that are isolated, or used in unusual connections, or in peculiar senses, demand more care in the writing to render them easily legible. Rem. 1. The power of position in a sentence to add to the legibility of word-forms is illustrated in nearly all the phrases given in Tables and Reading Lessons. Properly made phrase-signs will aid the reader by making the connection of the words more noticeable. The word same, for instance, becomes definite in the phrase the same, since the word some is never pre- ceded by the article tlie. The joining of words, however, not associated in sense, would lesson rather than increase the ease of reading by intimating a connection between the words that did not exist. Rem. 2. Where words are isolated in construction, as in the following sentences, they need to be distinguishable in form. But the fruit of the spirit is lone, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance. Can youth, or health, or strength, or honor, or pleasure satisfy the soul? I have seen (fie effects of love and hatred, joy and grief, hope and despair. Even in these cases, the reader is aided somewhat by the context, for he would not look for any evil affection or passion among the fruits of the spirit ; and in the last example, the contrast suggests the contrasted word. So in nearly all cases the context will aid the reader to a greater or less extent ; but he should not rely too much upon it, but take care that all iso- lated words be written clearly and definitely. Rem. 3. Uncommon words, and those of doubtful signification, with words from foreign languages, mentioned in the preceding section, cannot, from the nature of the case, be referred with safety to the context for explanation, but must be legible independent of their connection. 4. Proper names that are mentioned among words needing vocalization may also be considered as isolated words, as they are not generally inferable from the sense of the passage in which they stand. 5, Outlines chosen for autographs should be easily legible, 128 THE HAND-BOOK 11. * fc-* 7 ' "} o9 _ ^ . ' v ^ u . X, y perfect-ion Before ^) L J behind believe ^? enough 3 influence "} proclaim privilege J beneath ^ acknowledge /1 'V S economy V accept / large \ iniquity \ ascribe -^ therefore c caU ^~ advertisement ^ amount ^ catastrophe * distinguish , vO differ ^~\ never ""V, neglect / accordingly dominion <-,. Almighty "^^\ anythhig "^ Takigrafy <*_ astonish \^ nothing ~\ \ Fonografy c~ toward 9 virtue ^~~^ sublime C were ^) life xt image-ine c where ^J year ( member D would zf^ beyond o elsewhere 3 9 what c r whatsoever change J judge /& behold resemble \ 7 ^ ) ^ K ^ v p v ^ V p 138 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 73. WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. (See Remark at the bottom of page 140.) KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE. The words commencing each line in the engraved page are capitalized. The words to be contrasted are not separated by commas : Abandoned abundant, abase base bias, beast boast biased bestow beset, bindery boundary binder. Bright broad, brightens broadens, brightness broadness, broth breath birth, barrel burial barley. Absolute obsolete, compatible computable, pitiable potable, patted petted pitied puttied, probation approbation prohibition. Persecute prosecute, persecution prosecution, apportion portion, preparation proportion appropriation, proportioned proportionate, prop- erty propriety appropriate. Perspective prospective, pre- scribe proscribe, petrify putrify, petrifaction putrifaction, patron pattern, pester poster pasture. Apology pillage pledge, pulse police policy, planet plenty pliant com- pletion compulsion compilation, placid pellucid. Per- haps propose, part port, party pretty purity, protection production prediction, pertain appertain, pretend portend. Parade parody period, approach preach parch perch porch, prefer proffer, pervious previous, peruse. Pursue pierce, perspire prosper, priest pressed, poorest purest pursuit, person parson, percent personate present. Parcel parasol parsley, Prussia Persia, Persian Parisian Prussian, operation oppression, permanent preeminent prominent. Permanence preeminence prominence, perilous peerlees powerless, precise, process spirit separate support, separating spiriting supporting. God good guide, garden guardian, cost caused, collision collusion coalition, corporal corporeal, creature creator. Sacred secret, exterminate extremity data date dote debt doubt diet duet ditty duty. Auditor daughter debtor deter editor doubter, auditory dietary, defense defiance defines. Defer differ defray devour, adverse diverse divers divorce, decease disease diocese. Deceased diseased dis- tribute disturbed, adultery idolatry, diligent indulgent indigent. Diligence indulgence indigence, damnation domi- nation dimension, deablate dissolute, adorns durance. OF TAKIGRAFY. 