J^>^y^JAUAlJAiJAl]^JAllAU^JALJALv^y^v^v^v^uAlJAly 7 vrnrryiAl ERNEST SOLVAY ORIGINATOR AND PERFECTOR OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONATE OF SODA ROWLAND HAZARD FOUNDER AND FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS CO. SYRACUSE, N. Y., 1881 WILLIAM B. COGSWELL ASSOCIATED FROM ITS ORIGIN WITH THE SOLVAY PROCESS CO. AS ENGINEER, GENERAL MANAGER, TREASURER, DIRECTOR AND VICE-PRESIDENT FREDERICK R. HAZARD PRESIDENT OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY 3>\m\ iniiiiiini mini in i m iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiini iiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i i iiiiliilllilliilllll in i Him iiiiiiiiiiiiiiin inn nnniminn niiini iiiinn iiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiini inn iiiiiiiiiiimiiniiiiiiiii i nni| rfiiiiiu i i i i minim mini mil mi innninn miniiimiinm nnniiinmiim n iminmii linn i mm iiiiminiiinm i mm nm mi inn iiiinim miiiiiiimiii i nnniiim m i inn minim inn >; SOLVAY ALKALI ITS VARIOUS FORMS & USES WITH NOTES ON ALKALIMETRY AND CHEMICAL AND COMMERCIAL TABLES CONVENIENTLY ARRANGED FOR THE USE OF THE CONSUMER 1916 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY Ll SYRACUSE, N. Y. Copyright, 1916, The Solvay Process Company r? > / 57 sc THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY MANUFACTURER OF SODA ASH, CAUSTIC SODA, BICARBONATE, CRYSTALS, AND ALLIED PRODUCTS OFFICERS: PRESIDENT, F. R. HAZARD VICE-PRESIDENT, R. G. HAZARD GENERAL MANAGER, J. D. PENNOCK VICE-PRESIDENT, W. B. COGSWELL MGR., DETROIT WORKS, A. H. GREEN, JR VICE-PRESIDENT. E. N. TRUMP CHIEF ENGINEER, C. G. HERBERT SECRETARY, LOUIS KRUMBHAAR ASS'T-TREASURER, R. W. SWIFT SYRACUSE, N. Y. DETROIT, MICH. HUTCHINSON, KAN. SELLING AGENTS: WING & EVANS, INC., 22 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK \ Organization The Solvay Process Co. was incorporated in 1881 under the Laws of the State of New York, for the manufacture of soda in its various forms and for dealing in the raw materials and by-products of such manufacture. The Company has been in continu- ous operation since its incorporation. Its works are located at Solvay, near Syracuse, N. Y., at Detroit, Michigan, and at Hutchinson, Kansas. The output of the original plant at Syracuse was 30 tons of soda ash a day. A study of the accom- panying cuts may be found interesting as showing the tremendous growth of the industry. The Com- pany today furnishes a very large part of all the alkali consumed in the United States. From the origin of the business the sale of the Soda Products of the company has been under the direction of Wing & Evans, later succeeded by Wing & Evans, Inc., of 22 William Street, New York City, as General Selling Agents. Wing & Evans, Inc., like the Solvay Process Co., has been continuously identified with the alkali industry of the United States from its beginning. M82532 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Brief Outline of the Soda Process ODA ASH was first produced commercially by the LeBlanc process about the year 1800. That process was crude and expensive, the price of soda ash made by it being from $190 to $380 a ton. As early, therefore, as 181 1 , when the LeBlanc process was still in its infancy, experiments were commenced to discover some process more economical and efficient. These experiments were carried on almost continuously by some of the most noted scientists of Europe until the year 1861, when two Belgians, Messrs. Ernest and Alfred Sol- v'ay, brothers, originated the apparatus which enabled them to perfect the process for the manufacture of soda ash by the reaction of ammonium bi-car- bonate on salt brine. This process was put into actual commercial operation at a plant at Couillet, Belgium, by the Messrs. Solvay in 1863, and the successful manufacture of soda ash by it has continued ever since. The process has long been known the world over as the Solvay process, and probably 95 per cent, of all the soda ash now manufactured is made by it. The service to the world of the Messrs. Solvay in perfecting their process can never be appreciated. Entering as soda ash does, in one form or another, into practically all the products of industry, the tremendous economy effected in its manufacture by the Solvay process has been of enormous benefit to the world. At its origin The Solvay Process Company acquired the American patents of the Messrs. Solvay, whose broad-minded policy provided for the establish- ment of a fraternity of independent organizations, one for each of the great countries whose consumption of alkali warranted a home supply. These national organizations are entirely separate and independent; each is under exclusive home control, but it is the privilege of each to share in the improvements of all the others by the interchange of technical and factory reports and by personal visits of their staff experts. The business world can hardly offer a parallel to this Solvay fraternity, and thirty-five years have demonstrated its wonderful efficiency. By this alliance the users of the product of The Solvay Process Company derive the benefit, not only of the ablest experts in the manufacture of alkali in the United States, but in all the world. The original patents have now expired. Companies have been formed both in Europe and in this country to use such portions of the Solvay process as they can readily follow. Such followers are a tribute to the excellence of the process. 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw iiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiifH 10 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. Solvay Products The Solvay Process Company are manufacturers of the following products: SODA ASH. All grades and densities. CAUSTIC SODA. All grades of solid and ground. BICARBONATE OF SODA. Pure and commercial grades. SESQUI-CARBONATE OF SODA. Pure. MODIFIED SODAS (So-called Neutral Sodas). All grades. CAUSTICIZED ASH. All grades. CROWN FILLER. Pure hydrated Calcium Sulphate. CALCIUM CHLORIDE. All grades of solid, granulated and liquid. SALT. Commercial Grades. LIMESTONE. Pulverized and graded sizes. For details of the various products and their uses see following pages. Any of the special pamphlets mentioned may be had on request. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim 11 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y Soda Ash Na 2 CO 3 Soda Ash is found in commerce in the following grades, all of which are made by The Solvay Process Co. : 58% Ordinary and 58% Dense. 48% " 48% Special." The 58% Ash is the highest grade of Soda Ash manufactured, and contains about 99% Na 2 CO 3 . The distinction between 58% Ordinary (or Light) and 58% Dense is merely one of density, the Dense Ash weighing about twice as much as the Ordinary Ash per unit volume. Chemically, they are identical, and perform the same functions, the Dense Ash being used where small bulk is desirable, e.g., in glass manufacture. USES: In the manufacture of glass, soap, paper, chemicals, drugs, paints, leather, enamel ware, cleansers. Soda Ash is also used in the textile industries, in dyeing operations, water softening, metallurgical operations, bottle and dish washing, refining of vegetable and mineral oils, metal working, prevention of timber mold. The 48% Ordinary Ash and the 48% Special are reduced with NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 respectively, and are used for special purposes. PACKAGES: See page 42. See special chapter on Dense Ash for Glass Manufacture, on page 20. Caustic Soda NaOH Caustic Soda is manufactured in the following grades : SOLID CAUSTIC. 76%, 74%; 70% Ordinary, 70% Special; 60% Ordinary, 60% Special. GROUND CAUSTIC. 76%, 74%. Caustic Soda is graded according to the percentage content. of actual alkali (Na 2 O) in it, 76% being the highest commercial grade. The chief uses of Caustic Soda are in the manufacture of soap, paper, chemi- cals and drugs, paints, enamel ware, leather; used also in the textile industries, mercerizing of cotton, water softening, bottle washing, vegetable and mineral oil refining, metal working, and in the preparation of cleansers. The Special Caustic Sodas contain certain amounts of Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Sulphate, and are of a softer nature than the ordinary Caustic. Ground Caustic is ordinary solid caustic ground for putting up in small packages, for use in cleansing, in batteries, etc. PACKAGES: See page 42. For special chapter on the Use of Caustic Soda in Soap Making see page 22. THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. Bicarbonate of Soda NaHCO 3 BICARBONATE OF SODA in the pure form is the well-known Baking Soda. It is used also in the manufacture of baking powders, both of these products being used over the civilized world. Other grades, not so highly refined, are used for producing Carbonic Acid for charging waters, in the manufacture of chemicals and drugs, for charging fire extinguishers, and for prevention of timber mold. 1 * = = Modified Sodas == (So-called Neutral Sodas) n "Modified Sodas" is a term which includes all of those forms of mild alkali which contain more carbonic acid than the normal Sodium Carbonate or Soda Ash. These products are sometimes known as Neutral Sodas. The Solvay Process Company make the following specialties in Modified Sodas, and are prepared to furnish any other particular combination desired: Solvay Snow Flake Crystals Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , 2H 2 O. Modified Soda containing about 27% Bicarbonate of soda, about 60% Car- bonate of Soda, making about 45% Actual Alkali (Na 2 