FIELD SYSTEM 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK B. QILBRETH 
 
 M. AM.Soc. M.E. 
 GENERAL CONTRACTOR 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 We desire to announce that we have taken 
 over the book business, including copyrights, 
 plates and stock, of THE MYRON C. CLARK PCB- 
 MSiUNf, COMPANY of 608 So. Dearborn Street, 
 Chicago, 111., and are prepared to make deliveries 
 (if all books heretofore published by them. 
 
 We shall, in addition, shortly publish a num- 
 ber of new books pert-lining to technical subjects. 
 Y.'e Invite your orders, which we are admirably equipped to fulfill 
 economically and promptly. 
 
 CI,ARIv BOOK COMPANY, INC., 
 
 27 William St., New York, N. Y. 
 
FIELD SYSTEM 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK B. QILBRETH 
 
 M. AM.Soc. M.E. 
 GENERAL CONTRACTOR 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 NEW YORK AND CHICAGO 
 
 THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 1908 
 
COPYRIGHT 
 1904-1906-1907 
 
 BY 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH 
 

 THE GILBRETH "FIELD SYSTEM."* 
 
 How a Successful Contractor Has Solved the Account- 
 ing Problem Loose Leaf Memoranda Take 
 the Place of Cash Book, Journal and 
 Ledger High-Priced Bookkeepers 
 Are Unnecessary. 
 
 BY JOHN P. SLACK. 
 
 Organization in the contracting field presents two 
 phases which often seem to greatly diverge. One, the 
 possibilities in theory, and the other, the possibilities 
 in practice. It is in the application of theory, in its 
 reduction to an ultimate working basis, that proof lies. 
 The proof of the pudding lies in the eating no less 
 truly than the proof of theory in the result of its ap- 
 plication. The factor which varies, and which often 
 brings apparently logical theories to an unfortunate 
 conclusion, is the difference between working condi- 
 tions which obtain in actuality, and ideal conditions 
 which unfortunately exist only in theory. 
 
 *This article, which appeared in "The Business World" for No- 
 vember, 1907, should be read by every owner of this book, because it 
 dearly outlines the dependence of Gilbreth's office system upon his "Field 
 System." It shows how the loose-leaf reports from the field are made 
 to serve the place of an elaborate set of books, and how it becomes 
 unnecessary to employ high-priced bookkeepers. 
 
 359473 
 
The i.lirc'jtior: of a large body of men of various 
 degrees of intelligence, working in different localities, 
 some perhaps far removed from headquarters, is a 
 proposition requiring experience, brains, and a highly 
 specialized training in the art of handling men. The 
 large contractor executing many contracts simultane- 
 ously has this proposition to face, and the problems 
 which must be solved are many and puzzling. 
 
 The manufacturer as a rule groups his tools, hu- 
 man and mechanical, at one location, possibly under 
 one roof, in any case in one plant. His forces, under 
 effective direction, may work as a unit; one branch 
 of the industry is- within sound of the whir of ma- 
 chinery incident to the next step in the process of 
 manufacture. Such contact makes for unity, and sys- 
 tem may more nearly follow the points of least resist- 
 ance. A contractor has no such grouping of his forces 
 by location to aid him. One structure is erected in 
 one state and another perhaps a thousand miles dis- 
 tant. The one building may be a factory, the other a 
 city sky-scraper. Both are structures, but further than 
 this the analogy may cease. Such conditions, peculiar 
 as they are to the industry, must be met by a complete- 
 ness of organization, and by an effectiveness and com- 
 prehensiveness of systematization, which will make for 
 results in the strenuous competition which obtains in 
 the building trade. 
 
 A notable instance of the application of a work- 
 ing system through which field work may be executed 
 from beginning to end is found in the organization of 
 
 4 
 
Frank B. Gilbreth of New York. His "Field Sys- 
 tem" has become almost a by-word in the building 
 trades, since its completeness and effectiveness have 
 been excelled by no contractor's working system which 
 has yet been devised. It is by no means the work of 
 one man, or any few men. Many of the suggestions 
 contained therein have emanated from the lips of the 
 humblest workmen, and none of its effectiveness is 
 lost through the fact that such suggestions are ex- 
 pressed in the terse, significant language of the work- 
 men themselves. 
 
 For several years previous to its iccent publica- 
 tion the Gilbreth "Field System" was open to the in- 
 spection only of the men in the employ of that organi- 
 zation. Only a limited number of copies of the vol- 
 ume were in existence, each being numbered, and the 
 possessor of each being accountable for its return even 
 to the extent of being bonded in a small sum to cover 
 its loss. Notwithstanding such precautions, unscrupu- 
 lous competitors sought in many ways to obtain the 
 information contained in this volume. Office boys were 
 bribed, certain pages were photographed, and dis- 
 charged superintendents in one or two instances car- 
 ried the book with them. However, its publication 
 makes such attempts no longer necessary, and shows 
 a most broad-minded and generous spirit on the part 
 of the contractor as well. 
 
 A feature of the Gilbreth "Field System" which 
 is worthy of comment, is the system of accounting 
 without books, which it outlines and which has been 
 
in practical use by this organization for some little 
 time. The idea is sufficiently broad in scope to make 
 it adaptable to other than the needs of contractors 
 alone, and is so economical that a number of owners 
 of buildings erected by Frank B. Gilbreth, have adopt- 
 ed it for use in their factories as well. As an illustra- 
 tion of its effectiveness in large contracts, there may 
 be cited three complete industrial towns which the 
 Gilbreth organization erected, each in the phenomenal 
 time of a few months ; one at Sprague's Falls, Maine, 
 one at Piercefield, N. Y., and another at Canton, 
 N. C. On each of these contracts the system of 
 accounting without books, fully described below, was 
 used, and the size of the contracts alone furnishes elo- 
 quent testimony to the excellence of the system. It 
 has been the execution of such contracts as the three 
 above noted which has associated with the Gilbreth 
 name the phrase of "towns to order" and which amply 
 justifies its use. 
 
 The Gilbreth system of accounting has been util- 
 ized under all kinds of local conditions in nearly all 
 the states, and in the provinces of Canada as well. It 
 provides for no cash book, journal nor ledger, but in 
 their place substitutes what is in fact a systematic set 
 of memoranda. Their completeness is such that the 
 owner may see at a glance each Saturday what the 
 total cost of a given structure has been up to the previ- 
 ous Thursday. The system shows furthermore, what 
 the cost of materials will be for the completion of the 
 job, namely, the materials required in addition to the 
 
check bills as compared with the initial estimate on the 
 cost of the undertaking. 
 
 The method of procedure is as follows : 
 When the organization is awarded a contract, an 
 estimate of the total cost is compiled and itemized in 
 detail. Cost of labor and cost of the materials for 
 each item that enters into the estimate arw separated. 
 When this has been done, a copy of the estimate book 
 is given to the owner for his information as well. 
 When materials are to be purchased, the regular form 
 of order (see O 10382, page 65) is given to the man 
 furnishing the materials and a duplicate of this order 
 is sent to the clerk on the job, and by him is placed on 
 a Shannon File alphabetically, under the name of the 
 firm furnishing the materials. On their receipt, the 
 job clerk gives the person furnishing such materials a 
 ticket for each portion of the shipment (see P 543, 
 page 68), retaining a duplicate copy of the partial re- 
 ceipt on a Shannon File. 
 
 When goods are shipped, the firm furnishing the 
 materials is required to forward duplicate bills to the 
 job. These bills are immediately filed alphabetically 
 on a Shannon File. The clerk permanently attaches 
 the order O 10382 (page 65) to the file, and thus 
 checks and approves "prices correct," and the terms 
 and conditions of the order. The bill does not receive 
 its final checking until he has attached as well a "final 
 shipment" form such as P 543 (page 68), or the stub 
 of O 10382, to the bill. After the clerk has attached to 
 the bill the "order" which checks the price, terms 
 
 7 
 
and conditions, the "final shipment" receipt which 
 proves the goods received on the job with quantities 
 and cost correct, it is then checked and approved by 
 the timekeeper (see bill stamp). The bill is then num- 
 bered beginning with one, and as the bills are checked 
 the latest number is placed on the top of the file and 
 then bound with McGill fasteners. These bills, in 
 packages of one to fifty, correspond to the journal 
 pages in an ordinary set of books, and are permanent- 
 ly filed numerically, whereas on the index file they 
 were placed alphabetically under the name of the man 
 furnishing the goods. All bills of the job are then 
 either on index file where they can readily be found 
 alphabetically, or else they are permanently located on 
 the check bill file numerically, and may be referred to 
 only by their number. 
 
 It is desirable, for many reasons other than that 
 of checking up actual cost of the work as compared 
 with the estimate, to have labor and material separated 
 in the accounts. Consequently, the "M" sheet has 
 been devised (see M 15702, page 62), on which bills 
 for material are listed. It will be seen that one line 
 is sufficient for any one bill, and that the name of the 
 party furnishing the materials may be placed under 
 the "Remarks" column. The bill number column serves 
 as the posted column of a ledger, while material sheet 
 number will be seen on the bill stamp on the next to 
 the last line. 
 
 After bills have been listed on the "M" sheet, they 
 are filed away for reference only in case of dispute, 
 
 8 
 
since the "M' ? sheet will give all the information re- 
 quired to the owner or the representative of the con- 
 tractor who is responsible for the cost of the job not 
 exceeding the estimate. 
 
 As quickly as these "M" sheets have been filled out, 
 they are listed on a cost report (see CR 126, page 72). 
 This cost report simply deals with the "M" sheet 
 number, its date and its total. The system for labor 
 accounting is still more simple than the method of 
 recording the cost of material. The time book is 
 made in triplicate, one copy of which is forwarded to 
 the owner each week, one copy retained in the book 
 on the job, and one copy forwarded to the main office 
 of the contractor. 
 
 The problem of eliminating the cost of entering 
 footings from the time book into an ordinary ledger 
 and then handling in accordance with the usual meth- 
 ods, is met as follows: 
 
 The time book (TB) sheet (page 59) is filed 
 according to date, the most recent on top, and is 
 secured with McGill fasteners. These time sheets are 
 then entered in the first column of the cost report 
 sheet (CR, page 72), merely by writing in the TB 
 sheet the number, the date and the amount. It will be 
 seen that the total of column number one in the 
 cost report sheet (page 72) is then the total cost of 
 the labor to date. Added to the total of column num- 
 ber two in the cost report (the total cost of materials 
 which has been actually checked as to quantities, prices 
 and extensions), the cost of all checked and approved 
 
 9 
 
items to date, is given. Thus far, the cost report does 
 not differ in great degree from the usual form of 
 book-keeping as found in every well-conducted con- 
 tractor's office. It is, however, incomplete in that it 
 does not contain full particulars for the information 
 of the owner as to the real cost and liability of the 
 contract to date. Therefore, columns numbers three, 
 four and five have been added to this cost report sheet 
 for the following data: 
 
 Column three is the same as column two, except 
 that it contains the record of materials bought and 
 delivered to the office direct instead of to the job. 
 This column is seldom used, but occasionally it be- 
 comes necessary. 
 
 Column four is for such items as, for instance, the 
 balance of $2,000 ot\ a $5,000 plumbing contract, 
 $3,000 of which, as payment on account, has been 
 approved and entered on the "M" sheets as included 
 in column two. 
 
 Column five is to include the full complement of 
 "orders." Copies of these are sent by the purchasing 
 department of the contractor's main office to the job 
 for items such as interior marble work, etc., the 
 materials for which have been purchased, and the 
 work on which is being executed in some shop or 
 quarry, perhaps many miles from the site of the build- 
 ing. At the same time, such an item eventually be- 
 comes a liability, and consequently, each week, the 
 time-keeper goes through his Shannon File of "O's" 
 (see page 65) or orders, and sees that each and every 
 one not yet attached to a bill is listed in column five, 
 
 10 
 
taking care to include all items of the previous week's 
 cost report, minus those attached to checked bills dur- 
 ing the week following. The cost report thus com- 
 piled becomes useful to a great many people who are 
 interested in the contract. The superintendent is con- 
 stantly reminded how the labor item is running on 
 his contract as compared with what is expected of 
 him on the cost of labor. 
 
 Columns numbers one, two and three of the 
 cost report (page 72) show the total cost 
 of check items to date, and so far as the actual 
 bookkeeping is concerned, the accounting department 
 uses only these first three columns. The superin- 
 tendent, contractor and owner are able to see at a 
 glance how the fractional cost of the contract to date 
 is comparing with the estimate made and given by the 
 contractor to the owner. The item of unfinished labor 
 is the only indefinite one, and variation from that 
 source is narrowed down more and more closely each 
 week. 
 
 "O's" (page 65) or orders show the actual price 
 for which materials will be delivered. They also show 
 the comparison with the contractor's original estimate. 
 It is customary with the Gilbreth organization to 
 have the owner approve each "O" before the contract 
 is awarded, thus enabling the owner to see exactly 
 what expenditure will be made for materials, as com- 
 pared with figures in estimate book, before such ma- 
 terials are actually purchased. Therefore, the only 
 item left in question is the eventual total of column 
 one, viz., the labor column. 
 
 11 
 
In summarizing this system as a unit, and the 
 functions for which it has been devised, it will be seen 
 that the check bill file becomes the journal. Listing 
 of bills on the "M" sheet (page 62) is the same as a 
 ledger made up of footings of columns, while the clerk 
 who simply follows out the directions written in the 
 blank spaces on these manifold books, has, perhaps 
 unconsciously, become a bookkeeper. This phase of 
 the system has proved especially advantageous, since 
 few bookkeepers are good outside men, and outside 
 men are almost never good bookkeepers. Further- 
 more, it comes within the comprehension of the prac- 
 tical superintendent of the job, who has probably 
 worked his way up from apprentice boy or a technical 
 graduate, and has never had real training in the prin- 
 ciples of practical bookkeeping. 
 
 The Gilbreth system of accounting without books 
 accomplishes, then, six things : 
 
 1. It does away with experienced or high-priced 
 bookkeepers. 
 
 2. It shows the cost of the job each Saturday 
 up to the previous Thursday night. 
 
 3. It shows the owner the cost of the materials 
 before they are bought. 
 
 4. It shows constantly the comparative cost of 
 the work with the contractor's estimate book. 
 
 5. It is a system of bookkeeping without books. 
 It files the original memorandum and saves cost of 
 copying and errors of copying. 
 
 6. It saves the cost of expert bookkeeping. 
 
 12 
 
GENERAL OUTLINES OF FIELD SYSTEM 
 
 This system contains the written ideas of the 
 most successful men in our employ. 
 
 In printing it we have in view the following aims : 
 
 1. TO HAVE THE BEST PRACTICE in all 
 departments put in writing for the benefit of all 
 employees. 
 
 2. TO AVOID REPEATING ORALLY, by 
 putting in writing, all those instructions from which 
 L here are no exceptions. 
 
 3. TO MAINTAIN THE POLICY OF THIS 
 FIRM, namely that the best work will in the long 
 run bring us the most profit, success and satisfaction. 
 
 Maintaining this system has contributed to our 
 success. It has enabled us to make a specialty of 
 "speed work," because our superintendents, foremen 
 and timekeepers are trained on the "duplicate part" 
 system. 
 
 As our organization is built thus, like a machine, 
 we can supply additional foremen, who, being already 
 trained to their duties, know what is expected of them 
 and can take charge of the work immediately at any 
 point. 
 
 13 
 
 ; 
 
Nothing in this system hinders progress. Im- 
 provements will be incorporated as approved. These 
 rules in their present condition have been proved good 
 by the great increase in our business during their use. 
 
 All employees must follow these rules to the letter 
 unless they receive written permission to suspend cer- 
 tain rules. 
 
 Employees who fail to abide by the spirit of these 
 rules will not receive promotion. 
 
 We shall appreciate and will pay money for sug- 
 gestions that will improve this system. 
 
UNDER OUR 
 "COST-PLUS-A-FIXED-SUM" CONTRACT 
 
 we furnish all superintendence, labor and materials, 
 and complete the project for actual cost plus a fixed 
 sum. To owners desiring speed combined with econ- 
 omy, this form of contract has the following advan- 
 tages : 
 
 The owner's and the contractor's interests are 
 made identical. 
 
 The ozvner knows in advance exactly how much 
 the contractor's profit will be. 
 
 The owner's interests require that the work be 
 executed in the shortest possible time at the lowest 
 possible cost and with the best quality of workman- 
 ship. 
 
 The owner's interests are absolutely identical with 
 those of the contractor in every one of these particu- 
 lars, because his profit or salary being assured, the 
 contractor's only .interest is to perform the work in 
 such a manner as to retain the Owner's patronage. 
 
 The owner is relieved of the menace of "extras" 
 all the work is done at cost. The contractor's fixed 
 sum is in no way affected by the changes in the plans. 
 
 15 
 
The owner has the benefit of all cash discounts 
 for materials. 
 
 The owner knows what all materials will cost be- 
 fore they are purchased. 
 
 The owner gets the benefit of the lists of mate- 
 rials we have on file which the various dealers have 
 in stock ready for immediate delivery. 
 
 The owner has the advantages derived from ac- 
 curate schedules and shop drawings made for our pur- 
 chasing department. 
 
 The owner has the use of our purchasing depart- 
 ment, which is constantly in touch with the best class 
 of sub-contractors and material dealers in several 
 cities. 
 
 The owner can purchase the materials if he so de- 
 sires. 
 
 The owner can have his excavation and founda- 
 tions completed while plans for the superstructure are 
 being drawn. 
 
 The owner, Engineer or Architect can make 
 changes and alterations at any time without delaying 
 the work. 
 
 The owner has the benefit of the saving occasion- 
 ed by special designs for all kinds of labor saving de- 
 vices. 
 
 The owner can have any number of skilled and 
 carefully trained mechanics massed on his contract at 
 a moment's notice. 
 
 The owner has at his command our mechanical 
 and steam engineers, and riggers for unloading and 
 
 16 
 
setting all kinds of engines, boilers, pumps, machin- 
 ery, shafting, piping, generators, conveyors, etc. 
 
 The owner, Engineer and Architect have at their 
 command the services of our specially trained staff of 
 civil, mechanical and concrete engineers. 
 
 The owner knows what the contractor's profit is 
 to be, from the very outset of the work. It is the 
 same amount irrespective of the cost of the work, and 
 there is, therefore, no incentive for the contractor to 
 produce anything but substantial and economical work. 
 
 The owner has his building at a minimum cost. 
 
 The owner has his building completed as rapidly 
 as is consistent with good workmanship. 
 
 The oivner, or his authorized representative, has 
 access at all times to all matters pertaining to the 
 work. 
 
 Every superintendent and foreman should use 
 special efforts at all times to secure the greatest speed 
 and at the same time be economical. 
 
 Speed is more often secured by organization than 
 by crowding the work with a large number of men. 
 
 There is no way that speed can be obtained so 
 easily, with so little confusion, and with so little 
 trouble to the superintendent and foreman as by 
 dividing the job into several portions and then by 
 dividing any one kind of work into several similar 
 portions, placing a working foreman and the same 
 number of men on each portion. 
 
 Workmen like athletic contests and will enter into \ 
 the spirit of them quite as quickly and with the 
 
 17 
 
spirit of rivalry as a college trained team. Therefore, 
 the men will be interested in their work to a larger 
 extent if it is understood at the time that the several 
 gangs start on the several pieces of work that there 
 is to be an athletic contest. 
 
 Contests of this kind not only give great speed 
 and reduce cost, but they also enable the superintend- 
 ent to recognize foremen and mechanics of ability 
 and promote them to higher positions. 
 
 In carrying out this scheme, careful attention 
 must be given to the following points : 
 
 (a) The work should be divided into similar 
 
 portions and conducted under approxi- 
 mately the same conditions. 
 
 (b) The same number of men should be on 
 
 each portion. 
 
 (c) The same amount and kind of plant should 
 
 be utilized on each portion. 
 
 (d) It has been found advisable in some cases 
 
 to arrange the men in accordance with 
 their nationality or other bonds of sym- 
 pathy. 
 
 I (e) Recognition in the form of promotion or 
 increase of pay to the working foreman 
 whose men do the most and best work. 
 
 An increase of 20 per cent in the total day's 
 work was the result on one of our jobs because the 
 superintendent permitted the pile driver gang that 
 drove the most piles one day to float their country's 
 flag from the top of the machine all the next day. 
 
 13 
 
When contests cannot be forced by pride of vic- 
 tory alone, the reward of an extra half hour or hour 
 to each member of the winning gang has been found 
 very effective. On one of our jobs it was found that 
 an extra hour to the winning gang unloading cars 
 of brick cut down the total labor expense nearly 50 
 per cent. 
 
 Example No. 1 : If two brick walls can be 
 started at the same time with the same number of 
 bricklayers and laborers, the men will undoubtedly 
 lay more brick than they would if no athletic contest 
 were taking place. It is advisable also to place an 
 even number of men on each wall so that the same 
 number will be on each side of the team, and there 
 can then be made a contest to see which side lays 
 out its line first. 
 
 Example No. 2: If a concrete wall is to be 
 constructed, it can generally be divided up into rows 
 of columns and bays, and if the same number of rows 
 of columns be given to the same number of men 
 and careful statistics kept as to which one can set 
 up the most columns in a given time, there is no 
 doubt but that more work can be accomplished in 
 competition than otherwise. 
 
 Example No. 3: If brick piers are to be con- 
 structed in a basement, there should be at least as 
 many bricklayers start as there are rows of piers. 
 They should all start at the same time and the piers 
 should be divided up preferably by rows, so that when 
 a bricklayer has finished his pier, instead of taking 
 the first pier that comes along he takes the next pier 
 
 19 
 
in his row, so that the extent of the contest should be 
 one entire row of piers for each man. 
 
 By careful study a superintendent can divide up 
 nearly every part of his work on this basis. By so 
 doing, there will be less trouble for the foreman in 
 charge. Money will be saved for the Owner. More 
 speed will be obtained, all of which will tend to increase 
 if possible the popularity of Cost- PI us-a- Fixed. 
 Sum" method of contracting. 
 
 20 
 
GENERAL RULES 
 
 1 A copy of this Field System must be kept in the 
 office on each job. 
 
 2 Address all communications to Frank B. Gilbreth, 
 and not to any other name. They will then be at- 
 tended to promptly and not treated as personal mail. 
 
 3 Notify office of accidents at once by telephone or 
 telegraph if accident is serious. Accident blanks must 
 be filled out, the original mailed to insurance com- 
 pany's agent, and the duplicate to New York Office 
 at once. 
 
 4 Sign "received," with name and date on the back 
 of all plans, details, drawings or sketches (stamp in 
 the middle of the plan if possible), regardless of 
 where or from whom the plans are received. This 
 will prevent the substitution of blueprints from altered 
 tracings. 
 
 5 Provide every convenience for Owners or Offi- 
 cials who inspect your work. 
 
 6 To prevent confusion, Superintendents must do 
 business through the Architect or Engineer not with 
 the Owner direct. 
 
 7 Estimates are not to be given by anyone, at any 
 time, without first consulting the Office. 
 
 21 
 
8 Foremen, Superintendents and Timekeepers 
 
 should ask the Office for schedules of lumber, hard- 
 ware, iron, etc., to assist in checking up the material 
 when it is received. 
 
 Dimension stone, window and door frames, and 
 steel, should be checked for dimensions upon arrival 
 at the job. Make full report of material received in 
 damaged condition. 
 
 10 Notify Office of shortages of windows, doors, 
 steel, stone, etc., as early as possible, to avoid waiting 
 later. 
 
 11 Get receipts for all money paid and stock deliv- 
 ered. 
 
 12 When buying brick, remember that for every 
 Yz" that one make of brick is longer than another it 
 is worth about 10 cents more per 1,000. For every 
 1-16" that one make of brick is thicker than another 
 it is worth about 20 cents more per 1,000. 
 
 13 Consult Office about itemizing workmen's time 
 so that costs may be compared with similar jobs and 
 with our estimate book. 
 
 14 Every Superintendent starting a job shall write 
 to the Office for definite instructions as to just what 
 action to take in regard to accidents to our employees. 
 
 15 When men are wanted, ask the Office. We have 
 men calling at the Office every day, and can sometimes 
 send them to a job at once. Do not, however, depend 
 upon the Office get the men yourself if possible. 
 
 16 Do not bother the Office unnecessarily. 
 
17 Get from foremen and workmen the names and 
 addresses of men in other trades who would be good 
 men for us. 
 
 18 Union laborers are to be given preference at all 
 times, but no nonsense is to be taken from them. 
 
 19 Business agents of unions are to have full oppor- 
 tunity to consult job stewards. See that they confine 
 themselves strictly to business. 
 
 20 Any one of our employees found guilty of dis- 
 obeying any Rule in the Field System must render an 
 explanation in writing. This explanation will be filed, 
 so that we may find out those who make the least 
 mistakes and those who do not understand the Rules. 
 
 21 Ignorance of the Rules in this system excuses no 
 employee. 
 
 22 No employee is to sign any agreement with any 
 labor union without written permission from F. B. G. 
 
 23 Blow one blast of whistle at 5 minutes before 
 starting time. 
 
 Two blasts at starting time. 
 
 One blast at quitting time. 
 
 Blasts of whistle to be not over 4. seconds long. 
 
 24 All men are expected to quit work at quitting 
 time as promptly as they began work. 
 
 25 Keep duplicate engine bells on the job to avoid 
 delay in case of a breakdown. 
 
 26 No smoking is allowed on the job except to finish 
 noon smoke not over one half hour and no refilling 
 of pipes. All steady pay men must see that this rule 
 is fully enforced. 
 
 23 
 
27 On all jobs where there is a temporary privy or 
 a permanent closet, there should be kept a small can 
 of chloride of lime. This can best be handled in one 
 pound cans. Common lime is often used as a disin- 
 fectant, but is less effective and costs more. 
 
 28 No employee is to sign an agreement with any- 
 one which will place upon this firm any legal liability. 
 By this is meant rights-of-way across land, use of 
 buildings, etc. 
 
 29 When placing builders' risk fire insurance be sure 
 that our plant is covered, as well as the building. 
 Also see that the fire insurance policies include light- 
 ning and earthquake clauses. 
 
 30 Superintendents, foremen and timekeepers are to 
 provide themselves with transit, steel tape, plumb bob, 
 and Sargent steel square graduated in twelfths and 
 sixteenths. 
 
 31 Our office force of civil, mechanical, and concrete 
 engineers can be had to lay out work or assemble 
 machinery. 
 
 32 When a job is completed, superintendent and 
 timekeeper must see that all plans, letters, papers, 
 manifold books, etc., are returned to Office, and that 
 all White List cards have been made out. 
 
 33 Take advantage of average freight service where- 
 ever possible. This system, which is in force on most 
 railroads, is as follows : If the usual time allowed 
 for unloading cars before demurrage is charged is 
 72 hours, we are allowed an average of 72 hours for 
 all cars (under this system). That is, if we save 
 24 hours by unloading one car in 48 hours, we can 
 
 24 
 
have this time credited to us on some other car and 
 thereby have 96 hours to unload that car before de- 
 murrage charges commence. 
 
 34 When piling lumber: 
 
 Leave wide spaces between the boards or planks, 
 so that they may dry more quickly. 
 
 Give the top layer considerable pitch, so that 
 water will drain off. 
 
 Turn the top layer over frequently to prevent 
 curling. 
 