139 WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. U, a, l^l/V IX IX? i 1- V 140 THE HAND-BOOK KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE. Tartar traitor trader territory, tariff terrify trophy, tor- rent tyrant truant. City set seat sight sought, steady study stead stood staid. Train turn, vileness violence villainous, evolution volition violation, valuable available, violent valiant. Avocation vocation, invasion innovation, ever every over very, fiscal physical vesicle, fence fans feigns fines. Offense affiance, farce force furious, fallen flown, form farm frame firm, fairness furnace. Flail, furl furlow, funeral funereal, fretful fruitful, shortly shrewdly, assist essay est society. Thee they though thou thy, man men, impas- sioned impassionate impatient, machine mission motion emotion. Machinery missionary, cemetery symmetry, emi- grant immigrant, minister monster, ministry monastery. Necessity incest insist, inconcealable inconsolable, incon- vincible invincible invisible, inebriate inbred imbrued, end- less needless. Indefinite undefined, ingenious ingenuous, inevitable unavoidable, center centaur sentry. Signs sense science, assignees assigns, sinner sooner snare snore sneer scenery. Sinless sunless, star store starry story stray astray, elaborate labored, altitude latitude. Latter later letter lighter loiter lottery ultra, likely luckily locally, learnt learned. Reparation repression, orator writer, oratory artery, arrive review, arrival rival reveille. Rebel re-bel, resume reassume, round ruined renewed wronged, earlier railer roller ruler. Revelation revolution revulsion, leave live lave love, lead led load lad, gentle genteel. Raid read red road rude, rate right write rote root rout, equality quality. Eemark. In applying the principles of contraction, a difference of out- line is possible In many cases. Words of the same consonant letters can be written with or without vowels, and with a greater or less degree of con- traction. The forms chosen, as taught in the previous chapter, should be such as to best indicate the nature of the vowel, and its place in the outline. An observance of these principles leads of itself to a sufficient difference of outline in most cases to insure legibility. It is not necessary that all words should be distinguished by a difference of outline. If two words are writ- ten alike, their nature and use frequently make them sufficiently intelligible ; but in some other cases the context will not serve to make the meaning clear without a difference of outline. The preceding list embraces words that it is well generally to distinguish. OF TAKIGRAFY. 141 WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. \A Is 2 -5 o^_S> Q_P ifi_J> V 142 THE HAND-BOOK SEC. 74. SPECIAL METHODS OF ABBREVIATION, ETC. In most kinds of work the student will be able to make abbreviations not given in the text-books. Frequently recur- ring phrases may be shortened to any desirable extent, though they might be quite unintelligible used in any other connec- tion. In a rail-road office, for instance, the name of the com- pany, and of the leading connecting lines, may be used so frequently as to be intelligible with the slightest indication ; and in the dictation of letters, the employer may be partial to certain modes of expression, which recur with such frequency that to write them in full would be quite unnecessary. Ex- amples of this kind are given with key. INITIAL LETTERS. In some cases the long-hand initials may be found conven- ient, especially where the letters occur that are not used with their proper phonetic significance ; as, C. B. and Q., for Chi- cago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. A. B. C. F. M. for American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, etc. If, however, the initials are written in Takigrafic letters, C may be indicated by Es-E, and Q by Ka-Ew, O soft by Ja-E, hard G by Oa, Ph by P, etc. See illustrations. SEC. 75. TRANSCRIPTION. Having acquired facility in writing, and in reading what he has written, the student will need, before engaging in pro- fessional work, to be able to transcribe his writing in a correct manner. He must understand paragraphing and punctuation, and the art generally of reproducing in a readable form, speeches, debates, trials, etc. , which are in many cases, full of errors to be corrected, and redundancies to be eliminated. Rem. 1. In some kinds of work the student will have no difficulties of this kind. If a corresponding clerk in a business house or office, his employer will be quite likely to dictate letters and other memoranda in the form in which he wishes them written. Lectures also and set speeches of a polished character may generally be reproduced without alteration. Now if the student wishes to reproduce what he has written accurately, he must indi- cate in his manuscript every full pause, ev. ry abrupt transition, and may frequently mark the paragraphs, which will be more readily understood when listening to the discourse than when reading the notes. If, how- ever, the work is of a different nature, as in reporting extemporaneous speeches, which abound in repetitions, and in which the language is chosen OF TAKIGRAFY. 