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CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY
Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 151-164 June 28, 191 1
THE SEPARATION OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE
ADJECTIVE FROM ITS SUBSTANTIVE
IN PLAUTUS
BY
WINTHROP L. KEEP
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN
CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY
Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 151-164 June 28, 191 1
THE SEPARATION OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE
ADJECTIVE FROM ITS SUBSTANTIVE
IN PLAUTUS
BY
WINTHROP L. KEEP
PREFATORY NOTE
In June, 1909, I submitted to the Faculty of the University
of California a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Phil-
osophy, entitled "The Separation of the Attributive Adjective
from its Substantive in Plautus. " The present essay is an
abstract of this dissertation, as somewhat revised and shortened
after further study and reflection.
I desire to express here my great gratitude to Professor H. W.
Prescott for assisting me in selecting the subject of the disserta-
tion, and giving his helpful advice and criticism in the early
stages of the paper. Thanks are also due to Professors Merrill
and Richardson for their kindly interest, and especially to Pro-
fessor H. C. Nutting for his close criticism of the paper and his
helpful suggestions.
W. L. Keep.
Oakland, Calif., March, 1911.
244554
152 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
INTRODUCTION
Normally in Plautus and, in fact, in all the other early Latin
poets, the attributive adjective either immediately precedes or
immediately follows its substantive.^ A few concrete examples,
taken at random, will illustrate the truth of this statement. The
phrase res divina occurs twenty-four times in Plautus, and the
two words are separated only once (E. 415) ; supremus luppiter,
out of its ten occurrences, gives only one case of separation (Ps.
628) ; erilis films (or filia) only two cases out of eighteen occur-
rences (B. 351 and Ci. 749). Such statistics might be quoted
indefinitely.^
The present paper is a study of the comparatively infrequent
instances in our author, in which, within the verse,^ the attribu-
tive adjective is separated from its substantive. I have en-
deavored to point out, where possible, what are the probable
factors that bring about such separations, but to a great extent
the treatment can be only descriptive, as too often we are not in
a position to assume the author's point of view, and to penetrate
his motives for adopting a given woid-order.
Before we proceed to consider the instances of separation in
detail, a few observations of a general nature upon the subject
may be helpful. Whenever an attributive adjective precedes,
and is separated from its substantive by one or more words, as in
Magnasque adportavisse divitias domum, (S. 412)
Pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas. (R. 511)
1 In order to get as much light as possible on Plautine usage by way of
comparison, I read practically all the early Latin poetry written before
100 B.C., also the early inscriptions, and noted all the instances in these
authors in which an adjective is separated from its substantive. As far as
the collocation of the adjective and substantive is concerned, the usage
of all these authors seems strikingly similar to that of Plautus.
2 The reader is referred to two most useful books: Rassow, De Plauti
substantivis, Leipzig, 1881, = JHB. Supplbd. 12 (1881, 639-732; and Hel-
wig. Adjectives in Plautus (St. Petersburg, 1893) (in Russian, but contain-
ing in roman type an alphabetical list of the adjectives used by our
author). By means of the alphabetical lists contained in these two works,
all the occurrences in Plautus of any adjective or noun can readily be
located.
3 Of course I have omitted all instances of separation by the verse, as
such have already been treated by Prescott, ' ' Some Phases of the Relation
of Thought to Verse in Plautus," Univ. Calif. Publ. Class. Phil., vol. 1,
no. 7, 1907. This work was of great assistance to me in the preparation of
the present paper.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 153
there is always the possibility to be reckoned with that such an
adjective acquires emphasis by occupying this position; on the
other hand, when the adjective is separated from, and follows its
substantive, it may be more or less amplifying,* as in
Nam OS columnatum poetae esse indaudivi barbaro, (Ml. 211)
However, we must always be on our guard against reading
too much meaning into the fact that an adjective is separated
from its noun, as sometimes it is mere caprice on the poet's part
whether it is separated or not, and if separated, whether it pre-
cedes or follow^s, as is clearly attested by the four passages below :
Nimia menioras mira. sed vidistin uxorem meam? (Am. 616)
Nimia mira memoras: si istaec vera sunt, divinitus (Am. 1105)
Quod omnis homines facere oportet, dum id modo fiat bono. (Am. 996)
Quin amet et scortuni ducat, quod bono fiat modo. (Mr. 1022)
Metrical considerations can have nothing to do with the question
here, as in many cases of separation, since the meter is the same
in Am. 616 and 1105, and bono and modo are metrically inter-
changeable.
