ames P. Taylor 1 "H' 1 •* >^ -. / THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY Can /6oe N.S. /60S /76Z U.C Man. IQII B.C. /e43 > /7/5 /7SJ p --<^ --*-->- - L.C 1770 /7a^ r^""" /a^/L-y — !--<-- 1/57/ /573| < — ->^P THE FORM OF CANADIAN HISTORY. This diagram on the opposite page, which shows the histori- cal courses of the provinces, and how they ran together to form the Dominion, was first published by the author in the Educational Joarnal, Toronto, 1895. Explanation : — A blue line means French sovereignty ; a red line, British sovereignty. Canada was under the French from 1608 to 1763 ; it then came under Britisli rule, and ran down to 1791, when it divided into two separate provinces, — Lower Canada and Upper Canada. These provinces ran independent courses down to 1841, when they reunited, and Canada, as one province, ran down to 1867. Nova Scotia was under the French from 1605 to 1713, when it became British, and, as a British province, ran down to 1867. New Brunswick, in 1784, separ- ated from Nova Scotia, and ran a provincial course down to 1867. In 1867, the three provinces— Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia — ran together and formed a new state, the Dominion. Then the Domin- ion began an onward course. In 1770 Prince Edward Island separated from Nova Scotia, ran a provincial course down to 1873, and then joined the Dominion. Manitoba began in 1811, ran down to 1870, and joined the Dominion. British Columbia began in 1843, ran down to 1871, and joined tlie Dominion. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. CAREFULLY GATHERED FROM THE MOST TRUSTWORTHY SOURCES. BY JAMES P. TAYLOR. TORONTO : THE HUNTER, ROSE CO., LIMITED, PRINTERS. 1899. Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, by Jas. P. Taylor, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. WOKKS CONSULTED. *Adams's " History of United States." *Appletoii's " American Bio- graphy." *Bancroft's "History of United States." Bouchette's "British Dominions in North America." Bourinot's "Cape Breton." Bourinot's "Constitutional History of Canada." Bryce's " History of Canadian People." Campbell's " History of Nova Scotia." Campbell's " History of Prince Edward Island." CanifF's " Settlement of Upper Canada." Charlevoix's " History of New France." Shea's trans. Christie's " History of Lower Can- ada." Coffin's " Chronicle of War of 1812." Correspondence. Dent's " Last Forty Years." Dodsley's "Annual Register." " Dominion Year Book." *Fiske's " Discovery of America." Garneau's " Historj' of Canada." Gavin's " Irishmen in Canada." *Gay's " Life of Madison." Harris's, Dean, " Cath. Church in Niagara I'eninsula." *Headley's " Second War with England." " Jesuit Relations," in English. * Johnson's, Rossiter, " War of 1812." •American. * Johnston's " American Politics." * Jones's " Campaign for Conquest of Canada." Kingsford's " History of Canada." Lindsey's " Life of Wm. L. Mac- kenzie." Mackenzie's " Life of George Brown." ♦Marshall's, 0. H., "Early His- tory of West." Morgan's " Dominion Annual." *Parkman's Works. Poole's " History of Peterboro'." *Poor's " Manual of Railroads." Raffrey's " Scot in Canada." *Ridpath's " History of United States." Roberts's " History of Canada." *Roosevelt's " Naval War of 1812." Ryerson's " Loyalists." Scadding's " Toronto of Old." *Schouler's " History of United States." Stewart's " Lord Dufferin in Can- ada." Todd's " Life of Sir John A. Mac- donald." Todd's " Parliamentary Govern- ment in the British Provinces." * " Treaties and Conventions," Washington, 1889. Tupper's " Life of Gen. Brock." Warburton's "Conquest of Can- ada." *Winsor's " Cartier to Frontenac." *Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." Withrow's "History of Canada." PREFACE. This book contains the principal facts of Canadian History, given in the real order, the order of time. It is a vade-mecum for every Canadian that takes any interest whatever in his country's history ; and, as respects quantity of information, — whether political, military, ecclesiastical, social, or commercial, — it is the very fullest History of Canada extant. It con- tains not only all the cream of all the published histories, but a good deal of valuable information obtained by correspon- dence ; and, during the War of 1812, American writers are drawn on largely to show, that, on the admissions of Ameri- cans themselves, the Canadians came out of that trying strug- gle, honourably and triumphantly. In a work of this kind absolute accuracy will be naturally expected, and, if unusual labour in testing and re-testing will ensure it, the book is not blemished with many errors. In a word; the greatest pains have been taken to make it trustworthy in every particular. J. P. T. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY 1492, Oct. 12, Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Islands. 1497, June 24, John Cabot, in the service of Henry VII. of England, made the mainland of America. 1498, Sebastian Cabot explored the eastern coast, from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. 1498, Aug. 10, Christopher Columbus first landed on the mainland of America. 1506, Denis, of Honfleur, explored the Gulf of the St. Law- rence River. 1507, Waldseemuller, a German professor of Geography, pro- posed "America " for the name of the New World. 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa planted the first European colony on the Isthmus of Darien. 1512, Easter Sunday, Juan Ponce de Leon found and named Florida. 1518, Baron de Lery attempted a settlement on Sable Island. 1520, Magellan found and named Magellan Strait. 1524, John Verrazano, employed by Francis I. of France, explored the eastern coast, from Newfoundland to Carolina. 1534, April 20, Jacques Cartier left St. Malo. May 10, Cartier reached Cape Bonavista. May 27, Cartier entered the Strait of Belle Isle. July 8, Cartier reached the Bay of Chaleur. Aug. 15, Cartier sailed for France. 2 10 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1535, May 19, Cartier, with the "Grand Hermine," the " Petite," and the " Emerillon," the first of which was his flag-ship, the others under Mace Jalobert and Guillaume le Breton Bastille, left St. Malo. St. Lawrence Day, Cartier entered the Gulf of the St. Lawrence River. Sept. 1, Cartier reached the mouth of the Saguenay ; a few days after he was at Stadacona (Quebec). Oct. 3, Cartier reached Hochelaga. He called the mountain Mount Royal, Montreal. He returned to Stadacona and wintered over, his men suffering ter- ribly with scurvy. 1536, In the spring, Cartier left Stadacona for France, taking with him Donnacona, whom Cartier had kidnapped. 1540, Jan. 15, Francis I. made Jean Francois de la Roach, or Roberval, viceroy of the country discovered by Cartier. Oct. 17, Cartier was made captain-general and pilot of the fleet to go to Canada. 1541, May 23, Cartier, with three ships, left St. Malo, for Canada Aug. 23, Cartier reached Stadacona. 1542, April 16, Roberval, with three ships and 200 colonists, left Rochelle for Canada. 1542, In July, Roberval and his colonists reached Cape Rouge ; but his colony came to nothing. 1557, Sept. 1, Cartier died. 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. 1585, (Sir Richard Grenville, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, landed settlei'S on Roanoke Island.) 1587, Aug. 18, (Birth of Virginia Dare, on Roanoke Island, the first white child born in America.) 1598, The Marquis de la Roche landed forty convicts on Sable Island. 1599, M. Chauvin and M. Pontgrave established a post at Tadoussac, and Chauvin built at Tadoussac the first stone house on the northern continent. 1603, March 15, Pontgrave and Samuel Champlain left Hon- fleur for Canada. May 24, Pontgrave and Champlain arrived at Tadoussac. June 11, Champlain wont up the Saguenay. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 11 June 23, Pontgrave and Champlain reached Stadacona. June 29, Champlain reached and named La!:e St. Peter ; he then went up as far as the Lachine Rapids. 1604, April 7, De Monts left Havre de Grace for Acadia, fol- lowed by Pontgiave. May 8, Champlain arrived at Cape de la Have. 1605. De Monts planted a French colony at Port Royal (Annapolis), Nova Scotia, the first permanent settle- ment in what is now Canada. 1606. April 10, (James I., of England, gave North Virginia, the ter- ritory Ijetween 41 degrees and 45 degrees north lati- tude, to the Plymouth Company ; and South Vir- ginia, the territory between 34 degrees and 38 de- grees north latitude, to the London Company.) May 13, Poutrincourt and Lescarbot, in the " Jonas," laden with colonists, left Rochelle for Acadia (Nova Scotia). July 27, The " Jonas " arrived at Port Royal (Annapolis). 1607. May 13, (One hundred and five English colonists landed in Virginia and began Jamestown.) 1608. Jan. 7, The King of France renewed De Monts' monopoly of the fur trade in Canada for one year. July 3, Champlain founded Quebec. Sept. 18, Pontgrave sailed for France, leaving Champlain with 28 men to hold Quebec. 1609. June 18, Champlain ascended the St. Lawrenre. At Lake St. Peter he fell in with a band of Humns and Al- gonquins, who, with some Montagnais, vere prepar- ing to make war against the Iroquois. Champlain joined them July 30, Champlain helped tlie Hurons and Algonquins to defeat the Iroquois, near Lake Champlain. He thus brought upon the French the undying hatred of the Iroquois. 12 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1610. June 24, Father LaFleche baptized Chief Membertou and twenty of his kindred, at Port Royal. Dec. 27, Champlain entered into a contract of marriage with Helen Boule. 1611 Day of Pentecost, Biencourt, under the patronage of Madame de Guercheville, brought to Port Royal the Jesuits, Fathers Pierre Biard and Enemond Masse. June 10, Biard and Masse wrote the first letters ever sent to France by the Jesuits from New France. Henry Hudson was turned adrift in Hudson's Bay by his mutinous crew. 1612. Jan. 23, A vessel brought succor to the occupants of Port Royal, and also Gilbert du Thet, a lay Jesuit, who came as administrator of Madame de Guercheville. Oct. 3, Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, was made Governor of Canada, Champlain being lieutenant. Nov. 1, De Soissons died. Nov. 22, Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, was made Governor of Canada. 1613. Jan. 9, Champlain procured a license to print a book that contained his maps. May 16, Saussaye, a courtier, in command of a vessel of a hundred tons, arrived at La Have, bringing 48 sail- ors and colonists, and Father Quentin and Du Thet. May 27, Champlain left the Island of St. Helen, and, with Nicholas de Vignau and three other Frenchmen, went up the Ottawa. June 7, Champlain lost his astrolabe. June 17, Champlain returned to Montreal. "In 1613, an English ship, under the command of Capt. Samuel Argall, appeared off Mount Desert, where a little company of the French, under the patronage of the Com- tesse de (^luercheville, had established tliemselves for the conversion of the Indians. The Frencii were too few to offer even a show of resistance, and the landing of the English THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 13 was not disputed. By an unworthy trick, and without the knowledge of the French, Argall obtained possession of the royal commission ; and then dismissing half his prisoners to seek in an open boat for succor from any tishing vessel of their own country they might chance to meet, he carried the others with him to Virginia. The same year Argall was sent back by the governor of Virginia, Sir Thomas Dale, to finish the work of expelling the French. With three ves- sels he visited successively Mount Desert and St. Croix, where he destroj'ed the French buildings, and then, crossing to Port Royal, seized whatever he could carry away, killed the cattle, and burned the houses to the ground. Having done this he sailed for Virginia, leaving the colonists to support themselves as they best could. Port Royal was not, however, abandoned by them, and it continued to drag out a pi-ecarious existence. Seventy-five years later, its en- tire population did not exceed six hundred, and in the whole peninsula there were not more than nine hundred inhabi- tants." — Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Am- erica," IV., p. 1-11. 1615. May 25, Champlain, with Fathers Jamay, D'Olban, and Le Caron, and brother DuPlessis, RecoUets, arrived at Tadoussac. June 15, The first churcli in Quebec, at Cul de Sac, was opened and Mass celebrated. July 1, Father Joseph Le Caron, accompanied by twelve arm- ed Frenchmen and several Hurons, left Quebec for th«; Huron country (Simcoe County, Ont.) July 9, Champlain, with two Frenchmen and ten Indians, left Quebec to join Le Caron. Aug 12, Father Le Caron said the first Mass in the Huron country ; Champlain. his interpreter Etienne Brule, and fourteen other Frenchmen being present. Sept 8, Champlain set out with a body of Hurons to make war against the Iroquois. They crossed Lake Sim- coe, made the portage to Balsam Lake, went down the Trent to Lake Ontario (which Champlain was the first white man to see), and crossed it. Oct. 10, Champlain and the Hurons attacked an Iroquois town, Onondaga, near Syracuse ; but were repulsed, Champlain getting seriously wounded. Oct. 16, The Hurons began their retreat from Onondaga, Dec. 20, Champlain and the Hurons reached the Huron towns. 14 THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1616. July 11, Champlain and Father Le Caron reached Quebec, having returned fi'om the Huron country. 1617. June 14, Louis Hebert, the first farmer in Canada, arrived at Tadoussac. Pacifique du Plessis began a mission at Three Rivers. Stephen Jonquest and Anne, daughter of Louis He- bert, were married at Quebec by Father Le Caron ; this was the fist marriage in Canada. 1620. June 3, The Recollets, in Quebec, "laid the corner-stone of the earliest stone church in French America ; " it was the church of Notre Dame des Anges. July 7, Champlain arrived at Tadoussac, his wife being with him. Duke of Montmorency was made Viceroy of Canada. Champlain built a fort on the site of Durham Ter- race, Quebec. Dec. 21, (The " Mayflower," carrying the Pilgrims, landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachussetts.) 1621. The Iroquois obtained firearms from the Dutch. Sept. 10, The King of England made a grant to Sir William Alexander of " all the territory between the St. Lawrence and the sea, which lies east of the St. Croix River." Then Acadia became Nova Scotia. 1623. March 19, Violent storm of thunder, lightning, and hail in Canada. 