O). Modified Soda containing about 50% Bicarbonate of Soda, about 37% Car- bonate of Soda, making about 40% Actual Alkali (Na 2 O). Modified Soda containing about 64% Bicarbonate of Soda, about 27% Car- bonate of Soda, making about 39% Actual Alkali (Na 2 O). Mono-Hydrate Crystals Na 2 CO 3 , H 2 O. This is another form of mild alkali, being the normal carbonate with one molecule of water of crystallization. All of these products are used in cleansing operations, as carried on in laun- dries, dairies, textile industries, metal cleaning, etc. See our Special Pamphlets on Snow Flake Crystals and on Metal Cleaning. For Special Chapter on "Soda as a Cleansing Agent" see Page 24. PACKAGES : See page 42 . Causticized Ash Causticized Ash is a term covering mixtures of Soda Ash and Caustic Soda, and is usually graded according to the percentage content of Caustic Soda, i.e., actual NaOH. We are prepared to make any mixture desired, and have the following grades always in stock: CAUSTICIZED ASH of 15%, 25%, 36%, 45%, NaOH. = Causticized Ash is used in many cleansing operations where a strong alkali is needed, as in bottle washing and metal cleaning. It is used also for water- softening, and in the manufacture of leather. See our Special Pamphlets on Metal Cleaning and on Water Purification. PACKAGES: Barrels, 300 Ibs. net. = Miiiiiiiiimi^ 13 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. Crown Filler CaSO 4 , 2H 2 O Crown Filler is an extremely pure hydrated sulphate of lime, of a beautiful crystal form. It is the highest grade paper filler known, and is unrivaled by any other filler. PACKAGES: Barrels, 260 Ibs., 300 Ibs., 370 Ibs., net. 1 = Calcium Chloride CaCl 2 H i Calcium Chloride is furnished as 75% Solid, 75% Granulated, 40% Liquid and 50% Liquid. It is used as a Refrigeration Brine, for Cold Storage, Air Drying, drying Food Products, laying of Highway Dust, Weed Killing, Prevention of Coal Mine Explosions, in Coal Washing, Tempering of Metals, in the Canning In- dustry, and for Non-freezing solutions. See our Special Pamphlets on Calcium Chloride. PACKAGES: 75% Solid, Iron Drums, 610 Ibs. net. 75% Granulated, Iron Drums, 350, 375 Ibs. net. Liquid, in tank cars of 4500 gals., 6000 gals, or 10,000 gals, capacity. H ^ I Salt NaCl ! = i 1 1 The Solvay Process Company's Salt is a fine salt carefully prepared for the trade, and finds extensive use in the textile, leather, and other industries. PACKAGES: Shipped in bulk, carloads and in bags, 200 Ibs. net, and barrels, 400 Ibs. net. I i Limestone CaCO 3 At our extensive quarries of high grade limestone we have installed modern equipment for crushing, sizing and pulverizing limestone. The crushed limestone is marketed for all concrete and road metal purposes, and is sized for those particular uses. Solvay Pulverized Limestone for Farm Lands is ground to that degree of fineness required, and represents a superior article for farmers' use. See our Special Pamphlet on Pulverized Limestone for Farm Lands. PACKAGES: Shipments are made in bulk, in carloads, but the Solvay Pulverized Limestone may be had in loo-lb. bags, if desired, in less than carload lots. I I illlllJIIIIIIIIIinttlllllHIIIimillllllllll lilllIIINIIII!lllll!lllllllll!lllllllll!l!llllll!ll!!imilimil!IUI!lllllll!! Illllllllllllllllll Illllllllllllllllllll imi!!!IMINI[l!l!IIIIIIIINI!l!lll>llllllilll! IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIHI imilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I I'lilllllliM'IILI hl'l lllllllllllt!!HIIHIImllll!IUIIIIIItllllKIIII,/ 14 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N The Valuation of Soda Ash and Caustic Soda as Based on Various Systems of Testing FROM time to time we have published notes on the various methods of testing and valuing alkalies in this country and abroad, and we again take the opportunity, in this publication, of giving to the trade complete and accurate information on this subject. Our earlier publications first placed in the hands of consumers the power to ascertain the test by which they buy alkali and we stated that we desired to deal with our customers on the basis of exact analysis. That fact we again emphasize. We solicit the comparison of our soda with any other make by any of these tests. We guarantee that our soda will compare favorably with any other when both are tested by the same test. So long as buyers and sellers of soda understand the different tests and know by which one they are buying and selling, no great harm results from these conflicting methods of testing, but when the attempt is made to compare soda by differing tests, confusion and misunderstanding at once arise. The information contained in the following Tables will be found valuable, both for technical and commercial purposes, and in all dealings which involve the chemical test of Soda Ash and Caustic Soda of all strengths. The Tables are taken from Lunge's "Hand-book of the Soda Industry." For convenience, the Tables are calculated for even quantities of actual alkali, and extend from the lowest actual alkali tests by differences of 5/10 of i% of actual alkali up to the chemically pure product. Column No. I shows the percentage of Sodium Carbonate and of Sodium Hydrate in their respective tables. On the continent of Europe, Soda Ash is generally sold on the content of Sodium Carbonate, and Caustic Soda is sold on the content of Sodium Hydrate (Calculated as Sodium Carbonate). Column No. 2 shows the percentage of sodium oxide or actual alkali (Na 2 O) corresponding to the amount of carbonate or hydrate shown in column No. I. The actual alkali is reckoned in accordance with the true atomic weights of the elements in the compounds, and is 31 /53 or 62 /io6 of the total carbonate of soda. Column No. 3 shows the amount of sodium oxide or actual alkali (Na 2 O) which would be reported by the standard English (Newcastle) test. Under this test, the actual alkali is calculated by the use of an incorrect chemical equivalent for sodium oxide, and is stated as 32 754 or 64/108 of the total carbonate of soda. This error originated in the fact that the early chemists fixed the atomic weight 15 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. of sodium at 24; subsequent investigations have proved it to be 23. Calculating with the erroneous weight increases the nominal percentage of alkali by 1.3%. Column No. 4 shows the still more incorrect test which would be reported according to the "New York and Liverpool" method of testing alkali. This test has been in use for the last seventy years, and it is the test by which both soda ash and caustic soda have always been sold in this country. Under this test, the incorrect chemical equivalent for oxide of sodium (Na 2 O) is used, while the correct equivalent for carbonate of soda is employed. This test calls the actual alkali 32/53 or 64/106 of the total carbonate of soda, and accordingly gives 3.226% more alkali than actually exists. In all of our publications in the past, we have pointed out the fact that these different tests of alkali were in more or less general use in different countries, and while it is to be much regretted that no uniform system has been adopted, we have endeavored to fully set forth the differences in order that both buyers and sellers of soda might thoroughly understand the different tests, and know by which one they are buying and selling. If this matter is once fully under- stood, no possible harm can be done, as the price may be regulated according to the test selected, but a thorough understanding of the matter is desirable, and, as a step in this direction, we present the following tables : EXAMPLE N. Y. & Liverpool test gives Na 2 O in pure carbonate of soda. . . . 7 = 60.377% Actual Na 2 O is ^. = 58.491% 1 06 Difference i . 886 58.491 : 1.886 :: 100 13.226, that is: The quantity of Na 2 O calculated according to the N. Y. & Liverpool test is 3.226% greater than actual Na 2 O. We shall be glad to send on request a leaflet describing in detail standard analytical methods for the testing of alkalies, including methods for the prepa- ration of standard solutions required. imiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiimiiiiimiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiimiiiuiiHM THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY SYRACUSE N TABLE I For Comparing Different Systems of Alkalimetry for Soda Ash The following table gives the chemical and commercial equivalents for the different kinds of alkali. On the continent of Europe, alkali is sold by its strength in carbonate of soda (Na 2 CO 3 ), as per column No. i of table. In England, alkali is sold nominally on its strength in actual alkali (Na 2 O), as per column No. 2 of table, but actually on the so-called "Newcastle Test" of the actual alkali, as per column No. 3 of table. In the United States, the commercial standard for 75 years has been the New York and Liverpool Test for actual alkali, as per column No. 4 of table. No. i No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Soda Ash Actual Alkali Newcastle Test N. Y. & Liv. Sodium Carbonate Sodium Oxide Sodium Oxide Sodium Oxide NajCOs Na 2 O Na*O Na,O Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent 79-51 46.5 47.11 48.00 80.37 47.0 47.62 48.51 81.22 47-5 48.12 49-03 82.07 48.0 48.63 49-54 82.93 48.5 49.14 50.06 83.78 49.0 49.64 50.58 84.64 49-5 50.15 51-09 85.48 50-0 50.66 51.61 86.34 50-5 51.16 52.12 87.19 51.0 5I-67 52.64 88.05 51-5 52.18 53-i6 88.90 52.0 52.68 53-67 89.76 52.5 53-19 54-19 9O.6l 53-0 53-70 54-70 91-47 53-5 54-20 55-22 92.32 54-o 54-71 55-74 93-18 54-5 55-22 56-25 94-03 55-0 55-72 56.77 94.89 55-5 56-23 57-29 95-74 56.0 56.74 57-80 96.60 56.5 57-24 58-32 97-45 57-o 57-75 58-83 98.31 57-5 58-26 59-35 99.16 58.0 58.76 59-87 100. OO 58-5 59-27 60.38 f, IIIHII mini inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii i i i i in nun minimi mil I i mill in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiimiuiiiiii 1 1 1111111:1 iiiiiiniiiiiii i iiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini Minis 17 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE II For Comparing Different Systems of Alkalimetry for Caustic Soda Caustic Soda is sold on its strength in Na 2 O, as indicated in the New York and Liverpool Test column below. The price is always based on 60% Caustic, with a proportionate addition for the higher percentages. No. i No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Caustic Soda Actual Alkali Newcastle Test N. Y. & Liv. Sodium Hydrate Sodium Oxide Sodium Oxide Sodium Oxide NaOH Na 2 Na 2 O Na 2 O Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent 74-83 58-0 58.76 59-87 75.48 58-5 59-27 60.38 76. 