In this paper I have confined my discussion to ordinary
attributive adjectives, leaving out of account pronominal adjec-
tives^ and cardinal numerals. I have also excluded the lyrical
portions of the plays. Trivial separations, common to prose,
such as those by the enclitics -que, -ve, -ne, and a preposition, are
disregarded. The text employed is that of Goetz and Schoell.
I. CONSCIOUS ART-SEPARATIONS.
Certain separations of the adjective from its substantive are
undoubtedly due to conscious art on the poet's part. Naturally
the first of these conscious art-separations to be mentioned are
those in which the adjective and its substantive occupy the
opposite extremities of the same verse,", as in the following :
Minore nusquam bene fui dispendio. (Mn. 485)
4 Prescott, loc. cit., 218.
5 This phase of the subject has been treated by Nilsson, de collocatione
pron. adi. apud Plautum et Terentium, Lunds Universitets Aarsskrift, 37,
1901.
6 Cf. Norden, Aeneis Buch vi, 382 sq., for a full and interesting discus-
sion of this collocation in Virgil and several other authors.
154 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
Cf. Am. 481, As. 311, 599, Al. 49,^ B. 585, Cp. 64, Ca. 13, Ci. 587,
Cu. 221, Po. 1080, S. 526.«
A slightly different type, in which another attributive adjec-
tive, also in agreement with the substantive, occurs in the interior
of the verse, is represented by
Magno atque solido multat infortunio: (Mr. 21)
Cf. Am. 6, Mn. 520, Pe. 573,» 683, R. 597, E. 18, Tr. 331.
Two examples of the reverse type appear below ; the first has
alliteration as an attendant feature:
Mercator venit hue ad ludos Lemnius (Ci. 157)
Frustrationem | hodie iniciam maxumam. (Am. 875)
For other instances of this collocation with alliteration cf.
Mn. 1, Po. 1125, S. 258; without alliteration, B. 198, 229, 256,
Cu. 227, Mn. 240, Ps. 72, 694, 1167, R. 42, 843.
The tendency of long adjectives and nouns, metrically suit-
able, to stand at the verse-end^° is doubtless a factor to be
reckoned with in a number of the instances of separation so far
discussed. (Cf. below, p. 156.)
It is a well-known fact that many Greek and Latin poets are
fond of placing an attributive adjective immediately before the
principal caesura or diaeresis, and its substantive at the end of
the verse, or vice versa.^^ While Plautus does not adopt this
balanced arrangement so frequently as some of the later Latin
poets, still he has quite a number of instances like the following :
Quod cum peregrin! cubui uxore militis. (B. 1009)
Et tibi sunt gemini et trigemini, si te bene habes^ filii. (Ml. 717)
Cf. Am. 471, 863, B. 420, Cp. 105, 185,^^ Ci. 749, Cu. 200, 709,
7 In Al. 49 the adnominal word-play grandibo gradiim, is a factor in the
situation to be noted. Cf. also E. 597.
8 With S. 526 cf. Terence, Heaut. 539:
Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst.
9 The anaphora in Pe. 571-573 should be noted.
10 Cf. Prescott, 206 sqq. ; also 235 sqq., for remarks on adjectives of cretic
measurement.
11 Boldt, de liberiore linguae graecae et latinae collocatione verborum
capita selecta (Gottingen, 1884), 79: "Tali verborum collocatione plerum-
que id, quod sub finem positum est, maiorem consequitur accentum, saepe
autem utrumque vocabulum seiunctione emphasin quandam exercet. ' '
12 The interlocked word-order in Cp. 185 is probably intentional.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 155
Mn. 4, 231, Mr. 398, Ml. 774, Mo. 808, Po. 362, 746, 1164, Ps. 548,
732, 893, S. 163, 214, 387, Tu. 87^ 350, 447, Frivolaria VII.
Not infrequently alliteration or adnominal word-play is a
feature of this word order :
.Erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio. (Cp. 952)
Neque tam facetis, quam tu vivis, victibus. (Mo. 45)
Cf. Am. 475, 976, B. 351, 761, Cp. 27, Ps. 158, 628, 1232, S. 132,
Tu. 892.