1624. Aug. 15, Champlain left Canada for France, taking his wife with him 1625. March 27, (Charles I. began to reign in England.) Duke of Ventadour was made Viceroy of Canada. June 19, Chai'les Lalement, Jean de Brebeuf, Enemond Masse, Fran9ois Charton, Gilbert Burel, and another THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 15 Jesuit, landed at Quebec ; these were the first Jesuits to come up the St. Lawrence. Of. Win- sor's " Cartier to Frontenac," p. 129. The Baronets of Nova Scotia were created. Sept. 1, The Jesuits selected their habitation near the St. Charles River, Quebec. 1626. Feb. 27, Due de Ventadour issued a patent to Louis Hebert, giving him, under seignorial tenure, a domain for himself and his heirs Oct. 18, Father La Roche Daillon, Franciscan, left the Huron country, and went to the Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Father Nicolas Viel was drowned by Indians at Saut au Recollet, near Montreal. 1627. Hard winter, snow being four and a half feet deep. April 19, Cardinal Richelieu signed the charter of "Hundred Associates." 1628. April 27, Sieur Couillard, the husband of Hebert's second daughter, first used a plough in Canada, oxen draw- ing it. May 6, The Council of State ratified the charter of " Hundred Associates." "Their capital was 100,000 crowns; their privileges as follows : To be proprietors of Canada ; to govern in peace and war ; to enjoy the whole trade for fifteen years (except the cod and whale fishery) and the fur trade in perpetuity ; un- taxed imports and exports. The king gave them two ships of 300 tons burden each, and raised twelve of the principal members to the rank of nobilitj'. The company, on their part, undertook to introduce 200 or 300 settlers during the year 1628, and 16,000 more before 1643, providing them with all necessaries for three years, and settling them after- ward on a sufficient extent of cleared land for their future support." — Warburton's " Conquest of Canada," I., p. 93 July 10, Kirke, with an English fleet, summoned Champlain to surrender Quebec ; Champlain refused to sur- render the place. July 18, Kirke captured seventeen French ships near Gaspe point. 16 THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 1629. May 16, The widow of Louis Hebert married Guillaume Hubou. ("Relations," v., 277.) A water mill was erected near Quebec. July 19, Champlain surrendered Quebec to Kirke. July 20, Kirke took possession of Quebec. 1630. While the English were in Quebec, they gave Mrs. Hubou a negro boy, the first negro in Canada. April 30, La Tour and his son received from Sir William Alexander 4,500 square miles in Nova Scotia. 1631. Feb. 11, The King of France made Charles de St. Etienne Lieutenant-Governor in Acadia. 1632. March 1, Champlain was appointed the first Governor of Canada. March 29, By the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, France recovered Canada and Acadia. April 18, Fathers Le Jeune and De Noue, with a lay brother, left Rouen for Canada. May 10, Isaac de Razilly, one of " Hundred Associates," was commissioned Lieutenant Governor of Acadia, and instructed to eject all British subjects from his jurisdiction. May 29, Razilly obtained from the " Hundred Associates" a concession at St. Croix River and Bay, 12 by 20 leagues in extent. Razilly settled a colony at La Have. July 5, Emery de Caen arrived at Quebec to take possession of New France, having been given a monopoly of the fur trade for one year, as an indemnity for his losses ; Le J eune and De Noue arrived at the same time. Aug. 28, Father Le Jeune related his expei'iences to the provincial of his Order; it was the first letter of " Relations of the Jesuits." " At this period the fort of Quebec, surrounded by a score of hastily-builL dweUings and barracks, some poor THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 17 huts on the Island ot Muutieai, the like at Three Rivers and Tadoussac, and a few fishermen's log houses elsewhere on the banks of the St. Lawrence, were the only fruits of the discoveries of Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, Roberval, and Champlain, the great outlay of La Roche and De Monts, and the toils and sufferings of their followers for nearly a cen- tury." — War burton's " Conquest of Canada," I., p. 94. 1633. March 23, Champlain left France for the last time. May 22, Champlain arrived at Quebec, bringing with him the Jesuits, Brebeuf, Mas.se, Daniel, and Davost. July 28, One hundred and forty canoes, carrying seven hundred Hurons, their peltries and tobacco, came to Quebec to trade. " The routine of these annual visits was nearly uniform. On the first day, the Indians built their huts ; on the second they held their council with the French officers of the Fort ; on the third and fourth, they bartered their furs and tobacco for kettles, hatchets, knives, cloth, beads, iron, arrow- heads, coats, shirts, and other commodities ; on the fifth, they were feasted by the French ; and at day-break of the next morning, they embarked and vanished like a flight of birds." — Parkman. The Hurons lived in what is now the county of Sim- coe, Ontario. In numbers and in bravery they were equal to the Iroquois, with whom they were con- stantly at war, but in social life, in enterprise, and especially political organization, they were inferior to their great enemy. In October, Father Le Jeune went with a hunting party of Indians, Montagnais, into the wilderness southeast of Quebec. His purpose was to inculcate the Faith and to learn Algonquin. He had a rough experience. 1634. Jan. 15, Robert Gifart obtained the seigniory of Beauport. He was the first seignior in Canada. Feb. 15, The Hundred Associates granted six arpents of land at Three Rivers to the Jesuits. In April, Father Le Jeune and the Indians returned to Quebec. July 1, Fathers Brebeuf and Daniel left Three Rivers for the Huron mission. 18 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Robert Gifart built a stone manor house at Beauport. Father Julian Perrault began the Micmac mission on Cape Breton Island. Aug. 4, Champlain selected a spot for a fort at Tiiree Rivers. The Jesuits built a house for themselves in the Huron country. " The house was constructed after the Huron model. It was thirty six feet long and about twenty feet wide, framed with strong sapling poles planted in the earth to form the sides, with the ends bent into an arch to form the roof, — the whole lashed firmly together, braced with cross poles, and closely covered with overlapping sheets of bark." — Parkman. 1635. Jan. 15, Charles de St. Etienne was granted the fort and habitation of La Tour, oa the River St. John. About this time a bitter feud originated between Charles La Tour and Charnisay. Fathers Pi j art and Le Mercier went to the Huron mission. Dec. 25, Samuel Champlain died in Quebec. " Christmas Day, 1635, was a dark day in the annals of New France. In the chamber of the fort, breathless and cold, lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness, and the sea had buffeted in vain. After two months and a half of illness, Champlain, at the age of sixty-eight, was dead. His last cares were for his colonj^ and the succor of its suffering families. Jesuits, officers, soldiers, traders, and the few settlers of Quebec followed his remains to the church ; Le Jeune pronounced his eulogy, and the feeble community built a tomb to his honour." — Parkman. 1636. Jan. 15, The Hundred Associates granted to Antoine Chef- fault the seigniory of Cote de Beaupre, having six leagues of river frontage, and embracing all of Mont- morency County. March 10, Montmagny was made Governor of Canada. June 11, Montmagny arrived at Quebec; several "men of birth and substance" came with him. Montmagny marked out the Upper Town, Quebec. July 2, Father Isaac Jogues came to Quebec. Fathers Jogues, Gamier, and Chatelain went to the Huron Mission. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 19 The Huron towns were visited by a wasting pesti- lence. 1637. A settlement of the Montagnais was formed at Sil- lery, three miles above Quebec. " In 1637, a year before the building of Harvard College, the Jesuits began a wooden structure in the rear of the fort [at Quebec]; and here, witliin one enclosure, was the Huron seminary and the college for French boys." — Parkman's " Jesuits," p. 168. In May, Father Pijart founded the Mission of the Immaculate Conception, at Ossossane, the largest Huron town. Aug. 4, The Hurons held a council to inquire into the cause of a terrible disease that was making deadly ravages among their people; they attributed it to the sor- ceries of the Jesuits, and for a time the lives of the missionaries were in peril. Aug. 16, The Duchess d'Aiguillon gave 22,400 livres to estab- lish the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec. 1638. April 14, Two Jesuits took up their abode at Sillery, above Quebec. Fathers Lalemant and Le Moyne went to the Huron country. Sept. 29, Father Du Peron landed on the shore of Thunder Bay, fifteen miles from the Huron town of Ossoss- ane. "In respect to the commodities of life, the Jesuits were but a step in advance of the Indians. Their house, though well ventilated by numberless crevices in its bark walls, al- ways smelt of smoke, and, when the wind was in certain quarters, Avas filled with it to suffocation. At their meals, the Fathers sat on logs around the fire, over which their kettle was slung in the Indian fashion. Each had his wooden platter, wliich, from tlie difficulty of transportation, was valued in the Huron country at the price of a robe of beaver- skin, or a hundred francs. Their food consisted of sagamite, or ' mush,' made of pounded Indian corn, boiled with scraps of smoked fish. Chaumonot compares it to the paste used for the papering of houses. The repast was occasionally varied by a pumpkin or squash baked in the ashes, or, in the season, iDy Indian corn roasted in the ear. They used no salt whatever. They could bring their cumberous pictures. 20 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. ornaments, and vestments through the savage journey of the Ottawa ; but they could not bring the common necessaries of life. By day, they read and studied b}^ the light that streamed in through the large smoke-holes in the roof, at night by the blaze of the fire. Their only candles were a few of wax for the altar. They cultivated a patcli of ground, but raised nothing on it except M'heat for making the sacra- mental bread. Iheir food was supplied by the Indians, to whom they gave in return cloth, knives, awls, needles, and various trinkets. Their supply of wine for the Eucharist was so scanty tliat they limited themselves to four or five drops for each mass. "Their life was regulated with a conventual strictness. At four in the morning a bell roused them from the sheets of bark on which they slept. Masses, private devotions, read- ing religious Ijooks, and breakfasting, filled the time until eigtit, when they opened the door and admitted the Indians. As many of these proved intolerable nuisances, they took what Lalemant calls the honnete liberty of turning out the most intrusive and impracticable, an act performed with all tact and courtesy, and rarely taken in dudgeon. Having thus winnowed their company, they catechized those that remained, as opportunity offered. In the intervals the guests squatted by the fire and smoked their pipes. "As among the Spartan virtues of the Hurons that of thieving was especially conspicuous, it was necessary that one or more of the Fathers should remain on guard at the house all day. The rest went forth on their missionary labors, baptizing and instructing as we have seen. To each priest who could speak Huron was assigned a certain number of houses, — in some instances, as many as forty; and as these often had five or six fires, with two families to each, his flock was as numerous as it was intractable. It was his care to see that none of the number died without baptism, and by every means in his power to commend the doctrines of his faith to the acceptance of those in health. " At dinner, which was at two o'clock, grace was said in Huron, for the benefit of the Indians present, and a chapter of the Bible was read aloud during the meal. At four or five, according to the season, the Indians were dismissed, the door closed, and the evening spent in writing, reading, studying the language, devotion, and conversation on the affairs of the mission." — Parkman's "Jesuits," pp. 129-131. 1639. According to the Jesuits, the Hurons at this time had a popuhition of 20,000. Aug. 1, Father Vimont, Superior of the Jesuits, Fathers Poncet and Cliaumonot, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de rincarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 21 Ursuline arrived at Quebec. At once the Ursuline Convent, Quebec, was founded, Marie de I'lncarna- tion being Superior. Jean Nicollet ascended Green Bay, Lake Michigan, and cror-sed to the Mississippi. In the Huron country the Jesuits established Sainte Marie as a central station. The Hotel-Dieu was founded at Quebec. Fathers Jogues and Garnier went to the Tobacco Nation, west of the Hurons. 1640. Except a small clearing on Sieur Giffard's Seigniory at Beauport and another made by M. de Puiseaux between Quebec and Sillery, the country around Quebec was still a forest. In France, Father Jean Jacques Olier, Baron de Fancamp, Dauversiere, and three others organized the Society of Xotre-Dame de Montreal. Aug. 17, John De Lauson ceded the Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre-Dame de Montreal. Nov. 2, Fathers Brebeuf and Chaumonot left Sainte Marie to go to the Neutral Nation. Dec. 17, The Hundred Associates ceded their claim to the Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre-Dame de Montreal. 1641. Feb. 1 3, The King of France directed La Tour to return to France, to answer charges made against him. Now, the Iroquois began war against Canada. The Iroquois, called by the English the Five Na- tions, lived in what is now New York State, from the Hudson to the Genesee. They were the Mo- hawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Sene- cas, — named in order from east to west. They called their confederacy " Tlie Long House ; " the Mohawks guarded the eastern end, the Senecas the western. Early in the spring Fathers Brebeuf and Chaumonot returned to Sainte Marie. Fathers Jogues and Raymbault went to the mission at Saut Ste Marie, and "preached the Faith to two 22 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. thousand Ojibwas, and other Algonquins there as- sembled." Aug. 8, Mademoiselle de Mance arrived at Quebec. Oct. 14, Maisonneuve took possession of Montreal and then returned to Quebec, v/^here, under the hospitable roof of M. de Puiseaux, he and his colonists, forty men and four women, passed the winter. Oct. 15, Maisonneuve was declared Governor of Montreal. 