12 59-0 59-77 60.90 76.77 59-5 60.28 61 .42 77.40 60.0 60.79 61.93 78.05 60.5 61.30 62.45 78.70 61.0 61.80 62.97 79-35 6i-5 62.31 63-48 80.00 62.0 62.82 64.00 80.65 62.5 63-32 64.52 81.29 63.0 63-83 65-03 81.94 63-5 64-33 65-55 82.58 64.0 64.84 66.06 83-23 64-5 65-35 66.58 83-87 65.0 65-85 67. 10 84-52 65-5 66.36 67.61 85.16 66.0 66.87 68.13 85-81 66.5 67-37 68.65 86.45 67.0 67.88 69. 16 87.10 67-5 68.39 69.68 87.74 68.0 68.89 70.19 88.39 68.5 69.40 70.71 89.03 69.0 69.91 71.23 89.67 69-5 70.41 71-74 90.30 70.0 70.92 72.26 90.95 70.5 71-43 72.77 91.60 71.0 71-93 73-29 92.25 71-5 72.44 73-81 92.90 72.0 72-95 74-32 93-55 72-5 73-45 74.84 94.19 73-0 73-96 75-35 94.84 73-5 74-47 75-87 95-48 74-o 74-97 76.39 96.13 74-5 75-48 76.90 96.77 75-0 75-99 77.42 97-32 75-5 76.49 77-94 98.06 76.0 77.00 78-45 98.71 76-5 77-51 78.97 99-35 77-0 78.01 79-49 100.00 77.5 78-52 80.00 aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiii iiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiitiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiini MINIMI! i mum 111 iiiiiiiiiinii minium i mil i miiiniiiiimn mum mimi iiiiimimimiiiim i mi iiiiiim iniimii miiimiiiimimii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiuii I* ^inniiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniHiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiifliiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiim 19 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. Soda Ash for Glass Making NCE upon a time glass was made without Soda Ash, but from the day the Solvay Process lifted Soda Ash out of the class of crude products into the class of pure products, glassmakers have turned to it with always growing enthusiasm as the best, and of late, also the cheapest source of the alkali metal, Sodium. What the Solvay Process has done for the glassmaker is well shown by what Lomas, the authority of his day, has to say of the Soda Ash of the time just preceding the advent of the Solvay Process: "For the finer sorts of glass and for various other purposes a purer article than Soda Ash is required, and this is readily obtained by dissolving the ash in hot water, settling, boiling down to dryness, and re-furnacing." Can you imagine treating Solvay Process Soda Ash in that manner ; an alkali that is the standard of quality and the purest ingredient of any that enters the glassmaker's batch? It is no wonder that refined alkali under the manufacturing methods used before the perfection of the Solvay Process cost the glassmaker anywhere from three to five times the present price. There is scarcely another chemical process that requires so nice an adjust- ment of ingredients as that of glassmaking. This is so for two reasons. First: practically all of the impurities introduced into the melt remain there, and are found in the finished glass. Second : the transparent quality of glass makes any deterioration caused by such impurities perfectly apparent. It follows, then, that along with the utmost care in selecting sand and lime, must go the greatest vigilance in choosing the Soda Ash. For many years the Solvay Process Co. has made a scientific study of the requirements of the glass- maker, and the result is found in their 58% Dense Soda Ash. The impurities inherent in the product of Lomas' time, referred to above, are practically absent from Solvay Ash. The carbon and sulphides have been entirely eliminated and the iron reduced to the lowest minimum humanly possible. The following average composition of Solvay Process Soda Ash for glassmakers shows the extraordinary purity now attained in this product: Average analysis of Solvay 58% Dense Soda Ash for entire month of September, 1915- Sodium Carbonate Na 2 CO 3 99 .05 % Sodium Chloride NaCl 507 Silica SiO 2 003 Ferric Oxide Fe 2 O 3 . 005 Aluminum Oxide A1 2 O 3 002 Calcium Carbonate CaCO 3 039 Magnesium Carbonate MgCO 3 030 Sodium Sulphate Na 2 SO 4 055 99.691% I t =r>iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 20 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. Of equal importance with chemical purity are the physical properties of Soda Ash. Experience has shown, for example, that the Ash must be neither too light nor too dense. Formerly, it was thought that the denser the Ash the better. Today it is pretty generally understood that too great a density can be reached. For ease and completeness of melting the mix must be homogeneous, i.e., there must be some Soda Ash right handy for every particle of silica and lime to seize upon. That condition will not be realized if the bulk of Soda Ash used is reduced too much by reason of the Ash being too dense. Further, a given method of mixing will not give the same results day after day unless the density of Soda Ash is uniform day after day. Therefore, it is evident that Soda Ash must be not only of the right density, but of uniform density. Together with the right density, and uniformity of density must go a non- dusting quality in the Ash, for an Ash that dusts badly is a source of loss, both in handling and in processing, and the dust is a constant irritation to the work- men as well. Dusting is not a function of Density. A dense Ash may dust more badly than a light Ash. The only test is by observation, or better, by making our standard test on dusting which consists in blowing air through the Ash under accurate conditions. It is a simple test and we will be glad to give you the details. There is no Sodium Glass made that is not the better for having had Soda Ash in the melt. We are not here recommending any particular method or formula for the glassmaker, but it is well known that Soda Ash will lower the fusing point of the melt, give a smoother working glass, and increase the capacity of the plant. SALT WELLS OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, NEAR SYRACUSE, N. Y. in i mi i IIIIHIII mi ilium iiiiini limn iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii muni i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin in inn mini i iiiiiiiniiniiiinn in in i mini: inn innnniiii inn i 1111111111111115= 21 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N Caustic Soda for Soap Makers and for Mercerizing A in every industry that uses alkali, the business of manufacturing soap has been made easier and more economical by the extraordinary improve- ment in the last generation in the quality of "Alkali." From the moment that Ernest Solvay perfected his process for making alkali, known the world over by his name, the way of the soap maker became easier. The comparison of the caustic soda used a generation ago with the Solvay standard 76% Caustic of today, furnishes a criterion which needs no comment. Analysis of White Caustic for Soap in 1881 Analysis of Solvay 76% Caustic, 1916 Sodium Hydrate 81.84% Q7. 14% Sodium Carbonate 4.68 I . IS Sodium Chloride 6. S2 .8s Sodium Sulphate 4- S2 .56 Sodium Sulphide .O2S .00 Sodium Silicate .46^ ^72 Whether the soap maker uses caustic soda, or buys soda ash and causticizes it himself, the story is the same. Pure caustic depends on the use of pure soda ash to start with, and, conversely, pure soda ash to start with means a pure finished caustic soda. Our caustic soda is made from soda ash manufactured by the Solvay Process, and the same high degree of technical supervision and the same scientific methods are exercised in producing the caustic soda that are followed in making Solvay soda ash. Since 1881, the year in which The Solvay Process Company was organized, we have been operating the Solvay process, employing the most skilled technical men that could be found, and giving them the utmost latitude in building up the system of technical factory control, which has resulted in making Solvay alkali products the standard of the world. During all these thirty-five years of expanding operation, the closest study has been given to the needs of the soap maker. No expense has been spared, first, in finding out just what the trade required in soda ash and caustic, and, second, in giving that product to the trade. A glance at the analysis of Solvay 76% caustic given above, will show that the deleterious ingredients of the caustic soda of 1881 have been reduced to a minimum, that is, the impurities show a reduction from over 16% to about 3%. \ I jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM 99 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. It is essential that caustic soda for soap making be low in salt, sodium sul- phate, and sodium carbonate, in order to effect easy solution, and, above all, to insure quick and