The reverse word-order (substantive before caesura and adjec-
tive at the end of the verse) sometimes occurs, as in
Quoi servitutem di danunt lenoniam (Ps. 767)
These instances, however, I have classed under other categories of
examples, as apparently the length of the adjective, or its metrical
convenience, is the most important factor in producing such
separations.
Next to be considered are a number of conscious art-separa-
tions due primarily to Plautus ' fondness for adnominal word-play
and figura etymologica :^^
Sordido vitam oblectabas pane in pannis inopia: (As. 142) i*
Pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas. (R. 511)
Omnium hominum exopto ut fiam miserorum miserrumus. (Mn. 817)
Male formido: novi ego huius mores morosi males. (Po. 379) is
For very similar instances cf. B. 187, 490, Cp. 333, 914, Cu. 533,
E. 306, Po. 991, Tu. 278. Cf. also Am. 137, 204, 605, 1116, Cp.
774, Ci. 231, Mn. 274, 447, Mr. 847, Ml. 198, 228, 309, 734,
Po. 308, 759, Ps. 704, R. 100, 305, 886, S. 63, 383.
In his desire for sound-effects, Plautus apparently sometimes
separates the adjective from its noun primarily to avail himself
of alliterative possibilities :^^
13 Of course other factors, such as metrical convenience, often must be
taken into account.
1* Many of the instances of adnominal word-play that concern us here
are more fully discussed by Raebel, de usu adnominationis apud Romanorum
poetas comicos (Halle, 1882), passim.
13 Boldt, op. cit., 93, calls attention to the elaborate interlocked order in
Po. 379.
16 Buchhold, de adliterationis apud veteres Romanorum poetas usu
(Leipzig, 1883), passim.
156 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
Ldrgitur peculium: omnem in tergo thensaurum gerit. (As. 277)
At nunc dehinc scito ilium ante omnes minumi mortalem preti,
(As. 858)17
Liberos homines per urbem modico magis par est gradu
fre: (Po. 522) is
Perfidiae laudes gratiasque habemus merito mdgnas, (As. 545)
For other instances of separation largely due to alliteration cf.
B. 988, Mr. 363, Ml. 778, Pe. 559, Po. 407, 968, 1245, Ps. 369, 761,
R. 87, 101, 636. Of course there are numerous other cases of
separation where alliteration is an attendant feature. Through-
out this paper attention will be called to many such instances.
II. SEPARATIONS LARGELY DUE TO LENGTH AND METRICAL
CONVENIENCE OF THE ADJECTIVE.
Long adjectives, metrically suitable, tend to stand at the
verse-end. The same is true of many adjectives of cretic meas-
urement.^" Even adjectives of iambic and pyrrhic measurement
show this tendency to some extent.-" Hence it is not at all strange
that in a large number of instances the substantives with which
these adjectives are in agreement precede the latter by one or
more intervening words. It is true that in many of these cases
other factors, such as sound-effects, must be taken into account.
Frequently the substantive immediately precedes the principal
caesura or diaeresis,^^ giving the balanced arrangement men-
tioned above (p. 155).
17 By means of this word-order the alliterating syllables mi- and mor-
both receive the metrical accent, which greatly heightens the pleasing effect.
Minumi preti (gen. sing.) occurs in seven other passages in Plautus, always
without separation, and with j)reti always at the verse-end, as here. For an
interesting parallel to this passage cf. Naevius, Incert. Fab. 1 (Ribbeck
II, p. 25):
PatI necesse est multa mortals mala.
18 The contrast between liberos and modico is heightened by the fact
that one stands at the beginning of the verse, and the other immediately
after the diaeresis.
19 Cf. Prescott, 207 and footnote 2; also 234-239.
20 Below are a few statistical illustrations of the above statements;
the figures after each adjective indicate respectively the number of times
it occurs at the verse-end, and the total number of its occurrences:
pawperculus, 4-5; acerrumus, 6-7; pauxillulus, 6-8; praesentariu^, 5-5; argen-
teus, 7-7; argentarius, 18-19; lenonius, 9-11; Atticus, 10-18; marumtis, 39-
86; aureus, 15-27; mutuus, 14-26; barbarus, 5-7; meru^, 12-23. Statistics
for any other adjective can be found by consulting Helwig.