143 with little regard to fitness or perspicuity, it is often necessary to condense the language, or in many cases to change it altogether ; and in such cases, the reporter who can produce the " best report in the fewest number of words," is the best reporter. Hem. 2. Whether the reports of our judicial proceedings shall be con- densed, is a question for the courts themselves, or for the lawyers who employ reporters, to decide. The present practice is not uniform, though some condensation is, we think, necessary and generally allowed. SEC. 76. PUNCTUATION. The common marks for punctuation may be used in Takig- rafy, as in common manuscript. In note-taking only the principal pauses need be inserted. The following additional marks may be found of service. Doubt, Parentheses, Applause, Dash, Laughter, Index, Paragraph, Hyphen. SEC. 77. AIDS. 1. The student has already been advised of the importance of providing himself with dictionaries, cyclopedias and gazetteers, for reference. In some kinds of work he will need other books. A library of miscellaneous works might, on occasion, be serviceable ; but this is a luxury that every stu- dent cannot expect to command, unless he is in connection with some public institution ; and in that case he ought, at least, to know the worth of books, and how to use them. Hem. 1. Suppose, for instance, you are writing out the deposition of witnesses, and have failed to get the proper spelling of the names of the witnesses ; if in a city, you may find them in the City Directory. Or, suppose that a lawyer has ended a brilliant speech with a still more brilliant quo- tation from some well-known author, which was deli vered too rapidly for perfect writing ; it is then convenient to have the work at hand from which the selection was made. These are mere hints, which the student will improve, by availing himself of all aids and means of information that come in his way. He should not. trust too much to his own memory, or acquired sources of information, though the more he can do to render these trust-worthy, the better it will be for him in his work. Rem. 2. There are other special aids which the young reporter or aman- uensis can avail himself of, such as the short-hand magazines published in the interest of his profession. If he neglects to take these, he deprives himself of aid and assistance peculiarly appropriate. Takigrafers will 144 THE HAND-BOOK naturally take the Takigrafic publications ; they should also take, if possible, the leading magazines devoted to Phonography. Some of the Phonographic works will also be found useful in giving suggestions of a miscellaneous character. If lawyers, physicians and clergymen have their libraries, and magazines devoted to their profession, why should the young reporter re- gard himself as independent of such aids ? His profession is no less exten- sive than theirs and If his present position does not call for any great skill or for much information, it certainly cannot be amiss for him to be pre- pared for one higher and and more exacting. SEC. 78. CONCLUDING INSTRUCTIONS. The instruction given in the preceding pages, if well and faithfully fol- lowed, will lead the student to a correct and sufficiently brief reporting style. Should he, however, reach this portion of the work before gaining sufficient speed to follow a moderate speaker with accuracy, he should consider carefully in what his deficiencies consist. If he has neglected the manual drills prescribed in the Elements and hi the Manual, he should go back to the beginning and commence right. Until a pupil has learned to write the alphabet, the vocal and the consonantal signs, in ten seconds, and has learned to write two letters joined with nearly the same facility as one, he has no foundation on which to build a rapid style of writ- ing. Even more than this, the hand itself must be trained to skill in the use of the pen by varied exercise ; and long continued practice. If this preliminary work has been well done, the student should review the work, and see that every special feature of contraction is thoroughly mastered. No student, we presume, will neglect the tables of word and phrase-signs, which should be made as familiar as the alphabet. But, in addition to this, the writing exercises throughout the work, after the pro- per outlines are once secured, should be written from dictation repeatedly, until they can be written with great freedom, as well as accuracy. The student who is desirous of reaching the highest measure of success will avail himself of every opportunity tc nractice what he has thus ac- quired. He should not leave this text bo k until he has approximated a speed of 150 words a minute, and until he is able to write certain portions of it at a i) ore rapid rate than this. Having accomplished so much, he should settle down upon some special line of study and practice. If he attempts to apply the the art to all branches of literature and science that may chance to come in his way, without any method, he will waste much valuable time, and gain but little advantage. We do not object to the practice of reporting sermons, lectures, and speeches, on almost any subject that may chance to come in his way. This will do no harm and may do much good. But this should not be re- garded as serious study. In addition to this, he must statedly and persist- e tly follow some special line of study that will fit him for the practical work in which he expects to engage. This work may be determined for him by circumstances, as in the case of students in our professional schools, OF TAKIGRAFY. 