complete saponification. In addition to the impurities named, there are often present in commercial caustic soda small quantities of copper. It is known that a very small amount of this impurity will play havoc with the production of a pure soap, for it has been definitely shown that a very minute content of copper will generate heat and decomposition in a neutral soap where there is no excess of alkali. This de- composition results in a darkening in color and in rancidity. Special methods and the greatest care are required to keep copper out of the finished caustic, and we make a specialty of producing a caustic for soap makers containing the least possible trace of copper. In all technical manufacture, such as soap making, it is vital that raw material be always of uniform quality. The soap manufacturer is no longer satisfied with turning out a good product three-fourths of the time he must turn out a perfect product all the time. For that reason, we lay just as special emphasis on uniformity of quality as we do on quality itself, and it is the particular business of one Department to see that each step of the manufacture every hour of the day is progressing as it should. This minute control of every stage of the manufacture results not only in reaching that quality of product desired, but in maintaining it every day of the year. Mercerizing For the process of mercerizing only the highest grade caustic soda should be used and particular demand should be made that the content of Sodium Sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 ) and of Sodium Carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) be small. These im- purities, if present in sufficient amount, will not dissolve in the strong caustic solution required for the process. We recommend for mercerizing our 76% Solvay Caustic Soda, which we carefully prepare for the mercerizing trade. The impurities named above are also most objectionable in cotton printing, as solid crystals of Sulphate or Carbonate will remain in suspension if low- grade caustic be used and cause much annoyance and trouble. THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N Soda as a Cleansing Agent THE use of soda as a direct cleansing agent is of growing importance. In both economy and efficiency it has many advantages over soap in those operations where the foreign matter to be removed consists of oils, fats or greases which are either saponifiable or emulsifiable in solutions of soda, or where the foreign matter is directly soluble in soda solutions and the lubrication afforded by soap is not essential. In many instances the soapy residue, which is always left on articles cleansed with soap, is objectionable, and the use of soda is consequently found much more satisfactory. In addition, much more soap than soda is required to remove a given amount of foreign mat- ter in many cases. For cleansing purposes, soda ash, caustic soda, and several forms of modified sodas are used. Soda ash and caustic soda are so well known as to need no explanation. The modified sodas are of three kinds, first, those containing a mixture of caustic soda and soda ash; second, those containing a mixture of bicarbonate of soda and soda ash; and third, a chemical combination of bicarbonate with soda ash. Those mixtures containing caustic soda are known as causticized ash, and are placed on the market in mixtures bearing from 10 to 45 per cent, of caustic soda. This class of cleansing soda is intended for use in mechanical cleansing operations in which the operator does not come in contact with the product, and in which caustic soda is too strong an alkali to be used. Among the uses of causticized ash may be mentioned bottle washing for milk, beer, wine, soft- drink and other kinds of bottles in soaking or washing machines. It is used ex- tensively also for cleaning apparatus in the dairy and food products industries where the apparatus is such that it will not be destroyed or attacked by the caustic alkali. The mixtures or chemical combinations of bicarbonate and soda ash are used in the cleansing of fine textile fabrics, in laundry work, and in cloth finish- ing. Modified sodas are especially efficient for this work because a maximum cleaning action is obtained with a minimum attack on the goods cleansed. These sodas, properly made, are much more soluble in water than soda ash, and greatly increase the solubility of soap, thereby facilitating the rinsing of soap from goods cleansed with soap. Modified soda mixtures are made in varying proportions to meet the conditions of the operations in which they are to be used. The modified soda which is a chemical combination of bicarbonate with soda ash is of a special class known as sesqui-carbonate of soda, and is sold by this Company under the name of Solvay Snow Flake Crystals. It has some ad- = H ^iiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiimiiiiiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim |miiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!Ni]|ii!iiiiiiiiiiimii[ iniiiNiniiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiim = H THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. vantages over the other forms of modified sodas in that it has a uniform com- position, dissolves much more readily, and will not absorb moisture in storage, thus avoiding objectionable caking and hardening. This product has a definite chemical composition of Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , 2H 2 O. Mixtures of modified sodas containing a small proportion of bicarbonate are used in the hand-cleansing operations in dairies and bottling works, and in dishwashing machines. This form of soda is especially adapted for cleansing tile and marble floors, which, if cleansed with soap, are left with a darkened appearance and made very slippery. Modified soda of this nature is also very useful for cleansing unfinished wood floors; it does not darken the floor, nor does it collect in the cracks between the boards and become rancid, developing an unpleasant odor, as soap does when used for this purpose. Both the chemical compound, Solvay Snow Flake Crystals and the bi- carbonate mixtures are especially satisfactory in general household cleansing, such as the cleaning of white enameled sinks, sanitary fixtures, refrigerators, washing of dishes, and in general laundry work. Another product closely related to these modified sodas is mono-hydrate of soda, which is sodium carbonate crystallized with one molecule of water. This is especially adapted to textile cleansing where energetic action is desired, and where the impurities found in commercial soda ash are objectionable. See our booklet on Metal Cleansing, a practical treatise on Shop Cleaning Methods; also our booklet on "Snow Flake Crystals." OFFICE OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS CO., DETROIT. MICH. PLANT IN BACKGROUND Hi i iiiiiiiini in i iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii inn iiimii nun IIIIIIKI ii Hiniiiiiiiiiin nil mil IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH in I i minimum 11 inn I miiiiiiimii n n nnniuiiiiiiiir- 1C , THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N.Y. Calcium Chloride- -Refrigerant CALCIUM CHLORIDE for ten years past has occupied the dominant place as a refrigerating medium. The cheapness of common salt has been unable to offset its disadvantages, for cheapness in first cost is the only merit possessed by salt as a refrigerant. Common salt brine corrodes iron pipes so freely that resulting leakage, re- pairs and delays soon more than offset the low first cost of salt. In addition, the use of calcium chloride allows much lower temperatures to be used, resulting in higher efficiency all along the line. Smaller volumes are circulated, which results in a saving of power and there is no danger of crystals separating out, thereby reducing the transfer of heat into the cooling medium upon which depends the efficiency of any system. Moreover, common salt used for refrigeration or for ice making often con- tains magnesium chloride, and this accelerates the normal corrosion caused by the sodium chloride. We give on page 30 a table showing the freezing points of common salt brine of different specific gravities, and also the freezing points of Solvay 75% calcium chloride solutions of different specific gravities. From the figures given there, the amount of Solvay calcium chloride required per gallon of water for any desired freezing point may be calculated. Solvay calcium chloride is guaranteed to be free from magnesium chloride and to contain 73% to 75% calcium chloride. Freedom from magnesium chloride is of prime importance. With magnesium chloride present, a leakage of ammonia into the brine means a precipitation of magnesium hydrate with resulting scaling and clogging of pipes. It means also the formation of ammonium chloride, or sal-ammoniac, which is strongly cor- rosive, especially in the presence of air. On the other hand, a leakage of am- monia into pure calcium chloride produces no effect, as ammonia is soluble in a pure calcium chloride solution. The following analyses represent the average composition of Solvay 75% calcium chloride and calcium magnesium chlorides found on the market: Solvay 75% Calcium Chloride Calcium Magnesium Chlorides A B Calcium Chloride, CaCl 2 73-59 i-45 o.oo .07 43-70 1.88 18.80 .48 46.26 I .46 18.98 .20 Sodium Chloride (Salt), NaCl Magnesium Chloride, MgCl 2 Insoluble in water Total Solids 75-n 24*89 64.86 35-14 66.90 33-io Water Total IOO.OO IOO.OO IOO.OO THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. On page 30 is given a