21 Al. 525, B. 1018, Cu. 239, Mn. 6, 58, 67. 102, Mr. 811. Mo. 361. 621,
828, Pe. 512, Po. 139, 651, 705, 708, Ps. 80, 100, 424, 767, R. 70, S. 768.
Tr. 216, 847, 962, Tu. 43, 697.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Flautus. 157
Let us first consider adjectives of four or more syllables in
length. Alliteration is an attendant feature of the separation in
Cu. 205 :
inter nos amore utemur semper subreptlcio?
Cf. also Al. 171, B. 94, Cp. 901, E. 159, Mn. 595, Mr. 193, Ml.
1177, Mo. 361, 913, Po. 705, R. 69, S. 138, Tu 697.
The following is a typical instance in which length is perhaps
the only factor producing the separation :
Atque adeo, ut ne legi fraudem faciant aleariae, (Ml. 164)
Cf. B. 675, Cp. 775, Cu. 239, 660, Mn. 6, 102, 436, 845, Mo. 404,
621, Pe. 97, Po. 651, 708, Ps. 100, 146, 303, 424, 706, 766, 767,
R. 70, 1320, S. 760, Tr. 216, Tu. 72, 880.
Atticus is a good representative of adjectives of cretic fand
dactylic) measurement. In ten of its eighteen occurrences it
stands at the end of the verse. Three times when in this position
it concerns us :
Ego illam reperiam. — Hinc Athenis civis earn emit Attieus: (E. 602)
Civisne esset an peregrinus. — Clvem esse aibant Atticum. (Mr. 635)
immo Athenis natus altnsque educatusque Atticis. (E. 741)
For similar instances of other adjectives of cretic (and dactylic)
measurement in this position cf. maxumus (Am. 782, Mn. 67,
Mr. 632, 811, Ml. 75, Pe. 512, Po. 842, Ps. 897), omnia (Am. 948,
B. 1018, Po. 704, 726, R. 639, Tr. 1168, Tu. 774, 798), aureus
(Am. 144, 260, Cu. 439), publicus (Am. 524, Pe. 75, Tr. 1057),
mutuus (Cu. 68, Ps. 80),-- proxumus (As. 776, R. 84, 561),
alterum (Mn. 38, 58, 1088), parvolus (R. 39, S. 161), optumus
(Cp. 946, Ml. 1210), plumbeus (Ca. 258, Tr. 962), harbarus
Ml. 211, Mo. 828), pessumus (Ps. 270, R. 40), and also Am.
280,23 Al. 525, 626, Cp. 169, Ml. 1178, Pe. 571,-* Po. 139, R. 574,
1010.
Four times, when standing at the end of the verse, merus is
separated from its noun :
Eam ego, ut matre fuerat natum, vini | eduxi meri. (Am. 430)
Factumst illud, ut ego illic vini hirneam ebiberim meri. (Am. 431)
Ne mihi | incocta detis. Rem loquitur meram. (Pe. 93)
Si semel amoris poculum accepit meri. (Tu. 43)
22 Cf. Prescott 234, for the suggestion that muiuum may have a sub-
stantival force.
23 Note the alliteration in Am. 280.
24 In Pe. 571 the artificial arrangement ferreas — ferrea should be noted.
158 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
For other adjectives of iambic and pyrrhic measurement in this
position cf bonus (Am. 996, B. 1022, E. 107, Ml. 733, Tr. 28),
malus (Mo. 531, Ps. 492, 974, Tr. 128, U6,^'' 847), novus (E. 229,
Mo. 466, S. 768), vetus (Ci. 505, Mr. 771), gravis (As. 55, E.
557), also Al. 606, Mn. 908, Mr. 999, Po. 508, Tu. 797.
III. INTERVENING WORDS OP AN ENCLITIC NATURE.
In the following section of this paper I propose to present a
large number of examples in which it is probable that the enclitic
nature of the intervening word accounts for the separation.