1642. Feb. 21, In Acadia, Charnisay was commissioned to arrest La Tour for contumacy and traitorous conduct. May 8, Maisonneuve and his colonists, accompanied by Ma- dame de la Peltrie, left Quebec for Montreal. May 18, Maisonneuve landed at Montreal, when, Jeanne Mance and Madame de la Peltrie having decorated an altar. Father Vimont celebrated mass. The same evening Maisonneuve, guided by two old Indians, ascended the mountain, and from its top surveyed the surrounding country. Two thousand warriors of the Neutral Nation went into Southern Michigan, and, after besieging a town of the Nation of Fire, defended by nine hundred warriors, took it, tortured many of the defenders to death, and made the rest prisoners. Aug. 2, Father Jogues and two young Frenchmen, Rene Goupil and Guillaume Couture, were captured by Iroquois, on Lake St. Peter. Aug. 13, Montmagny, with 100 men, began to erect a fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, to check the Iroquois. Aug. 15, Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin was celebrated in the first church in Montreal, a wooden building now opened. Sept. 29, Goupil, Jogues' companion, was killed by the Mo- hawks. Oct. 29, Jean Nicolet was drowned at Sillery. 1643. Jan. 6, Maisonneuve, bearing a heavy cross, Madame de la Peltrie, and citizens of Ville Marie, or Montreal, walked in procession to the top of the mountain, where Father Du Peron celebrated mass. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 23 "At Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal, and the little fort of Richelieu, that is to say in all Canada, no man could hunt, fish, till the fields, or cut a tree in the forest, without peril to his scalp. The Iroquois were everj'where and nowhere. A yell, a volley of bullets, a rusli of screeching savages, and all was over. The soldiers hastened to the spot to find silence, solitude, and a mangled corpse." — " Jesuits," p. 240. The people of Montreal, supplied with funds by Madame de Bullion, built a hospital. " The hospital was intended not only to nurse sick French- men, but to nurse and convert sick Indians ; in other words, it was an engine of the mission. From Maisonneuve to the humblest laborer, these zealous colonists were bent on the work of conversion. To that end, the ladies made pilgrim- ages to the cross on the mountain, sometimes for nine days in succession, to pray God to gather the heathen into His fold. The fatigue was great ; nor was the danger less ; and armed men alwa3's escorted them as a precaution against the Iroquois. The male colonists were equally fervent ; and sometimes as many as fifteen or sixteen persons would kneel at once before the cross, with the same charitable petition. The ardor of their zeal may be inferred from the fact, that these pious expeditions consumed the greater part of the day, when time and labor were of a value past reckoning to the little colony. Besides their pilgrimages, they used other means and verj' efficient ones, to attract and gain over the Indians. They housed, fed, and clothed them at every op- portunity ; and though they were subsisting chiefly on pro- visions brought at great cost from France, there was always a portion for the hungry savages who from time to time en- camped near their fort If they could persuade any of them to be nursed, they were consigned to the tender care of Mademoiselle Mance ; and if a party went to war, their w'omen and children were taken in charge till their return. As this attention to tlieir bodies had for its object the profit of tlieir souls, it was accompanied with incessant catechiz- ing This, with the other influences of the place, had its effect ; and some notable conversions were made. Among them was that of the renowned chief, Tessouat, or Le Borgne, as the French called him, a crafty and intractable savage, whom to their own surprise, they succeeded in taming and winning to the Faitli. He was christened with the name of Paul, and his squaw witli that of ^Madeleine. Maisonneuve rew-arded him w ith a gun, and celebrated the day bj- a feast to all the Indians present."—-" Jesuits," p. 267-2G9. Father Jogues, assisted by JMegapolensis, minister of Albany, escaped from the Mohawks and descended the Hudson to New Amsterdam. Nov. 5, Aided by the Dutch, Father Jogues left New Amster- dam for Europe. 24 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1644. Feb. 1 3, The king of France approved the grant of the Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre-Dame de Mon- treal. March 30, Maisonneuve beat oif a band of skulking Iroquois from Montreal. April 27, Father Joseph Bressani was captured and terribly tortured by Iroquois near Lake St. Peter. Wheat was first sown in Canada. (Cf. Garneau' " History of Canada," I., p. 151.) June 19, The Mohawks, assembled in council, decided to let Father Bressani live, and gave him to an old woman to take the place of a deceased relative ; but she, as he was apparently useless, having been so badly tortured and mangled, sold him to the Dutch, who soon gave him a passage to France. Fathers Brebeuf, Garreau, and Chabanel, escorted by twenty soldiers, went to the Huron country. 1645. Madame La Tour di'ove Charnisay from Fort La Tour. March 6, The Hundred Associates transferred the fur trade and their debts to the people of Canada, but the Associates retained their seignorial rights. " Early in the spring of 1645, Piskaret (an Algonquin), with six other converted Indians, some of them better Christians than he, set out on a war party, and, after drag- ging their canoes over the frozen St. Lawrence, launched them on the open scream of the Richelieu. They ascended to Lake Champlain, and hid themselves in the leafless forests of a large island, watching patiently for their human prey. One day they heard a distant shot. ' Come, friends,' said Piskaret, ' let us get our dinner ; perhaps it will be the last, for we must die before we run.' Having dined to their con- tentment, the philosophic warriors prepared for action. One of them went to reconnoitre, and soon reported that two canoes full of Iroquois were approaching the island, Piskaret and his followers crouched in the bushes at the point for which the canoes were making, and, as the fore- most drew near, each chose his mark, and tired with such good effect, that, of seven warriors, all but one were killed. The survivor jumped overboard, and swam for tiie other canoe, where he was taken in. It now contained eight Iro- quois, who, far from attempting to escape, paddled in haste THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 25 for a distant part of the shore, in order to land, give battle, and avenge their slain comrades. Bat the Algonquins, run- ning through the woods, reached the landing before them, and, as one of them rose to tire, they shot him. In his lall he overset the canoe. The waler was shallow, and the sub- merged warriors, presently finding foothold, waded towards the shore, and made desperate tight. The Algonquins had the advantage of position, and used it so well that they kill- ed all but three of their enemies, and captured two of the survivors. Next they sought out the bodies, carefully scalp- ed them, and set out in triumph on their return. To the credit of iheir Jesuit teachers they treated their prisoners with a forbearance hitherto without example. One of them who was defiant and abusive, received a blow to silence him; but no further indignity was oflered to either." — Park- man's "Jesuits," p, 281. April 13, Charnisay repeated his attack on Fort La Tour, and succeeded in taking it, its heroic defender, Madame La Tour, dying heart broken three weeks after. Sept. 17, The Iroquois and Hurons met at Three Rivers and concluded peace. Sept. 21, Louis Joliet was born in Quebec. 1646. Jan. 30, Father Anne de Noue left Three Rivers to go to Fort Richelieu, but, losing his way, he perished in the snow. May 12, Father Enemond Masse died at Sillery, above and near Quebec. May — , Father Jogues left Three Rivers for the Mohawk country, to hold the Mohawks to the peace lately made and to establish a mission ; when, on the eve of Corpus Christi, he reached what is now Lake George, he called it Lac St. Sacrement. June 27, Father Jogues, having finished his political mission to the Mohawks, reached Fort Richelieu. About this time the smallpox made dreadful ravages among the Hurons. Aug. 8, La Tour arrived at Quebec. Aug. 24, Father Jogues, accompanied by a young Frenchman named Lalande, left Quebec to go to the Iroquois as a missionary, saying " Ibo et nun redibo " (I will go, but I shall not return). Aug. 29, Father Gabriel Druilletes left Sillery to go to the Abenaquis Mission on the river Kennebec. 3 26 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN UISTORY. Oct. 17, Father Jogues entered Gandawague, a Mohawk town. Oct. 18, Father Jogues, the founder of the Mohawk Mission, was martyred Oct. 19, Lalande was killed by the Iroquois. Nov. 21, Madame de la Peltrie became a novice in the Ursu- line Convent, Quebec. 1647. April 13, The Hurons sent nine warriors on an embassy to the Andastes, who lived south of the Iroquois, to secure their aid against the Iroquois. A Council was formed at Quebec to manage the affairs of Canada ; its members were the Governor- General, the Superior of the Jesuits, and the Gover- nor of Montreal; this Council was invested with full legislative, judicial, and executive powers. D'Aillebousj was made Governor of Canada. June 20, The first horse was landed at Quebec. Sept. 23, Montmagny left Quebec for France. 1648. July 4, The Iroquois took the Huron Mission, St. Joseph, and killed Father Daniel. July 17, Two hundred and fifty Hurons, having ventured to run down the Ottawa, reached Three Rivers to trade ; there they were suddenly attacked by a large body of their inveterate enemies, the ubiquitous Iroquois, but the Hurons fought desperately and drove the Iroquois from the place. A temperance meeting was held at Sillery, the first temperance gathering on the Continent of America. A small cannon was cari'ied in a canoe up the Ottawa to Sainte Marie in the Huron country. Nov. 24, The first white child was born in Montreal. A thousand Mohawks and Senecas took the war- path for the Hurons. 1649. Jan. 30, (Charles I., King of England, was executed.) At this time " there were in the Huron country and its neighborhood eighteen Jesuit priests, four lay THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 27 brothers, twenty three men serving without pay, seven hired men, four boys, and eight soldiers." March 16, The Iroquois took the Huron missions St. Ignace and St. Louis, Fathers Brebeuf and Gabriel Lale- mant being made prisoners and tortured to death. " On the afternoon of the sixteenth,— the day when the two priests were captured,— Brebeuf was led apart, and bound to a stake. He seemed more concerned for his captive con- verts than for himself, and addressed them in a loud voice, exhorting them to suffer patiently, and promising Heaven as their reward. The Iroquois, incensed, scorched him from head to foot, to silence him ; whereupon, in the tone of a master, he threatened them with everlasting flames, for per- secuting the worshippers of God. As he continued to speak, with voice and countenance unchanged, they cut away his lower lip and thrust a redhot iron down his throat. He still hekl his tall form erect and deSant, with no sign or sound of pain ; and they tried another means to overcome him. They led out Lalemant, that Brebeuf might see him tortured. They had tied stripa of bark, smeared with pitch, about his naked body. When he saw the condition of his Supe- rior, he could not hide his agitation, and called out to him with a broken voice, in the words of St. Paul : ' We are made a spectacle to the world, to angels, and to men.' Then he threw himself at Brebeuf's feet; upon which the Iroquois seized him, made him fast to a stake, and set fire to the bark that enve- loped him. As the flame rose, he threw his arms upward, with a shriek of supplication to Heaven. Next they hung around Brebeuf's neck a collar made of hatchets heated red- hot ; but the indomitable priest stood like a rock. A Huron in the crowd, who had been a convert of the mission, but was now an Iroquois by adoption, called out, with the malice of a renegade, to pour hot water on their heads, since they had poured so much cold water on those of others The kettle was accordingly slung, and the water boiled and poured slowly on the heads of the two missionaries. ' We baptise you,' they cried, ' that you mav be happy in Heaven; for nobody can be saved without a good baptism.' Brebeuf would not flinch ; and, in a rage, they cut strips of flesh from his limbs, and devoured them before his eyes. Other renegade Hurons called out to him, ' You told iia that the more one suffers on earth, the happier he is in Heaven. We wish to make you happy ; we torment you because we love you ; and you ought to thank us for it.'' After a succession of other revolting torturjs, they scalped him ; when, seeing him nearly dead, they laid open his breast, and came in a crowd to drink the blood of so valiant an enemy, thinking to imbibe with it some portion of his courage. A chief then tore out his heart and devoured it. " Thus died Jean de Brebeuf, the founder of the Huron 28 THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. mission, its truest hero, and its greatest martyr. He came of a noble race, tlie same, it is said, from wliich sprang the English Earls of Arundel ; but never had the mailed barons of his line confronted a fate so appalling, with so prodigious a constancy. To the last he refused to flinch, and ' his death was the astonishment of his murderers.' In him an enthusiastic devotion was grafted on an heroic nature. His bodily endowments were as remarkable as the temper of his mind. His manly proportions, his strength, and his endurance, which incessant fasts and penances could not undermine, had always won for him the respect of the Indians, no less than a courage unconscious of fear, and yet redeemed from rash- ness by a cool and vigorous judgment ; for extravagant as were the chimeras which fed the fires of his zeal, they were consistent with the soberest good sense on matters of prac- tical bearing. " Lalemant, physically weak from childhood, and slender almost to emaciation, was constitutionally unequal to a dis- play of fortitude like that of his colleague. When Brebeuf died, he was led back to the house whence he had been taken, and tortured there all night, until, in the morning, one of the Iroquois, growing tired of the protracted entertainment, killed him with a hatchet. It was said that at times he seemed beside himself, then rallying, with hands uplifted, he offered his sufferings to Heaven as a sacrifice. His robust companion had lived less than four hours under the torture, while he survived it for nearly seventeen. Perhaps the Titanic effort of will with which Brebeuf repressed all show of suffering conspired with the Iroquois knives and fire- brands to exhaust his vitality ; perhaps his tormentor?, en- raged at his fortitude, forgot their subtlety, and struck too near the life. " The bodies of the two missionaries were carried to Sainte Marie, and buried in the cemetery there ; but the skull of Brebeuf was preserved as a relic. His family sent from France a silver bust of their martyred kinsman, in the base of which was a recess to contain the skull ; and, to this day, the bust and the relic within are preserved with pious care bv the nuns of the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec." — Parkman's "Jesuits," pp. 388-391. March 19, Festival of St Joseph ; the Iroquois, seized by a panic, retreated precipitately from the Huron coun- try. June 14, The Jesuits, at the Huron Mission of Sainte Marie, abandoned their house, and, with their terrified con- verts, toiik refuge on St. Joseph Island. Dec. 7, The Iroquois took the Huron Mission of St. Jean, and murdered Father Charles Garnier ; a renegade Hur- on also murdered Father Noel Chabanel. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 29 " Thus, at the age of forty-four, died Charles Gamier, the favorite child of wealthy and noble parents, nursed in Pari- sian luxurj' and ease, then living and dying, a more than willing exile, amid the hardships and horrors of the Huron wilderness. His life and his death are his best eulogy. Brebeuf was the lion of the Huron mission, and Gamier was the lamb ; but the lamb was as fearless as the lion." — Park- man's "Jesuits," p. 407. 1650. May 24, Charnisay perished in the basin at Port Royal ; his canoe having overset, he clung to it till the cold overcame him. June 10, The Jesuits, with a remnant of the Hurons, left the Huron country for Quebec. July 28, The Jesuits and fugitive Hurons reached Quebec. " In a former chapter, we followed Father Paul Le Jeune on his winter roamings, with a band of Montagnais, among the forests on the northern boundary of Maine. Now Father Gabriel Druilletes sets forth on a similar excursion, but with one essential difference. Le Jeune's companions were heathen, who persecuted him da}' and night with their jibes and sarcasms . Those of Druilletes were all converts, who looked on him as a friend and a father. There were prayers, confessions, masses, and invocations of St. Joseph. They built their bark chapel at every camp, and no festival of the church passed unobserved. On Good Friday they laid their best robe of beaver-skin on the snow, placed on it a crucifix, and knelt around it in prayer. What was their prayer ? It was a petition for the forgiveness and the con- version of their enemies, the Iroquois. Those who know the intensity and tenacity of an Indian's hatred will see in this something more than a change from one superstition to another. An idea had Vjeen presented to the mind of the savage, to which he iiad previously been an utter stranger. This is the most remarkable record of success in the whole body of the .Jesuit ' Relations ' ; but it is very far from be- ing the onh' evidence, that, in teaching the dogmas and ob- servances of the Roman church, the missionaries taught also the morals of Christianity. When v^e look for the results of these missions, we soon become aware that the influence of the French and the Jesuits extended far beyond the circle of converts. It eventually modified and softened the man- ners of many unconverted tribes. In the wars of the next century we do not often find those examples of diabolic atrocity with which the earlier annals are crowded. The savage burned his enemies alive, it is true, but he rarely ate them ; neither did he torment them with the same delibera- tion and persistency. He was a savage still, but not so 30 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. often a devil. The improvement was not great, but it was distinct ; and it seems to have taken place wherever Indian tribes were in close relations with any respectable commun- ity of white men. Thus Philip's war in New Kngland, cruel as it was, was less ferocious, judging from Canadian experi- ence, than it would have been, if a generation of civilized intercourse had not worn down the sharpest asperities of bar- barism. Yet it was to French priests and colonists, mingled as they were soon to be among the tribes of the vast interior, that the change is chiefly to be ascribed. In this softening of manners, such as it was, and in the obedient Catholicity of a few hundred tamed savages gathered at stationary mis- sions in various parts of Canada, we find, after a century had elapsed, all the results of the heroic toil of the Jesuits, The missions had failed, because the Indians had ceased to exist. Of the great tribes on whom rested the hopes of the early Canadian Fathers, neai'ly all were virtually extinct. The missionaries built laboriously and well, but they were doomed to build on a failing foundation. The Indians melted away, not because civilization destroj'ed them, but because their own ferocity and intractaljle indolence made it impossible that they should exist in its presence. Either the plastic energies of a higher race, or the sei-vile pliancy of a lower one, would, each in its waj', have preserved them ; as it was, their extinction was a foregone conclusion. As for the religion which the Jesuits taught them, however Protestants may carp at it, it was the only form of Christian- ity likely to take root in their crude and barbarous nature." — Parkman's " Jesuits," pp. 318-320. Sept. 1, Father Druilletes left Quebec for Boston : Massachu- setts having made advances to the French in Can- ada for reciprocity in trade, he was sent to conduct negotiations ; he had cordial conferences with Wins- low, Gov. Dudley, Gov. Bradford, Endicott, and Eliot. 1651. The Senecas completed the destruction of the Neu- trals. Father Druilletes, accompanied by Jean Paul Godefroy, went to New Haven, and explained his mission to the Commissioners of the four English colonies; but, as New England's assistance against the Iroquois was a condition of free trade with Canada, the conference came to nothing. Oct. 14, M. de Lauson came to Quebec. La Tour took possession of his old fort at the mouth of the St. John river. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 31 1652. May 10, Iroquois murdered Father Buteux, north of Three Rivers. Aug. 1 9, Du Plessis, Governor of Three Rivers, was killed by the Iroquois. 1653. Feb. 24, A marriage contract was made by La Tour and the widow of Charnisay. The Iroquois captured Father Poncet at Cap Rouge, above Quebeo, bore him off, tortured him, and adopted him. June 26, Sixty Onondagas came to Montreal to sue for peace. They had their hands full of the Eries, with whom they were at war. Sept. 22, Margaret Bourgeois, who had renounced an inherit- ance and given all she had to the poor, arrived in Quebec. Father Poncet, returning fi'om the Iroquois country, went down the St. Lawrence, being the first white man to glide through the Thousand Islands. Oct. 21, Father Poncet arrived at Montreal. Nov. 6, The Iroquois made peace with the French. Dec. 16, (Oliver Cromwell was made Protector in England.) 1654. July 2, Father Simon Le Moyne left Quebec to visit the On- ondagas, his visit being political. Aug. 16, Father Le Moyne discovered the salt springs at On- ondaga ( Syracuse). Sept. 7, Father Le Moyne reached Montreal. 165n. Fathers Chaumonot and Dablon, Jesuits, established the mission of St. Mary's of Ganentaa, at Onondaga. The Iroquois exterminated the Eries, who lived south of Lake Erie. 1656. May 17, Dupuys and a party of Frenchmen left Quebec to form a settlement at Onomlaga ; this was at the request, the command, of the Onondagas. May 20, Mohawks made a descent upon Orleans island, and 32 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. bore off 80 Hurons, the French at Quebec not daring to attempt a rescue. July 17, Dupuys and his party arrived at Onondaga. Aug. 9, La Tour, Thomas Temple, and William Crowne re- ceived from Ci'omwell a large part of Kova Scotia. An Iroquois shot Father Garreau, near Montreal. 1657. July 29, Fathers Queylus, Souart, Galinee, and Allet, Sulpi- tians, sent by M Olier to found a seminary at Montreal and to take charge of the island, ari-ived at Montreal. The Society had become weary of the Island. The Archbishop of Kouen made Queylus Vicar- General of Canada. 1658. March, At Ste. Anne, the church of Ste. Anne de Petit Cap, Bonne Ste. Anne, was begun March 20, Dupuys and his men at Onondaga, having learned that the Onondagas had made a secret resolve to massacre them, invited the warriors to a feast, and, by urging them to eat more and more, according to the Indian fashion, surfeited them to total insensi- bility ; then the Frenchmen took to their boats, descended the Oswego, and made good their escape to Montreal. July 11, D'Argenson arrived at Quebec as Governor. Sept. 29, Margaret Bourgeois, Foundress of the Sisters of the Congregation, accompanied by Mile. Mance, left Montreal for France to get young girls for teachers. Dec. 8, Francois de Montmorenci- Laval was consecrated Bishop. 1659. May 14, The King of France ordered Argenson to support Laval against Queylus. June 16, M. de Laval arrived at Quebec. The King of France began to aid emigrants for Canada. Sept. 29, Margaret Bourgeois i-eturned to Montreal. Oct. 22, Laval sent Queylus to France. THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 33 Nov. 25, Margaret Bourgeois began her school in Montreal, in a stable. 1660. April, Adam Daulac, Sieur des Orroeaux, with a few followers, French and Indians, made a desperate resistance against the Iroquois at the foot of the Long Saut. May 25, (Charles II. began to reign in England.) The Hundred Associates sent Peronne Dumesnil to Canada, as controller-general and supreme judge, to inquire into the Company's affairs. July 21, Father Le Moyne, at the request of the Iroquois, left Montreal to go to Onondaga. First census of Canada : population 3,418. 1661. In Canada, two men were shot and one was whipped for selling brandy to Indians. Aug. 3, Queylus returned to Canada, incog. Aug. 31, D'Avaugour arrived at Quebec. Father Le Moyne arrived at Montreal, having re- turned fr m Or.'Ondaga. Oct. 22, Queylus departed for France. 1662. Aug. 12, Laval departed for France. 1663. Feb. 5, The great earthquake began at 5.30 p.m. " Trees in the forest Avere torn up and clashed against each other with inconceivable violence ; mountains were rais- ed from their foundations and thrown into valleys, leaving awful chasms behind ; from the openings issued dense clouds of smoke, dust, and sand ; many rivers disappeared, others were diverted from their course, and the great St. Lawrence became suddenly white as far doAvn as the mouth of the Saguenay. The first shock lasted for more than half-an- hour, but the greatest violence for only fifteen minutes. At Tadoussac a shower of volcanic ashes descended upon the rivers, agitating the w aters like a tempest. This tremendous earthquake extended simulianeously over 18St. Lawrence might easily have been collected in less than a week. It is certain, however, that their stay was strangely long. Troops and inhabitants seem to have been paralyzed with fear. " At length, most of them took to their canoes, and re- crossed Lake St. Louis in a body, giving ninety yells to show that they had ninety prisoners in their chitches. This was not all : for the whole number carried off was more than a hundred and twenty, besides about two hundred who had the good fortune to be killed on the spot. As the Iroquois passed the forts, they shouted, ' Onontio, you deceived us, and now we have deceived you.' Towards evening they encamped on the farther side of the lake, and began to tor- ture and devour their prisoners. On that miserable night, stupefied and speechless groups stood gazing from the strand of La Chine at the liglits that gleamed along the distant shore of Chateaugay, where their friends, wives, parents, or children agonized in the fires of the Iroquois, and scenes were enacted of indescribable and nameless horror. The greater part of the prisoners were, however, reserved to be distributed among the towns of the confederacy, and there tortured for the diversion of the inhabitants. While some of the invaders went home to celebrate their triumph, others roamed in small parties through all the upper parts of the colony, spreading universal terror." — Parkman's " Frontenac," pp. 177-181. Callieres, Governor of Montreal, in France submit- ted a scheme to the king for the solution of all Can- ada's difficulties. It was to conquer New York. It could be done, Callieres argued, with the forces in Canada, 1,000 regulars, and 600 militia, and two THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 49 royal ships of war. The king, after modifying the scheme, adopted it. But delay in fitting out the two ships, and an exceptionally long passage across the Atlantic, caused by head winds, ruined the enterprise. Sept. 12, Frontenac and Callieres reached Chedabucto. Oct. 15, Frontenac reached Quebec, bringing with him thir- teen Iroquois, taken from the galleys, all that re- mained of those whom Denonville took at Fort Frontenac. Nov. 6, Frontenac sent an expedition to succor Fort Frontenac, which soon met De Valrennes, who, having by Denonville's orders destroyed the fort, was return- ing to Montreal. By the king's permission a few negroes were brought into Canada for slaves ; but slavery never flour- ished in the colony, the climate being too rigorous for negroes. 