table, showing the freezing points obtained with equal weights of Solvay 75% calcium chloride and calcium magnesium chloride, of which the analysis is given above, together with the increased quantity of the calcium magnesium chloride required to produce the same freezing point as that of Solvay calcium chloride brine. Solvay 75% calcium chloride gives the same freezing point with 10% to 15% less weight of calcium chloride per gallon. In other words, 100 Ibs. will do the work of no to 115 Ibs. of calcium magnesium chloride. By the continued action of air, any refrigerating brine will finally become acid and this, of course, greatly increases its corrosive properties, and a feature of Solvay calcium chloride is the ease with which an acid condition can be cor- rected. This is done by simply hanging a bag containing a few lumps of slaked lime in the brine tank, preferably near the return pipe. A brine containing magnesium chloride cannot be corrected in this way, as lime would precipitate magnesium hydrate. We have here noted only the salient points which have given true calcium chloride its pre-eminent place as a refrigerant. For a more extended treatment of the subject, we refer those interested to our booklet "Solvay 75% Calcium Chloride," which will be gladly sent on request. Solvay Granulated Calcium Chloride ' ' A Natural Dust Layer ' ' This product is a clean chemical salt, odorless and colorless and without effect on rubber. These properties, together with its capacity to absorb moisture from the air, make it a highly effective and desirable dust-layer for road work. If inter- ested, please write for our booklet, "Solvay Granulated Calcium Chloride." fSiini iiiiniiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiini mini iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiniiiniiii i inn iniiiiiiiiii iiiintiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii i iniiiiii i nniiiii iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIHI I minimum imimiimimimimimiin- 27 piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiHiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiim PLANT OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS CO., SYRACUSE, N. Y.. 1886 iiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ 98 PLANT OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY SYRACUSE, N. Y. 1916 w 29 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY SYRACUSE N TABLE III Common Salt Brine at 60 Fahrenheit Degrees Degrees Specific Per Cent. Weight of Weight of One Freezing Baume' Salometer Gravity Salt One Gallon Cubic Foot Point 5 2O 1037 5 8. 7 64.7 25- 4 F. 10 4 1073 10 9.0 67.0 1 8. 6 15 60 IH5 15 9-3 69.6 12.2 19 80 1150 20 9.6 71-8 6. 9 23 TOO .IIQI 25 9-9 74-3 I .0 The following table gives the strength and freezing points of Solvay 75% Calcium Chloride Solutions: Sp. Gr. @ 68 F. Lbs. 75% Solvay Cal. Chi. per Gal. Lbs. 75% Solvay Cal. Chi. per Cu. Ft. Freezing Point Fahr. IIOO 1125 1150 I .46 1.83 2. 2O 10.9 13-7 I6. 5 + 18.0 + 12.5 + 6.5 H75 2-59 19.4 - 2.O I2OO 1225 1250 2.99 3-38 3-75 22.4 25-3 28.3 -12-5 -23.5 -36-5 TABLE IV Freezing Points of Brine Made with Equal Weights of Solvay and of Calcium Magnesium Chlorides Lbs. per Gal. Sp. Gr. at 65 F. Freezing Point Solvay 75% Calcium Chloride 3.0 1202 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, A 3.0 1175 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, B 3.0 H74 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, A, to give same freezing point as Solvay I 3 . 27 1 189 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, B, to give same freezing point as Solvay 3-27 Solvay 75% Calcium Chloride 3.5 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, A 3.5 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, B | 3.5 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, A, to give same freezing point as Solvay 3 .96 1220 Calcium Magnesium Chloride, B, to give same freezing point as Solvay 3-89 1222 -i2. 5 F. -6.0 -7.0 -12.5 -12-5 -28 -19 -19 -28 28 HiHimiiiiiiiim 111 i 111 iiiiiiiiii inn inn. minium iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiinii in i u iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilini mini minium I iiiiiiiiiiiiini IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIII iiiiiini iiinniii II If) THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE V Solubility of Soda Salts Temperature SODIUM CARBONATE DRY SODIUM MONOHYDRATE SAL SODA SODIUM BI- CARBONATE CAUSTIC SODA Na 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 .ioH 2 O NaHCO 3 NaOH Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Per In Per In Per In Per In Per In C op IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Water Solution Water Solution Water Solution Water Solution Water Sol. 32 7-i 6.6 8-3 7.6 19.2 16.1 6. 9 6-5 5 41 9-5 8.7 II . I IO.O 25-7 20.5 7-5 7.0 10 50 12.6 II .2 H-7 12.8 34-0 25-4 8.2 7-5 15 59 16.5 14.2 19-3 16.2 44-5 30.9 8-9 8.2 20 68 21-5 17.7 25.2 20. 1 58.1 36.7 9.6 8.8 IO9 52.2 25 77 28.2 22. O 33-0 24.8 76.1 43-2 10.4 9.4 30 86 37-8 27.4 44-2 30.7 IO2. I 50.5 II . I IO.O 119 54-3 32-5 90-5 46.2 31-6 54-i 35-i 124.7 55-5 35 95 46.2 31-6 54-i 35-i 124.7 55-5 ii. 9 10.6 40 104 46. i 31-5 53-9 35-0 124-5 55-4 12.7 H-3 129 56.3 60 140 46.0 31-5 53-8 35-0 124.2 55-4 16.4 13-8 174 63-5 80 176 45-8 31-4 53-6 34-8 123.7 55-3 313 75-8 IOO 212 45-5 31-3 53-2 34-7 122.9 55-i 105 221 45-2 31-1 52.9 34-6 122. O 55-0 IIO 230 365 78-5 192 378 521 83-9 Note: Figures for Sodium Carbonate taken from "Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances" by Seidell, p. 296. Figures for Sodium Hydrate from Pickering, Jour. Chem. Soc., 63, 890, 1893. The solubility of sodium carbonate in water increases from o C. up to a temperature somewhere between 31 C. and 35 C., at which point it becomes practically constant. When sodium carbonate is dissolved in water, various hydrates may be formed. Ketner, in Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 39, page 645, states that up to a temperature of 31.85 C. the carbonate exists in solution as Na 2 CO 3 ,ioH 2 O; between 31.85 and 35.1 it exists as Na 2 CO 3 ,7H 2 O, and above 35.1 as Na 2 CO 3 ,H 2 O. The above table shows the solubility of dry Na 2 CO 3 in water, and sodium carbonate calculated as mono-hydrate and deca-hydrate. The two hydrates are shown for all temperatures of the table, although the mono-hydrate does not actually exist in solution at the lower temperatures, and the deca-hydrate does not exist at the higher temperatures. The solubility of Sodium Hydrate below 15 or 20 C. is dependent on the particular hydrate formed, and since figures for those low temperatures are not commercially important, they are here omitted. THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE VI Specific Gravity of Solutions of Sodium Carbonate AT 15 C. (59 Specific Gravity Degrees Baum6 Degrees Twaddle Per cent by Weight i Litre Contains Grams TOO Gallons Contain Pounds Na 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + ioH 2 O Na 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + ioH 2 O Na 2 CO 3 Na z CO 3 + ioH 2 O I .OO7 I 1.4 0.67 I.8I 6.8 18.2 5-6 15-2 I .OI4 2 2.8 i-33 3-59 13-5 36.4 H-3 30-4 I .022 3 4.4 2.09 5.64 21.4 57-6 17.8 48.0 I .029 4 5-8 2.76 7-44 28.4 76.6 23-7 63-9 1.036 5 7.2 3-43 9-25 35-5 95-8 29.6 79-9 1.045 6 9.0 4.29 ii. 6 44-8 120.9 37-3 ioo. 8 1.052 7 IO.4 4-94 13-3 52.0 140.2 43-4 116.9 I .O6O 8 12. O 5-71 15-4 60.5 163.2 50.5 136.1 1.067 9 13-4 6-37 17.2 68.0 183-3 56.7 152.9 1-075 10 15.0 7. 12 19.2 76.5 206.4 63-8 172. 1 1.083 n 16.6 7.88 21.3 85-3 230.2 71.1 192.0 I .091 12 18.2 8.62 23.2 94.0 253-6 78.4 211.5 I . IOO 13 20. o 9-43 25-4 103.7 279.8 86.5 233.4 I.I08 H 21.6 IO.2 27-5 112.9 304-5 94-2 253.9 1 . 116 15 23.2 IO.9 29-5 122.2 329.6 101 .9 274.8 1.125 16 25.0 ii. 8 3i-9 132.9 358.3 no. 8 298.8 I-I34 17 26.8 12.6 34-o 143.0 385.7 II9-3 321.7 i . 142 18 28.4 13.5 35-5 150.3 405.3 125.4 338.0 1.152 19 30.4 14.2 38.4 164. I 442.4 136.9 369.0 uiiuinmiiiiiHiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiM in ::l "BAUME. iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini inniiiiiiii iiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinni i iinnii nun i iiiiiiiniiiii i i mini mi inn in in i iiiiniiiiiiiiiini i iniiiiinn i iiniiiiiiiiiinii inn i m THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE N. Y. TABLE VII Specific Gravity of Solutions of Pure Caustic Soda AT 15 C. (59 F.) Specific Gravity Degrees Baume" Degrees Twaddle Per cent Actual Alkali Na 2 Per cent Caustic Soda NaOH i Litre Contains Grams ioo Gallons Contain Pounds Actual Alkali Na 2 Caustic Soda NaOH Actual Alkali Na 2 Caustic Soda NaOH I .007 I i-4 0.47 0.61 4 6 3-34 5-oo I .OI4 2 2.8 0-93 1 .20 9 12 7-51 10.00 I .022 3 4.4 i-55 2.OO 16 21 13-34 17-51 I .029 4 5-8 2. IO 1 2.71 22 28 18.35 23-35 1.036 5 7-2 2.6O 3-35 27 35 22.52 29.19 1.045 6 9.0 3.10 4.00 32 42 26.69 35-03 1.052 7 10.4 3.60 4.64 38 49 31.69 40.87 I .O6O 8 12. 4-IO 5-29 43 56 35-86 46.70 I .067 9 13-4 4-55 5-87 49 63 40.87 52-54 1-075 10 15.0 5.08 6-55 55 70 45-87 58.38 1.083 ii 16.6 5.67 7-3i 61 79 50.87 65.89 I .O9I 12 18.2 6.20 8 . oo 68 87 56.71 72.56 I . IOO 13 20.0 6.73 8.68 74 95 61 .72 79-23 1.108 14 21.6 7.30 9.42 81 104 67-55 86-74 i . 116 15 23 . 2 7 . 80 10.06 87 112 72.56 93-40 1.125 16 25.0 8.50 10.97 96 123 80.06 102.58 I-I34 17 26.8 9.18 11.84 104 134 86.74 III .76 i . 142 1 8 28.4 9.80 12.64 112 144 93-41 120. 10 1.152 19 30.4 10.50 13.55 121 156 100.91 130. 10 i . 162 20 32.4 11.14 H-37 129 I6 7 107-59 139.28 i . 171 21 34.2 11.73 I5-I3 137 177 114.26 147.62 1.180 22 36.0 12.33 I5-9I 146 188 121 .76 156.79 i . 