WackernageP" has shown that short enclitic words, including
many pronouns, tend to occupy the second or third place in their
sentence. The following lines illustrate how this tendency fre-
quently affects the position of the adjective :
Voluptabilem mihi nuntium tuo adventu adportas Thesprio. (E. 21)
Canora hie voce sua tinnire temperent, (Po. 33)
Avis me ferae consimilem faciam, ut praedicas. (Cp. 123)
Peiorem ego hominem magisque vorsute malum (Ps. 1017)
DI me omnes magni minutique et etiam patellarii (Ci. 522)
There are a great many other passages in which an intervening
pronoun or pronominal adverb occupies the second or third place
in its sentence or clause.^^ Sometimes, by the law of pronominal
attraction, two pronouns intervene, as in Ca. 584, E. 302, 669,
Mn. 199. In Mn. 551 and Tr. 1030 a pronoun and quidem occupy
this position ; in Tr. 68 an elided pronoun and ut. The following
lines are of especial interest :
Stills me totum usque iilmeis conscribito. (Ps. 545)
Locum sibi velle liberum praeb^rier, (Po. 177 and 657)
In the first, totum usque simply amplifies me; in the second, sihi
velle is probably a stereotyped phrase.
Often the intervening pronominal word does not occupy the
26 In Tr. 446 the chiastic arrangement of bonis and malas should be
observed.
26 Indog. Forsch., i, 406 if.
27 Am. 525, As. 69, Al. 324, 340, 482, B. 55. 913, 1141, Cp. 355, 859, 861,
Ci. 369, 670, E. 693, Mr. 49, 141, 477, Ml. 21, 731, Mo. 371, 532, 779,
Pe. 238, 292, Po. 75, 317, Ps. 69, 329, 474, 584, 590, 968, 1200, R. 303, 476,
1100, S. 259, 365, 420, Tr. 365, 453, 655, 997, Tu. 131, 285, 438, 812, Vid. 85,
Frag. fab. inc. vii.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 159
second or third place in its sentence ;^^ sometimes, however,
alliteration may explain this fact, as prohri me maxumi (Ml. 364) ,
partem mihi maiorem (Ml. 711), undas me maioris (R. 167).
Several forms of the verb sum (especially the monosyllabic
forms) are undoubtedly enclitics. This fact probably accounts
for the large number of instances in which these forms separate
the adjective from its substantive. Below are three typical cases :
Item genus est lenonium inter homines meo quidem animo (Cu. 499)
Magni sunt oneris: quicquid imponas, vehunt. (Mo. 782)
Scio te bona esse voce: ne clama nimis. (Mo. 576)
The complete list of instances is as follows :
Sum : Am. 34, Al. 2, Mo. 564, Ps. 1025.
Es (contracted) : As. 511, B. 74, Ml. 49, Mo. 176, Tu. 134.
Es (uncontracted) : Cp. 427, Mo. 251.
Est (contracted) -r-^ Am. 506, 1054, Al. 235, Cp. 104, Ci. 80,
492, Cu. 15, 49, 189, E. 163, 425, 675, Mr. 378, Ml. 68, 682,
Pe. 516, 547, 830, Po. 10, 1370, Ps. 791, R. 144, 1156, 1387,
S. 116, 200, 524, 748, Tr. 24, Vid. 31.
Est (uncontracted) : Am. 484, B. 120, Cu. 49, 499, Mn. 906,
1087, Ml. 665, Po. 200, Ps. 782, R. 1160, Tu. 149, 246.
Estis: Cu. 501.
Sunt : Mn. 94, Mr. 969, Mo. 782, Pe. 243, Po. 584, Ps. 268.
Sis : As. 726, Mr. 890, Mo. 396.
Esse :^° Am. 1090, Ci. 660, E. 415, Mr. 966, Ml. 68, Mo. 576,
Pe. 113,^^ Tr. 456.
Another class of enclitic words, sometimes separating the
adjective from its noun, are the asseverative particles hercle,
edepol, mecastor.^"^ Three instances of this collocation are Fulcra
edepol dos (E. 180), Conceptis hercle verbis (Ps. 1056), Lepidus
mecastor mortalis (Tu. 949). Cf. also E. 192, 715, Pe. 193, Po. 45,
as Am. 926, B. 570, Cp. 539, Ca. 264, Ci. 778, E. 299, Ml. 751, Mo. 763,
Pe. 565, Po. 895, Ps. 228, 729, E. 546, 999, 1147, 1221 Tr. 97, 1139, Tu. 35,
216. Before we leave this phase of the subject, three instances in which
a pronoun and its governing preposition intervene should be mentioned:
As. 918, Tr. 548, 1011.