145 or of those who are already acquainted with some professional practice, or have some special scientific acquirements. But if the students are young men or young ladies with no classical or professional training, they can select some special field for culture until actual employment settles this question for them. When actually ettled in any kind of work, study the best outlines for the words and phrases of frequent occurrence. As these words and phrases differ indefinitely in different kinds of employment, they cannot be fully treated in the text-books ; but any competent itstructor can furnish con- tracted outlines for them. If such assistance is not at hand the student should learn to rely on his own invention to devise contractions for special cases as they arise. These contractions should be formed in harmony with the principles of the system, and form a natural part of it. Such contrac- tions are expected and provided for : and the student that uses them need not feel that he goes beyond the system. He is only using in new and special ways, the principles previously acquired. However, the student should observe that an excess of invention will rather hinder than help him in getting speed. The contracted outlines need not be very numerous. They should never be allowed to become burdensome 146 THE HAND-BOOK J=> ^ ^ - 1 ^ I \ >, -o 1%. c ! ( -5 r- '. Sr ^ JJ kx' ^y \. k^ S -A ^^ ? % 01 -LA V^ ^ OF TAKIGRAFY. 155 \_p ! 3 . 4- -V <^ x ), . 5 \x^V 9 J -V 156 THE HAND-BOOK SPECIMENS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. (KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE.) NEW YORK, Oct. 31, 1882. MB. JAMES BLANCHABD, CHICAGO. * Dear Sir : We take pleasure in sending this day, by your order, the enclosed invoice of goods, amounting to Orte Thousand Dollars ; subject to 10 per cent, discount. Your references being entirely satisfactory, we have no hesitation hi opening an account, and allowing you our best terms. Trusting that the goods, which are sent by express, will arrive safely, and meet your favor, We are Yours Truly, ALEXANDER SMITH & CO. BUFFALO, Nov. 10, 1882. MESSBS. A. B. HARRIS & Co., NEW YORK. Dear Sir : Enclosed find P. O. Order for $23.00, for which please send by the American Express, the following goods : 4 Lancaster Table Spreads, at $1.50 $ 6.00 10 Yds. Waterproof Cloth, 5 black, and 5 blue, 1.00 10.00 20 Yds. Calico, brown, with small figure, 10 2.00 30 " " white, with small pink dot, 15 4.50 2 Linen Handkerchiefs. .. 25 .50 Total $23.00 Yours, J. HAMMERSMITH. MESSES. J. L. MERRITT & Co., We beg to acknowledge receipt of your esteemed favor of the 15th inst., by which we note that First of Exchange for 900 remittance per " Western Empire," reached you in due course. Second of Exchange was forwarded to you on the 10th inst., per " City of Berlin.'" We have had no tidings of the " City of Berlin " since her departure from this port ; but as the weather has been favorable, we hope soon to hear of her safe arrival on your side. As soon as the claims for short delivery have been finally adjusted, we will forward you closed accounts, together with remittance for the balance. London, September 25, 1882. BARING BROS. OF TAKIGRAFY. 15V ^ ) s 10 1 ! o^Xf ^^1 ,25 p fc 2 . . 158 THE HAND-BOOK KEY TO THE OPPOSITE PAGE. TMTIMOHT REPORTED BY SAMUEL PUBNELL, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. (Contributed in Takigrafy to Browne's Phonographic Monthly.) Mr. C. Stone, examined by Commissioner Coyle. Question. Can you, sir, state any principle establishing commutation rates, monthly ticket, or other tickets entitling parties to ride without payment hi advance for each ride, except what you have already given as to the established rules about rates of fare ? Mr. STONE. We have no universal rule governing commutation rates, round trip tickets, &c., but they are made usually where people dwelling in the country can go into large cities and out the same day, where hotel bills do not have to be incurred. Low rates are based a good deal on that idea, also on the number of persons or commuters to be accommodated. Question. Then no rule can be given concerning them, you think. They are fixed with reference to the general character of the business, and its magnitude, with some consideration for the speedy and healthy develop- ment of the country, also keeping a sharp look-out for the treasury of the road ? Answer. Yes, that is it exactly. I know of no rule by which such things can be calculated. It is a matter of good judgment for each individual case as it arises. Question. Is there economy in taking a through-ticket, to your ultimate destination ? If so, how much, what percentage is that economy, may I inquire ? Answer. The saving is perhaps equal to some 25 per cent, or more, all round. But one road does not stand all the reduction ; it is shared by all the roads proportionally, generally according to then- mileage, but some- times other elements creep hi which vary that somewhat. As I have said before, I do not know how to tell you these things hi rules, because it is a matter of judgment, of friendly compromise and the like. Question. When charges of rates are varied how do they change, are they mostly in favor of a reduction ? Answer. Almost always. I cannot at this moment remember that we ever voluntarily raised rates. Such an act would generally not be a position based on good policy. It might also be ineffective as a finality, and the public would be pretty sure to look upon it as declaratory of an overmas- tering desire to get rich too suddenly, and hostile legislation would be invited. OF TAKIGRAFY. 159 V IP 1 T ~^^ *- > 160 THE HAND-BOOK SPECIMEN OF LAW REPORTING. ADDRESS OF HON. CHAS. S. MAY; furnished by E. P. Goodrich. If your Honor please, Gentlemen of the Jury : In my whole experience as an advocate and public speaker I have seldom if eyer, felt impressed with such embarrassment as I now feel in rising to close the argument for the people in this most important cause. Called here without previous knowledge of the facts farther than as a citizen I had read in the public prints, I do not enjoy the advantage of that intimate acquaintance with all the ramifications of this evidence, that knowledge of witnesses, their history, then* character, which my brothers on either side have enjoyed throughout this trial. Coming here in the line of my pro- fessional duty, I find a most extraordinary case. I find that a great crime has been committed by somebody : a crime that imperils your habitations, your public structures, the very lives of your citizens. I say I find that a great crime has been committed, because it is not claimed here by my brothers on the other side that the burning of Armory Hall was acciden- tal. The fire was set by somebody. Who set it ? That is the question which you are to decide. Gentlemen of the jury, I am here to assist you in the discharge of this duty, and I beg you to believe that what I shall say to you to-night is prompted by no spirit of m ilice or persecution against anybody. I am here to assist the prosecution, which I believe has been conducted as carefully, as candidly, as any prosecution that was ever commenced in the State of Michigan. I have seen prosecutions, as you may have seen, as all lawyers and men of experience have seen, prosecutions marked by bitterness prosecutions that have degenerated into mere persecutions ; but such is not the case here, and I am glad to be able to say this much upon my respon- sibility as a man and a lawyer in your presence to relieve, if it should be thought necessary, this prosecuting officer from all imputations that have been cast upon him. Under such facts as have been divulged before you, what was the duty of the prosecuting officer of this county ? Can any man say that he would have been justified under his oath of office, on his public duty and conscience in passing this case by, in entering a nolle prosequi in the court upon it ? As he told you to-day, and I cannot doubt his word when I see this mass of work he has accomplished ; he has spent nearly a year of work hi bringing this case to your attention, and yet, gentlemen, in the discharge of this duty, hi the performance of this Herculean labor, he could have been actuated by no motive except the motive of the pub- lic good and the public safety. OF TAKIGRAFY. 161 ^1 v 1 ^ ' /e> ] 162 THE HAND-BOOK V^ L/M! N ^-^P O O-/ 2 .6^ h v lXxfc/ Vv_^ i < *>^ Q , IS *~ , ^ ^ y* -b ^^ ^V ^ - v> <. \ ^- / ^ JI ^ ,-^V 1 c r. /< \^ T_^ ^^ \^ ^A^ -Q . fe c_^ ^ L CL/ . i/Q N S**^ r^-S~y. \^9 ^~"V 9 I \ - "~A, XX THE HAND-BOOK DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal sta- tion to which the laws of Nature, and Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; that they are en lowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun- dation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a lon^ train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- sentation in the legislature a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- able, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved repr sentative houses repeatedly for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihil 'tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise, the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States : for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage then- migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has effected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. OF TAKIGRAFY. i G5 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 166 THE HAND-BOOK He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foi-eign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our government : For suspending pur own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundereh our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have \ve been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have, reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too. have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce hi the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge t each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. OF TAKIGRAFY. 167 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 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