190 23 38.0 13.00 16.77 155 200 129.27 166.80 i .200 24 40.0 13-70 I7-67 164 212 136.78 176.81 i .210 25 42.0 14.40 18.58 174 225 145.12 187.65 III i minimi iiiimi mini mini uiininiiii niiiinnnniiiiii in iiiiinn mini mm mi uinnnuniiinniiiiinnnnni mm in nm mini in mini in n iiminn mn i mm mm imimimi iininii iminnnmimmmiiniinni THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE VII (Continued) Specific Gravity of Solutions of Pure Caustic Soda AT 15 C. (59 F.) Specific Gravity Degrees Baume" Degrees Twaddle Per cent Actual Alkali Na 2 O Per cent Caustic Soda NaOH I Litre Contains Grams 100 Gallons Contain Pounds Actual Alkali Na 2 O Caustic Soda NaOH Actual Alkali Na 2 O Caustic Soda NaOH I .220 26 44.0 I5.I8 19-58 185 239 I54-29 199-33 I.23I 27 46.2 15.96 20-59 196 253 163.46 2 I I . OO I .241 28 48.2 16.76 21 .42 208 266 173-47 221.84 1.252 29 50.4 17.55 22.64 22O 283 183.48 236.O2 1.263 30 52.6 18.35 23.67 232 299 193-49 249-37 1.274 31 54-8 19.23 24.81 245 316 204.33 263.54 1.285 32 57.0 2O.OO 25.80 257 332 214.34 : 276.88 1.297 33 59.4 20.80 26.83 270 348 225.18 290.23 1.308 34 61.6 21.55 27.80 282 364 235.19 303-58 1.320 35 64.0 22.35 28.83 295 38i 246.03 317.75 1-332 36 66.4 23.20 29.93 309 399 257-7I 332.77 1-345 37 69.0 24.20 31.22 326 420 271.88 l 350.28 1-357 38 71.4 25.17 32.47 342 441 285.23 367-79 1.370 39 74.0 26.12 33.69 359 462 299.41 385-31 1-383 40 76.6 27. 10 34.96 375 483 312-75 ' 402-82 ' 1-397 4i 79-4 28.10 36.25 392 506 326.92 422 . oo i .410 42 82.0 29.05 37-47 410 528 341.94 440.35 1.424 43 84.8 30.08 38.80 428 553 356.95 461 .20 1-438 44 87.6 31.00 39-99 446 575 i37i-96 479-55 J-453 45 90.6 32.10 41.41 466 602 388.64 502.07 1.468 4 6 93-6 33-20 42-83 487 629 406. 16 524.58 1-483 47 96.6 | 34.40 44-38 5io 658 425-34 548.77 1.498 48 99.6 35-70 46.15 535 691 446.19 576-29 I-5H 49 102.8 36.90 47.60 559 721 466.21 601.31 1-530 50 106.0 38.00 49-02 58i 750 484-55 625 . 50 Illlill III "8AUME. AJ.IAVUO OUIOldS M mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiii niiiiiiii inn mi i inn mil i HUM m iiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiinii niiiiiiiiiiiniiii 1111 HI mil 11 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inn iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimii 36 VIEW IN THE CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. A CORNER OF THE CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. iiiniiiuiiiiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiiiiKiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 37 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE VIII Equivalent Prices for Soda Ash (Basis 48%) Price per 100 Ibs. 48 Per Cent. Price per 100 Ibs. 58 Per Cent. Price per Ton. (2,240 Ibs.) 48 Per Cent. Price per Ton. (2,240 Ibs.) 58 Per Cent. Price per 1000 Kilos. (2,204.6 Ibs.) 48 Per Cent. Price per 1000 Kilos. (2,204.6 Ibs.) 58 Per Cent. $ .01 $ .OI2I $ .224 $ .2706 $ .2205 $ . 2664 .02 .O242 .448 5413 .4409 -5328 03 .0362 .672 .8120 .6614 .7992 .04 0483 .896 1.0826 .8818 I .0656 05 .0604 I . 120 1-3533 I . IO23 I.33I9 .06 .0725 1-344 i . 6240 1.3228 I 5983 .07 .0846 1.568 i . 8946 I 5432 I . 8647 .08 .0966 1.792 2.1653 I . 7637 2.I3II .09 .1087 2.016 2.4360 I .9841 2-3975 . IO .1208 2.240 2 . 7066 2 . 2046 2 . 6639 15 .1812 3-36o 4 . 0600 3.3069 3-9958 .20 .2417 4.480 5-4I33 4.4092 5-3278 25 .3021 5.600 6.7666 5.5II5 6-6597 30 3625 6.720 8. I2OO 6.6138 7.9917 35 .4229 7.840 9-4733 7.7I6I 9.3236 .40 4833 8.960 10.8266 8.8184 10.6556 45 5437 10.080 I 2 . I 8OO 9.9207 11.9875 50 .6042 i i . 200 13-5333 II .O23O I3-3I94 55 .6646 12.320 14.8866 12.1253 14.6514 .60 .7250 13.440 16.2400 13.2276 I5-9833 65 7854 14.560 17-5933 14.3299 I7-3I53 .70 .8458 15.680 i 8 . 9466 I5-4322 18.6472 75 .9062 16.800 20 . 3000 16.5345 19.9792 .80 .9666 17.920 21.6533 17-6368 21 .3111 85 i .0271 I Q . 040 23 . 0066 18.7391 22.6431 .90 1.0875 20. 160 24 . 3600 19.8415 23.9750 95 i . 1479 21 .280 25-7I33 20.9437 25.3070 i .00 i . 2083 22 . 4OO 27 . 0666 22 . 0460 26.6389 1.05 1.2687 23.520 28 . 4200 23.1483 27.9708 I . IO 1.3292 24 . 640 29-7733 24 . 25O6 29 . 3O28 1-15 1.3896 25 760 31 . 1266 25.3529 30.6348 I .20 1.4500 26.880 32 . 4800 26.4552 31.9667 1-25 1.5104 28 . ooo 33-8333 27-5575 33 2986 1.30 1.5708 29. I 20 35.1866 28.6598 34.6306 i-35 1.6312 30.240 36.5400 29.7621 35-9625 ^iiiiiiiiHiinninimiimiiniiiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiim 38 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. TABLE IX Equivalent Prices for Caustic Soda, per 100 Lbs, (Basis 60%) Price per 100 Ibs. 60 Per Cent. Price per 100 Ibs. 70 Per Cent. Price per 100 Ibs. 74 Per Cent. Price per 100 Ibs. 76 Per Cent. $ .01 .02 03 .04 05 $ .0117 0233 0350 .0467 .0583 $ .0123 .0246 .0370 0493 .0617 $ .0127 0253 .0380 0507 0633 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .07OO .0817 0933 .1050 .1167 .0740 .0863 .0987 . IIOO 1233 .0760 .0887 .1013 . II4O .1267 15 .20 25 -30 .40 1750 2333 .2916 3500 .4667 .1850 .2467 .3083 3700 4933 . I9OO 2533 .3167 .3800 5067 50 .60 .70 .80 QO -5833 .7OOO .8167 9333 i . 0500 .6167 .7400 8633 .9867 I . IIOO 6333 .76OO .8867 I-OI33 I . I4OO i .00 I. 10 I .20 1.30 I .40 i . 1667 1.2833 i . 4000 1.5167 1.6333 1.2333 1.3567 I . 4800 1.6033 1.7267 I . 2667 1-3933 i . 5200 i . 6467 1-7733 1.50 I .60 1.70 I. 80 I .QO i . 7500 i . 8667 1.9833 2. IOOO 2.2167 I . 8500 1-9733 2 . 0967 2.22OO 2-3433 i . 9000 2.0267 2-1533 2 . 28OO 2 . 4067 2.OO 2. 10 2. 2O 2.30 2.4O 2-3333 2.4500 2 - 5667 2.6833 2 . 8OOO 2 . 4667 2 - 5900 2.7133 2.8367 2 . 9600 2-5333 2 . 66OO 2.7867 2.9133 3.0400 2.50 2.6O 2.7O 2.80 2.9O 2.9167 3-0333 3.I500 3 2667 3-3833 3-0833 3 . 2067 3.3300 3.4533 3.5767 3.1667 3-2933 3.4200 3.5467 3.6733 3.00 3 5000 3 . 7000 3 . 8000 siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiililim 39 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE X Equivalent Prices for Caustic Soda by Tons (Basis 60%) Price per 100 Ibs. 60 Per Cent. Price per Ton. (2,240 Ibs.) 60 Per Cent. Price per Ton. (2,240 Ibs.) 70 Per Cent. Price per Ton. (2,240 Ibs.) 74 Per Cent. Price per Ton. (2,240 Ibs.) 76 Per Cent. $ .01 .02 03 .04 .05 $ .224 .448 .672 .896 I . 1 2O $ .261 523 .784 1.045 1.307 $ .276 552 .829 I.I05 I.38I $ -284- -567 .851 I-I35 I.4I9 .06 .07 .08 .09 . IO 1-344 1.568 1.792 2.016 2.240 1.568 1.829 2.O9I 2.352 2.613 1.658 1-934 2. 22O 2.486 2.764 I .702 1.986 2.27O 2-554 2.837 15 .20 25 .30 .40 3-36o 4.480 5.600 6.720 8.960 3.920 5-227 6-533 7.840 10-453 4.144 5.525 6.907 8.288 11.051 4-256 5-675 7-093 8.512 H-349 50 .60 .70 .80 .90 i i . 200 13.440 15.680 17.920 20. 160 13.068 15.680 18.293 2O . 907 23.520 I3-8I3 16.576 I9-338 22. IOO 24 . 864 14.187 17.024 19.861 22 . 698 25.536 I. 00 I . IO 1 .20 1.30 1 .40 22 . 4OO 24 . 640 26.880 29. I2O 31.360 26.133 28.747 31.360 33-973 36.587 27.626 30.389 33-I52 35-9I4 38.677 28-373 31 .2IO 34-048 36.885 39.722 1.50 1 .60 1 .70 1. 80 1 .90 33.600 35.840 38 . 080 40.320 42 . 560 39 . 200 41.813 44.427 47.040 49-653 41.440 44.2O2 46.965 49.728 52.490 42.560 45-397 48-234 51.072 53-909 2.OO 2. IO 2. 2O 2.30 2.4O 44 . 800 47.040 49 . 280 5I-520 53.76o 52 . 267 54.880 57-493 60. 106 62 . 720 55-253 58.016 60.777 63-540 66 . 304 56.747 59-584 62.421 65-258 68.0Q6 2.50 2.6O 2.7O 2.80 2. go 56 . ooo 58 . 240 60 . 480 62.720 64 . 960 65-333 67.946 70.560 73-173 75-787 69 . 067 71.828 74-594 77-355 80.117 70.933 73.770 76 . 607 79-445 82.282 3.00 67 . 2OO 78 . 400 82.880 85.120 liiiiiiiHiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiumiiiuiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim 40 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. TABLE XI Equivalent Prices for Caustic Soda by Kilos (Basis 60%) Price per 100 Ibs. 60 Per Cent. Price per 1000 Kilos. (2,204.6 Ibs.) 60 Per Cent. Price per 1000 Kilos. (2,204.6 Ibs.) 70 Per Cent. Price per 1000 Kilos. (2,204.6 Ibs.) 74 Per Cent. Price per 1000 Kilos. (2,204.6 Ibs.) 76 Per Cent. $ .01 .02 03 .04 05 $ .2205 .4409 .6614 .8818 I . IO23 $ .2572 5H4 .7716 1.0288 I . 2860 $ .2719 5438 .8157 1.0876 1-3595 $ -2793 .5585 .8378 I.II70 1.3963 .06 .07 .08 .09 .IO I .3228 1-5432 1.7637 1.9841 2 . 2046 1-5432 I . 8OO4 2.0576 2.3148 2.5720 1.6314 I.9033 2.1752 2.4471 2.7190 1.6756 1-9547 2 - 2340 2.5132 2.7925 15 .20 25 30 .40 3.3069 4.4092 5-5II5 6.6138 8.8184 3.8580 5.1440 6.4301 7.7I6I 10.2881 4-0785 5.438o 6-7975 8.1570 10.8760 4.1888 5-5849 6.9812 8-3775 ii . 1700 50 .60 .70 .80 .90 I I . O23O 13.2276 I5-4322 17.6368 19.8414 I2.86O2 I5-4322 I 8 . 0042 20.5763 23-1483 I3-5950 16.3140 19.0330 21.7520 24.4710 13.9625 16.7549 19-5474 22 . 34OO 25.I325 I .OO I. 10 1 .20 1.30 1 .40 22 . 0460 24 . 2506 26.4552 28.6598 30.8644 25.7203 28 . 2924 30.8644 33-4364 36.0085 27. 1901 29.9091 32.6281 35.3471 38.0661 27.9250 30.7174 33.5099 36.2025 39-0949 1.50 1 .60 1.70 1. 80 1 .90 33.0690 35-2736 37.4782 39.6828 41.8874 38-5805 4LI525 43.7246 46 . 2966 48 . 8686 40.7851 43-504I 46.2231 48 . 942 i 51 .6611 41.8880 44.6799 47.4723 50.2649 53-0574 2.OO 2. IO 2. 2O 2.30 2.40 44 . 0920 46 . 2966 48.5012 50.7058 52.9104 51.4407 54.0127 56.5847 59-I568 61.7288 54.3801 57.0991 59.8181 62 . 5372 65 - 2562 55-8490 58.6423 61.4348 64.2274 67.0199 2.50 2.6O 2.7O 2.80 2.9O 55.H50 57-3I96 59-5242 61.7288 63 9334 64 . 3008 66.8729 69.4449 72.0169 74.5890 67.9752 70 . 6942 73-4I32 76. 1322 78.8512 69.8123 72 . 6048 75-3973 78.1899 80.9823 3.00 66.1380 77. 