 35 Do not allow timber to lie in the sun unpro- 
 tected; it causes checking. 
 
 36 When sending a piece of plank to the mill as a 
 gauge for the working of splines, cut it out of the 
 middle of the plank and not from the end. The 
 ends of a plank shrink more than the rest, and splines 
 worked to an end gauge will not fit. 
 
 37 The carpenter with the best tools should be given 
 preference on all work, if other qualifications are 
 equal. 
 
 38 When ordering new tools or arranging for the 
 rental of plant, give preference to the Contractors' 
 Machinery Rental & Transportation Company, if their 
 prices are equal to those of other parties. 
 
 39 The Superintendent will be held strictly respon- 
 sible for the transit, rod, etc., sent to the job from 
 the office, and, at the completion of the work, to per- 
 sonally see that this is sent to the New York Office, 
 and a proper record of it made in the Daily Letter. 
 
BATTER BOARDS 
 
 40 Batter boards should be planed on at least one 
 side and set with the planed side toward the building. 
 They should all be level in themselves, level with each 
 other, and, if possible, level with some particular part 
 of the building, such as : Top of floor timbers, top of 
 finished floor, or top of underpinning, or at even feet 
 of city grade (such as 18'0"). They should have 
 pencil lines carefully plumbed and labeled similar to 
 the following: 
 
 "Outside line of footing;" "Outside line of foun- 
 dation wall ;" "Outside line of brick wall ;" "Inside- 
 line of brick wall;" "Inside line of foundation wall;" 
 "Inside line of footing." A little extra money spent 
 on batter boards will not only facilitate the work but 
 is good insurance against mistakes, 
 
 41 A few bundles of strapping may often be used 
 to advantage as measuring poles, measuring sticks 
 for masons, etc. Order some when getting first load 
 of lumber for batter boards. 
 
ADDITIONS AND CHANGES 
 
 42 Changes from the original plans and specifica- 
 tions must be ordered by the Architect or Engineer 
 in writing. Insisting upon this rule may cause a 
 battle, but it is best to have the battle before the ex- 
 pense is incurred, not after. No exception to this 
 rule is to be made in favor of any Architect or En- 
 gineer. 
 
 43 Ask the office for numbers to be assigned to sub- 
 divisions. 
 
 TELEPHONE 
 
 44 The telephone is to be placed so that the person 
 using it can look out on the work while waiting. 
 
 45 Long distance telephone calls must be recorded. 
 Get blank form for this from the Office and hang 
 beside the telephone. 
 
 46 Post on the outside of the locker the location of 
 the nearest fire alarm box. 
 
 47 Post near the telephone the call numbers for the 
 hospitals, ambulance, police and fire department. 
 
 48 Make sub-contractors pay their proportion for 
 use of telephone. 
 
PRIZES FOR 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 We desire to secure improvement in all departments of our business, and 
 to this end have adopted a plan whereby employees and others may have an 
 incentive to make suggestions with the assurance that all such suggestions 
 will have careful and impartial consideration. Should such suggestions 
 prove of value, the suggester will thereby qualify to compete for a series of 
 prizes to be awarded monthly to employees offering the best suggestions. 
 
 Suggestions are invited from all classes of employees. No suggestion 
 need be held back because it appears to be of little importance. The simplest 
 ideas are often valuable. 
 
 Suggestions lead to promotion and increased value. They show an in- 
 terest in our work and organization, and a capacity for greater responsibilities. 
 We invite suggestions upon methods or equipment, methods which will 
 cause more speed, economy or better work, and other matters calculated to 
 advance the interests of the business. 
 
 RULES COVERING SUGGESTIONS 
 
 All suggestions submitted will be under the supervision of Frank B. Gil- 
 breth, personally. 
 
 Write your suggestion and mail it to F. B. G. marked personal. 
 
 Suggestions will be considered promptly. For each suggestion that is 
 accepted, the Company will award the suggester the sum of one dollar, which 
 will be sent to the employee when he is notified that his suggestion has been 
 accepted. We will then be at liberty to adopt the suggestion at any time at 
 
 PRIZES 
 
 We will award monthly the sum of $20.00 for the most valuable sugges- 
 tions received during the previous month. This amount will be divided as 
 follows: 
 
 FIRST PRIZE - - $10.00 
 SECOND PRIZE- - 5.00 
 
 THIRD PRIZE - - 3.00 
 
 FOURTH PRIZE - 2.00 
 
 $20.00 
 
 METHOD OF AWARDING PRIZES 
 
 On the first Monday of each month, employees who have made sugges- 
 tions of the greatest value during the preceding month, will be awarded prizes 
 in the order of the value of the suggestion. 
 
 As soon as the awards are made, the prizes will be paid in cash, and 
 notices will be posted giving the names of the prize winners, together with a 
 brief description of their suggestions. 
 
 Per Order 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH 
 
 Get a copy of this poster and tack it up on the outside of the office. 
 
RULES FOR SUGGESTIONS AND REPORTS 
 
 49 Reports are requested on the first day of each 
 month from everybody in our organization desiring 
 promotion and are to contain suggestions particu- 
 larly in their own Department as to how work can 
 be done better, more economically, and quicker; how 
 better service can be rendered to our customers, and 
 how more jobs can be secured, or any other sugges- 
 tions that will tend to promote our business. 
 
 RUBBER STAMPS 
 
 50 The front side of handles of rubber stamps used 
 in the office must be cut off flat, so as to avoid put- 
 ting stamps on upside down. 
 
 SIGNALS 
 
 51 Use the following signals for elevators: 
 
 1 Stop (Emergency) 
 
 2 Up 
 
 3 Down 
 
 A Down slowly 
 
 52 Use following signals on Boom Derrick: 
 
 Emergency stop 
 Raise on hoisting fall 
 (hoist behind) 
 Lower on hoisting fall 
 (lower behind) 
 
 Slack out on hoisting fall 
 
 (only when all gone) 
 
Raise on boom fall 
 Lower on boom fall 
 Hoist behind and lower 
 
 boom 
 - Lower behind and raise 
 
 boom 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 ' 53 The sign "Frank B. Gilbrcth" is to be put where 
 
 it will be the best advertisement. 
 
 54 A portable sign "Frank B. Gilbreth" is to be 
 used when taking photographs of "different views of 
 the job" where the other "F. B. G." signs do not 
 appear. 
 
 55 The following signs will be furnished on appli- 
 cation to the Office: 
 
 No Admittance to Engine House 
 
 Conversation with Engineer 
 Sufficient Cause for His Discharge 
 
 No Admittance. 
 
 These Elevators Are Dangerous 
 
 Riding on Them Forbidden 
 
 Anyone Riding on Them Does So 
 
 at His Own Risk 
 
 This last sign to be attached to the elevators. 
 
STEADY PAY MEN 
 
 56 All steady pay men must arrive on the job before 
 the first whistle is sounded, and must remain on the 
 job until quitting time, regardless of weather, but 
 men will not get time for hanging around the office 
 and reporting for duty. They must actually be at 
 work at such things as are mentioned below. 
 
 57 The intention of the above is to abolish the past 
 customs regarding steady pay men, and applies to 
 everybody, from the Superintendent down to the Ap- 
 prentice Boy, inclusive. 
 
 58 Foremen and timekeepers must report to the 
 Superintendent before starting or before leaving work. 
 
 59 Apprentices are subject to all the rules of Steady 
 Pay Men. 
 
 60 When work is stopped by bad weather Steady 
 Pay Men shall keep busy, if there is no other work 
 for them, at the following : 
 
 A Making trestles and patent horses. 
 
 B Repairing wheelbarrows. 
 
 C Repairing hods. 
 
 D Mending hose. 
 
 E Repairing engine houses and locker. 
 
 F Putting handles in tampers. 
 
 31 
 
G Cleaning up tool house. 
 
 H Cleaning transits. 
 I Preparing staging and runs. 
 
 J Sharpening saws. 
 
 K Sawing off handles of worthless shovels. 
 
 L Checking up lines and levels. 
 
 M Checking up for dimensions : all steel, win- 
 dow and door frames, dimension stone, etc. 
 
 N Cleaning and oiling steel tapes. 
 
 O Cleaning roof, so that rain will not wash 
 rubbish into conductor pipes. 
 
 P Brushing off sills and projections, so that 
 mortar will not make stains from rain. 
 
 Q Cutting arches and other fancy brickwork. 
 
 R Stamping and branding tools. Brands should 
 not be heated too hot; if heated more than just 
 enough to show red, the letters will burn off. 
 
 S Examining lime to see that little or none is in 
 powder. 
 
 T Examining cement to see if "condemned" 
 has been erased from barrel or brand. 
 
 U Piling cement and lime at least 6" above the 
 ground. 
 
 V Seeing if cement and lime are getting wet. 
 W Packing cement bags. 
 
 X Cleaning mortar from projections before it 
 is set. 
 
 Y Covering masonry projections to prevent 
 chipping by falling brick. 
 
61 Pack cement bags laid flat, one on top of the 
 other, in piles of 50. They can then be counted 
 easily. We lose money by claims of short count when 
 bags are returned. Apply to office lor special tags 
 and shipping directions. Freight must be prepaid 
 when cement bags are returned, and bills of lading 
 must be obtained in duplicate, or we shall not be able 
 to obtain credit for the shipment. 
 
 62 Pile cement and lime in the store-house so that 
 the oldest will come out first. 
 
 63 Superintendents and foremen have authority to 
 make such tool boxes as may be needed for storing 
 small tools, such as dolly rolls, drills, points, chisels, 
 hammers, saws, axes, boring machines, etc. 
 
 64 Timekeepers will be held responsible for any 
 shortcomings of Superintendents, and vice versa. 
 
 65 Apprentice boys should be worked to their full 
 capacity. Help them in every possible way to learn 
 and get promoted. Answer all their questions about 
 work and plans, that are asked in good faith. 
 
 66 Every superintendent, timekeeper and steady pay 
 man must suppress subscriptions for presents, and all 
 other forms of graft. 
 
 67 All steady pay employees, whether on the job or 
 in the office, must keep the office notified of their 
 addresses at all times. This rule also applies during 
 vacations. 
 
 68 Foremen masons and foremen carpenters should 
 each go out of their way to accommodate the other, 
 and should grant the requests of each other promptly. 
 
69 Foremen masons, foremen carpenters, foremen 
 plasterers, and timekeepers, must work in harmony, 
 because all steady pay men receive credit or blame 
 according as the conduct of the job is good or bad. 
 Teamwork and sacrifice hits are often more effective 
 than "grand-stand plays." 
 
 70 We have in the past been awarded much work 
 on the basis of cost-plus-a-nxed-sum, because we have 
 the reputation of handling such work as if it were 
 lump-sum contract work. Maintaining this reputation 
 is the best service which can be rendered this firm, 
 as we try to merit the award of contracts to us with- 
 out competition. . 
 
 71 Our steady pay men are the representatives of 
 our firm : Therefore, their private character and their 
 conduct outside of working hours will be counted in 
 considering promotions. 
 
 72 Superintendents are expected to handle their 
 work with such skill, promptness and efficiency that 
 we shall continue to merit such unsolicited letters as 
 the following: 
 
 HOLLIS FRENCH & ALLEN HUBBARD 
 
 CONSULTING ENGINEERS 
 
 Albany Bldjf., Boston. 
 
 Mr. F. B. Gilbreth, November 8, 1902. 
 
 Federal Street, 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 We are very glad to be able to write you that 
 the work which you have done for us on a basis of 
 cost plus commission, notably in the work of altering 
 the hotel at Bellows Falls and enlarging the power 
 
station canal at Garvins Falls has been most satis- 
 factory. 
 
 The systematic way in which your accounts are 
 rendered, and the prompt and efficient service which 
 you have invariably given us has been a source of 
 gratification to ourselves as well as to our clients. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 HOLLIS FRENCH & ALLEN HUBBARD 
 
 OILS, EXPLOSIVES AND ACID 
 
 73 Dynamite must not be stored in the tool house. 
 Store it at a safe distance from the building, where 
 an explosion will do the least damage. Mark the 
 buildings "Dangerous." Fly a red flag from the 
 dynamite and powder shed. 
 
 74 Dynamite buried in a box of fresh manure will 
 not freeze. 
 
 75 Thawing dynamite by placing in hot water de- 
 creases its strength. 
 
 76 Exploders should not be stored near dynamite. 
 
 77 Gasoline barrels should be covered with oilcloth 
 or wet bags to prevent evaporation, which is often a 
 large item. 
 
 78 Gasoline is never to be stored inside of a locker, 
 building, or tool house. 
 
 79 Use sand to put out burning oil, tar, asphalt, or 
 gasoline. 
 
 80 Acid is not to be taken into the locker. The 
 fumes from acid will destroy ropes and cause acci- 
 dents. 
 
CARE OF TOOLS AND MACHINERY 
 
 81 Brand and stamp all tools as soon as received. 
 
 All tools, especially concrete mixers, are to be 
 kept at all times in perfect repair. 
 
 83 Small tools and small fittings should be kept in 
 a tool box. 
 
 84 Keep various parts of machinery together, such 
 as handles, hose, etc., for mixers ; handles, clappers, 
 hose wrenches and strainers, for pumps ; crab handles 
 for derricks, etc., etc. 
 
 85 Foremen masons and carpenters must see that 
 all plumb rules and spirit levels are maintained ac- 
 curate. 
 
 86 Make home-made ladders, when convenient, 
 double size, i. e., with three or four joists, so as to 
 permit workmen to pass on the ladder. Rungs should 
 be exactly I'-O" from top to top. 
 
 87 Worn out shovels should have the handles sawed 
 off, so that they cannot be used ; or they may be given 
 to engineers for firing. Shovels cost 75 cents each; 
 enough more work can be done in a short time with 
 new shovels to pay for them. 
 
 88 When suction hose is destroyed, save the coup- 
 lings. 
 
 86 
 
89 Tools and machinery when shipped away should 
 be complete and in working order. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPH SYSTEM 
 
 90 Photographs are useful as follows : 
 
 For keeping Office employees in touch with the 
 conditions on the jobs. 
 
 For records of adjoining buildings. Photograph- 
 ing the cracks over the doors and windows and in 
 other places, before we start work, and again after 
 our building is completed, will show whether or not 
 there has been any settlement due to our work. 
 
 For records in case of a law suit, discords, or 
 misunderstanding. 
 
 For advertising purposes. 
 
 91 In all cases we want to have the men taken while 
 they are at work and not standing up, posing for a 
 picture. 
 
 92 If possible keep all bystanders out of the picture. 
 
 93 As soon as a film is taken, mark on the outside 
 of the wrapper that surrounds it the contract num- 
 ber, the date on which the picture was taken, and the 
 name of the person taking the picture, and send the 
 film thoroughly wrapped up, so as to exclude the 
 light, to our regular photographer. 
 
 94 Photographs of conditions made at the time of an 
 accident are always particularly important. 
 
 95 Unless otherwise directed, at least one roll of 
 films should be taken on each job each week, and all 
 pictures on that film should be taken on the same day. 
 
 37 
 
96 It being desirable that the sign "Frank B. Gil- 
 breth" appear on all photographs, it will be necessary 
 for every job to be provided with a portable sign 
 which can be moved from place to place when taking 
 photographs. 
 
 97 The Superintendent will be held strictly respon- 
 sible for each camera sent to the job, and at the com- 
 pletion of the work to personally see that it is sent 
 to the New York Office by express, with a proper 
 record of it made in his Daily Letter. 
 
 98 Use the films that are made to fit your camera, 
 and no others. 
 
 99 Load your camera in a shady place. The edges 
 of the films are liable to be light struck if the camera 
 is loaded in the sunlight. 
 
 100 Don't point the camera toward the sun at any 
 . time, or let ihe sun enter the lens at the edges at all. 
 
 101 Unless your camera has a fixed focus, carefully 
 estimate your distance between the work to be pho- 
 tographed and your camera, and set the focus. 
 
 SNAP SHOTS 
 
 102 If you must take snap shots, take them only 
 when the sun is shining or the day is very bright. 
 
 103 In snap shots, hold your camera firmly against 
 your body and do not jar the camera when you press 
 the button. 
 
 104 In snap shots, use the largest diaphragm opening, 
 and so let in all the light possible. 
 
 88 
 
105 Do not take any snap shots indoors. It cannot 
 be done with any success with ordinary lenses. 
 
 106 Do not take snap shots after the sun has set or 
 in the early morning. From 11 A. M. to 2 P. M. 
 is the best time. 
 
 TIME EXPOSURE 
 
 107 Always make time exposures unless there are 
 men or teams working. These will give you the best 
 results- for work where detail of building is required. 
 
 108 Place your camera on a firm, level support, then 
 use the smallest opening in the diaphragm and expose, 
 say 30 seconds in sunlight, or 5 to 10 minutes on a 
 dull day. (These are very rough estimates, the lens, 
 light, size of opening in diaphragm, having to be con- 
 sidered). 
 
 109 Remember! There is more danger of making 
 your exposure too short than too long. Ninety-nine 
 out of one hundred snap shots are under-exposed. 
 
 INTERIORS 
 
 110 If possible, don't point the camera at windows 
 where bright sun is streaming in or your whole film 
 or plate will be ruined. If you must take an interior 
 from such a position or facing any window, cover 
 the windows with manila paper or draw the shades. 
 Expose in a well-lighted room 1 minute. Expose in 
 a dark or dull room 15 to 20 minutes. (These are 
 very rough estimates.) 
 
PHOTOGRAPHING MOVING OBJECTS 
 
 111 Use the largest diaphragm opening and quickest 
 speed of the shutter. After each exposure wind up 
 your film before you do anything else, and so avoid 
 making two exposures on one film. 
 
 112 Write clearly the contract number and date of 
 taking photograph on the roll of film, after it is sealed. 
 
 113 Orders for taking photographs must state that 
 the plates are to be delivered to us with photographs. 
 
 1 14 On out of town work, mail the prints to the Office, 
 and express the negatives promptly to our regular 
 photographer, as directed. 
 
 115 All negatives to be dated and numbered. 
 
 116 Prints not to be mounted. 
 
 117 Shiny Velox paper to be used for all prints. 
 
 NUMBERING AND DATING PHOTO- 
 GRAPHS 
 
 118 The following notation is to be used on all pho- 
 tographs, the proper Contract Number, Serial Num- 
 ber and date being inserted in the place indicated : 
 
 119 By our regular photographer, as follows: 
 A31- 32 -5/16/06. 
 
 120 By the job, when taking photographs which are 
 developed before going to our regular photographer: 
 A29 - J32 - 4/20/07. 
 
 121 By special inspector or others : 
 
 A28 - B21 - 5/20/06, and in no other way. 
 
 40 
 
122 Care must always be taken to use the "J," "B" 
 or other serial letter, so as not to duplicate pictures 
 already taken. 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR STARTING NEW CONTRACT 
 
 123 When starting a new job, the Superintendent or 
 the Timekeeper should get at once from the Office 
 the following: 
 
 TB. (Time Book) 
 
 M. (Material Book) 
 
 CR. (Cost Report) 
 
 DL. (Daily Letter) 
 
 O. (Order Pad) 
 
 R. (Purchase Requisition) 
 
 PR. (Pay Roll Order) 
 
 T. (Teaming Tickets) 
 
 TL. (Tool List) 
 
 QL. (Quotation List) 
 
 Record of Telephone Calls. 
 
 C. (Cash Account) 
 
 Letter Heads. 
 
 P. (Partial Shipment Pad) 
 
 Expense Blanks. 
 
 Masons' Line. 
 
 Business Cards. 
 
 Paymasters' Requisitions. 
 
 Discharge Slips. 
 
 41 
 
Field System. 
 
 Accident Blanks. 
 
 Brass Numbered Checks. 
 
 White List Cards. 
 
 Rubber Stamp: "Prices correct, etc." 
 
 Rubber Stamp : "Cr." 
 
 Confirmation Telegram Blanks. 
 
 Pay Envelopes. 
 
 Suggestion Blanks. 
 
 Prize Suggestion Notices. 
 
 Large and small envelopes. 
 
 Ink Pad. 
 
 Signs, "Frank B. Gilbreth," "No Admittance to 
 Engine House," "These Elevators are Dan- 
 gerous," etc. 
 
 Special Accounting Instructions. 
 
 PERMITS 
 
 124 Permits to occupy the sidewalk and street can 
 be obtained promptly by applying at the City Hall. 
 
 125 Permits to cross streets with a guy are obtained 
 by application to the Board of Aldermen. 
 
 126 Anyone in our employ may apply for a permit. 
 
 127 Plans showing all water and sewer pipes in the 
 street can be seen at the Water and Sewer Depart- 
 ments. 
 
 42 
 
TABLES AND FORMULAE 
 
 128 The following data will be of use in making a 
 rough check on quantities : 
 
 Granite measures 12 cu. ft. to the ton 
 
 Crushed Granite measures 20 cu. ft. to the ton 
 
 Broken Stone measures 20 cu. ft. to the ton 
 
 Sand measures 20 cu. ft. to the ton 
 
 Coal (soft, broken) measures 40 cu. ft. to the ton 
 
 129 To find the weight of round iron and steel: 
 Square the diameter in quarter inches and divide 
 
 by 6. The result will be the weight per linear foot. 
 
 130 To find the weight of cast iron plates: Multiply 
 the length in inches by the width in inches by the 
 thickness in inches and divide by 4. The result will 
 be the weight of the plates in pounds. 
 
 131 To find the feet board measure in a stick of tim- 
 ber: Multiply the width in inches by the thickness 
 in inches and divide by 12. The result will be the feet 
 board measure per linear or running foot of the stick. 
 
 See also pages 116, 117, 118, 129, 130, 136, 148, 
 149, 150, 161, 167, 168 and 169. 
 
MANIFOLD BOOKS 
 
 132 Manifold books must be kept up to date. 
 
 133 Manifold Book sheets must be sent to the Office 
 within one day from the date of filling out, whether 
 void or not. 
 
 134 Manifold books and letters from the office must 
 be kept under lock and key. 
 
 135 Manifold book sheets must be filled out with spe- 
 cial care and accuracy, as they are shown to Engineers 
 and Architects as vouchers. 
 
 136 Be sure to always place the Contract Number in 
 the space provided for same on all manifold forms. 
 
 137 Fill out sub-division space on all Manifold Book 
 sheets that are used for extra 'work. This is impor- 
 tant, for if it is not done, the work will not be charged 
 to the right account. If you do not know the Number 
 of the sub-division, write "extra work" in the "sub- 
 div." space, and if possible, write on the sheets what 
 part of the work is referred to. 
 
 138 "T" tickets must be given at the time the goods 
 are delivered or not at all. 
 
 139 If satisfactory duplicate tickets are provided by 
 the teamster, sign them and keep one copy for check- 
 ing bill. 
 
 44 
 
140 Unless teamster provides satisfactory duplicate 
 tickets, give him a "T" ticket properly made out. 
 
 141 Never give two tickets for the same goods. 
 
 142 Never give "T" tickets when "O" is marked 
 "received," as you might check two bills for the same 
 goods. 
 
 143 "T" ticket and "OV are used to check bills; 
 "O's" check prices, but not receipt of goods unless 
 specially marked ''received;" "T" checks the quan- 
 tities received. 
 
 144 When giving a "T" ticket for receipt of a Par- 
 tial Shipment on any "O," you are to place the "T" 
 number on the Partial Shipment blank. 
 
 145 When teaming is done by the hour, state on the 
 ticket the number of hours to be charged. 
 
 146 When a "T" ticket is given for stock or material 
 used for extra work, the sub-division space must be 
 filled out. If you do not know the number of the 
 "sub-div." write "extra work" in the space. If this 
 is not done, the ticket will not be charged to the right 
 account. 
 
 147 Measure all stock delivered to us, whether bought 
 by weight or measurement. This applies particularly 
 to sand, broken stone, granite, slate pinners, loam and 
 gravel. 
 
 148 Count enough loads of brick and measure enough 
 loads of lumber to insure receiving full count. Special 
 attention should be given to loads that appear under 
 size. 
 
 45 
 
149 If loads are short, write the name of teamster, 
 number of cart, and amount of shortage on the ticket 
 for the load. 
 
 150 Give teamsters full opportunity to measure loads 
 with our men. In case of disagreement as to the 
 height of any load, have the top leveled off, so that 
 the measurement may be accurate. 
 
 WHERE MANIFOLD FORMS ARE TO BE 
 SENT 
 
 151 TB. White copy to Accounting De- 
 
 partment. 
 Yellow copy to Owner. 
 
 152 M. White to Accounting Depart- 
 
 ment. 
 Yellow to Owner. 
 
 153 CR. White, Pink and Yellow to Ac- 
 
 counting Department. 
 
 1 54 DL. White and Yellow to New York 
 
 Office, unless otherwise in- 
 structed! 
 
 155 O. White to Dealer. 
 
 Green to Purchasing Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Yellow to Accounting Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Pink to Job for reference. 
 
 Blue to Job for checking bills. 
 
 156 R. Green to Purchasing Depart- 
 
 ment. 
 Pink to be retained on job. 
 
 46 
 
157 T. White to teamster. 
 
 Yellow for checking bills. 
 
 158 PR. White copy to Owner attached 
 
 to Cash Account. 
 Yellow copy to be sent to Own- 
 er with TB. Sheets to which 
 they apply. 
 
 159 TL. White and Pink to man who 
 
 will receive tools. 
 Yellow copy to Boston Office. 
 
 160 Cash Account. White Copy to New York 
 
 Office. 
 Yellow copy to Owner. 
 
 161 P. Green to Purchasing Depart- 
 
 ment. 
 
 Blue to check and to attach to 
 original bill. 
 
 Yellow to be attached to dupli- 
 cate bill. 
 
 162 Final Shipment Pink to Purchasing Depart- 
 
 Stub. ment. 
 
 Blue attached to (original) 
 
 final bill. 
 Yellow attached to (duplicate) 
 
 final bill. 
 
 47 
 
DAILY LETTER (DL.) 
 
 163 Daily Letter must be written by the Timekeeper 
 and countersigned by the Superintendent, and must 
 state the general conditions and progress of the work. 
 
 164 Both copies of the Daily Letter are to be sent 
 to the New York Office each day, unless otherwise 
 instructed by the Office. 
 
 165 Special attention must be given to the importance 
 of filling out every space in the left hand column. 
 
 166 Intelligent information must be given in every 
 space. 
 
 167 When calling the attention of any individual or 
 department at the Office, use a separate "DL." for 
 each one, marking name or initials in large letters 
 after "attention of" 
 
 168 When answering a letter from the New York 
 Office, place the initials of the writer after "attention 
 
 .of" at the head of the "DL." 
 
 169 Do not have the initials of two individuals appear 
 on one "DL.," but use a separate "DL." for each 
 individual or department. 
 
 170 Do not call the attention of any individual in the 
 general "DL." 
 
 48 
 
171 Timekeeper and Superintendent will be held joint- 
 ly and severally responsible for the accuracy of the 
 daily letter, for its compliance with the Held system, 
 and for the omission of any information which the 
 Office should know. 
 
 172 The daily letter should cover fully the following 
 points : 
 
 A Shortages of stock as compared with tickets. 
 B An early and complete statement when stone, 
 
 steel, or other stock does not check with 
 
 plans, schedules, or specifications. 
 C Delays to work due to bad weather, lack of 
 
 plans, or other causes. 
 D Delayed instructions or plans received from 
 
 the Owner, Architect or Inspector. 
 E A general statement of what work has been 
 
 accomplished. 
 F A statement when important pieces of work 
 
 have been completed. 
 G Suggestions as to how work can be done 
 
 faster or more economically. 
 H A statement of how the Office can assist to 
 
 rush the work. 
 
 I Confirm verbal orders from Owner, In- 
 spector or Architect. 
 J Number of masons employed and laborers 
 
 tending them. 
 
 K Number of bricks laid per hour per mason. 
 L Total number of bricks laid per day. 
 M Number of carpenters employed. 
 
 49 
 
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N Names of steady pay men and time any one 
 of them is late. 
 
 O A statement of how much cement is wholly 
 or partly caked, and who is to blame. 
 
 P A statement of carloads of stock received, 
 giving initials and number of car, and con- 
 tents of car. 
 
 Q Enclose office copies of manifold book tick- 
 ets and stock tickets. 
 
 R Enclose White List cards for each good man 
 leaving us. 
 
 S Condition of weather and temperature at 
 8 a. m., 12 noon and 4 p. m. 
 
 173 Caution: Do not recite in daily letter the receipt 
 of stock for which you have enclosed tickets. 
 
 TEAMING TICKETS (T) 
 
 174 When we deliver goods to another party, cross 
 out "Frank B. Gilbreth" on a "T" ticket and have the 
 party receiving the goods sign his own name instead. 
 Give him the white copy and keep the yellow copy 
 for reference. 
 
 175 When condemned lumber, brick or cement, is 
 hauled away, make the teamster sign a "T" ticket, 
 made out as directed above, so that we can get credit 
 for the goods. 
 
 176 Teaming tickets are to be signed: 
 
 (OWNER'S NAME) 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH, AGENT FOR OWNER. 
 
 BY. 
 
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PAY ROLL ORDER (PR) 
 
 177 Fill out "PR" ticket whenever a man is paid off 
 at any time other than at the regular time on pay 
 day, sending the white copy to Owner, attached to 
 Cash Account, and yellow copy to Owner with "TB." 
 sheets. 
 
 178 After the man has been paid off, place "PR" and 
 the number of the "PR" opposite his name or num- 
 ber, in the Column for ''Remarks" on "TB." sheets, 
 which shows that the man has been paid off. 
 
 179 Men paid by "PR" ticket must sign their names 
 on same. 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH, 
 GENERAL CONTRACTOR. 
 
 NEW YORK, 
 34 WEST 2STH ST. 
 
 DISCHARGE SLIP 
 
 DATE .. ..CON. NO. 
 
 Time or DISCHARGE 
 
 NAME OR NUMBER..... 
 
 SUPT OR FOREMAN SIGN HERE 
 
 HAND THIS TO TtMEKCEPER AT ONCC WITH BRASS CHECK. 
 fORM ai-e.ao-os-BOoo 
 
180 When a workman is discharged, the foreman 
 must make out a "Discharge Slip" with the man's 
 number and time of his discharge written on it; this 
 slip to be given to the man discharged, who is then 
 to hand it, with his numbered brass check, to the 
 Timekeeper. 
 
 181 A workman discharged cannot obtain his money 
 unless his check is accompanied with a "Discharge 
 Slip." 
 
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 FRANK B. GILBRETH, BUILDING CONTRACTOR 
 
 NEW YORK 
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 DATF 19O NOT TRANSFERABLE 
 
 IF THIS MAN IS NOT AN EMPLOYEE 
 
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 56 
 
TIME BOOK SHEETS (TB) 
 
 182 When men are employed on extra work see ad- 
 ditional directions below. 
 
 183 Time sheets are to be made upon our regular 
 "TB." sheets, the week ending agreed upon. 
 
 184 Keep all time books with the greatest care. 
 
 185 Do not use a note "book. We find that most mis- 
 takes in workmen's time are caused by copying. 
 
 186 All remarks about the payroll must be written 
 on the time sheet itself. 
 
 187 The full time of every one of our men must ap- 
 pear on the regular time book ("TB.") sheets. 
 
 188 The time of any of our workmen which is to be 
 charged to extra zvork must be entered on supple- 
 mentary sheets under the proper sub-division number. 
 Keep separate sheets for each "sub-div" (sub-division) 
 and fill out carefully the "sub-div" number and nature 
 of work. Send these extra work sheets to the Office 
 as soon as they are signed. If you do not know the 
 number of the "sub-div" write "extra work" in the 
 space. 
 
 189 The Timekeeper shall do the figuring on the 
 sheets. 
 
 57 
 
190 Total each sheet separately. 
 
 191 The Timekeeper shall make out all pay envelopes. 
 
 192 Turn over the Yellow Copy of "TB." sheets with 
 the pay envelopes, and the Yellow "PR's" which show 
 on the "TB." sheets, to the Owner. 
 
 193 The Owner or his representative shall pay off 
 on pay days. 
 
 194 Send the White Copies of "TB." sheets to the 
 New York Office as soon as the men have been paid 
 off. 
 
 195 When a workman is paid with a "PR" order, 
 the number of the "PR" must be entered in the time 
 book, opposite his name, in the column for ''Remarks." 
 
 196 State in the time book the exact amount of time 
 that steady pay men work, regardless of the basis on 
 which they are paid. 
 
 197 Consult the Office about the wages of steady pay 
 men. 
 
 198 The instructions on "Paymasters' Requisitions" 
 must be carried out carefully. 
 
 199 "TB." sheets should be signed by the representa- 
 tive of the Owner before being sent to the New York 
 Office. 
 
 200 Any envelopes not called for by the workmen at 
 paying off time on pay days are to be kept by the 
 Owner until called for by the workmen. 
 
 201 When instructed to keep the costs of labor and 
 materials on extra work or subdivisions, use "TB." 
 sheets and "M" sheets in making up costs. 
 
 58 
 
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MATERIAL SHEETS (M) 
 
 202 The White Copy of the "M" sheet is to be at- 
 tached to the duplicate bills which make up the "M" 
 sheet, and then sent to the New York Office. 
 
 203 The Yellow Copy of the "M" sheet is to be at- 
 tached to the original copies of bills, which make up 
 the "M" sheet, and then turned over to the Owner. 
 Bills on which there is a discount are to be handed 
 to Owner immediately after being entered on "M" 
 sheet. 
 
 204 All "M" sheets to be signed by representative 
 of the Owner before being sent to the New York 
 Office. 
 
 205 All cash items, excepting Pay Roll items, are to 
 be entered on separate "M" sheets. 
 
 206 Do not hold an "M" sheet on the job because it 
 is not filled, but when entering the "M's" on the Cost 
 Report, enter them all, whether full or not, and send 
 them to the New York Office. 
 
 207 All material used, whether or not especially 
 bought for extra work, must be entered on "M" sheets. 
 
 208 Pay special attention to charging for material left 
 over from the contract, which is very often used for 
 extra work or a sub-division. 
 
209 Sub-division space must be filled out on "M" 
 sheets. 
 
 210 If you do not know the Number of the "Sub-Div" 
 write "extra work" in the space, or a description of 
 the work to which the sheet refers. 
 
 211 "M" sheets must be dated, properly filled out and 
 approved promptly. 
 
 212 Be sure that your carbon copies are clear and 
 distinct. 
 
 213 Always use the same wording in the space for 
 "nature of work." 
 
 214 Orders in writing must be demanded and received 
 before changes are made from original plans and speci- 
 fications, whether these changes call for "extra work" 
 or not. This will determine the responsibility for 
 changes. 
 
 215 Send the original written order to the Office and 
 keep a copy for job reference. 
 
 216 Ask the Office for numbers to be assigned to 
 sub-divisions. 
 
 217 To prevent confusion, Superintendents must do 
 business through the Architect or Engineer not 
 through the Owner. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 62 
 
ORDERS (O) 
 
 218 When "O" form is used on the job, the green 
 and yellow copies are to be sent at once to the New 
 York Office. 
 
 PINK AND BLUE COPIES OF "O": 
 
 219 The Pink Copy is to be kept on file in the office 
 on the job and carefully preserved for reference at 
 any time. The final shipment stub on the bottom of 
 the pink copy is to be filled out and sent to the New 
 York Office as soon as the final shipment called for 
 on that particular order is received. 
 
 220 The Blue Copy is to be attached and used for 
 checking the bill for the goods. The blue final ship- 
 ment stub on the bottom of the copy is to be filled out 
 at the same time with pink and yellow stub and is to 
 be attached to and used for checking the bill. 
 
 221 Care is to be taken in filling out final shipment 
 stubs to see that no duplication of the previous part 
 of the order is included. 
 
 222 A complete description of the goods, together 
 with any shortages, is to be noted in all cases. 
 
 223 The White Copy is to be sent to dealer, with 
 instructions that bills be sent in triplicate to "Frank 
 B. Gilbreth" (job address). 
 
 63 
 
224 The Blue Copy of "O" is to be attached to orig- 
 inal bill after being checked. If the bill only calls 
 for a partial shipment, the blue "O" is to be attached 
 just the same, with the blue partial shipment blank. 
 
 225 If there are a number of partial shipments on 
 any "O," the blue "O" is to be attached to the first 
 bill, with the blue partial shipment blank which covers 
 the material shown on bill. 
 
 226 The following bills which may come in, applying 
 to same "O" and which are partial shipments, will 
 have blue partial shipment blanks attached ; when the 
 final bill comes in, attach the blue final shipment stub. 
 
 227 If the first bill .comes in calling for the entire 
 "O" and all the material has been received as shown 
 on "O," the blue final shipment stub with blue "O" 
 is to be attached to bill. 
 
 228 The yellow partial and final shipment blanks are 
 to be attached to the duplicate bills, which are to be 
 sent to the Accounting Department. 
 
 229 Every duplicate bill is to have a yellow partial 
 shipment blank attached, unless the bill which comes 
 in calls for the entire "O," or the final shipment, then 
 the yellow final shipment blank is attached to duplicate 
 bill. 
 
 230 Special attention must be given to the importance 
 of placing the "O" numbers in the space provided for 
 same in the "price correct, etc." stamp on face of bill. 
 This applies particularly to the duplicate bills which 
 are sent to the Accounting Department. 
 
 231 Itemize the final shipment on the final shipment 
 stub, so that the Purchasing Department can see at a 
 
 64 
 
:NO THIS COPY TO CONTRACT TO ATTACH TO AND CHECK BILLS 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH, 
 
 GENERAL CONTRACTOR 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 WKST 26th ST. 
 
 TO DATE. 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 SHIP TO 
 
 BILL TO 
 
 SEND BILL IN TO 
 
 THIS ORDER FILLS REQUISITION 
 
 TO BE USED FOR 
 
 "LEASE DELIVER TO US AS AGENTS FOR 
 
 WC RESERVE RIGHT TO CANCEL ORDER If DELIVERY IS NOT 
 
 PR-CE I O10382 
 
 DELIVERED. F. O. B. 
 
 DATE OF DELIVERY 
 SHIP VIA 
 
 CON - sszs^^tv^is^ 
 
 FRANK B. CILBRETH. AGENT 
 
 'TEAM GF>~TH~is STUB'WHEN FINAL'SHIPM^NT is RECEIVED AND "USE FOB "CHECKING "BILLS " 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH, 
 
 34 WEST 2OTM STREET. NEW YORK. 
 
 flNAL SHIPMENT. AB ENUMERATED BELOW. CALLED FOR ON ORDER O 10382 
 WA RECEIVED OM ^ ^ FROM BY 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 BOH. SUB 
 
 L Lil I 
 
 65 
 
glance the exact amount of material which was re- 
 ceived on the final shipment. If the first shipment 
 calls for the entire "O," the final shipment stub must 
 show all the material shown on "O." 
 
 232 If goods are received at the time that the "O" 
 is given, write "received" on "O." If goods are not 
 received until later, do not mark "O" but give a "T" 
 ticket with "O" number written on it. 
 
 233 Do not in any case mark "received" on "O" if 
 any other ticket has been given. If you do, the man 
 could charge for the same goods twice. 
 
 234 All "O's" must be signed as follows : 
 
 (OWNER'S NAME) 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH, AGENT 
 
 BY 
 
 235 When purchasing material, a written Order must 
 be given, no matter how large or how small the order. 
 
 236 The price is to be filled in, in every case, even if 
 necessary to hold back the Order until price can be 
 obtained. 
 
 237 Fresh carbons are to be used to the extent that 
 will insure perfectly plain copies. 
 
 238 Be sure to always specify in the space provided 
 for same on the colored copies of "O," what the ma- 
 terial is to be used for. 
 
 OWNER'S ORDERS 
 
 239 If the Owner orders goods direct on his own 
 order, get three copies of that order, one to be sent 
 to Purchasing Department, one to Accounting De- 
 
 66 
 
partment, the other to be retained on the job for 
 reference. This order is to be handled exactly as 
 though it were one of our own orders, being placed 
 in turn in fifth and fourth columns of cost report until 
 the final bill comes in, calling for the final shipment. 
 
 Also make out Partial Shipment blanks on Own- 
 er's Orders, and, when a final shipment comes in, use 
 a partial shipment blank for the final shipment stub 
 on the Owner's order only. Mark in large letters 
 "final shipment" on the Partial Shipment blank, so 
 that we will know it is the Final Shipment. 
 
 As "O" number cannot be placed in space pro- 
 vided for same on Partial Shipment blank for Owner's 
 Orders, it will be necessary to place initials of Owner, 
 and date of order in that space provided for "O" 
 number. 
 
 PARTIAL SHIPMENT BLANK (P) 
 
 242 Partial shipment blank is to be made out for all 
 partial shipments of material, tools, plant, etc., that 
 are received. 
 
 243 No matter by whom ordered, if the complete 
 shipment is received use the final shipment stub. 
 
 244 The "P's" are to be made out and sent in every 
 night for all partial shipments received that day. 
 
 245 The Green Copy is to be sent to the New York 
 Office immediately. 
 
 246 The Blue Copy is to be retained on the job to 
 check and attach to original bill. 
 
 67 
 
SEND ONE OF THESE SHEETS TO PURCHASING DEPARTMENT 
 N. Y. OFFICE FOR EACH PARTIAL SHIPMENT RECEIVED. 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH, 
 
 M. AM. SOC. M. E. 
 
 34 WEST 26TH STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 WAS RECEIVED ON 
 
 GIVE SHIPPERS NAME 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 USE FORM NO, 3TC. FCH FINAL 
 
 SHIPMENT. 
 FORM NO N. Y, 38 
 
 CON. 
 NO. 
 
 SUB. 
 DIV. 
 
 P543 
 
247 The Yellow Copy to be attached to duplicate bill. 
 
 248 When a partial shipment of goods is received, the 
 blue and yellow Partial Shipment blanks are to be at- 
 tached to the pink "O," until the bills come in. 
 
 SEND THCS TO PURCHASING OEPT MEW YORK OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 
 
 FRANK B. GILBRETH 
 
 
 3* WEST 26TH STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 PURCHASE REQUISITION 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 
 STATE CAREFULLY ALL DETAILS NECESSARY FOR ORDERING, CATALOGUE NO., QUALITY, 
 
 DIMENSIONS, ETC., AND IF WANTED ON ACCOUNT OF CHAN 
 
 iES BE PARTICULAR TO GIVE 
 
 SOURCE OF INFORMATION, DATES OF LETTERS, NUMBERS 
 
 OF DRAWINGS, AND WHAT 
 
 CHANGES WILL BE NECESSARY IN MATERIALS ALREADY 
 
 DELIVERED OR IN TRANSIT. 
 
 
 n .__ [ SHALL WE CMtP 
 DATE | FREIGHT OM IIP 
 
 VIA 
 BBS 
 
 DATE WANTED AT DESTINATION 
 
 THIS MATERIAL TO Ot USED FOR 
 
 
 ISSUED BY CON. S 
 
 UJJ. THIS FORM 1C 
 
 TIME.PR. NO. D 
 
 IV. R 157 
 
 00 NOT WRITE BELOW TMW LINK 
 
 RECEIVED STAMP 
 
 FILLED Bv O 
 
 
 SENT OUT FOR PRICES. DATE 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 69 
 
PURCHASE REQUISITION (R) 
 
 249 When material, plant, repair parts, tools, etc., 
 are wanted, a requisition is to be made out, all the 
 spaces being properly filled and a clear description 
 of the article given. 
 
 250 The Green Copy is then to be forwarded to the 
 office at once. 
 
 251 The Pink Copy is to be retained on the job for 
 reference and for checking the Order when made out. 
 
 252 When miscellaneous supplies or material are to 
 be bought by the Owner at the job, give a requisition 
 for same. 
 
 253 Use Purchase Requisitions for everything or- 
 dered and send them through the New York Office 
 or Owner. 
 
 70 
 
COST REPORT (CR) 
 
 254 When Cost Reports are used on the job, the 
 White, Yellow and Pink copies are to be forwarded 
 at once to the Accounting Department at the New 
 York Office for checking, and from there they will 
 go to their respective destinations. The tissue copy 
 is to be kept in the book, or filed in the office on the 
 job for reference. 
 
 255 Cost Reports are to be made up weekly and sent 
 in immediately to New York Office. 
 
 256 In the first column, headed "TB.," enter sep- 
 arately the number of each "TB." sheet, the date and 
 the total amount of each sheet. 
 
 257 In the second column, headed "M," made up on 
 job, enter separately, the number and total amount of 
 each "M" sheet. 
 
 258 In the third column, headed "M," made up at 
 Office, enter separately the number and total of each 
 office "M" sheet, which will be given by New York 
 Office as often as possible. Do not hold over Cost 
 Reports for Office "M" sheets. 
 
 259 In the fifth column, headed "Total of Contracts 
 Not Entered," enter all "O's" separately for material 
 which has been ordered, or for contracts of work to 
 
 71 
 

 
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 72 
 
be done, for which bills have not been received. These 
 "O's" are to appear in the fifth column of the Cost- 
 Report each week, until a bill comes in. If the bill 
 only calls for a partial shipment on the "O," the 
 order will have to appear in the fourth column, headed 
 "Proportion of Contracts Not Entered," until the final 
 bill comes in calling for the final amount of the "O" 
 shown in the fourth column of Cost Report. 
 
 260 After making out the first Cost Report, carry 
 forward the total amount of the "TB.," and place it 
 on the first line of the next Cost Report, in the column 
 headed "TB." Do likewise with totals of column 
 headed "M" made up on job, and "M" made up at 
 Office. By carrying forward the totals each week we 
 will have total "TB." to date, total Job "M" to date, 
 and total office "M" to date. Add these three amounts 
 together, giving total of all three columns entered to 
 date. 
 
 261 It is absolutely necessary that all manifold forms 
 be sent together regularly to the New York Office, 
 except the forms which are to be sent in as soon 
 as they are made up. 
 
 73 
 
CASH ACCOUNT (C) 
 
 262 White copies of Cash Accounts are to be sent to 
 the Accounting Department at the New York Office 
 weekly, unless otherwise directed. 
 
 263 Tissue copies are to be retained in the book or 
 on file in the office on the job, for reference. 
 
 264 Yellow copies are to be sent as directed by the 
 Accounting Departments. 
 
 265 Vouchers must be obtained for all cash items, 
 where possible, and attached to cash account when 
 sent in. All cash items, excepting "PR." items, are 
 to be entered on separate "M" sheets before cash ac- 
 counts are sent in. 
 
 266 When entering "M" items from a cash account 
 the White Copy of Cash Account is to be attached to 
 the "M" sheet upon which the cash items are entered, 
 then sent to the New York Office. 
 
 267 In entering items from the Cash Account, the 
 Cash Account is to go through the same course as a 
 bill, placing the "Prices correct, etc." stamp on front 
 of same, and inserting a bill number. 
 
 74 
 
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TOOL LIST (TL) 
 
 268 Tool List rules must be followed to the letter 
 whenever tools are either shipped to, or received from, 
 the yard or another job, or received from a dealer. 
 
 269 Tool lists are made in quadruplicate and contain 
 directions for shipping tools. One copy must be sent 
 to the office, and two copies to the man who is to 
 receive the tools at destination. The man who receives 
 the tools will keep one copy and send one copy to our 
 office, after he has written on it a list of the tools 
 shipped which he did not receive. 
 
 DIRECTIONS ON PINK AND WHITE 
 SHEETS : DUTIES OF THE MAN WHO RE- 
 CEIVES THE PINK AND WHITE COPIES : 
 
 270 Compare the Pink Copy with the White Copy 
 and see if they agree. If White Copy and Pink Copy 
 do not agree, notify Office, and also the man who 
 shipped the tools, wherein they do not agree. 
 
 271 Compare the White Copy with tools actually re- 
 ceived. Do not change either the Pink or the Vvhite 
 Copy, even if they do not agree with the tools actually 
 received. 
 
 272 Write on the Pink Copy and the White Copy full 
 account of the shortage, giving teamster's name, name 
 
 76 
 
of the man he works for, railroad owning car, and car 
 number. 
 
 273 Man who receives these tools will paste this Pink 
 Copy in his own tool list book for reference. 
 
 274 Send the White Copy to the Office as soon as the 
 above five rules are complied with ; your contract will 
 then stand charged with this corrected list or their 
 value until you ship them to some other job or the 
 C. M. R. & T. Co. 
 
 DIRECTIONS ON YELLOW AND TISSUE 
 SHEETS : DUTIES OF THE OFFICE UPON 
 RECEIVING THE YELLOW AND WHITE 
 SHEETS : 
 
 275 Charge destination job with these tools (i. e., file 
 this Yellow Copy under number of job to which tools 
 were sent). 
 
 276 Compare the Yellow Copy with White Copy as 
 soon as the White Copy is received. 
 
 277 Credit shipping job with the tools of this list 
 (i. e., file the White Copy under the contract number 
 of job that shipped tools). 
 
 278 At the completion of a contract charge it with 
 the difference between the Yellow and White sheets. 
 
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 78 
 
LIST OF TOOLS. 
 
 Accurate Measurer and Feeder 
 
 " Drum 
 
 " Chutes 
 
 " Operating Mechanism 
 Concentrating Hopper 
 
 " Forgings & Bolts, set. 
 Acid 
 
 Absorptiometer (brick soaker) 
 Adze, carpenter 
 Anvil 
 Augers, boring machine dia. 
 
 ship 
 
 Automatic cutoff for water hose 
 Axe, hand 
 
 long-handled 
 
 Back stay for derrick 
 
 Barrel, oil 
 
 Bars, crow 
 pinch 
 
 Battery, electric 
 
 for blasting 
 
 Bells, electric 
 
 Bellows, blacksmith's 
 
 Bin, storage 
 
 Blocks, snatch-clevis 
 
 weighted cheek 
 " wood 
 
 single, in., wire or hemp 
 " double, " " " " 
 " iron, " " " " 
 " single, " " " " 
 " double, " " " " 
 
 Boilers, locomotive style 
 " upright 
 " horizontal 
 
 Bolts 
 
 Bolt cutter 
 Boots, rubber 
 Boom bracket 
 Boom slewing wheel 
 Boring machines 
 Brand, "Gilbreth" 
 Brooms, common 
 
 " push 
 Brushes, scrubbing 
 
 " whitewash 
 
 " wire 
 
 Brass bushings for sheaves 
 Burners, paint 
 Bushings, metaline 
 Buckets, hoisting 
 
 tar 
 Bull wheel of engine 
 
 Can, oil 
 
 Cant dogs 
 
 Canvas (approximate size) 
 
 Cars, brick 
 
 " industrial railway dump 
 
 " standard gauge push 
 Carts, tip 
 
 " 2 wheel for concrete 
 
 " 2 wheel dump 
 Chain falls, Weston 
 
 " hoist 
 
 " guy 
 
 " with hook & ring long 
 
 " with two rings 
 
 " scale box 
 
 " sprocket, diam. 
 
 " with stone dogs 
 
 79 
 
LIST OF TOOLS Continued 
 
 Chisels, brick 
 " cold 
 
 calking 
 " cape 
 " stone 
 Clips, guy 
 Coal 
 Couplings, brass hose. 
 
 iron pipe 
 Cross head to double elevator 
 
 " " single " 
 Cutters, pipe 
 
 Dead eye 
 
 Derrick boom (length) 
 
 castings and fittings, 
 
 complete set 
 " Mast top casting 
 
 " bottom 
 
 " Pintle casting 
 " 2 sheave brackets 
 
 Guy cap 
 
 Derrick, 8 sheaves 
 " Boom ring 
 
 2 plain iron block 
 " 1 weighted cheek block 
 " Falls 
 Guys 
 
 " 6 large guy cap shackles 
 " 20 guy shackles 
 " Guy clips 
 " mast 
 " spar 
 
 foot block 
 Derrick pins 
 
 Die stock and dies for bolts 
 " " " pipe 
 
 Dippers, tin 
 tar 
 
 Dogs, stone 
 Dolly bars 
 Drills, blacksmith 
 " machinist's 
 " hand power post 
 " rose 
 stone 
 
 " steam rock drills and tri- 
 pods, complete 
 
 Ejector, Hancock (size) 
 Engines, Independent 
 
 " hoisting 5^x8, No. on 
 
 boiler 
 " hoisting 7x10 No. on 
 
 boiler 
 
 Elevator double single 
 " on chimney (size of 
 
 platform) 
 hod 
 
 " bucket 
 " supports for crosshead 
 
 Falls, wire, approx. Igth & dia 
 
 " manila " " " " 
 Faucet 
 Files, sa\v 
 
 " flat 
 
 " half round 
 
 " round 
 Forge, blacksmith 
 
 " riveting 
 
 Foot valve for centrifugal pump 
 Forks, coke (handle broken 
 stone) 
 
 80 
 
LIST OF TOOLS Continued 
 
 Furnace, lead melting 
 asphalt 
 
 Gauge, steam 
 
 Gouge 
 
 Grates, boiler 
 
 Grease for wire ropes 
 
 Grindstone 
 
 Guys, wire, diam, approx. Igth. 
 
 Guy caps 
 
 Guy posts, length, size 
 
 Hose, concrete mixer 
 
 water 
 
 suction 
 
 steam 
 
 Hose menders 
 Houses, engine 
 Increaser, (sizes) 
 
 Injector 
 Inspirator 
 
 Jacks, Gilbreth Patent 
 
 Hammer, sledge 
 
 ^ VI UCLLiy 
 
 plain screw 
 
 hand 
 
 Norton pat. 
 
 bush 
 
 hydraulic 
 
 pean 
 striking 
 
 Jointers, granol. walk 
 
 Handles, hammer 
 
 Kettles, tar 
 
 hoe 
 
 
 pick 
 
 Ladders (length) 
 
 maul 
 
 Ladles, melting 
 
 tamp 
 
 Lag screws 
 
 hod 
 
 Lamp, office 
 
 Harness for tip carts 
 
 Lanterns 
 
 Heaters, mortar 
 sand 
 
 Lewis, stone 
 Line (mason's) 
 
 Hods, brick 
 
 Lubricators, plain oil cup 
 
 mortar 
 
 plain grease cup 
 
 Holding on sledge, riveting 
 Hoe, ash 
 
 sight feed oil cup 
 sight feed cyl. oiler 
 
 mortar 
 
 plain cylinder oiler 
 
 Hoisting engine grates 
 Hooks, hinge 
 
 (( 
 
 Mattocks 
 Maul, wooden 
 
 tag 
 
 
 
 Horses, framing 
 
 pin 
 Marline 
 
 trestle 
 
 Mast slewing rig 
 
 patent scaffold 
 
 " Bull wheel for derrick 
 
LIST OF TOOLS Continued 
 
 Mast wire falls 
 
 drum attach't for engine 
 Megaphones 
 Mixers, concrete, gravity, 
 
 model serial 
 " Gotham pulley style 
 " Gilbreth rotary with 
 
 engine 
 
 " Gotham with engine 
 " " with engine and 
 
 boiler 
 " United Tipping 
 
 Eng. style 
 " " " with 
 
 engine & boiler 
 Mops for waterproofing 
 Mortar red 
 Mortar black 
 
 Nails 
 
 Oil, dead 
 " linseed 
 
 Packing, round 
 
 sheet 
 Padlocks 
 Pails, galv. iron 
 
 " wood 
 Paint, black asphalt 
 
 " outside 
 inside 
 
 " fireproof 
 Picks 
 Pipe, Akron 
 
 " cast-iron 
 
 " wrought iron 
 
 " spiral steel 
 
 Pitch 
 
 Pile drivers 
 Pitching tool 
 Plank 
 
 " driving cap 
 Pliers 
 
 Plow points 
 Plow, soft ground 
 
 " hard pan 
 Plumb bob 
 Points, stone 
 Pokers 
 Pulsometer 
 
 Punch, beam or plate 
 Pump, boiler test 
 
 " diaphragm 
 
 " horizontal force 
 
 " duplex 
 
 " single 
 
 " steam 
 
 " centrifugal with engine 
 " without " 
 
 Reducers 
 
 Register (brick counter) 
 
 Rippers, staging 
 
 Roll, wood (length) 
 
 " iron (length) 
 
 " block or dolly 
 Rope, wire 
 
 " falls 
 
 " guy 
 
 " lashing 
 
 " manila 
 
 " tag 
 Ratchets, machinist's 
 
 82 
 
LIST OF -TOOLS Continued 
 
 Saws, cross-cut 
 " hand 
 " hack 
 " pintle 
 Salamanders 
 Sash 
 
 Scaffold, Gilbreth patent 
 Scale box, forgings, sets com- 
 plete ^ 
 
 Scale boxes, wood 
 " iron 
 Scrapers, wheel 
 
 drag 
 Screens, sand 
 
 " gravel 
 Screw drivers 
 Sheave Brackets 
 Shovels, round 
 
 " square 
 
 " snow 
 
 " long-handle 
 
 " coal scoop 
 Spades 
 Shackles 
 Sheaves 
 Shims, wedges 
 Signs 
 Slice bars 
 Smoke pipe 
 Spirit level 
 Staging 
 
 V ledgers 
 
 " plank 
 poles 
 
 " putlogs 
 
 " outriggers 
 
 Stamp F. B. G. 
 
 Steel tape length 
 
 Stove, office 
 
 Straight edges 
 
 Stencils 
 
 Strainer for suction hose 
 
 Swing stage 
 
 Tackles 
 
 Tampers, square 
 round 
 
 Tar paper 
 
 Thimbles, galv., W. I. 
 
 Tipcarts 
 
 Tongs, stone 
 " track 
 " blacksmith 
 " chain for pipe 
 
 Tool boxes, engine 
 " pump 
 
 Tool chest (iron bound) 
 
 Torches, gasoline 
 
 Transits 
 
 Trucks, freight handler's 
 
 Tube cleaner 
 
 " expander or roller 
 
 Valves, safety 
 " steam 
 globe 
 " * gate 
 
 check 
 
 Vise, carpenter's bench 
 " -blacksmith's 
 " machinist's 
 " pipe 
 
LIST OF TOOLS Concluded 
 
 Wall ties, Morse 
 
 Wall irons 
 
 Water barrels 
 
 Waterproofing 
 
 Wedges, other than for Shims 
 
 Wheels, sprocket 
 
 Winches 
 
 " handles 
 Wire cutters 
 " electric bell 
 
 Whistle, steam 
 Wheelbarrows, wood 
 iron 
 2 wheeled for 
 
 concrete 
 
 Wrench, monkey 
 " hose 
 " Stilson 
 socket 
 
 " spanner 
 rock drill 
 
TELEGRAMS 
 
 279 In sending a telegram to the New York Office 
 or branch offices, never sign same "Frank B. Gilbreth." 
 Always sign the name of the sender. 
 
 280 The only time to sign "Frank B. Gilbreth" is 
 when corresponding with sub-contractors or dealers, 
 and then sign Frank B. Gilbreth, By 
 
 281 When sending a telegram, a copy of the original 
 must be made on our regular yellow confirmation 
 blank, mailing same to the party to whom the tele- 
 gram is sent. 
 
 EXPENSE ACCOUNT 
 
 282 Each employee is to make out his own Expense 
 Account. 
 
 283 All Expense Accounts to be approved by a second 
 person. 
 
 284 AH cash items to be entered in Cash Account 
 book. Expense accounts to be attached as vouchers, 
 when Cash Account sheet is sent in. 
 
 85 
 
WHITE LIST CARDS 
 
 285 We wish to keep track of those workmen who 
 work in our interests, and to let them know when 
 we need men. Get the addresses of those men who 
 work faithfully. Make out a white list card for each 
 good man when discharged or laid off. 
 
 286 As any business grows, the employees lose their 
 individuality with their employer. This is discour- 
 aging to a workman who desires to have his efforts 
 appreciated. We have devised a "white list" card so 
 that we may know what each foreman thinks of an 
 employee. 
 
 287 We shall send, to men of good records, postal 
 card notifications which will put them on solid foot- 
 ing with any of our foremen, whether the men are 
 known to them or not. We believe that the best class 
 of workmen will appreciate our efforts and co-operate 
 with us in making this system a success. 
 
 288 Workmen who spend the least time talking with 
 one another during working hours, will, if other 
 qualifications are equal, receive preference when the 
 work slacks down. 
 
 289 Men who present "white list" notification cards 
 must be given preference by our foremen at all times. 
 
290 At the completion of the job, the Superintendent 
 and Timekeeper must go over the time sheets and 
 make sure that the proper White List Cards have 
 been made out. 
 
 87 
 
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BILLS 
 
 291 All bills are to be rendered to job in triplicate. 
 
 292 When bills are received, check up and O. K. 
 every copy, using rubber stamp for "Quantity Cor- 
 rect, Prices Correct and Extensions Correct." This 
 stamp to be placed on the front of each copy in the 
 lower left hand corner. 
 
 293 "Prices Correct, etc.," stamp on face of bill must 
 be filled in. 
 
 294 Number each bill, beginning with No. 1. 
 
 295 "The original copy of all bills after being O. K.'d 
 by the timekeeper and entered on "M" sheet, must 
 be sent to the Owner, attached to the yellow "M" 
 sheet upon which they are entered. 
 
 296 The duplicate copy of all bills is to be sent to 
 the Accounting Department attached to the white 
 "M" sheet upon which it is entered. 
 
 297 The triplicate copies of bills are to be filed 
 numerically in the file provided for same on the job. 
 
 298 All bills are to be entered on the "M" sheet in 
 the order of their number, if possible. 
 
 299 Credit bills or corrections from material men 
 must also be obtained in triplicate, and the originals 
 
 89 
 
turned over to the Owner. These are also to be 
 stamped, numbered and O. K.'d exactly as though 
 they were charges. They must also be entered on 
 separate "M" sheets, marked in large letters "Credit." 
 Duplicate copy of credit vouchers must be sent to the 
 New York Office, attached to the white "M" sheet, 
 upon which they are entered. 
 
 300 Bills must be checked up promptly and the 
 original copies turned over to the Owners as soon 
 as possible, to enable them to take advantage of any 
 discount. 
 
 301 It is absolutely necessary that the New York 
 Office receive a copy of all bills, and therefore should 
 the Owners buy any material direct, it will be neces- 
 sary for the Timekeeper to secure duplicate copies 
 of such bills, which must also be entered on "M" 
 sheets. 
 
 302 When opening accounts with new dealers, direct 
 them to send bills as nearly up-to-date as possible. 
 
 FREIGHT 
 
 303 When paying freight, get separate receipted bills 
 for each charge. 
 
 304 Freight bills on material purchased F. O. B. 
 the job, are to be turned over to the Owner without 
 being entered on "M" sheets. 
 
 305 Freight charges for material purchased F. O. B. 
 shipping point (chargeable against cost of Job) are 
 to be entered on "M" sheets. 
 
 00 
 
BRICKWORK 
 
 306 The most profitable and best bond in common 
 brickwork is one course of Flemish headers and 
 seven, courses of stretchers, then another course of 
 Flemish headers, etc. 
 
 307 Use this bond wherever possible, except in earth- 
 quake localities, in which case use full headers every 
 sixth course and also metallic headers. 
 
 308 Each bricklayer is responsible for the plumb of 
 the lead, ting, corner, or angle, on which he is set 
 to work. He will not be excused by the customary 
 statement that it is plumb from where he took it. 
 Mistakes can thus be corrected before it is too late, 
 and at small cost. 
 
 309 Foremen carpenters and foremen masons will 
 be held jointly responsible for the plumb of window 
 and door frames not only that they are set plumb, 
 but that they are maintained plumb, and that they 
 have plenty of spreaders to keep them from being 
 sprung by brickwork. 
 
 310 Every bricklayer is responsible for the plumb of 
 window and door frames adjoining his work, and 
 must notify foremen of mistakes while they can be 
 rectified at small cost. 
 
 91 
 
311 The bricklayer on the lead that hauls in the line 
 is the boss of the line and the wall. To him the 
 foreman must give sufficient information to enable 
 him to come to the right height for projections, beams 
 and openings. He is responsible for all levels, heights, 
 and accuracy of ting on the wall. 
 
 312 The man on the ting, or man on the middle of 
 the wall, must notify the man on the hauling end of 
 the line when the line is laid out, if not already 
 noticed by him. 
 
 313 The man on the leads must be specially directed 
 to keep the line moving. The boss of the wall must 
 call for the man on the other lead to put the line up 
 promptly, and he must haul it in promptly. He is 
 responsible for delays caused by other lead men not 
 putting up line promptly. The money is made in 
 brickwork by hauling the line promptly. It is seldom 
 good practice to have the line slacked until the last 
 brick is laid out. 
 
 314 The bricklayers on the lead must stop in the 
 middle of laying a brick to attend to the line. 
 
 315 Lumpers who lay brick by the thousand give 
 more attention to the line than to all other points 
 combined. 
 
 316 In no other way can foremen and timekeepers 
 save so much money for the firm as by watching the 
 line and seeing that it is put up the instant that the 
 line is laid out. 
 
 317 The boss of the wall must notify foremen if 
 mortar is too fat, or too sandy, or if it is not right 
 in any way. 
 
318 Boss of the wall must notify foremen if stock 
 is not coming fast enough. 
 
 319 Lay all brick with shove joints. Use the Gil- 
 breth Scaffold wherever possible, because it keeps the 
 mason where it is easiest for him to lay with shove 
 joints. Do not economize on mortar. Do not slush 
 the middle of the wall, as it prevents the next course 
 from properly pushing mortar between the bricks of 
 the course below. Joints must be well filled without 
 slushing, except in freezing weather. 
 
 320 Haul the line to the bottom of all projections 
 and not to the top. 
 
 321 Fill end joints of outside 4" of all exposed walls 
 full of mortar. 
 
 322 Except when prevented by certain qualities of 
 mortar, the best results in jointing are obtained by 
 not jointing too often: probably about once every 
 staging high. The best practice is for the outside 
 men to get on the inside scaffold and back up for 
 another header, and not waste time jointing while 
 the inside men are backing up. Boss of wall will 
 say when to do jointing. 
 
 323 When walls near ground and floors are jointed, 
 it must be done with a straight edge. There is abso- 
 lutely no exception to this rule. Foremen must pro- 
 vide every mason with pieces of furring 8' 0" for 
 this purpose. 
 
 324 We desire to maintain our present hard earned 
 reputation for doing the best possible brickwork. 
 The difference in cost between the best and the poor- 
 
est workmanship on brickwork is a very small per- 
 centage of the entire cost of the contract. 
 
 325 A bricklayer's time costs too much to have him 
 do any more measuring with a rule than is abso- 
 lutely necessary. Foremen should give the brick- 
 layers a piece of strapping (2"xl" planed on one 
 side) just the right length, with the entire infor- 
 mation marked clearly on it. 
 
 326 Foremen should order a few bundles of strap- 
 ping with the first order for lumber. 
 
 327 Toothers and putlog holes must be filled full of 
 mortar or else they will dry out a different color 
 than the other mortar. 
 
 328 Take the greatest care to cover thoroughly with 
 mortar every portion of structural steel work. This 
 is often neglected on most important work. All struc- 
 tural work must first be freed from rust by wire 
 brushes and scrapers, then painted, and then covered 
 with mortar, or in time it will begin to rust, and after 
 rust once begins in the wall it cannot be stopped. 
 For further information on this subject see copy of 
 "Cement," Vol. 3, No. 2. Any kind of mortar helps 
 to preserve iron and steel, but Portland cement is 
 best. We are ready to pay for the labor and mortar 
 needed to cover completely and thoroughly all struc- 
 tural steel and iron. 
 
 329 Care must be taken when wooden beams are built 
 into brickwork, that mortar does not touch the wood, 
 as it is likely to cause dry rot. Any kind of mortar 
 will cause deterioration of wood. 
 
 94 
 
330 The most expensive bond and also the best is 
 "plumb bond" this can be done properly only by 
 cutting notches in the edge of a piece of furring, 
 holding the end of the stick to the jamb and mark- 
 ing the center of each vertical joint. Many old time 
 bricklayers think the same result can be obtained by 
 plumbing the joints with a plumb rule. This method 
 not only takes too long, but is too inaccurate for our 
 work. 
 
 331 Order wooden wedges at the mill for setting cut 
 stone. Use only white pine wedges for this work. 
 
 332 Rake joints in stone work 1" deep, and draw 
 wedges before mortar is set. 
 
MORTAR 
 
 333 Lime mortar must be kept wet while slaking. 
 In addition to water hose, supply a water barrel so 
 that water can be dashed by the pailful upon any 
 lime that is crumbling or burning. Lime loses 
 strength if allowed to "burn." 
 
 334 The making of lime mortar must commence early 
 enough to have it at least two weeks old before using. 
 This rule must be followed notwithstanding the fact 
 that the making up of considerable quantities of mor- 
 tar ahead of time is expensive, because of the extra 
 handling and the greater labor of tempering up. 
 The older the lime mortar, the better the work. 
 
 335 Lime mortar must be tempered until all the white 
 spots in it disappear; otherwise these spots would 
 swell and break the initial set of the mortar after 
 the bricks are laid. 
 
 336 v Cement must not be added to slaking lime mor- 
 
 tar. Cement must be thoroughly mired dry with 
 sand before it is added to lime mortar, and just 
 before it is to be used. 
 
 337 Cement mortar must be used as soon as mixed, 
 unless fat mortar is more desired than strength. 
 
 96 
 
The theory most widely accepted among cement 
 experts is that cement, in setting, forms microscopic 
 interlocking crystals. These crystals if broken while 
 forming will never properly reunite. Therefore, 
 cement, whether in mortar or concrete, should never 
 be disturbed after it has once begun to set. 
 
 339 Give, mortar men, or other men most faithful to 
 our interests, first chance on all overtime work, tem- 
 pering tubs, etc. 
 
 340 More bad results to cement in mortar and con- 
 crete are caused by drying out too quick than from 
 any other cause. Any cement dealer or cement chem- 
 ist can cite hundreds of cases of unsatisfactory work 
 from these causes. Therefore, wet your forms thor- 
 oughly or else grease them so that they will not soak 
 the water from the concrete. Wet the ground thor- 
 oughly before laying concrete, and do not allow so 
 much as a dry plank to lay on it for at least two 
 weeks after the work is finished. 
 
OILING DOWN 
 
 341 When outside walls are oiled, great precaution 
 must be taken that the stone in the wall does not 
 receive the slightest spot. Oil will discolor stone 
 and the stain cannot be removed. Raw linseed oil 
 should be used, never boiled linseed oil. 
 
 342 Washing down brick walls with acid must be 
 done with the greatest care. First, spray the wall 
 thoroughly with water, so that brickwork will soak 
 up as much water as possible. When the acid is 
 applied, use as little as you can ; it will then do its 
 work on the face of the wall only, and not soak in 
 and afterward appear on the face of the dry wall 
 in the form of white spots, nor ruin the mortar in 
 the joints. This method will not only do better work, 
 but will save a large quantity of acid. Keep ropes 
 away from acid or acid fumes, as a few drops of the 
 
 . acid would ruin their strength. Keep falls out from 
 under staging when washing down, or they will get 
 injured by the acid and workmen may get hurt. 
 
 343 Wash mortar from cut stone before it sets too 
 hard. 
 
SCAFFOLD 
 
 344 Have all stagings inspected by an intelligent 
 bricklayer before they are used, and have him say in 
 the presence of witnesses that the staging is right, 
 before the same is used. We shall then know that 
 we have done everything in our power to make the 
 stagings secure and to prevent accident. 
 
 345 There are three ways of building outriggers for 
 outside masons staging : 
 
 1 Lash around the outrigger and the floor beam 
 below with %" rope; turn up with twister and nail 
 the twister to the outrigger. 
 
 2 Put eyebolts through the floor and lash in 
 the same manner. 
 
 3 Spike a piece of 3"x4" to the floor with 
 plenty of big spikes and nail two pieces of board, 
 each at least I"x6", to the outrigger and to the 
 spiking piece. This is the cheapest method and gen- 
 erally the best. 
 
 346 Use the Gilbreth Scaffold wherever possible, be- 
 cause it promotes good work as well as economy. 
 Use it in preference to any other form of scaffold 
 on over-hand brickwork, because it enables the brick- 
 layers to back up the wall solid, every header high, 
 
 99 
 
instead of building the over-hand face as thin as 
 possible staging-high and then backing up. 
 
 347 Where great speed of construction is required, 
 build staging on both sides of the wall. 
 
 348 When two kinds of mortar are used on the 
 Gilbreth Scaffold, put a temporary partition in the 
 mortar box, as shown in pictures 298-25 and 298-12, 
 pages 101 and 107. 
 
 349 The middle plank, or "center board," in the 
 stock platform, should be 2"xlO" and 8' to 9' long, 
 with three boards I"x8" and 1' 10" long nailed on 
 securely. It is not necessary to have the "center 
 board" the exact length between horses, as one end 
 can be covered by a mortar box. These boards should 
 be kept in stock and always used with the scaffold. 
 
 350 The most convenient length for plank for the 
 Gilbreth Scaffold is 12 to 14 feet. 
 
[flush with Side of Horse 
 
 The Right Way. 
 
 The Wrong Way- 
 
 The Wronq Way- 
 
 The RIGHT and the WRONG way to arrange plank 
 and mortar boxes on the Gilbreth Scaffold 
 
 Photograph 298-25 
 101 
 
SYSTEM FOR SETTING UP THE GILBRETH 
 SCAFFOLD 
 
 351 A Do not build wall more than 3' 8" above 
 
 floor before setting up scaffold. 
 B Put red side of horses against brick wall. 
 C Place horses 10' 0" apart. 
 D Hook one end of stay rod to eye bolt in 
 
 horse and nail other end of stay rod to floor. 
 E Use no planks less than 2"xlO". 
 F Make bricklayers' platform two planks wide. 
 G Make tenders' platform two planks wide. 
 H Make stock platform three planks wide. 
 I The plank on the stock platform should rest 
 
 on only two horses, never on three horses. 
 
 352 J Mortar boxes never over 4' 0" apart. 
 
 K Never jack stock platform higher than the 
 inside 4" of wall. 
 
 L Keep ratchet and bearings of jack well 
 greased. These jacks will wear out in one day unless 
 thoroughly greased. It has always been difficult to 
 get foremen to use enough grease on these jacks. 
 
 It has been demonstrated, beyond the possibility 
 of a doubt, that if the Gilbreth Staging is set up and 
 102 
 
jacked up in accordance with me above rules, it 
 will cause an average saving of $1.00 per mason 
 per day. 
 
\ i 7 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Smoothest Side 
 
 
 
 of Plank Inside 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Plan. 
 
 
 /. 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 !/ Hoop Iron 
 on 4 Comers 
 u^e I "Nails 
 
 J I 
 
 EJevo.-Hon. 
 
 Our Standard Mortar Box 
 
 104 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 105 
 
SYSTEM FOR TAKING DOWN GILBRETH 
 SCAFFOLD HORSES 
 
 353 Take down planks, one at a time. Pull stay 
 
 rods up from floor and unhook them. Lay each horse 
 down on the floor, then slide frames down to the 
 foot of the horses. Lowering frames in the horses, 
 while horses are standing, will break the foot pieces 
 of the horses. 
 
 106 
 
Photograph 298-12 
 
 107 
 
I 
 
 <L) ^. *i < 
 
 
 
 en en 
 
 -M <U Jj 
 
 s w -^ 
 
 > 
 
 <u G 
 jO y 
 
 O 43 
 
 en +-> 
 
 rt -r^ 
 <L a; 
 
 
 
 <u rt 
 
 O , i 
 >> rt 
 <u ^ 
 
 3 S 
 
 rt *" 
 
 C ^ -d 
 SJ i "o 
 
 " '" * 
 
 ^ - rt 
 
 Hi 2 
 
 1^ 
 
 o|l 
 
 O -^ 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 ri- 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 o *3 
 
 Q o 
 <u 
 
 'S S 
 
 bo^ 
 
 5 o 
 
 T^i O 
 
 1J 
 
 3 
 
 > *3 
 
 <u ^ 
 ^ o 
 
 .a c 
 
 a o 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 ^-. CD 
 
 oo ,c! 
 
 *S G 
 O 
 
 -i a 
 
 (L) (M 
 tf) 
 
 3 G 
 
 1-3 
 
 rt . i^ 
 
 . bfi 
 
 bo O 
 
 .S 'o 
 
 | 
 
 .S , w rt 
 bo H *o 
 
 108 
 
TALL CHIMNEYS 
 
 355 The best results in round chimneys are obtained 
 by having no brick headers below the head of the 
 chimney. Get permission from the Engineer or Archi- 
 tect to use galvanized wire cloth ties instead of brick 
 headers for bonding the outside 4". This will per- 
 mit backing up full width of wall at once. 
 
 356 The shell of a chimney must not be built into 
 or touch the core, for the expansion of the core would 
 crack and distort the shell. Not less than 1" play 
 must be left at all points. Too much play between 
 shell and core is better than too little. 
 
 357 If the plans show the shell and the core con- 
 nected in any way except at the bottom, stop the work. 
 
 358 Plumb chimneys every 5' 0" in heighf with a 
 mercury plumb bob. 
 
 359 Examine the mortar of the inside 4" of the 
 chimney from top to bottom every two days, to see 
 that it is setting fast enough to carry the work being 
 built above it. 
 
 360 Do not economize on mortar. Lay all brick with 
 a shove joint. 
 
 361 The temporary hole left for carrying stock to the 
 elevator inside of the chimney must be located directly 
 
 109 
 
under the hole for the smoke flue, or else directly 
 opposite (half way around the chimney) the smoke 
 flue. Get permission from the engineer to locate the 
 cleanout door within the limits of this temporary hole. 
 
 362 Build the stock railway so that it pitches down 
 toward the chimney. This will give speed in loading 
 the elevator, for the cars will go down hill when 
 loaded and up hill when empty. 
 
 363 Build a cover 7' 0" from the ground to protect 
 the men loading the elevator. This cover should be 
 
 Photograph 300-34 
 no 
 
at least 2" thick, and should cover all the inside of 
 the chimney except the size of the car. 
 
 364 Build an automatic lid, strong enough for ten- 
 ders to stand upon, to cover the elevator well at 
 the top. 
 
 365 Build an outside protection over men at the 
 bottom of the chimney. Make this strong enough to 
 stop a brick falling from the top of the chimney. 
 
 366 Build a peach basket form on the top of the 
 chimney, so that the head can be built perfect in 
 shape. 
 
 367 Get permission to build a collar under the head 
 of the chimney, to support the "peach basket." 
 
 368 Find out from the makers of the iron cap if 
 some representative of our firm has seen the complete 
 cap set up and all bolted together. This may cost 
 some money, but it is in the interests of good work. 
 
 369 Each piece or section of the iron cap must be 
 self supporting on the wall. If it is not shown thus 
 on the plans, notify the office immediately. 
 
 370 Have the cap drilled and tapped with standard 
 thread before leaving the shop, to support the attach- 
 ing device for the lightning rod. 
 
 ill 
 
TALLEST CHIMNEY 
 IN GREATER BOSTON 
 
 HEIGHT 255 FEET 
 
 NOTE "PEACH BASKET" 
 
 LAST HUNDRED FEET BUILT IN 14 DAYS 
 
CONCRETE 
 
 371 Concrete should be mixed as wet as possible with- 
 out having any free water to wash the cement off the 
 stone. Any man who advocates using concrete dryer 
 than this has not kept up with the advances of engi- 
 neering knowledge in the last few years. If, how- 
 ever, your Inspector requires dry concrete, give him 
 what he wants. 
 
 372 Ram all concrete, its strength is increased nearly 
 50 per cent by thorough ramming. Do not attempt 
 to ram concrete under water ; the cement will be 
 washed off the sand and stone. 
 
 373 In hot weather care must be taken to prevent 
 concrete from drying too rapidly. Protect it from 
 the sun, and, after the first 24 hours, keep it as wet 
 as possible. Portland cement requires a large amount 
 of water to form its crystals. You can't keep it too 
 wet, the more water the better. 
 
 374 Sand for concrete must be coarse, clean and sharp. 
 If such sand is not obtainable the job must be stopped. 
 Fine sand must not be used for concrete even if it 
 gives good results, unless there is coarse sand mixed 
 with it. 
 
 113 
 
375 The better the sand is graded the less superficial 
 area, and, therefore, the better it will be coated, and 
 the stronger the concrete it will make with a given 
 quantity of cement. 
 
 376 On all masonry and concrete work use the exact 
 quantity of cement called for in the specifications, and 
 notify the Office if you do not think the proportions 
 strong enough. 
 
 377 Use telegraph wire for braces where needed. 
 
 378 Pile cement in the storehouse so that the oldest 
 will come out first. 
 
 379 The coefficient of expansion of concrete (1-2-4) 
 has. been determined as .0000055 for one degree F. 
 This is nearly the same as the coefficient of untem- 
 pered steel, which is .0000060. 
 
 380 The compressive strength of concrete is from 
 8 to 12 times the tensile strength. 
 
 381 The services of the Civil, Mechanical and Con- 
 crete Engineers of our Office force are at the com- 
 mand of Superintendents, Foremen and Timekeepers, 
 to assist in designing and arranging set-ups especially 
 adapted to the conditions of each particular job. 
 
 382 Our main office has on file drawings and 
 installations that we have designed and erected in all 
 parts of the world, some of which are measuring, 
 feeding and mixing concrete for less than one cent 
 per cubic yard. 
 
 383 Keep concrete mixers in perfect repair at all 
 times by ordering duplicate parts from the United 
 Concrete Machinery Company. All parts are made 
 
 114 
 
to patterns, and are interchangeable with each other 
 in like models. A stock is kept on hand and can be 
 shipped on receipt of order. In ordering parts, give 
 serial number of mixer, to be found on name-plate. 
 
 384 Our main office has access to all drawings made 
 by the United Concrete Machinery Co., makers of 
 concrete machinery. 
 
 385 Whenever cement is being used in car-load lots, 
 a sample of at least ten Ibs. is to be taken from each 
 car, sealed, and carefully labelled with the date and 
 car number. These samples to be kept in a dry place 
 until the cement in that particular car has been used 
 and the concrete is in place and thoroughly set. 
 
 385J/2 For further rules on concrete consult the Office. 
 
 115 
 
386 The following tables will be of use in estimating 
 the amounts of sand, cement, broken stone and gravel 
 required, when the quantity of concrete is known. 
 
 CONCRETE WITH STONE DUST FOR ARTIFICIAL STONE 
 
 Proportions of Mixture 
 
 Required for i cu. yd. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Sand 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cement 
 Bbls. 
 
 Sand 
 cu. yd. 
 
 Stone 
 cu. yd. 
 
 i 
 
 I..O 
 
 " 2.0 
 
 2 5i 
 
 0.38 
 
 o 76 
 
 i 
 
 1.0 
 
 2 -5 
 
 2.27 
 
 o-35 
 
 . 0.86 
 
 
 i-5 
 
 2.5 
 
 2 00 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.76 
 
 
 1-5 
 
 3 o 
 
 .83 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.84 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 3 
 
 .65 
 
 0.50 
 
 0-75 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 4 o 
 
 44 
 
 0.44 
 
 o 88 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 4.0 
 
 33 
 
 0.50 
 
 o 81 
 
 
 2-5 
 
 5-0 
 
 .18 
 
 0-45 
 
 0.90 
 
 
 3-0 
 
 4.0 
 
 23 
 
 o 56 
 
 0-75 
 
 
 3-o 
 
 5- 
 
 .10 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.84 
 
 116 
 
CONCRETE WITH "HAZELNUT" STONE 
 
 CONCRETE WITH STONE 24 "AND UNDER 
 
 Proportions of 
 Mixture 
 
 Req'd for I c. yd. 
 
 Proportions of 
 Mixture. 
 
 Req'd for I c. yd. 
 
 Cem 
 
 ent 
 
 Sand 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cem- 
 ent 
 Bbls. 
 
 Sand 
 c.yds. 
 
 Stone 
 c.yds 
 
 Cem- 
 ent 
 
 Sand 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cem- 
 ent 
 Bbls. 
 
 Sand 
 c.yds. 
 
 Stone 
 c.yds. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 2,5 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 
 2.57 
 2.29 
 2.06 
 1.84 
 
 0.39 
 0.35 
 0.31 
 0.28 
 
 0.78 
 0.70 
 0.94 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 
 2/,3 
 2.34 
 2.10 
 1.88 
 
 0.40 
 0.36 
 0.32 
 029 
 
 0.80 
 0.89 
 0.% 
 1.00 
 
 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 
 2.05 
 1.85 
 1.72 
 1,57 
 1.43 
 
 0.47 
 0.42 
 0.39 
 0.36 
 0.33 
 
 0,78 
 0.84 
 0,91 
 0.% 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 
 2.09 
 1.90 
 1.74 
 1.61 
 1.46 
 
 0.48 
 0.43 
 0.40 
 0.37 
 0.33 
 
 0.80 
 0.87 
 0.93 
 0.98 
 1.00 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 3,5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 
 1.70 
 1.57 
 1.46 
 1.36 
 1.27 
 
 0.52 
 0.48 
 0.44 
 0.42 
 0.39 
 
 0.77 
 0.83 
 0.89 
 0.93 
 0.97 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2,0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 
 1.73 
 1.61 
 1.48 
 1.38 
 1.29 
 
 0.53 
 0.49 
 0.45 
 0.42 
 0.39 
 
 0.79 
 .85 
 0.90 
 0.95 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 
 1.45 
 1.35 
 1.27 
 .19 
 .13 
 .07 
 
 0.55 
 0.52 
 0.48 
 0.46 
 0.43 
 0.41 
 
 0.77 
 0.82 
 0.87 
 0.91 
 0.94 
 0.97 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 
 1.48 
 1.38 
 1.29 
 1.21 
 1.15 
 1.07 
 
 0.56 
 0.53 
 0.49 
 0.46 
 0.44 
 0.41 
 
 0.79 
 0.84 
 0.88 
 0.92 
 0.% 
 0.98 
 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.C 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6,0 
 6.5 
 7,0 
 
 .26 
 .18 
 .11 
 1.06 
 1.01 
 0.% 
 0.91 
 
 0.58 
 0.54 
 0.51 
 0.48 
 0.46 
 0.44 
 0.42 
 
 0.77 
 0.81 
 0.85 
 0.89 
 0.92 
 0.95 
 0.97 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 
 1.28 
 1.20 
 1.14 
 1.07 
 1.02 
 0.98 
 0.92 
 
 0.58 
 0.55 
 0.52 
 0.49 
 0.47 
 0.44 
 0.42 
 
 0.78 
 0.82 
 0.87 
 0.90 
 0.93 
 0.% 
 0.98 
 
 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 8.0 
 
 1.05 
 1.00 
 0.95 
 0.92 
 0.87 
 0.84 
 0.80 
 
 0,56 
 0.53 
 0.50 
 0.49 
 0.47. 
 0.45 
 0.42 
 
 0.80 
 0.84 
 0.87 
 0.91 
 0.93 
 0.% 
 0.97 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 
 1.07 
 1.02 
 0.97 
 0.93 
 0.89 
 0.86 
 
 0.57 
 0.54 
 0.51 
 0.49 
 0.47 
 0.45 
 
 0.82 
 0.85 
 0.89 
 0.92 
 0.95 
 0.98 
 
 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 8.0 
 8.5 
 9.0 
 
 0,90 
 0.87 
 0.83 
 0.80 
 0.77 
 0.74 
 0.71 
 
 0.55 
 0.53 
 0.51 
 0.49 
 0.47 
 0.45 
 0.43 
 
 0.82 
 0.85 
 0.89 
 0.91 
 0.93 
 0.95 
 0.97 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 8.0 
 8.5 
 
 0.92 
 0.88 
 0.84 
 0.81 
 0.78 
 0.76 
 
 0.56 
 0.53 
 0.51 
 0.50 
 0.48 
 0.46 
 
 0.84 
 0.87 
 0.90 
 0.93 
 0.95 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5.0 
 5.0 
 
 9.0 
 10,0 
 
 0.66 
 0,62 
 
 0.50 
 0.47 
 
 0.90 
 0,95 
 
 1 
 
 5.0 
 5.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 0.67 
 0.63 
 
 0.52 
 0.48 
 
 0.93 
 0.% 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 11.0 
 12.0 
 
 0.55 
 0.52 
 
 0.51 
 0.48 
 
 0.93 
 0.95 
 
 1 
 
 6.0 
 6,0 
 
 7.0 
 7.0 
 
 11.0 
 12.0 
 
 0.56 
 0.54 
 
 0.52 
 0.49 
 
 0.94 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 7.0 
 7.0 
 
 13.0 
 14.0 
 
 0.47 
 0.45 
 
 0.50 
 0.48 
 
 0.93 
 0.% 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 13.0 
 14.0 
 
 0.48 
 0.46 
 
 0.51 
 0.49 
 
 0.95 
 0.92 
 
 117 
 
CONCRETE WITH 2^ INCH STONE. 
 
 CONCRETE WITH GRAVEL %. INCH 
 AND UNDER 
 
 Proportion of 
 Mixture 
 
 Req'd for I c.yd. 
 
 Proportions of 
 Mixture 
 
 Req'd for I c. yd. 
 
 Cem- 
 ent 
 
 Sand 
 
 stone 
 
 Cem - 
 ent 
 Bbls. 
 
 and. 
 .yds. 
 
 stone 
 .yds. 
 
 Cem- 
 ent 
 
 Sand 
 
 Gra- 
 vel 
 
 Cem - 
 ent 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 and. 
 .yds. 
 
 Gr'vel 
 .yds. 
 
 0.80 
 0.86 
 0.91 
 0.94 
 
 0.78 
 0.83 
 0.88 
 0.91 
 0.94 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 
 2.72 
 2.41 
 2.16 
 
 0.41 
 0.37 
 0.33 
 
 083 
 0.92 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 
 2.10 
 1.89 
 1.71 
 
 1.55 
 
 0.32 
 0.29 
 0.26 
 0.24 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 
 2.16 
 1.% 
 1.79 
 1.64 
 
 0.49 
 0.45 
 0.41 
 0.38 
 
 0.82 
 0.89 
 0.% 
 1.00 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 
 1.71 
 1.57 
 1.46 
 1.34 
 1.24 
 1.44 
 1.34 
 1.26 
 1.17 
 1.03 
 
 0.39 
 0.36 
 0.33 
 0.31 
 0.28 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 
 1.78 
 1.66 
 1.53 
 1.43 
 
 0.54 
 0.50 
 0.47 
 0.43 
 
 0.81 
 0.88 
 0.93 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 2-0 
 
 35 
 40 
 45 
 50 
 6.0 
 
 0.44- 
 0.41 
 0.38 
 0.36 
 0.31 
 
 0.77 
 0.81 
 0.86 
 0.89 
 0.94 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 
 1.51 
 1.42 
 1.33 
 1.26 
 1.18 
 
 0.58 
 0.54 
 0.51 
 0.48 
 0.44 
 
 0.81 
 0.87 
 0.91 
 0.% 
 0.99 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 55 
 6.0 
 7.0 
 
 1.24 
 1.16 
 1.10 
 1.03 
 0.98 
 0.88 
 
 0.47 
 0.44 
 0.42 
 0.39 
 0.37 
 0.33 
 
 0.75 
 0.80 
 0.83 
 0.86 
 0.89 
 0.93 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 
 1.32 
 1.24 
 1.17 
 1,11 
 1.06 
 
 0-60 
 0.57 
 0.54 
 051 
 0.48 
 
 0.80 
 0.85 
 0,89 
 0.93 
 0.97 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 30 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 
 5.0 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 65 
 70 
 7.5 
 8.0 
 
 1.03 
 0.97 
 0.92 
 0.88 
 0.84 
 0.80 
 0.76 
 
 0.47 
 0.44 
 0.42 
 0.40 
 0.38 
 0.37 
 0.35 
 
 0.78 
 0.81 
 0.84 
 0.87. 
 0.89 
 0.91 
 0.93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 
 5.0 
 55 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.06 
 1.00 
 
 o.% 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.59 
 0.56 
 0.53 
 0.51 
 0.49 
 
 0.85 
 0.89 
 0.92 
 095 
 0.98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 80 
 8.5 
 9.0 
 
 0.88 
 0.83 
 0.80 
 0.76 
 0.73 
 0.71 
 0.68 
 
 0.46 
 0.44 
 0.43 
 0.41 
 0.39 
 0.38 
 0.36 
 
 0.80 
 0.82 
 0.85 
 0.87 
 0.89 
 0.91 
 0.92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 
 6.0 
 6.5 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 8.0 
 
 0.95 
 0.91 
 0.87 
 0.84 
 0.81 
 
 0.58 
 0.55 
 0.53 
 0.51 
 0,49 
 
 0.87 
 0.90 
 0.93 
 0.% 
 0,98 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 8.0 
 85 
 9.0 
 9.5 
 100 
 
 0.77 
 0.73 
 0.71 
 0.68 
 0.65 
 0.63 
 0.61 
 
 0.47 
 0.44 
 0.43 
 0.42 
 0.40 
 0.38 
 0.37 
 
 0.81 
 0.83 
 0.86 
 0.88 
 0.89 
 0.91 
 0.93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5.5 
 5.0 
 
 8.0 
 9.0 
 
 0.74 
 0.70 
 
 0.57 
 0.53 
 
 0.91 
 0.% 
 
 5.0 
 5.0 
 
 10.0 
 12,0 
 
 0.57 
 0.51 
 
 0.43 
 0.38 
 
 0.87 
 0.92 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 9.0 
 10,0 
 
 0.65 
 0.62 
 
 0.59 
 0.56 
 
 0.89 
 0.93 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 12.0 
 14.0 
 
 0,48 
 0.43 
 
 0.44 
 0.40 
 
 0.88 
 0.92 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 7.0 
 7.0 
 
 11.0 
 12.0 
 
 0.54 
 C.52 
 
 0.51 
 0.55 
 
 0.91 
 0.95 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 7.0 
 7.0 
 
 14.0 
 16.0 
 
 0.42 
 0.38 
 
 0.44 
 0.40 
 
 0.88 
 0.92 
 
 118 
 
DUTIES OF ENGINEERS AND RIGGERS 
 
 387 Engines must be kept so that they run without 
 noise, except the noise from the gears. 
 
 388 If an unusual sound is heard from any piece of 
 machinery, stop it at once and ascertain the cause. 
 Many bad accidents may be avoided by strict observ- 
 ance of this rule. 
 
 389 Engines must be kept in thorough repair at all 
 
 times. 
 
 390 Always keep engines housed. 
 
 391 When a derrick is not in use, put the dog on the 
 boom drum of the engine so that boys cannot drop 
 the boom and cause damage. 
 
 392 When engine on double elevator is idle, keep 
 friction down hard and drop in the dogs, or there 
 will be accidents caused by men getting on the upper 
 car before the engineer is ready. 
 
 393 Never allow the friction clutches of an engine 
 to get wet. Never leave the levers down over night. 
 
 394 When leaving derrick for the night, either drop 
 the boom to the ground or take a strain on some- 
 thing so that the wind cannot blow the boom around 
 against wires or Railroad tracks. 
 
395 When an engine is to remain out of use for a 
 few days, place a nail keg or a board over the smoke 
 stack to prevent water from rusting out the tubes. 
 
 396 During wet weather daub the bright parts of your 
 engine with gudgeon grease. 
 
 397 When starting an engine in cold weather, limber 
 it up before placing any load upon it, by opening 
 the drip cocks and the cocks on the steam chest and 
 letting steam blow through for a few minutes before 
 opening the throttle enough to start the engine. When 
 the engine is first started run it very slowly, leaving 
 all cocks open. Many cylinders are cracked by a 
 sudden change of temperature. 
 
 398 The head rigger is responsible for the condition 
 of all engines and engine houses. He is to take pack- 
 ing out of engines when they are not in use. He is 
 to keep engine houses in perfect repair at all times. 
 He must see that all engines are kept in condition 
 for the greatest possible speed. 
 
 399 Oil all derricks, elevators and wire ropes daily. 
 Keep on hand cheap black grease (3 cts. per Ib.) for 
 wire ropes. These ropes will last three times as long 
 if greased and kept out of grit and dirt. A wire 
 rope is not properly greased if you can see indi- 
 vidual wires. 
 
 400 Lay down permanent logs and joists to keep falls 
 between derricks and engines at least 6" above the 
 ground. 
 
 401 When a mast and boom are not in use, see that 
 they are laid flat and supported in at least three places. 
 This will prevent warping and twisting. 
 
 120 
 
402 Inspect frequently all guy clamps, guy posts and 
 guys in windows to see that they have not been 
 tampered with. 
 
 403 Give preference to the engineer who keeps his 
 engine in the best condition. 
 
 404 Make engineer, when employed, sign a receipt 
 for the tools in the engineer's chest. 
 
 405 Have all engine and elevator bells in duplicate to 
 avoid delay from breakdowns. 
 
 406 Engineers should apply to Superintendent for 
 worn shovels to be used in firing. 
 
 407 Cover engine water barrels completely, except 
 where suction hose enters. 
 
 408 Keep this barrel clean and free from oil so that 
 the boiler will not foam or get a sediment. Never 
 allow anyone to wash his hands in this barrel. 
 
 409 Two men are usually enough to move an engine. 
 First pry or jack up the front and back and place 
 rollers under the skids, then take a hitch around a 
 tree, post or a "dead man" and let the engine use its 
 own steam to pull itself along. 
 
 410 An engine with two snatch blocks can help a 
 team out of almost any difficulty. 
 
 411 Keep water in the ash box of the boiler at all 
 times, and keep the ash box well cleaned out. This 
 will prevent burning out grates and will give better 
 draft. 
 
 412 A thin, clean fire will give 100% more heat 
 than a thick one, because a thick fire chokes the tubes 
 
 121 
 
and combustion takes place not in the tubes but in 
 the bonnet. 
 
 413 Blow off the water glass several times a day 
 and never depend upon it. The water cocks are put 
 
 there to use and are the only sure way of ascertaining 
 the water level. 
 
 414 Notes on Boiler Scale: Many boiler explosions 
 are caused by the weakening of the iron from strain 
 due to unequal expansion. This is caused by scale 
 on the heating surface. An accumulation of scale 
 V 32 " thick requires 10% more fuel; Y 16 " of scale 
 requires 20% more; Y%" of scale requires 30% more; 
 and Y^" requires 60% more. By keeping the boilers 
 clean, considerable fuel is saved. 
 
 415 Boiler Tool Chest Tool chests which go with 
 boilers are to contain spare sheet packing, three spare 
 gauge glasses of proper size and length, in addition 
 to all necessary tools. 
 
 416 Remove the clinkers from the boiler frequently. 
 
 122 
 
ROCK DRILLS 
 
 SHIPPING TO JOB 
 
 417 When shipping rock drills to or from the C. M. 
 R. & T. Co., see that the following parts are present : 
 
 Cylinder complete 100 feet steam hose 
 
 Tripod Couplings 
 
 Saddle Drills 
 
 Three Weights Wrenches and tools 
 
 Weight Hangers Blacksmith's sharpening 
 Leg points, clamps and tools 
 
 set screws Oil cups 
 
 418 The cylinder and all small parts and fittings not 
 attached to tripod shall be boxed. 
 
 SETTING UP 
 
 419 When drill is set up, see that the cylinder is 
 firmly bolted to saddle. Carefully adjust tripod and 
 bed points firmly by pointing a place in rock where 
 each leg is to set. In case one of the points rests 
 on a soft spot, put a common iron washer on the leg 
 point and set the latter on a piece of plank. 
 
 420 See that all the nuts, bolts, and adjustments work 
 easily and are well oiled. Put oil on the threads of 
 both nuts and bolts. 
 
 123 
 
421 Before connecting on the steam or compressed 
 air pipe, blow it out for a short time to clear it of 
 dirt, moisture, rust, scale, etc., which are very un- 
 desirable in the valves and cylinder of the machine. 
 
 422 See that the cylinder lubricator is in place and 
 in working order. 
 
 OPERATING 
 
 423 Having set the drill up over the proper spot, 
 draw the piston down until it strikes the bottom 
 end of cylinder ; run the feed down until it strikes the 
 rock; then give the feed one more turn to allow 
 clearance between the bottom end of cylinder and the 
 piston. 
 
 424 Close the throttle and connect on the steam or 
 air, after blowing out pipe. Clear out the water of 
 condensation before starting to run drill. This may be 
 done by loosening up cylinder heads and working 
 the piston up and down by hand until free from water, 
 and well warmed up. 
 
 425 Tighten up heads and start slowly until hole is 
 about six inches deep, then open up the throttle valve 
 wide and allow the machine to acquire full speed. 
 Keep holes about half full of water, which will' keep 
 rock dust from clogging drill. 
 
 426 When hole is to be entered on a slanting face 
 of rock, spot a square place on which to start drill 
 and avoid breaking the tool. 
 
 427 When placing drill in chuck, see that it is entered 
 full distance. Wipe the mud, dirt and oil from off 
 the shank before placing in chuck. 
 
 124 
 
428 When the drill becomes stuck in the hole and 
 will not work, loosen up chuck and back it away from 
 the drill. When drill shank is free from chuck, see 
 if drill and piston are in line. If not, the cylinder 
 must be moved to line with drill or an attempt made 
 to straighten hole. 
 
 429 When hole begins to run out, if noted in time, 
 it can usually be made straight by running slowly 
 with short strokes. Where other methods fail, drill 
 may often be kept in line by throwing small pieces 
 of cast iron in bottom of hole. 
 
 430 Set up all the bolts and nuts occasionally. 
 
 431 Do not use a sledge on your drill. It is made 
 to deliver a blow, not to receive it. Make all adjust- 
 
 ' ments with proper wrenches, and if necessary to 
 strike a drill with a hammer, use hand hammer and 
 use it carefully. 
 
 432 The drills or bits used with trie machine are 
 made in sets, each containing several lengths. Com- 
 monly the number of drills per set is something less/ 
 than one per foot of the rated capacity of the ma-' 
 chine, that is : 
 
 Drills working to depth of 5ft. 5 drills per set. 
 
 Drills working to depth of 8ft. 6 drills per set. 
 
 Drills working to depth of 12ft. 8 drills per set. 
 
 Drills working to depth of 20ft. 10 drills per set. 
 
 433 There should be at least two sets of drills with 
 each machine, one of which is being sharpened while 
 the other is in use, as the apparatus is profitable only 
 when running. 
 
 125 
 
434 When the hole is started, use the shortest drill. 
 This is followed by the next size, until the full 
 capacity of the drill is reached. 
 
 435 Feed drill fast enough to give it full strokes. 
 Too slow feed allows cylinder to strike lower cylinder 
 head; too fast feed shortens the stroke and does not 
 get full capacity from the machine. 
 
 436 When starting run slowly to avoid making the 
 hole three-cornered. 
 
 437 It goes without saying that a good blacksmith 
 should always be on the job to keep drills sharp 
 and in the best condition. 
 
 CARE OF DRILLS 
 
 438 When a new -man is running drill it is better 
 to have him run it slowly until he becomes accustomed 
 to handling it. Have him use low pressure, about 
 30 pounds, until he has learned, when he may turn 
 on full pressure 60 pounds. 
 
 439 Large machines should not be used for shallow 
 holes in soft rock, when the principal item of cost is 
 that of moving drill. A small machine is more eco- 
 nomical. 
 
 440 Pistons should be well oiled with a good cylinder 
 oil if using steam, or No. 1 engine oil if using air. 
 
 441 The stuffing box on lower head is a great factor 
 in economical running. If it be too tight it will 
 cause drill to run hard and with less capacity. If 
 too loose, it will cause leakage of steam. Keep it 
 as near right as possible, rather loose than tight. 
 
 126 
 
442 Feed cylinder with plenty of oil, as most new 
 drills give trouble from lack of proper lubrication. 
 
 443 In cold weather see that the machine is left with 
 no water in the cylinder or passages. 
 
 444 Practically all makes of rock drills work equally 
 well with steam or compressed air, although some 
 slight changes are made for drills intended solely 
 for air. 
 
 445 Have an ample length of hose for each drill, at 
 least fifty feet; a hundred feet is better, as it is not 
 economical to pipe every shift of position. 
 
 PIPE, HOSE AND FITTINGS 
 
 446 The pipe should be amply large to carry steam or 
 air for the proper number of drills. Keep it away 
 from the ground as much as possible, and free from 
 wasteful leaks. Give it a proper slant to one or 
 more points where the water of condensation may 
 be removed through drip valves. 
 
 447 Place a valve between pipe line and hose, that 
 pressure may be removed from hose when drill is 
 not working. 
 
 448 When inserting coupling in hose end, "soap" it 
 so that it will not stick. More hose is ruined by 
 carelessly inserting the couplings than in any other 
 way. The best hose is five or six ply marline or steel 
 wound. Hose is expensive and should be carefully 
 used. 
 
 449 See that the rubber lining of the hose is not 
 torn, for if torn the steam will get between the rubber 
 
 127 
 
lining and the duck cover and spoil the pipe in a 
 short time. Steam hose should last in good condition 
 from six months to a year of constant use. Air hose 
 should last three years, with constant use. 
 
 BITS 
 
 450 Bits for steam drills are generally of two kinds, 
 determined by shape of cutting edge : 
 
 A. The cross + bit, which is most commonly 
 used and preferred because of its regular shape, 
 which makes it easier to sharpen. 
 
 B. The X bit, which is sometimes preferred 
 to the other type. There are jobs on which the X 
 bit can be used economically, but it is harder to 
 sharpen on account of its shape, and for that reason 
 is not so popular. However, this bit will make a 
 round hole where the other will not, since the 
 former never strikes twice alike. 
 
 451 When the cross + bit works badly it is heated 
 and the adjacent corners bent toward each other until 
 they take somewhat the shape of the X bit. This 
 will often work better and is ample indication of 
 the kind of bit needed. 
 
 128 
 
DRILL HORSE-POWER REQUIRED 
 
 452 The boiler H. P. required for one of each of 
 the following sizes of drills is as follows : 
 Diameter of Cylinder Boiler Horse Power 
 
 2^4 inches 5 
 
 2M " 7 
 
 V/4 " 10 
 
 3^ " 12 
 
 4y 2 " is 
 
 sy 2 " 25 
 
 BLACKSMITHS' TOOLS 
 
 453 For making and repairing drill bits, the job 
 should have the following tools for each blacksmith: 
 
 1 Dolly for X drill 
 
 1 Dolly for + drill 
 
 1 top-splitting tool 
 
 1 bottom-splitting tool 
 
 1 set hammer 
 
 1 shank swage 
 
 1 sow 
 
 COSTS OF DRILLING 
 
 454 Drilling by hand 6200' of hole, cost per foot $.086 
 Drilling by steam 7500' of hole, cost per 
 
 foot .058 
 
 Drilling by compressed air, 10,000' of hole, 
 
 cost per foot .043 
 
 Including reaming for blasting. 
 129 
 
HAND DRILLING 
 
 '455 One man with churn drill, fair day's work, 10 
 
 hours, \y" hole: 
 
 From 7' to 8' of hole per day, through granite. 
 
 From 3' to 5' of hole per day, through solid 
 quartz. 
 
 From 8' to 9' of hole per day, through limestone. 
 
 From 9' to 10' of hole per day, through sand- 
 stone. 
 
 STEAM ROCK DRILLING 
 
 456 One machine will drill hole 1" to 2" in diameter 
 
 from 30' to 50' in depth in ten hours, depending on 
 kind of rock. Bits require sharpening every third 
 to fourth foot of depth, depending on the kind of 
 rock. One blacksmith and helper can take care of 
 five or six machines. 
 
 Limestone, steady work, 3" drill, 100' to 120' 
 per day, 10 hours. 
 
 Sandstone, steady work, 3" drill, 100' to 500' 
 per day, 10 hours. 
 
 Granite, steady work, 3>6" drill, 70' to 100' per 
 day, 10 hours. 
 
 Trap Rock, steady work, 3^" drill, 50' to 90' 
 per day, 10 hours. 
 
 130 
 
AIR COMPRESSORS 
 
 r57 The care of the air compressors, their fittings and 
 
 appurtenances, is to follow the same general rules 
 that are given for other kinds of steam machinery. 
 
 458 In store sheds they should be kept with their 
 tanks, piping, tool boxes and smaller parts in close 
 vicinity, so that all may be quickly found, loaded and 
 shipped. 
 
 459 In setting, compressors of whatever kinds should 
 be given a heavy concrete foundation and anchored 
 with the usual bolts. 
 
 460 A. There are in general two kinds of com- 
 pressors in use the direct connected compressor, and 
 the belted or geared type. For small jobs the latter 
 types are perhaps preferable, as they may be run 
 from shaft line overhead. 
 
 B. For compressors of large capacity, direct con- 
 nected Duplex machines give the most satisfaction. 
 
 C. The Duplex machine has the advantage of 
 enabling the operator to take down one side for re- 
 pairs while running the other, and if speed is in- 
 creased, the full, or nearly full capacity of the ma- 
 chine may be attained with one side. 
 
 131 
 
APPURTENANCES OF COMPRESSORS 
 
 461 Each compressor plant should have a tank, lo- 
 cated within fifty feet of the compressor, of a capacity 
 of from 50 to 100 feet, depending upon the capacity 
 of plant. 
 
 462 The object of the tank is to act as a reservoir 
 and maintain even pressure in pipe line. It forms 
 a reserve space for air which may be needed for 
 sudden calls on the plant. It serves as a condenser 
 for the moisture in the warm compressed air, and 
 
 thus keeps the pipe line dry. 
 
 COOLING WATER 
 
 463 Machines compressing air to over twenty-five 
 pounds gauge pressure require cooling water. In 
 such plants the air cylinders are provided with jackets 
 or spaces through which water can circulate and carry 
 away the heat of the compressed air in the cylinder. 
 This is necessary, as the efficiency and capacity of 
 the compressor depends largely on keeping the air 
 cool. 
 
 464 The cooling water may be pumped through the 
 water jacket or simply allowed to gravitate through 
 from a tank or other means. Frequently, cooling 
 water which has been passed through jacket and 
 warmed is used for feeding boiler. 
 
 182 
 
PIPING 
 
 465 In piping off compressor, it is a good plan to put 
 end of suction pipe out of doors in a shady spot, 
 as it will then draw cooler air. The air discharge 
 pipe leads directly to the air tank, and it is advisable 
 to put a three-way cock on close nipple at the end 
 of pipe, close to tank. This enables engineer to start 
 his compressor and run it, at times, without load, as 
 he may open the three-way cock and discharge the 
 pump into open air. 
 
 GOVERNOR, ETC. 
 
 466 For intermittent work, such as rock-drilling, etc., 
 the compressor should have attached to it a form of 
 governor called an "Unloading Device." This un- 
 loading device has the effect of taking the load off 
 the machine when the tank is full of air at the pres- 
 sure required, and little or none is being drawn off 
 for a time. Such devices generally attain the desired 
 result by throwing the discharge from one end of the 
 cylinder into the other end, so that the piston simply 
 passes it back and forth without compressing. Other 
 devices act on the steam supply to the engine, throt- 
 tling down when pressure is sufficient. 
 
 467 Where no unloading or throttling devices are 
 used there is a constant blowing from the escape 
 valve, and all of the excess of compressed air is a 
 dead loss. 
 
 133 
 
AIR VALVES 
 
 468 The kinds, size and number of valves in the 
 compressor are points of vital importance to the life 
 of the machine. They should be ample in size and 
 number, easily accessible, and of some type, prefer- 
 ably metal, which will maintain a perfect seat. 
 Leather valves are not good enough to hold hot air 
 under high pressure. There are two types of valves 
 in use, and both have their advantages. One is the 
 mechanically controlled valve, like a slide valve or 
 poppet of an engine. The other, the spring type pul- 
 sating valve, is probably the most popular, as it varies 
 its pulsations with the amount of air passing through, 
 and may be said to adjust itself to the load. It is 
 very important that the air valves be located where 
 they may be readily taken out, repaired and cleaned. 
 
 469 The best practice is to locate the valves in the 
 cylinder heads of the compressor. 
 
 REHEATER 
 
 470 Where compressed air is carried to a distance 
 in the pipes, it loses heat and contracts in so cooling. 
 To prevent this loss of efficiency, it is common to 
 introduce, in the line at the point where the air is 
 to be used, a "reheater," which warms the air to the 
 point where it was when it left the compressor. By 
 this means, a matter of 30 per cent may be saved on 
 large jobs. 
 
 m 
 
CARE OF COMPRESSOR 
 
 471 Before starting to compress into the tank, blow 
 out the cylinder ; get all free from dirt and grit. 
 
 472 For the air cylinder use good engine or ma- 
 chinery oil. Do not use cylinder oil in air cylinder, 
 as it is too heavy. 
 
 473 For the steam end of compressor use cylinder 
 oil as directed under "Cylinder Lubricators." 
 
 474 Keep the journals and brasses set up tightly 
 enough to avoid pounding and knocking, but without 
 heating. 
 
 475 See that there is no dirt or grit under air valves 
 and listen for the wheezing sound peculiar to leaky 
 air valves. 
 
 476 See that cooling water flows continuously and 
 sufficiently. 
 
 477 Read over Engine Rules for care of steam end. 
 
 DATA 
 
 478 Where long length transmission pipes are used, 
 air is more economical for drills than steam. 
 
 479 Compressed air can be carried for miles in pipes, 
 while steam can be carried but a few hundred feet, 
 
 135 
 
owing to condensation. Hose lasts longer with air 
 than steam. 
 
 480 For figuring the amount of free air per drill, the 
 
 table which follows gives the amount used by one 
 drill only. For five drills the amount may be cut 
 down 25 per cent; for ten drills, about 33 per cent; 
 other numbers in proportion. 
 
 481 CUBIC FEET OF FREE AIR REQUIRED TO RUN ONE DRILL 
 
 OF SIZE AND AT THE PRESSURE 
 
 STATED BELOW 
 
 II 
 
 Size and Cylinder Diameter of Drill in Inches 
 
 81 
 
 2 
 
 2K 
 
 2^ 
 
 2^ 
 
 3 
 
 ZY* 
 
 3ft 
 
 3X 
 
 3^ 
 
 3^ 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 5^ 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 es 
 
 82 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 100 
 
 108 
 
 113 
 
 130 
 
 150 
 
 164 
 
 70 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 77 
 
 93 
 
 102 
 
 108 
 
 110 
 
 113 
 
 124 
 
 129 
 
 147 
 
 170 
 
 181 
 
 80 
 
 63 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 104 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 
 123 
 
 127 
 
 131 
 
 143 
 
 164 
 
 190 
 
 207 
 
 90 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 95 
 
 115 
 
 126 
 
 133 
 
 136' 
 
 141 
 
 152 
 
 159 
 
 182 
 
 210 
 
 230 
 
 100 
 
 77 
 
 92 
 
 104 
 
 126 
 
 138 
 
 146 
 
 149 
 
 154 
 
 166 
 
 174 
 
 199 
 
 240 
 
 252 
 
 13(5 
 
CARE OF ENGINES 
 
 STEAM ENGINES 
 
 482 When an engine is sent to a job, the following 
 fittings are to be sent with it : 
 
 Governor Piston and Valve Packing 
 
 Governor Belt Drip-cocks 
 
 Sight Feed Lubricator Cotton Waste 
 
 Steam Pipe Oil Can 
 
 Exhaust Pipe Oil Feeder 
 
 Oil Cups for Bearings Can of Cylinder Oil 
 
 Throttle Valve Can of Lubricating Oil 
 
 All spanners and wrenches necessary. 
 
 483 Engines must be sent out with full complement 
 of fittings packed in a suitable tool box, provided 
 with padlock. 
 
 484 A blue print list of fittings shall be pasted in 
 each box. 
 
 485 In running engine on the job, see that it is kept 
 clean, well oiled, free from all pounding and knocks 
 in the wrist pin, crank pin, main bearings or else- 
 where. See that it runs cool, and keep brasses keyed 
 just enough to avoid knocking without heating. 
 
 486 See that each oil cup is kept full of oil and is 
 working properly. 
 
 137 
 
487 Never start an engine with drip-cocks closed. 
 Before starting an engine, whenever possible, blow 
 steam through the cylinder to warm it and to clear 
 it from water. 
 
 488 For cylinder oil, use heavy mineral oil known 
 as "Cylinder Oil," and no other. For lubrication oil, 
 use what is known as "Number One" Engine Oil. 
 
 489 Never use lard oil on machinery. Pure "Winter 
 Strained" lard oil is unsurpassed as a lubricant when 
 it is pure. It is very high-priced, however, when pure, 
 and the common varieties whose prices are not pro- 
 hibitive are full of acid used in the process of manu- 
 facture, and consequently very detrimental to ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 ADJUSTMENT TOOLS 
 
 490 Engineers are to use proper wrenches, spanners, 
 
 etc., for adjusting parts of their engines. The use 
 of cold chisels, hammers and other improvised 
 wrenches, or adjusting tools is forbidden. If the 
 tool box does not contain the proper tools, report 
 the fact to the C. M. R. & T. Co. 
 
 CYLINDER LUBRICATORS 
 
 491 On every engine, without exception, shall be 
 
 placed a sight feed cylinder lubricator, preferably of 
 the Detroit Single Connection Type of the following 
 sizes: 
 
 138 
 
For engines up to 8x8, use a 1-3 pint sight feed 
 lubricator. 
 
 For engines up to 10x10, use a l /2 pint sight feed 
 lubricator. 
 
 For engines up to 10x18, use a 1 pint sight feed 
 lubricator. 
 
 492 The engineer is to see that this lubricator is filled 
 with oil and is feeding evenly. Put very little oil 
 into the cylinder of the engine ; two drops per minute 
 is enough ordinarily. For bearing cups, use the sight 
 feed, glass body variety. 
 
 i 
 COLD WEATHER 
 
 493 In cold or freezing weather, when engine is 
 shut down for the night, .drain all water and oil 
 from the cylinder and lubricator. 
 
 494 When filling the cylinder lubricator, use the oil 
 feeder provided. Cylinder oil is too expensive to 
 waste by careless pouring from the can into the 
 small opening of the lubricator. 
 
 VALVE SETTING 
 
 495 In case the engine valve on job gets out of order, 
 it shall be the duty of the Engineer to set the valve 
 as quickly as possible, without removing the valve 
 chest cover, if possible during working hours, so that 
 less time may be lost. If valve is thus set during 
 working hours, it shall be verified after working 
 
hours by the Engineer, who shall remove valve chest 
 cover for that purpose. 
 
 For the guidance of the Superintendent and Fore- 
 men the following notes are given: 
 
 496 The symptoms of valve trouble show themselves 
 first in unequal exhaust; that is, the engine exhausts 
 (or puffs) on one side harder than on the other; it 
 seems to run hard and to be unequal to the usual 
 amount of work, and finally, when the valve is very 
 far out, there are numerous dead points where it is 
 found impossible to start the engine. 
 
 497 In setting valves, there are always two cases to 
 be considered: 
 
 First: Where the eccentric cam is keyed to the 
 shaft. 
 
 Second: Where the eccentric cam is set-screwed 
 to the shaft. 
 
 498 The operation of setting a valve usually consists 
 of two parts, viz : equalizing the valve travel, and 
 adjusting the lead or valve opening. 
 
 499 The object of equalizing the valve travel is to 
 make the lead or valve opening the same at both 
 ends of the cylinder. The valve is held on the stem 
 by double nuts on either end. (See Cut No. 1.) 
 And at the time the engine leaves the shop they are 
 supposed to be so set that, when the eccentric rotates 
 around the shaft, the valve will move back and forth 
 equal distances on either side of center line of valve 
 seat. In the course of time the nuts become loosened 
 or misplaced and the valve may travel very unequally, 
 
 140 
 
opening, say, %" on one end and not at all on the 
 other. This, of course, cuts down the amount of 
 steam on one end of the cylinder and increases the 
 amount received on the other, tending to cut down 
 power of engine, causing it to run one sided, or put- 
 ting unequal strain on the parts. 
 
 etrfc?3&?__?* rtof * f n<t valve qiffi nuts 
 
 nuts 
 
 Out No. 1 
 
 500 To equalize the valve travel; rotate the eccentric 
 through 360 degrees on the shaft and see that the 
 valve moves the same distance each side of center 
 of valve seat. To do this, where the eccentric cam is 
 keyed to the shaft, the whole combination of shaft, 
 cam, crank, etc., must be rotated one turn. If, how- 
 ever, the cam is set-screwed on the shaft, the set-screws 
 may be loosened and the cam alone moved. If valve 
 travel is found to be unequal, adjust position of valve 
 on stem by tightening nuts on the side where the 
 excess of travel lies, and loosen up the other sid,e. 
 After one or two trials the exact position may be 
 found. 
 
 141 
 
501 To set a valve, i. e., to give it a proper lead, 
 proceed as follows : 
 
 After having decided that valve travel is equal 
 on both sides of center of valve seat, the next problem 
 is to set the valve in proper position relative to posi- 
 tion of piston, and necessarily to the position of the 
 crank. In case the eccentric cam has been keyed on 
 the shaft and the valve travel has been equalized, 
 nothing else can be done, since the only way to 
 change the lead of the engine is to change the angle 
 of advance or relative position of crank and eccentric 
 cam. If engine were built correctly in the first place 
 there is very little chance of this being out of place 
 or wrong. 
 
 502 When cam is set-screwed to the shaft, place 
 crank on back center, loosen up the set-screws, and 
 turn eccentric ahead of crank (see Cut No. 2), until 
 
 Cut No. 
 
 it has moved the valve to a position which j.ust opens 
 the valve port, say 1-32 of an inch, which is ample 
 for a small engine. When this has been done, fasten 
 
 142 
 
eccentric cam to the shaft by set-screws and turn 
 the crank over to the other center. See if the valve 
 shows the same amount of opening that it dul on 
 the other end, which will be the case if the travel 
 of the valve has been equalized correctly. Generally, 
 however, imperfect core-work in casting the cylinder 
 throws the position of the port out more or less, 
 and the Engineer must use his judgment in setting 
 valve and equalizing lead. 
 
TO SET VALVE TEMPORARILY WITHOUT 
 REMOVING VALVE CHEST COVER 
 
 503 This is not a very correct method, but it is good 
 enough for temporary application where time saving 
 is a very important consideration. 
 
 504 If the eccentric cam is keyed to the shaft and 
 the rods, links, etc., connecting cam to valve stem 
 are all set right, the only probable difficulty is that 
 the valve travel is unequal. In such a case, with most 
 engines, the valve cannot be adjusted without re- 
 moving cover to get at the valve nuts, and it will 
 be more probable that the trouble is caused by some 
 loose connecting part between cam and valve stem, 
 such as loose key or bolt. However, if the eccentric 
 cam is set-screwed to the shaft, the valve may be set 
 readily in the following way, without taking off the 
 valve chest cover: 
 
 505 First, loosen the eccentric cam set-screws; set 
 crank on rear center, open front and rear drip cocks, 
 open throttle valve so that there is a slight pressure 
 of steam in the valve chest and cylinder, but not 
 enough to move piston. With the crank and shaft sta- 
 tionary, rotate the cam until the valve is just open 
 on the rear end, as will be made evident by the 
 escape of steam through the rear drip-cock. Set up 
 screws in cam. Turn crank around and see if steam 
 escapes from the other drip as the crank is passing 
 the other center. If so, the valve is set approxi- 
 mately. 
 
 144 
 
TO REVERSE THE DIRECTION OF ENGINE 
 
 506 To reverse an engine, it is necessary to move 
 
 the eccentric cam as much back of the crank as it 
 was previously ahead. With the steam chest cover 
 off, put crank on the rear center. Note the amount 
 of lead, loosen up set-screws on eccentric cam and 
 throw it over past the position of the crank until it is 
 in the same relative position back of crank that it 
 was previously ahead (see Cut No. 3), which will 
 
 Bangle of advance 
 of eccentric 
 
 Connecting rod 
 
 osition of eccentric 
 'to reverse 
 
 Cut No. 3 
 
 be determined by the valve again coming to the 
 position of lead previously noted. Set-up set-screws 
 in the cam, and the valve is now in position to move 
 the engine in the opposite direction. Verify the valve 
 travel and lead on both ends in the usual way. This 
 can be done approximately with the valve cover on 
 by using the steam from the drip-cocks as indicator 
 of the moment when the valve opens or has lead. 
 
 145 
 
507 On many engines the eccentric cam i.s marked, 
 
 and there is a corresponding mark on the shaft for 
 each position of the eccentric cam. One mark at 
 which the eccentric may be set to cause the engine 
 to go one way, and another at which the eccentric 
 may be set to cause the engine to go the other way. 
 (See Cut No. 4.) 
 
 Cut No. 4 
 
 508 Never tighten the double nuts on the valve stem 
 
 so that they bind the valve. The valve casting is de- 
 signed to be loose, so that when pressure is put on it, 
 it will seat itself on the planed surface over which 
 it rides. (See Cut No. 1.) 
 
 146 
 
509 For setting valves of double engines, like hoist- 
 ing engines, adjust each side separately, without ref- 
 erence to the other, as though it were a single engine. 
 
 510 For setting valves of reversible link motion en- 
 gines, the method is similar and just as simple. 
 Throw the reverse lever into the go-ahead position ; 
 set the valve as previously noted ; then throw the lever 
 into the extreme reverse or backing position, and 
 the valve travel should be correct without any addi- 
 tional change. If the engine be a double reversible, 
 treat each engine as though it were an entirely inde- 
 pendent machine. The principal trouble to be guarded 
 against in setting or adjusting double or single rever- 
 sible engines, is the loose motion of parts. The mo- 
 tion of the cam is transmitted to the valve stem 
 through various levers, connecting rods and links, 
 which, if worn and full of loose motion, will make it 
 difficult to equalize the travel and adjust the lead. 
 
 147 
 
FITTINGS AND SUPPLIES 
 
 511 For sheet packing use good plain inserted cloth 
 rubber packing, and "Rainbow" packing where an 
 extra quality is desired. Where two finished surfaces 
 go together there is nothing better than thin sheet 
 lead. 
 
 USEFUL DATA 
 
 512 The Horse Power of an engine is a variable 
 quantity, depending on the size of the cylinder, length 
 of stroke, boiler pressure, number of revolutions per 
 minute, etc. 
 
 513 The following table shows in general the capacity 
 of modern standard engines and may be useful to 
 Superintendents for estimating the power of their 
 engines : 
 
 
 
 Revolutions 
 
 Vertical Engines 
 4 H.P. 
 
 Size of Cylinder 
 4" x 5" 
 
 per Minute 
 250 
 
 5 H.P. 
 
 5" x 5" 
 
 225 
 
 10 H. P. 
 
 7" x 7" 
 
 190 
 
 15 H.P. 
 
 8" x 8" 
 
 180 
 
 20 H. P. 
 
 9" x 9" 
 
 160 
 
 25 H. P. 
 
 10" x 10" 
 
 160 
 
 40 H. P. 
 
 12" x 12" 
 
 160 
 
 50 H. P. 
 
 14" x 14" 
 
 150 
 
 148 
 
Hoisting Engines Double Cylinder 
 
 10 H. P. 5y 2 " xS" 
 
 16 H. P. 6 l / 4 "x 10" 
 
 20 H. P. 7" x 10" 
 
 30 H.P. 8M"xlO" 
 
 35 H. P. 8" x 12" 
 
 50 H. P. 10" x 12" 
 
 Horizontal Stationary Revolutions 
 
 Engines Size of Cylinder per Minute 
 
 6 H. P. 4" x 6" 260 
 
 8 H. P. 5" x 8" 240 
 
 10 H. P. 6" x 9" 200 
 
 15 H. P. 8" x 10" 190 
 
 20 H. P. 9" x 12" 190 
 
 25 H. P. 10" x 12" 190 
 
 30 H.P. Il"xl5" 190 
 
 40 H. P. 12" x 16" 160 
 
 50 H. P. 14" x 16" 150 
 
 70 H.P. 16"x24" 150 
 
 125 H. P. 18" x 27" 120 
 
 150 H.P. 20"x28" 110 
 
 514 For making rough estimate on power of engine 
 
 actually running, use this formula 
 2 PLAN 
 
 = H. P. 
 
 33,000 
 
 i. e., multiply twice the pressure of the steam in the 
 cylinder (which averages about one half of boiler 
 pressure), by the length of stroke reckoned in feet, 
 
 149 
 
by the area of the piston in square inches, by the num- 
 ber of revolutions per minute. Divide this result by 
 33,000 and you obtain the Horse Power which the 
 engine is developing under the conditions named. 
 This formula would be nearly exact were it not for 
 the fact that we cannot get exact average pressure 
 in the cylinder without instruments especially designed, 
 like the steam engine indicator, which are used for 
 this purpose. 
 
 515 One horse power is equal to 33,000 ft. Ibs. clone 
 
 in one minute, i. e., 33,000 Ibs. lifted one foot per 
 minute, or 33 Ibs. lifted one thousand feet per min- 
 ute, etc. 
 
 REMOVAL OF ENGINES 
 
 516 Never ship an engine with removable brass or 
 small fittings in place, where they may be easily broken 
 or stolen. Carefully pack them in the tool box. 
 
 517 The following table of weights of engines may 
 be of use to Superintendents : 
 
 DOUBLE CYLINDER DERRICK ENGINES. 
 
 10 H. P. 5^"x8" weighs 6,100 Ibs. 
 
 16 H. P. 6y 4 " x 10" weighs 8,000 Ibs/ 
 
 20 H. P. 7" x 10" weighs 8,400 Ibs. 
 
 30 H. P. 8}4"xlO" weighs 10,600 Ibs. 
 
 35 H. P. 8" x 12" weighs 16,400 Ibs. 
 
 50 H. P. 10" x 12" weighs 18,000 Ibs. 
 
 ISO 
 
FITTINGS TO BE SENT WITH BOILER 
 
 518 The following should be sent to jobs with all 
 
 boilers : 
 
 An injector or inspirator with feed pipe, check 
 valve and stop valve, gauge cocks, water column (if 
 locomotive boiler), water gauge, gauge glass, safety 
 valve, blow-off valve, complete set of grate bars, 
 smoke stack, bonnet, water barrel, suction hose for 
 inspirator, and boiler tools, such as a hoe, poker, 
 slice bar and flue cleaner. For hoisting engines, see 
 that parts include friction levers, brake levers, cylinder 
 lubricators, oil cups, and cotton waste. An engine 
 house and tool box should be sent with each engine. 
 
 CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF BOILERS 
 
 519 The first duty of the engineer when he corner 
 on the job in the morning is to ascertain the water 
 level in the boiler and not spread his fire or add fuel 
 until he has done so. In this way he will save danger 
 and, possibly, injury to the boiler. 
 
 520 It is the duty of the Superintendent to see that 
 engineers keep a thin, clean fire in the furnace. 
 
 521 In case the boiler is found with low water at 
 any time, immediately shut off all draught and cover 
 the fire with ashes at once, or, if no ashes are handy, 
 use fresh coal. Do not put water in the boiler or touch 
 the feed in any way. Do not move or tamper with 
 the safety valves or change the steam outlets, but let 
 
 151 
 
the fire gradually cool down. In this way an explosion 
 may be avoided and the boiler escape without seri- 
 ous injury. 
 
 FOAMING BOILERS 
 
 522 In case the boiler foams, close the steam outlets 
 or throttle valves long enough to find where the water 
 is in the glass, and the true level of the water in the 
 boiler by also trying the gauge-cocks. If sufficient 
 water is found in the boiler, proceed to alternately 
 blow and feed until the water is freshened enough 
 to cease foaming. If the level of the water is low 
 and the foaming very violent, cover the fire and let 
 the boiler cool down to about 10 pounds pressure by 
 the gauge ; then blow boiler entirely down and fill 
 up with fresh water, after the boiler has become cool. 
 
 BLOWING DOWN BOILERS 
 
 523 No boiler can be entirely blown at a greater 
 pressure than 10 Ibs. on the gauge without danger of 
 collapse or serious internal strain. 
 
 524 After having blown down a boiler, under no 
 conditions fill the same with water until absolutely 
 cool. Many a good boiler has been made leaky or 
 spoiled (and the remote cause of a disastrous explo- 
 sion laid) by lack of attention to this rule. 
 
 525 Superintendent will see that the engineer blows 
 down his boiler a little at least twice per week, and 
 blows it entirely down at the end of the job. 
 
 152 
 
KEEPING BOILER IN GOOD CONDITION 
 
 526 Engineers are responsible for the condition of 
 
 their engines and boilers. When not running or firing 
 they are not expected to advise the Superintendent or 
 consult the nearest foreman as to the conduct of the 
 job, but are to occupy themselves with cleaning the 
 bright parts of their machines, repairing oil cups, 
 wiping, oiling, setting up glands, packing leaky joints, 
 cleaning boiler flues, keying bolts, pins, etc. (especially 
 in moving parts), to see that they are not loose, as- 
 certaining that no part of machine has warmed unduly, 
 examining boiler for leaky joints, staybolts, rivets, 
 hand holes, pipes, etc., in short, attending to the end- 
 less details about the machine, which will amply fill 
 an intelligent and money-making engineer's time. 
 
 DRY STEAM 
 
 527 See that your boiler gives dry steam, thus saving 
 
 coal and water. A simple test of dry steam is made 
 by opening the upper gauge cock. If the steam com- 
 ing from the cock has a blue tinge and is practically 
 transparent, it contains no more than one to two per 
 cent of moisture ; if it appears white it contains more 
 moisture, and the steam is said to be excessively wet. 
 Wet steam shows either that the boiler is overloaded 
 and too small for the work assigned to it, or else the 
 water is dirty, oily or impure from some other cause. 
 
 153 
 
WASH BOILER 
 
 528 Keep exterior of boiler dry and interior free 
 
 from scale and rust. Wash boiler out thoroughly as 
 frequently as possible. 
 
 FUSIBLE PLUG 
 
 529 Examine fusible plug, if boiler has one, and keep 
 its surface bright. This fusible plug should be placed 
 at the highest fire line, but it is not entirely reliable, 
 and should be examined frequently. 
 
 SAFETY VALVE 
 
 530 Engineers are instructed to try the safety valve 
 on the boiler every day, without exception, and Super- 
 intendents will note any failure on their part to do so. 
 
 531 See that the blow-off point for the safety valve 
 corresponds to the desired point on the steam gauge. 
 
 FEED VALVE 
 
 532 Engineers are responsible for having a stop valve 
 
 placed in the feed pipe between the check valve and 
 the boiler, so that in case of a leaky or defective check 
 the boiler will not be endangered and the check may 
 be repaired with steam on. 
 
 154 
 
CLEAN FLUES 
 
 533 Superintendents will see that engineers clean the 
 flues of their boilers twice per week if burning good 
 coal, and daily if burning poor coal in case of loco- 
 motive style of boilers. 
 
 534 In case of hoisting engines, where it is difficult 
 to get at the tubes, they should be cleaned as frequent- 
 ly as possible. 
 
 BORROWING TOOLS 
 
 535 No workman shall take away the wrenches, span- 
 ners or tools belonging with the steam plant of the 
 job, without the consent of the engineer, and then 
 only on the authority of his foreman, who will be 
 held responsible for their return to the engineer. 
 
 SPECIAL DUTIES OF ENGINEERS 
 
 536 Engineers are to be on the job early enough to 
 have their machines ready for business when the work 
 starts in the morning. 
 
 537 No engineer will be tolerated on the job who 
 delays the work by injudicious firing, oiling, wiping, 
 etc. 
 
 538 Engineers will maintain a proper water level in 
 the boiler, of about two gauges of water. While too 
 little water endanger ; the boiler, too much water is 
 fatal to dry steaming. 
 
 155 
 
GRATE BARS 
 
 539 Engineers will see that their grate bars are in 
 
 good condition and report defective grates to the 
 Superintendent. See that they are loose and have 
 plenty of chance to expand without wedging. If they 
 are too long, so that they wedge, or nearly wedge, 
 when cool, they will expand, warp and twist when 
 hot. Remedy such defects by chipping with cold 
 chisel. Keep the air spaces in grate free from clinkers, 
 as it requires air and plenty of it to burn coal econom- 
 ically. 
 
 GAUGE COCKS 
 
 540 Engineers will keep their gauge and water cocks 
 
 clean and in good condition. Keep the wood disks 
 of gauge cocks in good repair, and stems of cocks 
 straight and in good condition. Keep gauge glass 
 clean and protected at all times by the proper brass 
 rods. 
 
 VERIFY WATER LEVEL 
 
 541 Engineers are hereby instructed to verify the 
 
 water level of the boiler frequently by trial of gauge 
 cocks, and to this end must see that they are kept 
 in good condition. 
 
 156 
 
ARCH DOOR 
 
 542 In case of locomotive boilers, engineers are to see 
 that the door of the back connection or smoke arch 
 fits closely and as near as possible to being air tight. 
 
 BLOW-OFF VALVE 
 
 543 Engineers are to see that blow-off valves are in 
 
 good condition and do not leak. No leaky blow-off 
 will be tolerated on any job for a single day, but 
 must be repaired at once, temporarily, by putting a 
 cast iron plug in the outer end. The leaky valve must 
 be replaced by a new one at once. 
 
 BLISTERS 
 
 544 All blisters which appear on the boiler must be 
 
 trimmed or patched at once. 
 
 LEAKS 
 
 545 In case the boiler shows signs of leak around 
 stay-bolts, brace bolts, barrier bolts, or the like, the 
 engineers should endeavor to caulk the same. 
 
 546 If boilers leak around hand holes, replace the 
 gasket at the earliest possible moment. 
 
 157 
 
547 If a leak appears in a seam, which a slight amount 
 of caulking will not remedy, send for the nearest 
 boiler maker to come and, examine the boiler. 
 
 548 Have boiler maker give a hand hammer test for 
 thin places and decide whether caulking, a soft patch, 
 or a hard patch is required. 
 
 549 A soft patch is a piece of steel of sufficient size to 
 cover leaky or thin area, bolted to the boiler with a 
 joint of thick red and white lead paste. It is a tem- 
 porary patch in every way, but will often remain good 
 for a long time. By having the boiler repaired with 
 a soft patch, the Superintendent can often avoid the 
 expense of delay and make the boiler last out the 
 job. 
 
 550 A hard patch is made by cutting away all the 
 thin or leaky metal and riveting in an entirely new 
 piece of metal. It is generally more desirable to mend 
 a boiler by making a hard patch. This is not always 
 possible, however, especially with small boilers, where 
 it is impossible to get at the inside head of a rivet 
 and hold it while the other end is being headed up. 
 
 LEAKY TUBES 
 
 551 Roll leaky tubes when boiler is cold, with a Hen- 
 
 derson Tube Expander. In giving size of expander 
 wanted remember that size of boiler tube is measured 
 on the outside, so that a 2y 2 " tube will be 2y 2 " outside, 
 and about 2 l /4 " inside. In such a case, you would ask 
 for a 2y 2 " expander, i. e., to fit a 2y 2 " tube. 
 
 138 
 
PLUGGING TUBES 
 
 552 In case tubes should leak from being pitted or 
 
 split, and it is not desired to lay up boiler, send at 
 once to the office for one or more sets of cast iron 
 tube plugs. State size and length of tubes and num- 
 ber you desire to plug. This is done with cast iron 
 
 ftod Style 
 Best and most 
 satisfactory for 
 Jong jobs 
 
 Wedge Style, 
 frequently used 
 as /hey can be 
 inserted while 
 boiler is under steam I 
 and fire in firebox 
 
 boiler 
 
 \c.iplug 
 
 washer .and nut 
 
 plug 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 7/77 1 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 c.i.plug \ 'dplujy 
 
 Cut No. 5 
 
 plugs of the proper size, one of which is inserted in 
 each end of tube with proper lead joint, and they are 
 held tightly in place by a long bolt running through 
 the tube. (See Cut No. 5.) 
 
 159 
 
PIPE 
 
 553 In asking for pipe and fittings, remember that 
 the sizes of pipe as named are merely nominal, and 
 generally refer to the inside diameter of the pipe. 
 This is especially uncertain in the case of small sizes. 
 For instance 1%" steam pipe is 1%" inside diameter 
 and about l^T' outside diameter. The same is more 
 or less true with all sizes of pipe, and must be guarded 
 against. The following table of standard sizes of 
 wrought iron pipe for steam, gas or water, should 
 always be referred to, in order to avoid mistakes. 
 
 554 In making up a pipe line, remember that a union 
 must be placed in all pipe lines running from one fixed 
 point to another fixed point. In general, order "Dart" 
 unions, or some other malleable iron, soft-metal jointed 
 union. Brass unions are too expensive for general 
 use, and cheap iron ones are not good enough. 
 
 160 
 
TABLE OF DIMENSIONS 
 OF 
 
 STANDARD WEIGHT OF WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 O) 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 <u 
 
 oJ 
 
 .2 <u 
 
 oJ 
 
 
 
 a "o 
 
 "o 
 
 a 
 
 li 
 
 s 
 
 '35 u 
 
 en 
 
 3 n" 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 o jis 
 
 g 
 
 ej 
 
 0) 
 
 t 
 
 g- be o 
 
 
 
 cs o 
 
 
 g 
 
 "S ** 
 
 
 '55 t) 
 
 
 4) 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w ^ 
 
 
 co 
 
 p 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 g.2 
 tj 
 
 Thickne 
 
 =1 
 
 3-2 
 
 '35 "a 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 J3 rt 
 
 gSs 
 gwg 
 
 O <U(/) 
 
 a a <u 
 
 fSl 
 
 ID 
 
 IS 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 ~3 
 
 -*- 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 H'o 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 i-l o 
 
 
 -I 
 
 rt >- 
 
 In. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Lbs, 
 
 
 In. 
 
 1 
 
 0.405 
 
 0.068 
 
 0.270 
 
 0.848 
 
 1.272 
 
 14.15 
 
 9.44 
 
 0.0572 
 
 0.129 
 
 2500, 
 
 0.243 
 
 27 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.088 
 
 0.364 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.696 
 
 10.60 
 
 7.075 
 
 0.1041 
 
 0.229 
 
 1385. 
 
 0.422 
 
 18 
 
 3*2 
 
 1 
 
 0.675 
 
 0.091 
 
 0.494 
 
 1.552 
 
 2.121 
 
 7.67 
 
 5,657 
 
 0.1916 
 
 0.358 
 
 751.5 
 
 0.561 
 
 18 
 
 & 
 
 i 
 
 0.84 
 
 0.109 
 
 0.623 
 
 1.957 
 
 2.652 
 
 6.13 
 
 4.502 
 
 0.3048 
 
 0.554 
 
 472.4 
 
 0.845 
 
 14 
 
 3*5 
 
 i 
 
 1.05 
 
 0.113 
 
 0.824 
 
 2.589 
 
 3.299 
 
 4.635 
 
 3.637 
 
 0.5333 
 
 0.866 
 
 270. 
 
 1.126 
 
 14 
 
 3*2 
 
 1 
 
 1.315 
 
 0.134 
 
 1.048 
 
 3.292 
 
 4.134 
 
 3.679 
 
 2.903 
 
 0.8627 
 
 1.357 
 
 166.9 
 
 1.670 
 
 114 
 
 & 
 
 li 
 
 1.66 
 
 0.140 
 
 1.380 
 
 4.335 
 
 5.215 
 
 2.768 
 
 2.301 
 
 1.496 
 
 2.164 
 
 96.25 
 
 2.258 
 
 114 
 
 A 
 
 14 
 
 1.90 
 
 0.145 
 
 1,611 
 
 5.C61 
 
 5.969 
 
 2.371 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.038 
 
 2.835 
 
 70.65 
 
 2.694 
 
 lla 
 
 3^1 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 0.154 
 
 2.067 
 
 6.494 
 
 7.461 
 
 1.848 
 
 1.611 
 
 3.355 
 
 4.430 
 
 42.38 
 
 3.600 
 
 114 
 
 3^ 
 
 24 
 
 2.875 
 
 0.204 
 
 2.468 
 
 7.754 
 
 9.032 
 
 1.547 
 
 1.328 
 
 4.783 
 
 6.491 
 
 30.11 
 
 5.773 
 
 8 
 
 3 T S 
 
 3 
 
 3.50 
 
 0.217 
 
 3,067 
 
 9.636 
 
 10.996 
 
 1.245 
 
 1.091 
 
 7.388 
 
 9.621 
 
 19.49 
 
 7.547 
 
 8 
 
 3 1 2 
 
 34 
 
 4.00 
 
 0,226 
 
 8.548 
 
 11.146 
 
 12.566 
 
 1.077 
 
 0.955 
 
 9.887 
 
 12.566 
 
 14.56 
 
 9.055 
 
 8 
 
 3*2 
 
 4 
 
 4.50 
 
 0.237 
 
 4.026 
 
 12.648 
 
 14.137 
 
 0.949 
 
 0.849 
 
 12.730 
 
 15.904 
 
 11.31 
 
 10.66 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 5.00 
 
 0.247 
 
 4.508 
 
 14.153 
 
 15.708 
 
 0.848 
 
 0,765 
 
 15.939 
 
 19.635 
 
 9.03 
 
 12.34 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 5563 
 
 0.259 
 
 5.045 
 
 15.849 
 
 17.475 
 
 0.757 
 
 0.629 
 
 19.990 
 
 24.299 
 
 7.20 
 
 14.50 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 0.280 
 
 6.065 
 
 19.054 
 
 20.813 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.577 
 
 28.889 
 
 34.471 
 
 4.98 
 
 18.767 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 
 7.025 
 
 0.301 
 
 7.028 
 
 22.063 
 
 23.954 
 
 0.544 
 
 0.595 
 
 38.737 
 
 45.663 
 
 8.72 
 
 23.27 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 0.322 
 
 7.982 
 
 25.076 
 
 27.096 
 
 0.478 
 
 0.444 
 
 50.039 
 
 58.426 
 
 2.88 
 
 28.177 
 
 8 
 
 3 1 2 
 
 9 
 
 9.625 
 
 0.344 
 
 9.001 
 
 28.277 
 
 30.433 
 
 0.425 
 
 0.394 
 
 63.633 
 
 73,715 
 
 2.26 
 
 33.70 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 10 
 
 10.75 
 
 0.366 
 
 10.019 
 
 31.475 
 
 33.772 
 
 0.381 
 
 0.355 
 
 78.838 
 
 90.762 
 
 1.80 
 
 40.06 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 11 
 
 12.00 
 
 0.375 
 
 11.25 
 
 35.343 
 
 37.699 
 
 0.340 
 
 0.318 
 
 98,942 
 
 13.097 
 
 1.455 
 
 45.95 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 12 
 
 12.75 
 
 0.375 
 
 12.00 
 
 38.264 
 
 40.840 
 
 0.313 
 
 0.293 
 
 116.535 
 
 132.732 
 
 1.235 
 
 48.98 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 
 14,00 
 
 0.375 
 
 13.25 
 
 41.268 
 
 43.982 
 
 0.290 
 
 0,273 
 
 134.582 
 
 153.938 
 
 1.069 
 
 53.92 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 
 15.00 
 
 0,375 
 
 14,25 
 
 44.271 
 
 47.124 
 
 0.271 
 
 0.254 
 
 155.968 
 
 176.715 
 
 .923 
 
 57.89 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 16.00 
 
 0,375 
 
 15.25 
 
 47.274 
 
 50.265 
 
 0.254 
 
 0.238 
 
 177.867 
 
 201.062 
 
 .809 
 
 61.77 
 
 8 
 
 A 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 0.375 
 
 16,25 
 
 51.05 
 
 5340 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.00 
 
 0.375 
 
 17.25 
 
 53.281 
 
 56.548 
 
 0.225 
 
 0.212 
 
 225.907 
 
 254.469 
 
 .638 
 
 69.66 
 
 
 
 
 20.00 
 
 0.375 
 
 19.25 
 
 59.288 
 
 62.832 
 
 0.202 
 
 0.191 
 
 279.720 
 
 314.160 
 
 .515 
 
 77.57 
 
 
 
 
 21.00 
 
 0.375 
 
 20.25 
 
 63.61 
 
 65.97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22,00 
 
 0.375 
 
 21.25 
 
 66.759 
 
 69.115 
 
 0.179 
 
 0,174 
 
 354.66 
 
 380.134 
 
 ,406 
 
 85,47 
 
 
 
 
 24.00 
 
 0.375 
 
 23.25 
 
 73.04 
 
 75.39 
 
 0.164 
 
 0.159 
 
 424.56 
 
 452.39 
 
 ,839 
 
 93.37 
 
 
 
 
 
 161 
 
BOILER FITTINGS AND TOOLS 
 
 STEAM GAUGE 
 
 555 The steam gauge of a boiler should be plain, with 
 no ornamentation of any kind, and but little advertise- 
 ment on the face. It should be plainly and legibly 
 numbered, and the hand should rest on the pin at 
 zero when the boiler is cold. 
 
 556 Defective gauges must be repaired, reported, or 
 replaced without delay. See that there is a siphon 
 under each gauge. See that between each gauge and 
 the boiler a stop-cock is provided so that the gauge 
 may be removed or replaced while the steam is on. 
 
 WATER GAUGE 
 
 557 Every water gauge must be provided with a good 
 shut-off cock at top and bottom, a valve at bottom by 
 which glass may be drained, and two or more guard 
 rods parallel to gauge glass to keep it from being 
 broken. 
 
 558 No gauge glass smaller than ^2" bore will be 
 permitted on any boiler. 
 
BLOW-OFF COCK 
 
 559 The blow-off cock should be provided with a 
 good plug valve and not an ordinary gate or globe 
 valve. The plug has the advantage of being simpler, 
 less liable to leak, and the position of the handle tells 
 at once whether it is open or closed. 
 
 TUBES 
 
 560 In ordering new boiler tubes, the Superintendent 
 shall insist on charcoal iron lap welded boiler tubes 
 made by the Allison Company, or guaranteed equal. 
 
 561 No steel tubes are to be allowed inside of any 
 boiler, shop, yard or job controlled by this firm. 
 
 562 The Allison tube must be ordered from Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., or through the Agents at Providence, R. L, 
 Mr. E. M. Shaw, Bannigan Building. 
 
 563 The common iron boiler tubes on the market 
 throughout New England are not to be depended upon, 
 and the very best tubes are none too good. 
 
 COAL 
 
 564 In calculating the amount of coal needed for a 
 boiler, use the following: 
 
 The average boiler burns 12 Ibs. of soft coal per 
 hour per square loot grate surface. Figure up the 
 square feet of grate surface and multiply by 12, and 
 you have the number of pounds of coal you need per 
 hour. 
 
 163 
 
WATER 
 
 565 For calculating the water required for the boiler, 
 
 roughly : 
 
 Multiply the H. P. of your boiler by 30, which 
 gives the pounds of water per hour; then divide by 
 8, which gives approximately the number of gallons 
 per hour. (i. e., Am. Society Mechanical Engineers 
 rule is that one boiler H. P. equals 30 Ibs. of water 
 evaporated at 70 Ibs. gauge, per hour; feed water at 
 100 degrees F.) 
 
 164 
 
PUMPS 
 
 COST OF PUMPING. 
 
 566 Triplex, belted, or geared pumps require from 
 two to four Ibs. coal per H. P. hour; Small steam 
 pumps, twenty-five Ibs. per H. P. hour ; Inspirators or 
 Ejectors about 100 Ibs. per H. P. hour; Centrifugal 
 direct connected or belted pumps from five to ten 
 Ibs. per H. P. hour. 
 
 TO SET UP A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, 
 
 WHETHER DIRECT CONNECTED 
 
 TO ENGINE OR NOT. 
 
 567 See that it has a firm bed so that it will not shake 
 to pieces. If belt is used with pump, attach power 
 in such a way that pump will rotate or run in the di- 
 rection of the scroll. Put the suction in place in a 
 thorough manner and see that there are no air leaks 
 in the pipes or joints. On the end of suction, place 
 a combined strainer and foot valve, the latter to enable 
 the engineer to prime the pump by inserting hose in 
 the discharge. Use discharge pipe full size bore of 
 
 165 
 
pump, and suction pipe at least one size larger. See 
 that the stuffing boxes on either end of shaft are well 
 packed and well oiled. Remember that no pump will 
 lift water much over thirty feet, and a centrifugal 
 pump scarcely over twenty-eight feet, although any 
 pump with plenty of power behind it will force water 
 very much" further. Imperfect connections cause 
 trouble and prevent starting pumps. See that the 
 suction pipe is large, air-tight, and with few bends and 
 elbows. 
 
 568 In cold weather drain the pump out to prevent 
 freezing, when it is not in use. 
 
 569 For the convenience of Superintendents, the fol- 
 lowing tables show the speed required and the power 
 necessary for centrifugal pumps. 
 
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 167 
 
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 168 
 
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 169 
 
NOTES ON PUMPS 
 
 570 In general, it may be said that centrifugal pumps 
 are by far the most advantageous for the contracting 
 business. They contain no valves, are not easily 
 clogged by sand or dirt, and they are very econom- 
 ically run as far as coal is concerned. However, it 
 may be necessary for a Superintendent to set some 
 form of a Reciprocating Steam Pump. The follow- 
 ing notes will be of use : 
 
 571 It is better, on general principles, to use the 
 Duplex Pump, as it is by far the simplest. 
 
 DIRTY VALVES 
 
 572 The most frequent trouble in the ordinary steam 
 pump comes from dirt in the water valves. In case 
 the pump will not draw, remove water end cover 
 and middle plate, and examine rubber valves. If 
 dirty, clean the sand and grit from the seats, see that 
 the rubber valves are soft and pliable, and that the 
 springs are not broken and are in running order. 
 
 170 
 
AIR CHAMBERS 
 
 573 Where there is a long, hard lift, it is very useful 
 
 to put on what is called an "Air Chamber" on the 
 suctions. This is usually a vertical piece of pipe, 
 three or four feet long, closed on the top, erected 
 from the suction pipe near the pump. This air cham- 
 ber tends to collect the air from the water in the suc- 
 tion and prevents the suction from breaking or air 
 collecting in the cylinder and cushioning between the 
 piston and head. 
 
 171 
 
INDEX 
 
 RULE 
 
 Accidents, blanks, where sent 3 
 
 notification of, where sent 3 
 
 photographs wanted of 94 
 
 see effects of acid on ropes 80 
 
 Acid, not to be stored in lockers 80 
 
 washing down brickwork 342 
 
 Acid, Oil and Explosives, how stored 73 
 
 Accounts, Expense, Rules for 282 to 284 
 
 Advertising, use portable sign on job 53 & 54 
 
 value of photographs for 90 
 
 Addresses of Steady Pay Men to be on file 67 
 
 of workmen desired 17 
 
 Additions to plans, importance of receiving orders for. . 42 
 
 Adjoining Buildings, get photographs of 90 
 
 Agents of Unions, privileges and limitations of 19 
 
 Aggregates in concrete, Tables for quantities of 386 
 
 Agreements with Unions, signing same forbidden...... 22 
 
 restrictions against signing 28 
 
 Air Chambers, care of 573 
 
 Air Compressors, care of 457 
 
 cooling water for 463 
 
 advantages of governors on 460 
 
 suggestion for piping 465 
 
 rules for use of 457 to 460 
 
 use of Reheater for 470 
 
 tank to be furnished for... 461 &462 
 
 valves for use of 468 to 469 
 
 Air Valves, types and use of 468 
 
 172 
 
RULE 
 
 Alarm Boxes, location of Fire 46 
 
 Aldermen, Board of, applications for permits 124 & 125 
 
 Allison Boiler Tubes, always order 560 to 563 
 
 Ambulance, post telephone number of nearest 47 
 
 Angles in brickwork, responsibility of Bricklayer for. . 308 
 
 Applying for Permits, instructions for 124 to 126 
 
 Apprentice Boys, Steady Pay Men are to help them 65 
 
 rules regarding 59 
 
 Appurtenances of Compressors 461 & 462 
 
 Arch Doors, fit of, in Locomotive Boilers 542 
 
 Architects, orders from '. 6 
 
 Artificial Stone, tables for computing quantities for 386 
 
 Asphalt, how to extinguish when burning 79 
 
 Average Freight Service, take advantage of 33 
 
 Bags, how to pack cement 61 
 
 Bars, how to find the weight of Iron 129 
 
 how to find the weight of steel 129 
 
 Barrels, care of engine water 407 & 408 
 
 how to cover gasoline 77 
 
 Batter Boards, how to make 40 
 
 Beams, keep cement mortar away from wooden 329 
 
 Beginning work 24 
 
 Bellows Falls, letter from Engineer regarding 72 
 
 Bells for Elevators, always provide duplicate 25 & 405 
 
 for Engines, always provide duplicate 25 & 405 
 
 Bills, duplicate and triplicate sets required 296 & 297 
 
 general instructions 291 to 302 
 
 of Lading, when shipping cement bags get duplicate 61 
 
 Blisters on Boilers, treatment of 544 
 
 Blow-off cocks, kind of 559 
 
 Blow-off valves, condition of 543 
 
 Blacksmith's tools for Rock Drills, list of 453 
 
 Board of Aldermen, permits usually granted by 125 & 126 
 
 Board Measure, how to calculate 131 & 148 
 
 Boards, advantages of strapping 41 
 
 173 
 
RULE 
 
 Boilers, amount of coal required 564 
 
 amount of water required 565 
 
 blisters on, how treated 544 
 
 blowing down of 523 & 524 
 
 calking leaks in 547 
 
 fittings for, to be sent with boiler 518 
 
 fittings and tools, kinds of 555 & 556 
 
 foaming, cure of 522 
 
 hand hammer test 548 
 
 how to keep in good condition 526 
 
 leaks, remedy for 545 & 550 
 
 Locomotive, arch doors 542 
 
 management of 519 to 521 
 
 patching of 549 to 550 
 
 rules for care of 519 to 521 
 
 scale, notes on 414 
 
 tool chest, contents of 415 
 
 testing of 548 
 
 tubes, ordering of 560 to 563 
 
 verifying water level at intervals 541 
 
 washing of 528 
 
 Bond in Brickwork, best kind of 306 & 307 
 
 Boom Derricks, care of 401 
 
 signals for 51 
 
 Books, Manifold, Rules for keeping 132 to 140 
 
 return of 32 
 
 Borrowing Tools, instructions as to 535 
 
 Boss of the Line and Wall 311, 313 to 318 
 
 Boxes, making of 63 
 
 mortar, making of 346 to 352 
 
 for receipt of Suggestions Page 28 
 
 Fire Alarm, post location of 46 
 
 Branding Tools 81 
 
 Breakdowns in Engines, instructions as to 25 
 
 174 
 
RULE 
 
 Brick, measuring of 148 
 
 value of large size 12 
 
 when condemned, disposal of 175 
 
 Brickwork, Rules for 306 to 370 
 
 Broken Stone, measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 Buildings, store no Gasoline in 78 
 
 Business Agents of Unions, treatment of 19 
 
 Care of Boilers 519 to 521 
 
 Concrete Mixers 383 
 
 Engines 482 to 489 
 
 Machinery . . . 81 to 89 
 
 Materials 60 
 
 Plant 60 &84 
 
 Tools 81'to 89 
 
 Cards, White List, Rules for use of 32 & 285 to 290 
 
 Camera, how to load 99 
 
 Superintendent's responsibility for 97 
 
 where sent and how 97 
 
 Carpenter Foreman, to grant requests of others..." 68 
 
 care of Plumb Rules and Spirit Levels 85 
 
 responsibilities for Brickwork 309 
 
 Carpenters, preference to men with best tools 37 
 
 Cash Accounts (C) Rules for use of 262 to 267 
 
 Cast Iron Plates, to find weight of 130 
 
 Cement, amount of water to use in 373 
 
 bags, how to pack 61 
 
 how to pile ; . . . 62 
 
 mortar, rules for making 334 to 335 
 
 piling of 62 & 378 
 
 quantity specified 376 
 
 sampling of 385 
 
 testing of 385 
 
 when condemned, disposal of 175 
 
 Centre Boards for Scaffold, making of 354 
 
 Centrifugal Pumps, notes on Pages 165 to 171 
 
 how to set up 567 
 
 175 
 
RULE 
 
 Changes and Additions to Plans 42 
 
 Checks for workmen, use of 181 
 
 Checking materials 9 
 
 quantities, Tables for, etc 128 to 131 
 
 Chimneys, Rules for rapid construction of 355 to 370 
 
 Tallest Chimney in Boston Page 112 
 
 Chloride of Lime, use of 27 
 
 City Hall, apply for permits to 124 & 126 
 
 Clamps, inspection of guy 402 
 
 Cleaning Flues 533 & 534 
 
 Closet, water 27 
 
 Clutches, Friction, care of 393 
 
 Coal, amount needed 564 
 
 Coefficient of Expansion in Concrete 379 
 
 Combination Signals 52 
 
 Communications, how to address 2 
 
 Compressors, Air, Rules for use of 457 to 460 
 
 transmission pipes for 478 to 479 
 
 tanks for 461 
 
 Compression strength of concrete 380 
 
 Common Brickwork, best Bond for 307 
 
 Condemned Brick, disposal of 175 
 
 Cement, disposal of 175 
 
 Lumber, disposal of 175 
 
 Materials, disposal of 175 
 
 Concrete Mixers, care of 383 
 
 repairing of 82 
 
 Concrete, amount of water to use 371 
 
 coefficient of expansion 379 
 
 dry, disadvantages of 371 
 
 forms, use of wire in 377 
 
 ramming, importance of 372 
 
 Rules for making 371 to 386 
 
 sand, kind of 374 
 
 176 
 
RULE 
 
 Concrete, Tables for computing amount of aggregates 386 
 
 strength of in compression 380 
 
 wet, advantages of 371 
 
 Contractors' Machinery Rental & Transportation Com- 
 pany, preference for 38 
 
 Contracts, starting of new 14 
 
 Corners in Brickwork 308 
 
 "Cost-Plus-A-Fixed-Sum," What it means. Page 15 & Rule 70 
 
 Cost of pumping 566 
 
 Rock Drilling 454 & 455 
 
 by hand 454 
 
 by steam 456 
 
 Cost Reports (C R) use of 254 to 261 
 
 Couplings of Suction Hose, save them 88 
 
 Credits for materials, see rule 175 
 
 Cracks in adjoining buildings, get photos of. 90 
 
 Cut Stone, washing, with acid 343 
 
 wooden wedges for 331 
 
 Cutting handle of rubber stamps 50 
 
 Cylinder Oil, use of 488 
 
 kind to use , 488 
 
 Cylinders, how cracks are caused in 397 
 
 Daily Letters (D L), Rules for. 163 to 173 
 
 Data on Centrifugal Pumps Pages 165 to 171 
 
 on Engines 512 to 514 
 
 on Horse Power, general information 512 to 514 
 
 for Horse Power, Rock Drills 452 
 
 Dating Photographs 115 
 
 Derrick Boom, signals for 52 
 
 Derricks, care of falls 400 
 
 care of in general 391 & 394 
 
 oiling of 399 
 
 Dirty valves, remedy for 572 
 
 Discharge Slips, use of 177 to 181 
 
 Discharging Workmen 177 to 181 
 
 177 
 
RULE 
 
 Divisions, sub-divisions of workmen's time 43 
 
 Division of workmen's time 13 
 
 Door Frames, how checked 9 
 
 setting of 310 
 
 Drawings, how to stamp and receipt for 4 
 
 return of 32 
 
 Drills, Rock, air required to run 481 
 
 care of 438 to 445 
 
 how to operate 423 to 437 
 
 how to ship 417 
 
 setting up 419 
 
 Drilling Rock, cost of 454 to 455 
 
 cost of by hand 454 
 
 cost of by steam 456 
 
 Dry Steam, advantage of 527 
 
 Duties of Engineers and Riggers 387 to 416 
 
 Timekeeper 64 
 
 Duplicate T Tickets 139 & 140 
 
 Dynamite, storing of 73 to 75 
 
 Engines, Bells, duplicates on job 405 
 
 care of 392, 482, 493 & 494 
 
 covering water barrels 407 & 408 
 
 data on 512 to 514 
 
 fittings for 482 to 489 
 
 Fittings and Supplies '. . . . 511 
 
 Hoisting, cleaning flues 533 & 534 
 
 how housed 390 
 
 how to move 409 
 
 how to start. 397 
 
 how to ship 483 
 
 how to reverse direction 506 
 
 rules for running 482 to 489 
 
 Earthquakes, Insurance against 29 
 
 see Brickwork 307 
 
 178 
 
RULE 
 
 Elevators, bells, duplicates on job 25 & 405 
 
 care of 392 
 
 oil, kind to use 488 
 
 oiling of 399 
 
 signals for 51 
 
 Engineer, orders from 6 
 
 Engineers, ask for old shovels 406 
 
 duties of 387 to 416 
 
 how to use lubricator 492 
 
 preference given to careful 403 
 
 responsibilities of Head Rigger with 398 
 
 special rules 536 to 538 
 
 to give receipts for tools 404 
 
 Engineers & Riggers, duties of 387 to 416 
 
 Engine Houses, Responsibilities of Head Rigger 398 
 
 Envelopes of workmen, disposal of unclaimed 200 
 
 Estimates, Rule governing giving of 7 
 
 Estimating Horse Power 514 
 
 Estimating quantity of water for boilers 565 
 
 Evaporation of gasoline 77 
 
 Expansion in Concretes, coefficient of 379 
 
 Expanders, Tube, best kind and size of 551 
 
 Expense Account, Rules for use of 282 to 284 
 
 Exploders, storing of 76 
 
 Explosives, Acid and Oils, how stored 73 
 
 Extra work, instructions as to 137 
 
 Feed Valves, Engineer's responsibility for 532 
 
 Films, size of 98 
 
 Field System, books when kept 1 
 
 ignorance of rules 21 
 
 violation of rules 20 
 
 Fire Alarm Box, location of, to be posted 46 
 
 Fire Department, telephone number 47 
 
 Fire Insurance 29 
 
 Firing Boilers, get old shovels 406 
 
 179 
 
RULE 
 
 Firing Boilers, best kind of fire 412 
 
 clinkers should be removed 416 
 
 removing clinkers 416 
 
 Fittings, Boiler, kind of 518, 555-556 
 
 how to ship 483 & 484 
 
 Fittings and Supplies for Engine 511 
 
 Flues, cleaning of 533 & 534 
 
 Foaming Boilers, cure of 522 
 
 Foremen, how report and when 58 
 
 Foremen Carpenters, care of Plumb Rules and Spirit 
 
 Levels 85 
 
 granting others' requests 68 
 
 responsibility of 309 
 
 Foremen Masons, care of Plumb Rules and Spirit Level 85 
 
 granting others' resquests 68 
 
 responsibilities of 309 
 
 Foremen, see importance of "Harmony" 69 
 
 Forms, for concrete, use of wire 377 
 
 Manifold, where sent , 151 to 162 
 
 Formulae for estimating Horse Power 514 
 
 for boilers 565 
 
 Formulae and Tables on concrete 386 
 
 for checking quantities 128 
 
 Fusible Plug, examination of . . . 529 
 
 Frames, door, setting of 310 
 
 windows and doors, how checked 9 
 
 window, setting of 310 
 
 Freight, Average service 33 
 
 to be prepaid on cement bags 61 
 
 rules for 303 to 305 
 
 Friction Clutches, care of 393 
 
 Garvin Falls, letter from Engineers 72 
 
 Gasoline Barrels, to be covered 77 
 
 evaporation of 77 
 
 180 
 
RULE 
 
 Gasoline, how to extinguish burning 79 
 
 storing of 77 to 79 
 
 Gauge Cocks, condition of 540 
 
 Gauges, for splines 36 
 
 Steam, kind of 555 & 556 
 
 Water, kind of 557 & 558 
 
 General Outlines of Field System Page 13 
 
 Gilbreth Scaffold, Economy in use of 346 
 
 setting up 351 
 
 saving of labor 352 
 
 system of taking down 353 
 
 use of 319 
 
 Governors, etc., for Air Compressors 466 
 
 Grate Bars, condition of 539 
 
 Grates, to prevent from burning 411 
 
 Graft, suppression of 66 
 
 "Grand-Stand Plays," futility of 69 
 
 Granite, measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 Gravel, measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 Greasing, Engine parts, importance of 396 
 
 Grease, Gudgeon, use of 396 
 
 Guy Clamps, inspection of 402 
 
 Gudgeon, Grease, use of 396 
 
 "Harmony," importance of 69 
 
 Hand drilling Rock, cost of 455 
 
 Headers, in Brickwork, see 307 
 
 metallic, in Brickwork 307 
 
 Head Rigger, Resp6nsibilities of 398 
 
 Hoisting Engines, cleaning flues 533 & 534 
 
 Hollis French and Allen Hubbard, letter from 72 
 
 Horse Power, Data 512 to 514 
 
 how to estimate, formulae 514 
 
 Hospitals, telephone number to be posted 47 
 
 Hose, Suction, care of 88 
 
 How to address cummunications, letters, etc 2 
 
 181 
 
RULE 
 
 Ignorance of Rules 21 
 
 Inspection by Owners or Officials 5 
 
 Inspection of Safety Valve 530 & 531 
 
 Inspection of Scaffolding 344 to 354 
 
 Insurance, Fire, etc 29 
 
 Interiors, photographing of 110 
 
 Iron Bars, to find the weight of 129 
 
 Jobs, starting new 14 
 
 Labor requirements 15 
 
 Ladders, how made 86 
 
 Law Suits, see Photograph System 90 
 
 Laying out work 31 
 
 Leaks, in Boilers, Remedy 545 to 550 
 
 Leaks, repairing of 547 
 
 Leaking tubes, cure of 551 
 
 Letter from Hollis French and Allen Hubbard 72 
 
 Letters, how to address 2 
 
 how kept 134 
 
 return of 32 
 
 Levels, Spirit, care of 85 
 
 Lightning, Insurance against 29 
 
 Lime, how to pile 62 
 
 mortar, Rules for making 334 & 335 
 
 use of, in Water Closets 27 
 
 Linseed Oil, use of 341 
 
 List of Tools Pages 79 to 84 
 
 Loam, measuring of 147 & 150 
 
 Location of Fire Alarm Box to be posted 46 
 
 Lockers, store no gasoline in 80 
 
 Locomotive Boilers, arch doors of 542 
 
 Lowell Laboratory, how scaffolded, a good example 354 
 
 Lumber, how to measure 131-148 
 
 piling of 34 & 35 
 
 when condemned, disposal of 175 
 
 182 
 
RULE 
 
 Machinery, care of 81 to 89 
 
 in working order when shipped 89 
 
 ordering duplicate parts 383 
 
 parts of, kept together 84 
 
 Mailing photographs, rule for 93 
 
 Making tool boxes 63 
 
 Manifold Books, return of 32 
 
 rules for keeping 132 to 140 
 
 Manifold forms, where sent 151 to 162 
 
 Mason Foremen, care of plumb rules and spirit levels. . 85 
 
 granting others' requests 68 
 
 responsibility for Brickwork 309 
 
 Mass. Inst. of Tech. how scaffolded, a good example. .. 354 
 
 Masts care of Derrick 401 
 
 Materials, care of 60, X-Y 
 
 checking of 9 
 
 credits for, see rule 175 
 
 when condemned, disposal of . . . 175 
 
 Material Sheets (M), Rules for 202 to 216 
 
 Measure, Board, how to find 131-148 
 
 Measuring, Brick 148 
 
 Broken Stone 147 to 150 
 
 Gravel 147 to 150 
 
 Granite 147 to 150 
 
 Lumber, method 131 & 148 
 
 Loam 147 to 150 
 
 Slate Pinners 147 to 150 
 
 Stone 147 to 150 
 
 Sand 147 to 150 
 
 Timber, method of 131 & 148 
 
 Measuring Sticks, economical kind 41 & 325 
 
 Mechanics, when wanted 15 
 
 Men's names wanted 17 
 
 Messages, Long Distance Telephone , , , , 45 
 
 183 
 
RULE 
 
 Metallic headers in Brickwork 307 
 
 Mixers, Concrete, care of 383 
 
 repairing of 82 
 
 Mortar Boxes, making of 346-352 
 
 cement, Rules for making 334-335 
 
 examination of, for chimneys 359 
 
 lime, rule for making 334-335 
 
 Rules for making 333 to 340 
 
 Negatives, how numbered 115, 118 to 122 
 
 New Contracts, starting of, instructions as to accidents. 14 
 
 supplies wanted 14 & 123 
 
 New Shovels, advantage of 87 
 
 Notes on Boiler Scale 414 
 
 Notes on Pumps 568 
 
 Notes on Reciprocating Steam Pumps 571 
 
 Numbering Photographs, system of 115 
 
 Officials, inspection by 5 
 
 Office, unnecessary bother to 16' 
 
 Oils, Explosives and Acid, how stored 73 
 
 Oil, Cylinder, kind to use ; 488 
 
 lubricating, kind to use 488 
 
 for Brickwork 341 
 
 how to put out burning 79 
 
 kind not to use 489 
 
 quantity to use in cylinders 491 
 
 Oiling, Derricks, Elevators, Ropes, etc 399 
 
 down Brickwork 341 
 
 Old Cement, storing 62 
 
 Shovels, give to Engineer 87 & 406 
 
 Operating Rock Drills 423 to 437 
 
 Orders (O), Rules for use of 218 to 238 
 
 to prevent confusion 6 
 
 from Architect 6 
 
 from Engineer 6 
 
 for material given by the Owner, rule for 239 to 241 
 
 from Owner 6 
 
 184 
 
RULE 
 
 Owners Orders, Rules for 239 to 241 
 
 inspection 5 
 
 orders . 6 
 
 Packing, cement bags 61 
 
 Papers, return of 32 
 
 Partial Shipment Blanks (P), Rules for use of 242 to 248 
 
 Parts of machinery to be kept together 84 
 
 Patching Boiler 549 & 550 
 
 Pay-Roll orders (P R), use of 177 
 
 Paying off workmen 177 to 181 
 
 Paymasters' Requisitions, instructions on 198 
 
 Peach Basket form for chimney tops 366 
 
 Permits, how to obtain 124-126 
 
 Photograph System 90 to 101 
 
 Photographing, Rules for. 90 to 101 
 
 Photographing moving objects Ill 
 
 Photographs, how dated 115 
 
 how numbered 115 
 
 how to mark 112 
 
 how to mail 93 & 112 
 
 kind of paper for prints 117 
 
 portable signs used on jobs 54 
 
 Pinners, Slate, measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 Piling Cement, care in 378 
 
 Lumber 34 & 35 
 
 Pipes, City, for Sewer, location of 124 to 127 
 
 for City Water, location of 124 to 127 
 
 kind and size of 553 
 
 line, making of 554 
 
 Tables of Page 161 
 
 Transmission, for air 478 & 479 
 
 for steam .479 & 480 
 
 Piping for Air Compressors 465 
 
 Plans, additions or changes to 42 
 
 how stamped 4 
 
 185 
 
RULE 
 
 Plans, receipt of 4 
 
 return of 32 
 
 Plant, care of 60 
 
 drawings for installation of 382 
 
 notes when purchasing 38 
 
 set up for jobs 381 
 
 Plates, Cast Iron, to find weight of 130 
 
 Plumb Bond, best kind 330 
 
 Plumb of the lead, see Brickwork 308 
 
 rules, care of 85 
 
 Plugs, Fusible, examination of 529 
 
 Plugging of tubes 552 
 
 Plug valves, for Blow Off Cocks 559 
 
 Poles, measuring 41 
 
 Police Department, telephone number of, to be posted. . 47 
 
 Portland Cement, use of water with 373 
 
 Powder, storing of 73 
 
 Presents, etc., suppressing of subscriptions for 66 
 
 Prints of Photos not mounted 116 
 
 Prizes for Suggestions Page 28 
 
 Privy, temporary '. 27 
 
 Promotions, requirements for 71 
 
 Portable Signs, use of 54 
 
 Pumps, cost of pumping 566 
 
 Centrifugal, how to set up 567 
 
 notes on 570 
 
 notes on Centrifugal Pages 165 to 171 
 
 Reciprocating, Steam, notes on 571 
 
 Purchase Requisitions (R), Rules for use 249 to 253 
 
 Quitting Work '. 24 
 
 Railways for Stock, see Chimneys 362 
 
 Rainy weather, see Steady Pay Men 60 
 
 Ramming Concrete, importance of 372 
 
 186 
 
RULE 
 
 Records, see Photograph System 90 
 
 Receipts, for materials cash, etc 11 
 
 from Engineer 404 
 
 of Plans 4 
 
 Reciprocating Steam Pumps, notes on 571 
 
 Reheater for Air Compressor, use of 470 
 
 Removal of Engines 516 to 517 
 
 Repairing Concrete Mixers 82 
 
 Mixers , 82 
 
 tools 82 
 
 Representatives of the Firm 71 
 
 Reports, rules for 49 
 
 Reputation of Firm, maintaining same 70 
 
 Requisitions for Purchasing, Rules for 249 to 253 
 
 Paymasters, instructions on 198 
 
 Revolution Table Page 168 
 
 Riggers, Responsibilities of 398 
 
 and Engineers, duties of 387 to 416 
 
 Right of Way 28 
 
 Rock Drill, Blacksmith's tools for 453 
 
 bits for 450 & 451 
 
 care of 438 to 445 
 
 data for Horse Power 452 
 
 fittings for, use of and care of 446 
 
 hose for, use of and care of 448 & 449 
 
 how to operate 423 to 437 
 
 how to ship 417 & 418 
 
 how to start 421 
 
 pipe for, use of and care of 446 
 
 setting up 419 & 422 
 
 Rock Drilling, cost of 454 & 455 
 
 by steam, cost of 456 
 
 Ropes, acid will destroy 80 
 
 Wire, oiling of 399 
 
 Rubber Stamps, cutting handles of 50 
 
 Rules for Bills, handling of 291 to 302 
 
 for Brickwork 306 to 370 
 
 187 
 
RULE 
 
 Rules for cards, White List 285 to 290 
 
 for constructing tall chimneys 355 to 370 
 
 for Cost Report (C R) 254 to 261 
 
 for Daily Letters (D L) 163 to 173 
 
 for Expense Account 282 to 284 
 
 for Freight 303 to 305 
 
 General Page 21 
 
 for handling of Bills 291 to 302 
 
 ignorance of, violation of 21 
 
 for making Concrete 371 to 386 
 
 Mortar 333 to 340 
 
 Scaffold 344 
 
 for Material (M) Sheets 202 to 216 
 
 for operating Rock Drills 423 to 437 
 
 for Photograph System 90 to 101 
 
 for Purchase Requisitions 249 to 253 
 
 Plumb, care of 85 
 
 for Requisitions 249 to 253 
 
 for running Engines 482 to 489 
 
 for signing Orders (O) 234 
 
 for signing Teaming (T) Tickets 176 
 
 for Setting Valves 495 to 505 
 
 for Steady Pay Men 56 & 57 
 
 for Suggestions and Reports 49 
 
 for Tool list 268 to 278 
 
 for use of Air Compressors 457 to 460 
 
 for use of Cash Account (C) 262 to 267 
 
 for use of Orders (O) 219 to 238 
 
 for White List Cards 285 to 290 
 
 Safety Valve, inspection of 530 & 531 
 
 Sampling Cement 385 
 
 Sand, for Concrete specifications for 374 
 
 measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 use to put out burning oil, etc 79 
 
 188 
 
Scaffold, center boards, making of 354 
 
 Gilbreth, economy of 346 
 
 inspection of 344 to 354 
 
 Rules for making 344 to 354 
 
 Scale, Boiler, notes on 414 
 
 Sewer Pipes, City, location of 124 to 127 
 
 Schedules 8 
 
 Settlements, see Photographing System 90 
 
 Shipping Engines, how to ship 483 
 
 Shipping Rock Drills 417 & 418 
 
 Shortages in Materials, etc 10 
 
 Shovels, new, advantage of 87 
 
 old, give to Engineer 87 & 406 
 
 Signs, list of, furnished by office 55 
 
 Portable for Photographing 54 
 
 Rules for use and placing of 53 to 55 
 
 Signing Agreements, cautions against 28 
 
 Orders (O), Rules for 234 
 
 Teaming Tickets (T), Rules for 176 
 
 Telegrams 279 to 281 
 
 Signals, use of, for Elevators 51 
 
 for Boom Derrick 52 
 
 Sizes of Pipes, Data on 553 
 
 Sketches, return of 32 
 
 Small tools, where kept 83 
 
 Smoking, Rules governing 26 
 
 Snap Shots, how and when to take 102 to 106 
 
 Specifications for sand in concrete work. 374 
 
 Speed work, see Scaffold 346 
 
 Spirit levels, care of 85 
 
 Splines, gauges for 36 
 
 Stamps, rubber, cutting handles of 50 
 
 Stamping of tools 81 
 
 Standard weight of Wrought Iron Pipe Page 161 
 
 Starting new contracts, instructions on 14 
 
 supplies wanted 14 & 123 
 
 189 
 
Slate Pinners, measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 Steady Pay Men, addresses on file 67 
 
 rules for 56 & 57 
 
 see Apprentice Boys 65 
 
 see importance of Harmony 69 
 
 suppressing Subscriptions 66 
 
 to maintain reputation of Firm 70 
 
 Steam Engines, care of 482 & 489 
 
 Centrifugal Pumps, Tables on Pages 167 to 169 
 
 Gauges, kind of 555 & 556 
 
 Pumps, reciprocating, notes on 570 
 
 Rock Drilling, cost of 454 
 
 Steel bars, to find the weight of 129 
 
 checking of 9 
 
 covering with mortar 328 
 
 tapes 30 
 
 Stone, Artificial, tables for computing 386 
 
 Broken, measuring of 147 to 150 
 
 Cut, washing of 343 
 
 Cut, wedges for 331 
 
 Dimension, checking of 9 
 
 Storehouse 62 
 
 Storing Acid, instructions as to 73 
 
 Cement, Rule for 62 
 
 Dynamite 73 
 
 Storing Explosives, instructions as to 73 
 
 Exploders 76 
 
 Gasoline 77, 78 & 79 
 
 Lime, Rule for 62 
 
 Oil, instructions as to 73 
 
 Storing of Powder 73 
 
 Tools 63 
 
 Strapping Boards 41 
 
 Strength of Concrete, Compressive 380 
 
 Stretchers in Brickwork, see 307 
 
 190 
 
Sticks, measuring 41 
 
 Subscriptions for presents, etc 66 
 
 Sub-Contractors, to pay for telephone calls 48 
 
 Sub-Divisions, importance of marking 137 
 
 work and orders 43 
 
 Suction Hose, care of 
 
 Suggestions, Boxes for receipt of Page 28 
 
 Prizes for Page 28 
 
 Rules for 49 
 
 Superintendent, Handle work to cause letters of 
 
 recommendation 72 
 
 orders from Owner, etc 6 
 
 responsibility for Camera and Transit. 97 & 39 
 
 responsibility for Daily Letters 163 to 173 
 
 see Apprentice Boys 65 
 
 see importance of Harmony 69 
 
 see Timekeeper, duties of 64 
 
 see tool boxes, making of 63 
 
 suppressing subscriptions 66 
 
 Supplies, Office, wanted for new Contracts 14 & 123 
 
 and Fittings of Engine 511 
 
 System for Photographs 90 to 101 
 
 Setting up the Gilbreth Scaffold Page 103 
 
 Taking down the Gilbreth Scaffold Page 106 
 
 Tables and Formulae for Concrete 386 
 
 for checking quantities 128 
 
 Table of data on Centrifugal Pumps Pages 167 to 169 
 
 weights of Standard Wrought Iron Pipe. .Page 161 
 
 Tall Chimneys, construction of 355 to 370 
 
 Tanks of Air Compressors 461 
 
 Tapes 30 
 
 Tar, how to put out burning 79 
 
 Team work, advantage of 69 
 
 Teaming Tickets (T), use of 174 to 176 
 
 191 
 
Telegrams, how to address 2 & 279 to 280 
 
 Rules for sending, etc 279 to 281 
 
 Telephone, Important numbers posted 47 
 
 Long Distance calls 45 
 
 Sub-Contractors' calls charged 48 
 
 where placed 44 
 
 Temporary Water Closets 27 
 
 Testing Boilers 548 
 
 Cement 385 
 
 T. Tickets, duplicates 139 & 140 
 
 T. Tickets, when given 138 to 150 
 
 Tickets (T) Teaming, use of 174 to 176 
 
 Ties, wire cloth, in chimneys 355 
 
 Time Exposures, how, when and where to take 107 to 109 
 
 Book Sheets (T B), Rules for 182 to 201 
 
 Charging of Division 13 
 
 Timekeepers, duty of 64 
 
 how report and to whom 58 
 
 Responsibility for Daily Letters 163 to 173 
 
 see Apprentice Boys 65 
 
 see importance of "Harmony" 69 
 
 suppression subscriptions , 66 
 
 Timber, how to measure 131 
 
 Ting, see Brickwork 308 
 
 Tool House, no dynamite stored in 73 
 
 store no gasoline 78 
 
 Tool Boxes, making of 63 
 
 Box for small tools 83 
 
 Chest for Boiler 415 
 
 Tools, adjustment of 490 
 
 branding of 81 
 
 Blacksmith's, for Rock Drills 453 
 
 Boiler, Kinds of 555 & 556 
 
 borrowing of 535 
 
 care of 81 to 89 
 
 carpenter with best tools given preference 37 
 
 102 
 
Tools, in working order when shipped 89 
 
 list of Pages 79 to 84 
 
 list (T L), Rules for 268 to 278 
 
 purchasing, preference to 38 
 
 repairing of 82 
 
 receipt from Engineer 404 
 
 storing of 63 
 
 stamping of 81 
 
 small, where kept 83 
 
 Transits 30 & 39 
 
 Tubes, Boiler, ordering new 560 & 563 
 
 cure of leaking 551 
 
 plugging of 552 
 
 Tube Expanders, best kind, size of 551 
 
 Unions, Agreements with 22 
 
 Business agents 19 
 
 treatment of 18 
 
 United Concrete Machinery Company 384 
 
 Vacations, address of Steady Pay Men to be on file 67 
 
 Valves for Air Compressors, use of 468 & 469 
 
 blow off, condition of 543 
 
 feed, Engineers responsibility for 532 
 
 Plug, for Blow off cock 559 
 
 remedy of dirty 572 
 
 Safety, inspection of 530 & 531 
 
 setting of, Rules for 495 to 505 
 
 Velox paper used for Photo prints 117 
 
 Violations of rules 21 
 
 Water, amount required for Boilers 565 
 
 amount used in Portland Cement 373 
 
 Closets 27 
 
 cooling of, for Air Compressors 463 
 
 gauges, Kind 01 557 & 558 
 
 193 
 
Water, keep water in Ash Box 411 
 
 barrels, for Engines 407 & 408 
 
 Departments, plans of City pipes 124 to 127 
 
 Pipes, City, location of 124 to 127 
 
 Wash Boiler 528 
 
 Washing Cut Stone 343 
 
 Wedges, Best kind for Cut Stone 331 
 
 Weight of Cast Iron Plates, how to find 130 
 
 Iron Bars, how to find 129 
 
 Steel Bars, how to find -. 129 
 
 Wrought Iron Pipe Page 161 
 
 Where Manifold Forms are to be sent 151 to 162 
 
 White List Cards, Rules for 32 & 285 to 290 
 
 Whistles, Rules concerning 23 
 
 Window Frames, setting of 310 
 
 how checked 9 
 
 Wire cloth ties in chimney work 355 
 
 for use in forms 377 
 
 ropes, oiling of 399 
 
 Wooden Beams, not touched with mortar 329 
 
 Wedges, for cut stone 331 
 
 Workmen's Checks, use of 181 
 
 envelopes, unclaimed, disposal of 200 
 
 names, wanted 17 
 
 time, division of 13 
 
 Written Orders 215 &217 
 
 Wrought Iron Pipe, Standard weights of Page 161 
 
 194 
 
What is 
 Engineering-Contracting? 
 
 Engineering-Contracting is a weekly journal for civil 
 engineers and contractors, edited by Halbert P. Gillette, M. 
 Am. Soc. C. E. author of the "Handbook of Cost Data" 
 and other books for Engineers and Contractors. Engineer- 
 ing-Contracting might be termed a serial sequel to this 
 "Handbook," for no issue is printed that does not contain 
 valuable cost data. This feature alone makes the paper one 
 that no civil engineer or contractor can afford to be without. 
 Mr. Gillette has just completed his appraisal of all tjie rail- 
 ways in the State of Washington, acting as Chief Engineer 
 for the Railroad Commission. Data of cost of all kinds of 
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 The "Methods and Cost" articles that are appearing cover 
 so wide a range that every engineer and contractor should 
 read each issue. Mr. Daniel J. Hauer has recently become 
 one of our associate editors. Mr. Hauer is well known as an 
 authority on earth and rock excavation. The other asso- 
 ciate editors include : Mr. Charles S. Hill, joint author with 
 Mr. A. W. Buel of "Reinforced Concrete," and for eigh- 
 teen years on the Editorial staff of Engineering News ; Mr. 
 C. T. Murray, for many years editor of the construction 
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 dards' ' and ' ' Standard Turnouts. ' ' The entire staff includes 
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 Engineering-Contracting is published every Wednes- 
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ROCK EXC AVATION-Methods and Cost 
 
 By HALBERT P. GILLETTE, M. Am. Soc. C. E. 
 Editor "Engineering-Contracting:.' 
 
 One superintendent who purchased this book about a 
 year ago writes us that he has cut the cost of his drilling and 
 blasting practically in two since he received the book and ap- 
 plied the methods given by Mr. Gillette. We doubt whether 
 such a statement has ever before been truthfully made of 
 any books except those written by Mr. Gillette. His books 
 are practical books for practical men, and the keynote 
 throughout is economy how to save money on the work 
 and how to increase the output. "Rock Excavation" has 
 chapters describing: 
 
 Rocks and Their Properties Methods and Cost of Hand Drilling Ma- 
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