1690. Jan. 22, The Iroquois began a Grand Council at Onondaga, and concluded a treaty of peace with the English and the tribes of the Great Lakes. Feb. 8, Mantet and Sainte-Helene took Schenectady and massacred nearly all the people, as they were aroused from sleep. March 28, Hertel took Salmon Falls. Frontenac sent Captain Louvignay, with 193 Cana- dians, by way of the Ottawa, to reinforce Mackinaw, where the Indian allies of the French were waver- ing in their allegiance. May 11, Menneval surrendered Port Royal to Sir Wm. Phips. May 28, Portneuf took Fort Loyal. June 14, Captain Sylvanus Davis, commander of Fort Loyal, arrived at Quebec. July 31, Frontenac, having left Major Prevost to strengthen Quebec, reached Montreal. Aug. 9, Sir Wm. Phips, with 32 ships and 2,200 men, left Nantasket, Mass., to take Quebec. In August, Montreal was thronged with Hurons, Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawatamies, Crees, and Nip- pissings, come to trade ; there was a great council 50 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. and a war-feast, when Frontenac, joining with the Indians in their songs and antics, helped to devour the two oxen and six large dogs that had been minced and boiled with prunes ; two barrels of wine and an abundance of tobacco were used in toning down the feast. Oct. 10, A messenger from Prevost, town-major of Quebec, arrived in Montreal, with a letter to Frontenac, telling him that the English were coming up the St. Lawrence. Oct. 14, Frontenac arrived in Quebec. Oct. 16, Sir Wm. Phips entered Quebec harbor, and sent a summons to Frontenac to surrender ; Frontenac contemptuously refused. In the evening, Callieres, Governor of Montreal, arrived at Quebec, bringing 800 soldiers and troops of " coureurs de bois," " all full of fight, singing and whooping with martial glee as they passed the west- ern gate and trooped down St. Louis Street." Oct. 18, Major Walley landed 1,200 men on Beauport Shore, and Phips began to bombard Quebec. " Meanwhile, Phips, whose fault hitherto had not been an excess of promptitude, grew impatient, and made a prema- ture movement inconsistent with the preconcerted plan. He left his moorings, anchored his largest ships before the town, and prepared to cannonade it ; but the fiery veteran, who watched liim from the Chateau St. Louis, anticipated him, and gave him the first shot. Phips replied furiously, opening fire with every gun that he could bring to bear ; while the rock paid him back in kind, and belched flame and smoke from all its batteries. So fierce and rapid was the firing that La Hontan compares it to volleys of mus- ketry ; and old officers, who had seen many sieges, de- clared that they had never known the like. The din was prodigious, reverberated from the surrounding heights, and rolled back from the distant mountains in one continuous roar. On the part of the English, however, surprisingly little was accomplished beside noise and smoke. The practice of their gunners was so bad that many of their shots struck harmlessly against the face of the cliff. Their guns, too, were very light, and appeared to liave been charg- ed with a view to the most rigid economy of gunpowder ; for the balls failed to pierce the stone walls of the buildings, and did so little damage that, as the French boasted, twenty crowns would have repaired it all. Night came at length, and the turmoil ceased. THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 51 " Phips lay quiet till daybreak, when Frontenac sent a shot to waken him, and the cannonade began again. Sainte- H^lene had returned from Beau port ; and he, with his bro- ther Maricourt, took charge of the two batteries of the Lower Town, aiming the guns in person, and throwing balls of eighteen and twenty-four pounds with excellent precision against the four largest ships of the iieet. One of their shots cut the flagstaff of the admiral, and the cross of St. George fell into the river. It drifted with the tide towards the north shore ; whereupon several Canadians paddled out in a birch canoe, secured it, and bi'ought it back in triumph. On the spire of the cathedral in the Upper Town had been hung a picture of the Holy Family, as an invocation of Divine aid. The Puritan gunners wasted their ammunition in vain attempts to knock it down. That it escaped their malice was ascribed to miracle, but the miracle would have been greater if they had hit it, "At length, one of the ships, which had suffered most, hauled off and abandoned the fight. That of the admiral had fared little better, and now her condition grew des- perate. With her rigging torn, her mainmast half cut through, her mizzen-mast splintered, her cabin pierced, and her hull riddled with shot, another volley seemed likely to sink her, when Phips ordered her to be cut loose from her moorings, and she drifted out of fire, leaving cable and anchor behind. The remaining ships soon gave over the conflict, and withdrew to stations where they could neither do harm nor suffer it." — Parkman's " Frontenac," pp. 272-274. Oct. 21, At night, Major Walley embarked his men, not be- ing able to touch Quebec. Oct. 24, Phips retired with his ships behind Orleans Island, where he hove to, to mend rigging and repair his ships. " Quebec was divided between thanksgiving and rejoicing." Nov. 15, Three supply ships, which had evaded Phips by go- ing up the Saguenay, arrived at Quebec. 1691. Aug. 10, Peter Schuyler, with 260 men, surprised the French at La Prairie, and then retreated ; but, before he reached his canoes on the Richelieu, Valrenne inter- cepted him and gave him " the most hot and stub- born fight ever known in Canada." 1692. In February, a young officer, Beaucdur, with 300 men, killed or captured a band of Iroquois who 52 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. were wintering between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa. June 10, Portneuf, the Baron de Sain t-Castin, and other lead- ers, with 400 warriors, attacked Castine (Wells), but Capt. Con vers beat them oflF. During the summer caterpillars destroyed all the crops in Canada ; but a prodigious number of squir-- rels appeared, which the people killed for food. Oct. 22, The Iroquois attacked Vercheres, but Madeline, the seignior's daughter, fourteen years of age, with two soldiers, two boys, and an old man, held the fort for a week ; then help arrived and the Indians were driven off. i fiQS In January, Mantet, Courtemanche, and La Noue, with 625 men, left Chambly, and, on snow shoes, started southward for the Mohawk t(3wns. Feb. 16, Mantet, Courtemanche, and La Noue took three Mohawk towns, killed several people, and took many to Canada. Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers were strength- ened by better fortifications ; "a sti-ong stone redoubt, with sixteen cannon," was built upon the summit of Cape Diamond. By Frontenac's skilful management, two hundred canoes, laden with rich peltries, managed to make a safe descent of the Ottawa. The people called Frontenac, " Father of the People and Preserver of the Country." Population of Acadia, 1,009. 1694. Jan. 16, Bishop Saint-Vallier issued twu mandates, — one de- nouncing comedies, especially " Tartuife," and the other condemning Sieur de Mauriel, a half-pay lieu- tenant, who had acted the comedian and was booked for a part of " Tartuffe." Villieu and Thury, with 230 Indians, attacked the settlement of Oyster River, and killed over a hun- dred people. " Early in the war, the French of Canada began the mer- ciful practice of buying English prisoners, and especially THE CARDINAL FACTS OE CANADIAN HISTORY. 53 children from their Indian allies. After the first fury of attack, many lives w^ere spared for the sake of this ransom. Sometimes, but not always, the redeemed captives were made to Avork for their benefactors. They were uniformly treated well, and often with such kindness that they would not be exchanged, and became Canadians by adoption." — Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 377. Dec. 8, (Queen Mary, of England, died.) 1695. In July, Frontenac sent Chevalier de Crisasy, with 700 men, to restore Fort Frontenac. 1696. July 4, Frontenac, with 2,200 men, left Montreal, to attack the Onondagas. Aug. 1, Frontenac and his men reached Onondaga. The re- sults of this expedition were similar to Denonville's. Aug. 15, Villieu, Saint Castin, and Thury took Pemaquid, the commander of the post, Chubb, not being very resolute. Late, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville attacked and overran Newfoundland. 1697. March 15, Abenakis attacked Haverhill, and carried off Hannah Dustan, Mary Neff, and an English boy ; but, while on their way to the Indian village, the three prisoners one night seized hatchets, killed their sleeping captors, scalped them, escaped to Haverhill, and received £50 for their ten scalps. May 19, Serigny, Iberville's brother, arrived at Newfound- land with five ships of war, bearing orders to Iber- ville to proceed against the English in Hudson's Bay. In July, Iberville and Serigny, in Hudson's Bay, defeated four English armed merchantmen, and took Fort Nelson. Sept. 20, Treaty of Ryswick : France recovered Acadia. 1698. End of May, Major Peter Schuyler, accompanied by Dellius, the minister of Albany, came to Montreal, bearing news of peace. " Peter Schuyler and his colleague, Dellius, brought to Canada all the French prisoners in the hands of the English 54 THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. of New York, and asked for English prisoners in return ; but nearly all these preferred to remain, a remarkable proof of the kindness with wliich the Canadians treated their civilized captives."— Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 426. Sept. 23, John Schuyler dined with Frontenac at Quebec. Nov. 28, Frontenac died. " He was greatly beloved by the humbler classes, who, days before his death, beset the chateau, praising and lamenting him. Many of higher station shared the popular grief." — Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 428. 1699. March 2, D' Iberville entered the Mississippi from the sea, the first white man to do so. April 20, De Callieres, Governor of Montreal, was made Gover- nor of Canada. Le Moyne d'Iberville built a stockade fort at Biloxi, Mississippi ; this was the beginning of Louisiana. 1700. Jan. 12, Death of Margaret Bourgeois, founder of Sisters of Congregation of Notre Dame. " To this day, in crowded school-rooms of Montreal and Quebec, fit monuments of her unobtrusive virtue, her suc- cessors instruct the children of the poor, and embalm the pleasant memory of Margaret Bourgeois. In the martial figure of Maisonneuve, and the fair form of this gentle nun, we find the true heroes of Montreal." — Parkman's "Jesuits," p. 202. Sept. 8, De Callieres, at Montreal, signed a treaty of peace with the Iroquois, Abenakis, and Ottawas. Population of Canada, 15,000. (Population of New York, 30,000.) (Population of New England, 100,000.) 1701. July 24, La Motte-Cadillac, with 100 men, began Detroit. 1702. March 8, (Queen Anne began to reign in England.) May 15, England declared war against France ; then was begun Queen Anne's War, or the War of the Spanish Succession. Oct. 5, Fran9ois de Beauharnois was made Intendant of Canada. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOKY. 55 1703. May 26, M. de Callieres died. Aug. 1, Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor of Montreal, was commissioned Governor of Canada. Oct. 29, The Members of the Sovereign Council were increased from seven to twelve members. 1704. Feb. 29, Hertel de Rouville, with 50 Canadians and 200 Indians, attacked and burned Deerfield and brought off John Williams, the minister. In retaliation for Rouville's conduct at Deerfield, Col. Benjamin Church, who had been a prominent fighter in King Philip's War, led an expedition against Acadia, where he committed a few depreda- tions at Grand Pre, but hardly disturbed Port Royal. He returned to Boston. "It was a miserable retaliation for a barbarous outrage ; as the guilty were out of reach, the invaders turned their ire on the innocent." — Parkman's " Half Century of Con- flict," I., p. 120. 1705. Sept. 6, Jacques and Antoine Raudot, joint Intendants of Canada, arrived at Quebec. 1707. June 6, Col. March, with 1,500 men from Boston, attempted to take Port Royal. June 16, Col. March retired from Port Royal. Being rein- forced he was ordered to move against Port Royal again. Aug. 20, Col. Church retreated from Port Royal the second time. The Intendant granted the porpoise fishery of the seigniory of Riviere Quelle to six of the hahitans. 1708. May 6, Death of Bishop Laval. In the summer, Hertel de Rouville and Saint Ours de Chaillons led 100 Canadians and 300 Indians against the New England settlements, killed several people, captured many, and burned whatever houses they could. 56 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1709. Col. Nicholson failed to descend the Richelieu with his provincial levies. 1710. March 31, Micehl Begon was commissioned Intendant of Can- ada Nov. 13, Col. Nicholson took Port Royal. 1711. In June the Micmacs and Penobscots in Nova Scotia killed or captured seventy English. July 30, Sir Hovenden Walker, with a fine fleet, left Boston to take Quebec. Aug. 22, Having failed to reach Quebec, Sir Hovenden Walker, through criminal carelessness, lost 10 ships and 884 men in the St. Lawrence, at Isle aux Q^ufs. 1712. The Outagamies and Mascoutins besieged Detroit. May 13, Sieur de Vincennes, with eight Frenchmen, arrived at Detroit from the Miami country. The French, aided by a strong reinforcement of In- dian allies, after fighting for several days, compelled the Outagamies and Mascoutins to surrender. 1713. April 13, Treaty of Utrecht ; England obtained Acadia. The Iroquois, or Five Nations, being joined about this time by the Tuscaroras, became the Six Nations. 1714. April 22, Louis Fran9ois Duplessis de Mornay was consecrated Bishop of Quebec. Aug. 1, (George I. began to reign in England.) Gen. Nicholson was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1716. Father Lafitau discovered gensing. Louvigny defeated the Outagamies at Fox River. 1717. Gen. Phillips was made Governor of Nova Scotia. Card money was withdrawn from circulation in Canada. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 57 Merchants' Exchanges were established at Quebec and Montreal.- 1720. The French fortified Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island ; they spent £1,500,000 on the work. Sept. 24, Charlevoix arrived at Quebec. 1721. June 19, Great fire in Montreal. The Intendant granted the monopoly of carrying the post, from Quebec to Montreal, to M. Lanouiller ; it was the first regular post service in Canada. 1723. Two men-of-war and six merchantmen were built in Canada. 1724. Aug. 12, Father Rasles was murdered at Norridgewock. Col. L. Armstrong was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1725. A stone fort was begun at Niagara. Gov. Burnet, of New York, erected a trading post at Oswego. Oct. 10, M. de Vaudreuil died. Dec. 25, Pierre Herman Dosquet was consecrated Bishop of Quebec. 1726. The French established a permanent garrison at Fort Niagara. Sept. 2, Marquis de Beauharnois was made Governor of Canada. Dec. 31, Claude Thomas Dupuy signed his first act as Inten- dant of Canada. 1727. June 11, (George II. began to reign in England.) Dec. 26, Death of Bishop Saint-Vallier. 1728. Aug 1 2, Vitus Behring passed through Behring Strait, prov- ing the insularity of America. 5 58 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1729. Nov, 22, Gilles Hocquart signed his first act as Intendant of Canada. 1731. In this year Hocquart received his commission as Intendant. June 8, Verendrye, equipped by Montreal traders, left Mon- treal to hunt, trade in furs, and to find the Pacific. The French erected Fort Frederic, at Crown Point. 1732. Feb. 19, In Canada, religious houses were forbidden to shel- ter fugitives fi'om justice. 1733. The first forge in Canada was set up at St. Maurice. 1734. A vehicle, on wheels, first went from Quebec to Montreal. Sazzarin, physician and naturalist, died in Quebec. 1735. Verendrye built Fort Rouge on the site of the city of Winnipeg. 1737. April 22, An order-in-council was passed, permitting " La Compagnie des Forges " to work the iron mines at Three Rivers without dues of any kind. In this year two Christian Brothers came to Canada to promote education. Nov. 24, Erasmus James Phillijjs, an officer of the British army, while on a visit in Boston, was made a Free- mason. 1738. Sometime in this year Erasmus James Phillips organized a Freemason Lodge at Annapolis, Nova Scotia. (Cf. " Standard History of Freemasonry," by Emmanuel Rebold and J. F. Brennan, p. 362 and p. 452.) Perhaps this was the first Masonic Lodge in what is now Canada. Dec. 3, Verendrye entered the village of the Mandans. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 59 1739. Canadian tobacco was first sent to i'rance. Dec. liO, Fran9ois Louis Pourroy I'Auberiviere was conseci-at- ed Bishop of Quebec. 1740. Ciipt. P. ^lascarene was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1741. April \), Henri-Marie Dubreuil de Pontbriand was consecrat- ed Bishop of Quebec. 1742. June 29, Jo.seph La France reached York Factory, having floated down the Nelson River. 1743. Jan. 1, Chevalier de la Verendrye and his brother saw the Bighorn Range, the first white men to see the Rocky Mountains. Nov. 25, In Canada an ordinance was published, restraining religious communities from acquiring more land without royal permission. 1744. King George's War, or War of Austrian Succession, was begun. Nov. 24, The Bishop of Quebec transferred the observance of several holidays to the following Sunday. 1745. June 17, William Pepperell, with an American force, took Louisbourg, Cape Breton. Nov. 29, Marin took Saratoga. 1746. June 20, Due D'Anville left Rochelle with a powerful fleet to retake Acadia and Louisbourg. Aug. '■')], Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Major of Three Rivers, took Fort Massachusetts. Sept. 14, D'Anville's fleet was dispersed by a storm near Sable Island. Sept. 27, D'Anville died of apoplexy, brought on by suspen.se and trouble. 60 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY, 1747. May 10, La Jonquiere, with a formidable fleet for the recap- ture of Acadia and Louisbourg, sailed from Rochelle. May 14, Admiral Anson and Rear- Admiral Warren captured La Jonquiere and all the armed ships of his ileet. Sept 19, Galissonniere arrived at Quebec. 1748. Jan. 1, Fran9ois Bigot was commissioned Intendant of Canada. Count Galissoniere advised that 10,000 French peasants be settled in the Ohio valley. Aug. 25. Fran9ois Bigot arrived at Quebec. Sept, Abbe Picquet, a Sulpitian, began a fort at La Presenta- tion (Ogdensburg.) Oct. 8, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle : all conquests were restored. 1749. May 19, The King of England granted 200,000 acres of land to the Ohio Company, the full grant of 500,000 be- ing promised in seven years if conditions were ful- filled. June 1 6, De Celeron, sent west to mark the French occupation by burying leaden plates at particular places, left Lachine. July 9, Col. Cornwallis landed 2,576 people at Halifax, N.S., founding the city. Lord Cornwallis was made Governor of Nova Scotia. July 12, The French reoccupied Louisbourg ; this galled the " Bostonnais." July 14, The first Council of Halifax met. July 22, De Celeron reached Lake Chatauqua. July 29, De Celeron buried the first leaden plate at the con- fluence of the Conewango and the " Ohio " (Alle- ghany.) Aug. 3, De Celeron buried the second leaden plate on the south bank of the Alleghany, nine miles below French Creek. Aug. 13, De Celeron buried the third leaden plate on the north bank of Wheeling Creek. Aug. 15, De Celeron buried the fourth leaden plate at the mouth of the Muskingum. Aug. 16, Sieur de la Jonquiere was made Governor of Canada. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 61 Aug. 18, De Celeron buried the fifth leaden plate on the south bank of the Ohio. Aug 31, De Celeron buried the sixth, the last, leaden plate where the Great Miami joins the Ohio. Sept 1, De Celeron turned back. Portneuf, with 15 soldiers, built Fort Rouille, beginning Toronto. Oct. 6, De Celeron arrived at Detroit. 1750. Col. Lawrence built a fort at Chignecto. " Mr. Bigot, the Intendant of Canada, displayed tills year much of that license and prodigality for which he be- came notorious, and resorted to the most profligate means for the support of his expenses, which were lavished upon a female favorite." — Bouchette's "British Dominions in North America," I., p. 4.S9. 1751. Early in summer, Abbe Picquet, with six Canadians and five Indians, began the circuit of Lake Ontario. June 26, Picquet reached Toronto, where he found a band of Mississagas. June 28, Picquet reached Niagara. July 12, Picquet reached the mouth of the Genesee, and vis- ited the falls. 1752. March 28, John Bushell issued the first number of the Hali- fax Gazette^ the first newspaper in Canada. Peregrine T. Hopson was made Governor of Nova Scotia. May 17, La Jonquiere died in Quebec. June 21, Charles Langlade, with Ottawas and Ojibwas, took Pickawillany on the Miami, and killed " Old Britain," an Indian chief, and some English traders. Aug. 7, Marquis du Quesne was made Governor of Canada. Sept. 2, Great Britain called Sept. 2 Sept. 14, changing Old Style to New. 1753. Canadians fortified themselves at Presqu'Isle, Lake Erie, and moved down to Venango. Gov. Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Washing- 62 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. ton to the Upper Ohio, to order the French oif British territory. Major Lawrence was made Governor of Nova Scotia. Dec. 4, Washington, accompanied by Gist and Half-King, reached Venango, and ordered Capt. Joncaire off British territory ; the latter politely but resolutely refused to budge. 1754. Capt. Trant began to build a fort on the site of Pittsburg, but abandoned it at the command of the P'rench, who finished it, and named it Du Quesne. May 27, Washington, with 1,500 men, reached tlie Great Meadows. May 28, Washington, while fortifying himself on the Mono- ngahela, engaged the French, when M. Jumonville was killed. May 30, Col. Fry dying, Washington became commander of the English. July 4, Washington, defeated by De Villiers, abandoned Fort Necessity. 1755. Feb. 20, Gen. Braddock, with two regiments, arrived in Virginia. March 16, Bishop Pontbriand visited Detroit. June 5, In obedience to a proclamation, Acadians to the num- ber of 418 able Ijodied men met in the church at Grand-Pre, Nova Scotia, when Col. Winslow read "his Majesty's final resolution," which was, that "your lands and tenements, cattle of all kinds, and live stock of all sorts, are forfeited to the Crown, with all your other effects, saving your money and household goods." June 8, Admiral Boscawen took the French ships, " Lys " and " Alcide," off the coast of Newfoundland. June 16, Col. Monckton took Fort Beausejour, Nova Scotia. July 9, Gen. Braddock, with 1,200 men, was defeated and mortally wounded near Fort Du Quesne, by 250 French and Indians under Beaujeu. July 10, De Vaudreuil was made Governor of (-anada. July 13, Gen. Braddock died. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORX. 63 Gen. Lyman built Fort Lyman, afterwards Fort Edward, on the Hudson. Aug. 21, Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts, with 2,000 men, reached Oswego, to wait for Braddock. In Canada provisions were very scarce ; the govern- ment doled out flour to prevent starvation. Sept. 8, Gen. Dieskau, commanding a force of French, Can- dians, and Indians, was defeated at Lake George by Wm. Johnson. Dieskau was wounded and made a prisoner. Oct. 21, The Acadians were embarked in transports and taken to the English colonies, where they were thrown upon the hospitality of strangers. This has generally been considered a heartless, inhuman act, but there are defenders of it. It has been hotly discussed, and perhaps the last word has not been spoken yet. Oct. 24, Shirley left Oswego for home, leaving Col. Mercer to hold Oswego and to strengthen it. 1756. May 11, Montcalm, De Levis, Bougainville, and Boui'lamaque arrived at Quebec. May 18, England declared war against France. June 9, France declared war against England. July 3, Bradstreet, who had taken succor to Oswego and was ascending the Oswego River homeward, beat ofiF Coulon De Villiers, who attacked him. Aug. 4, Montcalm, with 3,000 men, left Fort Frontenac to take Oswego. Aug. 10, Montcalm reached Oswego. Aug. 14, Montcalm took Oswego and 1,400 prisoners, the whole garrison, Col. Mercer being killed. " The Canadians and Indians broke through all restraint and fell to plundering. There was an opening of rum bar- rels and a scene of drunkenness, in which some of the prison- ers had their share ; while others tried to escape in the confu- sion, and were tomahawked by the excited savages. Many more would have been butchered but for the efforts of Montcalm, who by unstinted promises succeeded in appeas- ing his ferocious allies, whom he dared not ofifend. ' It will cost the king,' he says, ' eight or ten thousand livrea in presents.' " — Parkman's " Wolfe and Montcalm," I., p. 413. 64 THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Montcalm constructed a road from Laprairie to St. John. j^g^ Jan. 21, Rogers, the ranger, was surprised and beaten outside of Ticonderoga. March 15, De Rigaud, with 1,400 men, left Carillon, to take Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake George. March 20, Le Mercier, chief of Canadian artillery, demanded the surrender of Fort William Henry ; Major Eyre indignantly refused. March 23, De Rigaud's men burned the vessels at Fort Wil- liam Henry, and then retreated. June 20, Loudon left New York to take Louisbourg, but his expedition was a signal failure. June 29, (Pitt again became First Minister in England.) Aug. 1, Montcalm, with 7,606 men, began the siege of Fort William Henry, held by Col. Monroe, who had 2,264 men. Aug. 3, Col. Monroe sent a messenger to Gen. Webb, at Fort Edward, asking for succor. Aug. 9, Col. Monroe surrendered Fort William Henry to Montcalm. Aug. 10, Montcalm's Indians massacred many of the English prisoners, near Fort William Henry. "To make the oapitulation inviolably binding on the In- dians, Montcalm summoned their war chiefs to council. The English were to depart under an escort with the honors of war, on a pledge not to serve against the French for eighteen months ; they were to abandon all but their private efi'ects, every Canadian or French Indian captive was to be liberated. The Indians applauded ; the capitulation was signed. Late on the ninth the French entered the fort, and the English retired to their entrenched camp. Montcalm had kept troni the savages all intoxicating drinks, but they obtained them of the English, and all night long were wild with dances and songs and revelry. The Abenakies of Acadia inflamed other tribes by recalling their sufferings from English perfidy and power. At daybreak they gathered round the entrench- ments, and, as the terrified English soldiers filed off, began to plunder them, and incited one another to use the toma- hawk. Twenty, perhaps even thirty, persons were massa- cred, while very many were made prisoners. Officers and soldiers, stripped of everything, lied to the woods, to the fort, to the tents of the French, To arrest the disorder, Levi plunged into the tumult, dating death a thousand THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 65 times, French officers received wounds in rescuing the cap- tives, and stood at their tents as sentries over those they recovered. ' Kill me,' cried Montcalm, using prayers and menaces and promises, ' but spare the English, who are under my protection ;' and he urged the troops to defend themselves. The march to Fort Edward was a flight ; not more than six hundred reached there in a body. From the French camp Montcalm collected together more than four hundred, who were dismissed with a great escort, and he sent Vaudreuil to ransom those whom the Indians had carried away." — Bancroft's "History of the United States," II., p. 467. Nov 12, Beletre, with three hundred Canadians and Indians? sui'prised a German settlement, at the German Flats, on the Mohawk, killed fifty people, made the rest prisoners, and burned the place. 1758. July 5, Abercromby embarked his army of 15,000 men in 900 small boats and 130 whale boats, on Lake George, and moved down to take Ticonderoga. July 6, The English army disembarked at the head of the rapids ; the same day, Lord Howe, " the soul of the army," was killed in a skirmish. July 8, jVIontcalm drove Abercromby from Ticonderoga with great loss. " Montcalm saw and was prepared. On the sixth of July, he called in all his parties ; and his whole force, according to his official return, amounted to no more than two thou- sand eight hundred French, and four hundred and fifty Can- adians. On that day he employed the second battalion of Berry in strengthening his po&t. All the next day, the whole French army toiled incrediljly ; the officers giving the example, and the flags being planted on the breastwork. That evening De Levi returned from an intended expedition against the Mohawks, bringing with him four hundred chosen men ; and at night the whole army bivouacked along the entrenchment. On the morning of the eighth, the drums of the French beat to arms, that the troops, now thirty-six hundred and fifty in number, might know their stations, and then they resumed their work ; the right of their defences rested on a hillock, from which the plain between the lines and the lake was to have been flanked by four pieces of cannon ; but the battery could not be finished; the left extended to a scarf surmounted by an abattis. For a hundred yards in front of the intermediate breastwork, which consisted of piles of logs, the approach was obstructed by felled trees with their branches pointing outwards. 66 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. stumps and rubbish of all sorts. Light troops of the Eng- lish kept up a sharp discharge of musketry on them from the declivities of Mount Defiance, but thej' would not stop theii' work to return it. "At length the English army, obeying the orders of a commander who remained far behind during the action, rushed forward with fixed bayonets to carry the lines, the regulars advancing through the openings between the pro- vincial regiments and taking the lead. Montcalm, who stood just within the trenches, threw off his coat for the sunny Avork of the July afternoon, and forbade a musket to be fired till he commanded ; then, as the English drew very near, in three principal columns, to attack simidtaneously the left, the centre, and the right, and became entangled among the rubbish and broken into disorder by clambering over logs and projecting limbs, at his word, a sudden and incessant fire from swivels and small arms mowed down brave officers and men by hundreds. Their intrepidity made the carnage terrible. The attacks were continued all the afternoon, generally with the greatest vivacity. When the English endeavored to turn the left, Bourlamarque op- posed them till he was dangerously wounded ; and Mont- calm, whose rapid eye watched every movement, sent rein- forcements at the moment of crisis. On the right, the Grenadiers and Scottish Highlanders charged for three hours without faltering and without confusion ; many fell within fifteen steps of the trench ; some, it is said, upon it. About five o'clock the columns which had attacked the French centre and right, concentrated themselves on a sali- ent point between the two ; but De Levi flew from the right, and Montcalm himself brought up a reserve. At six, the two parties nearest the water turned desperately against the centre, and, being repulsed, made a last efi"ort on the left. Thus were life and courage prodigally wasted, till the bewildered English fired on an advanced party of their own, producing hopeless dejection ; and, after losing in killed and wounded, nineteen hundred and forty-four, chiefly reg- ulars, they fled promiscuously."— Bancroft's " History of the United States," IV., pp. 304-306. July 9, Abercromby retreated fr'oni Ticonderoga. July 26, General Amherst and Admiral Boscawen, Wolfe as- sisting, took Louisbourg, the " Dunkirk of America.'' Aug. 8, Rogers, I'utnam, and Dalzell, witli 700 provincials, scattered 450 Canadians under Marin, near Lake George. Aug. 27, Lieut.-Col. Bradstreet, with 3,000 provincials, took Fort Frontenac. Sept. 14, Major Grant was defeated near Fort Du Quesne, losing 300 men. THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. b( Sept." 18, Abercroniby was recalled, Amherst succeeding him. Oct. 2, The first representative government in Canada met at Halifax. Nov. 2.5, Gen. Forbes took possession of Fort Du Quesne, abandoned by the French : he named it Fort Pitt. 1759. Jan. By a census, the men in Canada capable of bearing arms were 15,229. June 1, The British fleet, under Admiral Saunders, bearing Wolfe and his army, left Louisbourg for Quebec. June 26, The British fleet anchored off Orleans Island. June 27, A storm tossed the British fleet at Quebec. June 28, Wolfe issued a proclamation to the Canadians. At night the Canadians sent fire-ships and burning- rafts against the British fleet, but the British sailors towed them ashore, where they were soon in cinders. June 29, ]\Ionckton sent a detachment to take possession of Beaumont church. June 30, Monckton took possession of Point Levis. July 1, Gen. Prideaux left Oswego to take Fort Niagara. July 6, Haldimand drove La Corne from Oswego. July 9, Wolfe landed 3,000 men below the cataract of Mont- morenci, who entrenched themselves. July I 2, The British began to bombard Quebec. At night, Duma;^, with sixteen hundred soldiers, mostly boys, crossed the St. Lawrence, intending to surprise the British at Levis ; but, his force march- ing in two columns, one part in the darkness fired on the other. This fire being returned, a panic en- sued, and the enterprise failed. It has been called "The Scholars' Battle," most of the boys being stu- dents. July 18, Two Bi'itish men-of-war passed above the city of Quebec July 19, Gen. Prideaux was killed at Niagara, by the prema- ture bursting of a shell from a Coehorn mortar. July 21, Carleton led an expedition to Point aux Trembles, above Quebec. July 24, Sir William Johnson crushed a relief party that at- tempted to succor Niagara, and took Aubry, De 68 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Ligneris, Marin, De Monbigny, and Repentigny, all famous bush fighters, prisoners. July 25, Pouchot surrendered Niagara to Sir William Johnson. July 31, Wolfe landed a picked body of men at Montmorenci ; but they were defeated with a loss of over 400. Amherst took Ticonderoga and Crown Point, about this time. Aug. 9, De Levis left Quebec to guard the western frontier. Sept. 2, "In this situation, there is such a choice of difficulties, that I am myself at a loss how to determine. Tlie affairs of Great Britain require most vigorous measures ; but then the courage of a handful of brave men should be exerted onlj- where there is some hope." — Wolfe to Pitt. Sep, 13, At one o'clock in the morning Wolfe began to land his men at Anse au Foulon (Wolfe's Cove.) Thej scrambled up the rugged heights, the 78th High- landers, headed by Captain Donald Macdonald, lead- ing the way ; and soon established themselves on the plateau above, DeVergor not keeping a good look- out. Wolfe soon had 3,800 men in battle array on the Plains of Abraham ; Monckton commanded the right, Murray the centre, and Townsend the left. " Every officer knew his appointed duty, when, at one o'clock in the morning of the thirteenth of September, Wolfe, with Monckton and Murray, and about half the forces, set off in boats, and, M'ithout sail or oars, glided down with the tide. In three-quarters of an hour the ships folloM'ed, and, though the night had become dark, aided by the rapid current, they reached the cove just in time to cover the landing. Wolfe and the troops with him leaped on shore ; the light infantry, who found themselves borne by the current a little below the intrenched path, clambered up the steep hill, staying themselves by the roots and boughs of the maple and spruce and ash trees that covered the pre- cipitous declivity, and, after a little firing, dispersed the picket which guarded the height. The rest ascended safely by the pathway. A battery of four guns on the left was abandoned to Colonel Howe. When Townsend's division dis- embarked, the English had already gained one of the roads to Quebec, and, advancing in front of the forest, Wolfe stood at daybreak with his invincible battalions on the Plains of Abraham, the ))attlefield of empire. " ' It can be but a small party come to burn a few houses and retire,' said Montcalm, in amazement as the news reached him in his intrenchments the other side of the St. Charles ; but, obtaining better information, — ' Then,' he THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 69 cried, ' they have at last got to the weak side of this miser- able garrison ; we must give battle and crush them before mid-day.' And before ten the two armies, equal in num- bers, each being composed of less than five thousand men, were ranged in presence of one another for battle. The English, not easily accessible from intervening shallow ravines and rail fences, were all regulars, perfect in disci- pline, terrible in their fearless enthusiasm, thrilling with pride at their morning's success, commanded by a man whom they obeyed with confidence and love. The doomed and devoted Montcalm had what Wolfe had called but ' five- weak French battalions,' of less than two thousand men, ' mingled with disorderly peasantry,' formed on ground which commanded the position of the English. The French had three little pieces of artillery ; the English one or two. The two armies cannonaded each other for nearly an hour, M'hen Montcalm, having summoned Bougainville to his aid, and dispatched messenger after messenger for De Vaudreuil, who had fifteen hundred men at the camp, to come up, before he should be driven from the ground, endeavored to flank the British and crowd them down the high bank of the river. Wolfe counteracted the movement by detaching Townshend with Amherst's regiment, and afterwards a part of the Royal Americans, who formed on the left with a double front. " Waiting no longer for more troops, Montcalm led the French army impetuously to the attack. The ill-disciplined companies broke by their precipitation and the unevenness of the ground ; and fired by platoons without unity. The English, especially the forty-third and forty-seventh, where Monckton stood, received the shock with calmness, and, after having at Wolfe's command reserved their fire till their enemy was within forty yards, their line began a regu- lar, rapid and exact discharge of musketr}^ Montcalm was present everywhere, braving danger, wounded, but cheering by his example. The second in command, De Sennezergues, an associate in glory at Ticonderoga, was killed. The brave but untried Canadians, flinching from a hot fire in the open field, began to waver ; and, so soon as Wolfe, placing himself at the head of the twenty-eighth and the Louisburg grenadiers, charged with bayonets, they everywhere gave way. Of the English officers, Carleton was wounded ; Barre, who fought near Wolfe, received in the head a ball which destroyed the power of vision of one eye, and ulti- mately made him blind. Wolfe, also, as he led the charge, was wounded in the wrist, but still pressing forward, he reoeived a second ball ; and having decided the day, was struck a third time, and mortally, in the breast. ' Support me,' he cried to an officer near him ; ' let not my brave fel- lows see me drop.' He was carried to the rear, and they brought him water to quench his thirst. ' They run, they 70 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. run ! ' spoke the officer on whom he leaned. ' Who run ? ' asked Wolfe, as his life was fast ebbing. 'The French,' replied the officer, ' give way everywhere.' ' What,' cried the expiring hero, 'do thej run alread}' ? Go, one of you, to Colonel Burton ; bid him march Webb's regiment with all speed to Charles River to cut off the fugitives.' Four days before he had looked forward to early death with dis- may. ' Now, God be praised, I die happy !' These were his words as his spirit escaped in the blaze of his glory. Night, silence, the rushing tide, veteran discipline, the sure inspiration of genius, had been his allies : his battlefield, high over the ocean river, was the grandest theatre on earth for illustrious deeds; his victory, one of the most momen- tous in the annals of mankind, gave to the English tongue and the institutions of the Germanic race the unexplored and seemingly infinite west and north. He crowded into a few hours actions that would have given lustre to length of life ; and filling his day with greatness, completed it before its noon. " Monckton, the first brigadier, after greatly distinguish- ing himself, was shot through the lungs. The next in com- mand, Townshend, brave but deficient in sagacity and attractive power, and the delicate perception of right, recalled the troops from the pursuit, and when De Bou- gainville appeared in view, declined a contest with a fresh enemy. But already the hope of New France was gone. Born and educated in camps, Montcalm had been carefully instructed, and was skilled in the language of Homer as well as in the art of war. Greatly laborious, just, disinterested, hopeful even to rashness, sagacious in council, swift in action, his mind Avas a well-spring of bold designs ; his career in Canada a wonderful struggle against inexorable destin}'. Sustaining hunger and cold, vigils and incessant toil, anxious for his soldiers, unmindful of himself, he set, even to the forest-trained red-men, an example of self-denial and endurance ; and in the midst of corruption made the public good his aim. Struck by a musket-ball as he fought opposite Monckton, he continued in the engagement, till, in attempting to rallj' a body of fugitive Canadians in a copse near St. Jolin's gate, he was mortally wounded. " On hearing from the surgeon that death was certain — ' I am glad of it,' he cried ; ' how long shall I survive ?' ' Ten or twelve hours, perhaps less.' ' So jnucli the better ; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec' To the council of war he showed that in twelve hours all the troops near at hand might be concentrated and renew the attack before the English were entrenched. When De Ramsay, who commanded the garrison, asked his advice about de- fending the city — ' To your keeping, 'he replied, ' I commend the honor of France. As for me, I shall pass the night with God, and prepare myself for death.' Having written a let- THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 71 ter recommending the French prisoners to the generosity of the English, his last hours were given to the hope of endless life, and at five the next morning he expired. " The day of the battle had not passed when De Vau- dreuil, who had no capacity for war, wrote to De Ramsay, at Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but, as soon as his provisions were exhausted to raise the white flag of surren- der. ' We have cheerfully sacrificed our fortunes and our houses,' said the citizens, ' but we cannot expose our wives and children to a massacre.' At a council of war, Fiedmont, a captain of artillery, was the only one who wished to hold out to the last extremity ; and on the seventeenth of Sep- tember, before the English had constructed batteries, De Ramsay capitulated."— Bancroft's " Historv of the United States," Vol. IV., pp. 333-338. Major Rogers destroyed the Abenakis of St. Francis. Sept. 21, Gen. Murray was made Governor of Quebec. Oct. 18, Admiral Saunders, with the British fleet, left Que- bec for England ; Monckton and Townshend ac- companied him ; and the " Royal William " bore the embalmed remains of Gen. Wolfe. Nov. 28, Eight French ships passed down the river in front of Quebec, at night, and escaped to the ocean. 1760. April 17, De Levis left Montreal to take Quebec. April 28, De Levis defeated Murray at Sainte Foye. May 9, The " LosvestoflF," a British frigate, arrived at Quebec. May 15, Admiral S wanton anived at Quebec with a British fleet. May 17, De Levis raised the siege of Quebec. July 14, Gen. Murray, with 2,200 men, left Quebec for Montreal. Aug. 10, Gen. Amherst, with 10,000 men, left Oswego for Montreal. Aug. 16, Gen. Haviland, with 3,500 men, left Crown Point for Montreal. Aug. 26, Amherst took Fort Levis, a little below La Pre.sen- tation (Ogdensburg.) Aug. 29, Gen. Haviland took possession of St. John, deserted by the French. Sept. 8, At Montreal, Vaudreuil surrendered Canada to Amherst. Military Rule was now begun in Canada. 72 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Sept. 13, Major Rogers, with 200 rangers, left Montreal, by order of Amherst, to take possession of Detroit, Mackinaw, and other western posts. Jonathan Belcher was made Governor of Nova Scotia. Sept. 16, Brig.-Gen. Burton was made Governor of Three Rivers. Sept. 21, General Gage was made Governor of Montreal. Oct. 25, George III. became king of England. Nov. 17, Major Rogers had a conference with Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, on the site of Cleveland, Ohio. Nov. 20, Beletre surrendered Detroit to Rogers. 1761. June 6, (John Winthrop, of Harvard, Mass., at St. John's, Newfoundland, observed the transit of Venus over the sun's disk.) Captain Campbell, commander at Detroit, learned that the Senecas were intriguing with the neighbor- ing Wyandots to destroy him and the garrison. 1763. Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris: Great Britain obtained Canada, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, and the West Indian islands of St Vincent, Dominica, Tobago, and Grenada ; the king of Great Britain was to allow his new Catholic subjects to profess the worship of their religion according to the rule of the Catholic Church as far as the laws of Great Britain would permit ; France obtained the Islands of Guadaloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia, and the right to fish around Newfoundland and in the St. Lawrence Gulf. Maddened by neglect, insult, and loss of territory, several tribes of Indians, under Pontiac, conspired for the destruction of the British in the North- West. May 6, Gladwyn, commander at Detroit, received secret in- formation that on the next day Pontiac would attempt to capture the fort by treachery. May 7, Gladwyn admitted Pontiac and sixty of his chiefs into Fort Detroit ; they had their shortened guns concealed under their blankets ; but Gladwyn expos- THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 73 ed their meditated treachery and dismissed them in contempt. Col. M. Wilmut was made Cilovernor of Nova Scotia. May 9, Pontiac attacked Detroit. May 16, Indians took Fort Sandusky. May 25, Indians took Fort St. Joseph, near head of Lake Michigan. May 28, Lieutenant Cuyler's relief detachment for Detroit was surprised and overpowered at Point Pelee. June 1, Indians took Ouatanon, on the Wabash. June 4, Indians, beguiling the garrison of Mackinaw with a game of lacrosse, at a concerted signal, when the soldiers were off their guard and the gates of the fort open, rushed inside and began an indiscriminate massacre. Captain Etherington, the commander, es- caping the slaughter. June 17, Indians took Presqu'-Isle. June 19, Indians took Le Bceuf and Venango. June 24, A schooner, having beaten off a horde of Indians at Turkey Island, in Detroit River, brought men, amu- nition, and provisions to Detroit. July 27, Indians began the siege of Fort Pitt. July 31, Captain Dalzell was defeated and killed at Bloody Run, near Detroit. Aug. 5, Colonel Boxiquet, leading an army to relieve Fort Pitt, was, early in the afternoon, attacked by Indi- ans at Bushy Run, Pa., who fought the weary soldiers till night. Aug. 6, At daylight, the Indians renewed the fight at Bushy Run; at ten o'clock, by a masterly stratagem conceived on the spot. Bouquet drew out the Indians, threw a body of men on their flank, and utterly routed them. Aug. 10, Bouquet relieved Fort Pitt Aug. 13, The schooners "Beaver" and "Gladwyn" left De- troit to get provisions. Sept. 14, A train of waggons and pack horses, escorted by 24 soldiers, returning from Fort Sclilosser to Fort Nia- gara, were, at the Devil's Hole, surprised and massa- cred or driven over the precipice by the Senecas ; two companies of light infantry that hurried to the spot were similarly destroyed. 6 74 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Oct. 7, By royal proclamation, the Treaty of Paris went into effect in Canada ; Cape Breton and St. John's Island were "annexed with the lesser islands adja- cent thereto to our government of Nova Scotia ; " and the king gave to "such reduced officers and sol- diers as have served in North America during the late war and are actually residing there," wild lands in the following proportions : — every field officer, 5,000 acres ; every captain, 3,000 acres ; every sub- altern, 2,000 acres ; every non-commissioned officer, 200 acres ; and every private, 50 acres. Oct. 21, Gen. Murray was appointed Governor-General of Canada. 1764. June 21, Messrs. Brown and Gilbert issued the first number of the "Quebec Gazette," half in French and half in English ; this was the first newspaper in provincial Canada. It began with 150 subscribers. Bradstreet left Albany with an army for the Upper Lakes. July, Sir William Johnson held a great council at Nia- gara, and made treaties with various tribes of Indi- ans. Aug. 10, Gen. Murray took office as Governor-General of Canada. Military Rule in Canada was now ended. Aug. 13, Bradstreet, near Presqu'-Isle, made an unauthorized treaty with the Delawares and Shawnees. Aug. 26, Bradstreet relieved Detroit, and sent Capt. Howard to repossess Mackinaw. Aug. 31, Bradstreet superseded Gladwyn at Detroit. Oct., Captain Holland began the survey of St. John's Island. Nov., Colonel Bouquet led an army into the country of the Delawares and Shawnees, humbled them, and forced them to return all white prisoners. 1765. March 22, (The Stamp Act received royal assent ; by this Act "all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped paper, to be purchased from agents of the British Government," to go into effect Nov. 1, same year.) THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. tO A catechism was published in Quebec ; it was the first book printed in Canada. Rev. George Henry, a Presbyterian minister, began to preach in Quebec ; his " services were conducted in an apartment in the Jesuit college." 1766. Lord W. Campbell was made Governor of Nova Scotia. March 18, (The House of Commons repealed the Stamp Act.) April 28, Gov. -Gen. Murray left Canada, deputing his func- tions to Lieut. -Col. ^milius Irving. July 23, Pontiac met Sir Wm. Johnson at Oswego, and con- firmed his assent to peace. Sept. 23, Governor Carleton arrived at Quebec, to be Lieut.- Gov. and acting Gov. -Gen. 1767. June 10, The " Hope," sent by the Philadelphia Company, en- tered Pictou harbor, Nova Scotia, bringing the " Pictou Colony." Island of St. John (Prince Edward Island) was granted to proprietors. 1768. An Illinois Indian, bribed by an English trader, assassinated Pontiac, at Cahokia, opposite St. Louis. Oct. 25, Gen. Carleton, Lord Dorchester, became Governor- General of Canada. 1770. Prince Edward Island was separated from Nova Scotia and made an independent province. Walter Patterson was made the first Governor of Prince Edward Island. July 3, In Halifax, the Presbyterian ministers, Lyon and Murdoch, and the Congregational ministers, Seccombe and Phelps, ordained Mr. Bruin Romcas Comincroe to the ministry ; this was the first Presbytery and the first Presbyterian ordination in Canada. Aug. 13, Gov. Carleton left Canada to visit England, leaving Hector Theophile Cramahe to administer the crov- ernment. 76 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1771. Samuel Hearne discovered the Coppermine River. Sir Gordon Drummond was born in Quebec. 1773. Francis Legge was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1774. May 2, The Earl of Dartmouth introduced the Quebec Act into the House of Lords. June 22, Quebec Act received royal assent : it extended the boundaries of Canada westward to the Mississippi, and southward to the Ohio ; it assured to Catholics the free exercise of their religion, and it declared that " the clergy of the Catholic Church may hold, receive and enjoy their accustomed dues and rights with respect to such persons only as shall profess the said religion " ; the Custom of Paris was to be con- tinued in disputes relative to property and civil rights, but in criminal matters the law of England was to hold ; the Government was to be an Execu- tive Council of not more than twenty-three members nor less than seventeen. Sept. 5, (The First American Congress met in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia.) Oct. 26, The American Congress invited the Canadians to send delegates to represent their province in the " Continental Congress." 1775. April 19, (Skirmish at Lexington, the beginning of the American Revolution.) May 1, Quebec Act went into force. May 10, Ethan Allan took Ticonderoga. May 29, Congress issued an address to the Canadians. Rev. Wm. Black settled at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In this year the curious disease, " St. Paul's Bay dis- ease," attained serious prominence in Canada. June 17, (Battle of Bunker Hill or Breed's Hill.) Aug. 2, Sir Guy Carleton was made Commander of the forces in Canada. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 77 Sept. 18, Benedict Arnold, with 1,200 men, embarked at Newburyport for the Kennebec River, beginning his expedition to Quebec. Sept. 25, Ethan Allan was taken prisoner while trying to take Montreal. Oct. 31, Gen. Montgomery took St. John's. Nov. 3, The Americans took Chambly. Nov. 8, The American Congress sent Robert R. Livingston, John Langdon, and Robert Treat Paine, to examine the fortifications of Ticonderoga, and " to use their endeavors to procure an accession of the Canadians to a union with these colonies." Nov. 9, Arnold, having led an army through the wilderness of Maine, arrived at Point Levis. Nov. 11, Carleton left Montreal for Quebec. Nov. 1 3, Carleton entered Quebec, having adroitly eluded the Americans in his flight from Montreal. Arnold, with 650 men, crossed the St. Lawrence to Wolfe's Cove and led his men up to the Plains of Abraham. Montgomery took Montreal. Nov. 14, Arnold attacked the Gate of St. Louis, Quebec, but was speedily repulsed. Dec. 1, Gen. Montgomery joined Arnold at Point aux Trembles. Dec. 20, Lord Mansfield, in the House of Lords, declared that he "ever since the peace of Paris always thought the Northern Colonies were meditating a state of independency of Great Britain." Dec. 31, Montgomery and Arnold made careful prepara- tions to as.sault Quebec. 1776. Jan. 1, At 4 a.m the Americans began the assault of Quebec ; Montgomery was killed ; Arnold's men, to the num- ber of 431, surrendered at Sault au-Matelot, and Arnold was severely wounded. " When Gen. Montgomery was killed he had in his pocket a watch which Mrs. Montgomery was very desirous to obtain. This was made known to Gen. Arnold, and he applied to Governor Carleton, offering any price for the watch, which he might choose to demand. Carleton immediately sent it out, but would suffer nothing to be received in return." — Jared Sparks' " Life of Arnold," p. 54. 78 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Jan. 29, Gen. Schuyler took Johnson Hall, New York, the home of Sir Wm. Johnson. April 1, The American General, Wooster, arrived at Quebec and superseded Arnold. April 29, Benjamin Franklin, Chase, Carroll, and Rev. John Carroll arrived at Montreal ; they were sent by Con- gress to induce Canadians to rebel against Great Britain. May 1, Gen. John Thomas took command of the Americans at Quebec. May 6, Carleton, having received reinforcements, drove Gen. Thomas and his men in headlong flight from Quebec. May 19, Major Isaac Butterfield, American, surrendered the post at the Cedars and 390 men to Captain George Foster. June 2, Gen. Thomas died of small pox and was succeeded in command by Gen. John Sullivan. June 7, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, said, in Congress, " Resolved that these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." John Adams, of Massachusetts, seconded it, June 8, The Americans under Col. St. Clair, were defeated at Three Rivers. "The American loss in the battle of Three Rivers was about two hundred prisoners and twenty-five killed, most of the latter being from Wayne's and Maxwell's divisions, who had borne tlie brunt of the fight. Chaplain McCalla, of the 1st Pennsylvania, was among the prisoners. The British loss was eight killed, including a sergeant of the 31st, and three men of the 20th Regiment, and nine wounded, eight of whom were of the 62nd regiment." — Jones' " Cam- paign for the Conquest of Canada." June 11, An American Order of the Day at Sorel : "Every non-commissioned officer oi- soldier who shall come to the parade dirty, with a long beard, or his breeches knees open, shall be mulcted of a day's allowance of provision, and do a double tour of duty." June 13, Arnold, at Montreal, wrote to Gen. Sullivan, "The junction of the Canadas with the colonies is now at an end. Let us quit them, and secure our own country before it is too late." •June 15, Canadians re-took Montreal. THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 79 July 4, The American Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. 1777. May 6, Gen. Burgoyne arrived at Quebec. May 20, Carleton wrote to Lord Germain, defending his mili- tary conduct in Canada, and submitting to being superseded by Burgoyne. June 27, Carleton left Canada. July 6, Burgoyne took Ticonderoga, abandoned by the Ameri- cans. Sept. 13, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. Oct. 17, Burgoyne surrendered to Gen. Gates at Saratoga. 1778. March 7, Capt. James Cook touched the west coast in latitude 44 degrees north. June 3, The AJontreal Gazette first appeared. June 26, Gen. Frederic Haldimand arrived at Quebec, as Governor-General of Canada. Rev. Raphael Cohen settled in Montreal, the first Rabbi in Canada. Robert Land settled on the site of Hamilton, Ont. Nov. 19, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry was born at Beauport, Lower Canada. Dec. 17, Henry Hamilton, Governor of Detroit, took Vincen- nes. 1779. Feb. 24, Geo. Rogers Clark took Vincennes, making Hamil- ton prisoner and securing for the U.S. the district of Michigan, Indiana, etc. 1780. May 19, "Dark Day," at 10 a.m. darkness began to shadow the country ; at 2 p.m. no one could see without artificial light. In New England the people sup- posed the day of judgment had come. Mr. TufFey, a commissary of the 44th regiment, and a Methodist, began to preach in Quebec. Oct. 31, The " Ontario," a new vessel of 16 guns, with a full crew and thirty men of the 34th regiment, left Niagara. She was seen near the north shore of 80 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Lake Ontario a day or two later, but she and all on board were lost. 1781. July 9, Ai'ticles of Confederation were rati6ed by the United States Congress. Oct. 19, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 1782. June 11, Rev. William Black preached the tirst Methodist sermon in Halifax. John Parr was made Grovernor of Nova Scotia. 1783. Jan. 20, An armistice, declaring a cessation of hostilities be- tween Great Britain and the United States, was concluded. May 4, Four hundred and seventy-one families of United Empire Loyalists, from New Yoi^k, landed at Shel- burne. Nova Scotia. May 18, United Empire Loyalists from New York landed at the mouth of the St. John River, New Brunswick, and began Parrtown (St. John.) Sept. 3, Treaty of Paris : by this treaty Great Britain recog- nized the independence of the United States, ad- mitted the right of the people of the United States "to enjoy unmolested the right to tal