1610 81.5702 83.7748 rjiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii minimi i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniinii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiini i i miimi miiiiiiiiii IIIHIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini IIIIIIIIIIINIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii mm inn i miiiiii mimiiiiiimniiiu* 41 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y TABLE XII Summary of Shipping Weights of Solvay Products Net Weight Pounds Product Bags Barrels Drums Bulk Lbs. per Cu. Ft. 58% Soda Ash Light SOO ^oo (Approx.) ^1 ^A. ^dV 58% Soda Ash Dense 500 soo (Approx.) O x /4 OTVO 64. 67 48% Soda Ash Ordinary i>oo ^oo (Approx.) TiA. l A VI 48% Soda Ash Special 5OO 64 66 Caustic Soda Solid 675 Caustic Soda Ground 55O, 575 4OO Solvay Snow Flake Crystals 280, ^50 Modified Sodas 280 Mono-Hydrate Crystals 450 Causticized Ash ^oo Crown Filler 260, ^oo, ^70 Calcium Chloride Solid 610 Calcium Chloride Granulated .... Salt 2OO 400 350, 375 60 Limestone Pulverized IOO 75 FimiunmimiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiimuiiiiiiiiiiitnniiiiiiiiiiiiimiiniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniH 42 o u w u g - o t/) ffi H U, O Cu H O H Q aiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiminiiiiiiiiiiwmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiM 43 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE XIII Chemical Equivalents of Solvay Products Name Molecular Formula Molecular Weight Percentage Composition Sodium Carbonate Na 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + ioH 2 O NaHCOs Na 2 C0 3 + H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 NaHCO 3 + 2H 2 O Na 2 SO 4 Na 2 SO 4 + ioH 2 O NaOH Na 2 O NaCl CaCl 2 CaCO 3 CaO CaSO 4 CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 I O6 286 8 4 124 226 142 322 40 62 58.5 III IOO 56 136 172 74 Na 2 O CO 2 Na 2 O CO 2 H 2 O Na ? O C0 2 H 2 O Na 2 O CO 2 H 2 O Na 2 O CO 2 H 2 O H 2 O Na 2 O S0 3 Na 2 O S0 3 H 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O Na O Na Cl Ca Cl CaO CO 2 Ca CaO SO 3 CaO S0 3 H 2 CaO H 2 O 58.49 41.51 loo (Soda Ash) Sodium Carbonate 21.68 15-39 62 . 93 loo (Crystal) Sodium Bicarbonate 36.90 52-38 10.72 loo Sodium Monohydrate 50.00 35.48 14.52 ioo Crystals Sodium Sesquicarbonate . . . . Snow Flake Crystals Sodium Sulphate. 41-15 38.94 15-93 (Crys.) 3.98 (Comb.) IOO 43.66 56.34 ioo Sodium Sulphate 19-25 24.84 55.91 ioo Crystal Sodium Hydrate 77-50 22.50 ioo (Caustic) Sodium Oxide 74-19 25.81 ioo Sodium Chloride 39-32 60.68 ioo Calcium Chloride 36.04 63.96 ioo Calcium Carbonate 56.0 44.0 ioo Calcium Oxide 71-43 28.57 I0 (Caustic Lime) Calcium Sulphate (dry) Calcium Sulphate (Crystal) . Crown Filler 41.18 58.82 ioo 32.56 46.51 20.93 IO Calcium Hydroxide 75-67 24.33 ioo (Hydrate of Lime) ^ 44 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE XIV Comparison of Fahrenheit and Centigrade Temper- atures with Centigrade Degrees as Basis To use the Table, find Centigrade temperature in intervals of "tens" in left hand column, move across table to point under proper "unit." Figure found at intersection is the corresponding Fahrenheit Temperature. Note: For Comparison of Temperatures between -1 C. and -9 C., see small table, above main table. iC. 2 C. 3 C. - 4 C. -5C. 6C. -7C. 8C. -9C. +30-2 F. +28.4 F. +26.6 F. + 24.8 F. +23-0 F. + 21.2 F. + 19-4 F. + 17.6 F. + 15-8 F. C. - 40 30 20 - IO O + 10 4- 20 + 30 + 4O + 50 + 60 + 70 + 80 + 90 + IOO + no + I2O + 130 + 140 + 150 + 160 40 22 - 4 + 14 32 50 68 86 104 122 140 158 I 7 6 I 94 212 230 248 266 284 302 320 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F. F. op F. F. op F. F. P. li.9 ~43-6 45-4 47.2 49 50.8 -52.6 54-4 56.2 '3-8 25.6 27.4 29.2 31 32.8 34-6 36.4 -38.2 5-8 - 7.6 - 9-4 II .2 13 14.8 16.6 18.4 20.2 2 .2 + 10.4 + 8.6 + 6.8 + 5 + 3.2 + 1.4 + 0.4 2.2 ,3-8 35-6 37-4 39-2 4i 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 ,1.8 53-6 55-4 57-2 59 60.8 62.6 64-4 66.2 >9.8 71.6 73-4 75-2 77 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 17.8 89.6 91 .4 93-2 95 96.8 98.6 100.4 IO2 .2 >5-8 107.6 109.4 III .2 113 114.8 116.6 118.4 120.2 '3.8 125.6 127.4 129 .2 131 132.8 134.6 136.4 138.2 [1.8 143-6 H5.4 147.2 149 150.8 152.6 154-4 156.2 >9-8 161.6 163.4 165.2 167 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2 7.8 179.6 181 .4 183.2 185 186.8 188.6 190.4 192.2 >5-8 197.6 199.4 201 .2 203 204.8 206.6 208.4 2IO.2 3-8 215.6 217.4 219.2 221 222.8 224.6 226.4 228. 2 ,1.8 233-6 235-4 237.2 239 240.8 242 .6 244.4 246.2 19.8 251 .6 253-4 255.2 2 57 258.8 260.6 262 .4 264.2 ,7.8 269.6 271.4 273-2 275 276.8 278.6 280.4 282.2 (5.8 287.6 289.4 291 .2 293 294.8 296.6 298.4 300.2 .3.8 305-6 307-4 309.2 311 312.8 3H-6 316.4 318.2 1.8 323-6 325-4 327.2 329 330.8 332-6 334-4 336.2 General formulas for converting Fahrenheit temperatures to corresponding Centigrade temperatures, and vice versa: If c and f denote corresponding temperatures on the Centigrade and Fahren- heit scales, respectively, then: c = 5/9 (f-32) and f = 9/5 + 32. From these equations it follows: To convert Fahrenheit temperatures to Centigrade temperatures, subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9. Examples: 104 F = (104-32) X 5/9 = 40 C. -3i F = (-31-32) X 5/9=- 35 C. To convert Centigrade temperatures to Fahrenheit temperatures, multiply by 9 /5 and add 32 : Examples: 10 C. = (10X9 /5_)+32 = 50 F. -36 C. = (-36X9/5) +32 =-32. 8 F. 45 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE XV International Atomic Weights- -1916 Symbol Atomic Weight Symbol Atomic Weight Aluminium Al 27 I Neodymium Nd I A A T. Antimony Sb 1 2O. 2 Neon Ne *- e rr o 2O 2 Argon A 10 88 ; Nickel Ni 58 68 Arsenic As 74. Q6 Niton (radium emana- Barium Ba 1^7 V7 tion) Nt 222 4 Bismuth . . Bi 2O8.O Nitrogen N 14 01 Boron B no Osmium Os IQO Q Bromine Br 7Q.Q2 Oxygen o iy\j . ^ 1 6 oo Cadmium Cd 112 40 Palladium . Pd 1 06 7 Caesium Cs 1^2. 8l Phosphorus P 'U O4 Calcium Ca 4O O7 Platinum . . . Pt 105 2 Carbon c I2.OO5 Potassium K x yo ^Q IO Cerium Ce I4O.25 Praseodymium Pr I4O.Q Chlorine Cl "35 .46 Radium Ra 226.O Chromium .;.'. Cr 52.O Rhodium Rh IO2.9 Cobalt Co 58.Q7 Rubidium Rb 85.45 Columbium Cb QV 5 Ruthenium Ru IOI .7 Copper Cu 6^. 57 Samarium Sa I5O.4 Dysprosium Dy 162. S Scandium Sc 44- I Erbium Er 167.7 Selenium Se 7Q.2 Europium Eu I52.O Silicon Si 28.3 Fluorine F IQ.O Silver Ag 107.88 Gadolinium Gd 1 57 . -i Sodium Na 2^.OO Gallium Ga 60. Q Strontium Sr 87.6^ Germanium Ge 72. S Sulphur S ^2.o6 Glucinum Gl Q. I Tantalum Ta 181 .5 Gold Au IQ7.2 Tellurium Te 127. 5 Helium He 4.OO Terbium Tb 150. 2 Holmium Ho i6v 5 Thallium Tl 204.0 Hydrogen H 1 .008 Thorium Th 2^2.4 Indium In 114.8 Thulium Tm 168.5 Iodine I 126.92 Tin Sn 118.7 Iridium Ir IQV I Titanium Ti 48.1 Iron Fe 55.84 Tungsten W 184.0 Krypton . . Kr 82.92 Uranium u 2^8.2 Lanthanum La I^Q.O Vanadium V 51 .O Lead Pb 2O7 . 2O Xenon Xe I^O.2 Lithium Li 6.04 Ytterbium (Neoytter- Lutecium. ... Lu 175.0 bium) Yb 173- S Magnesium Mg 24. ^2 Yttrium Yt 88.7 Manganese Mn ^T- O^ 54.01 Zinc Zn 65. 37 Mercury .... Hg 2OO.6 Zirconium Zr QO.6 Molybdenum . Mo Q6.0 -.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN 46 LIMESTONE CRUSHER BUILDING AT SYRACUSE QUARRIES OF THE SOLVAY PROCESS CO. ; ; :,xJ^ fi^-^JSS^ MODERN LIMESTONE QUARRYING AT THE SYRACUSE QUARRIES. 2,000 POUNDS OF DYNAMITE WERE USED IN THIS SHOT. 47 THE S O L V A V PROCESS COMPANY SYRACUSE N . Y . CO ON co i i OO co O ON O t~>- co HH o co t^ co O i i ON CN co O O O O co HH O CO P-i < > W P^ < W Z I-H J > X w J m < H CO O co CN 00 CO CO CN O O co GO O O CN HH ro O CO ON CN ^O O HH COO CO CO O HH O O HH CN O O O ^-oo ^h >O rj- T^- CN O HH O co ON co ON O O O o o O -< CN 000 10 Tt- Tj- (N O "H ^h cO ON co ON O i-i CNJ O O O O O 10 -H O O -" 'd' cO ON CO ON O J CN X o CN o 1^ CN o o oo rt3~ O O 1^. re re CN O re c re q CN CN ^- f-J X I-H W CO rt M | C\T ~ .^ a bJO ^ U2 i_r -S O re 13 w J3 2 CN CN 1C re o *s -2f ^ ^1- c -h o 3 .5? U || 3 r^ vo o HH CN O l^. CN X c CN ,Q r ^ 0) rj-^ S CN CN CN O l^ffi a 2 HH |_^ W3 CN O I-H O . CO HH p 1-1 i-> O 2 CN HH CO I 1 HH J> ^ ' rj CN O 1C C) re CN J/^ o 1^ 10 CO ] * HH ce 00 X CO ^j +-> co o o a w 3 *3- *r> o o c "re re H^ o w CO c7 11 cr w D ) 00 i- 1 "^ in l ^ CO 1C 00 ^ (i^ o d I-H O -Tf 1C Tj- ON d t^Ji II I' 1! T) H- 1 HH 3 O CO O CO hH O l t o re c ^ c c 10 o o h-Ubl a> ^ cu w -4-) <^ -4-3 ^ w oo X re CN ON J 6 O O "H c t^ o 1C vO PQ o o o c 1C re X 10 r r -? o" ** 4 x" re ^ o CN t-" i ^. ON 1 o l^ \D I-H 1C X vO 10 c OJ 1C re ^ ^ o aj ^ - -t X re u co CT 0> o N ". ^S S- OS ^^^ rl I-H o o t^2 II II ^O " " IO HH N -I- 5 II o cr ^. w vO 1C f^ s-1 11 CT M o (N 1 1 X 10 fll ^i CT j^> ^, g o 'C re ( ^ * 3S3-O ^j HH O -h X re o M M M ** o o CN a 1^ c c o CJ "t ^^ 48 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. G O *? g o C/3 W o o HH bX) CN uj \o c //^ V^Q H , GO HH cO CN < ,2 ij j HH CN HH ,,' U i o O O co II O HH Q iri rO O rr 1 O HH o o CN O *" >1 w ,_! O O O O O O O O O HH C/3 ^H f CH P-H ^~* 2 s t^ HH HH ?J 03 t-t N f-) HH Q f> O ^O O >* >o O ON O >-i n M Q. T3 O HH O HH ^O *O ^O >< H- H- O O o OO N Q H cr O rh ^O oo : C/J H 2 t/j CN ^O IO CN TJ- (N II II II 7 -^ CN" S 6 M i i 00 ^" HH tuO CuO*^d H O O CO ON P J OO vO O o? > o V^ ^^^ "^ O O t^ O w 3 cr CO O HH ON O CJ 4 ; 10 CO HH P4 H .|K M O CN s iO O HH 5 IO O HH 10 ^4 N O CO HH O ^ Q t 1 o 10 o > CN" O HH rj-\O n/ cO CO iO ^j- ON PH H H H IO HH CN HH HH O > O ^ O CO X HH 3 O O O CN \O ON O O O ON co ^O X O 4 E 0) O O O O GO GO w iO O 73 E 3 c H HH HH \Q GO Th 00 O CO*" rf GO nJ < H M HH OO CO O CN IOOC Tt- HH O O 10 U3 2 ,-"- p . i OO IO (N ^- CO rO L*^* 1 ON c^ \O O t^ CN" HH O HI (f) e O Th O CN O HI o II II II o o HH O O ON HH CT O CN \O E" 1 C CO O ON co o" oo" iO O 'oi - . _ HH O CO co O M 2 CN lOOO \o o ^t~ HH E HH O O IO O O ^1" co o s HH O \O O o ^ CO O CN O ON THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y. TABLE XX Comparison of Hydrometer Scales with Baume Degrees as the Basis Baume Twaddell Spec. Grav. Baume Twaddell Spec. Grav. I i-4 I .OO7 36 66.4 1-332 2 2.8 I .OI4 37 6 9 . 