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 IN 
 
 CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 151-164 June 28, 191 1 
 
 THE SEPARATION OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE 
 
 ADJECTIVE FROM ITS SUBSTANTIVE 
 
 IN PLAUTUS 
 
 BY 
 
 WINTHROP L. KEEP 
 
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS 
 
 IN 
 
 CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 151-164 June 28, 191 1 
 
 THE SEPARATION OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE 
 
 ADJECTIVE FROM ITS SUBSTANTIVE 
 
 IN PLAUTUS 
 
 BY 
 
 WINTHROP L. KEEP 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 In June, 1909, I submitted to the Faculty of the University 
 of California a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Phil- 
 osophy, entitled "The Separation of the Attributive Adjective 
 from its Substantive in Plautus. " The present essay is an 
 abstract of this dissertation, as somewhat revised and shortened 
 after further study and reflection. 
 
 I desire to express here my great gratitude to Professor H. W. 
 Prescott for assisting me in selecting the subject of the disserta- 
 tion, and giving his helpful advice and criticism in the early 
 stages of the paper. Thanks are also due to Professors Merrill 
 and Richardson for their kindly interest, and especially to Pro- 
 fessor H. C. Nutting for his close criticism of the paper and his 
 
 helpful suggestions. 
 
 W. L. Keep. 
 
 Oakland, Calif., March, 1911. 
 
 244554 
 
152 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Normally in Plautus and, in fact, in all the other early Latin 
 poets, the attributive adjective either immediately precedes or 
 immediately follows its substantive.^ A few concrete examples, 
 taken at random, will illustrate the truth of this statement. The 
 phrase res divina occurs twenty-four times in Plautus, and the 
 two words are separated only once (E. 415) ; supremus luppiter, 
 out of its ten occurrences, gives only one case of separation (Ps. 
 628) ; erilis films (or filia) only two cases out of eighteen occur- 
 rences (B. 351 and Ci. 749). Such statistics might be quoted 
 indefinitely.^ 
 
 The present paper is a study of the comparatively infrequent 
 instances in our author, in which, within the verse,^ the attribu- 
 tive adjective is separated from its substantive. I have en- 
 deavored to point out, where possible, what are the probable 
 factors that bring about such separations, but to a great extent 
 the treatment can be only descriptive, as too often we are not in 
 a position to assume the author's point of view, and to penetrate 
 his motives for adopting a given woid-order. 
 
 Before we proceed to consider the instances of separation in 
 
 detail, a few observations of a general nature upon the subject 
 
 may be helpful. Whenever an attributive adjective precedes, 
 
 and is separated from its substantive by one or more words, as in 
 
 Magnasque adportavisse divitias domum, (S. 412) 
 
 Pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas. (R. 511) 
 
 1 In order to get as much light as possible on Plautine usage by way of 
 comparison, I read practically all the early Latin poetry written before 
 100 B.C., also the early inscriptions, and noted all the instances in these 
 authors in which an adjective is separated from its substantive. As far as 
 the collocation of the adjective and substantive is concerned, the usage 
 of all these authors seems strikingly similar to that of Plautus. 
 
 2 The reader is referred to two most useful books: Rassow, De Plauti 
 substantivis, Leipzig, 1881, = JHB. Supplbd. 12 (1881, 639-732; and Hel- 
 wig. Adjectives in Plautus (St. Petersburg, 1893) (in Russian, but contain- 
 ing in roman type an alphabetical list of the adjectives used by our 
 author). By means of the alphabetical lists contained in these two works, 
 all the occurrences in Plautus of any adjective or noun can readily be 
 located. 
 
 3 Of course I have omitted all instances of separation by the verse, as 
 such have already been treated by Prescott, ' ' Some Phases of the Relation 
 of Thought to Verse in Plautus," Univ. Calif. Publ. Class. Phil., vol. 1, 
 no. 7, 1907. This work was of great assistance to me in the preparation of 
 the present paper. 
 
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 153 
 
 there is always the possibility to be reckoned with that such an 
 adjective acquires emphasis by occupying this position; on the 
 other hand, when the adjective is separated from, and follows its 
 substantive, it may be more or less amplifying,* as in 
 
 Nam OS columnatum poetae esse indaudivi barbaro, (Ml. 211) 
 
 However, we must always be on our guard against reading 
 too much meaning into the fact that an adjective is separated 
 from its noun, as sometimes it is mere caprice on the poet's part 
 whether it is separated or not, and if separated, whether it pre- 
 cedes or follow^s, as is clearly attested by the four passages below : 
 
 Nimia menioras mira. sed vidistin uxorem meam? (Am. 616) 
 Nimia mira memoras: si istaec vera sunt, divinitus (Am. 1105) 
 Quod omnis homines facere oportet, dum id modo fiat bono. (Am. 996) 
 Quin amet et scortuni ducat, quod bono fiat modo. (Mr. 1022) 
 
 Metrical considerations can have nothing to do with the question 
 here, as in many cases of separation, since the meter is the same 
 in Am. 616 and 1105, and bono and modo are metrically inter- 
 changeable. 
 
 In this paper I have confined my discussion to ordinary 
 attributive adjectives, leaving out of account pronominal adjec- 
 tives^ and cardinal numerals. I have also excluded the lyrical 
 portions of the plays. Trivial separations, common to prose, 
 such as those by the enclitics -que, -ve, -ne, and a preposition, are 
 disregarded. The text employed is that of Goetz and Schoell. 
 
 I. CONSCIOUS ART-SEPARATIONS. 
 
 Certain separations of the adjective from its substantive are 
 undoubtedly due to conscious art on the poet's part. Naturally 
 the first of these conscious art-separations to be mentioned are 
 those in which the adjective and its substantive occupy the 
 opposite extremities of the same verse,", as in the following : 
 Minore nusquam bene fui dispendio. (Mn. 485) 
 
 4 Prescott, loc. cit., 218. 
 
 5 This phase of the subject has been treated by Nilsson, de collocatione 
 pron. adi. apud Plautum et Terentium, Lunds Universitets Aarsskrift, 37, 
 1901. 
 
 6 Cf. Norden, Aeneis Buch vi, 382 sq., for a full and interesting discus- 
 sion of this collocation in Virgil and several other authors. 
 
154 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2 
 
 Cf. Am. 481, As. 311, 599, Al. 49,^ B. 585, Cp. 64, Ca. 13, Ci. 587, 
 Cu. 221, Po. 1080, S. 526.« 
 
 A slightly different type, in which another attributive adjec- 
 tive, also in agreement with the substantive, occurs in the interior 
 of the verse, is represented by 
 
 Magno atque solido multat infortunio: (Mr. 21) 
 Cf. Am. 6, Mn. 520, Pe. 573,» 683, R. 597, E. 18, Tr. 331. 
 
 Two examples of the reverse type appear below ; the first has 
 alliteration as an attendant feature: 
 
 Mercator venit hue ad ludos Lemnius (Ci. 157) 
 Frustrationem | hodie iniciam maxumam. (Am. 875) 
 
 For other instances of this collocation with alliteration cf. 
 Mn. 1, Po. 1125, S. 258; without alliteration, B. 198, 229, 256, 
 Cu. 227, Mn. 240, Ps. 72, 694, 1167, R. 42, 843. 
 
 The tendency of long adjectives and nouns, metrically suit- 
 able, to stand at the verse-end^° is doubtless a factor to be 
 reckoned with in a number of the instances of separation so far 
 discussed. (Cf. below, p. 156.) 
 
 It is a well-known fact that many Greek and Latin poets are 
 fond of placing an attributive adjective immediately before the 
 principal caesura or diaeresis, and its substantive at the end of 
 the verse, or vice versa.^^ While Plautus does not adopt this 
 balanced arrangement so frequently as some of the later Latin 
 poets, still he has quite a number of instances like the following : 
 
 Quod cum peregrin! cubui uxore militis. (B. 1009) 
 
 Et tibi sunt gemini et trigemini, si te bene habes^ filii. (Ml. 717) 
 
 Cf. Am. 471, 863, B. 420, Cp. 105, 185,^^ Ci. 749, Cu. 200, 709, 
 
 7 In Al. 49 the adnominal word-play grandibo gradiim, is a factor in the 
 situation to be noted. Cf. also E. 597. 
 
 8 With S. 526 cf. Terence, Heaut. 539: 
 
 Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst. 
 
 9 The anaphora in Pe. 571-573 should be noted. 
 
 10 Cf. Prescott, 206 sqq. ; also 235 sqq., for remarks on adjectives of cretic 
 measurement. 
 
 11 Boldt, de liberiore linguae graecae et latinae collocatione verborum 
 capita selecta (Gottingen, 1884), 79: "Tali verborum collocatione plerum- 
 que id, quod sub finem positum est, maiorem consequitur accentum, saepe 
 autem utrumque vocabulum seiunctione emphasin quandam exercet. ' ' 
 
 12 The interlocked word-order in Cp. 185 is probably intentional. 
 
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 155 
 
 Mn. 4, 231, Mr. 398, Ml. 774, Mo. 808, Po. 362, 746, 1164, Ps. 548, 
 732, 893, S. 163, 214, 387, Tu. 87^ 350, 447, Frivolaria VII. 
 
 Not infrequently alliteration or adnominal word-play is a 
 feature of this word order : 
 
 .Erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio. (Cp. 952) 
 Neque tam facetis, quam tu vivis, victibus. (Mo. 45) 
 
 Cf. Am. 475, 976, B. 351, 761, Cp. 27, Ps. 158, 628, 1232, S. 132, 
 Tu. 892. 
 
 The reverse word-order (substantive before caesura and adjec- 
 tive at the end of the verse) sometimes occurs, as in 
 Quoi servitutem di danunt lenoniam (Ps. 767) 
 
 These instances, however, I have classed under other categories of 
 examples, as apparently the length of the adjective, or its metrical 
 convenience, is the most important factor in producing such 
 separations. 
 
 Next to be considered are a number of conscious art-separa- 
 tions due primarily to Plautus ' fondness for adnominal word-play 
 and figura etymologica :^^ 
 
 Sordido vitam oblectabas pane in pannis inopia: (As. 142) i* 
 Pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas. (R. 511) 
 Omnium hominum exopto ut fiam miserorum miserrumus. (Mn. 817) 
 Male formido: novi ego huius mores morosi males. (Po. 379) is 
 
 For very similar instances cf. B. 187, 490, Cp. 333, 914, Cu. 533, 
 E. 306, Po. 991, Tu. 278. Cf. also Am. 137, 204, 605, 1116, Cp. 
 774, Ci. 231, Mn. 274, 447, Mr. 847, Ml. 198, 228, 309, 734, 
 Po. 308, 759, Ps. 704, R. 100, 305, 886, S. 63, 383. 
 
 In his desire for sound-effects, Plautus apparently sometimes 
 separates the adjective from its noun primarily to avail himself 
 of alliterative possibilities :^^ 
 
 13 Of course other factors, such as metrical convenience, often must be 
 taken into account. 
 
 1* Many of the instances of adnominal word-play that concern us here 
 are more fully discussed by Raebel, de usu adnominationis apud Romanorum 
 poetas comicos (Halle, 1882), passim. 
 
 13 Boldt, op. cit., 93, calls attention to the elaborate interlocked order in 
 Po. 379. 
 
 16 Buchhold, de adliterationis apud veteres Romanorum poetas usu 
 (Leipzig, 1883), passim. 
 
156 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2 
 
 Ldrgitur peculium: omnem in tergo thensaurum gerit. (As. 277) 
 At nunc dehinc scito ilium ante omnes minumi mortalem preti, 
 
 (As. 858)17 
 Liberos homines per urbem modico magis par est gradu 
 fre: (Po. 522) is 
 Perfidiae laudes gratiasque habemus merito mdgnas, (As. 545) 
 
 For other instances of separation largely due to alliteration cf. 
 B. 988, Mr. 363, Ml. 778, Pe. 559, Po. 407, 968, 1245, Ps. 369, 761, 
 R. 87, 101, 636. Of course there are numerous other cases of 
 separation where alliteration is an attendant feature. Through- 
 out this paper attention will be called to many such instances. 
 
 II. SEPARATIONS LARGELY DUE TO LENGTH AND METRICAL 
 CONVENIENCE OF THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 Long adjectives, metrically suitable, tend to stand at the 
 verse-end. The same is true of many adjectives of cretic meas- 
 urement.^" Even adjectives of iambic and pyrrhic measurement 
 show this tendency to some extent.-" Hence it is not at all strange 
 that in a large number of instances the substantives with which 
 these adjectives are in agreement precede the latter by one or 
 more intervening words. It is true that in many of these cases 
 other factors, such as sound-effects, must be taken into account. 
 Frequently the substantive immediately precedes the principal 
 caesura or diaeresis,^^ giving the balanced arrangement men- 
 tioned above (p. 155). 
 
 17 By means of this word-order the alliterating syllables mi- and mor- 
 both receive the metrical accent, which greatly heightens the pleasing effect. 
 Minumi preti (gen. sing.) occurs in seven other passages in Plautus, always 
 without separation, and with j)reti always at the verse-end, as here. For an 
 interesting parallel to this passage cf. Naevius, Incert. Fab. 1 (Ribbeck 
 II, p. 25): 
 
 PatI necesse est multa mortals mala. 
 
 18 The contrast between liberos and modico is heightened by the fact 
 that one stands at the beginning of the verse, and the other immediately 
 after the diaeresis. 
 
 19 Cf. Prescott, 207 and footnote 2; also 234-239. 
 
 20 Below are a few statistical illustrations of the above statements; 
 the figures after each adjective indicate respectively the number of times 
 it occurs at the verse-end, and the total number of its occurrences: 
 pawperculus, 4-5; acerrumus, 6-7; pauxillulus, 6-8; praesentariu^, 5-5; argen- 
 teus, 7-7; argentarius, 18-19; lenonius, 9-11; Atticus, 10-18; marumtis, 39- 
 86; aureus, 15-27; mutuus, 14-26; barbarus, 5-7; meru^, 12-23. Statistics 
 for any other adjective can be found by consulting Helwig. 
 
 21 Al. 525, B. 1018, Cu. 239, Mn. 6, 58, 67. 102, Mr. 811. Mo. 361. 621, 
 828, Pe. 512, Po. 139, 651, 705, 708, Ps. 80, 100, 424, 767, R. 70, S. 768. 
 Tr. 216, 847, 962, Tu. 43, 697. 
 
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Flautus. 157 
 
 Let us first consider adjectives of four or more syllables in 
 length. Alliteration is an attendant feature of the separation in 
 Cu. 205 : 
 
 inter nos amore utemur semper subreptlcio? 
 Cf. also Al. 171, B. 94, Cp. 901, E. 159, Mn. 595, Mr. 193, Ml. 
 1177, Mo. 361, 913, Po. 705, R. 69, S. 138, Tu 697. 
 
 The following is a typical instance in which length is perhaps 
 the only factor producing the separation : 
 
 Atque adeo, ut ne legi fraudem faciant aleariae, (Ml. 164) 
 Cf. B. 675, Cp. 775, Cu. 239, 660, Mn. 6, 102, 436, 845, Mo. 404, 
 621, Pe. 97, Po. 651, 708, Ps. 100, 146, 303, 424, 706, 766, 767, 
 R. 70, 1320, S. 760, Tr. 216, Tu. 72, 880. 
 
 Atticus is a good representative of adjectives of cretic fand 
 
 dactylic) measurement. In ten of its eighteen occurrences it 
 
 stands at the end of the verse. Three times when in this position 
 
 it concerns us : 
 
 Ego illam reperiam. — Hinc Athenis civis earn emit Attieus: (E. 602) 
 Civisne esset an peregrinus. — Clvem esse aibant Atticum. (Mr. 635) 
 immo Athenis natus altnsque educatusque Atticis. (E. 741) 
 
 For similar instances of other adjectives of cretic (and dactylic) 
 measurement in this position cf. maxumus (Am. 782, Mn. 67, 
 Mr. 632, 811, Ml. 75, Pe. 512, Po. 842, Ps. 897), omnia (Am. 948, 
 B. 1018, Po. 704, 726, R. 639, Tr. 1168, Tu. 774, 798), aureus 
 (Am. 144, 260, Cu. 439), publicus (Am. 524, Pe. 75, Tr. 1057), 
 mutuus (Cu. 68, Ps. 80),-- proxumus (As. 776, R. 84, 561), 
 alterum (Mn. 38, 58, 1088), parvolus (R. 39, S. 161), optumus 
 (Cp. 946, Ml. 1210), plumbeus (Ca. 258, Tr. 962), harbarus 
 Ml. 211, Mo. 828), pessumus (Ps. 270, R. 40), and also Am. 
 280,23 Al. 525, 626, Cp. 169, Ml. 1178, Pe. 571,-* Po. 139, R. 574, 
 1010. 
 
 Four times, when standing at the end of the verse, merus is 
 separated from its noun : 
 
 Eam ego, ut matre fuerat natum, vini | eduxi meri. (Am. 430) 
 Factumst illud, ut ego illic vini hirneam ebiberim meri. (Am. 431) 
 Ne mihi | incocta detis. Rem loquitur meram. (Pe. 93) 
 Si semel amoris poculum accepit meri. (Tu. 43) 
 
 22 Cf. Prescott 234, for the suggestion that muiuum may have a sub- 
 stantival force. 
 
 23 Note the alliteration in Am. 280. 
 
 24 In Pe. 571 the artificial arrangement ferreas — ferrea should be noted. 
 
158 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2 
 
 For other adjectives of iambic and pyrrhic measurement in this 
 position cf bonus (Am. 996, B. 1022, E. 107, Ml. 733, Tr. 28), 
 malus (Mo. 531, Ps. 492, 974, Tr. 128, U6,^'' 847), novus (E. 229, 
 Mo. 466, S. 768), vetus (Ci. 505, Mr. 771), gravis (As. 55, E. 
 557), also Al. 606, Mn. 908, Mr. 999, Po. 508, Tu. 797. 
 
 III. INTERVENING WORDS OP AN ENCLITIC NATURE. 
 
 In the following section of this paper I propose to present a 
 large number of examples in which it is probable that the enclitic 
 nature of the intervening word accounts for the separation. 
 WackernageP" has shown that short enclitic words, including 
 many pronouns, tend to occupy the second or third place in their 
 sentence. The following lines illustrate how this tendency fre- 
 quently affects the position of the adjective : 
 
 Voluptabilem mihi nuntium tuo adventu adportas Thesprio. (E. 21) 
 
 Canora hie voce sua tinnire temperent, (Po. 33) 
 
 Avis me ferae consimilem faciam, ut praedicas. (Cp. 123) 
 
 Peiorem ego hominem magisque vorsute malum (Ps. 1017) 
 
 DI me omnes magni minutique et etiam patellarii (Ci. 522) 
 
 There are a great many other passages in which an intervening 
 pronoun or pronominal adverb occupies the second or third place 
 in its sentence or clause.^^ Sometimes, by the law of pronominal 
 attraction, two pronouns intervene, as in Ca. 584, E. 302, 669, 
 Mn. 199. In Mn. 551 and Tr. 1030 a pronoun and quidem occupy 
 this position ; in Tr. 68 an elided pronoun and ut. The following 
 lines are of especial interest : 
 
 Stills me totum usque iilmeis conscribito. (Ps. 545) 
 Locum sibi velle liberum praeb^rier, (Po. 177 and 657) 
 
 In the first, totum usque simply amplifies me; in the second, sihi 
 velle is probably a stereotyped phrase. 
 
 Often the intervening pronominal word does not occupy the 
 
 26 In Tr. 446 the chiastic arrangement of bonis and malas should be 
 observed. 
 
 26 Indog. Forsch., i, 406 if. 
 
 27 Am. 525, As. 69, Al. 324, 340, 482, B. 55. 913, 1141, Cp. 355, 859, 861, 
 Ci. 369, 670, E. 693, Mr. 49, 141, 477, Ml. 21, 731, Mo. 371, 532, 779, 
 Pe. 238, 292, Po. 75, 317, Ps. 69, 329, 474, 584, 590, 968, 1200, R. 303, 476, 
 1100, S. 259, 365, 420, Tr. 365, 453, 655, 997, Tu. 131, 285, 438, 812, Vid. 85, 
 Frag. fab. inc. vii. 
 
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 159 
 
 second or third place in its sentence ;^^ sometimes, however, 
 
 alliteration may explain this fact, as prohri me maxumi (Ml. 364) , 
 
 partem mihi maiorem (Ml. 711), undas me maioris (R. 167). 
 
 Several forms of the verb sum (especially the monosyllabic 
 
 forms) are undoubtedly enclitics. This fact probably accounts 
 
 for the large number of instances in which these forms separate 
 
 the adjective from its substantive. Below are three typical cases : 
 
 Item genus est lenonium inter homines meo quidem animo (Cu. 499) 
 Magni sunt oneris: quicquid imponas, vehunt. (Mo. 782) 
 Scio te bona esse voce: ne clama nimis. (Mo. 576) 
 
 The complete list of instances is as follows : 
 Sum : Am. 34, Al. 2, Mo. 564, Ps. 1025. 
 Es (contracted) : As. 511, B. 74, Ml. 49, Mo. 176, Tu. 134. 
 Es (uncontracted) : Cp. 427, Mo. 251. 
 
 Est (contracted) -r-^ Am. 506, 1054, Al. 235, Cp. 104, Ci. 80, 
 
 492, Cu. 15, 49, 189, E. 163, 425, 675, Mr. 378, Ml. 68, 682, 
 
 Pe. 516, 547, 830, Po. 10, 1370, Ps. 791, R. 144, 1156, 1387, 
 
 S. 116, 200, 524, 748, Tr. 24, Vid. 31. 
 
 Est (uncontracted) : Am. 484, B. 120, Cu. 49, 499, Mn. 906, 
 
 1087, Ml. 665, Po. 200, Ps. 782, R. 1160, Tu. 149, 246. 
 Estis: Cu. 501. 
 
 Sunt : Mn. 94, Mr. 969, Mo. 782, Pe. 243, Po. 584, Ps. 268. 
 Sis : As. 726, Mr. 890, Mo. 396. 
 Esse :^° Am. 1090, Ci. 660, E. 415, Mr. 966, Ml. 68, Mo. 576, 
 
 Pe. 113,^^ Tr. 456. 
 Another class of enclitic words, sometimes separating the 
 adjective from its noun, are the asseverative particles hercle, 
 edepol, mecastor.^"^ Three instances of this collocation are Fulcra 
 edepol dos (E. 180), Conceptis hercle verbis (Ps. 1056), Lepidus 
 mecastor mortalis (Tu. 949). Cf. also E. 192, 715, Pe. 193, Po. 45, 
 
 as Am. 926, B. 570, Cp. 539, Ca. 264, Ci. 778, E. 299, Ml. 751, Mo. 763, 
 Pe. 565, Po. 895, Ps. 228, 729, E. 546, 999, 1147, 1221 Tr. 97, 1139, Tu. 35, 
 216. Before we leave this phase of the subject, three instances in which 
 a pronoun and its governing preposition intervene should be mentioned: 
 As. 918, Tr. 548, 1011. 
 
 29 I have disregarded the intervening contracted form of sum in such 
 instances as unicust mihi filius (Ca. 264). 
 
 30 The infinitive esse frequently becomes monosyllabic by elision. 
 
 31 Infinitive of edo. 
 
 32 Wackernagel, loc. cit. 423 sq. 
 
160 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [ Vol. 2 
 
 Ps. 992. In the following lines, one of these three ^yo^ds inter- 
 venes in combination with one other word : As. 471, B. 999, Mn. 
 1013,33 Mr. 442, 521, 567, Mo. 657, Pe. 546, Po. 978. 
 
 Probably the adverbs quidem^* (As. 762, :M1. 1282, R. 529), 
 and quoque^^ (Mo. 1110, Tr. 753) owe their intervention to their 
 enclitic nature. 
 
 IV. SINGLE INTERVENING WORDS. 
 
 In the next section of this paper will be presented all the 
 instances of separation, not already discussed, in which a single 
 word intervenes between the adjective and its noun. I shall 
 classify these examples on a mechanical basis, according as the 
 intervening word is a verb, noun, adverb, etc. 
 
 By far the largest class consists of instances in which some 
 form of the verb separates the adjective from its noun. Some- 
 times the adjective begins the line, as in 
 
 Erilis praevortit metus: accurro ut sciscam quid velit: (Am. 1069) 
 Cf. Am. 616, B. 782, 838, Mn. 1000, Ps. 17, R. 552, 764,-'« S. 412. 
 
 Another type is represented by 
 
 Gratesque agam eique ut Arabico fumificeni odore amoene: (Ml. 412) 
 Cf. Am. 328, 785, As. 575, Al. 192, Cp. 56, Ca. 332, Ci. 6, 98, 128, 
 E. 397, Mr. 859, Ml. 763, Pe. 313, Po. 331, 901, 1258, R. 530, 
 1123, S. 772, Tu. 484, 781. In Po. 964 and Tu. 136 an elided 
 monosyllable and a verb intervene. 
 
 An exceedingly common word-order is represented by six 
 
 instances in which the noun nianus, standing at the end of the 
 
 verse, is separated from its adjective by some form of the verb : 
 
 Quom Priami patriam P^rgamum divina moenitum manu. (B. 926) 
 
 Perque conservitiiim commune quod hostica evenit mami, (Cp. 246) 
 
 Ha6e per dexterdm tuam te dextera retinens manu (Cp. 442) 
 
 Si quisquam banc liberali asseruisset manu, (Cu. 668) 
 
 Lepidis tabellis, lepida conscriptis manu? (Ps. 28)37 
 
 T4m mihi quam illi libertatem hostilis erpuit manus: (Cp. 311) 
 
 33 In Mn. 1013 and Mr. 442 the alliteration should be noted. 
 
 34 Lane, Latin Grammar (1903), 93, (6). 
 
 35 Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus (Oxford, 1907), 92. 
 
 30 The chiastic arrangement of R. 764 gives a certain pathos. Cf. 
 Tr. 446. 
 
 37 For other instances in which the same adjective stands at the begin- 
 ning of the verse and immediately after the caesura cf. Cp. 333, Ml. 228; 
 also Am. 785. 
 
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 161 
 
 Metrical convenience is perhaps here a factor to be taken into 
 account, as manu (abl. sing.) in forty-nine out of a total of 
 eighty-two occurrences, is at the verse-end, manus (nom. sing.) 
 in six out of nine, and manum in thirty-one out of fifty. Other 
 nouns often standing at the verse-end, and in more than one 
 instance separated from the adjective by an intervening verb, 
 are modus (Am. 119, B. 507^ Mr. 1022, R. 895), ^^ via (As. 54, 
 B. 692, Cu. 35), fides (As. 199, Ml. 456, Po. 439), honiim (Pe. 63, 
 74, Tr. 220), gratia (Ci. 7, Tr. 376, 659), locus (Ca. 537, R. 
 1185), dies (Pe. 115, S. 638). There are also numerous other 
 instances of this collocation.^*^ Ut and a verb intervene in Am. 
 490, As. 695, and Ca. 558 ; in Al. 630 a verb and elided mono- 
 syllable. 
 
 In the instances of separation just treated, the adjective pre- 
 ceded its substantive. Many examples of the reverse word order 
 occur, however, as 
 
 Causiam habeas ferrugineam et scutulam ob oculos laneam: 
 
 (Ml. 1178) 
 
 Cf. Am. 189, Al. 191, B. 370, 422, 513, 566,*'' 785, Cp. 862, 918, 
 Mn. 232, 858, Mr. 41, Ml. 1179, Mo. 673, 1122, Po. 1026, R. 325, 
 753, 977, 1412, S. 209, Tr. 85, 171. 
 
 The many instances in which the adjective is at the verse-end, 
 and is separated from its preceding substantive merely by an 
 intervening verb, have already been discussed, chiefly in con- 
 nection with separations due to the length or metrical conveni- 
 ence of the adjective. 
 
 The great number of cases in which a verb slips in between 
 an adjective and its substantive would seem to indicate that such 
 a separation was not considered a violent one. Even the early 
 sepulchral monuments sometimes exhibit this word order : 
 
 Eheu, heu Taracei ut acerbo es deditus fato. (C.I.L., I, 1202) 
 Tu qui secura spatiarus niente viator (I, 1220) 
 Concordesque pari viximus ingenio. (Ibidem) 
 
 38 Cf. also B. 490 (already discussed under adnoniinal word-play). 
 
 39 Am. 190, 785, 1088, 1140, As. 34, Al. 313, 595, B. 71, 446, 590, Cp. 476, 
 722, 780, Ca. 6, 469, 511, Ci. 232, 701, Cu. 537, Mn. 73, 828, Ml. 547, Mo. 
 1141, Pe. 480, Po. 915, Ps. 312, 1228, R. 609, S. 500, Tu. 517. 
 
 40 Note the alliteration in B. 566. 
 
162 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2 
 
 "With the exception of limiting genitives*^ (As. 520, Cu. 334, 
 Mr. 547, Po. 451, 524, R. 311, 402, 1318, 1344), and vocatives*^' 
 (Mn. 506, Mr. 710, R. 1151), a noun seldom intervenes between 
 the adjective and its substantive. The instances yet remaining 
 to be mentioned are de summo adulesce^is loco (Al. 28), servi 
 f acinus frugi (Al. 587), maxumam multo fidem (Al. 667),*^ in 
 via petronem publica (Cp. 821), meliorest opus auspicio (Mn. 
 1149), festivam mulier opcram (Ml. 591), Fortuna faculam 
 lucrifera (Pe. 515)." 
 
 Still rarer are the instances in which an adjective intervenes : 
 
 Quod me sollieitat pliirumis miserum modis. (Al. 66) 
 
 Veluti Megadorus temptat me omnibus miserum modis: (Al. 462)*^ 
 
 To these examples are to be added cum opulento pauper homine 
 (Al. 461),*" and advocatos meliusi celeris (Po. 568). 
 
 Intervening adverbs need not detain us long. Quidem and 
 quoque have already been classed as enclitics (p. 160). Vero 
 (Al. 285 and Mo. 15), adeo (As. 763 and Mo. 280), profecto 
 (Ml. 1264), usquam (Mr. 35), umquam (Mn. 594), and magis 
 (S. 485) need little comment. More worthy of note are postremo 
 (Po. 1369), minus (B. 672), inde (Ps. 333), hodie (Pe. 474 and 
 S. 459), cito (B. 202), mmc (R. 533), semper (Tu. 388), palam 
 (Tu. 819), and adaequest (Cp. 999). 
 
 Conjunctions intervene as follows: lit (Am. 14, Mr. 112, Mo. 
 811, Po. 5, 15, 575),*^ si {Ah. 947, Cp. 202, Tu. 305), autem 
 (Pe. 695), ergo (Po. 1051). 
 
 41 A limiting genitive frequently intervenes in prose; e.g., summa 
 oratoris eloquentia. 
 
 4^ Because of its parenthetical nature, an intervening vocative inter- 
 rupts the thought only slightly. 
 
 43 Note that a form of fides begins and ends this line. 
 
 ** Mores morosi malos (Po. 379) has already been discussed under cases 
 of adnominal word-play. 
 
 *■> Alliteration, interlocked order and metrical convenience are factors 
 to be noted in Al. 66 and 462. For other cases of modis at the verse-end 
 cf. above Am. 119, etc. (p. 161). 
 
 40 Doubtless the juxtaposition of opulento and pauper is intentional. 
 
 47 The word preceding the intervening ut always ends in an elided 
 vowel, except in Mr. 112. 
 
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 163 
 
 V. MISCELLANEOUS SEPARATIONS. 
 
 There remain yet untreated a large class of examples in which 
 the adjective, whether it precedes or follows the noun, is separ- 
 ated from the latter by two or more intervening words. Fre- 
 quently the adjective acquires emphasis by preceding. The 
 instances in which honus assumes this position are well worth 
 quoting : 
 
 Et uti bonis vos vostrosque omnis nuntiis 
 
 Me adficere voltis, (Am. 8)*8 
 
 Hocine boni esse officium servi existumas, (Mo. 27) 
 
 Bono med esse ingenio ornatam quam auro multo mavolo. (Po. 301) 
 
 Bonam dedistis mlhi operam. — It ad me lucrum. (Po. 683) 
 
 Bonam dedistis, advocati, operam mihi. (Po. 806) 
 
 Bonamst quod habeas gratiam merito mihi, (R. 516) 
 
 Bonis esse oportet dentibus lenam probam: (Tu. 224) 
 
 Other adjectives so situated with reference to the substantive 
 are omnis (Am. 122, B. 373, Mr. 920, Ml. 662, R. 500, Tu. 876), 
 multus (Am. 190,"^ Cp. 326, 554, Mo. 589, Po. 208, 687, R. 400, 
 S. 87, Tr. 380), niillus (Am. 385, Cp. 518, Ci. 653, Mo. 409, 836, 
 839), ullus (As. 775, Po. 450), magnus (As. 143, Mn. 201, Ml. 228, 
 Tu. 702), alter (Am. 153, B. 719), alius (As. 204, 236, Tr. 356, 
 Tu. 936), maxumus (Al. 485, Mo. 899), verus (Cp. 610, R. 1101), 
 paucus (Cp. 1033, Ps. 972). For various other adjectives in this 
 positon cf. Al. 622, 767, B. 552, 911, Cp. 258, 897, Ca. 9, 639, 
 Cu. 470, Mn. 167,^" 802, Mr. 507, Mo. 195, 357, Pe. 780, Po. 602, 
 Ps. 752, R. 406, Tr. 764, Tu. 767, 782. In many of the cases of 
 separation just mentioned there are extenuating circumstances : 
 for example, at least one of the intervening words is often an 
 enclitic, as Bono med esse ingenio (Po. 301). Sometimes we 
 have a stereotyped formula, as Multa tibi dei dent bona (Po. 208, 
 687). 
 
 There yet remain to be considered only a few cases in which 
 
 48 Note that Am. 9 ends with the word nuntiem. Cf. Al. 621-22 for a 
 very similar instance. 
 
 40 It is possible that in Am. 190 there is a reminiscence of Homer, 
 Iliad I, 2: 
 
 ovKofi^vriVj fi fivpi' ' AxaioTs AXye edrjKev. 
 
 50 Note that in Mn. 167 and Tu. 767 the adjective and its noun stand 
 respectively at the beginning of the verse and after the diaeresis. 
 

 
 164 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2 
 
 the adjective is in the interior of the verse, and is separated from 
 its preceding substantive by two or more intervening words. 
 Very frequently an adjective in this position is decidedly amplify- 
 ing, as will be seen in the following : 
 
 Eos ego hodie omnis contruncabo duobus solis Ictibus. (B. 975) 
 Ea nunc perierunt omnia. — Oh, Neptune lepide, salve: (R. 358) 
 Di ilium infelicent omnes qui post hunc diem (Po. 449) 
 Inde sum oriundus. — Di dent tibi omnes quae velis. (Po. 1055 ) 
 Rem eloeuta sum tibi omnem: sequere hac me. Selenium, (Ci. 631) 
 Rem tibi sum elocutus omnem, Chaeribule, atque admodimi. (E. 104) 
 Et aiirum et argentum fuit lenonis omne ibidem. (R. 396) 
 Bona sua med habiturum omnia. — Ausculto lubens. (Tu. 400) 
 
 For other adjectives in this position cf. Am. 959, As. 50, 598, 
 Ca. 710, Ci. 103, Mr. 139, 292, Ml. 313, Mo. 841, Pe. 35, Ps. 773, 
 R. 352, 1109, 1133, 1281, 1421. It will be noticed that there, too, 
 one of the intervening words is often an enclitic. Also appar- 
 ently in some cases we have stereotyped phrases. 
 
 In conclusion we may say that many cases of separation are 
 due to conscious art. Sometimes the adjective and substantive 
 occupy the opposite extremities of the same verse ; sometimes one 
 immediately precedes the principal caesura or diaeresis, and the 
 other is at the end of the verse. Not a few conscious art- 
 separations are largely due to adnominal word-play and allitera- 
 tion. Long adjectives and nouns, metrically convenient, many 
 also of cretic, pyrrhic, and iambic measurement, display a very 
 decided tendency to drift to the end of the verse. This ten- 
 dency is responsible for no small number of separations. 
 Enclitic words, especially certain pronominal words, mono- 
 syllabic forms of the verb sum, and a few particles, intervene verj' 
 frequently. Often the separated adjective precedes because it 
 demands emphasis; often it follows because it is amplifying. 
 We must not lose sight of the fact that a combination of two or 
 more of the above mentioned factors is frequently at work pro- 
 ducing the separation. A verb seems to slip in very easily and 
 naturally between the adjective and its noun, while except for 
 some good reason, generally patent even to the modern reader, 
 other single words intervene relatively infrequently. 
 
 Transmitted April 7, 1911. 
 
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