29 I have disregarded the intervening contracted form of sum in such
instances as unicust mihi filius (Ca. 264).
30 The infinitive esse frequently becomes monosyllabic by elision.
31 Infinitive of edo.
32 Wackernagel, loc. cit. 423 sq.
160 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [ Vol. 2
Ps. 992. In the following lines, one of these three ^yo^ds inter-
venes in combination with one other word : As. 471, B. 999, Mn.
1013,33 Mr. 442, 521, 567, Mo. 657, Pe. 546, Po. 978.
Probably the adverbs quidem^* (As. 762, :M1. 1282, R. 529),
and quoque^^ (Mo. 1110, Tr. 753) owe their intervention to their
enclitic nature.
IV. SINGLE INTERVENING WORDS.
In the next section of this paper will be presented all the
instances of separation, not already discussed, in which a single
word intervenes between the adjective and its noun. I shall
classify these examples on a mechanical basis, according as the
intervening word is a verb, noun, adverb, etc.
By far the largest class consists of instances in which some
form of the verb separates the adjective from its noun. Some-
times the adjective begins the line, as in
Erilis praevortit metus: accurro ut sciscam quid velit: (Am. 1069)
Cf. Am. 616, B. 782, 838, Mn. 1000, Ps. 17, R. 552, 764,-'« S. 412.
Another type is represented by
Gratesque agam eique ut Arabico fumificeni odore amoene: (Ml. 412)
Cf. Am. 328, 785, As. 575, Al. 192, Cp. 56, Ca. 332, Ci. 6, 98, 128,
E. 397, Mr. 859, Ml. 763, Pe. 313, Po. 331, 901, 1258, R. 530,
1123, S. 772, Tu. 484, 781. In Po. 964 and Tu. 136 an elided
monosyllable and a verb intervene.
An exceedingly common word-order is represented by six
instances in which the noun nianus, standing at the end of the
verse, is separated from its adjective by some form of the verb :
Quom Priami patriam P^rgamum divina moenitum manu. (B. 926)
Perque conservitiiim commune quod hostica evenit mami, (Cp. 246)
Ha6e per dexterdm tuam te dextera retinens manu (Cp. 442)
Si quisquam banc liberali asseruisset manu, (Cu. 668)
Lepidis tabellis, lepida conscriptis manu? (Ps. 28)37
T4m mihi quam illi libertatem hostilis erpuit manus: (Cp. 311)
33 In Mn. 1013 and Mr. 442 the alliteration should be noted.
34 Lane, Latin Grammar (1903), 93, (6).
35 Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus (Oxford, 1907), 92.
30 The chiastic arrangement of R. 764 gives a certain pathos. Cf.
Tr. 446.
37 For other instances in which the same adjective stands at the begin-
ning of the verse and immediately after the caesura cf. Cp. 333, Ml. 228;
also Am. 785.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 161
Metrical convenience is perhaps here a factor to be taken into
account, as manu (abl. sing.) in forty-nine out of a total of
eighty-two occurrences, is at the verse-end, manus (nom. sing.)
in six out of nine, and manum in thirty-one out of fifty. Other
nouns often standing at the verse-end, and in more than one
instance separated from the adjective by an intervening verb,
are modus (Am. 119, B. 507^ Mr. 1022, R. 895), ^^ via (As. 54,
B. 692, Cu. 35), fides (As. 199, Ml. 456, Po. 439), honiim (Pe. 63,
74, Tr. 220), gratia (Ci. 7, Tr. 376, 659), locus (Ca. 537, R.
1185), dies (Pe. 115, S. 638). There are also numerous other
instances of this collocation.^*^ Ut and a verb intervene in Am.
490, As. 695, and Ca. 558 ; in Al. 630 a verb and elided mono-
syllable.
In the instances of separation just treated, the adjective pre-
ceded its substantive. Many examples of the reverse word order
occur, however, as
Causiam habeas ferrugineam et scutulam ob oculos laneam:
(Ml. 1178)
Cf. Am. 189, Al. 191, B. 370, 422, 513, 566,*'' 785, Cp. 862, 918,
Mn. 232, 858, Mr. 41, Ml. 1179, Mo. 673, 1122, Po. 1026, R. 325,
753, 977, 1412, S. 209, Tr. 85, 171.
The many instances in which the adjective is at the verse-end,
and is separated from its preceding substantive merely by an
intervening verb, have already been discussed, chiefly in con-
nection with separations due to the length or metrical conveni-
ence of the adjective.
The great number of cases in which a verb slips in between
an adjective and its substantive would seem to indicate that such
a separation was not considered a violent one. Even the early
sepulchral monuments sometimes exhibit this word order :
Eheu, heu Taracei ut acerbo es deditus fato. (C.I.L., I, 1202)
Tu qui secura spatiarus niente viator (I, 1220)
Concordesque pari viximus ingenio. (Ibidem)
38 Cf. also B. 490 (already discussed under adnoniinal word-play).
39 Am. 190, 785, 1088, 1140, As. 34, Al. 313, 595, B. 71, 446, 590, Cp. 476,
722, 780, Ca. 6, 469, 511, Ci. 232, 701, Cu. 537, Mn. 73, 828, Ml. 547, Mo.
1141, Pe. 480, Po. 915, Ps. 312, 1228, R. 609, S. 500, Tu. 517.
40 Note the alliteration in B. 566.
162 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
"With the exception of limiting genitives*^ (As. 520, Cu. 334,
Mr. 547, Po. 451, 524, R. 311, 402, 1318, 1344), and vocatives*^'
(Mn. 506, Mr. 710, R. 1151), a noun seldom intervenes between
the adjective and its substantive. The instances yet remaining
to be mentioned are de summo adulesce^is loco (Al. 28), servi
f acinus frugi (Al. 587), maxumam multo fidem (Al. 667),*^ in
via petronem publica (Cp. 821), meliorest opus auspicio (Mn.
1149), festivam mulier opcram (Ml. 591), Fortuna faculam
lucrifera (Pe. 515)."
Still rarer are the instances in which an adjective intervenes :
Quod me sollieitat pliirumis miserum modis. (Al. 66)
Veluti Megadorus temptat me omnibus miserum modis: (Al. 462)*^
To these examples are to be added cum opulento pauper homine
(Al. 461),*" and advocatos meliusi celeris (Po. 568).
Intervening adverbs need not detain us long. Quidem and
quoque have already been classed as enclitics (p. 160). Vero
(Al. 285 and Mo. 15), adeo (As. 763 and Mo. 280), profecto
(Ml. 1264), usquam (Mr. 35), umquam (Mn. 594), and magis
(S. 485) need little comment. More worthy of note are postremo
(Po. 1369), minus (B. 672), inde (Ps. 333), hodie (Pe. 474 and
S. 459), cito (B. 202), mmc (R. 533), semper (Tu. 388), palam
(Tu. 819), and adaequest (Cp. 999).
Conjunctions intervene as follows: lit (Am. 14, Mr. 112, Mo.
811, Po. 5, 15, 575),*^ si {Ah. 947, Cp. 202, Tu. 305), autem
(Pe. 695), ergo (Po. 1051).
41 A limiting genitive frequently intervenes in prose; e.g., summa
oratoris eloquentia.
4^ Because of its parenthetical nature, an intervening vocative inter-
rupts the thought only slightly.
43 Note that a form of fides begins and ends this line.
** Mores morosi malos (Po. 379) has already been discussed under cases
of adnominal word-play.
*■> Alliteration, interlocked order and metrical convenience are factors
to be noted in Al. 66 and 462. For other cases of modis at the verse-end
cf. above Am. 119, etc. (p. 161).
40 Doubtless the juxtaposition of opulento and pauper is intentional.
47 The word preceding the intervening ut always ends in an elided
vowel, except in Mr. 112.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 163
V. MISCELLANEOUS SEPARATIONS.
There remain yet untreated a large class of examples in which
the adjective, whether it precedes or follows the noun, is separ-
ated from the latter by two or more intervening words. Fre-
quently the adjective acquires emphasis by preceding. The
instances in which honus assumes this position are well worth
quoting :
Et uti bonis vos vostrosque omnis nuntiis
Me adficere voltis, (Am. 8)*8
Hocine boni esse officium servi existumas, (Mo. 27)
Bono med esse ingenio ornatam quam auro multo mavolo. (Po. 301)
Bonam dedistis mlhi operam. — It ad me lucrum. (Po. 683)
Bonam dedistis, advocati, operam mihi. (Po. 806)
Bonamst quod habeas gratiam merito mihi, (R. 516)
Bonis esse oportet dentibus lenam probam: (Tu. 224)
Other adjectives so situated with reference to the substantive
are omnis (Am. 122, B. 373, Mr. 920, Ml. 662, R. 500, Tu. 876),
multus (Am. 190,"^ Cp. 326, 554, Mo. 589, Po. 208, 687, R. 400,
S. 87, Tr. 380), niillus (Am. 385, Cp. 518, Ci. 653, Mo. 409, 836,
839), ullus (As. 775, Po. 450), magnus (As. 143, Mn. 201, Ml. 228,
Tu. 702), alter (Am. 153, B. 719), alius (As. 204, 236, Tr. 356,
Tu. 936), maxumus (Al. 485, Mo. 899), verus (Cp. 610, R. 1101),
paucus (Cp. 1033, Ps. 972). For various other adjectives in this
positon cf. Al. 622, 767, B. 552, 911, Cp. 258, 897, Ca. 9, 639,
Cu. 470, Mn. 167,^" 802, Mr. 507, Mo. 195, 357, Pe. 780, Po. 602,
Ps. 752, R. 406, Tr. 764, Tu. 767, 782. In many of the cases of
separation just mentioned there are extenuating circumstances :
for example, at least one of the intervening words is often an
enclitic, as Bono med esse ingenio (Po. 301). Sometimes we
have a stereotyped formula, as Multa tibi dei dent bona (Po. 208,
687).
There yet remain to be considered only a few cases in which
48 Note that Am. 9 ends with the word nuntiem. Cf. Al. 621-22 for a
very similar instance.
40 It is possible that in Am. 190 there is a reminiscence of Homer,
Iliad I, 2:
ovKofi^vriVj fi fivpi' ' AxaioTs AXye edrjKev.
50 Note that in Mn. 167 and Tu. 767 the adjective and its noun stand
respectively at the beginning of the verse and after the diaeresis.
164 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
the adjective is in the interior of the verse, and is separated from
its preceding substantive by two or more intervening words.
Very frequently an adjective in this position is decidedly amplify-
ing, as will be seen in the following :
Eos ego hodie omnis contruncabo duobus solis Ictibus. (B. 975)
Ea nunc perierunt omnia. — Oh, Neptune lepide, salve: (R. 358)
Di ilium infelicent omnes qui post hunc diem (Po. 449)
Inde sum oriundus. — Di dent tibi omnes quae velis. (Po. 1055 )
Rem eloeuta sum tibi omnem: sequere hac me. Selenium, (Ci. 631)
Rem tibi sum elocutus omnem, Chaeribule, atque admodimi. (E. 104)
Et aiirum et argentum fuit lenonis omne ibidem. (R. 396)
Bona sua med habiturum omnia. — Ausculto lubens. (Tu. 400)
For other adjectives in this position cf. Am. 959, As. 50, 598,
Ca. 710, Ci. 103, Mr. 139, 292, Ml. 313, Mo. 841, Pe. 35, Ps. 773,
R. 352, 1109, 1133, 1281, 1421. It will be noticed that there, too,
one of the intervening words is often an enclitic. Also appar-
ently in some cases we have stereotyped phrases.
In conclusion we may say that many cases of separation are
due to conscious art. Sometimes the adjective and substantive
occupy the opposite extremities of the same verse ; sometimes one
immediately precedes the principal caesura or diaeresis, and the
other is at the end of the verse. Not a few conscious art-
separations are largely due to adnominal word-play and allitera-
tion. Long adjectives and nouns, metrically convenient, many
also of cretic, pyrrhic, and iambic measurement, display a very
decided tendency to drift to the end of the verse. This ten-
dency is responsible for no small number of separations.
Enclitic words, especially certain pronominal words, mono-
syllabic forms of the verb sum, and a few particles, intervene verj'
frequently. Often the separated adjective precedes because it
demands emphasis; often it follows because it is amplifying.
We must not lose sight of the fact that a combination of two or
more of the above mentioned factors is frequently at work pro-
ducing the separation. A verb seems to slip in very easily and
naturally between the adjective and its noun, while except for
some good reason, generally patent even to the modern reader,
other single words intervene relatively infrequently.
Transmitted April 7, 1911.
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