1-345 3 4-4 I .022 38 71.4 1-357 4 5-8 I .029 39 74- 1.370 5 7-4 1.037 40 76.6 1-383 6 9- 1-045 4i 79-4 1-397 7 10.4 1.052 42 82. i .410 8 12. I .060 43 84.8 1.424 9 13-4 I .067 44 87.6 1-438 10 15 1-075 45 90.6 1-453 ii 16.6 1.083 46 93-6 1.468 12 18.2 I .OQI 47 96.6 1-483 13 20. I . IOO 48 99.6 1.498 H 21 .6 I.I08 49 102.8 I-5H 15 23.2 i . 116 50 106. 1-530 16 25- 1.125 5i 109.2 I-546 17 26.8 I-I34 52 112. 6 1-563 18 28.4 i . 142 53 116. 1.580 19 30.4 1.152 54 119.4 1-597 20 32.4 1.162 55 123. 1.615 21 34-2 i . 171 56 126.8 1.634 22 36. 1.180 57 130.4 1.652 23 38. i . 190 58 134-2 1.671 24 40. i .200 59 138.2 i .691 25 42. I .210 60 142.2 i .711 26 44- I .220 61 1.46.4 1.732 27 46.2 I.23I 62 150.6 1-753 28 48.2 I .241 63 154-8 1.774 29 50.4 1.252 64 159-2 1.796 30 52.6 1.263 65 163-8 1.819 31 54-8 1.274 66 168.4 1.842 32 57- 1.285 33 59-4 1.297 34 61.6 1.308 35 64. 1.320 -iimmiiiiimimn mil inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiuiniiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnii i iiiinii iiiiiiiiuuiiiiiui i i minium mi mm i niiimiminimiu m mini i i mninnuim imimiiiiiiiim mi i iimim nmiimim 1111,7 50 SI THE S O L V A Y PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N Y. Social Work GENERAL WELFARE WORK. Since 1887, The Solvay Process Com- pany has carried on general Welfare Work. A building is devoted to that purpose, with several teachers in charge. Classes are conducted in sewing, dressmaking, cooking and domestic science, both for young children and older girls and women. In a hall especially designed for the purpose, recrea- tion and entertainment of various sorts are provided both for small children and the older boys and girls. Dancing classes, and social dances are held regu- larly. Recreation rooms are provided for the older boys, where they may play pool and billiards. Also, a gymnasium is provided large enough for basket ball, and where classes are held both for little boys and girls, and for those older. A feature of special importance is the Day Nursery which has proven to be of great use to the mothers of the vicinity. All of this work, of course, is main- tained under competent supervision. We wish to emphasize that this depart- ment is not limited to employees, but its benefits are open to all residents of the community. The welfare worker who is in charge of the above work also keeps in touch with the employees of the company, and investigates cases of want and appeals for aid. EDUCATIONAL WORK. The Company conducts within its own works a modern half-time mechanics' school, into which a limited number of boys over 1 6 years of age are admitted. These boys are paid an hourly wage, and are divided into two classes, each class being alternately two weeks in the school and two weeks in the works. Some verv excellent workmen have been trained 52 THE S O L V A V PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N . Y . GUILD HALL AND GUILD HOUSE in this school, some of whom are now employed by the company, and some elsewhere. In addition to the above, in special cases, a plan is provided for loaning money to students to assist them in obtaining a college education. MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETY. In 1888, the Solvay Mutual Benefit Society was organized. This society is really an accident and sickness insurance company. The men and the company pay into the treasury the same amount. The society employs its own doctor who treats all cases of sickness or accident. Weekly indemnities are paid for a considerable period, in cases of sickness, and accidents occurring off duty. Accidents which occur while on duty are taken care of under the New York State Workmen's Compensation Act. PENSIONS. Since 1908 the Company has had in operation a general pension plan, to the benefits of which, by action of the Board of Directors, are admitted such of its men as have been incapacitated by reason of old age, sick- ness or accident after long service. The amount of pension payable is figured in accordance with carefully con- sidered rules, but is chiefly dependent upon the length of service and the amount received by the beneficiary during the ten highest paid years of his service. The fund from which pension payments are made was originally set aside out of profits and placed in a separate account. Thereafter, month by month, this fund has been increased by making payments to it of a certain number of cents per ton of product, and all income from the fund has been credited to, and all expenditures and pensions charged against the fund. The above is a very brief general statement of a part of what The Solvay Process Company has done and is trying to do, along the lines mentioned. 53 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N Technical Service Department REALIZING that in the exceedingly varied use of soda products successful results depend entirely upon the correct chemical application of the product to the process in which it is to be used, this Company has for some time maintained a Technical Service Department composed of a staff of experts devoted solely to the study of the proper use of alkali in all the processes into which it enters. Even an expert chemist, though he may have very complete knowledge of the chemical properties of a product and of its uses, may not, however, be com- petent to furnish the most valuable advice and assistance to users of that product. He must, in addition to his chemical knowledge, have carefully studied the processes of manufacture into which the product enters, and he must be thor- oughly familiar with the problems and practical difficulties to be encountered in the particular process in which he is seeking to give advice. In other words, he must be a practical operator as well as a chemist. The experts in the Technical Service Department of The Solvay Process Company are skilled operators in the various industries in which the Com- pany's products are used, and are competent to solve the problems encountered in any process of manufacture into which alkali enters. This department is maintained for, and is entirely at the service of, con- sumers of the Company's products. Correspondence addressed to The Solvay Process Company, Syracuse, N. Y., attention Technical Service Department, will receive prompt attention, advice on any problem involving the use of alkali will be gladly furnished, and, where necessary, one of the Company's experts will be sent to study the particular operation and give personal advice and assistance. ^uiiuiiiiumiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiH 54 ALKALI TREE 55 THE SOLVAY PROCESS COMPANY, SYRACUSE, N. Y General Index PAGE BICARBONATE OF SODA, DESCRIPTION OF 13 CALCIUM CHLORIDE, DESCRIPTION OF 14 CALCIUM CHLORIDE GRANULATED 27 CALCIUM CHLORIDE REFRIGERANT 26 CAUSTICIZED ASH, DESCRIPTION OF 13 CAUSTIC SODA, DESCRIPTION OF 12 CAUSTIC SODA FOR SOAP-MAKERS AND FOR MERCERIZING , . . , 22 CROWN FILLER, DESCRIPTION OF 14 LABELS, REPRODUCTION OF 19 LIMESTONE, DESCRIPTION OF 14 MODIFIED SODAS, DESCRIPTION OF 13 ORGANIZATION 9 OUTLINE OF SODA PROCESS . 10 SALT, DESCRIPTION OF 14 SOCIAL WORK 52 SODA AS A CLEANSING AGENT 24 SODA ASH, DESCRIPTION OF 12 SODA ASH FOR GLASS MAKING 20 SOLVAY PRODUCTS, LIST OF n TECHNICAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT 54 VALUATION OF ALKALIES BY VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF TESTING 15 Index of Tables PAGE ATOMIC WEIGHTS, TABLE XV 46 CALCIUM CHLORIDE BRINE, SOLVAY, PROPERTIES OF, TABLE IV 30 CALCIUM MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE BRINE, PROPERTIES OF, TABLE IV 30 CAUSTIC SODA, COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TESTS, TABLE II 18 CAUSTIC SODA, EQUIVALENT PRICES FOR, PER 100 LBS., TABLE IX 39 CAUSTIC SODA, EQUIVALENT PRICES FOR, PER TON, TABLE X 40 CAUSTIC SODA, EQUIVALENT PRICES FOR, PER KILOGRAM, TABLE XI 41 CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS, EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF, CHART . 36 CAUSTIC SODA, SOLUTIONS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF, TABLE VII 34. 35 CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS OF SOLVAY PRODUCTS, TABLE XIII 44 GRAVIMETRIC EQUIVALENTS, TABLE XIX .\.' .; . . 49 HYDROMETER SCALES, COMPARISON OF, TABLE XX ...... 50 LINEAR EQUIVALENTS, TABLE XVI 48 SALT BRINE, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF, TABLE III 30 SHIPPING WEIGHTS OF SOLVAY PRODUCTS, TABLE XII 42 SODA ASH, COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TESTS, TABLE I 17 SODA ASH, EQUIVALENT PRICES FOR, TABLE VIII 38 SODA SALTS, SOLUBILITY OF, TABLE V 31 SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTIONS, EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF, CHART 33 SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTIONS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF, TABLE VI 32 SURFACE EQUIVALENTS, TABLE XVIII . 49 TEMPERATURES, COMPARISON OF FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE, TABLE XIV 45 VOLUME EQUIVALENTS, TABLE XVII ; a.8 iiiHuniiiiiniiiiiiM^ 56 rir DATE AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS INCREASE TO so CENTS ON THE FOURTH IND To 5 $1 .oo ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. Gay (amount Pamphlet Binder Gaylord Bros., Inc. Stockton, Calif. T.M. Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. , Yl TP2.4S THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY