m 
 
 
 
 H 
 
LB-RAItr 
 
 THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDEGEE. 
 1906 
 

 
CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, 
 
 DESIGNED FOB 
 
 COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES. 
 
 In 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BT 
 
 A FLORA 
 
 OF THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE, AND WESTERN STATES ; 
 
 PARTICULARLY 
 OF THE UNITED STATES NORTH OF THE CAPITOL, LAT. 38. 
 
 BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M, 
 
 And he sp&ke of trees, from the ced&r in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springcth oat of the -wall. I Unot, 4 : 33. 
 Consider the lilies of the field : * * even Solomon In all hig glory wag not arrayed like one of thes. MATT. 6 : 28, 20. 
 
 Secontr JBtiftum, tebtsetr anti 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY CROCKER & B*REWSTER. 
 
 CLAREMONT, N. H., SIMEON IDE. 
 
 1848. 
 
C\ K <M 
 
 \\/7 
 
 SUH.06? 
 
 ' -%.- v 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, 
 
 BY ALPHONSO WOOD, 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of New Hampshire. 
 
TO THE 
 
 REV. CHESTER DEWEY, M. D., D. D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE BERKSHIRE AND OTHER MEDICAL 
 
 INSTITUTIONS, AUTHOR OF THE REPORT ON THE HERBACEOUS 
 
 PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS, MONOGRAPH ON 
 
 THE CARICES, ETC. ETC. 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY 
 
 THE AUTHOE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE science of botany is as eminently progressive as it is delightful and 
 ennobling. By recent discoveries it has been established on the basis of 
 inductive philosophy, and elevated almost to the rank of an exact science. 
 The theory of the floral structure which refers each organ to the principle 
 of the leaf, now enters into almost every department of botany, and gives 
 a new aspect to the whole ; revealing more clearly than any other discov- 
 ery has ever done, the beauty and simplicity of the plan on which Creative 
 Power is exerted in the production of the countless forms of vegetable 
 existence. 
 
 The present treatise contains, first, the Elements of Botany, according 
 to the latest authorities, written in the form of simple propositions, briefly 
 illustrated, and broken into short paragraphs, with direct reference to the 
 convenience of the learner. Brief as it is, it is hoped that it will be found 
 to embody all the established principles of the science contained in former 
 school treatises, together with those newly discovered principles in Organ- 
 ography and Physiology, by which botany has been really enriched and 
 advanced.* 
 
 The Flora is adapted particularly to that section of the United States 
 which lies north of the Capitol, that is, of the 39th parallel, including 
 essentially the States lying north of the Ohio river and Maryland.f It 
 comprehends all the Phaenogamia, or flowering plants, with the Ferns, &c. 
 which have hitherto been discovered and described as indigenous in these 
 States, together with the naturalized exotics, and those which are more 
 generally cultivated either as useful or ornamental. The descriptions are 
 
 * The student who aims at the highest attainments will by no means rest satisfied with mere 
 outlines, such as our limits here admit of. It affords us pleasure to be able to recommend to all 
 such as would advance beyond first principles, the full and elaborate " Text Book " of Dr. Asa 
 Gray, an American work of the highest merit. 
 
 t With some exceptions, therefore, this Flora will answer for the adjacent States of Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia. Kentucky, Missouri, and the Canadas. 
 1* 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 as extended and minute as appeared to the author necessary for the com- 
 plete recognition of the plants, and for imparting a knowledge of whatever 
 is peculiar or interesting in their habit, culture, or use. 
 
 With regard to the sources of information from which this part of the 
 work has been prepared, it is proper to state, that I have for several years 
 been engaged in the collection of materials, during which I have made 
 extensive tours with this object in view, in nearly every section of country 
 which this Flora represents, and have had access to numerous and exten- 
 sive herbaria. By these means, I have been able to draw the description 
 of about nine tenths of the species mentioned from the living or dried 
 specimen. For additional information, I have availed myself of the best 
 authorities within my reach, among which are the botanical works of 
 Bigelow, Eaton, Wright, Pursh, Michaux, Smith, Nuttall, Torre'y, Beck, 
 Loudon, Elliott, Darlington, Dewey, Barton, Hooker, Decandolle, and 
 Torrey and Gray. 
 
 With few exceptions, I have adopted, for our native and naturalized 
 plants, the nomenclature of the " North American Flora " of the two last 
 distinguished authors ; and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of 
 the "Prodromus" of Decandolle, (that is, so far as these floras at present 
 extend,) regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. 
 
 The present Flora is accompanied with numerous Analytical Tables, de- 
 signed to facilitate the hitherto tedious process of botanical analysis. The 
 object aimed at in their construction is to exhibit at one view the most 
 striking characteristics of each group to which they respectively relate, so 
 arranged as to conduct the mind from a single radiating point to any de- 
 sired genus contained in the volume. That we have fully realized this 
 plan, or that the tables are free from error, is not to be expected ; yet we 
 do hope that they will afford facilities for analysis greater than any system 
 hitherto available. 
 
 To Dr. EDWARD E. PHELPS, Lecturer on Medical Botany, &c. in 
 Dartmouth College, I am indebted for many highly valuable suggestions, 
 particularly in regard to the tables above mentioned. In this department 
 of the work, I would gratefully acknowledge his aid. A few tables under 
 the Natural Orders were originally of his construction, although necessarily 
 much altered in this edition, by the admission of additional genera. He 
 has also granted me free access to his botanical books and specimens. 
 
 To the Rev. Professor CHESTER DEWEY, to whom I am permitted to 
 dedicate this volume, I am indebted for that part of the Flora which re- 
 lates to the difficult yet deeply interesting family of the Carices. He has 
 not only granted me access to his former excellent monograph of that 
 genus, but has prepared the article for the present work with his own 
 hand. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It gives me pleasure to be able also to introduce in this connection the 
 name of Dr. JAMES W. ROBBINS, a name long since enrolled among 
 American botanists. Our Flora has been recently in part reviewed by 
 him ; and he has communicated to me, in relation to this work, the results 
 of his extensive and accurate observations, as will be seen by the frequent 
 recurrence of his name in the following pages. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgments are also due to Dr. JOSEPH- BARRATT. He 
 has kindly communicated his unequalled monograph of the willows, " Sali- 
 ces Americanae ;" also that of the " Eupatoria verticillata ;" both of which, 
 abridged, I have adopted in this work. 
 
 Among other friends and correspondents, from whom I have received 
 specimens and highly valuable information, and whose kindness will be 
 held by me in most grateful remembrance, are the following : viz. Dr. AL- 
 BERT G. SKINNER and Dr. JOHN PLUMMER, Indiana ; Dr. SAMUEL B. 
 MEAD and Eev. E. JENNEY, Illinois ; Mr. WM. S. SULLIVANT, Professor 
 LOCKE, and Mr. JOSEPH CLARK, Ohio ; Dr. I. A. LAPHAM, Wisconsin ; 
 Dr. WM. DARLINGTON, Pennsylvania; President HITCHCOCK, Professor 
 ASA GRAY, and Dr. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, Massachusetts; Mr. TRU- 
 MAN RICKARD, New Hampshire; Dr. SARTWELL and Mr. BROWNNE, 
 New York; Mr. S. T. OLNEY, Rhode Island; &c. &c. 
 
 In the present edition, a chapter on the principles of Agricultural 
 Chemistry has been added to the " Elements," and some important altera- 
 tions introduced. The Flora has been to a great extent rewritten, and 
 enlarged, not only by the addition of such plants as were necessary to 
 adapt it to a wider section of country, as mentioned above, but by many 
 plants recently discovered within our former limits. At the end is appended 
 a synoptical view of the lower orders of the Cryptogamia, with their gen- 
 era ; and the whole is now illustrated with numerous engravings. 
 
 Finally, the present work is again submitted to the public with the assur- 
 ance that, on the part of the author, it shall still be his constant care to 
 detect and rectify its imperfections in future editions ; and with the earnest 
 hope that his labors may serve to awaken in the minds of others as deep 
 an interest in this branch of the study of Nature as they have done in 
 his own. 
 
 MERIDEN, N. H., APRIL, 1847. 
 
THE GREEK ALPHABET, &c. 
 
 Luge. 
 
 Small. 
 
 Rom. letters. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Alpha. 
 
 
 B 
 
 ft 
 
 b 
 
 Beta. 
 
 1. i, ^tovaf. 
 
 r 
 
 y 
 
 g 
 
 Gamma. 
 
 2. dvu, 6i. 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 d 
 
 Delta. 
 
 3. rpf. 
 
 E 
 
 e. 
 
 6 
 
 Epsilon. 
 
 4. reoaapee, rerpaf. 
 
 Z 
 
 c 
 
 z 
 
 Zeta. 
 
 5. Trevre. 
 
 H 
 
 1\ 
 
 e 
 
 Eta. 
 
 6. iS- 
 
 e 
 
 
 th 
 
 Theta. 
 
 7. i-KTa. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Iota. 
 
 8. OKTU. 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 c(k) 
 
 Kappa. 
 
 9. evvea. 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Lambda. 
 
 10. de/ea. 
 
 M 
 
 V- 
 
 m 
 
 Mu. 
 
 11. ivSsna. 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 Nu. 
 
 12. <5a>(5e/ca. 
 
 S 
 
 % 
 
 X 
 
 Xi. 
 
 20. iKoai. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Omikron. 
 
 Many, Tro/Lff. 
 
 n 
 
 7T, <S 
 
 > p 
 
 Pi. 
 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 Kho. 
 
 
 s 
 
 > f 
 
 s 
 
 Sigma. 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 t 
 
 Tau. 
 
 
 Y 
 
 V 
 
 y 
 
 Upsilon. 
 
 \. 
 
 4> 
 
 <? 
 
 ph 
 
 Phi. 
 
 Upon, em. 
 
 X 
 
 # 
 
 ch 
 
 Chi. 
 
 Around, Trept. 
 
 * 
 
 T/J 
 
 ps 
 
 Psi. 
 
 Under, viro. 
 
 
 
 <> 
 
 6 
 
 Omega. 
 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diph- 
 thongs. 
 
 2. The penult (last syllable but one) is always accented in words of two sylla- 
 bles. In words of more than two syllables, the penult, if long in quantity, is ac- 
 cented ; if short, the antepenult (last syllable but two) is accented. A word may 
 have, also, a secondary accent, &c. 
 
 3. A vowel before another vowel, or the letter A, or marked with this ( w ) char- 
 acter, is short in quantity. A diphthong, a vowel before two consonants, or a 
 double consonant, or the letter j t or marked with this ( " ) character, is long in 
 quantity. 
 
 4. A vowel has its sAort, English sound, when followed by a consonant in the 
 same syllable ; otherwise its long sound, without regard to quantity : a at the end 
 of an accented syllable, has an indistinct sound, as in Columbia. 
 
 5. A single consonant or a mute and liquid between the vowels of the penult 
 and final syllables, is joined to the latter ; in other cases, the vowel of the accented 
 syllable takes the consonant before and after it, except u, and the vowels a, e and 
 o, before two vowels, the first of which is e or i ; when it takes the former only. 
 
 6. Pronounce es final with the e protracted ; ch like k ; ct, ti, si, before a vow- 
 el, like sh ; ce, ee, like e ; qu like kw ; gu, su, before a vowel in the same syllable, 
 like gw, sw. 
 
CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS. 
 
 CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION. Page 13. 
 
 1, BOTANY defined. 2, Its departments. Organography. 3, Vegetable Physiol- 
 ogy. 4, Glossology. 5, Systematic Botany. 6, Relation to man ultimate aim. 
 7, Its merits and claims. 8, Natural world its divisions, a, mutual relations. 
 9, Mineral denned. 10, Plant denned. 11, Animal defined, a, the three king- 
 doms blend in one. 12, Vegetation universal, a, effects of light upon it and 
 heat, 6, elevation above the sea Peak of Teneriffe, c, soil, d, moisture, e, 
 extremes of heat illustrations, /, extremes of cold illustrations, g, light 
 illustrations. 13, Variety of the vegetable kingdom. 14, Causes which affect it, 
 a, plants adapted to localities. 15, Cultivation, 16, Cabbage, &c., for illustration. 
 17, Species dependent on cultivation, a, conclusion. 
 
 CHAPTER II. PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY 
 ORGANS. 18. 
 
 18, Embryo. 19, Axis, ascending descending. .20, Bud, its development, 
 &c. 21, Axillary buds, universal. 22, Bud a distinct individual, a, illustra- 
 tion. 23, Branches, a, plant compound, *, reproductive. 24, Flower, origin 
 of, 25, its nature and end, a, illustration. 26, Decay, a, a leaf the elemen- 
 tary organ. 27, Leaf consists of, a, elementary tissues. 28, Chemical basis of the 
 tissues organic bases, a, illustration. 29, Cellular tissue parenchyma, a, 
 pith of elder, 3, c, cellular tissue how colored, d, size of cells, e, they become 
 solid, /, Raphides. 30, Woody tissue its design, a, illustration. 31, Glandu- 
 lar fibre fossil coal. 32, Vasiform tissue, a, articulated continuous, 6, illus- 
 tration. 33, Vascular tissue, a, spiral vessels, b, spiral thread, c, its size, 
 d, situation of spiral vessels, e, what they contain, f, ducts, g, closed annu- 
 lar reticulated the office of these ducts. 34, Laticiferous tissue, a, size, &c. 
 35, Epidermis where it is not found. 36, Structure, a, illustration. 37, Stomata. 
 38, Form. 39, Position, a, size. 40, Surface. 41, Hairs simple branched, 
 #, position downy pubescent hirsute rough tomentose arachnoid se- 
 riceous velvety cili ate. 42, Stings. 43, Prickles. 44, Glands sessile im- 
 bedded, a, glandular hairs. 45, Receptacles of secretion. 
 
 CHAPTER HL PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE 
 KINGDOM. 26. 
 
 46, Phsenogamia Cryptogamia, 47, then- distinctions of tissue, 48, of cotyle- 
 dons. 49, Further distin ctions. 50, A species, a, illustration mimber of speciei 
 known. 51, Varieties, a, where they occur. 52, A genus, a, illustration, , 
 summary. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. OF THE FLOWER. 
 1. OF ITS PARTS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 28. 
 
 53, Parts of the flower enumerated, a, essential organs perfect flower, , im 
 perfect flower sterile fertile neutral. 54, Perianth consists of calyx co- 
 rolla achlamydeous flowers. 55, Calyx defined sepals. 56, Corolla defined 
 petals. 57, Stamens definition of office andrcecium. 58, Pistils office 
 of gynoecium. 59, Receptacle order of the organs upon it. 60, Specimens. 
 61, A complete and regular flower, a, theoretical cumber of the parts, , their 
 
8 CONTENTS AND 
 
 theoretical position, <?, summary correspondence between a flower and a leafy 
 branch. 62, Apparent exceptions examples of symmetrical flowers. 63, , First 
 cause of deviation, the development of one or more additional whorls exam- 
 ples. b, Second cause, the suppression of entire whorls examples. e, Third 
 cause, the suppression of parts of whorls examples. d, Fourth cause, the union 
 of parts of the same whorl examples. *, Fifth cause, the union of organs of differ- 
 ent whorls examples. /, Sixth cause, unequal -development of similar organs 
 examples, g, Seventh cause, reconversion of organs examples. A, Eighth 
 cause, development of axis examples. 
 
 CHAPTER V. OF THE FLOWER. 
 2. STAMENS AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 34. 
 
 64, The stamens, basis of a classification why. 65, Definition 66, parts 
 which essential. 67, Filament. 68, Anther when sessile connectile anal- 
 ogy, a, cells dehiscence, 6, connectile, c, stamen abortive. 69, Modes of 
 attachment of anther to filament, 1st, innate ; 2d, adnate ; 3d, versatile ; 4th, in- 
 trorse extrorse. 70, Pollen forms, a, structure molecules. 71, Physio- 
 logical structure -= of the filament connectile anther pollen. 72, Theoretical 
 structure proof from the transitions of stamens into pistils examples. 73, Cir- 
 cumstances in which stamens vary twenty-four Linnean Classes. 74, Number, 
 Etymology of the names of the Classes. Class 1st, 2nd, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 
 9th, 10th, llth. 2nd, Position. 12th, 13th. 3d, Relative length, 14th, 15th, 
 4th, Connection, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th. 5th, Absence, 21st, 22d, 23d, 
 24th. 
 
 CHAPTER VI THE FLOWER. 
 J 3. OF THE PISTIL AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 39. 
 
 75, The pistil, its position structure. 76, Ovary ovules. 77, Ovary simple 
 compound carpels. 78, The style number connection. 79, Stigma sim- 
 ple compound. 80, Number of styles, orders founded upon. Order 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 
 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, llth, 12th. Note, Orders of the class Didyna- 
 mia Tetradynamia Orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes. 
 Orders of Syngenesia, Equalis Superflua Frustranea Necessaria Segre- 
 gata. Orders of Polygamia, Monoecia Dicecia. Orders of the 24th, class. 81, 
 Ovules. 82, Placenta structure direction. 83, Physiological structure of the 
 ovary style stigma without epidermis. 84, Theoretical structure explained, 
 sutures ventral dorsal, a, illustration, i, c, illustrations continued. 85, Pro- 
 positions, first second third fourth. 86, These propositions when true. 87, 
 Central placenta, parietal placenta. 88, Free central placenta, explanation. 
 a, Ovules proved to be analogous to buds. 89, Ovules enclosed naked, #, erect 
 ascending pendulous suspended. 90, Foramen primine secundine nu- 
 cleus a, illustration. 91, Funiculus chalaza. 
 
 4- OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 44. 
 
 92, Their specific office how accomplished, a, illustrations, tulip Kalmia, 
 &c. 93, Action of pollen upon the stigma tubes. 94, Molecules their destina- 
 tion. 
 
 CHAPTER VH. THE FLOWER. 
 
 5. OF THE CALYX. 45. 
 
 95, Calyx etymology color. 96, Sepals monosepalous polysepalous. 
 97, Calyx inferior superior, 98, caducous deciduous persistent, 99, re- 
 duced wanting a, Pappus pilose plumose setose paleaceous. 
 
 J.6. OF THE COROLLA. 46. 
 
 100, The corolla etymology. 101, Petals polypetalous monopetalous. 102, 
 Claw lamina, 103, tube limb, 104, regular irregular. 1, Corolla campanu- 
 late. 2, Infundibuliform. 3, Hypocratiriform. 4, Rotate. 5, Labiate ringent 
 personate galea. 105, Forms of polypetalous corollas, 1, Cruciform. 2, Rosa- 
 ceous. 3, Liliaceous. 4, Caryophyllaceous. 5, Papilionaceous vexillum alae 
 carinse. 106, Physiological structure colors. 
 
ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 49. 
 
 107, Definition, <z, Nectary labellum spur, 5, Disk hypogynous epi- 
 gynous, c, true character. 
 
 58. OF ESTIVATION. 50. 
 
 108, Definition vernation, a, illustration. 1, ^Estivation valvate, 2, Convo- 
 lute, T- 3, Quincuncial, 4, Contorted, 5, Alternate, 6, Vexillary, 7, Indupli- 
 cate, 8, Supervolute. 
 
 CHAPTER Vm. THE FRUIT. 51. 
 
 109, Its importance design, a, utility, 5, in respect to time defined. 110, 
 Analogous to ovary changes, a, examples. 
 
 1. OF THE PERICARP. 52. 
 
 Ill, Fruit consists of, a, naked seeds. 112, Pericarp defined epicarp sar- 
 cocarp, a, illustration. 113, Physiology of growth, 114, of ripening, a, acidi- 
 fication, 0, maturity. 115, Dehiscence indehiscent valves, 1, Dehiscence 
 locnlicidal, 2, Septicidal, 3, Septifragal, 4, Sutural, 5, Circumscissile. 116, 
 Forms of pericarp. 1, Capsule, #, cells columella. 2, Silique. 3, Silicic. 
 4, Legume. 5, Follicle. 6, Drupe. 7, Nut. 8. Caryopsis. 9, Achenium. 
 10, Samara. 11, Pyxis. 12, Pome. 13, Pepo. 14, Berry strawberry black- 
 berry. 15, Strobile. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. THE ERTJIT. 57. 
 $2. OF THE SEED. 
 
 117, The seed defined, a, its parts, 118, integuments testa mesosperm 
 cndopleura, a, Testa, its substance surface form appendages, , Coma 
 distinguished. 119, Aril. 120, Hilum. 121, Seed orthotropous anatropous. 122, 
 Albumen where most abundant where wanting. 123, Embryo 124, its 
 parts, a, radicle, 6, plumule its direction. 125, Cotyledon, #, the number, 
 &c. 126, Monocotyledons endogens. 127, Dicotyledons exogens distin 
 guished. 128, Cotyledons many none. 129, Embryos, number of. Spores 
 
 3. OF GERMINATION. 60. 
 
 130, The embryo, its importance, a, germination defined, 331, the process ex 
 plained. 132, The cotyledons. 133, Conditions of germination, a, heat , 
 water e, oxygen d, darkness. 134, Duration" of the vitality of seeds. Note, 
 Two examples of. 
 
 4. OF DISSEMINATION. 61. 
 
 135, Remark examples, Erigeron a, Wings, hooks 5, Impatiens Streams 
 and oceans Squirrels, birds. 
 
 CHAPTER X. THE ROOT. 62. 
 
 136, Its definition origin, a, divisions. 137, Prone direction, a, horizontal 
 direction. 138, Number and extent. 139, How distinguished from stems. 140, Ex- 
 ceptions adventitious buds subterranean stems. 141, Gollum a, stationary. 
 142, Parts of the root, a, caudex , fibres e, sppngioles. 143, Forms of roots. 
 144, Ramose a, analogous to branches illustration, i, further illustration, 
 c, extent of roots. 145, Fusiform root forked tap root premorse napiform. 
 146, Fibrous, a, fasciculated. 147, Tuberous, a, palmate 3, granulated. 148, 
 Use of fleshy roots. 149, Floating root. 150, Epiphytes parasites. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT. 66 
 
 151, Internal structure. 152, Fibrils, structure function. 153, Growth of root. 
 154, Its most obvious function most important one a, illustration. 155, Activity 
 of absorption dependent on. 156, Part which absorbs, &c. a, illustration, 6, 
 transplanting. 157, Force of absorption, a, illustration. 158, Cause of absorp- 
 tion not capillary attraction, a, experiment in philosophy exosmose endos- 
 mose. 159, Requisite conditions, a, how they exist in the root, application. 
 160, Use of absorption, a, power of choice illustration. 
 
10 CONTENTS AND 
 
 CHAPTER XI. THE STEM, OB ASCENDING AXIS. 69. 
 
 161, Definition, a, cause of its ascent. 162, Direction horizontal erect pro- 
 cumbent ascending subterranean. 163, Annual perennial. 164, Distinction 
 in regard to size, &c. a, tree 6, shrub c, herb. 165, Most distinctive property 
 of stem. 166, Buds. 167, Leaf-bud. 168, The scaly envelopes, a, Scales not 
 formed in hot climates, &c. their design. 169, Bud terminal, develops a simple 
 axis, a, axillary,, developes branches, d, adventitious. 170, Branch. 171, 
 Thorn, a, its nature, &c. b, distinguished from prickles. 172, Node inter- 
 node, a, how formed why the axis diminishes upwards. 173, Arrangement of 
 branches, 174, spiral, a, modifications circular, how caused. 175, Alter- 
 nate opposite whorled. 176, Same of the branches. a, Two classes of stems. 
 177, Subterranean stemless plants varieties. 178, Bulb, a, tunicated 
 scaly, 6, how renewed, c, bulblets. 179, Corm. 180, Tuber. 181, Ehizoma. 
 182, Creeper, a, repent sterns^ their use. 183, Varieties of aerial stems. 184, 
 Caulis. 185, Runner. 186, Scape, a, culm. 187, Vine a, tendril. 188, Twin- 
 ing stems their direction. 189, Trunk a, its dimensions. Note, Illustrations, 
 6, its duration. Note, Illustrations. 190, Sucker. 191, Offset. 192, Stolon. 193, 
 Plurality of trunks a, Banyan Mangrove. 
 
 fl. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM. 77. 
 
 194j Structure of herbaceous stems 195, of the first year's growth of perennial 
 stems, a, basis of the distinction of Exogens and Endogens. 196, Exogens. 197, 
 
 Earts. 206, its structure cork liber. 207, New layer, how formed, a, outer 
 lyers, why shaggy horizontal fibres, , qualities resident in, c, its peculiar 
 vessels. 
 
 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 80. 
 
 208, Conveyance of sap, 209, through what portion its course elabora- 
 tion descent. 
 
 3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 81. 
 
 210, Its peculiarity. 211, Composition. 212, Each bundle consists of, a, mode 
 of increase. 
 
 CHAPTER XIL THE LEAF. 82. 
 
 213, Its importance character. 214, How distinguished. 215, Color autum- 
 nal hues, a, due to what chlorophyll changes, b, color of flowers. 
 
 1. VERNATION. 82. 
 
 216, Meaning of the term leaf-bud how compacted, a, illustration. 217, 
 Forms of vernation, 1, Equitant 2, Obvolute 3, Involute 4, Ee volute 5, 
 Convolute 6, Plaited 7, Circulate. 
 
 2. ARRANGEMENT. 83. 
 
 218, In the bud after the axis is developed, !, Scattered 2, Alternate 3, 
 Opposite 4, Verticillate 5, Fasciculate. 219, How these forms may be reconciled 
 with the spiral, a, illustration, 6, Alternate explained, c, Opposite or whorled 
 explained. 220, Leaves radical cauline ramial. 
 
 3. ORGANOGRAPHY. 84. 
 
 221, Nature of the leaf lamina sessile petiolate. 222, Petiole its form 
 1, Compressed 2, Winged 3, Amplexicaul. 223, General form of the lamina 
 base apex. 224, Leaf simple compound. 225, Physiology. 226, Venation 
 its organs. 227, Midrib nerves. 228, Veins veinlets. 229, Modes of venation. 
 1, Reticulate 2, Parallel 3, Forked. 230, Varieties of reticulate venation, 1, 
 Feather-veined 2, Radiate-veined 3, Varieties of parallel venation. 
 
 J4- FORM OR FIGURE. 86. 
 231. Theory of form dependent on venation. 232, Forms resulting from the 
 
ANALYSIS OP SUBJECTS. 11 
 
 feather venation 1, Orbicular 2, Elliptic 3, Oblong 4, Ovate 5, Lanceo- 
 late G, Obovate 7, Spathulate 8, Cordate 9, Auriculate 10, Hastate 11, 
 Sagittate 12, Reniform a, Forms dependent on the development of the tissue 
 13, Runcinate 14, Lyrate 15, Pinnatifid 16, Sinuate. 233, Forms resulting 
 from radiate venation 17, Palmate IS, Digitate 19, Pedate 20, Lacinate 
 21, Peltate 22, Reniform, &c. 234, Forms of parallel-veined leaves 23, Linear 
 24, Oval, &c. 25, Cordate 26, Acerose. 
 
 5. MARGIN. 90. 
 
 235, How modified 1, Entire 2, Dentate 3, Serrate 4, Crenate 5-, Erose 
 6, Undulate 7, Spinous 8, Incised 9, Laciniate 10, Crisped 11, Repand. 
 
 $6. APEX. 90. 
 
 236, Termination of leaf 1, Acute 2, Obtuse 3, Acuminate 4, EmargLn- 
 ate 5, Retuse 6, Mucronate. 
 
 7. SURFACE. 90. 
 
 237, Terms descriptive of the epidermis on the leaf or elsewhere 1, Glabrous 
 2, Pubescent 3, Rough 4, Pilose 5, Hoary 6, Villose 7, Woolly 8, To- 
 mentose 9, Rugose 10, Punctate. 
 
 8. COMPOUND LEAVES. 91. 
 
 238, Leaf becomes compound on what principle. 239, Leaflets articulated. 
 240, Forms resulting from the feather-veined arrangement 1, Pinnate 2, Equally 
 pinnate unequally cirrhose 3, interruptedly 4, Number of leaflets tri- 
 foliate single 5, bipinnate 6, tripinnate 7, biternate 8, triternate. 241, 
 Forms resulting from radiate venation 9, Quinate 10, Septinate. 242, Leaf 
 with regard to insertion 1, Amplexicaul 2, Perfoliate 3, Decurrent 4, Con- 
 nate. 243, Combined terms, #, the preposition sub. 
 
 9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 93. 
 
 244, Leaves of Teazel Tillandsia Arum. 245, Ascidia, a, of the Sarracenia, 
 how formed, &c. 246, Nepenthes. 2*47, Dischidia. 248, Dionsea. 249, Stipules, 
 varieties positions. 250, Their nature. 251, Leaves stipulate exstipulate 
 stipels. 252, Bracts, 253, their nature. 254, Involucre involucel, 255, of the 
 Composite. 256, Glume awn palse valves. 
 
 10. DURATION. 96. 
 
 257, Leaves temporary 1, Fugacious 2, Deciduous 3, Persistent. 258, Fall 
 of the leaf previous changes. 259, Cause of defoliation. 
 
 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 96. 
 
 260, Of the frame-work, a, of the lamina. 261, Parenchyma disposed in two 
 layers, a, how covered. 262, Internal structure of the parenchyma. 263, Ar- 
 rangement of the cells, a, chlorophyll. 264, Stomata communicate with what 
 found on which surface. 265, Vessels of the latex their course." 266, Leaf of 
 Oleander air cells. 
 
 12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES 93. 
 
 267, Enumerated result latex. 268, Crude sap consists of. 269, Exhala- 
 tion 270, distinguished from evaporation 271, takes place through the stoma- 
 ta occurs only in the light why #, illustration. 272, Exhalation dependent 
 on absorption quantity illustration. 273, Absorption, a, illustration. 274, 
 by their lower surface illustration. 275, Respiration 276, consists in 277, 
 constant the result 278, illustration 279, two periods of its greatest activity 
 a, in germination, 5, flowering 7- proportion of oxygen evolved. Note, illustra- 
 tion. 280, Life of the plant dependent on. 281, Digestion the process. 282, 
 Carbon its sources, a, illustration. Plants blanched in the dark. 283,Fixation 
 of carbon relative amount absorbed and evolved. Experiments of Dr. Daubeny. 
 284, Relation of animal to vegetable kingdom in regard to carbon Reflections. 
 
12 CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIH. INFLORESCENCE. 102. 
 
 285, Definition. 286, Position, a, exceptions. 287, Peduncle flower sessile. 
 288, Peduncle simple branched Pedicel. 289, Scape. 290, Rachis. 291, Inflo- 
 rescence solitary, 292, centrifugal centripetal, resulting from what. 293, Cen- 
 tripetal, 294, centrifugal, <z, how indicated all the flowers terminal, why. 
 295, Both modes combined examples. 296, Varieties of centripetal inflorescence. 
 297, Spike 298, Raceme 299, Ament 300, Spadix 301, Corymb 302, 
 Umbel 303, Head a, of the Compositse compound flowers 304, Panicle 305, 
 Thyrse a, Compound umbel Umbellet Compound raceme, &c. 306, Varie- 
 ties of centrifugal inflorescence, 307, Cyme #, its normal structure and devel- 
 opment , inference, 308, Fascicle 309, Verticillaster. a, Peduncle con- 
 verted into a tendril. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION 106. 
 
 310, Four simple organic elements their proportion. 311, Carbon. 312, Mineral 
 ingredients Agricultural Chemistry. 313, Sources of the simple elements. 
 314, Air. 315, Soil. 316, Water. 317, Ammonia. 318, Air plants, three con- 
 ditions requisite. 319, Irrigation Draining. 320, Tillage Amendments. 
 321, Fallow ground Rotation of crops. 322, Light and Heat. 323, Digestion, &c. 
 324, Proper juice. 325, Prodiicts first developed. 326, Three general nutritive 
 products composition. 327, Sugar Diastase. 328, Mutual transformations. 
 329, Secretions. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. - SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 1 1 1. 
 
 J OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 330, Systematic Botany defined. 331, Remarks on the extent of the field of 
 botanic research. 332, Folly of studying individuals only. 333, Individuals grouped 
 into species, a, illustrations clover pine. 334, Species grouped into genera, 
 illustration. 335, Genera resolved into orders and classes. 336, Two methods of 
 classifying the genera, artificial its basis, natural its basis. 337, Com- 
 parative merits of the two use of the artificial. 338, Value of the natural 
 obscurities now removed. 339, Remaining difficulties artificial method how and 
 why retained in this work. 340, Artificial arrangement consists of. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 113. 
 
 341, Its aim, 342, distinguished from the Artificial what characters em- 
 ployed, 343, advantages, 344, yet to be fully consummated some artificial 
 characters yet necessary. 345, The first two grand divisions Phsenogamia its 
 characters, Cryptogamia characters, 34b, uncertainty of these characters, 
 approximation of groups. 347, Sporogens. 348, Subdivision of Phsenogamia 
 Exogens characters Endogens characters. 349, Classes, six Exogens 
 divided into two Angiosperms characters Gymosperms characters. 350, 
 Endogens divided into two Aglumaceous, characters Glumaceous, characters. 
 351, Cryptogamia divided into two Acrogens, characters Thallogens, charac- 
 ters. 352, Affinities of the classes. 354, Sub-classes Polypetalae, characters 
 Monopetalae, characters Apetalas, characters. 355, Orders 356, how formed. 
 357, Alliances, groups, &c. 358, Extent of the orders. 359, Summary. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 1. NOMENCLATURE, &c. 118. 
 
 360, Names of the orders Latin adjectives derivation, a, exceptions. 361, 
 Etymology of generic names. 362, Of specific names, 363, derivation rules. 
 2. BOTANIC ANALYSIS. 364, defined, 365, proper state of plants for, 366, im- 
 portance of. 367, Process, 368, with the learner. Analytical tables. 3. COL- 
 LECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 369. ' 
 Apparatus. 371, Directions for gather! 
 374, Arrangement of the specimens. 3' 
 376, Fruit, seed, and wood, how preserved. 
 
BOTANY 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 1. BOTANY is the science which treats of the Vegetable 
 Kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the habits, structure, 
 and uses of plants, together with their nomenclature and classi- 
 fication. 
 
 2. Like its kindred sciences, it is resolved into distinct depart- 
 ments, according to the nature of the subjects to which it relates. 
 That part which investigates the organic structure of vegetables, 
 is called ORGANOGRAPHY, corresponding to Anatomy, in the 
 science of Zoology. 
 
 3. That part of botany which relates to the phenomena of the 
 vital functions of plants, is called VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY ; in- 
 cluding the consideration of their germination, growth, and 
 reproduction. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing 
 upon the labors of husbandry, in the propagation and culture of 
 plants, both in the garden and in the field. 
 
 4. Another department, of essential importance, is GLOSS- 
 OLOGY, which relates to the explanation and application of 
 botanical terms, whether nouns or adjectives, by which the 
 organs of plants, with their numerous modifications, are desig- 
 nated. 
 
 5. A fourth department, called SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, arises 
 from the consideration of plants, in relation to each other, their 
 mutual affinities, and their endless diversities, whereby the 
 100,000 species, supposed to exist, may be arranged, classified, 
 and designated, by distinctive characters and names. 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 6. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends, also, 
 the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other depart- 
 ments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of 
 its researches is, the development of the boundless resources 
 of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance, protection, and 
 enjoyment ; for the healing of our diseases, and the alleviation 
 of our wants and woes. 
 
 7. This extensive department of Natural History, therefore, 
 justly claims a large share of the attention of every individual, 
 not only on account of the aid it affords to horticulture, to the 
 employments of rural life, and to the healing art, but also for the 
 intellectual and moral culture, which, among other kindred 
 sciences, it is capable of imparting in an eminent degree. 
 
 a. No science more effectually combines pleasure with -improvement, than 
 Botany. It conducts the student into the fields and forests, amidst the verdure 
 of spring, and the bloom of summer; to the charming retreats of Nature, in 
 her wild luxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand 
 of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, 
 which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all 
 such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. 
 
 8. The natural world, by distinctions sufficiently obvious, is 
 divided into three great departments, commonly called the 
 MINERAL, VEGETABLE, and ANIMAL KINGDOMS. 
 
 a. Vegetables, or plants, hold an intermediate position between animals and 
 minerals: while they are wanting in both the intelligence and instinct of the 
 former, they are endowed with a physical organization, and a living principle, 
 whereby they are remarkably distinguished above the latter ; they constitute the 
 ultimate nourishment and support of the one, the vesture and ornament of the 
 other. 
 
 9. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without 
 distinction of jmrts or organs. A stone, for example, may be 
 broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain 
 all the essential characters of the original body, so that each 
 fragment will still be a stone. 
 
 10. A plant is an organized body, endowed with vitality but 
 not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is 
 essential to the completeness of its being. A geranium is com- 
 posed of organs, which may be separated or subdivided indefi- 
 
THE DIFFUSION OF VEGETATION. 15 
 
 nitely, but no one of the fragments, alone, will still be a complete 
 plant. 
 
 11. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies, endowed with 
 vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is com- 
 plete in itself; but they are raised above either plants or min- 
 erals, by the power of perception. 
 
 a. These distinctions, long since suggested by the immortal Linnaeus, are per- 
 fectly obvious and definite, in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable 
 kingdoms 5 but, in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual and constant 
 approach, in both, to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other ; so that, 
 in the lowest forms of life, all traces of organization disappear, and the three great 
 kingdoms of nature, like three converging radii, meet, and blend in a common 
 centre. 
 
 12. Vegetation, in some of its forms, appears to be coexten 
 sive with the surface of the earth. It springs up, not only from 
 the sunny soil, moistened with rain and dew, but even from the 
 naked rock, amidst the arid sands of the desert, in thermal and 
 sulphurous springs, in arctic and alpine snows, and from the beds 
 of seas and oceans. 
 
 a. Among the multitude of natural causes which affect the growth of vegeta- 
 tion, the action of the sun, through the light and heat which it imparts, is the most 
 efficient. This is most powerful at the equator, and gradually diminishes in in- 
 tensity, as we proceed from thence towards either pole. Vegetation, therefore, 
 arrives at its highest degree of luxuriance at the equator, and within the tropics. 
 In the temperate zones it is less remarkable for the beauty and variety of its 
 flowers, and the deliciousness of its fruits, than in the torrid ; yet it is believed to 
 be no less adapted to promote the arts of civilized life, and the well-being of man 
 in general. In still higher latitudes, plants become few, and of stinted growth, 
 until finally, within the arctic circles, they apparently, but not absolutely, cease 
 to vegetate. 
 
 6. Since climate is affected by elevation above the level of the sea, in the same 
 manner as by increase of latitude, we find a similar diminution of vegetable 
 activity, in ascending high mountains. Thus, the peak of Teneriffe, situated on 
 a fertile island, within the tropics, is clothed, at different elevations, with plants 
 peculiar to every latitude, in succession, from the torrid to the frigid zones, 
 while the summit, being always covered with snow, is as barren as the region of 
 the poles. ' So also the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, exhibit upon their 
 summits a vegetation similar to that of Labrador, or even Greenland. 
 
 c. One of the first requisites for the growth of plants, is a soil, from which, by 
 means of roots, they may derive their proper nutriment and support. But numer- 
 ous species of lichens and mosses find their most congenial habitations upon the 
 bare rock. The coral island no sooner arises to the surface, than it arrests the 
 2* 
 
16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 floating germs of vegetation, which soon clothe the rough rock with verdure of a 
 humbler kind, and ultimately, by the growth and decay of successive generations, 
 form a soil for the sustenance of the higher forms of vegetable life. 
 
 d. Another important requisite is moisture. But the arid sands of the great 
 African desert are not absolutely destitute of vegetable life. Even there, certain 
 species of Stapelia are said to flourish, and those dreary regions, where neither rain 
 nor dew ever falls, are occasionally enlivened by spots of verdure, like islands in 
 the ocean, composed of these and kindred plants. 
 
 e. Extremes of heat are not always fatal to vegetation. In one of the Geysers 
 of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of 
 Chara has been found, in a groAving and fruitful state. A hot spring at the 
 Island of Luzon, which raises the thermometer to 187, has plants growing in it 
 and on its borders. But the most extraordinary case of all, is one recorded by 
 Sir J. Staunton. ' At the Island of Amsterdam a spring was found, the mud of 
 which, far hotter than boiling water, gave birth to a species of liverwort.' Other 
 similar instances are on record. 
 
 /. Nor are the extremes of cold fatal to every form of vegetation. The rein- 
 deer lichen, of Lapland, grows in vast quantities among almost perpetual snows. 
 And far in the arctic regions, the eternal snows are often reddened, for miles in 
 extent, by a minute vegetable of the Algse tribe, called red snow, of a structure 
 the simplest that has yet been observed, consisting of a single round cell contain- 
 ing a fluid. 
 
 g. Light is also a highly important agent in vegetation ; yet there are plants 
 capable of flourishing in situations where it would seem that no ray of it ever 
 entered. Mushrooms, and even plants of higher orders, have been found growing 
 amidst the perpetual midnight of deep caverns and mines. Sea weeds of a bright 
 green color have been drawn up from the bed of the ocean, from depths of more 
 than 100 fathoms. 
 
 13. The vegetable kingdom is no less remarkable for its rich 
 and boundless variety, than for its wide diffusion. Plants differ 
 from each other in respect to form, size, color, habits, structure, 
 and properties, to an unlimited degree, so that it would be diffi- 
 cult, indeed, to find two individuals, even of the same species, 
 which should perfectly coincide in all these points. 
 
 a. Yet this variety is never abrupt, never capricious; but here, as in other 
 departments of nature, uniform resemblances are so blended with it, as to lay an 
 adequate foundation for Systematic Botany. 
 
 14. The same causes which affect the general increase of 
 plants, exercise, also, an important influence in determining their 
 character. Hence, every climate has not only its own peculiar 
 degree of vegetable activity, but also its peculiar species. 
 
 a. Other causes, besides temperature, are efficient in determining the species of 
 
GERMINATION. 17 
 
 any given locality, such as the qualities of the soil, the degree of moisture both of 
 the earth and skies, the inclination of surface, rocks, shades, and winds, the com- 
 bined action of which often becomes an exceedingly complicated matter. Now 
 to each of these innumerable combinations of circumstances, the Creator has 
 adapted the constitution of certain species of plants, so that each given locality 
 may be expected to produce its own appropriate kinds. But since some species 
 are also endowed with the power of accommodating themselves to a wide range 
 of circumstances, these are found more extensively diffused, while others, without 
 this power, are comparatively rare. 
 
 15. Vegetation is susceptible of important changes by culti- 
 vation. Many plants are improved, in every desirable quality, 
 by accommodating themselves to the conditions of soils enriched 
 and enlivened by art. Examples are seen in almost every cul- 
 tivated species. 
 
 16. The cabbage, in its wild state, is a slender, branching herb, with no appear- 
 ance of a head. The potatoe, in its native wilds of tropical America, is a rank, 
 running vine, with scarcely a tuber upon its roots. All the rich and delicate 
 varieties of the apple have sprung, by artificial means, from an austere forest- 
 fruit. The numerous and splendid varieties of the Dahlia are the descendants 
 of a coarse Mexican plant, with an 'ordinary yellow flower, of a single circle of 
 colored leaves. The tulip and the geranium afford similar examples. 
 
 17. Changes, not only in the qualities of vegetation, are ef- 
 fected by culture, but also in the species themselves, through the 
 substitution of the useful or the ornamental for the native pro- 
 ducts of the soil. Thus, in agricultural districts, almost the 
 whole face of nature is transformed, by human skill and industry, 
 from the wilderness to the fruitful field. 
 
 a. Hence it appears that there is scarcely a spot on earth which is not caused, 
 by the quickening energy of the Creator, to teem with vegetable existence, in some 
 of its numberless forms, while his goodness is conspicuous in rendering those 
 tribes which are most subservient to the wants of man capable of the widest dif- 
 fusion. 
 
18 PLAN OF VEGETATION. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 
 
 18. THE earliest and simplest state of the plant is an embryo 
 contained in a seed. This consists essentially of two parts, the 
 radicle and plumule ; the former about to be developed into the 
 root, the latter into the ascending plant with its appendages. 
 
 19. As soon as the process of germination commences, the 
 radicle begins to extend itself downwards in the direction of the 
 earth's centre, constantly avoiding the air and the light, forming 
 the descending axis, or root. The plumule, taking the opposite 
 direction, extends itself upwards, always seeking the light, and 
 expanding itself, to the utmost extent of its power, to the influ- 
 ence of the atmosphere. This constitutes the ascending axis, or 
 trunk, around which the leaves and their modifications are 
 arranged. 
 
 20. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis 
 is merely a bud, that is, a groiving point, enveloped in rudimen- 
 tary leaves, or scales, for its protection. As this growing point 
 advances, the enveloping scales expand into leaves below, while 
 new ones are constantly appearing, in succession, above. Thus 
 the axis is always terminated by a bud. 
 
 21. By this process the axis is elongated, simply in one direc- 
 tion. But, besides this, there is also a bud (or buds), either 
 visible, or in a rudimentary state, formed in the axil of each 
 leaf. 
 
 a. These axillary buds are generally visible, either before or after the leaf has 
 fallen. In some plants, however, they seldom appear; but their existence is 
 inferred from the fact, that even in such cases, they are occasionally developed in 
 extraordinary circumstances. 
 
 22. Each bud is a distinct individual, capable of an independ- 
 ent existence, in favorable circumstances, although severed from 
 the parent stock. 
 
 o. The common practice of propagation by layers, offsets, engrafting, and 
 budding, is both a result and a proof of this principle. A plant may be, and 
 
FORMATION OF' THE FLOWER. 19 
 
 often is, in this manner, multiplied indefinitely, by the dissevered parts of itself, 
 as well as by the seed. 
 
 23. But, remaining connected with the parent stock, axillary 
 buds, a part or all of them, according to circumstances, are de- 
 veloped into branches, each of which may again generate buds 
 and branchlets in the axils of its own leaves, in the same 
 manner. 
 
 a. Thus, by the repetition of this simple process, the vegetable fabric is reared 
 from the earth, a compound being, formed of as many united individuals as there 
 are buds, and as many buds as there are branches and leaves, ever advancing in 
 the direction of the growing points, by the deposition of matter derived from the 
 cellular tissue, clothing itself with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diam 
 cter of its axis by the deposition of matter elaborated by, and descending from, 
 the leaves already developed, until it reaches the limits of the existence assigned 
 it by its Creator. 
 
 b. But the plant, reared by this process alone, would consist only of those parts 
 requisite to its own individual existence, without reference to the continuance of 
 its species beyond its own dissolution. It would be simply an axis, expanded 
 into branches and leaves. But the Divine command, which first caused the tribes 
 of vegetation, in their diversified beauty, to spring from the earth, required that 
 each plant should have its ' seed within itself,' for the perpetuation of its kind. 
 
 24. At certain periods of its vegetation, therefore, a change is 
 observed to occur in the plant, in regard to the development of 
 some of its buds. From the diminished or altered supply of 
 sap, received from the vessels below, the growing point ceases 
 to lengthen in the direction of the axis, but expands its leaves 
 in crowded and concentric whorls ; each successive whorl, pro- 
 ceeding from the outer to the inner, undergoing a gradual trans- 
 formation from the original type (a leaf), according to the 
 purpose it is destined to fulfil in the production of the seed. 
 Thus, instead of a leafy branch, the ordinary progeny of a bud, 
 a flower is the result. 
 
 25. A flower may, therefore, be considered as a transformed 
 branch, having the leaves crowded together by the non-devel- 
 opment of the axis, and moulded into more delicate structures, 
 and tinged with more brilliant hues, not only to adorn and 
 beautify the face of nature, but to fulfil the important office of 
 reproduction. 
 
 a. In the common peony, for example, as the leaves approach the summit of 
 the stem, they gradually lose their characteristic divisions, and, at length, just 
 
20 PLAN OF VEGETATION. 
 
 below the flower, become simple bracts, still retaining every essential mark of a 
 leaf. Next, by an easy gradation, they appear in the sepals of the calyx, the outer 
 envelope of the flower, still essentially the same. Then, by a transition rather 
 more abrupt, they pass into the delicate and highly colored petals of the corolla, 
 retaining still the form and organization of the leaf. To the petals next succeed 
 those slender organs called stamens, known to be undeveloped leaves from the 
 fact of their being often converted into petals. Lastly, those two central organs, 
 termed pistils, are each the result of the infolding of a leaf, the midrib and the 
 united edges being yet discernible. 
 
 26. When the flower has accomplished its brief but impor- 
 tant office in reproduction, its deciduous parts fall away, and 
 the remaining energies of the plant are directed to the devel- 
 opment of the germ into the perfect fruit. This being accom- 
 plished, the whole plant speedily perishes, if it be an annual, 
 or, if not, it continues to put forth new branches, from other 
 growing points, which, in their turn, are to be terminated by 
 flowers and fruit the following year. 
 
 a. Such is a very brief outline of the plan of vegetation, or the process of nature 
 in the germination, growth, fructification, and decay of plants. And it is impos- 
 sible to contemplate it, without admiring that simplicity of design in the midst of 
 the most diversified results which every where characterizes the works of God. 
 Every part of the vegetable fabric may be ultimately traced to one elementary 
 organic form, of which the leaf is the type. The lamina, or blade, in various 
 stages of transition, constitutes the several organs of fructification, while the 
 united bases of all the leaves constitute the axis itself. 
 
 27. When we more minutely examine the internal organization of plants, we 
 find their different parts, however various in appearance, all constructed of the 
 same materials. The leaf, for example, consists of a foot-stalk prolonged into a 
 framework of veins, a fleshy substance filling up the interstices, and a cuticle, or 
 skin, covering the whole. Now this framework is composed of woody fibre, aque- 
 ducts, and air-vessels, all of which may be traced through the foot-stalk into the 
 stem, where they equally exist, this part of the leaf being only a prolongation 
 of the stem. The fleshy substance is of the same nature with the pith of the 
 stem, or the pulp of the fruit; and, finally, the cuticle corresponds exactly to the 
 thin covering of the newly formed branches, of the various parts of the flower, 
 and even of the roots. 
 
 a. These several kinds of structure, of which the various 
 organs are composed, are called the elementary tissues. They 
 are five in number ; cellular tissue, woody tissue, vasiform tissue, 
 vascular tissue, and laticiferous tissue. 
 
 28. The chemical basis of the vegetable tissues is proved by 
 
CELLULAR TISSUE. 21 
 
 analysis to be oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, with an occasional 
 addition of nitrogen, the same simple elements as, by their 
 varied combinations, constitute the air, water, and most animal 
 substances. The organic basis is simple membrane and fibre. 
 Of one, or both, of these two forms, all the tissues are con- 
 structed. 
 
 a. If the fleshy portion of the leaf above mentioned, or the pulp of the fruit be 
 closely examined, they will be found composed of numerous vesicles of extreme 
 minuteness, adhering together. These vesicles, or bladders, consist of a delicate 
 membrane enclosing a fluid, such as is seen on a large scale in the pulp of an 
 orange. Now this membrane, composing the walls of the cells or vesicles, is one 
 of the elementary forms of vegetable tissue. Again, if the stalk of a strawberry or 
 geranium leaf be cut arownd but not through, and the two parts be thus pulled 
 asunder for a short space, a number of glistening fibres will be seen running from 
 one portion to the other. Under a microscope these appear to be spiral coils, par- 
 tially straitened by being thus drawn out from the membranous tubes in which 
 they were lying coiled up. Thus are we able to distinguish the elementary mem- 
 brane and fibre, of which the various forms of vegetable tissue are composed. 
 
 29. CELLULAR TISSUE is so called, from its being composed 
 of separate cells, or vesicles, adhering together. This kind of 
 tissue is the most common, no plant being without it, and many 
 being entirely composed of it. The form of the little cells 
 which compose it, appears to be, at first globular or egg-shaped, 
 but afterwards, being flattened at their sides, by their mutual 
 pressure, they become cubical, as in the pith, or twelve-sided, 
 the cross-section being six-sided; each cell assuming a form 
 more or less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted 
 upon it by those adjacent. It is also called PARENCHYMA. 
 
 a. The cuttings of the pith of elder, or those of any kind of wood, will, under 
 a microscope, exhibit irregular cells and partitions, resembling those of a honey- 
 comb. (Fig. l,o.) 
 
 b. The vesicles of cellular tissue have no visible communications with each 
 other, but transmit their fluids by invisible pores. 
 
 c. Cellular tissue is transparent and colorless in itself, but exhibits the brilliant 
 hues of the corolla, or the rich green of the leaf, from the coloring matter con- 
 tained within the cells. 
 
 d. The vesicles of this tissue are extremely variable in size. They are usually 
 about -51517 of an inch in diameter, but are found of all sizes, from ^j to -jnnnr 
 of an inch. 
 
 e. Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes acquires con- 
 siderable hardness by the deposition of solid instead of fluid matter in the cells. 
 
22 
 
 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 
 
 This occurs in the prickles of the rose, the stones of the plum, peach, &c., and in 
 the albumen of seeds. 
 
 /. In some plants, as in the Turkey rhubarb, &c., little bundles of crystals 
 called raphides (from the Gr. parities, sewing needles,) are formed in the cells. 
 
 FIG. 1. Forms of tissue; a, cutting of elder pith cellular; 6, cells from the gritty centre 
 of the pear ; c, from the stone of the plum both strengthened by solid matter ; d, woody 
 fibre ; e, spiral vessel with a single fibre partly drawn out ; f, vessel with a quadruple fibre. 
 
 30. WOODY TISSUE, called also FIBRE, consists of slender, 
 transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point each way, 
 and adhering together by their sides, the end of one tube ex- 
 tending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous threads. 
 It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater strength, and, at the 
 same time, the greater tenuity, of its membrane. It seems de- 
 signed for the transmission of fluid, as well as for giving firm- 
 ness to those parts which need support. (Fig. 1, d.) 
 
 a. Tissue of this form constitutes the fibre of flax, hemp, &c., the ligneous sub- 
 stance of the stems and roots, the petioles, and veins of leaves, &c. 
 
 31. The most remarkable modification of the woody fibre, is 
 that called glandular. It consists of little glandular points, ar- 
 ranged along the walls of the woody tubes. It occurs only in 
 resinous wood, chiefly of the fir tribe (Coniferce). It has fre- 
 quently been detected by the microscope, in fragments of fossil 
 coal, whence it is inferred that coal-beds originated from buried 
 forests of the Conifer as. Witham on fossil vegetables, fyc. 
 
 32. VASIFORM TISSUE consists of large tubes, called dotted 
 ducts, having numerous little pits, sunk in the thickness of its 
 
DUCTS. 
 
 23 
 
 lining. When viewed by transmitted light, it appears as if 
 riddled full of holes. 
 
 a. It is of two kinds ; 1st, articulated, having its tubes interrupted by joints and 
 partitions, as in the oak, vine, and in the monocotyledonous stems ; 2d, continuous^ 
 without joints or partitions ; often found in the roots of plants. 
 
 b. These are the largest vessels in the vegetable fabric ; and their open mouths 
 arc particularly discernible in the cuttings of the oak, cane, &c. It is through 
 these that the sap arises to the stem, and is conveyed to the leaves. 
 
 33. VASCULAR TISSJJE consists essentially of spiral vessels, with 
 their modifications. 
 
 a. The true spiral vessel much resembles the woody fibre in 
 form, being a long, slender tube, tapering each way, but is thin- 
 ner and weaker. Its peculiar mark is an elastic, spiral fibre, 
 coiled up within it, from end to end. 
 
 6. The spiral thread is usually single, sometimes double, triple, &c. In the 
 Chinese pitcher plant, it is quadruple. (Fig. I,/.) 
 
 c. In size, spiral vessels are variable. Generally their diameter is about Tn^vtf 
 of an inch ; often not more than g-tnnr- 
 
 d. The situation of spiral vessels is in the medullary sheath, that is, just around 
 the pith ; also in every part which originates from it, such as the veins of leaves, 
 petals, and other modifications of leaves, and especially in the petioles, from 
 which it may be uncoiled, in the manner above described. (28, a.) 
 
 e. In then: perfect state they contain air, which they transmit, in some way, 
 from one to another. 
 
 f. Ducts are membranous tubes, with conical or rounded ex- 
 tremities, their sides being marked with transverse bars, rings, 
 or coils, incapable of being unrolled without breaking. 
 
 FIG. 2. Forms of tissue, &c. ; a, annular ducts; 6, spiral and annular at intervals; c, 
 laticiferous tissue ; e, stomata of iris vertical section, d, d, green cells at the orifice ;/,/, 
 cells of the parenchyma, e, air-chamber ; g, g, view of epidermis and stomata of yucca, A, 
 stomata closed ; small, luminous bodies in the cells, 
 
 3 
 
24 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 
 
 g. In this modification of spiral vessels the tube is much lengthened, and the 
 coil within it is either closed, that is, will not unroll, as in the ferns ; or it is annu- 
 lar, that is, broken into distinct rings, as in the garden balsam ; or it is reticulated, 
 that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to form a net-work. The office of 
 all these ducts is the same, that of conveying fluid. It is only in the spiral 
 vessel that we find air. (Fig. 2, a, b.) 
 
 34. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE is so called, from latex, the true 
 nutritious sap, which it is destined to elaborate and convey. It 
 consists of branched anastomosing (*, to and fro, oro^a, a pas- 
 sage) tubes, lying chiefly in the bark, arid the under side of 
 leaves. (Fig. 2, c.) 
 
 a. These tubes are very irregular in form, direction, and position. They 
 expand and contract at intervals, cross and recross the other tissues, and, proceed- 
 ing from the inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the hairs, 
 forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. Their average diameter is about 
 r?W of an inch. They are largest in plants which have a milky latex, or juice. 
 
 35. The EPIDERMIS, or skin, is a form of cellular tissue exter- 
 nally enveloping the plant. It is found upon every part exposed 
 to the air, except the stigma of the flower, and the spongioles 
 of the roots. These it does not cover, nor is it found upon those 
 parts which habitually live under water. And, where the bark 
 of the stem is nigged with seams and furrows, this organ is not 
 distinguishable. 
 
 36. It consists of a tissue of flattened cells of various figures, 
 filled with air. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but 
 sometimes there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. 
 The Oleander has four. Its office, in the economy of the plant, 
 is, to check the evaporation of its moisture. 
 
 a. The delicate membrane, which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of 
 the house-leek or the garden iris, is the epidermis. It is transparent, colorless, 
 and, under the microscope, reveals its cellular structure. 
 
 37. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues be- 
 neath it from the external air, but is perforated by certain aper- 
 tures, called STOMATA (mouths), which open or close under the 
 influence of the light. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 38. Stomata are usually of an oval form, bounded by a pair 
 of kidney-shaped cells, containing a green matter. Sometimes 
 they are round, and bounded by several cells. Many other 
 varieties of form have been noticed 
 
EPIDERMIS. 25 
 
 39. Stomata are always placed over, and communicate with, 
 the intercellular passages, that is, the spaces between the cells of 
 the tissue. They are never found on the midrib, or veins, of 
 the leaf, or over any ligneous part of the structure. They are 
 most abundant over the soft, green tissue of the leaves, young 
 shoots, and the parts of the flower. 
 
 a. These organs are of a size so minute, that more than 100,000 of them have 
 been counted within the space of a square inch. The largest known are about 
 g.^ of an inch in length. Their function is intimately connected with respira- 
 tion. 
 
 FIG. 3. Hairs and glands ; o, c, simple hairs ; b, branched hair of the mullein ; d, gland 
 surmounted by a hair ; e, gland at the top of a hair ; f, prickles of the rose. 
 
 40. The surface of the epidermis is either smooth, or furnished 
 with numerous processes, originating from itself, or from the 
 cellular substance beneath it. These are of several classes, 
 namely, glands, hairs, prickles, stings, &c. 
 
 41. HAIRS are minute expansions of the epidermis, consisting 
 each of a single lengthened cell, or of a row of cells, placed end 
 to end, containing air. They are simple or branched. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 a. Hairs are occasionally found upon the leaves, stem, and indeed upon any 
 other part. In the cotton plant (Gossypium) they envelope the seed. They give 
 various names to the surface, to which they are appended, according to their 
 nature and appearance ; thus it is said to be downy, or pubescent, when clothed 
 with soft, short hairs; hirsute, with longer hairs; rough, with short, stiff 
 hairs ; tomentose, when they are entangled and matted ; arachnoid, when like 
 cobwebs; sericeous, when silky; velvety, when they are short, soft, and 
 dense ; ciliate, when long and fringed, like the eyelash. 
 
 42. STINGS are tubular and acute hairs, fixed upon minute 
 glands in the cuticle, which secrete an acrid fluid. By the 
 
26 PRIMARY DIVISIONS, ETC. 
 
 slightest pressure this fluid is injected through the tube into the 
 wound made by its point. Ex. nettle. 
 
 43. PRICKLES (Fig. 3) are also expansions of the epidermis, 
 consisting of hardened cellular tissue (29, e). They are appen- 
 ded to the cuticle alone, and are stripped off with it. Unlike 
 the thorn (171), they have no connection with the wood, nor do 
 they disappear by cultivation. Ex. rose, bramble. (Rubus.) 
 
 44. GLANDS (Fig. 3) are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situ- 
 ated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate 
 and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resinous, 
 saccharine, acrid, &c. 
 
 a. They are either sessile, as in the cassia; or mounted upon a stipe, as in the 
 passion flower 5 or imbedded in the leaf, causing it to appear pimctate, as in the 
 leaf of the lemon. Often the gland appears to be merely the expansion of a hair, 
 either at its base or its summit. Such are called glandular hairs. 
 
 45. Analogous to glands, are those cavities formed in the cel- 
 lular tissue, to serve as receptacles of secretion. Examples are 
 seen in the rind of the orange and lemon, containing minute 
 drops of a fragrant volatile oil. The turpentine of the fir balsam 
 is stored up in large reservoirs of this kind. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 
 
 46. THE vegetable kingdom has long been considered by 
 botanists under two great natural divisions, namely, PHJSNOGA- 
 MIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS, and CRYPTOGAMIA, or FLOWERLESS 
 PLANTS. 
 
 47. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence or 
 the absence of the flower, these divisions are further distin- 
 guished by their structure. The Phsenogamia abound with the 
 ligneous and vascular tissue, while the Cryptogamia consist 
 more generally of the cellular. Hence, the former are also called 
 VASCULARES, and the latter CELLULARES. 
 
SPECIES GENUS. 27 
 
 48. Again, the former are distinguished for producing seeds 
 composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons ($125) and embryo, 
 while the latter produce certain minute bodies, called spores, 
 having no such distinction of parts. Thus the Phsenogamia are 
 also called COTYLEDONOUS and the Cryptogamia ACOTYLEDO- 
 NOUS plants. 
 
 49. Lastly, we find in the Phsenogamia, a system of com- 
 pound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively 
 developed on a determinate plan (H8- 26), while in the Cryp- 
 togamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and 
 they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without sym- 
 metry or proportion. 
 
 a. In the following pages we shall first direct our attention exclusively to the 
 compound organs of FLOWERING PLANTS ; and since, in our descriptions of these 
 organs, frequent references will be made to particular species and genera, for 
 illustrations and examples, it seems proper to subjoin, in this place, a brief notice 
 of these fundamental divisions also. 
 
 50. A SPECIES embraces all such individuals as may have 
 originated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an es- 
 sential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common 
 parent, in all their parts. 
 
 a. Thus the white clover, ( Trifolium repens) is a species, embracing thousands 
 of contemporary individuals, scattered over our hills and plains, all of a common 
 descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from their seed. The 
 innumerable multitudes of individual plants which clothe the earth, are, so far 
 as known, comprehended in about 80,000 species. 
 
 51. To this law of resemblance in plants of a common 
 origin, there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals from 
 the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or fruit 
 differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form. Such differences 
 are called VARIETIES. They are never permanent, but exhibit 
 a constant tendency to revert to their original type. 
 
 a. Varieties occur chiefly in cultivated species, as the apple, potatoe, tulip, 
 Geranium, &c., occasioned by the different circumstances of soil, climate, and 
 culture, to which they a*p subjected. But they continue distinct only until left to 
 multiply spontaneously rrom seed, in their own proper soil. 
 
 52 A GENUS is an assemblage of species, with more points 
 of agreement than of difference, and more closely resembling 
 each other than they resemble any species of other groups. 
 3* 
 
28 THE FLOWER. 
 
 a. For example, the genus Trifoliwm includes the species T. repens, T. pratense, 
 &c., agreeing in structure and aspect so obviously, that the most hasty observer 
 would notice their relationship. Also in the genus Pinus, no one would hesitate 
 to include the white pine and the pitch pine (P. strobus and P. rigida), any more 
 than he would fail to observe their differences. 
 
 b. Thus, the whole vegetable kingdom is, by the most obvious 
 characters, distributed into species, and the species, by truly nat- 
 ural affinities, grouped into genera. These divisions constitute 
 the basis of all the systems of classification in use, whether by 
 natural or artificial methods. 
 
 % # # To the admirer of nature, flowers are among the first subjects of atten- 
 tion, as mere objects of taste. They are conspicuous for their superior beauty, 
 even in the vegetable kingdom, where all is beautiful. Yet, as objects of science, 
 they merit a still higher regard, whether we consider the Creative skill displayed 
 in their construction, or their important agency in the reproduction of the plant. 
 But, to the practical botanist, an intimate knowledge of their organic structure is 
 one of his^r*< requisites, on account of the indispensable use of the floral organs 
 in classification. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE FLOWER 
 1. OF ITS PARTS, AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 53. A FLOWER may consist of the following members : - 
 1. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, called, collectively, the PERIANTH, 
 (nsQt, around, av&os, a flower) ; 2. The STAMENS ; 3. The PISTILS ; 
 and, 4. The RECEPTACLE, or TORUS. 
 
 a. Of these, only the stamens and pistils are regarded in science as essential 
 parts. These, together with the receptacle, are said to constitute a perfect flower, 
 even when one or all other parts are wanting ; because these two organs alone 
 are sufficient for the perfection of the seed. In a popular sense, however, a per- 
 fect flower must possess all the organs above mentioned. 
 
 b. If the stamens or the pistils, either or both, be wanting, the flower is said to 
 be imperfect. An imperfect flower is either sterile, having stamens only, or fertile, 
 having pistils only, or neutral, having neither organs complete. 
 
PISTILS. 
 
 29 
 
 43 1 2 
 
 FIG. 4. No. 1, Lily (Liliurn Japonicum) ; 2, pink (Dianthus) ; 3, a stamen ; 4, a pistil. 
 
 54. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, or PERIANTH, consist of one or 
 more circles or whorls of leaves, surrounding the stamens. The 
 outer of these whorls is called the calyx, and the other, if there 
 be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the 
 corolla, but the corolla cannot exist without the calyx. If nei- 
 ther of them exist, the flower is said to be naked, or achlamyde- 
 ous (, privative, and x^ajiivg, a cloak). 
 
 55. The CALYX (xAy|, a cup), therefore, is the external en- 
 velope, the cup, of the flower, consisting of a whorl of leaves, 
 with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes 
 highly colored. The calyx-leaves are called SEPALS. 
 
 56. The COROLLA (Lat corolla, diminutive of corona, crown) 
 is the interior envelope of the flower, consisting of one or more 
 circles of leaves, either distinct, or united by their edges, usually 
 of some other color than green, and of a more delicate structure 
 than the calyx. Its leaves are called PETALS 
 
 57. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, situated just 
 within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number 
 varies from one to a hundred, but the most common number 
 is five. Their office is, the fertilization of the seed. They 
 are collectively called the andr&cium (ctvdgsg,* stamens, 01x05, a 
 house). 
 
 * The plural of &vg, a man, a term applied to the stamen, by Linnaeus, in accordance 
 with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term yvw, woman, is, on the same 
 grounds, applied to the pistil 
 
30 THE FLOWER. 
 
 58. The PISTILS occupy the centre of the flower. They are 
 sometimes numerous, but often only one. They are destined to 
 bear the seed. Collectively, they are called gyn&cium (ywy, 
 pistil, oixos, a house). 
 
 59. The RECEPTACLE is the summit of the flower-stalk, out of 
 which the floral organs grow, and upon which they stand in 
 concentric whorls, the gyn&cium in the centre, the andrcecium 
 encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx, embracing 
 the whole. 
 
 60. The principal parts of the flower are shown in the cuts (Figs. 4, 6, 7, &c.), 
 or better by specimens, with which, both here and throughout the work, the student 
 should always be provided. 
 
 The slender, thread-like organs seen at a (Fig. 4, No. 1), are the stamens, sur- 
 rounding the pistil b ; c is the perianth, consisting of two similar whorls, the outer 
 one a calyx of three sepals, the inner a corolla of three petals, surrounding or 
 enveloping the stamens and pistil ; at d is the receptacle. At a (No. 2) is the 
 inner envelope, the corolla ; at b is the outer envelope, the calyx or cup, which 
 seems to contain the rest of the flower like a cup ; at c, below the calyx, are 
 certain leafy appendages called bracteoles or bracts. 
 
 a. Let the pupil compare specimens of these and other flowers, whose parts are 
 well developed, until he becomes familiar with the appearance of each organ, and 
 can instantly apply its name. 
 
 61. A complete and regular flower, therefore, is made up of 
 four sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. In regard to 
 the number and position of the individual organs composing 
 these whorls, it is important to observe, 
 
 a. First, that each set consists, theoretically, of the same num- 
 ber of organs, that is, if the sepals be 5, there should be 5 petals, 
 5 stamens, and 5 pistils ; or, if 3 sepals, there should be 3 petals, 
 3 stamens, and 3 pistils, &c. 
 
 b. Secondly, the position of the organs in each set alternates 
 with those of each adjacent set, that is, the sepals alternate with 
 the petals, the petals with the stamens, and the stamens with 
 the pistils. 
 
 c. Thus, in a word, the normal structure of the truly symmetrical flower, 
 divested of all irregularities, consists of four concentric whorls of organs, the 
 organs of each whorl being equal in number, and alternate in position with those 
 of the other whorls (Fig. 5; 1). This structural arrangement, as will hereafter be 
 seen, exactly coincides with that of the leafy branch, agreeably to the beautiful 
 
ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 31 
 
 theory of the ' transformation of the leaves into the floral organs,' * to which allu- 
 sion has already been made (25). When the bud is developed into a branch, 
 instead of a flower, the leaves are usually arranged in a simple spiral line. This 
 spire may be broken up into equal circles or whorls, from causes to be hereafter 
 explained. In either case the leaves of one spire, or circle, do not issue from the 
 stem at points exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the inter- 
 vals between them. 
 
 62. This simple normal structure of the flower is, however, subject to many 
 apparent exceptions, so that few, comparatively, are found perfectly conformable 
 to it. Of these few the order Linaceae affords good examples. In the flax 
 (Linum) the flower is built upon the normal plan, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 
 5 stamens, and 5 pistils (each with 5 double carpels), all alternating with each 
 other, according to the diagram (Fig. 5 ; 1 ). 
 
 FIG. 5. Plan of flowers ; 1, o^a regular and symmetrical flower, as the flax (Linum) ; 2, 
 of the cherry, showing the four whorls of stamens ; 3, of the primrose, showing the position 
 of the suppressed row of stamens; 4, of the Samolus, showing the position of the 5 abortive 
 stamens; 5, of a labiate flower, as the hemp-nettle (Galeopsis), where one stamen and one 
 carpel is wanting ; 6, of a cruciform flower, as mustard, where the stamens are in two 
 whorls, two of those in the outer whorl and two carpels being suppressed. 
 
 63. If, with this adopted standard, we compare the numerous 
 
 * This theory was first suggested by Linnaeus, the founder of Systematic Botany, and sub- 
 sequently by Wolff and Goethe. After having been long unheeded by botanists, it has at 
 length been revived by modern writers of the highest merit, and shown to be perfectly coin- 
 cident with facts. ' The adoption of this theory, accordingly, has given a new aspect to 
 botany, and rendered it one of the most philosophical and inductive of the natural sciences.' 
 See Gray's Bot. Text-Book, Chap VIII, where this theory is clearly stated, and richly illus- 
 trated. 
 
32 THE FLOWER. 
 
 forms of floral structure which occur, we shall be able to trace 
 out the features of the general plan, even among the widest de- 
 viations, and to learn the nature and causes of these deviations. 
 Some of them are the following. 
 
 a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For 
 example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trim- 
 erous (T?, three, and /*<>?, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two 
 whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may 
 be regarded as arranged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur 
 to the student. 
 
 b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the 
 primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed 
 opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate 
 whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is 
 a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5 ; 3, 4). 
 
 c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are 
 very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are 
 wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment 
 makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiatse but one 
 stamen is wanting (Fig. 5 ; 5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbelliferae, 
 the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. 
 
 d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. Thus the sepals may be 
 united at their edges in different degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &c. Or the petals 
 may be thus united, as in the morning glory : or the stamens, as in the mallows 
 tribe ; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can 
 be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. 
 
 e. The organs of different whorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturb- 
 ances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres 
 with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so 
 that it seems to stand upon it. It is then said (but improperly) to be superior. 
 Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to 
 grow out of them ; they are then said (improperly) to be inserted into the corolla. 
 In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free 
 is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo- 
 sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. 
 
 /. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. This is the 
 case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio, 
 a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labium, a lip). 
 
 g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, 
 or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated 
 plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc- 
 ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been 
 reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of the flower tend 
 towards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel- 
 
ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 33 
 
 oped branch very obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having 
 given a slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch, 
 showing that all parts of the flower are formed out of the same elements as the 
 leaves. 
 
 h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not effectually checked in its growth by the 
 development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary 
 flowers in the midst of the organs of the first. This is not unfrequent in the rose. 
 Several instances of these malformations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.) 
 
 k. Tliis mode of studying the floral structure is deeply interesting and instruc- 
 tive, but our limits will not permit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The 
 intelligent student will be able to extend the above illustrations by an examina- 
 tion of almost any flower, with reference to its deviations from the normal plan. 
 
 FIG. 6. 1, From Lindley, a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch ; 2, here 
 drawn from a living specimen, a tulip, 6, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the posi- 
 tion, form, and color (in part) of a sepal ; 3, here drawn from a living specimen, a rose (R. 
 damascena) with the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds. 
 
 **# In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those 
 organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to 
 the perfection of the seed. 
 
34 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 
 
 64. THE stamens and pistils are situated within the floral 
 envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every 
 species, at least, of the Phamogamous plants, they were seized 
 upon by Lmnseus^ as the basis of his beautiful arrangement, 
 called the Artificial System. 7 
 
 is 
 
 FIG. 7. Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rho- 
 dodendron Lapponicum), in their natural position ; a, stigma, b, anthers, c, style, d, filaments, 
 , ovary, /, calyx and receptacle ; 2, stamen of ginger ; 3, sage ; 4, Berberis ; 5, Vaccinium 
 amocnum, with the terminal pores ; 6, cucumber, with the sinuous lobes of the anther ; 
 7, Polygonum ; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically ; 9, lily ; 10 Magnolia ; 17, a four-celled 
 anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, various 
 (magnified) forms of pollen-grains. 
 
 * Carl Von Linne, or Linnseus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clergy- 
 man, born in 1707, at Rho3shult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24th year, 
 while a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants 
 which bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University, 
 and in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobility. 
 He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of 
 which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted 
 to him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contri- 
 buted to its general diffusion. In his ' immortal work,' Species Hantarum, he enriched the 
 language of botany by a new nomenclature of species, and many new terms in the tech- 
 nology of plants, for their more accurate description. 
 
POLLEN. dO 
 
 65. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, seen in the 
 midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the 
 corolla, or the calyx, constituting the androBcium. 
 
 66. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distinct 
 parts ; namely, the filament, a ; the anther, b ; and the pollen, c. 
 The filament is sometimes wanting, the two latter are essen- 
 tial. 
 
 67. The FILAMENT (Lat. filum, a thread) is the stem, sup- 
 porting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the 
 stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. When it is wanting, 
 the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be 
 sessile. 
 
 68. The ANTHER is generally situated at the summit of the 
 filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes or cells, con- 
 nected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is 
 analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being trans- 
 formed into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile. 
 
 a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the 
 dehiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an aperture (pore) at 
 the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one. 
 
 b. The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament terminating, 
 not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged 
 above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c. 
 
 c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot 
 constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile. 
 
 69. In regard to the modes of attachment between the anther and the filament, 
 we find the following variations ; the anthers are said to be, 
 
 1. Innate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile. 
 
 2. Adnate, when they are attached to the filament by their back, so as to appeal- 
 lateral ; as in the Anemone, water-lily. 
 
 3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from which they 
 lightly swing : as in the grasses. 
 
 4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so 
 that the line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (turned 
 inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the 
 dehiscence faces the petals, they are called extrorse (turned outward). Examples 
 of the former are seen in the violet ; of the latter in the larkspur. These distinc- 
 tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen. 
 
 70. The POLLEN is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, con- 
 tamed in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a micro- 
 scope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms, 
 4 
 
36 THE FLOWER. 
 
 usually spherical, but in some plants cubical, in others triangu- 
 lar, in others still, polygonal, &c., always being of the same form 
 in the same species. (Fig. 7.) 
 
 a. Each grain of pollen has been ascertained to consist of a membranous sack 
 containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable 
 minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed 
 to moisture, it swells and bursts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.) 
 
 71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle 
 of delicate ligneous tissue, with spiral vessels, surrounded by 
 cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the 
 leaf (260). The same tissues have also been traced into the 
 connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue, 
 corresponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf. 
 The pollen consists of disintegrated bladders of the same tissue. 
 
 72. Theoretical structure. Thus it is evident, as we have already seen, that 
 however much the stamen may differ in aspect from a leaf, they both have the 
 same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of sta- 
 mens into petals, as seen in the water-lily or the double rose. In the former, the 
 process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in having 
 the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every 
 conceivable state of transition from stamens to petals. That the petals are modi- 
 fied leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106). 
 
 FIG. 8. Stamens of the water-lity gradually passing into petals. 
 
 73. The stamens vary in the different kinds of plants, in re- 
 spect to their number, position, relative length, connection, and 
 presence. Upon these five different conditions of the stamens, 
 the TWENTY-FOUR ARTIFICIAL CLASSES of Liiinasus are founded. 
 
 74. 1st. Number. The first eleven classes are founded upon 
 the number of the stamens the stamens being also free (63, 
 c.), and of equal length. Their names are derived from the 
 Greek numerals combined with a^dgeg (57, note), as follows : 
 
 Class I, MONANDRIA (povog, solitary,) includes all genera (52) 
 of plants with one stamen to each flower. 
 
LINNEAN CLASSES. 37 
 
 Class II, DIANDRIA (Sig, twice), with two stamens to each, 
 flower. 
 
 III, TRIANDRIA (rgig, thrice), with three stamens. 
 
 IV, TETRANDRIA (rerga, four times), with four stamens. 
 V, PENTANDRIA (nevrs, five), with five stamens. 
 
 VI, HEXANDRIA (e', six), with six stamens. 
 VII, HEPTANDRIA (ema, seven), with seven stamens. 
 VIII, OCTANDRIA (OXTW, eight), with eight stamens. 
 IX, ENNEANDRIA (ewea, nine), with nine stamens. 
 
 X, DECANDRIA (dexa, ten), with ten stamens. 
 XI, DODECANDRIA (dudexa, twelve), with twelve stamens. 
 2d. Position. The next two classes depend upon the posi- 
 tion of the stamens, the stamens being free and equal. 
 
 XII, ICOSANDRIA (eixoaij twenty), includes those genera 
 of plants which have twenty or more stamens to 
 the flower, seated on the calyx (perigynous). 
 
 XIII, POLYANDRIA (nolvg, many), twenty or more stamens, 
 
 seated on the receptacle (hypogynous). 
 
 3d. Relative length. The two following classes are founded 
 upon the relative length of the stamens, together with their 
 number. 
 
 XIV, DIDYNAMIA (di>$, twice, dvu, two, riifta, a filament), 
 
 includes plants with four stamens, of which two 
 are long, and two are short. 
 
 XV, TETRAD YNAMIA (TBTQCC, four times, dvca, vy/na), with six 
 stamens, of which four are long, and two are short. 
 4th. Connection. The five succeeding classes depend upon 
 the connection of the stamens, in various ways. 
 
 XVI, MONADELPHIA (fiovoc, adekyog, a brother), includes 
 plants with the filaments united into one set or 
 fraternity. 
 
 XVII, DIADELPHIA (dvw, adelyog), into two sets or fraternities. 
 XVIII, POLYADELPHIA (nohvg, ad8h(po$), into many sets or fra- 
 ternities. 
 XIX, SYNGENESIA, (aw, together, yeveaig, origin), stamens 
 
 united by their anthers, into a tube. 
 
 XX, GYNANDRIA (ywrj, 57, note, avyg), stamens consoli- 
 dated with the style. 
 
38 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 5th. Absence. The four remaining classes depend upon the 
 absence of the stamens in a part or all of the flowers of the same 
 species. 
 
 XXI, MONCECIA (povog, owo$, an abode), includes plants 
 where the stamens and pistils are in separate flow- 
 ers, on the same individual. 
 
 XXII, DICECIA (dig, otxos), in separate flowers on different 
 individuals. 
 
 XXIII, POLYGAMIA (nolvg, many, ya^og, marriage), where the 
 
 stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers, 
 and united in others, either on the same or two or 
 three different plants. 
 
 XXIV, CRYPTOGAMIA (xyvmog, concealed, ya^og), includes 
 
 those genera of plants where the stamens and pis- 
 tils are wanting, or at least invisible, commonly 
 called FLOWERLESS PLANTS. (46 49.) 
 
 a. Such are the twenty-four Linnean classes, in which all the genera of the vege- 
 table kingdom are included. Nothing could have been more simple than the first 
 eleven. To distinguish them, we have only to count the stamens. The other 
 classes are founded upon distinctions less simple, though in general easy to be 
 understood. A good specimen flower of each class should here be closely exam- 
 ined, to illustrate the definitions, and fix them in the memory. 
 
 The following simple figures are emblematic of each class, to which the pupil 
 is required to apply the appropriate numbers and names. 
 
 FIG. 9. Stamens. 
 
CARPELS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 J3. OF THE PISTIL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 
 
 FIG. 10. 1, Pistil of a whortleberry (Vaccinium amoenum) ; 6, the stigma; c, style j o, the 
 epigynous disk ; e, perpendicular section of the ovary combined with the adherent (superior) 
 calyx ; d, the placenta with the ovules ; 2, the gyncecium of a flower with 5 pistils, showing 
 the carpels and styles distinct ; 7, cross section of the same ; 3, the carpels united and the 
 styles distinct ; 6, cross section of the same ; 4, both carpels and styles united ; 5, cross section 
 of the same ; 8, leaf of Bryophyllum, putting forth buds from its margin ; 9, carpel of the gar- 
 den cherry, reverting to the form of the leaf; 10, two such carpels ; 11, two perfect carpels. 
 
 75. THE pistil (or pistils) occupies the centre of the flower, at 
 the termination of the axis. It consists of three parts, the ovary, 
 or germ, a, (Fig. 4.) the style, b, and the stigma, c. The style is 
 sometimes wanting, and the stigma then becomes sessile upon 
 the ovary. (See also Figs. 10, 11.) 
 
 76. The OVARY (Lat. ovarium, a depository, from ovum, an 
 egg) is the tumid and hollow part of the pistil, situated at its 
 base, containing the ovules, or young seeds within its cavities, 
 and destined to become the fruit. 
 
 77. The ovary is either simple or compound. When com- 
 pound, it consists of two or more lobes or divisions, called 
 CARPELS (xctQnos, fruit), united together more or less closely. 
 
 4* 
 
40 THE FLOWER. 
 
 Sometimes these divisions are veiy evident, being but slightly 
 connected, while in other cases, all external marks of them dis- 
 appear. When simple, it of course consists of a single carpel. 
 (Fig. 10.) 
 
 78. The STYLE is that prolonged columnar part of the ovary, 
 or rather of each carpel, which bears the stigma at its top. The 
 number of the styles, when they are not wanting, always equals 
 the number of carpels : but when the carpels are closely united, 
 the styles may be united also, into a single compound column, 
 or they may even then remain distinct. 
 
 79. The STIGMA is the upper portion, or extremity, of the style, 
 extremely various in form, but usually globular. Like the ovary 
 and style, it is either simple or compound. When it is com- 
 pound it consists of as many united lobes as there are carpels. 
 
 80. The number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, when the 
 styles are wanting) constitutes the basis of the artificial orders, 
 into which the first thirteen classes of Linnaeus are subdivided. 
 They are named from the Greek numerals prefixed to the ter- 
 mination gynia, (jury, 57, Note,) as follows. 
 
 Order 1. Monogynia, includes all the genera of plants in 
 either of the first thirteen classes, with one style 
 to the flower. 
 
 2. Digynia, with two styles to the flower. 
 
 3. Trigynia, with three styles. 
 
 4. Tetragynia, with four styles. 
 
 5. Pentagynia, with five styles. 
 
 6. Hexagynia, with six styles. 
 
 7. Heptagynia, with seven styles. 
 
 8. Octogynia, with eight styles. 
 
 9. Enneagynia, with nine styles. 
 
 10. Decagynia, with ten styles. 
 
 11. Dodecagynia, with eleven or twelve styles. 
 
 12. Polygynia, with more than twelve styles.* 
 
 * The orders of the remaining classes are founded upon characters not depend- 
 ing upon the pistil, and are as follows : 
 The orders of class 14, Didynamia, are only two ; 
 
 1. Gymnospermia, with seeds apparently naked. 
 
 2. Angiospermia, with seeds evidently in a seed-vessel, or pericarp. 
 
THEORETICAL STRUCTURE. 41 
 
 81. The OVULES are certain little globular bodies, produced in 
 the cells of the ovary, destined to become the seeds in the 
 matured fruit. ( Fig. 10; 1 . ) 
 
 82. The PLACENTA is that part of the ovary from which the 
 ovules arise, and to which they are attached. It consists of a 
 line, or fleshy ridge, placed in some angle of the cell. Its direc- 
 tion is always vertical, that is, parallel with the axis of growth. 
 (Fig. 10; l,d.) . 
 
 83. Physiological structure. The ovary and style are com- 
 posed chiefly of one or more bundles of vascular tissue, imbed- 
 ded in cellular tissue. The stigma consists of a loose cellular 
 substance, called the conducting tissue, communicating with the 
 placenta through the centre of the style. It is the only part of 
 the ascending axis which is destitute of the epidermis (35). 
 
 84. Theoretical structure. The pistil, as before stated (25, a), is the modifica- 
 tion of a leaf, or of a whorl of leaves, each leaf constituting a carpel. Each 
 carpel has its own style and stigma, and is formed of a leaf folded together in 
 such a way that the upper surface becomes the inner, and is turned towards the 
 
 The 15th class, Tetradynamia, is divided into two orders, which are distinguished 
 by the form of the pod : 
 
 1. Siliculosa, the fruit a silicle, or short pod. 
 
 2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique, or more or less elongated pod. 
 
 The orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes are of the same 
 name and character as the first 13 classes themselves, that is, they are founded 
 upon the number of the stamens to the flower, thus : 
 Order 1, Monaudria, includes all Monadelphous plants, Diadelphous plants, &c. 
 
 with one stamen to each flower. 
 
 2, Diandria, with two stamens to each flower, and so on. 
 The orders of the 19th class, Syngenesia, are five : 
 Order 1. Equalis (equal), with the florets (flowers) of the head all perfect. 
 
 2. Superflua (superfluous), florets of the rays, or margin of the head pistil- 
 
 late, the rest perfect. 
 
 3. Frnstranea (frustrated), florets of the margin neutral, the rest perfect. 
 
 4. Necessaria (necessary), florets of the margin pistillate and fertile, the rest 
 
 staminate and sterile. 
 
 5. Segregata (separated), each floret having its own proper calyx. 
 
 The orders of class 23d, Polygamia, are two, founded upon the same characters 
 as the two preceding classes : 
 
 1. Moncecia, where both separated and perfect flowers are found in the same 
 
 individual. 
 
 2. Dioecia, where the different flowers occupy different individuals. 
 
 The orders of class 24th, Cryptogamia, are nine, the same as the natural orders 
 of this grand division, as Filices, the ferns, Musci, the mosses, &c 
 
42 THE FLOWER. 
 
 axis, while the lower surface becomes the outer. By this arrangement the two 
 edges of the carpel often appear like sutures (Lat. sutura, a seam), of which the 
 outer, formed by the midvein, is called the dorsal, and the inner, formed by the 
 united margins, the ventral. 
 
 a. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers 
 of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, 
 reverting towards the form of the leaf. This carpellary fez/* (Fig. 10 ; 9) stands in 
 the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded towards each other, the midvein 
 greatly prolonged, and a little dilated at the apex. 
 
 b. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry, seen in the figure, no doubt 
 can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the 
 ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and 
 the lengthened summit of the leaf to the style and stigma. Sometimes the 
 flower contains two such leaves, which always present their concave faces towards 
 each other, as seen in the figure. This corresponds with the position of the true 
 carpels, in which the ventral sutures of each are contiguous. 
 
 c. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Ranunculus, &c. exhibit similar 
 transformations of the pistil, so that there can be no doubt that the carpel is 
 formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, therefore, is the blade of a 
 kaf; the style, the lengthened apex ; and the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion 
 of the upper margin of the leaf. 
 
 85. From this doctrine of the structure of the single carpel, 
 the student will be able and expected to demonstrate many 
 propositions like the following. 
 
 a. First. A compound ovary consists of a whorl of carpellary 
 leaves, their united edges all meeting in the centre, and the 
 cohering sides forming a kind of radiation from it (Fig. 9). 
 
 b. Second. There must be as many cells as there are carpels. 
 
 c. Third. The partitions between the cells, that is, the dis- 
 sepiments (dissepio, to separate,) must each be double ; they 
 must be vertical ; they must be equal in number to the carpels, 
 and alternate with the stigma, which is also double. 
 
 d. Again, the single carpel can have no true dissepiment, If 
 any ever occur, it is regarded as an anomaly, and called spurious. 
 Ex. flax (Fig. 11). 
 
 86. These propositions are true only when each carpellary 
 leaf appears in its normal condition, that is, with its two edges 
 mutually united. But cases occur where only the margins of 
 adjacent leaves are united (Fig. 11; 1,2, 3). In this case there 
 will be no dissepiments, and the compound ovary will, of course, 
 become one-celled. Ex. Primula, Gentiana. 
 
OVULES. 
 
 43 
 
 87. The placentae are developed at each of the two edges of 
 the carpellary leaf. If these edges be in their normal condi- 
 tions, that is, united, there will be apparently but one placenta 
 to the carpel, and that central. But if the edges be separate, 
 there will necessarily be two placentae to each carpel, the one 
 to the right and the other to the left of the dorsal suture and 
 style. They are then said to be parietal (paries, a wall). 
 
 FIG. 11. 1, Cross section of a one-celled, three-carpelled ovary with parietal placentae, 
 the dissepiments partially obliterated ; 2, dissepiments wholly obliterated ; 3, dissepiments 
 obliterated, showing a free central placenta ; 4, a five-celled ovary with 5 false dissepiments, 
 as in the flax ; 5, vertical section of an ovary with parietal placentae ; 6, with free central pla- 
 centas ; 7, an amphitropous ovule ; 8, vertical section of the same ; a, funiculus ; 6, raphe ; 
 c, chalaza; d, nucleus; e, secundine ; /, primine ; g, micropyle; 9, anatropous ovules at- 
 tached to the ovary. 
 
 88. But the placentae are sometimes found in the common 
 centre when there are no dissepiments (Fig. 11; 3,6). This 
 anomaly, which is called a free central placenta, is thus ex- 
 plained. The dissepiments were at first actually formed in the 
 usual manner, but afterwards, by the rapid expansion of the 
 shell, they were torn away and obliterated. 
 
 a. As the ovules are always developed by the placentae, they, of course, grow 
 out of the margins of the carpellary leaf, and are, therefore, understood to be 
 analogous to buds. For, in the Bryophyllum, and some other plants, the true 
 leaves do habitually develop buds at their margins (Fig. 10 ; 8), and in the mign- 
 ionette the ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves. 
 
 89. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. In 
 the mignionette they are partially naked, and in the fir tribe, 
 Coniferae, entirely so, the carpellary leaf being open or wanting. 
 
44 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 a. The ovule is said to be erect when it grows from the base of the ovary 
 ascending, when it grows from a little above the base ; pendulous, when it hangs 
 from the summit of the cavity, and suspended, when it hangs from a little below 
 the summit. 
 
 90. In their early state, the ovules are quite soft, consisting of 
 two sacks or integuments, containing a pulpy mass, and open 
 only at their apex, where there is a passage left through both, 
 called the foramen. The outer integument is called the primine, 
 the other the secundine, and the central pulpy mass the nucleus. 
 (Fig. 11; 8.) 
 
 a. The foramen may be detected even in the perfect seed, by soaking it in 
 water, and then pressing out the fluid thus absorbed, which will be seen to issue 
 from this little orifice. It has an important agency in the fertilization of the seed, 
 which at this early period has no traces of the embryo (18). 
 
 91. The stalk by which the ovule is connected to the pla- 
 centa, is called the funiculus, and its point of attachment to the 
 nucleus of the ovule, the chcdaza. Through these the ovule 
 receives its nourishment from the placenta. (Fig. 11 ; 8, 9.) 
 
 4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 
 
 92. The specific use of 
 the stamens and pistils is 
 the fertilization of the 
 seed (57, 58). This ap- 
 pears to be effected in the 
 following manner. At the 
 proper season, the anthers 
 discharge the pollen con- 
 tained iii their cavities, 
 through their dehiscence 
 
 FIG. 12. 1, Section of the uppei; part of the style Or pores, into the air. Some 
 of the snap-dragon, the pollen tubes passing down Q f j t t h us f a ll s upO n the 
 between the cells ; 2, 3, 4, 5, various forms of pollen, 
 showing the tubes; 6, pollen of the O3nothera biennis, Stigma, 
 one of its tubes descending among the cells of the style. 
 
 o. The Author of nature makes special provision for the accomplishment of 
 this function. Thus the anthers are generally placed above the stigma, the 
 stamens being longer than the pistils when the flower is erect, as in the tulip, 
 and shorter, when it droops, as in several species of the lily. In the mountain 
 
CALYX. 45 
 
 laurel (Kalmia), the anthers are confined in ten cavities in the corolla; at the 
 proper season they are disengaged, and thrown forcibly against the stigma, by the 
 elasticity of the filaments. In Monoecious and Dioecious plants, where the sta- 
 mens are placed apart from the pistils in different flowers, the pollen is often con- 
 veyed to the pistil by insects in going from flower to flower in search of honey. 
 
 93. Soon after the pollen falls upon the stigma, the outer coat 
 of each granule bursts (70, a) at one or more points, allowing 
 the inner coat to pass through it in the form of a tube. This 
 tube insinuates itself between the cells of the stigma, and 
 passes down between the loose cells of the style, extending 
 itself until it reaches the ovary, even when the style is of con- 
 siderable length. When these tubes reach the ovary, they 
 direct themselves towards the ovules in different parts, and 
 enter the foramen, which at this time is turned towards the 
 base of the style, and brought in contact with its conducting 
 tissue (83). 
 
 94. As to the further action of the pollen grains, it is conjec- 
 tured that the molecules which they contain (69, a) are conveyed 
 by the tubes into each ovule, and that there developing them- 
 selves into new cells, and becoming fixed in their places, they 
 constitute the embryo of the future plant. All that is certainly 
 known, however, is, that the embryo first appears in the ovule 
 shortly after the pollen tube enters it. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE FLOWER 
 5. OF THE CALYX. 
 
 95. THE term calyx comes from the Greek, and signifies a 
 cup. It is applied to the outer whorl of the floral envelopes, in 
 reference to its common form and position. It is generally 
 green, but is sometimes colored, that is, it is of some other coloi 
 than green. It seems designed for the protection of the more 
 delicate organs of the flower in aestivation (in the bud). 
 
 96. The divisions of the calyx are called sepals, which are 
 
46 THE FLOWER. 
 
 sometimes distinct, but generally cohere by their edges, to a 
 greater or less extent, forming a cup as in the rose, or a tube as 
 in the pink. The calyx is then said to be monoscpalous, a term 
 which must never be literally applied, since no true calyx can 
 consist of merely a single sepal ; when the sepals are not united 
 in any degree, the calyx is said to be polysepalous. 
 
 123 
 
 97. If the calyx is free, that 
 is, distinct from the ovary, as 
 in the pink, it is said to be in- 
 ferior, while the ovary is supe- 
 rior ; but if the calyx be adhe- 
 rent to the sides of the ovary, 
 so as to appear to grow out of 
 its summit, as in the rose, it is 
 said to be superior. (Fig. 13 ; 
 
 FIG. 13. 3, Ovary, with adherent (superior), 1 ? 3.) 
 persistent calyx ; 1, vertical section of the same, 
 
 showing the epigynous (Gr. upon the pistil) sta- 98. Ill respect to duration, 
 mens ; 2, calyx free (inferior), stamens hypogy- it j g caduCQUS when ft fftU off 
 nous (Gr. under the pistil)] 4, stamens on the 
 
 calyx, that is, perigynous (Gr. around the pistil)- as SOOn as the flower is CX- 
 5, stamens on the corolla (perigynous); 6, sta- pan ded, Ex. poppy : deciduous, 
 men with the connectile continued beyond the r . L * rj 
 
 ant her. when it falls off as the flower 
 
 decays, Ex. water lily; and persistent, when it remains upon 
 the germ after the corolla has fallen ; Ex. rose, apple. 
 
 99. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a mere rim, and some- 
 times, when there is no corolla, the calyx is entirely wanting 
 (54). 
 
 a. Again, the calyx is reduced to a whorl of mere hair-like 
 processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of calyx is pecu- 
 liar to the Compositae, as the Asters, sunflower, &c., where the 
 flowers are collected in heads so compact that the calyx has no 
 room to develop itself in the usual manner. If the pappus con- 
 sists of simple hairs, it is said to be pilose ; if the hairs are 
 feathery, plumose; if they are stiff, like bristles, setose; if dilated, 
 so as to become chaffy, paleaceous. 
 
 6. OF THE COROLLA. 
 
 100. Corolla is a Latin diminutive, signifying a chaplet or 
 
MONOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 47 
 
 crown. It is fitly applied to that whorl of the floral envelopes 
 situated between the calyx and the stamens, upon the delicate 
 texture and hues of which chiefly depend the beauty of the 
 flower. 
 
 101. The divisions of the corolla are called petals. Like the 
 sepals of the calyx, they are either distinct, or united by their 
 adjacent edges to a greater or less extent, as in the morning 
 glory. When they are distinct, the corolla is said to be polypet- 
 alous ; otherwise, monopetalous, a term which is as greatly mis- 
 applied in this case as monosepalous is to the calyx, since no true 
 corolla can consist simply of a single petal. 
 
 102. A petal consists of two parts ; the daw, which is the 
 narrow part at the base, answering to the stalk of a leaf, and 
 the lamina, which is the expanded portion supported by the 
 claw, and answers to the blade of the leaf. The claw is some- 
 times very long, as in the pink, and often is wanting, as in the 
 rose. 
 
 103. When the petals are confluent into a monopetalous 
 corolla, the united claws form that part of it which is called the 
 tube, and the lamina constitute the upper, expanded portion of 
 it, which is called the limb or border. Both of these parts are 
 exhibited in the Phlox. 
 
 104. Monopetalous corollas are regular when all the parts 
 correspond to each other in shape, size, and cohesion; and 
 irregular when they do not. Both these kinds assume various 
 forms (Fig. 14), which have received appropriate names, as 
 follows : 
 
 1. Campanulate (bell-shaped), having the tube wide, and 
 swelling abruptly at the base, as in the bell-flower (Cam- 
 panula). 
 
 2. Infundibuliform (funnel-form), tubular at the base, but 
 gradually enlarging towards the border. Ex. morning glory, 
 tobacco. 
 
 3. Hypocrateriform (salver- form), the tube ending abruptly in 
 a border spreading horizontally. Ex. Phlox. 
 
 4. Rotate (wheel-form), limb regular, or nearly so, spreading, 
 with a very short or imperceptible tube. Ex. mullein. 
 
 5. Labiate (lipped). This corolla has its limb deeply cleft 
 
 5 
 
48 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower lip. If 
 the lips be widely separate, they are said to be ringent (ringo, 
 to grin). Ex. monkey-flower. If the upper and lower sides are 
 pressed together, personate (persona, a mask) ; Ex. snap dragon. 
 If the upper lip is arched, it is termed the helmet or galea. Ex. 
 Lamium. This form of the corolla almost universally char- 
 acterizes the plants of the large and important natural order 
 Labiatse. 
 
 FIG. 14. Forms of corollas; 1, Campanula rotundifolia ; 2, tobacco; 3, Convolvulus; 
 4, Veronica ; 5, sage ; 6, Gaultheria procumbens ; 7, Phlox ; 8, cabbage ; 9, rose ; 10, Lathyrus. 
 
 105. Several forms of polypetalous corollas have also re- 
 ceived appropriate names, and are described as follows. The 
 last only is irregular. 
 
 1. Cruciform (crux, a cross), consisting of four petals spread- 
 ing at right angles to each other. Plants with this corolla con- 
 stitute the large natural order Craciferae, which corresponds to 
 the 15th class in the artificial arrangement. Of this kind is the 
 mustard (Sinapis). 
 
 2. Rosaceous, like the rose. A regular corolla, consisting of 
 five or more petals, spreading horizontally, attached to the 
 receptacle by very short claws. Ex. rose, apple. 
 
 3. Liliaceous, like the lily. The Perianth consists of six parts, 
 each gradually bending outwards in such a manner as to resem- 
 ble the campanulate. Ex. lily, tulip (Fig. 4). 
 
NECTARY. 49 
 
 4. CaryophyUaceous, like the pink. This corolla consists of 
 five petals, having long claws immersed in a tubular calyx. Ex. 
 pink, cockle (Fig. 4). 
 
 5. Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped. This corolla consists of 
 five dissimilar petals, which have received names as follows ; 
 the upper and largest is called the banner (vexillum) ; the two 
 lateral ones beneath this, the wings (alee) ; and the two lower 
 ones cohering by their lower margins, the keel (carina). Exam- 
 ples, pea, bean, locust. Plants with this kind of corolla consti- 
 tute the greater part of the LeguminossB, one of the most 
 extensive and useful of the natural families. 
 
 106. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. The floral envelopes are 
 found, in their physical organization, to agree with leaves, of 
 which they are only modifications. They consist of thin expan- 
 sions of cellular tissue, traversed by veins of delicate spiral 
 vessels, all covered with an epidermis often having stomata. 
 Their various colors are produced by secretions contained in the 
 little bladders of the cellular tissue. 
 
 J 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 
 
 107. These are terms which have been applied to certain 
 anomalous forms of the floral organs, and are very variable in 
 structure and position. 
 
 a. The NECTAHT (nectar, honey) is properly an apparatus for the secretion of 
 honey. In the violet, larkspur, columbine, &c., it consists of a prolongation of 
 the petal into a spur. In the nasturtium it is a similar prolongation of the sepal. 
 In the passion flower, grass parnassus, gold-thread, &c., the nectaries are merely 
 abortive stamens passing into petals. In the lady's slipper and other Orchida- 
 ceous plants, the lower petal being inflated and larger than the rest of them, was 
 called nectary by the Linnean school, but by modern writers the labellum, or 
 lip. 
 
 b. The DISK is a term applied to certain little projections situated between the 
 bases of the stamens and the pistils. Its more common form is that of a raised 
 rim, either entire or variously lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary, that is, 
 hypogynous (i/Vw, under, yvw, the pistil), as in the peony, or it appears at the top 
 of the ovary when the calyx is superior, and is then said to be epigynous (art, 
 upon, yuvtt), as hi the Cornus. 
 
 c. The true character of the disk is little understood. It is supposed by 
 Lindley to consist of stamens in a rudimentary state, as it is sometimes separated 
 into a circle of glandular bodies, alternating with the true stamens. 
 
50 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 8. OF AESTIVATION. 
 
 108. ^ESTIVATION (cestivus, of summer) is a term used by 
 botanists, to denote the relative arrangement of the several 
 organs of the flower while yet undeveloped in the bud. It is 
 the same to the flower-bud as VERNATION (vernus, of the spring) 
 is to the leaf-bud. 
 
 a. The different modes of aestivation may be best observed in sections of the 
 bud, made by cutting it in a horizontal direction. The most common varieties 
 are the following. 
 
 1. Valvate; applied to each other by the margins only; as the 
 petals of the Umbelliferae, the valves of a capsule, &c. 
 
 2. Convolute ; when one is wholly rolled in another, as in the 
 petals of the wall-flower. 
 
 3. Quincuncial; when the pieces are five in number, of which 
 two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior 
 with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the ex- 
 terior, as in Rosa. 
 
 4. Contorted; each piece being oblique in figure, and over- 
 lapping its neighbor by one margin, its other margin being, in 
 like manner, overlapped by that which stands next it, as 
 the corolla of Apocynum. 
 
 5. Alternative; when, the pieces being in two rows, the inner 
 is covered by the outer in such a way that each of the exterior 
 rows overlaps half of two of the interior, as in the Liliacese. 
 
 FIG. 15. JEstivation of the corolla; 1, Hydrangea; 2, Cheiranthus; 3, Rose (single); 
 4, Oxalis ; 5, Lilium ; 6, Pisum ; 7, Lysiraachia ; 8, Solanum ; 9, calyx of the Rose. The 
 last form, with 4 and 5, are also termed imbricate. 
 
THE FEUIT. 51 
 
 6. VexiUary; when one piece is much larger than the others, 
 and is folded over them, they being arranged face to face, as in 
 papilionaceous flowers. 
 
 7. Induplicate; having the margins bent abruptly inwards, 
 and the external face of these edges applied to each other with- 
 out any twisting ; as in the flowers of some species of Clematis. 
 
 8. Supervolute; when one edge is rolled inwards, and is en- 
 veloped by the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction ; as 
 the leaves of the apricot. 
 
 Of these forms of aestivation, the 4th, 5th, and 9th, are fre- 
 quently designated by the general term imbricate, that is, edge 
 overlapping edge. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 
 109. THE fruit appears to be the ultimate object and aim of the whole vegetable 
 organization ; accordingly, when this is perfected, the process of vegetation ceases, 
 the foliage withers, and the whole plant, if it be an annual, soon dies. But in the 
 fruit, provision is made for the reproduction of the species, so that it is justly 
 said to be ' the termination of the old individual, and the beginning of the new.' 
 
 a. The fruit is, therefore, the most important part of the plant. Although it 
 does not, like the flower, serve to adorn the face of nature by the beauty of its 
 form and color, yet, besides its own peculiar office of perpetuating vegetable life, 
 it affords one of the principal means of subsistence to animals and to man. 
 
 b. The fructification, in respect to time, is subsequent to the flower, is always 
 preceded by it, and, as has been sufficiently shown, is dependent upon it for its 
 maturity and perfection. After having imbibed the pollen from the anthers, the 
 pistil, or its ovary, continues to enlarge, and is finally matured in the form of the 
 peculiar fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary 
 brought to perfection. 
 
 110. Such being the case, it follows that the fruit is constructed on the same 
 general plan as the ovary, and its structure may be inferred with much accuracy, 
 by the examination of the latter at the time of flowering. In many cases, how- 
 ever, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary, 
 as to disguise its real structure ; so that an early examination would be even more 
 safe in its results than a late one. 
 
 a. For example, the oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one seed, 
 
 although its ovary had three cells and. six ovules. The change is produced by 
 
 5* 
 
 /^c-Y;r -\ 
 
 / UUIVER^ TYJ. 
 
 V r^ / 
 
52 THE FRUIT. 
 
 the non-development of five of the ovules, while the sixth grows so rapidly as to 
 obliterate the dissepiments and occupy the whole space. The same change also 
 takes place in the hazle-nut. The ovary of the birch is two-celled and two- 
 ovuled, but, by the suppression of one cell with its ovule, the fruit becomes one- 
 celled. 
 
 1. OF THE PERICARP. 
 
 111. The FRUIT consists of the pericarp and the seed; the 
 former may be wanting, but the latter is essential. 
 
 a. Truly naked seeds are found in few plants, except the Coniferse, where the 
 pollen falls directly upon the ovules without the intervention of the pistil. The 
 seeds of the sage and the borage, with then* respective tribes, generally said to be 
 naked, are not so in fact, for each seed being the product of an ovary with one 
 ovule must necessarily be a one-seeded pericarp. 
 
 112. The PERICARP (rce^, around, xc^Trog, fruit) is the covering 
 or envelope of the seeds, of whatever nature it may be. It 
 consists of three different parts. 1. The epicarp (em, upon) is 
 the outer integument, or skin. 2. The endocarp (evdov, within), 
 called also putamen or shell, is the inner coat, and the sarco- 
 carp (cr^|, flesh) is the intervening fleshy substance. 
 
 a. Thus, in the peach, the skin is the epicarp, the fleshy pulp the sarcocarp, and 
 the shell of the stone the endocarp. In the apple or pear, the endocarp forms the 
 glazed lining of the cells, the epicarp the epidermis, and the sarcocarp the inter- 
 vening pulp. 
 
 113. The growth of the fruit depends upon the absorption of sap from the parts 
 below. This fluid, finding no growing axis to be prolonged in the usual manner 
 into a branch, is accumulated in the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by 
 evaporation, and elaborated into cellular matter by the external surfaces, which 
 still perform the functions of true leaves. Thus these parts become gradually 
 distended into the form and dimensions of the fruit. 
 
 114. The process of ripening consists of certain chemical changes, effected by 
 the combined action of heat, light, and air. In its earliest stages, the pericarp 
 consists of a structure similar to that of leaves, being composed of cellular and 
 ligneous tissue, with an epidermis and stomata (35, 37). 
 
 . Secondly, the fleshy pulp, or sarcocarp, is developed, and becomes sour by 
 absorbing from the air an excess of oxygen, which is the proper acidifying prin- 
 ciple. 
 
 b. Lastly, when the fruit has attained its full growth, the pulp becomes gradu- 
 ally sweetened and softened, by the formation of sugar at the expense of the 
 acids and of the ligneous matter, which before rendered it both sour and hard. 
 These transitions are exemplified by the apple, plum, currant, &c., where the 
 greater portion of nutritive matter is stored up in the pericarp ; but in the fruit of 
 
CAPSULE. 53 
 
 the oak, chestnut, some of the grasses, &c., it is chiefly or entirely deposked in the 
 seed. 
 
 FIG. 16. Modes of dehiscence ; 1, Locu Jcidal ; 2, Septicidal ; 3, Septifragal. The straight 
 lines represent the dissepiments. 
 
 1 15. Dehiscence. When the pericarp has arrived at maturity, 
 it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn, 
 or it separates into parts forming openings. These parts are 
 called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular de- 
 hiscence is always vertical, and is called, 
 
 1. Loculicidcd (loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when it takes 
 place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpel directly 
 into the cell. Ex. lily. 
 
 2. Septicidal (septum, a wall, and ccedo), .when it takes place 
 through the dissepiments (which are doubled, $ 85, c). Ex. 
 mallows. 
 
 3. Septifragal (septum, and frango, to break), when the valves 
 separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the 
 axis. Ex. Convolvulus. 
 
 4. Sutural (sutura, a seam), when it takes place at one or 
 both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea. 
 
 5. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscissile (circwmscindo, 
 to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c., 
 where the top of the pericarp falls off like a lid. (Fig. 18 ; 16.) 
 
 116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been 
 studied by botanists with great attention. The following varieties are generally 
 described in elementary works. 
 
 1. CAPSULE (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps 
 which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a com- 
 pound ovary, dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or some- 
 times by pores only. 
 
 a. The capsule consists of only one cell, or is divided within 
 
64 THE FRUIT. 
 
 by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or 
 substance formed by the united placentae is called the colu- 
 mella. To this the seeds are generally attached. The seed- 
 vessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodroot (San- 
 guinaria), are capsules. 
 
 FIG. 17. Forms of fruit: 1, capsule of Rhododendron; 2, Nicotiana; 3, Colchicum; 
 4, CEnothera ; 5, silique of Raphanus ; 6, silicle of Capsella ; 7, legume of the pea ; 8, jointed 
 legume (loment) of Desmodium ; 9, follicle of Apocynum ; 10, nut of oak ; 11, drupe of 
 Cerasus. 
 
 2. SILIQUE (a pod). This is a long, narrow pericarp of two 
 valves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by 
 the extended placentas. The seeds are attached to the edges 
 of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex. 
 mustard, wallflower, and other Craciferse. 
 
 3. SILICLE (a little pod), differs from the silique, by being 
 shorter, and more nearly oval. Ex. pepper-grass, shepherd's 
 purse (Thlaspi). The silique and silicle are peculiar to plants 
 with cruciform corollas. 
 
 4. LEGUME (also a pod), two-valved, one-celled, consists of a 
 simple carpel, and thus differs essentially from the silique. It 
 bears its seeds attached to the margin of each valve alternately, 
 along the ventral suture only. Ex. pea, and all other plants of 
 the great natural order Leguminosae. The legume, therefore, 
 accompanies the papilionaceous corolla. 
 
 5. FOLLICLE (a bag) is a pericarp with one valve and one 
 
PEPO. 55 
 
 cell, opening by a sutiual dehiscence on the inner side, and 
 bearing seeds at the base, or along the suture. Ex. peony, col- 
 umbine, silk-weed. 
 
 6. DRUPE (stoiie-frait) is one-celled, one or two seeded, inde- 
 hiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and 
 pulpy epicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cherry, peach. It also 
 includes those fruits which have a fibre-fleshy, or even coria- 
 ceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are 
 called drupaceous. 
 
 7. The NUT is a hard, dry, indehiscent shell, proceeding from 
 an ovary which is two or more celled, and two or more ovuled, 
 but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled ( 1 10, a). 
 It differs from the Drupe, in wanting the soft, succulent cover- 
 ing. Instead of this it is seated in a kind of persistent involu- 
 cre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle. 
 
 8. CARYOPSIS (kernel). This is a thin, dry, one-celled peri- 
 carp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses. Ex. maize, 
 wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is 
 called a utricle, as in the pig-weed ( Chenopodium). 
 
 9. An ACHENIUM is a small, dry, hard, one-celled pericarp, dis- 
 tinct from the seed which it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranun- 
 culus, Aster, and the Compositse generally. 
 
 10. SAMARA (winged fruit). It consists of a dry, indehiscent, 
 one-seeded pericarp, with a wing-like appendage. Ex. birch, 
 maple. 
 
 11. A PYXIS (box) is a capsule which opens by a circum- 
 sessile dehiscence (115 ; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with 
 a lid. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca). 
 
 12. POME (apple). This is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, 
 formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous 
 carpels, or cells, which enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, pear, 
 quince. 
 
 13. The PEPO (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceed- 
 ing from a compound ovary, either one-celled, or entirely filled 
 with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin. 
 
 14. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the 
 seeds loosely within, with no other covering than its own soft 
 
56 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 
 mass. Ex. currant, whortleberry. The orange and lemon an- 
 swer this definition, and are therefore berries. 
 
 18, 
 
 FIG. 18. Forms of fruit ; 13, naked achenia of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged, 
 fleshy receptacle ; 14, drupaceous achenia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle ; 15, 
 samara of Acer ; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus ; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear) ; 18, berry of Ribes 
 (gooseberry) ; 19, section of the same enlarged ; 20, strobile of Pinus ; 21, cremocarp of the 
 Umbelliferae, as Conium. 
 
 a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an en- 
 larged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does 
 it include the blackberry, which, like the other species of the llubus, is an aggre- 
 gate fruit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Etseria, by Mirbel. 
 (Eig. 18 ; 13, 14.) 
 
 15. STROBILE (cone). This is an aggregate fruit, consisting 
 of scale-like carpels spread open, with naked seeds on their 
 inner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is 
 on this account called Coniferae. 
 
HILUM. 57 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 2. OF THE SEED. 
 
 117. THE seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and con- 
 tains the rudiments of a new plant, similar in all respects to the 
 original. 
 
 a. The seed consists of three principal parts; the INTEGU- 
 MENTS, the ALBUMEN, and the EMBRYO. 
 
 118. The INTEGUMENTS, or coverings, invest the seed immedi- 
 ately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single, 
 they consist of several membranes, to each of which an appro- 
 priate name has been applied. The first, or outer membrane, 
 is the TESTA; the second, the MESOSPERM; the third, the ENDO- 
 PLEURA, corresponding with the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule. 
 
 a. The testa is either papery (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), horny (crus- 
 taceous), bony, fleshy, or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes 
 beautifully polished, as in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often 
 highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into 
 wings, as in the Arabis, and sometimes into a tuft of hairs at one end, called 
 coma, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton. 
 
 6. The coma must not be confounded with the pappus (99, a), which is a modi- 
 fication of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the 
 achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Composite. 
 
 119. The aril is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of 
 the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when 
 the funiculus is wanting) either partially or wholly investing 
 the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering 
 of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely 
 envelops the seed. In other seeds it is a mere scale, and often 
 it is wanting. 
 
 120. The HILUM, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats 
 of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus (stalk). It is 
 commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig. 
 11; 8, a.) 
 
 121. The hilum of the seed sometimes corresponds with the chalaza of the 
 
QS THE FRUIT. 
 
 ovule. In this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. can- 
 dleberry (Myrica). More generally, however, the funiculus (91) extends beyond 
 the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it 
 is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that 
 part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and the chalaza is 
 called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted), 
 and is exemplified in the apple. The raphe can, therefore, exist only in the ana- 
 tropous seed, and serves to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11 ; No's 8 and 9.) 
 
 122. The ALBUMEN. Next within the integuments, there is a 
 white substance called the albumen, consisting chiefly of starch. 
 It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat, 
 rye, and serves to nourish the embryo in its nascent state. It 
 abounds chiefly in those seeds which have but one cotyledon. 
 It is wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. The 
 albumen in some seeds is entirely wanting, particularly in the 
 bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the 
 cotyledon. 
 
 123. The EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiments of the 
 young plant, situated within the integuments. To the growth 
 of this all other parts of the seed are subservient. In somq 
 seeds the embryo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvulus. 
 
 124. The embryo is divided into three parts ; the radicle, the 
 plumule, and cotyledon. 
 
 a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined 
 to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points 
 towards the foramen. 
 
 b. The PLUMULE is the ascending part of the embryo, or the 
 rudiment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually 
 directed towards the chalaza. 
 
 125. The COTYLEDON is the bulky, porous, and farinaceous 
 part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the 
 young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule 
 and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the 
 bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons 
 are conspicuous in rising above the ground. 
 
 a. The number of cotyledons is variable ; and upon this cir- 
 cumstance is founded the most important and distinct division 
 
 Of the PlLENOGAMIA, Or FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one cotyledon, 
 
SPORES. 
 
 59 
 
 or, if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called 
 ENDOGEXS (ivfov, inside, yivcfjixi, to originate or grow), because their stems increase 
 by internal accretions (197). Such are the grasses, the palms, the Liliaceae, &c., 
 whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 
 
 127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledons. 
 These are also called EXOGENS (a, outside), because their stems increase by 
 external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees, 
 &c. These are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves, 
 which are reticulate-veined, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like 
 network. 
 
 15 
 
 FIG. 19. Structure of seeds and germination ; l, v seed of a garden bean ; 2, the same 
 after germination is commenced and the skin thrown off; 3, seed of Triglochin (magnified) ; 
 a, fungoas chalaza, 6, raphe, c, hilum ; 4, embryo ; a, cotyledon, b, radicle, c, fissure, beneath 
 which lies the plumule ; 5, vertical section of the same ; rf, the radicle seen beneath the 
 fissure ; 6, germinating seed of Alisma ; a, cotyledon, ft, plumule, c, radicle ; 7, seed of Canna 
 lutea, vertical section, a, albumen, 6, embryo ; 8, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the commence- 
 ment of germination, the embryo protruding the radicle ; 9, the same, having thrown off the 
 pericarp and become a young plant ; 10, germinating seed of Calla JEthiopica ; o, seed, 6, 
 first leaf of plumule, c, radicle ; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base ; 
 12, the same after germination has commenced ; 13, the germination completed, and the 
 young plant formed ; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons ; 15, the same 
 after germination has commenced ; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon. 
 
 128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to three cotyledons, while the 
 dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo with no coty- 
 ledon. 
 
 129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, Coniferae, &c., occasionally have two 
 or even several embryos in a seed, while all the CRYPTOGAMIA, or flowerless 
 plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from SPORES, 
 (48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants. 
 
 6 
 
60 THE FRUIT. 
 
 3. OF GERMINATION. 
 
 130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protec- 
 tion and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of 
 the whole plant, are subservient, and if this be injured or destroyed, the ultimate 
 object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated. 
 
 a. GERMINATION is a term denoting the first stages of vital 
 action in the seed ; the process is briefly described as follows : 
 
 131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate 
 temperature, the integuments gradually absorb water, soften, 
 and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines 
 with the carbon of the starch which had been stored up in the 
 tissues, carbonic acid is evolved, and the starch, at lengh con- 
 verted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, which now 
 begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments 
 burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom 
 of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to 
 the air and the light* (See Fig. 19, explanations.) 
 
 132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground at 
 the centre of motion, as in all Monocotyledonous plants and in 
 the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise 
 above the surface with the ascending axis, become green, and 
 perform the functions of digestion and respiration, like leaves, 
 for the nourishment of the young plant. 
 
 133. The conditions requisite for the germination of the seed 
 are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness. 
 
 a. Heat is a requisite condition of all vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a 
 seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within, 
 
 * The phenomena of germination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting ex- 
 periment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton, float- 
 ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while 
 the radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres. 
 
 The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gravity is a law in vegetation, as uni- 
 versal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less difficult to explain. From the two 
 following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light and the 
 law of gravitation. Professor Shultz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in 
 moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror, 
 reflecting the solar rays upwards ; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards. 
 
 Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing earth with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer- 
 ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve- 
 ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicularly, the axis of each plant 
 was inclined at an angle of 45, or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordance with 
 the combined action of the centrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth. 
 
DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 61 
 
 must be obtained from without. Different degrees of heat are required by dif- 
 ferent plants, but a temperature from 50 to 80 is most favorable to those of the 
 temperate zones. Such is the genial warmth supplied by the sun. 
 
 b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the 
 dry nutriment stored up in the albumen, or the cotyledons. This is supplied in 
 showers of rain and dew. 
 
 c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar ; 
 a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, as 
 well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist. This is supplied by the 
 water and by the air. 
 
 d. And, finally, darkness is favorable, because it is through the influence of 
 light, as will hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air, 
 decompose it, retain the carbonic acid, and give back the oxygen only. Light 
 would therefore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, rather than diminish it. 
 Hence the seed should be buried in the soil. 
 
 134. The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality 
 for many years, if they are placed in circumstances which Avill neither cause them 
 to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence 
 of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years 
 old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and the raspberry and beach plum after 
 many centuries.* 
 
 4. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS 
 
 135. Is a subject highly curious and interesting 5 and when attentively consid- 
 ered, serves, like a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the 
 wisdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappus, 
 already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants, 
 are wafted by winds to considerable distances,' across rivers, mountains, and even 
 the ocean itself. The Erigeron Canadense, a weed now common on both sides the 
 Atlantic, was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Europe from 
 Canada, of which country it is native. 
 
 a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are pro- 
 vided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and are 
 thus scattered far and wide. 
 
 b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are 
 thrown to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Rivers, streams, 
 and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to 
 
 *No instance of the longevity of seeds is more remarkable than that related by Dr. 
 Lindley. ' I have before me,' says he, ' three plants of raspberries, raised from seeds which 
 were taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 feet below the surface 
 of the earth. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore 
 probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.' 
 
 Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some men, in dig- 
 ging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface, 
 and placed it by itself. A year or two afterwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand, 
 grew, produced fruit, and proved to be the beach-plum. 
 
62 THE ROOT. 
 
 country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany, 
 have been known to perform long voyages, without injury to their vitality. Squir- 
 rels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from clime to 
 clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same im- 
 portant end. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE BOOT. 
 
 136. THE ROOT is the basis of the plant, and the principal 
 source of its nourishment. It originates with the radicle of the 
 seed ; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is gener- 
 ally immersed in the soil. 
 
 a. When the radicle has burst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the 
 soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again 
 divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever 
 extending and multiplying, until the vegetable has attained its full growth. 
 
 137. The prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme delicacy 
 of the fibres, which renders them averse to the air and light, by their avidity for 
 moisture, and by the effects of gravitation. 
 
 a. Although the primary direction of the roots is downward, they are not 
 known to extend to any great depth. After having descended to a certain dis- 
 tance beneath the surface, they extend themselves horizontally, keeping at about a 
 uniform depth, however great the irregularities of the surface. 
 
 138. The number and extent of the roots must always correspond to the 
 demands of the vegetable, both for affording it nourishment, and for maintaining 
 it in its erect position. It follows, therefore, that for every expanding leaf, or 
 extending twig, there must be a corresponding increment of the roots and fibres 
 beneath the soil. 
 
 139. Roots are generally distinguished from stems by their 
 downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the 
 constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, and by the 
 absence of buds, stomata, and pith. 
 
 140. To all these characteristics there are, however, exceptions. Thus, buds, in 
 peculiar circumstances, are developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers, 
 around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state 
 of the plant, but only when the life of the upper axis is partially or wholly 
 destroyed, the roots remaining in full vigor, and elaborating more nourishment 
 
SPONGIOLES. 63 
 
 than there is now demand for. Such buds are, therefore, merely adventitious. 
 On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do 
 naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described by modern 
 writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the 
 bulb of the tulip, or the tuber of the potato. 
 
 141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to 
 the ascending axis, is designated as the cottum, or neck. 
 
 a. Strictly speaking, this is the only stationary part of the plant. Occupying 
 the centre of motion between the ascending and descending axis, every enlarge- 
 ment that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the air, while all below it 
 descends into the earth. 
 
 142. The parts of the root which require especial notice, are 
 the caudex, fibrils, and spongioles. 
 
 a. The CAUDEX (stock) is the main body of the root 
 
 b. The FIBRILS are the finer branches of the root, sent off 
 from the caudex. These are the true roots. 
 
 c. The SPONGIOLES are the tender and delicate extremities of 
 the fibrils ; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions 
 made to these extremities, these are their growing points. 
 
 143. The form of the root is much diversified in different 
 plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinct- 
 ive names, are the following : 
 
 144. Ramose (branching). This rbot consists of ramifications 
 sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in 
 no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees and 
 shrubs. (Fig. 20.) 
 
 o. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In 
 many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other ; 
 that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots 
 put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus 
 inverted without injuring their vitality. 
 
 6. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a 
 branch (offset) of the willow or currant (Ribes) be inserted into the ground, cither 
 by the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it will take root and flourish. 
 Other trees, as the mulberry (Moras) may be multiplied by layers. A branch ig 
 bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is 
 severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree. 
 
 c. The roots of a tree extend in all directions, and to considerable distances. 
 This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much 
 greater. Those of the elm embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar, 
 6* 
 
64 
 
 THE ROOT. 
 
 400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less 
 firmly rooted than those in open situations. 
 
 145. Fusiform (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy 
 caudex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, up- 
 wards. It sends off from the sides and extremity, thread-like 
 fibrils, which are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb 
 nourishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish. 
 
 W 
 
 FIG. 20. Forms of the root ; 7, branching root* of a tree ; 8, root of Daucus ; 9, Oxalis ; 
 10, Orchis. 
 
 a. When the fusiform root divides into two principal branches, it is said to be 
 forked. When it tapers from the collum downwards its whole length, it is called 
 a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the 
 
 b. Premorse, in which the caudex terminates abruptly below, 
 as if it had been bitten off (praemorsus). This is due to the 
 fact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex. 
 Viola pedata, and Scabiosa succisa. 
 
 c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) root is another variety of the 
 fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diame- 
 ter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip. 
 
 146. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread-like divis- 
 ions, sent off directly from the base without any caudex. Such 
 are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed- 
 ingly in a light sandy soil. 
 
 a, A fasciculated root is a variety of the fibrous, with some of 
 its fibres thickened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony, 
 Dahlia, &c. 
 
 147. A tuberous root consists of one or more fleshy knobs, or 
 
ROOTS. 
 
 65 
 
 tumors, situated at the base among the fibres. Ex. Orchis. 
 This root must be distinguished from the tuber, which, like the 
 potatoe, uniformly bears buds, and is now classed among stems. 
 
 a. A palmate (hand-shaped) root is a variety of the tuberous, 
 where the knob is separated below into short, thickened pro- 
 cesses, as in some species of the Orchis. 
 
 b. A granulated root consists of many small tubercular knobs, 
 connected by fibres, as seen in the common wood sorrel. Some 
 writers call this variety moniliform (monile, a necklace). 
 
 FIG. 21. Forms of the root; 1, Raphanus; 2, Brassica rapa; 3, Scabiosa; 4, Poa; 
 5, Paeonia ; 6, Dahlia. 
 
 148. All the above forms of fleshy roots appear to be reser- 
 voirs where the superabundant nutriment secreted by the plant, 
 is accumulated and kept in store for the following year, or for 
 the time of flowering. 
 
 a. To the varieties already mentioned, we may add several others, which are 
 remarkably distinguished by their not being fixed in the soil. 
 
 149. The floating root is peculiar to plants which float loosely 
 upon the surface of the water. Ex. Lemna, Callitriche. The 
 latter, called water starwort, floats upon the surface only until 
 flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, fixes its roots in 
 the mud, and there ripens its seeds. 
 
 150. Aerial roots are those which, instead of originating from 
 portions of the plant beneath the surface of the ground, are pro- 
 duced from some portion in the open air. Of these roots, seve- 
 ral varieties are remarkable. 1st, Those which are sent forth 
 
66 THE ROOT. 
 
 from the joints of creeping or prostrate plants ; as the ground- 
 ivy, and the twin-flower (Linnsea). 2d, The roots of certain 
 erect plants of the endogenous structure, originating from the 
 stem high in air, descending and entering the soil. Of this class 
 the screw-pine (Pandanus) is a remarkable example, whose 
 aerial roots are often several feet in length before reaching the 
 earth. Such roots, a few inches in length, are also seen in the 
 common maize (Zea). 
 
 b. A third class of aerial roots is peculiar to the epiphytes (em, 
 upon, cpviov, a plant). These plants are fixed upon the trunk 
 and branches of other species, and derive their nourishment 
 chiefly from the air. Such are the long moss (Tillandsia), pen- 
 dent from lofty trees, and many of the Orchidaceae at the south. 
 4th, The roots of parasites are usually aerial. These are not 
 only attached to other vegetables, but, penetrating their tissues, 
 they derive nourishment from their juices. The Cuscuta and 
 Mistletoe are examples. 
 
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT. 
 
 151. The internal structure of the root is similar to that of the 
 stem (q. v.), except that there is often a greater proportion of 
 cellular, fleshy matter, as in the beet. In Endogens the root 
 is endogenous, in Exogens it is exogenous, but in the latter case 
 it is always destitute of a pith. 
 
 152. The fibrils are in fact but subdivisions of the caudex, or 
 main root. They consist of minute bundles of vasiform tissue 
 (32), enclosed in a loose, cellular epidermis, except at the ex- 
 tremities (35), where the tissue is naked and becomes exceed- 
 ingly loose and spongy. These (spongioles) have the property 
 of powerfully absorbing water. 
 
 153. The growth of the root does not take place by the ex- 
 pansion of the parts already formed, but simply by the addition 
 of new matter at the extremities, and by the formation of new 
 layers upon the surface. This accounts for the facility with 
 which it penetrates the crevices of the soil, and forces its way 
 into the hardest earth. 
 
 154. The most obvious function of the root is the purely 
 mechanical one of jfi&ing the plant in the earth, and maintaining 
 
ABSORPTION. 67 
 
 its posture. But its peculiar and most important function is 
 ABSORPTION, or drawing from the soil that food and moisture 
 which its growth absolutely requires. 
 
 a. Let any small growing plant be taken from the earth, and immersed by its 
 roots in a glass of water. If it be then exposed to the light of day, or especially 
 to the sun, the water will disappear from the glass more rapidly than could be 
 expected from evaporation alone. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to 
 absorb water at the rate of more than twice its own weight per day. The water 
 thus absorbed by the roots is mostly sent off again, or exhaled through the leaves 
 (a process called EXHALATION), only a small part of it, together with the salts 
 which it held in solution, being retained for the use of the plant 
 
 155. The activity of absorption must, therefore, depend upon 
 the activity of exhalation ; and since the latter is dependent upon 
 the presence of light and heat, it follows that absorption will, in 
 general, be more active by day than by night. 
 
 156. The root does not absorb moisture by its whole surface, 
 indiscriminately, but only by the spongioles at the extremities 
 of the fibrils, where the pores are not obstructed by the epider- 
 mis. From the spongioles it is conducted by the vasiform tissue 
 of the fibril to the vessels of the main rooty and immediately 
 carried up the stem, and distributed to all parts of the plant 
 
 a. If a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibres at the 
 end may be immersed in water, the plant will continue to flourish. But if the 
 root be so bent that the fibrils shall be curved up to the leaves, and only the 
 curved body of the root be immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will soon be 
 again revived, if the fibres be relaxed and again submerged. 
 
 b. Hence, in transplanting trees, too much care cannot be taken to preserve, 
 uninjured, as many as possible of these tender, absorbing fibres. 
 
 157. The force with which plants absorb fluids by their roots 
 is very great, as is proved by experiment. 
 
 a. If the stem of a vine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be 
 tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with 
 sap, even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus 
 severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to 26 inches of mercury, 
 or 13 Ibs. to the square inch. 
 
 158. The causes of the absorption of fluids, by the roots, have been the subject 
 of much inquiry. It has generally been said to be due to capillary attraction ; 
 but, unfortunately for this theory, there are no capillary tubes in the vegetable 
 structure, but only closed cells, more or less elongated, through the membranous 
 walls of which the flujds must force their way. There is, however, a phenomenon 
 
68 THE ROOT. 
 
 in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Dutrochet, which bears so strong a resem- 
 blance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in ex- 
 plaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows : 
 
 a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of 
 bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now 
 the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take 
 place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution 
 will be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the 
 opposite direction, the solution within passing into the water without, but in a 
 much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and 
 immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal 
 current is termed ENDOSMOSE (flowing inwards), and the other EXOSMOSE (flow- 
 ing outwards). 
 
 159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly 
 inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two 
 fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septum, or partition. Wherever 
 these conditions exist, the current exists also. 
 
 a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous sep- 
 tum ; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid within, 
 rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves. 
 Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must 
 be the counter current, the exosmose, also. That this is actually the case, is proved 
 by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in 
 the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always 
 communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in which it is im- 
 mersed. 
 
 160. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely the intro- 
 duction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those min- 
 eral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part 
 of its food. 
 
 a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a cer- 
 tain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explained. 
 Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the 
 silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid 
 parts of its stem ; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use 
 the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution. 
 
 b. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the 
 excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and 
 the consequent cessation of exhalation, the rootlets, being deep in the ground, 
 below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumu- 
 lation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves 
 are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, 
 so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceases 
 as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers. 
 
HERB 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 
 
 161. THAT part of the plant which originates with the plum- 
 ule (124, b), and arises above the surface, expanding itself to 
 the influence of the air and the light, is called the ASCENDING 
 AXIS or STEM. 
 
 a. The cause of its upward tendency is unknown (131, note), but is supposed 
 to be in some way due to the principles of light and gravitation. 
 
 162. Although the first direction of the stem's growth is verti- 
 cal, there are many plants in which it does not continue so, but 
 extends in an oblique or horizontal direction, either just above 
 the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. When the stem 
 continues to arise in its original direction, it is said to be erect. 
 When it grows horizontally upon the surface, it is said to be 
 procumbent, creeping, trailing, &c. When it arises obliquely it 
 is an ascending stem, and when it continues buried beneath the 
 soil it is a subterranean stem. 
 
 a. The subterranean stem, and some varieties of the creeping, have usually 
 been described as roots. 
 
 163. In regard to duration, the stem, like the root, is said to 
 be annual when it lives but one season, afterwards dying, at 
 least down to the root, and perennial when its existence is con- 
 tinued beyond one season, to an indefinite period of time. 
 
 164. In regard to the size and duration of the stem, plants are 
 distinguished into trees, shrubs, and herbs. 
 
 a. A TREE is a plant with a perennial, woody stem, or trunk, 
 which does not divide into branches for a certain distance above 
 the ground. Ex. elm, palm. 
 
 b. A SHRUB is a plant of smaller dimensions than a tree, hav- 
 ing a perennial, woody stem, which divides into branches at or 
 near the ground, like the alder. A shrub of diminished size is 
 termed an undershrub. Ex. whortleberry. 
 
 c. An HERB is a plant with an annual or perennial root, pro- 
 
 
 
 V 
 
70 THE STEM. 
 
 duciiig stems which, above the ground, are of annual duration 
 only, and do not become woody. Ex. the grasses, mullein. 
 
 165. The most distinctive property of the stem is the forma- 
 tion and development of BUDS. At the commencement of its 
 growth, the ascending axis is itself a bud. 
 
 166. BUDS are of two kinds, namely, the leaf-bud, containing 
 the rudiments of a leafy branch, and the flower-bud, containing 
 the same elements transformed into the organs of a flower, for 
 the purposes of reproduction. 
 
 167. The leaf-bud consists of a minute, tender, growing point 
 of cellular tissue, originating with the pith, surrounded and pro- 
 tected by a covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. 
 (Fig. 22; 1.) 
 
 168. These scaly envelopes of the bud appear to be the rudimentary leaves of 
 the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in their development by 
 the frosts and scanty nutriment, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If 
 the bud of the maple or horse-chestnut (JEsculus) be examined, when swollen in 
 spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scales to the 
 evident leaves within. 
 
 a. It is an interesting illustration of designing Wisdom, that buds are furnished 
 with scales only in wintry climates. In the torrid zone, or in hot-houses, where 
 the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develope their buds into 
 foliage immediately after their formation, without clothing them in scales. In 
 annual plants, also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive 
 the winter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into 
 scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of nature, to protect the young 
 shoots, in their incipient stages, from cold and moisture, an office which they 
 effectually fulfil by their numerous downy folds, and their insoluble coat of 
 resin. * 
 
 169. The original bud (plumule) of the embryo is at first 
 developed into a simple stem, and being itself continually repro- 
 duced, is always borne at the termination of that stem ; that is, 
 the axis is always terminated by a bud. 
 
 a. Besides this, the axis produces a bud (21, a) in the axil of each leaf, that is, 
 at the point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. If these axillary buds remain 
 inactive, the stem will still be simple, as in the mullein. In general, however, 
 
 * In many trees the scales of the buds are clothed with a thick down. In others, as in the 
 horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a 
 viscid and aromatic resin, resembling a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be 
 separated from a handful of such buds in boiling water. 
 
NODE AND INTERNODES. 71 
 
 some or all of them are developed, forming leafy divisions of the axis, which thus 
 becomes branched. 
 
 b. Buds are said to be adventitious when they are neither terminal nor axillary. 
 Such buds generally result from some unnatural condition of the plant, as maim- 
 ing or disease, and may be formed in the internodes, or upon the roots (140), 
 or from the trunk, or even from the leaves, as in the Bryophyllum. 
 
 170. A BRANCH, therefore, is a division of the axis, produced 
 by the development of an axillary bud. 
 
 171. A THORN, or spine, is a leafless, hardened, pointed, 
 woody process, with which some plants are armed, as if for self- 
 defence. Ex. Cratsegus, locust 
 
 a. The thorn appears to be an abortive growth of a bud, resulting from the im- 
 perfect development of the growing point only, while, its leafy coverings perish. 
 Some plants which naturally produce thorns become thornless by cultivation. 
 In such cases the buds are enabled, by better tillage, to produce branches instead 
 of thorns. Ex. apple, pear, gooseberry. 
 
 b. The thorn is distinguished from the prickle (43) by its woody structure, and 
 its connection with the wood of the stem, while the prickle, as of the rose, consists 
 of hardened cellular tissue, connected with the bark only. 
 
 172. That point in the stem where the leaf, with its axillary 
 bud, is produced, is called the NODE, and the spaces between 
 them the INTERNODES. 
 
 a. In the internodes the fibres of the stem are parallel, but at the nodes this 
 order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres being sent off later- 
 ally into the leaf-stalk, occasioning, more or less, a jointed appearance. Hence, 
 also, each internode contains fewer fibres, and is of a less diameter than those 
 below it, so that the axis gradually diminishes upwards. 
 
 173. Since the branches arise from axillary buds, their ar- 
 rangement upon the stem will depend upon that of the leaves, 
 which, in all young plants, at least, are arranged with great 
 symmetry and order. 
 
 174. It is a general law in the arrangement of the leaves and 
 indeed of all other appendages, that they are disposed spirally, 
 that is, in a line which winds around the axis like the threads 
 of a screw. 
 
 a. But this arrangement is often so much disguised by disturbing causes that it 
 can scarcely be recognized. The most common modification of it is the circular, 
 which is readily explained. The spiral line is formed by the union of two 
 motions, the circular and the longitudinal. The latter is produced in the grow- 
 ing plant by the advancement or lengthening of the axis. Now, if the latter be 
 7 
 
72 
 
 THE STEM. 
 
 interrupted from any cause, a circular arrangement is the consequence, au 
 arrangement so conspicuous in the organs of the flower (61, a, b, c), and in the 
 leaves of the Stellatse, and other plants. 
 
 175. When a single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is 
 more obviously spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two 
 arise at each node they are placed opposite to each other, and at 
 right angles to the adjacent pairs. When three or more arise at 
 each node they are disposed, of course, in a circle, and are said 
 to be verticillate, or whorled. 
 
 176. In like manner, the arrangement of the branches, when 
 divested of all disturbing causes, is found to be SPIRAL ; that is, 
 alternate in most plants, opposite in the ash, &c., or verticillate 
 in the pine, &c. 
 
 FIG. 22. 1, Buds, terminal and lateral, with their scaly envelopes ; 2, the scaly bulb of 
 the lily, showing its analogy to the bud ; 3, vertical section of the same. 
 
 a. The ascending axis is exceedingly various in form, size, position, and struc- 
 ture, existing in every plant under some one or other of its modifications. It has 
 already been stated, that although its tendency is at first upwards, it does not 
 always arise above the surface. Hence the primary division of this organ into 
 subterranean and aerial. 
 
 177. The SUBTERRANEAN STEM was deemed a root by the ear- 
 lier botanists, and those plants which possessed such stems only 
 were called acaulescent or stemless, terms still in use, denoting 
 merely the absence of aerial stems. The principal modifica- 
 tions are the bulb, corm, tuber, rhizoma, and creeper. 
 
TUBER. 
 
 73 
 
 178. The BULB partakes of the nature of the bud. It consists 
 of an oval mass of short, thickened scales, closely compacted in 
 concentric circles and layers, emitting a stem from their midst, 
 and roots from the base or cottum (141). 
 
 a. Bulbs are said to be timicated when they consist of concentric layers, each 
 entire, and enclosing all within it, as in the Onion. But the more common 
 variety is the scaly bulb, consisting of thickened concave scales, connected to- 
 gether at the base, as the lily, tulip. 
 
 b. The bulb is renewed annually, at the approach of winter, by the develop- 
 ment of new bulbs in the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the 
 old. 
 
 c. Bulblets are small, aerial bulbs, formed in the axils of the leaves upon the 
 stem, which, when matured, fall to the ground, take root, and produce a perfect 
 plant. The tiger-lily (Lilium bulbiferum) is an example, also several species of 
 the onion. Such plants are termed bulbiferous. 
 
 2 
 
 FIG. 23. Forms of the stem ; 1, Allium ; 2, Arum; 3, Solanum tuberosum; 4, San- 
 guinaria ; 5, a spinous branch. 
 
 179. The CORM is the dilated, subterranean base of a stem, 
 resembling the bulb in form and position, but differing in struc- 
 ture, being composed of a uniform and solid mass, without dis- 
 tinction of layers or scales. It has been improperly called a 
 solid bulb. Ex. Arum, or Indian turnip. 
 
 180. The TUBER is an annual, thickened portion of a subter- 
 ranean stem, provided with latent buds (called eyes), from 
 which new plants arise the succeeding year. It is the develop- 
 ment of buds, and the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, 
 that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The pota- 
 toe is an example. 
 
74 THE STEM. 
 
 J81. The RHIZOMA, or rootstock, is a prostrate, thickened, 
 rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often cov- 
 ered with scales, which are the rudiments of leaves, or marked 
 with scars, which indicate the insertion of former leaves, and 
 yearly producing both shoots and roots. Such is the thickened, 
 horizontal portion of the blood-root (Sanguinaria), sweet flag 
 (Calamus), and the bramble (Rubus). 
 
 182. The CREEPER differs from the above only in size, consisting of slender 
 branches, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions, 
 and to considerable distances beneath the surface, sending out roots and branches 
 at intervals. The witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants 
 are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be 
 torn and cut in pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus 
 multiplied as many times as there are fragments. 
 
 a. Kepent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They fre- 
 quently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind down and secure 
 against the inroads of water, and even of the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its 
 very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound 
 together. Much of the surface of that country is well known to be even below 
 the level of the sea. To protect it from inundation, dikes of earth have been 
 built, with immense labor, along the coast. These dikes are overspread with a 
 thick growth of such plants as the mat-grass, or Arundo arenaria, the Carex are- 
 naria, and the Elymus arenarius, by the innumerable roots and creepers of which 
 they are enabled to resist the washing of the waves. 
 
 183. To AERIAL STEMS belong the following varieties; caulis, 
 runner, scape, vine, trunk, sucker, offset, and stolon. 
 
 184. CAULIS (stem) is the term commonly applied to the aerial 
 stems of herbaceous plants, which are annual in duration, and 
 destitute of woody tissue. Caulescent and acaulescent are con- 
 venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter 
 the absence of the caulis, or aerial stem. 
 
 185. RUNNER. This is a prostrate, filiform stem, or shoot, ex- 
 tending itself along the surface of the ground, and throwing out 
 roots and leaves at its extremity, which become a new plant, 
 soon putting forth new runners in its turn. Ex. strawberry. 
 
 186. The SCAPE is a stem which springs from the summit of 
 the root, or rootstock, and bears the inflorescence of the plant, 
 but not its foliage. Ex. Sarracenia, daffodil, several species of 
 the Orchis, &c. The foliage of such plants is usually radical, 
 that is, springing from the root or subterranean stem. 
 
TRUNK. 75 
 
 a. CULM (culmus) is a term by which the peculiar stems of the grasses, and 
 similar plants are usually designated in descriptive botany. It seems, however, 
 an unnecessaiy distinction. 
 
 187. VINE. This is a term denoting those stems which, being 
 too weak to stand erect, creep along the ground, or any conven- 
 ient support, and do not throw out roots like the runner. The 
 vine sometimes supports itself on other plants, or objects, by 
 means of tendrils, as the gourd, and most of its tribe ( Cucurbita- 
 cese) ; the grape-vine, &c. Such plants are called climbers. 
 
 a. The tendril is a leafless, thread-like branch ; or an appendage growing out of 
 the petiole of the leaf; or it is the lengthened extremity of the midrib of the leaf. 
 Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it 
 immediately winds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic 
 hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacese and 
 grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosse), where it 
 is appended to the leaves. 
 
 188. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length greatly disproportionate 
 to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects, by entwining itself 
 around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Humulus) ascends into 
 the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its windings is 
 always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left ; nor can any artificial 
 training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among 
 twining plants. Every individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in 
 one direction although opposite directions may characterize different species. 
 Thus the Convolvulus revolves from left to right, against the sun. 
 
 189. TRUNK. This is the name given to the peculiar stems 
 of trees. It is the central colmm, or axis, which supports their 
 branching tops, and withstands the assaults of the wind by 
 means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or ligne- 
 ous tissue in which it abounds. 
 
 a. The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus 
 strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimes attains 
 the height of 180, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and without a 
 branch for more than two thirds its length.* 
 
 * At the first establishment of Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college plain a 
 tree of this species, measuring 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests, 
 measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15 in diameter. The Dagon tree on the 
 island of Teneriffe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansonia, in Sene- 
 gal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The 
 famous Chestnut tree on Mt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feet in diameter, and 
 consequently near 200 feet circumference. 
 
 7* 
 
76 
 
 THE STEM. 
 
 b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a few 
 years and immediately decaying, while on the contrary, the ordinary age of trees 
 is beyond the age of man 3 and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. * 
 
 190. The SUCKER is a branch proceeding from the stem, or 
 root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing 
 out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant. 
 Ex. rose, raspberry. 
 
 191. An OFFSET is a short, lateral branch, terminated by a 
 cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated 
 from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervivum). 
 
 192. A STOLON is a branch which proceeds from an elevated 
 part of the stem, and afterwards, descending to the earth, takes 
 root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It 
 differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not 
 below it. 
 
 FIG. 24. Forms of the stem ; 1, Fragaria ; 2, Vitis ; 6, tendrils ; 3, cirrhose leaf of Pisuin ; 
 4, Pyrola ; 5, sucker. 
 
 193. A plurality of stems, or trunks, is observed in a few spe- 
 cies of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan (Ficus 
 
 *It is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years ; a sycamore in Palestine, 
 1050 years ; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years ; a cedar on Mt. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the 
 great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, in the 
 " garden of Gethsemane," some of the olives which witnessed our Saviour's passion ; and 
 at Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to have existed since the age of Pliny. 
 
EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS. 77 
 
 Indica), and the black Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) are men- 
 tioned as examples of this singular conformation. 
 
 a. The former originally arises with a single trunk. From the principal 
 branches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional sup- 
 port, long, leafless shoots are sent down. When these shoots reach the earth, 
 they take root, and become new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The 
 branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other trunks to descend, 
 until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Hindostan, a tree of 
 this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than 
 3000 trunks, and to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of 
 the West Indies. The new trunks of this tree are said to be formed from the 
 seeds which germinate without becoming detached from the branches, sending 
 down remarkably long, tapering radicles to the earth. 
 
 $ 1. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM, 
 
 194. The substance of herbaceous stems is soft and succu- 
 lent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longi- 
 tudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and 
 vascular tissue, which diverge from the main stem into the 
 leaves. 
 
 195. This is essentially the structure of the first year's growth 
 of perennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the frame- 
 work of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual 
 pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened and consolidated 
 by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years. 
 
 a. Plants differ in respect to the arrangement of these fibres and vessels, and in 
 the mode of their increase ; on this difference is based that first grand distinction 
 of Phsenogamous plants into Exogens and . Endogens, to which allusion has 
 already been made (126 7). 
 
 196. The division of EXOGENS (outside growers) includes all 
 the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate cli- 
 mates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter 
 of the stem are made externally to the part already formed. 
 
 197. The division of ENDOGENS (inside growers), including 
 the grasses, and most bulbous plants of temperate regions, and 
 the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accre- 
 tions of the stem being made within the portions already 
 formed. 
 
 198. In the exogenous structure, the stem consists of the pith, 
 wood, and bark. 
 
78 THE STEM. 
 
 199. The PITH (medulla) occupies the central part of the 
 stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is 
 chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable 
 only in the earlier stages of growth. It is then pervaded by 
 fluids ; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being 
 filled with air only, and much diminished in volume. 
 
 FIG. 25. Exogens, oak, fir, &c. ; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &c. 
 
 200. Immediately around the pith is formed the MEDULLARY 
 SHEATH, which is a thin, delicate membrane of vascular tissue 
 (33), sending off a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and 
 veins of each leaf. This, with the leaves, is the only part of 
 exogenous stems which usually contains spiral vessels. 
 
 201. The WOOD is composed of concentric zones, or layers, 
 pervaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The 
 first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath, 
 is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each 
 successive year, during the life of the plant ; hence the whole 
 
ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN. 
 
 79 
 
 number of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate 
 the age of the tree. 
 
 202. Each woody layer is composed of ligneous fibre, vasi- 
 form tissue, and ducts (33, /). The first gives strength and solid- 
 ity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage. 
 
 a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre, 
 while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in 
 the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of 
 their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This cir- 
 cumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section 
 of the stem. 
 
 dc dc 4 a bcdcdcde 
 
 FIG. 26. Sections of wood ; 1, 2, 3, horizontal, 4, 5, vertical. 1, Exogenous stem of one 
 year's growth; a, pith, 6, bark, c, medullary rays, d, woody bundles of fibre and vessels; 
 2, stem of three years' growth, a, pith, e, bark, b, c, rf, successive annual layers ; 4, a, pith, b, 
 spiral vessels of the medullary sheath, c, dotted ducts, d, woody fibre, e, bark ; 3, Endogen- 
 ous stem, exhibiting the bundles of woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts, irregularly disposed 
 in the cellular tissue ; 5, a, cellular tissue, 6, spiral vessels on inner side of c, dotted ducts, rf, 
 woody fibre on the exterior side. 6, Laticiferous vessels of the bark. 
 
 203. The outer and more recent portion of the layers constitutes the ALBUR- 
 NUM (albus, white), or sap-wood. This is usually of a softer structure and lighter 
 color than the rest of the wood, and it is through the vessels of these layers alone, 
 that the sap ascends. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by 
 the deposition of solid secretions in their vessels, until they can no longer allow 
 the passage of fluids through them. Thus the DURAMEN (durus, hard), or heart- 
 wood is formed, the texture of which is firm and durable. It is only the dura- 
 men which is useful in the arts. > 
 
80 THE STEM 
 
 204. The MEDULLARY RAYS are those fine lines which appear in 
 a cross section of the stem, radiating from the pith to the bark, 
 intersecting all the intervening layers. They consist of thin, 
 firm plates of cellular tissue ; being, like the pith, the remains of 
 that tissue, which at the first constituted the whole of the stem. 
 
 a. These rays are quite conspicuous in vertical sections of the oak, or the 
 maple, where they are sometimes called the silver grain. 
 
 205. The BARK is the extenial covering of the stem, consisting 
 of several integuments, of which the outer is the epidermis (35), 
 that next within the cellular integument, and the inner the liber. 
 
 206. The structure of the two outer integuments is chiefly 
 cellular, and that of the inner, or liber, is both cellular and 
 woody. The cellular integument is very thick in Quercus 
 suber, and constitutes that useful substance cork. The liber 
 (Lat. the inner bark, hence a book, because it "was manufactured 
 into parchment) is usually thin, delicate, and strong, and has 
 been often applied to useful purposes, as in those trees of Poly- 
 nesia from which cloth, mats, and sails are made. 
 
 207. At the end of the spring a portion of the sap, now transformed into a 
 viscid, glutinous matter called cambium, is deposited between the liber and the 
 wood, becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon each. Soon 
 afterwards, the new layers are pervaded by woody tubes and fibres, which com- 
 mence at the leaves and grow downwards. Thus the number of layers formed 
 in the bark and wood will always be equal. 
 
 a. Since the growth of the bark takes place by internal accretions, it follows 
 that the older layers must be carried outwards arid continually expanded. Thus, 
 although smooth and entire at first, they at length become shaggy and rough, 
 with longitudinal furrows and ridges, and finally they are cast off, as in the hem- 
 lock, spruce, walnut, &c. Not unfrcquently, however, the older layers are ex- 
 tended in horizontal grains, or fibres, encircling the stem, as in the white birch 
 (Betula papyracea). 
 
 b. The peculiar virtues or qualities of the plant reside in the bark rather than 
 in the wood ; hence this is the part chiefly used for medicine, dyes, tannin, &c. 
 
 c. That vascular system which is peculiar to the bark, serving for the circula- 
 tion of its fluids, is called the laticiferous tissue (34). It exists in the form of a 
 complete network of vessels, through which the sap moves in all directions. 
 
 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 
 
 208. We have already stated (156) that the stem serves to 
 convey the sap from the roots to the opposite extremities of the 
 plant. 
 
ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 81 
 
 209. That portion of the stem which serves this important 
 purpose is the alburnum (203). Through its ducts and fibres 
 the sap is elevated to the leaves, with the vessels of which they 
 communicate. Having been there elaborated by exhalation and 
 decomposition into a certain nutritious fluid called latex, it de- 
 scends by the laticiferous tissues of the liber. Of this descend- 
 ing sap a part is carried inward from the bark by the medullary- 
 rays, and thus diffused through the whole stem ; the remainder 
 descends to the roots, and is in the same manner diffused 
 through their substance, both for their nourishment, and for the 
 purpose of maintaining the conditions requisite for endosmose 
 (159, a). 
 
 3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 
 
 210. In the endogenous stem there is no distinction of pith, 
 wood, and- bark, nor does a cross-section exhibit any concentric 
 arrangement of annual layers. (Fig. 26; 3, 5.) 
 
 211. It is composed of the same tissues and vessels as that 
 of the exogen, that is, of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral ves- 
 sels, and ducts; the first existing equally in all parts of the 
 stem, and the rest imbedded in it in the form of bundles. 
 
 212. Each bundle consists of one or more ducts, with spiral 
 vessels adjoining their inner side next the centre of the stem, 
 and woody fibres on their outer side, as in the exogen. 
 
 a. A new set of these bundles is formed annually, or oftener, proceeding from 
 the leaves and passing downwards in the central parts of the stem, where the cel- 
 lular tissue is most abundant and soft. After descending awhile in this manner, 
 they turn outwards, and interlace themselves with those which were previously 
 formed. Hence the lower and outer portions of the palms, and other endogens, 
 become exceedingly dense and hard, even so as to resist the stroke of the axe. 
 
 6. The age of most endogenous trees, as the palms, would seem to be limited 
 by this peculiarity of growth. The stem at length becomes incapable of further 
 increase in diameter, and the lower portions of it so densely filled with the de- 
 scending fibres as to become impervious to all succeeding ones, and the tree 
 languishes and dies. 
 
 c Endogenous stems, both herbaceous and woody, are often hollow, with solid 
 joints ; as in the grasses and bamboo. 
 
82 THE LEAF. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE LEAP. 
 
 213. THE leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far 
 the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of 
 nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable 
 economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. 
 
 214. The leaf is characterized by a thin and expanded form, 
 presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air 
 and the light, which agents are indispensable to the life and in- 
 crease of the plant. 
 
 215. The color of the leaf is almost universally green, which 
 of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye ; but its intensity 
 varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted with the 
 more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure 
 is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, 
 orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, 
 variety, and splendor of coloring, which the wildest fancy could 
 scarcely surpass. 
 
 a. The color of the leaf is due to minute globules, or grains, called chlorophyll 
 (green leaf), adhering to the insides of the cells, just beneath the cuticle, and 
 composed of carbon and hydrogen, with a small proportion of oxygen. Their 
 change of color in autumn, is stated by Macaire to depend upon their oxydation. 
 As the leaves in autumn absorb more oxygen by night than they evolve by day, 
 an excess is gradually added to the chlorophyll, which changes the green first to 
 yellow, then to orange, red, and crimson successively, according to the quantity 
 absorbed. The same effect may be produced by acids. 
 
 b. As flowers are modifications of leaves, it is probable that their various and 
 splendid coloring is due to the same source, namely, the modifications of the 
 chlorophyll by various degrees of oxydation, or by the presence of acids or alka- 
 lies in the cells. 
 
 1. VERNATION. 
 
 216. A leaf-bud contains a collection of undeveloped leaves, 
 folded together in such a manner as to occupy the least possible 
 space. The particular manner in which the young leaves are 
 folded in the bud, varies in different species, and is called VER- 
 NATION. 
 
ARRANGEMENT. 83 
 
 a. The vernation of the leaf is exhibited in a most interesting manner, by 
 making, with a keen instrument, a cross-section of the bud in its swollen state? 
 just before its expansion; or it may be well observed by removing the scales. 
 
 217. The forms of vernation are mostly similar to those of aestivation (108), 
 and are expressed by similar terms. Some of the principal are the following : 
 
 1. Equitant, overlapping each 
 other in a parallel manner, with- 
 out any involution, as in the 
 leaves of the Iris. 
 
 2. Obvolute, one of the margins 
 of each leaf interior and the 
 other exterior to the margin of 
 the leaf opposite. Ex. sage. 
 
 FIG. 27. Forms of vernation. The numbers agree 3. Involute, having the edges 
 with the corresponding paragraphs. rolled inwards. Ex. apple, violet 
 
 4. Revolute, the margins rolled outwards or backwards. Ex. willow, rosemary 
 
 5. Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry. 
 
 6. Plaited, each leaf folded like a fan. Ex. vine, birch. 
 
 7. Circinate, when rolled downwards from the apex, Ex. sundew, fern. 
 
 $2. ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 218. In regard to their insertion upon the axis, the arrange- 
 ment of the young leaves in the bud is nearly or quite circular, 
 but by the development of the axis, this arrangement is modi- 
 fied in various ways, and the leaves are then said to be 
 
 1. Scattered, or irregular, as in the potatoe. 
 
 2. Alternate, one above the other, on opposite sides. Ex. pea. 
 
 3. Opposite, two against each other at the same node (172). 
 
 Ex. Hydrangia. 
 
 4. Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each 
 
 node. Ex. meadow lily. 
 
 5. Fasciculate, or tufted, in crowded whorls, or spires. Ex. 
 
 Callitriche. 
 
 219 We have formerly shown how some of these modes of arrangement may 
 be reconciled with the spiral (174, a), and we here add, that, in general, when the 
 leaves are said to be scattered or alternate, they will be found, by the attentive 
 observer, to be strictly, though perhaps irregularly, spiral; always so in the 
 annual shoot. 
 
 a. Thus in the potato-vine, above cited, or in the house-leek, poplar, &c., if we 
 commence at the lower leaf, and draw a line to the next above it, thence to the 
 next and so on to the sixth leaf, we shall have gone just once around the stem, 
 8 
 
84 THE LEAF. 
 
 describing one tarn of an elongated spire, so that each sixth leaf only is placed 
 exactly above the first. 
 
 6. In the strictly alternate arrangement, we shall have made one complete turn 
 on arriving at every third leaf. But this is rare. More commonly the third leaf 
 is a little to the right or left of the perpendicular line on which the first is in- 
 serted, so that several turns must be made before we arrive at one which is 
 exactly in that line. 
 
 c. The opposite, or whorled, arrangement may be referred to the non-develop- 
 ment of some of the internodes ; but a better theory is that which supposes seve- 
 ral coordinate spires arising side by side : two, when the leaves are opposite, and 
 three, or more, when they are whorled. For the leaves of the second pair, or 
 whorl, are never placed exactly above those of the first, but above their intervening 
 spaces, in accordance with the alternation of the petals with the sepals, &c. (61, 6). 
 
 220. In regard to their position upon the plant, leaves are 
 radical, when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the sur- 
 face of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots ; can- 
 line, when they grow from the stem, and ramial (ramus, a 
 branch) when from the branches. 
 
 3. ORGANOGRAPHY. 
 
 221. A leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two 
 outer integuments of the bark (205) extended into a broad, thin 
 surface by a woody framework, or skeleton, proceeding from the 
 medullary sheath (200). This broadly expanded part is called 
 the LAMINA, or BLADE of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, 
 connected to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, connected to 
 the stem by a foot-stalk called the PETIOLE. 
 
 222. The petiole, therefore, where it exists, is the unexpanded 
 part of the leaf, but like the claws of the petals (102), it is not 
 an essential part, and is often wanting. Its form is rarely cylin- 
 dric, but is usually flattened or channeled on the upper side. It 
 is said to be 
 
 1. Compressed, when it is flattened in a vertical direction, so 
 that it is agitated by the slightest breath of air, as in the aspen 
 (Populus). 
 
 2. Winged (margined), when it is flattened or expanded later- 
 ally into a border. Ex. orange. 
 
 3. Amplexicaul (sheathing), when it is dilated at the base into 
 a margin which embraces or surrounds the stem, as in the Um- 
 belliferse. 
 
VEINS. 
 
 85 
 
 223. The lamina is generally of a rounded oval outline, longer 
 than wide, with equal sides but unequal ends. It is, however, 
 subject to variety almost infinite in this respect. The end of 
 the blade next the stem is the base, and that most remote, the 
 apex. 
 
 224. A leaf is simple when its blade consists of a single piece, 
 however cut, cleft, or divided ; and compound when it consists 
 of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a 
 compound petiole. 
 
 225. The frame-work, or skeleton, of the lamina above men- 
 tioned, consists of the ramifying vessels of the petiole, while the 
 lamina itself is, of course, parenchyma (29). These vessels are 
 collectively called veins, from the analogy of their functions. 
 
 226. The manner in which the veins are divided and distrib- 
 uted is termed venation. The organs of venation, differing from 
 each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein, 
 veins, veinlets, and veinulets. ( The old terms midrib and nerves, 
 being anatomically absurd, are here discarded.) 
 
 227. The midvein is the principal prolongation of the petiole, 
 running directly through the lamina to the apex ; as in the leaf 
 of the birch. If there be several similar divisions of the petiole, 
 radiating from the base of the leaf, they are appropriately 
 termed the veins; and the leaf is said to be three-veined, five- 
 veined, &c. Ex. maple. 
 
 228. The primary branches sent off from the midvein or the 
 veins we may term the veinlets; and the secondary branches, or 
 those sent off from the veinlets, are the veinulets. 
 
 229. There are three principal modes of venation which are, in general, char- 
 acteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 1st. Reticulate or net veined, as in Exogens. The petiole is 
 prolonged into the leaf in the form of the midvein, or several pri- 
 mary branches, dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which 
 unite again, and by their frequent inosculations form a kind of 
 network. Ex. maple, bean. 
 
 2nd. Parallel-veined, as in Endogens. In this kind of vena- 
 tion the veins are all parallel, whether proceeding from the base 
 of the leaf to the apex, or sent off laterally from the midvein, and 
 
 ^o ' V N 
 
 UNtVER '" I 
 
86 THE LEAP. 
 
 are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. Ex. grass, 
 lily. 
 
 1 234 
 
 FIG. 28. Forms of venation. 1, 2, Exogens ; 3, Endogen ; 4, acrogen. 
 
 3d. Forked-veined, as in the Cryptogamia, when the veins 
 divide and subdivide by forked divisions which do not unite 
 again. Ex. ferns. 
 
 230. Of the first kind of venation, the reticulate, there are two varieties which 
 deserve the most careful attention. The feather-veined and the radiate-veined. 
 
 1. The feather-veined leaf is that in which the venation con- 
 sists of a midvein, giving off at intervals lateral veinlets and 
 branching veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut. 
 
 2. In the radiate-veined, the venation consists of several 
 veins (227) of nearly equal size, radiating from the base 
 towards the circumference, each with its own system of veinlets 
 and veinulets. Ex. maple, crow-foot. 
 
 3. In parallel venation, the veins are either straight, as in the 
 linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaves of the 
 Orchis, or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, &c. 
 
 4. FORM OR FIGURE. 
 
 231. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leaf is 
 distinguished, becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection 
 with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed 
 for the development and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that there will 
 be the greatest extension of outline where the veins are largest and most numer- 
 ous. Consequently, the form of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the 
 veins, and the vigor of their action, in developing the intervening ti^ue. For 
 this interesting theory we are indebted to Alphonse De Candolle. 
 
VEINS. 
 
 87 
 
 a. In our description of individual forms, we shall select only the most remark- 
 able, leaving others for explanation in the Glossary. 
 
 The most obvious arrangement is that which is founded upon the modes of the 
 veining ; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise 
 to the same outline. 
 
 232. Of FEATHER-VEINED leaves, the following forms depend 
 on the length of the veinlets in relation to each other, and to the 
 mid vein. If the middle veinlets are longer than the rest, the leaf 
 will be 
 
 1, Orbicular (roundish), as in Pyrola rotundifolia. 
 
 FIG. 29. Figures of feather- veined leaves. The numbers refer to paragraphs, a, deltate 
 leaf of Populus. 
 
 2. Elliptical (oval), as in Lespe^eza prostrata; or 
 
 3. Oblong (narrow-oval). Ex. Arenaria lateriflora. 
 
 If the lower veinlets are longer than the rest,the leaf will be 
 
 4. Ovate (egg-shaped), as in the Mitchella repens, or 
 
 5. Lanceolate (lance-shaped), narrow, and tapering to each 
 end. Ex. sweet-william. 
 
 When the veins are most developed towards the summit of 
 the leaf, it becomes 
 
 6. Obovate (inversely egg-shaped), as in the walnut; or 
 
 7. Spathulate (shaped like a spathula), as in the daisy. 
 Again, if the lowest veinlets are longest, sending off veinulets 
 
 backwards, the leaf will be 
 
 8. Cordate (heart-shaped), like the ovate fcirm, with a hollow 
 (sinus) at the base, as in the lilac. 
 
 9. Auriculate, having ear-shaped lobes at the base. Ex. 
 
 sage. 
 
 8* 
 
88 
 
 THE LEAF. 
 
 10. Hastate (halbert-shaped), hollowed out at the base and 
 sides. Ex. Bitter-sweet. 
 
 11. Sagittate (arrow-shaped), with pointed, descending lobes 
 at base. Ex. Polygonum sagittatum ; Sagittaria ; &c. 
 
 12. Reniform (kidney-shaped), broad, rounded at the apex, 
 and hollowed at the base, as in the Asarum Canadense. 
 
 a. The following forms depend less upon the proportion of 
 the veinlets than on the imperfect development of the tissue 
 between them. 
 
 16 
 
 izwmrmm 21 a 
 
 FIG. 30. 12 16, figures of feather- veined leaves, the remainder of radiate-veined. 
 
 13. Runcinate (re-uncinate), having the margin extended at 
 the veins into pointed segments, which curve backwards. Ex. 
 Taraxacum. 
 
 14. Lyrate (lyre- shaped), with several deep, rounded sinuses, 
 occasioned by deficiency of tissue between the lower veinlets ; 
 water-cress ( Sisymbrium). 
 
 15. Pinnatifid (feather-cleft), with deep sinuses between the 
 veinlets, separating each margin of the leaf into oblong, par- 
 allel segments. Ex. Lepidium. 
 
 16. Sinuate, having deep, rounded openings between the 
 veinlets, seen in the leaves of the white oak. 
 
 233. RADIATE -VEINED leaves assume many forms, depending 
 upon the direction of the veins, and the quantity of the inter- 
 vening tissue. Some of them are the following. 
 
 17. Palmate (palm-shaped), having five lobes, with as many 
 veins (227) separated by deep divisions, so as to resemble the 
 palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. passion-flower. 
 
PARALLEL-VEINED LEAVES. 
 
 89 
 
 18. Digitate (finger-shaped), having narrower and deeper 
 segments than the palmate, as in the hemp. 
 
 19. Pedate (foot-shaped). The same as palmate, except that 
 the two lateral lobes are themselves subdivided, as in the 
 peony and passion-flower. 
 
 20. Laciniate (gashed), the veins and veinlets separate, as if 
 the blade were cut and gashed with scissors. Ex. Ranunculus. 
 
 21. Peltate (shield-like), the veins radiating in all directions, 
 and all connected by intervening tissue. This form is gener- 
 ally also orbicular, and appears to result from the union of the 
 base-lobes. Ex. Podophyllum peltatum, Tropeolum, Brasenia. 
 
 22. Reniform, broad-ovate, broad-cordate, &c., may also result 
 from the radiate veining. 
 
 234. The form of PARALLEL-VEINED leaves is less diversified 
 than that of the preceding classes, being 
 
 23. Linear, when the veins (and fibres) are straight, as in the 
 grasses. This form may also occur in the feather-veined leaf 
 by an equal development of all the veinlets as in Linaria vtil- 
 garis, &c. 
 
 a 
 
 FIG. 31. 23, 24, 25, figures of leaves with parallel veins ; 2 10, margins of leaves. 
 
 24. Oval, lanceolate, oblong, or some kindred form, when the 
 veins are curved, as in Carex, Cypripedium, Orchis, &c., or it 
 may be 
 
 25. Cordate, when some of the lower veins are curved back- 
 wards and then upwards, as in Pontaderia, and even sagittate, 
 when they are directed downwards at the base, as in the Sagit- 
 taria. 
 
90 THE LEAF. 
 
 26 Acerose (needle-shaped), when there is little or no distinc- 
 tion of lamina, petiole, or veins, as in the leaves of the pine. 
 
 5. MARGIN. 
 
 235. The margin of the leaf is also modified chiefly by the 
 same causes which affect the form. It is said to be 
 
 1. Entire, when even-edged. This may result from the full development of the 
 tissue, or from a vein running parallel with the margin. Ex. lilac, lily. 
 
 2. Dentate (toothed), the tissue incomplete, having teeth with concave edges, 
 pointing outwards from the centre. Ex. hawkweed. If the teeth are very fine, 
 the margin is said to be denticulate. If the teeth are themselves toothed, it is 
 doubly dentate. 
 
 3. Sen-ate, having sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw Ex 
 Rosa. If the serratures are very small, it is serrulate. If they are themselves 
 serrate, it is doubly serrate. 
 
 4. Crenate, notched with rounded or convex teeth, as in Glechoma. If such 
 notches are very small, it is crenulate. 
 
 5. Erose (gnawed), having the margin irregularly toothed, or jagged, as if 
 hitten by animals. 
 
 6. Undulate (wavy), the margin rising and falling like waves. Ex. Amaranthus. 
 
 7. Spinous, when the veins project far beyond the tissue in sharp spines, as in 
 the thistle. Such leaves are said to be armed, and the opposite corresponding 
 term is unarmed. 
 
 8. Incised (cut), margin divided by deep incisions. 
 
 9. Laciniate (torn), divided by deep and irregular gashes. " 
 
 10. Crisped, margin much expanded and curled by a superabundance of tissue, 
 as in the mallows. 
 
 11. Repand, having the margin slightly concave between the projecting veins. 
 Ex. Solanum nigrum. 
 
 6. APEX. 
 
 236. In regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it is 
 said to be 
 
 1. Acute, when it ends with an acute angle. 
 
 2. Obtuse, when it ends with a segment of a circle. 
 
 3. Acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point. 
 
 4. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end. 
 
 5. Refuse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 
 
 6. Mucronate, abruptly terminated by a short, hard, bristly point, &c. 
 
 7. SURFACE. 
 
 237. The following terras are employed in descriptive botany, 
 chiefly to denote the modifications of the surface (epidermis) 
 
LEAFLETS. 
 
 91 
 
 of the leaf. They are, however, equally applicable to the sur- 
 face of any other organs. (41, a.) 
 
 1. Glabrous, smooth; denoting the absence of all hairs or bristles. Hydrangea. 
 
 2. Pubescent, covered with soft hairs or down. LoniceraXylosteum. 
 
 3. Rough, with hard, short, even points. Borago officinalis. 
 
 4. Pilose, with short, weak, thin hairs. Prunella vulgaris. 
 
 5. Hoary, white, with very short, dense hairs. Gnaphalium. 
 
 6. Villose, with long, thin hairs. Solidago altissima. 
 
 7. Woolly, with long, dense, matted hairs. Mullein. 
 
 8. Tomentose, with dense, short, and rather rigid hairs. Spirea tomentosa. 
 
 9. Rugose, the tissue between the reticulated veins convex, from its superabun- 
 dance. Sage. 
 
 10. Punctate, dotted with pellucid glands (44, a). Hypericum punctatum. 
 
 3. COMPOUND LEAVES. 
 
 FIG. 32. Compound leaves. 4, Trifoliate leaves ; a, pinnately, as of the bean ; b, pal- 
 mately, clover 
 
 238. When a simple leaf becomes a compound one, the divis- 
 ion takes place upon the same principle as the separation of an 
 entire leaf into segments, lobes, and teeth, namely, from a defi- 
 ciency of parenchyma; the number and arrangement of the 
 leaflets will therefore, in like manner, depend upon the mode of 
 veining. 
 
 239. The divisions of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS, 
 and the same distinctions of outline, margin, &c., occur in them 
 as in simple leaves. In the truly compound leaf, each leaflet 
 
92 THE LEAF. 
 
 (which is usually supported on a distinct stalk), is articulated 
 (articula, a joint), with the main petiole, and separates from it 
 in decay. 
 
 240. From the feather veined arrangement may result the 
 following forms of compound leaves : 
 
 1. Pinnate (winged), where the petiole (midvein) bears a row 
 of leaflets on each side, generally equal in number and oppo- 
 site, as in the Acacia. 
 
 2. A pinnate leaf is said to be equally pinnate where the 
 petiole is terminated by neither leaflet nor tendril, as the Cassia 
 Marilandica, and unequally pinnate when it is terminated by an 
 odd leaflet or by a tendril. Ex. rose, locust, pea. In the latter 
 case the leaf is called cirrhose. 
 
 3. An interruptedly pinnate leaf has the leaflets alternately 
 small and large, as in the potato, avens. 
 
 4. A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty or 
 thirty pairs of leaflets, as in the Astragalus. Sometimes the 
 number of leaflets is but three, and the leaf becomes ternate or 
 trifoliate, as in the ash ; and, finally, it is sometimes, by the non- 
 development of the pinnce (pairs) reduced to a single terminal 
 leaflet, as in the lemon. Such a leaf is known to be compound 
 by the articulation of the leaflet to the petiole. 
 
 5. A bipinnate leaf (twice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- 
 lets of a pinnate leaf themselves become pinnate. Ex. Fuma- 
 ria officinalis. 
 
 6. A tripinnate leaf (thrice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- 
 lets of a bipinnate leaf become pinnate, Ex. Aralia spinosa. In 
 the leaf of the honey -locust (Gleditschia), we sometimes find all 
 these three degrees of division, namely, the pinnate, bipinnate, 
 and tripinnate, curiously combined, illustrating the gradual tran- 
 sition of the simple to the most compound leaf. 
 
 7. A biternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of the ternate 
 leaf become themselves ternate, as in Fumaria lutea. 
 
 8. A triternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of a biteniate 
 leaf become again ternate. Ex. Aquilegia. 
 
 241. The following forms of compound leaves may result 
 from the division of a radiate-veined leaf; the ternate, biternate, 
 &c., already mentioned ; 
 
ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 93 
 
 9. Quinate, when there are five leaflets radiating from the 
 same point of the petiole, as in Potentilla argentea. 
 
 10. Septinate, when there are seven leaves from the same 
 point in the petiole, and so on. 
 
 242. With regard to insertion, the leaf is said to be 
 1. Amplexicaul, when its base surrounds or clasps the stem. 
 124 35 
 
 FIG. 33. Modes of insertion. 
 
 2. Perfoliate, when the base lobes of an amplexicaul leaf are 
 united together, so that the stem appears to pass through the 
 leaf. 
 
 3. Decurrent, when the base lobes of the leaf grow to the 
 stem below the point of insertion, so that the leaf seems to run 
 downwards (Lat. decurro). 
 
 4. Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves are united. 
 
 5. Stellate, verticillate, or whorled, when several leaves are 
 arranged around the stem at the same node. 
 
 243. It is often found necessary, in the description of a plant, to combine two 
 or more of the terms above mentioned, to express some intermediate figure or 
 quality ; thus ovate-lanceolate, signifying between ovate and lanceolate, &c. 
 
 a. The Latin preposition s6 (under), prefixed to a descriptive term, denotes 
 the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessile, nearly ses- 
 sile, subserrate, somewhat serrate, &c. 
 
 9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 
 
 244. In the teazel (Dipsacus) of our own fields, and in the Tillandsia, or wild 
 pine of South America, there are hollows at the point of union between the leaf- 
 stalk and the stem, capable of holding a considerable amount of water. The 
 midrib and petiole of the leaves of the Arum, also, are channeled out in such a 
 manner as to convey water to the axil. 
 
 245. But the most remarkable of all leaves are those which are hollowed out 
 into the form of pitchers, called ascidia. 
 
 a. In the Sarracenia, a plant common in our own peat-bogs, these pitchers are 
 evidently fonned by the very deep channeling of the petiole, and the uniting 
 together of the involute edges of its winged margin so as to form a complete 
 vase, with a broad expansion at the top, which may be regarded as the true leaf. 
 
94 THE LEAF. 
 
 The ascidia thus formed are always full of water, in which insects are drowned, 
 being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. 
 
 246. The Nepenthes is a native of the East Indies. Its proper leaves are ses- 
 sile and lanceolate. The midvein extends beyond the apex, like a tendril, to the 
 length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hol- 
 low vessel similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure 
 water. It is furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament which ex- 
 pands or contracts according to the state of the atmosphere, so that the cup is 
 open in damp weather to receive moisture from the air, and closed in dry weather 
 to prevent its evaporation. 
 
 FIG. 34. Ascidia. 1, Sarracenia purpurea; 2, Nepenthes distillatoria ; 3, Dischidia Raf- 
 flesiana. 
 
 247. Another wonderful provision of this kind is observed in a plant growing 
 in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall 
 trees to the distance of 100 feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near 
 its top. These cannot, therefore, it would seem, derive much nourishment from 
 the earth. The pitchers seem formed of a leaf with its edges rolled towards each 
 other, and adherent, and its upper end, or mouth, is open to receive whatever 
 moisture may descend into it, of which there is always a considerable quantity. 
 But the greatest marvel in its structure is yet to be described. Several bundles 
 of absorbent fibres, resembling roots (142, 6), are sent out from the nearest parts 
 of the stem and enter the pitchers and spread themselves through the cavity. 
 The design of this apparatus .scarcely needs be mentioned. 
 
 248. The leaf of Venus' fly-trap (Dionsea muscipula), native at the south, is 
 also of a very curious construction. At the extremity of each leaf are two lobes, 
 bordered with spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points 
 projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor attractive to insects. But 
 when an unlucky fly, in search of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly 
 close and impale him in their fatal embrace. 
 
 249. STIPULES are certain leaf-like expansions situated on 
 each side of the petiole, at its base. They are membranous, 
 leathery, or spiny. They do not occur in every plant, but are 
 pretty uniformly present in each plan* of the same natural order 
 Ex. pea, rose, Viola tricolor. 
 
 250. Stipules are generally supposed to be accessory leaves^ although their 
 
INVOLUCRE. 
 
 95 
 
 nature is certainly obscure. They are subject to the same laws of venation and 
 form, perform the same functions, and are sometimes almost undistinguishable 
 from the leaves themselves. They also (very rarely) develop buds in their axils. 
 a. When they grow from the stem itself, they may, therefore, be regarded as 
 rudimentary leaves, but when from the base of the petiole, as is most common, 
 they are the undeveloped leaflets of a pinnate leaf, as in the rose. 
 
 251. 'When leaves are furnished with stipules they are said 
 to be stipulate, and when without them they are exstipulate. 
 The stipules which are situated at the base of leaflets are called 
 stipcls. 
 
 FIG. 35. Stipules, Bracts, &c. 1, a, stipule of grass ; 2, 6, of rose ; 3, c, bract of Tilia ; 
 4, d, of a Campanula; 5, Sium, a, involucre, c, involucel ; 6, Cornus Canadensis, a, colored 
 involucre, c, flowers ; 7, Arum, a spathe, c, spadix. 
 
 252. BRACTS, called also floral leaves, are leaf-like append- 
 ages, intermediate between leaves and the floral organs. From 
 leaves they are generally distinguished by their being placed 
 near the flower, their smaller size, their difference in form, and 
 often in color. 
 
 253. That bracts are of the same nature as leaves is perfectly evident, for so 
 gradual is the transition between them that no absolute limits can be assigned. 
 That they have a common origin with the sepals of the calyx also, is equally evi- 
 dent, so imperceptibly do the latter pass into bracts; affording one of the 
 strongest proofs of the doctrine of floral metamorphosis. 
 
 a. Bracts have received different names, according to their arrangement and 
 situation. They constitute an 
 
 254. Involucre, when they are arranged in a whorl, and sur 
 round several flowers. In the Phlox, and generally, it is green, 
 9 
 
96 THE LEAF. 
 
 but sometimes, as in the Cornus, it is colored like petals. Situ- 
 ated at the base of a compound umbel (305, a) it is called a 
 general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel a partial invo- 
 lucre, or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbelliferas. 
 
 255. In the Compositae the involucre consists of imbricated bracts, often in 
 several whorls surrounding the base of the heads (compound flowers), as the 
 calyx surrounds a simple flower. 
 
 256. In the grasses, the bracts subsist under the common name of husk or 
 chaff, to which is attached the awn or beard. The bracts situated at the base of a 
 spikelet of flowers, are called the glume, corresponding to the involucre. Those 
 situated at the base of each separate flower are palea, answering to the calyx, or 
 corolla. The pieces, of which each glume or palea is composed (generally two), 
 are called valves. 
 
 10. DURATION. 
 
 257. Leaves, although so universal an accompaniment of vegetation, are only 
 temporary appendages. They rapidly attain their growth, and in a great ma- 
 jority of cases flourish but a single season, at the end of which they perish, 
 although the plant on which they grew may continue to flourish for ages. To 
 mark their duration more accurately, leaves are said to be 
 
 1. Fugacious, when they fall off early, before the end of summer. 
 
 2. Deciduous, when they endure for a single season and fall in autumn. 
 
 3. Persistent, or evergreen, when they remain through all seasons, retaining their 
 color until the new leaves of the following spring appear, so that the plant is 
 always verdant. In accordance with the last two distinctions, plants are said to 
 be DECIDUOUS, or EVERGREEN. 
 
 258. The fall of the leaf in temperate climates, occurs near the end of autumn, 
 and marks an important era in the year. The first symptoms of decay are seen 
 in the changes of color from green to various shades of gold and crimson. These 
 gorgeous hues, gradually fading, at length give place to a pale russet, the com- 
 mon color of the faded leaf. 
 
 259. Defoliation, or the separation of the leaf from the stem, is due to several 
 causes. During the latter part of the summer, the vessels become clogged by the 
 deposition of earthy and solid matter contained in the sap, until they can no lon- 
 ger admit the free circulation of the fluids through them. The whole structure 
 consequently loses its vitality, dries up, and withers, and is finally cast off at the 
 point of articulation, as a dead part is from the living body of an animal. 
 
 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 260. Since the frame-work of the leaf is merely a divergent 
 portion of the medullary sheath (200), it must consist essentially 
 of the same tissues, namely, spiral vessels accompanied by 
 woody fibre, that is, fibro-vascular tissue. 
 
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 97 
 
 a. The tissue of the lamina, in like manner, must essentially 
 correspond with the outer integuments of the bark, of which it 
 is but an extension. That peculiar form of cellular tissue of 
 which it is composed is called parenchyma. 
 
 261. The parenchyma of the leaf exists in two layers, as 
 might be inferred from the manner in which it is produced 
 (221). In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in 
 position, one surface being upwards and the other downwards, 
 these two layers are dissimilar in structure ; but in those leaves 
 where the lamina is vertical, as in the iris, they do not mate- 
 rially differ. 
 
 a. The whole structure is, of course, clothed with the epi- 
 dermis. 
 
 262. The internal structure of the parenchyma is more complicated than would 
 be at first supposed. A powerful microscope is necessary for its examination. 
 Let an exceedingly thin paring be taken from a vertical section of the lamina 
 and submitted to the solar (or compound) microscope, in such a manner that the 
 rays shall pass from section to section. Fig. 36 represents a magnified view of 
 such a paring of the leaf of the lily, which may be regarded as characteristic of 
 leaves in general. 
 
 e e e e 
 
 FIG. 36. 1, Magnified section of a leaf of the lily ; 2, of the epidermis with stomata. 
 
 263. The upper surface (a, a) is thus seen to consist of the flattened cells of the 
 epidermis, arranged in a single layer. Just beneath this (6, b) is the more com- 
 pact part of the parenchyma, consisting of a layer of oblong cells placed in such a 
 position that their longer axis is perpendicular to the leaf's surface. Next below 
 we meet with the parenchyma of the lower surface (c, c), composed of oblong 
 cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely compacted as to leave larger empty 
 spaces between. Lastly, we find again the epidermis (d, d) of the under surface 
 with stomata (c, e), opening into air-chambers. 
 
 a. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen adhering to the walls, 
 She green globules (chlorophyll) which give color to the parenchyma, dark 
 
98 THE LEAF. 
 
 green above, where it is more compact ; but paler beneath, where the cells are 
 more loose and separate. 
 
 264. The empty spaces between the cells, called intercellular, communicate 
 with the external air by means of the stomata (37 39), which are generally 
 found only in the lower surface. In those leaves, however, whose position is nat- 
 urally vertical instead of horizontal, stomata are found equally on both surfaces. 
 In other leaves, as in the Nymphsea, they are found upon the upper surface alone, 
 the lower being in contact with the surface of the water. 
 
 265. The vessels of the latex (34) are distributed through the under layer of the 
 parenchyma. These are prolongations of the ramified veins, which, having 
 reached the edge of the leaf, double back upon themselves, pervade the lower sur- 
 face, and are again collected into the petiole, through which they are finally 
 returned into the bark. 
 
 266. A singular structure occurs in the Oleander of Barbary, and other plants 
 of hot and arid regions. The epidermis on the upper surface is double and very 
 compact, and there are few if any stomata on the lower surface, their places 
 being supplied by cavities within its substance, opening outwards by a small aper- 
 ture, and covered within by minute hairs. These peculiarities are adapted to the 
 conditions of the air and soil in which the Oleander flourishes. The hairs absorb 
 moisture from the air, which the cavities readily retain, while the double epider- 
 mis effectually restrains its evaporation. 
 
 12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES 
 
 267. These are exhalation, absorption, respiration, and diges- 
 tion, and the result of their combined action is the conversion 
 of the crude sap, absorbed from the soil by the roots, into the 
 proper juice or latex, for the nourishment and increase of the 
 plant, with its various products. 
 
 268. The crude sap consists of water holding in solution 
 minute quantities of various kinds of solid and gaseous matter 
 derived from the soil. In its passage from the root to the 
 leaves, its composition is somewhat modified by dissolving the 
 previously formed secretions, which it meets with on its way. 
 
 269. EXHALATION is the process by which the superabundant 
 water of the sap is given off to the atmosphere, so that the re- 
 maining sap is reduced, as it were, by concentration, and con- 
 tains a greater proportion of solid matter. It is analogous to 
 perspiration in animals. 
 
 270. It is to be distinguished from evaporation; the latter 
 depending solely upon heat and the state of the air, and being, 
 in plants, almost wholly restrained by the epidermis. 
 
 271. Exhalation appears to take place through the stomata 
 
RESPIRATION. 99 
 
 alone. But since these are opened by the influence of the light 
 and closed in its absence, it follows that exhalation can proceed 
 only in the presence of the light (155). 
 
 a. If a plate of glass be held near the under surface of an active leaf of the 
 Hydrangea, in a still air, it will soon be covered with dew ; but if the experiment 
 be repeated by holding the glass over the upper surface, it will remain dry. 
 Again, if the light be suddenly excluded from the plant in a state of active 
 growth, it will immediately cease to transpire, whatever be the temperature ; and 
 if the stomata be then examined they will be found dosed. 
 
 272. That exhalation and absorption by the roots are mutually dependent upon 
 each other, has already been stated (155). The quantity of fluid discharged by 
 the former may therefore be inferred from that of the latter. This has also been 
 confirmed by experiment. A sunflower 3 feet high, was ascertained by Hales 
 to transpire from 20 to 30 oz. of water daily; a cabbage from 15 to 25 oz., &c. 
 Experiments have also been made upon single leaves, recently plucked, with the 
 petiole immersed in water. Thus a leaf of the sunflower, weighing 31 grains, 
 absorbed and exhaled its own weight of water in 6 hours. 
 
 273. ABSORPTION is primarily the office of the roots (154), but 
 in certain circumstances it is performed by the leaves also. 
 
 a. When tha roots are imperfect, or wanting, or serve merely to fix the plant 
 in its position, as in some aerial parasites, and in some of the Orchidaceae, it is 
 evident that the plant must derive its nourishment chiefly from the absorption 
 performed by the leaves. Experiment also proves that the leaves of plants in 
 general are capable of this function. Every one knows how plants, when parched 
 and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which does not reach their 
 roots, but only moistens their leaves. 
 
 274. The lower surface of the leaf appears to be chiefly instrumental in absorp- 
 tion. This is readily shown by experiment. Leaves with their lower surfaces in 
 contact with the water, remain fresh much longer than others with their upper 
 surfaces thus placed. Leaves of the white mulberry, with the upper surface only 
 in contact with water, faded in six days, while others, reversed in position, lasted 
 as many months. 
 
 275. RESPIRATION in plants is analogous to respiration, or 
 breathing, in animals. In both it is equally constant and equally 
 necessary. It is performed principally by the leaves, but is not 
 confined to them, being partially performed by other parts also, 
 even by the roots. 
 
 276. Respiration consists of the absorption of oxygen from 
 the atmosphere, accompanied by the evolution of carbonic acid. 
 
 a. This process must not be confounded with another which occurs, of a con- 
 trary nature, treated of under the head of digestion. 
 
 9* 
 
 
100 THE LEAF. 
 
 277. Respiration appears to be going on constantly, by day 
 and by night, during the life of the plant, even while it is act- 
 ively engaged in the contravening process of the fixation of car- 
 bon. The result of it is, the removal of a certain superfluous 
 portion of carbon, in a state of combination with oxygen,* from 
 the nutritive substances of the plant, just as the same deleteri- 
 ous acid is removed from the blood of animals by breathing. 
 
 278. Let a few healthy plants be placed under a bell-glass containing air from 
 which all the carbonic acid has been previously removed. After a few hours 
 let the air be tested by shaking it with lime-water, and it will be found to contain 
 carbonic acid, rendering the lime-water turbid. This effect will be produced, 
 whether the bell-glass stand in the sunshine or in darkness, but the quantity of 
 acid evolved will be found to be much greater in the darkness. 
 
 279. Respiration is carried on with peculiar activity during 
 the two periods of germination and flowering. 
 
 a. In germination pure oxygen is absorbed, either from the ah* or water, or 
 both, in the absence of light (133, d), and returned to the air combined with the 
 superfluous carbon of the starch, which thus is converted into sugar for the nour- 
 ishment of the young plant. 
 
 b. It is also equally active at the time of flowering, a large quantity of oxygen 
 being converted into carbonic acid by the flower. By this process it seems that 
 the starch previously contained in the disk (107), or receptacle (59), is changed 
 into saccharine matter for the nutrition of the pollen and ovules (70,81), the 
 superfluous portion flowing off in the form of honey. And it has been ascer- 
 tained that the quantity of oxygen evolved bears a direct proportion to the devel- 
 opment of the disk, t 
 
 280. The life of the plant depends upon the continuance of respiration, for if it 
 be surrounded by an atmosphere with too great a proportion of carbonic acid, or 
 in a confined portion of air, which has become vitiated by its own action, and ex- 
 cluded from the light, its respiration is necessarily soon suspended, and it speedily 
 perishes. J 
 
 281. DIGESTION, in plants, consists properly of all those 
 changes effected by the leaves in rendering the crude sap fit for 
 the purposes of nutrition. But that process which is more par- 
 
 * Carbonic acid is composed of 6 parts (by weight) of carbon, combined with 16 parts of 
 oxygen. 
 
 t Thus Saussure found that the flower of the Arum, while in bud, consumed 5 or 6 times its 
 own volume of oxygen in 24 hours ; during the expansion of the flower, 30 times 2 and during 
 its withering, 5 times. When the floral envelopes were removed, he found that the quantity 
 of oxygen consumed by the stamens and pistils in 24 hours, was, in one instance, 132 times 
 their own bulk. 
 
CARBON. 101 
 
 ticularly described under the head of digestion, consists in the 
 decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissues of the leaves, 
 under the stimulus of the light, the fixation of the solid carbon, 
 and the evolution of pure oxygen. 
 
 282. Carbon is one of the principal ingredients in the vegetable structure. The 
 chief source from which plants obtain it is the atmosphere, which always contains 
 it in the form of carbonic acid, evolved by combustion, by the respiration of ani- 
 mals, from the earth, &c. 
 
 a. 'Now if we place some fresh leaves in an inverted bell-glass, containing air 
 charged with 7 or 8 per cent, of carbonic acid, and expose them to the direct light 
 of the sun for a few hours, it will be found that a large proportion of the carbonic 
 acid will have disappeared, and will be replaced by pure oxygen.' But this 
 change will not be effected in the dark, or by any degree of artificial light Ac- 
 cordingly we find that plants which grow in the dark become blanched from the 
 want of the proper supply of carbon, on which then- green color depends. 
 
 283. "We have before stated that this fixation of carbon in the substance of the 
 plant, contravenes the process of respiration, in which carbon is given off. The 
 former occurs only in the light of day, the latter by night as well as by day. But 
 as to the relative amount of carbon thus absorbed by the former process, and 
 evolved by the latter, there can be no reasonable doubt : for when we consider 
 how large a portion of the tissues of every plant is solid carbon, and that too, 
 derived chiefly from the atmosphere, it is evident that much more carbonic acid 
 is, on the whole, consumed by vegetation than is evolved. In accordance with 
 this are the results of the experiments of Dr. Daubeny, who has recently shown, 
 that ' in fine weather, a plant, consisting chiefly of leaves and stems, if confined 
 in a capacious vessel, and duly supplied with carbonic acid during sunshine, as 
 fast as it removes it, will go on adding to the proportion of oxygen present, as long 
 as it continues healthy.' 
 
 284. Thus are the two great kingdoms of nature rendered mutually subser- 
 vient, each to the well-being, and even the existence, of the other. Animals 
 require an atmosphere comparatively pure, although, by then- respiration and 
 decay, they are continually adding to the proportion of its deleterious gases. 
 Plants, on the other hand, thrive by the decomposition of these gases and the res- 
 toration of pure oxygen to the air in their stead. It is impossible not to admire 
 this beautiful arrangement of Providence, by which, as in a thousand other cases, 
 the means and ends are rendered reciprocal, affording the highest proof of wis- 
 'loin and design. 
 
 $ Another view of respiration, different from the above, has been ably maintained ; viz. that 
 it is not a vital action, but only a necessary result of a temporary suspension of vital action. 
 During the absence of the vivifying stimulus of the light, a part of the carbonic acid absorbed by 
 day is lost, from the want of power to retain it, and a small quantity of oxygen is absorbed to 
 recombine with some of the carbon recently set free. But as this theory does not account for the 
 loss of carbonic acid by day as well as by night, and moreover supposes imperfection in the origi- 
 nal design of the Creator, I have not yet seen fit to adopt it. 
 
K)2 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 INFLOKESCENCE. 
 
 285. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of 
 the flowers upon a stem or branch. 
 
 286. In regard to position upon the stem, the inflorescence, 
 like the leaf-bud, of "which we have shown it to be a modifica- 
 tion, is either terminal or axillary. 
 
 a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanaceje), 
 situated opposite to a leaf. This irregularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with 
 Lindley, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, ad- 
 heres to the internode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until 
 it is opposite the succeeding leaf. 
 
 287. The PEDUNCLE (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on 
 which the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no 
 leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered 
 in form, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the 
 flower is said to be sessile. 
 
 288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may 
 be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of 
 course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it 
 bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a sin- 
 gle flower, are called PEDICELS. 
 
 289. A SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter- 
 ranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless (177). Ex. 
 Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus. Like the peduncle, of 
 which it is a modification, it is leafless, or with bracts only, and 
 may be either simple or branched. 
 
 290. The RACHIS (?/*?, the spine) is the axis of the inflores- 
 cence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which 
 the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, currant, 
 grape, and grasses. 
 
 291. The inflorescence is said to be solitary when it consists 
 of a single terminal flower, as in Erythronium, or when but a 
 single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petu- 
 nia, Convolvulus. 
 
CENTRIFUGAL INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 103 
 
 292. In regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that is, 
 the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, bota- 
 nists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely, 
 the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from 
 axillary, and the other from terminal flowers. 
 
 293. In CENTRIPETAL inflorescence the evolution (blossoming) 
 of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or 
 the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as 
 in the Umbelliferse and the Craciferas. 
 
 a. The student will readily perceive that the circumference of a depressed (flat- 
 tened, inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the 
 centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis, or 
 rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it bears along with it at its apex, leav- 
 ing the circumference at the base. 
 
 294. In CENTRIFUGAL inflorescence the blossoming com- 
 mences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds 
 towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex. 
 Hydrangea, elder, and the pink tribe. 
 
 a. ' This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a soli- 
 tary floAver seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.' All the 
 flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which 
 terminates the axis) terminate lateral branches successively produced at the node 
 next below the primary flower. This is beautifupy illustrated in Spergula. 
 
 FIG. 37. Modes of inflorescence; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Cerastium maxi- 
 mum ; 2, fascicle ; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corymb) ; 4, spike. 
 
 295. Sometimes we find these two modes of inflorescence 
 combined in the same plant. In the Composite, as Dr. Gray 
 remarks, the heads, which may be called the partial inflores- 
 
104 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri- 
 fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral 
 ones. But in the Labiatse the partial inflorescences (verticilas- 
 ters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is 
 centripetal. 
 
 296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are, 
 the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head, 
 panicle, and thyrse. 
 
 297. The SFIKE is an inflorescence consisting of several ses- 
 sile flowers arranged along a common peduncle (rachis). Ex. 
 Plantago, Verbascum. 
 
 298. The RACEME is the same as the spike, but having the 
 flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and 
 blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme 
 may be either erect, as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as 
 in the currant and black cherry. 
 
 299. The AMENT, or catkin, is a spike whose flowers are cov- 
 ered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and 
 fall off together, all remaining still connected with the rachis. 
 Ex. Salix, Betula. 
 
 300. The SPADIX is a spike with a fleshy rachis enveloped in 
 a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Arum, Calla. 
 
 301. The CORYMB is the same as the raceme, having the 
 lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all the flowers to 
 nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn (CrataDgus). 
 
 302. An UMBEL resembles the corymb, but the pedicels are of 
 nearly equal length, and all arise from the same point in the 
 common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Aralia hispida, onion. 
 
 303. A tfEAD or CAPITULUM is similar to an umbel, but the 
 flowers are sessile or nearly so upon the summit of the pedun- 
 cle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena). 
 
 a. But the more common kind of capitulum is that where the 
 summit of the peduncle (rachis) is dilated into a broad disk (re- 
 ceptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is 
 the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the 
 Composites, and is equivalent to the compound flowers of the 
 earlier botanists. 
 
 b. In the capitulum there is a general resemblance to the simple flower, the 
 
CYME. 
 
 105 
 
 rays answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowers are 
 called florets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central 
 portions, florets of the disk. 
 
 304. The PANICLE is a compound inflorescence, formed by an 
 irregular branching 'of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats, 
 Poa, and many other grasses. 
 
 305. The THYRSE is the same as the panicle, having the 
 lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of 
 them very compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut 
 
 a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes 
 itself an umbel, as in most of the Umbelliferae. In these cases 
 the secondary umbels are called UMBELLETS, and sometimes 
 partial umbels. See $ 254. 
 
 By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound 
 raceme, a corymb a compound corymb, &c. 
 
 FIG. 38. Modes of inflorescence ; 1, raceme ; 2, ament ; 3, spadix ; 4, head ; 5, panicle ; 
 6, verticillaster} 7, thyrse. 
 
 306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties 
 are described ; namely, cyme, fascicle, and verticillaster. 
 
 307. CYME. This inflorescence has the general aspect of the 
 coiymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifu- 
 gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked 
 and 3 -forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, cluck- 
 weed. 
 
 a. The cyme is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its normal struc- 
 ture and development are as follows The terminal flower, which is the first to 
 
106 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which are, of course, 
 transverse to each other (219, c). Prom one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs 
 of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or 
 multinodal, and terminated by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary 
 peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pairs of tertiary peduncles, 
 each to be terminated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and 
 so on. 
 
 b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be 
 a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. Irregularities may also be 
 occasioned by the absence of other parts. 
 
 308. FASCICLE. This is a modification of the cyme, in which 
 the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet 
 william, and other species of Dianthus. 
 
 309. VERTICILLASTER or VERTICIL, called also, though improp- 
 erly, whorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are 
 peculiar to the Labiatse, where two such cymes occupy the 
 opposite axils of each pair of leaves. 
 
 a. Sometimes the peduncle, instead of producing flowers, is changed into a ten- 
 dril, as in the vine. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 
 
 310. It has already been shown, in the preceding chapters, 
 that plants consist chiefly of four simple organic elements ; viz. 
 carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The first mentioned 
 exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller, than either of 
 the others. These four elements constitute about 94 per cent 
 of all vegetable matter. 
 
 311. CARBON (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the 
 composition of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture 
 of the wood after the other ingredients have been expelled by 
 heat. On this element chiefly depends their solidity and 
 strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. NITROGEN, 
 although perhaps equally essential, is less abundant in the 
 tissues, and exists largely only in certain important vegetable 
 products ; as gluten, legumine, albumen. 
 
REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION 107 
 
 312. Besides these four universal elements, many other sub- 
 stances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or 
 less in different species : thus forest trees and most other inland 
 plants contain potassa ; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c. ; the 
 grasses, silex and phosphate of lime ; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate 
 of lime ; the Leguminosse, carbonate of lime. Now all these 
 ingredients, being found in plants, are inferred to be essential 
 elements in the food which they require for healthy vegetation; 
 and an inquiry into the sources from which they may be supplied, 
 constitutes the chief object of Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 313. It is evident that plants do not create a particle of matter, 
 and therefore do not originate in themselves any of the ingre- 
 dients which compose them; consequently they must obtain 
 them from sources without. These sources are obviously air, 
 earth, and water. Carbon is derived from the carbonic acid 
 which the atmosphere contains, and from the decaying vegetable 
 matter of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the water, and from 
 the carbonic acid of the atmosphere ; hydrogen, from water and 
 ammonia ; and nitrogen, from ammonia alone, either drawn from 
 the air or the soil. 
 
 314. The, ATMOSPHERE contains about TT5 Vo- part of carbonic 
 acid, diffused throughout the whole extent ; and, as this gas con- 
 tains 27 per cent of carbon, it may be demonstrated, that the 
 whole atmosphere contains at least fourteen hundred billions of 
 tons of solid carbon, derived from the sources mentioned in 
 $ 282, an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless drain 
 made upon it by the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 315. SOIL consists of two classes of materials; viz. mineral 
 and organic. The former, called earths, consists of disintegrated 
 and decomposed rocks, all the various mineral substances 
 which are found to enter into the composition of plants, as 
 potassa, soda, silica, lime, &c. all of which are more or less 
 soluble in water. The organic materials consist of the remains 
 of former tribes of plants and animals, mingled with the earths, 
 which, having access to air, are decomposed, evolving carbonic 
 acid and ammonia both to the air and the water. 
 
 316. WATER is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, in the pro- 
 portion of 8 to 1 by weight. Having pervaded the atmosphere 
 
 10 
 
108 REVIEW OP THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 
 
 in the state of vapor and rain, and percolated through the soil, 
 it holds in solution carbonic acid, ammonia, and many of the 
 various minerals above mentioned. 
 
 317. AMMONIA consists of nitrogen and hydrogen, in the pro- 
 portions of 14 to 3 by weight. It arises from decaying animal 
 and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is also generated in 
 the atmosphere, during storms, by the flashes of the electric 
 fluid. 
 
 318. Thus it appears that the three compounds, water, car- 
 bonic acid, and ammonia, may yield to plants their four essential 
 organic elements. And, since all of them are contained in the 
 air, some plants are capable of subsisting on air alone ; but most 
 species are dependent on water, earth, and air, and demand a 
 copious supply. The external circumstances, therefore, first 
 requisite to healthy vegetation are, 
 
 1. Free access to an atmosphere which is often agitated by 
 winds. 
 
 2. A proper supply of rain or river-water. 
 
 3. A soil possessing the peculiar minerals required by the 
 species to be grown upon it, together with a certain proportion 
 of vegetable mould. 
 
 319. The first of these is everywhere abundantly supplied by 
 nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third are 
 often deficient, and are to be supplied by the labors of agricul- 
 ture. By irrigation, streams of water are turned from their 
 natural channels to add to the scanty moisture of fields parched 
 with drought; while, by drainage, the inundated bog is con- 
 verted into a luxuriant lawn. 
 
 320. The object of tillage is to pulverize and lighten the too 
 compact soil, and thus expose every part to the oxygen of the 
 air in order to hasten its decomposition. The object of manur- 
 ing is mainly to increase the quantity of organic matter. By 
 various amendments, as gypsum, lime, and pulverized charcoal, 
 ammonia is powerfully attracted from the air, and yielded again 
 to the water. Marl promotes the decomposition of the soil, and 
 ashes add to the potassa which exists naturally in it being 
 derived from the decomposition of the rocks which contain it, 
 as granite, clay-slate, basalt, &c. 
 
REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 109 
 
 321. Soils are often improved by lying fallow for a season, 
 thus allowing time to form by decomposition a fresh supply of 
 that particular ingredient which had been exhausted by previous 
 crops. On the same principle is explained the beneficial effects 
 of a rotation of such crops as require different mineral substances 
 in their composition. 
 
 322. But when all these materials have been supplied to the 
 plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the great 
 work of vegetation will not go on. These life-giving principles 
 are light and heat, both of which emanate in floods from the sun. 
 Under their influence the raw material is received into the ves- 
 sels of the plant, and assimilated to its own substance, a pro- 
 cess which can be fully comprehended only by HIM whose 
 power is adequate to carry it on. 
 
 323. Under the influence of solar light, and a temperature 
 above the freezing point, water is imbibed by the roots and 
 raised into the tissues of the stem, dissolving, as it passes, small 
 portions of gum or sugar previously deposited there. In this 
 state it is crude sap. But passing on it enters the leaves, and 
 is there subjected to the action of the chlorophylle (215, a), which 
 chiefly constitutes the apparatus of digestion. Here it is con- 
 centrated by exhalation and evaporation, sending off quantities 
 of pure water. Meanwhile the leaves are imbibing carbonic 
 acid, decomposing it, retaining the carbon, and returning pure 
 oxygen to the air. 
 
 324. Thus elaborated, the sap is now termed the PROPER 
 JUICE, and consists of course of carbon and water, with a little 
 nitrogen, and minute portions of the mineral substances men- 
 tioned above. From this juice are elaborated the building 
 material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and 
 secretions. 
 
 325. First, by the aid of light, chlorophylle is developed, cloth- 
 ing the plant in living green. Next lignin is produced, the 
 peculiar principle of tissue, whether cellular, vascular, or woody, 
 consisting of carbon with the exact elements of water, viz. oxy- 
 gen and hydrogen. 
 
 326. Meanwhile gum, starch, and sugar, nutritive products 
 common to all plants, are also developed from the proper juice, 
 
110 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 
 
 not all to be immediately employed in building up the tissues, 
 but mostly to be stored away in reserve for future use. Such 
 deposits are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potato, and 
 in the fruit of almost all plants. These three products, with 
 lignin, are all composed of carbon with the elements of water, 
 gum and starch containing them in the same proportions. 
 
 327. Sugar is sometimes produced directly from the proper 
 juice, as in the root of the beet, stalk of the maize and sugar- 
 cane ; but oftener, during germination, from the starch deposited 
 in the seed. Its composition differs from that of starch, only in 
 containing a larger proportion of the elements of water, or (what 
 is the same thing) a smaller proportion of carbon. The trans- 
 formation of starch into sugar appears to be dependent on the 
 presence of a certain substance called "diastase; minute quan- 
 tities of which exist in seeds, and about the eyes of the potato." 
 
 328. The similarity of these four general products, in chemical 
 constitution, accounts for the facility with which they are con- 
 verted into each other in the growing plant. Thus gum is 
 converted into starch (in which state it is best adapted for pre- 
 servation), and starch is converted into sugar ( 131 ). In flowering, 
 sugar is rapidly consumed by the flower, a portion of it being 
 reconverted into starch, and deposited in the seed. Both gum 
 and sugar appear to be converted into lignin during the growth 
 of the tissues; and this substance, in the laboratory of the chemist, 
 has been changed again into gum and sugar. 
 
 329. Among the numerous secretions of plants which our limits 
 forbid us to consider, are the vegetable acids, containing more 
 oxygen than exists in water; and the oils and resins, containing 
 less than exists in water, or none at ail These substances vary 
 in the different species almost to infinity, taking into their con- 
 stitution, in addition to the four organic elements, minute portions 
 of the mineral substances introduced by rain-water. Their 
 peculiarities of flavor, odor, color, properties, &c. although so 
 obvious to the senses, are occasioned by differences in constitu- 
 tion often so slight as to elude the most delicate tests of the 
 chemist 
 
SPECIES AND GENERA. Ill 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 1. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 330. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY relates to the arrangement of plants 
 into groups and families, according to their characters, for the 
 purpose of facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, 
 history, properties, and uses. 
 
 331. The student in botanical science is introduced into a boundless field of 
 inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at every step : they clothe the 
 hill and the plain, the mountain and the valley. They spring up hi the hedges 
 and by the wayside ; they border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over its sur- 
 face; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the 
 depths of the ocean ; they are innumerable in multitude, infinite in variety. Yet 
 the botanist proposes to acquaint himself with each individual of this vast king- 
 dom, so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either 
 interesting, instructive, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is pre- 
 sented to his view. 
 
 332. Now it is obvious, that if the student should attempt the accomplishment 
 of this task by studying each individual plant in detail, whether with or without 
 the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely be sufficient to make a begin- 
 ning. 
 
 333. But such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author 
 of Nature has grouped these myriads of individuals into SPECIES (50). When 
 he called them into existence in their specific forms, he endowed each with the 
 power of perpetuating its own kind and no other, so that they have descended to us 
 distinguished by the same differences of character and properties as at the begin- 
 ning. When, therefore, the student has become acquainted with any one indi- 
 vidual plant, he is also equally acquainted with all others belonging to the same 
 species. 
 
 a. Thus a single stalk of white clover becomes a representative of all the mil- 
 lions of its kind that grow on our hills and plains, and a single description of the 
 white pine will answer, in all essential points, for every individual tree of that 
 ancient and noble species, in all lands where it is found. 
 
 334. Again, the species themselves, although separated from each other by 
 obvious differences, still are found to exhibit many constant affinities, whereby 
 they are formed into larger groups, called GENERA (52). Thus the white clover 
 and the red (Trifolium rcpens and T. pratense) are universally recognized as of 
 different species, but of the same genus ; and a single generic description of any 
 
 10* 
 
112 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence, to a certain extent, 
 concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 
 
 335. Thus the whole vegetable kingdom is grouped into species, and the spe- 
 cies themselves into genera. But natural affinities do not stop here. The genera 
 are still too numerous for the purpose of clear and systematic study. The natu- 
 ralist would therefore generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer 
 and larger tribes or groups. Accordingly he finds, on comparing the genera with 
 each other, that they still possess some characters in common, although, perhaps, 
 of a more general nature than those which distinguish them among each other. 
 These general characters, therefore, serve to associate the genera into a sys- 
 tematic arrangement of Classes and Orders. 
 
 336. There are two independent and widely different methods 
 of classifying the genera, which have generally been approved, 
 namely, the Artificial System of Linnaeus,, and the Natural Sys- 
 tem of Jussieu. The former has for its basis those characters 
 which are derived from the organs of fructification, leaving all 
 other natural affinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary, 
 is founded upon all those natural affinities and resemblances of 
 plants, by which Nature herself has distinguished them into 
 groups and families. 
 
 337. In regard to the relative merit of these two arrangements there is now no 
 longer room for comparison. That of Linnseus is truly ingenious and beautiful, 
 and furnishes, perhaps, the readiest means for determining the names of plants 
 which has ever been devised; but this must be regarded as its principal use. 
 Indeed, its author Himself did not design it for any higher end, or claim for it any 
 higher merit. 
 
 338. But, in acquiring a thorough and accurate knowledge of the vegetable 
 kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but it is the only method which 
 can be relied upon for this purpose. The obscurity and misconceptions which 
 formerly embarrassed the science of the vegetable structure, so as to render this 
 system unavailable, have now been so far removed by the labors of De Candolle 
 and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Torrey and Gray, of our own country, that it 
 is brought generally within the scope of the ordinary mind, and shown to be 
 founded in true philosophy. Accordingly, it is now generally adopted. 
 
 339. Still, the difficulties attending analysis* by the Natural System alone, 
 are confessedly too great to be successfully encountered at the threshold of the 
 science, by him who has it yet to learn. These arise, partly from the obscurity 
 of the characteristic distinctions employed, and partly from the remaining inac- 
 curacies of their definitions. On this account it has been thought best to retain, 
 in this work, the artificial characters of the Linnaean Classes and Orders, in the 
 
 * Analysis, as used in botany, denotes the dissection and examination of the organic struc- 
 ture of plants, in order to learn their characters, affinities, names, &c. See 344 348, 
 
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 113 
 
 form of analytical tables, to be used simply as a guide in the analysis of plants, 
 to point the learner to the place in the Natural System which his specimen 
 occupies. 
 
 340. The artificial arrangement consists of classes, orders, 
 genera, and species. The two latter are the same as in the nat- 
 ural system (50, 51), and the two higher divisions, classes and 
 orders, have already been seen (74, 80) to be founded upon 
 the number, situation, and connection of the stamens and 
 pistils. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 OF THE NATUKAL SYSTEM. 
 
 341. IT is the aim of the Natural System to associate in the 
 same divisions and groups, those plants which have the greatest 
 general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and struc- 
 ture, but also in properties. 
 
 342. While the artificial arrangement employs only a single 
 character in classification, the natural seizes upon every charac- 
 ter in which plants agree or disagree with each other. Thus, 
 those plants which correspond in the greatest number of points 
 will be associated in the smaller and lower divisions, as species 
 and genera, while those corresponding in fewer points will be 
 assembled in divisions of higher rank. 
 
 343. By an acquaintance, therefore, with the characters of 
 each of the families of the Natural System, we may at once 
 determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are 
 its affinities with others, and what are its poisonous or useful 
 properties. 
 
 344. Although the aim of this System is as above stated, yet 
 the full consummation of it is still reserved for a future age. At 
 present, though greatly advanced, we are still obliged to call in 
 the aid of artificial characters, where Nature is as yet too pro- 
 found for ordinary skill. Such aid is, for example, employed in 
 the first subdivision of Angiosperms. 
 
114 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 345. The first and highest division of the vegetable kingdom, 
 namely, into the Phcenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the 
 Oryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, has already been noticed, 
 and its distinctions explained, in Chapter III., and elsewhere. 
 These grand divisions lie at the foundation of both the System 
 of Linnasus and of Jussieu, and are truly founded in nature ; 
 for 
 
 The PILSSNOGAMIA 
 
 1. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages. 
 
 2. They possess a woody and vascular structure. 
 
 3. They develope flowers, and 
 
 4. They produce seeds. On the other hand 
 The CRYPTOGAMIA 
 
 1. Are destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves. 
 
 2. They possess a cellular structure only. 
 
 3. They do not develope flowers, and 
 
 4. They produce SPORES (129) instead of seeds. 
 
 346. These distinctive characters must not, however, be regarded as decisive in 
 all cases ; for the higher Cryptogamia. as the ferns, give indications both of a regu- 
 lar woody axis and of a vascular structure, while some of the lower Phasnogamia 
 can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And, universally, so gradual are the 
 transitions from family to family and tribe to tribe, that it is impossible to fix 
 upon characters so definite as to completely circumscribe any one group, while at 
 the same time, they exclude every member of surrounding and approximating 
 groups. 
 
 347. There is a small and curious order of plants of comparatively recent dis- 
 covery, native chiefly of the East Indies, which appear, from the most authentic 
 accounts of them, to form the connecting link between the Flowering and Flow- 
 erless plants, combining a part of the characters of each, so that botanists are at 
 a loss to which it belongs. They possess a cellular structure, develope flowers 
 immediately from the root, whence they are called Rhizanths (OILTJ, a root, *v0o?, 
 a flower) ; but their ovaries are said to be filled with spores instead of seeds, and 
 hence they are also called Sporogens. Ex. Bafflesia. 
 
 348. Again, the Phsenogamia are very naturally resolved into 
 two subdivisions, depending upon their manner of growth, called 
 EXOGENS and ENDOGENS, whose distinctions are briefly as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 EXOGENS, 
 
 1. GroAving by external accretions (196). 
 
 2. Bearing leaves which have reticulated veins (229) and which fall off by 
 an articulation. 
 
 3. Seeds with two or more cotyledons (127) or dicotyledonous. 
 
ACROGENS. 115 
 
 ENDOGENS, 
 
 1. Growing by internal accretions (197). 
 
 2. Leaves parallel-veined (229) and decaying without falling off. 
 
 3. Seeds with one cotyledon (126) or morwcotykdonous. 
 
 349. Classes. The groups above mentioned, comprising the 
 whole vegetable kingdom, are again subdivided into six classes. 
 The first two are formed from the subdivision Exogens, and are 
 founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp ; namely, 
 
 Class I. AXGIOSPERMS, (as the oak, rose,) 
 
 1. Ovules produced within an ovary, and 
 
 2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma. 
 
 3. Becoming seeds enclosed in a pericarp. 
 
 4. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. 
 Class II. GYMNOSPERMS, (as the pine, yew,) 
 
 1. Ovules produced naked beneath a scale-like carpel. 
 
 2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the stigma. 
 
 3. Becoming truly naked seeds, that is, destitute of a pericarp. 
 
 4. Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons. 
 
 350. The next two classes are formed from the subdivision 
 Endogens, and are founded upon the presence and absence of 
 glumes or husks ; namely, 
 
 Class in. AGLUMACE^; or AGLTJMACEOUS ENDOGENS, 
 
 Plants of the endogenous structure with flowers constructed on the 
 usual plan; perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid 
 organs, or wanting. Ex. lily, orchis, rush. 
 
 Class IV. GLUMACE^: or GLTTMACEOTJS ENDOGENS, 
 
 Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested in an imbri- 
 cated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx ; as the grasses, grains, 
 
 351. The Cryptogamia are separated into two great classes, 
 called Acrogens and Thallogens ; the former including those 
 tribes which make some approximation towards the Phsenoga- 
 mia, and the latter including the lowest tribes of the vegetable 
 kingdom. As their names indicate, they are distinguished from 
 each other by then- manner of growth ; thus, 
 
 Class V. ACROGENS (growing from <xxgo?, the summit or point) have a regular 
 stem, or axis, which grows by the extension of the point, or apex only, 
 without increasing at all in diameter, generally furnished with leaves, 
 and composed of cellular tissue and ducts. Ex. ferns, mosses, club- 
 mosses, and the Equisetaceae. 
 
116 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 Class VI. THALLOGENS, consisting merely of cellular tissue, with a tendency to 
 grow into a flat expansion called thallus, but having no distinction of 
 root, stem, leaves, or flowers. Ex. Lichens, seaweeds, liverworts, 
 fungi. 
 
 352. Affinities of the Six Classes. These may be represented 
 to the sight by the following arrangement 
 
 Angiosperms. 
 
 Gymnosperms. Aglumacese. 
 
 Acrogens. Glumacese. 
 
 Thallogens. 
 
 Angiosperms stand in the highest rank, as they justly merit, by their superior 
 organization. These are nearly allied to Gymnosperms by their mode of growth ; 
 and, on the other hand, to Aglumacese by their mode of flowering. Gymnos- 
 perms are intimately connected with Acrogens through Equisetacece of the latter, 
 which stands intermediate ; and the Aglumacese approach the Glumaceae, almost 
 indefinitely, through the Juncese (rushes). Between the Acrogens and Thallo- 
 gens a close relationship is established through the Musci (mosses), while the 
 sporogens form the connecting link between the Endogens and the lowest tribes 
 of vegetation, as the Fungi. Thus, from the highest rank we descend to the low- 
 est, through Gymnosperms and Acrogens on the one hand, and through Aglu- 
 maceae and Glumaceas on the other, forming a circle of affinities. 
 
 353. The mutual relations of the six classes with the higher divisions, are pre- 
 sented in the following synopsis : 
 
 f EXOGENS ; 
 f PH.ENOGAMIA ; -j 
 VEGETABLE j [ ENDOGENS ; 
 
 KINGDOM ; 1 
 
 p n . . . 
 
 L CKYPTOGAMIA , 
 
 Class I. ANGIOSPERMS. 
 Class II. GYMNOSPERMS. 
 Class III. AGLUMACEOUS. 
 Class IV. GLUMACEOUS. 
 Class V. ACROGENS. 
 
 354. SUB-CLASSES. The classes are next to be broken up 
 into smaller divisions. In effecting this object most writers 
 have employed artificial methods, since no natural one, founded 
 upon clear and comprehensive distinctions, has yet been de- 
 vised. Thus Angiosperms, which class is by far the largest of 
 the six, is divided into three sub-classes. POLYPETAL^:, or POLY- 
 PETALOUS EXOGENS, flowers with distinct petals; MONOPETAL^E, 
 or MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS, flowers with united petals ; APET- 
 AL.E, or APETALOUS EXOGENS, flower with no floral envelopes, or 
 with a calyx only. 
 
 355. ORDERS, or FAMILIES, are the most important of all the 
 natural associations. On the accuracy and distinctness of the 
 
ORDERS. 117 
 
 characters of these, botanists have bestowed the highest degree 
 of attention, and the student's progress will depend chiefly upon 
 his acquaintance with them. 
 
 356. Orders are formed by associating together those genera 
 which are the most nearly allied to each other, or to some one 
 genus previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the spe- 
 cies form genera, so genera form orders. 
 
 357. In systematic works, the orders are also associated on 
 natural principles into alliances, groups, &c., which are inter- 
 mediate between these and the sub-classes, and are designated 
 numerically, thus, group 1st, group 2d, &c., or by names derived 
 from a leading order. 
 
 358. In regard to their extent, the orders differ very widely, 
 some consisting of a single genus, as Sarraceniacese, while 
 others comprehend hundreds of genera, as Compositae. For 
 convenience' sake the larger orders are broken up into sub- 
 orders, or tribes. 
 
 359. The Natural System, with its classes and subordinate 
 divisions, may be exhibited in one view ; 
 
 The VEGETABLE KINGDOM is separated 
 
 1st, into Grand Divisions and Subdivisions. 
 
 2nd, " Classes. 
 
 3d, " Sub-classes, Alliances, and Groups. 
 
 4th, " Orders and Sub-orders. 
 
 5th, " Genera and Sub-genera. 
 
 6th, " Species and Varieties, and 
 
 7th, " Individuals. 
 
118 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 1. NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 360. THE names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, (feminine, plural, to agree 
 with planta, plants, understood,) usually derived from the name of the most 
 prominent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination 
 into ace#, as Rosacea, the rose tribe, Papaveracece, the poppy tribe, from Rosa and 
 Papaver. 
 
 a. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the Order, 
 and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Composite, with com- 
 pound flowers 5 Labiatce, with labiate flowers. 
 
 361. Generic names are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some 
 medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the 
 genus ; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from the name of 
 some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said 
 to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often 
 retained. Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 
 
 362. Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen- 
 der with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded 
 upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardia glauca, glaucous- 
 stemmed Gerardia ; G. purpurea, purple-flowered Gerardia ; G. tenuifolia, slender- 
 leaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, which, 
 in some respect, it resembles ; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G. 
 delphinifolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia. 
 
 363. Species, like genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration of dis- 
 tinguished persons. The rules given by Lindlcy, for the construction of such 
 names, are, 1st, If the person is the discoverer, the specific name is a substantive 
 in the genitive case, singular number ; as, Lobelia Kalmii, Kami's Lobelia ; Pinus 
 Fraseri, Eraser's pine. 2d, If the name is merely conferred in honor of the per- 
 son to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending in nus, na, num; as Erica 
 Linneana, Linnams's heath ; jRosa Lawrenciana, Miss LaAvrence's rose. In these 
 cases, and in all others where the specific name is derived from proper names, or 
 where it is substantive, as it often is, it should begin with a capital letter. 
 
 2. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 
 
 364. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the 
 natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c. 
 is called botanical analysis. 
 
 365. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of examina- 
 tion plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not with- 
 
PRESERVING PLANTS. 119 
 
 ered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination 
 of the minute parts of the structure, or of the flower. 
 
 366. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit with the practical 
 botanist. Without this exercise, the study of authors will be of little avail. A 
 more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, 
 by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by com- 
 mitting to memory the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During the 
 flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blossom, 
 with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, 
 will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of 
 its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, 
 habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown fa- 
 miliar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 
 
 367. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown 
 plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immedi- 
 ately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and 
 physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, &c., the experienced botanist, 
 who has at his command the characters of all the Natural Families, will at once 
 determine to which of them the plant belongs. 
 
 368. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a 
 measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be guided to 
 the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of 
 inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the 
 convenience of all, we are happy to be able to add a full series of ANALYTICAL 
 TABLES, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost im- 
 mediately, to the object of their research. See the directions. 
 
 3. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 
 
 369. The student in botanical science should give an early and persevering at- 
 tention to the collection and preservation of specimens of as many species of 
 plants as he can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections, 
 either in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in instituting a more 
 thorough examination at one's leisure, are such as will afford an abundant com- 
 pensation for all the labor requisite in preparing them. 
 
 a. Such a collection of dried specimens of plants is called an HERBARIUM, or 
 by the more significant title, hortus siccus (dry garden). 
 
 370. The apparatus requisite for the accomplishment of this object is, 1st, a 
 close tin box, 20 inches in length, and of a portable form ; 2d, a portable press 
 consisting of two boards of light material, 12 by 18 inches, opening and shutting 
 by hinges, like the cover of a book, and secured by springs (even a large book is 
 a good substitute) ; 3d, a quantity of smooth, bibulous paper, of large size (a 
 dozen or more quires of printing paper) ; 4th, eight or ten boards of the same size 
 as the paper ; 5th, a small screw-press, or several lead weights of various sizes, 
 from 15 to 30 pounds each. 
 
 11 
 
120 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 371. In gathering plants for this purpose, or specimens, as they are called, the 
 smaller and herbaceous plants should be taken up with a portion of the roots, 
 while from larger plants there should be selected a shoot, with complete represen 
 tations of the leaves and flowers. They may be preserved for several days, with- 
 out withering, in the tin box, or they may at once be laid between several thick- 
 nesses of the paper, and enclosed in the portable press. It is always desirable 
 that they be gathered in a dry day ; if not, they should be freed from dampness 
 before being committed to the paper and press. 
 
 372. In drying the specimens, great care is required, that they may preserve 
 well their natural appearance, form, and color. It is generally recommended 
 that they be carefully spread out, as nearly in their natural position as possible, 
 between 8 or 10 thicknesses of paper, and then submitted to pressure between the 
 boards. The degree of pressure should never be such as to crush their parts, and 
 may be easily regulated by the screw, or by the number and size of the weights 
 used. Cotton batting may be used to equalize the pressure. 
 
 373. As often as once a day they should be taken from the press, transferred to 
 fresh and dry paper, and returned, until they are thoroughly dried, when they are 
 ready to be transferred to the cabinet. The true secret of preserving specimens 
 with all their colors is to extract the moisture from them by pressure in an abund- 
 ance of dry, bibulous paper as soon as possible. 
 
 374. The next object with the collector is the arrangement of his specimens. 
 For this purpose, each one is first to be fastened to a sheet of firm white paper, 
 about 10 inches by 18, either by glue or with loops of paper of the same kind, or 
 they may be stitched to the paper with a fine needle. The latter mode, if done 
 skilfully, is preferable. Then let all those specimens which belong to the same 
 genus be collected together and placed within a folded sheet of colored paper, 
 with the name of the genus and each species written on the outside. Each sheet 
 should also be labelled with the names of the plant, the locality, tune of gather- 
 ing, habits, &c. 
 
 375. The genera are next to be collected together into orders, each order being 
 wrapped or folded in a still larger sheet, of a different color from that which en- 
 folds the genera, having the name of the order, with a catalogue of its genera on 
 the outside. Thus arranged, the orders are to be laid away upon the shelves of a 
 cabinet, or packed in a chest. To protect the plants from the attacks of insects, 
 pieces of camphor gum are to be placed among them, or a piece of sponge satu- 
 rated with the oil of turpentine. To save them from decay, they should be kept 
 dry, and well ventilated. 
 
 376. Fruits and seeds which are too large to be pressed with the plants, and 
 also truncheons of wood, are to be preserved separately, in a cabinet. 
 
INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 ** The figures refer to paragraphs. 
 
 A ; (, privative) in composition signifies 
 without. 
 
 Abortion; an imperfect development of 
 any organ. Abbreviations, 138. 
 
 Absorption, 157, 158, 272, 273, 274. 
 
 Acaulescent, 184. 
 
 Accessory ; something added to the usual 
 parts. 
 
 Accretion ; the growing of one thing to 
 another. 
 
 Accumbent; lying upon. In the Cru- 
 ciferai it denotes the radicle lying upon 
 the edges of the cotyledons. 
 
 Acerose, 234, 26. 
 
 Achenium, 116, 9. 
 
 Achlamydeous, 54. 
 . Aciculaf ; needle-shaped. 
 
 Acine ; a separate grain or carpel of a col- 
 lective fruit. 
 
 Acotyledonous, 48. 
 
 Acrogens, 351. 
 
 Aculeate ; armed with prickles. 
 
 Acuminate, 236, 3. 
 
 Acute, 236, 1. 
 
 Adherent, 97. 
 
 Adnate ; growing to or upon, 69, 2. 
 
 ^Estivation, 108. 
 
 Aggregate ; assembled closely together. 
 
 Aglumaceous, 350. 
 
 Ala, 105, 5. 
 
 Alburnum, 203. 
 
 Albumen, 122. 
 
 Alternative, 108, 5. 
 
 Alveolate ; with partitions like a honey- 
 comb. 
 
 Ament. 299. 
 
 Amplexicaul, 222, 3. 
 
 Anastomosing; the uniting of vessels; 
 inosculating. 
 
 Anatropous, 121. 
 
 Ancipital ; two-edged. 
 
 Andrcecium, 57, 65. 
 
 Androgynous; with both stamens and 
 pistils. 
 
 Angiosperrns, 349. 
 
 Anthelmintic ; expelling or killing worms. 
 
 Animal, definition of, 11. 
 
 Antiseptic; efficacious against putrefac- 
 tion. 
 
 Anther, 68. 
 
 Apetalae, 354. Apetalous, without petals. 
 
 Appressed; pressed closely upon some- 
 thing else. 
 
 Apterous ; without wings (or margins). 
 
 Aquatics ; growing in or belonging to the 
 water. 
 
 Arachnoid ; 41, a. 
 
 Arboreous; tree-like. 
 
 Arborescent ; belonging to a tree. 
 
 Areolse ; having the surface divided into 
 little spaces, or areas. 
 
 Ariditv; dryness. 
 
 Aril, 119. ' 
 
 Aristate ; bearded, as in the glumes of 
 barley. 
 
 Armed, 235, 7. 
 
 Aroma ; the spicy quality of a thing. 
 
 Articulation; a joint; the place where 
 one thing is joined to another. 
 
 Artificial Classes, 73. 
 
 Artificial Orders, 80. 
 
 Ascidia, 245. 
 
 Ascending; arising obliquely, assurgent. 
 
 Assurgent; arising in an oblique direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Attenuate ; rendered slender or thin. 
 
 Auriculate, 232, 9. 
 
 Awn, 256. 
 
 Axil (arm-pit); the angle between the 
 petiole and branch, on the upper side 
 
 Axillary ; growing out of the axils. 
 
 Axis, ascending, 19. 
 
 Axis, descending, 19. 
 
122 
 
 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 Baccate ; berry-like, covered with pulp. 
 
 Banner, 105, 5. 
 
 Bark, 205. 
 
 Beak ; a hard, short point, like the beak 
 
 of a bird. 
 
 Bearded ; with long awns or hairs. 
 Berry, 116, 14. 
 
 Bicuspidate ; with two points. 
 Bidentate ; with two teeth. 
 Biennial ; of two years' duration. 
 Bifid; two-cleft. " 
 Bifoliate ; with two leaves. 
 Bilabiate; two-lipped. 
 Bifurcate ; two-forked. 
 Binate ; growing two together. 
 Bipinnate, 240, 5. 
 Bipinnatifid ; twice pinnatifid. 
 Bisaccate ; with two tumors or sacks. 
 Biternate, 240, 7. 
 Bivalved ; two-valved. 
 Botany defined, 1. 
 Brachiate; with opposite spreading 
 
 branches (arms). 
 Bracteate ; having bracts. 
 BracteolfB ; little bracts. 
 Bracts, 252. 
 
 Branchlets ; small branches. 
 Branch, 370. 
 Bristles ; rigid hairs. 
 Bud, 20, 22. 165169. 
 Bulb, 178. 
 Bulbiferous, 178, c. 
 Bulblets, 178, c. 
 Bulbous ; having bulbs. 
 
 Caducous, 98. 
 
 Caespitose ; turfy, growing in tufts. 
 
 Calycine ; of a calyx. 
 
 Calyculated; having bracteoles resem- 
 bling an external or additional calyx. 
 
 Calyptra; (an extinguisher) applied to 
 the cover of the theca of some mosses. 
 
 Calyx, 55, 95. 
 
 Cambium, 207. 
 
 Campanulate, 104, 1. 
 
 Campylotropous ; denotes that the ovule 
 is curved upon itself. 
 
 Canaliculate ; channelled, or furrowed. 
 
 Canescent ; hoary, approaching to white. 
 
 Capillary ; very slender, hair-like. 
 
 Capitate ; growing in a head. 
 
 Capsule, 116, 1. 
 
 Carina, 105, 5. Carinate, keel-shaped. 
 
 Caryopsis ; a small, 1-celled, indehiscent 
 pericarp, adhering to the seed which it 
 encloses, as in the grasses. 116, 8. 
 
 Carpels, 77. 
 
 Carpophore ; the axis of the fruit in the 
 Umbelliferae. 
 
 Cartilaginous ; gristly. 
 
 Caryophyllaceous, 105, 4. 
 
 Cathartic; purgative. 
 
 Catkin, 299. 
 
 Caudate ; with a tail-like appendage. 
 
 Caudex, 142, a. 
 
 Caulescent, 184. 
 
 Cauline, 220. 
 
 Caulis, 184. 
 
 Cellular ; composed of cells. 
 
 Cellular tissue, 29. 
 
 Cellulares, 47. 
 
 Cernuous; nodding. 
 
 Chaffy ; with chaff like processes. 
 
 Chalaza, 91. 
 
 Chemical basis of vegetable tissue, 28. 
 
 Chlorophyll, 215, a. 
 
 Chromulse ; green coloring-matter or par 
 tides. 
 
 Cilice ; hairs like those of the eyelash. 
 
 Ciliate, 41, a. 
 
 Circinate, 217, 7. 
 
 Circumscissile, 115. 5. 
 
 Cirrhose, 240, 2. 
 
 Clavate; club-shaped. 
 
 Claw, 102. 
 
 Climbers, 187. 
 
 Cochleate; resembling the shell of a 
 snail. 
 
 Cohering; connected. 
 
 Collum, 141. 
 
 Columella, 116, a. 
 
 Colored ; not green. 
 
 Columnar ; formed like columns. 
 
 Column ; the consolidated stamens and 
 pistils of Orchidacege. 
 
 Coma, 118, a. 
 
 Commissure ; the inner face of the car 
 pels of Umbelliferse. 
 
 Compound leaves, 238. 
 
 Comose ; a kind of inflorescence, having 
 a tuft of sessile bracts on the top of it. 
 
 Compound leaves ; consisting of several 
 leaflets. 
 
 Compressed, 222, 1. 
 
 Concave ; hollow. 
 
 Concentric ; points or lines at equal dis- 
 tance from a common centre. 
 
 Concrete; hardened, or formed into one 
 mass. 
 
 Confluent ; running into one another. 
 
 Conjugate ; joined in pairs. 
 
 Connate; joined together at the base, 
 242, 4. 
 
 Connectile, 68, b. 
 
 Connivent; converging. 
 
 Conoid ; like a cone. 
 
 Contorted ; 108, 4, twisted. 
 
 Convolute, 108, 2. 
 
 Convex ; rising spherically. 
 
 Coral Islands, 12, c. 
 
 Cordate, 234, 25. 
 
 Coriaceous ; leathery, thick, and tough. 
 
 Corm, 179. 
 
 Cornute ; horned. 
 
 Corolla, 56, 100. 
 
 Corona (a crown) ; the expanded cup- 
 like disk of the Narcissus, &c. 
 
 Corymb, 301. 
 
 Corymbose ; arranged like a corymb 
 
 Costate; ribbed. 
 
INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 123 
 
 Cotyledon, 125. 
 
 Cotyledonous plants, 48. 
 
 Creeper, 182. 
 
 Crenate, 235, 4. 
 
 Crenulate, 235, 4. 
 
 Crisped, 235, 10. 
 
 Cruciform, 105, 1. 
 
 Cryptogamia, 345. 
 
 Cucullate ; hooded, cowled. 
 
 Culm, 186, a. 
 
 Cultivation, effects of, 15. 
 
 Cuneate ; wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cupule; the cup, or involucre, of the 
 acorn, and of all amentaceous plants. 
 
 Cuspidate ; like the point of a spear. A 
 leaf is cuspidate when suddenly con- 
 tracted to a point. 
 
 Cuticle ; the epidermis ; scarf-skin. 
 
 Cyathiform ; cup-shaped ; concave. 
 
 Cylindraceous ; like a cylinder in form. 
 
 Cyme, 307. Cymose, like a cyme. 
 
 Cyanic, of the blue series ; i. e. white, red, 
 blue,any color save yellow or ochroleuc. 
 
 Decandrous ; with 10 stamens. 
 
 Deciduous, 98. 
 
 Declinate ; turned towards one side. 
 
 Decompound ; more than once compoun- 
 ded, as bipinnate, &c. 
 
 Decumbent; lying down, or leaning on 
 the ground. 
 
 Decurrent, 242, 3. 
 
 Decussate; crossing each other at right 
 angles. 
 
 Deflexed ; bent downwards. 
 
 Defoliation, 259. 
 
 Dehiscence, 68, #, 115. 
 
 Deltoid ; shaped like the Greek letter A. 
 
 Dentate, 235, 2. 
 
 Denticulate, 235, 2. 
 
 Depressed ; pressed inward or flattened 
 from above. 
 
 Diandrous ; with two stamens. 
 
 Diadelphous ; having the stamens united 
 in 2 sets. 
 
 Diaphanous ; transparent. 
 
 Dichotomous; branching by two equal 
 divisions ; forked. 
 
 Diclinous ; (stamens and pistils) in sepa- 
 rate flowers. 
 
 Dicotyledonous plants, 127. 
 
 Didymous ; two united. 
 
 Didynamous ; having two long stamens 
 and two short ones in the same flower. 
 
 Diffuse; wide-spread, scattered. 
 
 Digestion, 281. 
 
 Digitate, 233, 18. 
 
 Digynous ; with two pistils. 
 
 Dioecious ; bearing staminate flowers on 
 one individual, and pistillate on another. 
 
 Discoid; in the Composite, when the 
 flowers are all tubular in the same 
 head. 
 
 Disk, 107, b ; also, the centre of a head in 
 the Composite. 
 
 Jissected ; cut into 2 parts. 
 
 11* 
 
 Dissepiment; the partitions by which 
 the cells of the pericarp are separated. 
 
 Dissemination of seeds, 135. 
 
 Distichous ; leaves or flowers in two op- 
 posite rows. 
 
 Distinct, 63, e. 
 
 Divaricate; spreading in a straggling 
 manner. 
 
 Dodecandrous ; having twelve stamens. 
 
 Dorsal, 84 (on the back). 
 
 Drupe, 116, 6. 
 
 Ducts, 33, /. 
 
 Duramen, 203. 
 
 Echinate ; beset with prickles. 
 
 Elementary organs, 29, &c. 
 
 Elliptical, 232, 2. 
 
 Elongated ; exceeding the common length. 
 
 Emarginate, 236, 4. 
 
 Embryo, 123, 124, 130. 
 
 Emollient; softening. 
 
 Endocarp, 112. 
 
 Endogenous structure 210, 211. 
 
 Endogens, 126, 197, 348. 
 
 Endopleura, 118. 
 
 Endosmose, 158, a. 
 
 Endostome ; inner mouth or perforation. 
 
 Ensiform ; sword-shaped, two-edged. 
 
 Entire, 235, 1. 
 
 Epicarp, 112. 
 
 Epidermis, 35. 
 
 Epigvnous, 107, b. 
 
 Epiphytes, 150, b. 
 
 Equitant, 217, 1. 
 
 Erose, 235, 5. 
 
 Esculent; eatable. 
 
 Etiolated ; blanched or whitened. 
 
 Exhalation, 269, 271. 
 
 Exogenous structure, 198, 199, &c. 
 
 Exogens, 127, 196, 348. 
 
 Excsmose, 158, a. 
 
 Exotic ; foreign ; not native. 
 
 Exserted ; projecting or extending out of 
 
 the flower or sheath. 
 Exsiccated ; dried up. 
 Exstipulate, 251. 
 Extrorse, 68, 4. 
 
 Faecula ; the nutritious part of wheat and 
 
 other fruits. 
 
 Falcate ; sickle-shaped ; linear and curved. 
 Farinaceous; mealy. 
 Fascicle, 308. 
 Fasciculated, 146, a. 
 Fastigiate ; having a flat or level top. 
 Favose ; deeply pitted. 
 Feather-veined, 230, 1. 
 Febrifuge ; efficacious against fever. 
 Fecundation ; the act of making fruitful. 
 Ferruginous ; iron-colored ; rusty. 
 Fibrils, 142, b, 152. 
 Fibro-vascular tissue, 260. 
 Fibrous, 146. 
 Filament, 67. 
 Filiform ; shaped like a thread. 
 
124 
 
 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 Fimbriate; fringed. 
 
 Fistular or fistulous ; tubular. 
 
 Flabelliform ; fan-shaped. 
 
 Flexuous ; bent in an undulating manner. 
 
 Floating root, 149. 
 
 Floral envelopes, or perianth, 54. 
 
 Floral leaves, 252. 
 
 Florets, 303, b. 
 
 Flosculous; consisting of many tubular 
 
 monopetalous flowers, or florets. 
 Flower, origin of, 24. 
 " consists of, 53. 
 " physiological structure of, 106. 
 " normal structure of, 61, c. 
 Flower-bud, 166. 
 
 Foliaceous ; having the form of leaves. 
 Follicle, 116, 5. 
 Foot-stalks ; the stalks of either flowers 
 
 or leaves. 
 Foramen, 90. 
 Fork-veined, 229, 3. 
 Free, 97. 
 
 Free central placenta, 88. 
 Fringed ; having a border like a fringe. 
 Frond ; the leaves of the ferns, palms, &c. 
 
 have been generally so called. 
 Fruit, 109, 110. 
 
 " growth of, 113. 
 
 " ripening of, 114. 
 
 " consists of, 111. 
 Frutescent ; shrubby. 
 Fugacious, 257, 1. 
 
 Fungous ; of the substance of the Fungi. 
 Funiculus, 91. 
 Furcate ; forked. 
 Fusiform, 145. 
 
 Galea ; (104, 5) the arched upper lip of a 
 labiate flower. 
 
 Geminate; doubled. 
 
 Genus, 52. 
 
 Germ ; the old name of the ovary. 
 
 Germination, 130 133. 
 
 Gibbous ; swelled out, protuberant. 
 
 Glabrous, 237, 1. 
 
 Glands, 44. 
 
 Glandular fibre or tissue, 31. 
 
 Glaucous; sea green; pale bluish green 
 with a powder or bloom. 
 
 Globose ; round or spherical. 
 
 Glossology, 4. 
 
 Glumaceje, 350. 
 
 Glume, 256. 
 
 Granular ; 147, , formed of grains or cov- 
 ered with grains. 
 
 Gregarious ; herding together. 
 
 Grooved ; furrowed or channelled. 
 
 Groups, 357. 
 
 Gymnosperms, 349. 
 
 Gynandrous ; having the stamens and 
 styles combined in one body. 
 
 Gynoecium, 58. 
 
 Hairs, 41. 
 Hastate, 232, 10. 
 
 Habit ; the general aspect or external 
 features of a plant, by which it is 
 known at sight. 
 
 Head, 303. 
 
 Helmet or Galea, 104, 5. 
 
 Herb, 164, c. 
 
 Herbarium, 369, 370. 
 
 Heterogamous ; flowers not all perfect, 
 some being neutral or pistillate. 
 
 Hexandrous ; having six stamens. 
 
 Hilum, 120. 
 
 Hirsute, 41, a. 
 
 Hispid ; rough, with stiff hairs. 
 
 Hoary, 237, 5. 
 
 Homogamous; flowers all tubular, simi- 
 lar and perfect, as in some of the Com- 
 positse. 
 
 Homogeneous ; having a uniform nature 
 or composition. 
 
 Hooded ; curved or hollowed at the end 
 into the form of a hood. 
 
 Hot springs, 12, e. 
 
 Hyaline ; crystalline, transparent. 
 
 Hybrid ; partaking of the nature of two 
 species. 
 
 Hypocrateriform, 104, 3. 
 
 Hypogynous, 107, b. 
 
 Imbricate ; placed one over another, like 
 the tiles upon a roof, 108, 8. 
 
 Incised, 235, 8. 
 
 Incrassated; becoming thicker by de- 
 grees. 
 
 Indehiscent, 115. 
 
 Indigenous ; native of. 
 
 Induplicate, 108, 7. 
 
 Incumbent; lying against or across. In 
 the Crucifefse it denotes that the radi- 
 cle is applied to the back of one of the 
 cotyledons. 
 
 Indusium; the membrane that encloses 
 the theca of ferns. 
 
 Inferior, 97. 
 
 Inflated; tumid and hollow, blown up 
 like a bladder. 
 
 Jnflexed ; bending inward. 
 
 Inflorescence, 285, &c. 
 
 " centripetal, 293. 
 
 " centrifugal, 294. 
 
 Infundibuliform, 104, 2. 
 
 Innate, 68, 1. 
 
 Inserted into ; growing out of. 
 
 Integument, 118. 
 
 Intercellular passages, 39. 
 
 Internode. 172. 
 
 Introrse, 69, 4. 
 
 Involucel, 254. 
 
 Involucre, 254. 
 
 Involute, 217, 3. 
 
 Irregular; unequal in size or figure 
 
 Keel, 105, 5. 
 
 Kidney-shaped, 232, 12 (reniform). 
 
 Labellum, 107, a. 
 
INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 125 
 
 Labiate, 104, 5. 
 
 Laciniate, 233, 20. 
 
 Lactescent ; milky or juicy. 
 
 Lamina, 102. 
 
 Lanate ; "woolly. 
 
 Lanceolate, 232, 5. 
 
 Lateral ; relating to the side. 
 
 Latex, 265. 
 
 Laticiferotis tissue, 34, 207, c. 
 
 Leaf consists of, 27. 
 
 form of, 231. 
 
 color of, 215. 
 
 margin of, 235. 
 
 surface of, 237. 
 
 functions of, 267. 
 
 duration of, 257. 
 Leaf-bud, 167. 
 Leaflets, 239. 
 
 Leaves, arrangement of, 218. 
 Legume, 116, 4. 
 Leguminous ; having legumes. 
 Lenticular ; lens-shaped. 
 Liber, 205, 206. 
 Ligneous ; woody. 
 Lignla, or ligule ; the membrane at the 
 
 top of the sheath of grasses, &c. 
 Ligulate ; strap-shaped. 
 Liliaceous, 105, 3. 
 Limb, 103. 
 Linear, 234, 23. 
 Linnean Classes, 73, 74. 
 Linnean Orders, 80. 
 Loculicidal, 115, 1. 
 Loment ; a jointed legume. 
 Lunate ; crescent-shaped. 
 Lyrate, 232, 14. 
 
 Marescent ; withering on the plant. 
 
 Marginal ; on the margin. 
 
 Medulla; pith. 
 
 Medullary rays, 204. 
 
 Medullary sheath, 200. 
 
 Membranous, or membranaceous ; -with 
 
 the texture of membrane. 
 Mericarp ; half-fruit. 
 Mesosperm, 118. 
 Midrib, 226. Midvein, 226. 
 Mineral denned, 9. 
 Monadelphous ; stamens all united. 
 Monandrous ; with one stamen. 
 Moniliform, 147, b. 
 Monocotyledonous plants, 126. 
 Monoecious ; stamens and pistils apart, in 
 
 separate flowers on the same plant. 
 Monopetalae, 354. 
 Monopetalous, 101. 
 Monosepalous, 96. 
 Mucronate, 236, 6. 
 Multifid; many-cleft. 
 Muricate ; with hard short points. 
 
 Naked ovules, or seeds, 111, a. 
 Napiform, 145, c. 
 
 Narcotic ; producing sleep or torpor. 
 Natural System, 341. 
 
 Nectariferous ; producing honey. 
 
 Nectary, 107, a. 
 
 Nerves, 227. 
 
 Net-veined, 229. 
 
 Nodding ; in a drooping position. 
 
 Node, 172. 
 
 Normal ; regular, according to rule. 
 
 Normal structure of plants, 61. 
 
 " causes of deviation from, 63. 
 Nucleus, 90. 
 Nut, 116, 7. Nutrition, principles of, 310. 
 
 Ob, in composition implies inversion, as 
 obovate, inversely-ovate, &c. 
 
 Oblong, 232, 3. 
 
 Obovate, 232, 6. 
 
 Obvolute ; 217, 2. 
 
 Obsolete ; indistinct, as if worn out. 
 
 Obtuse; blunt. Ochroleucous, yellowish- 
 
 Octandrous ; with eight stamens, [white. 
 
 Octogynous ; with eight styles. 
 
 Officinal: used in or belonging to the 
 shops. 
 
 Offset, 191. 
 
 Oleaginous, oily. 
 
 Operculum ; the lid to a pyxis, &c. 
 
 Opposite, 218, 3. 
 
 Orbicular, 232, 1. 
 
 Orders, 355. 
 " names of, 360. 
 
 Ordinal ; relating to the Orders. 
 
 Organic bases, 28. 
 
 Organography, 2. 
 
 Orthotropous, 121. 
 
 Oval, 234, 24. 
 
 Ovary, 76, 77. 
 
 Ovate ; egg-shaped (surface), as a leaf. 
 
 Ovoid ; egg-formed (solid), as a fruit. 
 
 Ovules, 81, 89. 
 
 Paleacious, 99, a. 
 
 Palese, 256. 
 
 Palmate, 147, a. 
 
 Panduriform; fiddle-shaped, rounded at 
 the ends, narrow in the middle. 
 
 Panicle, 304. 
 
 Papilionaceous, 105, 5. 
 
 Papillose ; producing small glandular ex- 
 crescences. 
 
 Pappus, 99, a. 
 
 Parasitic ; growing upon or nourished by 
 another. 
 
 Parallel-veined, 229, 2. 
 
 Parenchyma, 29, 261. 
 
 Parietal placenta, 
 
 Pectinate ; comb-like, with long, narrow 
 segments. 
 
 Pedate; when the palmate leaf has the 
 two lateral lobes cut into two or more 
 segments. 
 
 Pedicel, 288. 
 
 Pedicellate ; furnished with a pedicel. 
 
 Peduncle, 287, 288. 
 
 Pellucid; transparent. 
 
 Peltate, 233. 21. 
 
126 
 
 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 Pendulous ; drooping, hanging down. 
 
 Pentagonal ; with 5 sides and 5 angles. 
 
 Pentandrous ; with 5 stamens. 
 
 Pepo, 116, 13. 
 
 Perennial ; enduring three years or more. 
 
 Perfoliate, 242, 2. 
 
 Perianth, 54. 
 
 Pericarp, 112. 
 
 Perigynous ; inserted into the calyx. 
 
 Peristome ; the rim or border surrounding 
 the orifice of the theca of a moss. 
 
 Permanent ; same as persistent. 
 
 Persistent, 98. 
 
 Personate, 104, 5. 
 
 Petal, 101. 
 
 Petaloid ; resembling petals. 
 
 Petiolate, 221. 
 
 Petiole, 221, 222. 
 
 Phasnogamia, 46, 345. 
 
 Pilose, 99, a. 
 
 Pinnas ; (wings) the segments of a pinnate 
 leaf. 
 
 Pinnate, 240, 1. 
 
 Pinnatifid, 232, 15. 
 
 Pistil, 58, 75. 
 
 " physiological structure of, 83. 
 " theoretical structure of, 84. 
 
 Pistillate ; bearing pistils. 
 
 Pith, 199. 
 
 Placenta, 87. 
 
 Plaited, 217, 6. 
 
 Plant defined, 10. 
 
 Plicate ; folded like a fan. 
 
 Plumose, 99, a. * 
 
 Plumule, 124, b. 
 
 Pod ; legumes, siliques, &c. 
 
 Pollen, 70. 
 
 Polyandrous ; with many stamens. 
 
 Polyadelphous ; stamens united in seve- 
 ral sets. 
 
 Polygamous ; having staminate or pistil- 
 late and perfect flowers on the same 
 tree. 
 
 Polygynous ; with many pistils. 
 
 Polypetalse, 354. 
 
 Polypetalous, 101. 
 
 Polysepalous, 96. 
 
 Polyspermous ; many-seeded. 
 
 Pome, 116, 12. 
 
 Pores; apertures of perspiration hi the 
 cuticle. 
 
 Premorse, 145, b. 
 
 Prickles, 43. 
 
 Primine, 90. 
 
 Prismatic ; formed like a prism, with 3 
 or more angles. 
 
 Procumbent ; trailing on the ground. 
 
 Proliferous ; forming young plants about 
 the roots. 
 
 Prostrate ; trailing flat on the ground. 
 
 Pubescent, 41, a. 
 
 Pulp ; the soft, juicy, cellular substance 
 found in berries and other fruits. 
 
 Pulverulent; powdery. 
 
 Punctate, 237, 10. 
 
 Pungent ; stinging or pricking- 
 Putamen, 112. 
 Pyriform; pear-shaped. 
 Pyxis, 116, 11. 
 
 Quinate, 241, 9. 
 Quincuncial, 108, 3. 
 
 Raceme, 298. 
 
 Racemose ; resembling a raceme. 
 
 Rachis, 290. 
 
 Radiate ; when the outer flowers of an in- 
 florescence are largest, or furnished 
 with rays. 
 
 Radiate-veined, 230, 2. 
 
 Radical, 220. 
 
 Radicle, 124, a. 
 
 Ramial, 220. 
 
 Ramose, 144. 
 
 Raphe, 121. 
 
 Raphides, 29, / 
 
 Receptacle, 59. 
 
 Recurved ; bent or curved backwards. 
 
 Reflexed ; curved backwards and down- 
 wards. 
 
 Reniform, 232, 12. 
 
 Repand, 235, 11. 
 
 Respiration, 275 280. 
 
 Resupinate; inverted. 
 
 Reticulate, 229, 1. 
 
 Retrorse ; bent backwards. 
 
 Retuse, 236, 5. 
 
 Re volute, 217, 4. 
 
 Rhizoma, 181. 
 
 Rhomboid ; oval and angular in the mid- 
 dle. 
 
 Rib [costa] ; ridge caused by projecting 
 veins, &c. 
 
 Ringent, 104, 5. 
 
 Root, 136 160. 
 " growth of, 153. 
 " forms of, 143, &c. 
 " use of, 154. 
 " physiological structure of, 151. 
 
 Rosaceous, 105, 2. 
 
 Rostrate ; with a beak. 
 
 Rosulate ; arranged in a radiant manner, 
 like the petals of a double rose. 
 
 Rotate, 104, 4. 
 
 Rugose, 237, 9. 
 
 Runcinate, 232, 13. 
 
 Runner, 185. 
 
 Saccate ; with a bag or sack. 
 Sagittate, 232, 11. 
 Samara, 116, 10. 
 Sap, 268. 
 Sapwood, 203. 
 Sarcocarp, 112. 
 Scabrous; rough. 
 
 Scale ; the bracts of the Compositas. 
 Scape, 186, 289. 
 
 Scarious ; dry, colorless, membranaceous. 
 Scorpoid ; when racemes are revolute be- 
 fore expansion, as Droscra, &c. 
 
INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 127 
 
 Scattered, 218, 1. 
 
 Secund ; turned to one side. 
 
 Secundine, 90. 
 
 Scrobiculate ; pitted or furrowed. 
 
 Seed, 117, &c. 
 
 " vitality of, 134. 
 Segments ; parts or divisions. 
 Seminal ; of the seed. 
 Sepals, 96. 
 Septicidal, 115, 2. 
 Septifragal, 115, 3. 
 Septinate, 241, 10. 
 Septum ; a partition. 
 Sericeous, 41, a. 
 Serrate, 235, 3. 
 Serrulate, 235, 3. 
 Sessile, 221. 
 
 Setaceous, or setose ; bristly. 
 Setose, 99, a. 
 Sheath ; the lower part of the leaf or leaf- 
 stalk which surrounds the stem. 
 Shrub. 164, 6. Signs, 128. 
 Silicic, 116, 3. 
 Silique, 116, 2. 
 Sinuate, 232, 16. 
 Sinus ; the recesses formed by the lobes 
 
 of leaves, &c. 
 Soporific ; inducing sleep. 
 Sori ; the patches of fructification on the 
 
 back of the fronds of ferns. 
 Spadix, 300. 
 Spathe ; the sheath surrounding a spadix 
 
 or a single flower. 
 Spathulate ; obovate, with the lower end 
 
 much narrowed and tapering. 
 Species, 50. 
 Specific names, 362. 
 Spermoderm ; skin of a seed. 
 Spike, 297. 
 Spines, 171. 
 Spinous. 235, 7. 
 Spiral vessels, 33, a. 
 Spongioles, 142, c. 
 Spores, 129. 
 Sporogens, 347 
 Sporules or spores, 129. 
 Spur, 107, a. 
 Stamens, 57, 65, 73. 
 " consist of, 66. 
 " and pistils, use of, 92. 
 Staminate ; with stamens only, barren. 
 Standard ; same as vexillum or banner. 
 Stellate, 242, 5. 
 Stem, 161. 
 
 " functions of, 208, 209. 
 Sterile ; barren, unfruitful. 
 Sternutatory ; exciting to sneezing. 
 Stigma, 79. 
 Stings, 42. 
 
 Stipe ; the stalk of a pod, of a fungus, &c. 
 Stipels, 251. 
 
 Stipitate, borne on a stipe. 
 Stipules, 249. 
 Stipulate, 251. 
 Stolon, 192. 
 
 Stoloniferous ; bearing stolons. 
 
 Stomata, 37, 38, 39. 
 
 Straight-veined; where the principal 
 
 veins pass direct to the margin. 
 Striae ; small streaks, channels or furrows. 
 Striate ; with strise, slightly furrowed, &c. 
 Strigose ; clothed with short, stiff, and 
 
 appressed hairs. 
 Strobile, 116, 15. 
 Style, 78. 
 Stylopodium ; a kind of disk which is 
 
 epigynous and confluent with the style. 
 Sub ; in composition, it denotes a lower 
 
 degree of the quality, as sub-sessile, 
 
 nearly sessile, &c. 
 Submersed ; under water. 
 Subulate; awl-shaped. 
 Succulent ; thick, juicy, and fleshy. 
 Suffrutescent ; somewhat shrubby. 
 Suffraticose ; same as the last. 
 Sulcate ; furrowed or grooved. 
 Superior, 97. 
 Suture, 84. 
 Symmetrical, 61, c. 
 Syncarpous ; when the fruit consists of 
 
 united carpels. 
 
 Syngenesious ; when the anthers are uni- 
 ted into a tube, as in Composite. 
 Systematic botany, 330. 
 
 Tap root, 145, c. 
 
 Tendril, 187, a. 
 
 Terete ; rounded or cylindric. 
 
 Terminal ; borne at the summit. 
 
 Ternate, 240, 4. 
 
 Testa, 118. 
 
 Tetradynamous ; with 2 short and 4 long 
 stamens. 
 
 Tetragynous ; with 4 pistils. 
 
 Tetrandrous ; with 4 stamens. 
 
 Thallogens, 351. 
 
 Thallus; that part of Lichens which 
 bears the fructification. 
 
 Theca; the vessels which contain the 
 sporules of the Cryptogamia. 
 
 Thorn, 171. 
 
 Throat; the orifice of the tube of the 
 corolla. 
 
 Thyrse, 305. 
 
 Tomentose, 41, a. 
 
 Toothed; dentate. 
 
 Torose ; uneven or undulating on the sur- 
 face. 
 
 Torus ; receptacle, 59. 
 
 Trailing ; creeping or lying on the ground. 
 
 Transverse ; cross-wise. 
 
 Tree, 164, a. 
 
 Triandrous ; with 3 stamens. 
 
 Tricuspidate ; having three points. 
 
 Tridentate ; three-toothed. 
 
 Trifid; three-cleft. 
 
 Tripinnate, 239, 6. 
 
 Triternate, 239, 8. 
 
 Truncate ; blunt, as if cut square off. 
 
 Trunk, 189. 
 
128 
 
 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 
 
 Tube, 103. 
 
 Tuber, ISO. 
 
 Tuberiferous ; bearing tubers. 
 
 Tuberous, 147. 
 
 Tubular, 103. 
 
 Tunicated, 178, a. 
 
 Turbinate ; shaped like a top. 
 
 Turgid ; swollen. 
 
 Umbel, 302, a. 
 
 Umbellet, 305, a. 
 
 Umbilicate ; depressed in the centre. 
 
 Unarmed, 235, 7. 
 
 Uncinate ; hooked at the end. 
 
 Undulate ; wavy. 
 
 Unquis ; the claw, as of a petal. 
 
 Unilateral ; one-sided. 
 
 Utricle, 116, 8. 
 
 Valvate, 108, 1. 
 Valves, 115. 
 Varieties, 51. 
 Vascular tissue, 33. 
 Vasculares, 47. 
 Vasiform tissue, 32. 
 
 Vegetable kingdom, variety of, 13. 
 
 Vegetation, its diffusion, 14, a. 
 
 Veins, 228. 
 
 Veinlets, 228. Veinulets, 228. 
 
 Velvety ; clothed with a dense, soft pub- 
 escence. 
 
 Venation, 226. 
 
 Ventral, 84. 
 
 Vernation, 216. 
 
 Verticillaster, 309. 
 
 Verticillate, 218, 4. 
 
 Vescicular; bladdery. 
 
 Vexillary, 108, 6. 
 
 Vexillum, 105, 5. 
 
 Villose ; villous : clothed with long hairs. 
 
 Vine, 187. 
 
 Viscid ; clammy, sticky. 
 
 Vittas ; receptacles of secretion in the 
 seed of Umbelliferse. 
 
 Whorled, 175. 
 
 Winged, 222, 2. 
 
 Wood, 201, 202. 
 
 Woody tissue, or fibre, 30. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, 
 
 OFTEN USED IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY. 
 
 ach. achenia. 
 cest. aestivation. 
 alter, alternate. 
 amplex. amplexicauL 
 anth. anther. 
 axill. axillary. 
 caL calyx. 
 caps, capsule. 
 cor. corolla. 
 decid. deciduous. 
 diam. diameter. 
 ellip. elliptical. 
 emarg. emarginate. 
 epig. enigynous. 
 /. or ft. feet. 
 
 fil. filaments. 
 
 fl. flower ; fls. flowers. 
 
 fr. fruit. 
 
 ltd. head ; hds. heads. 
 
 hyp, hypogynous. 
 
 imbr. imbricate. 
 
 inf. inferior. 
 
 invol. involucre. 
 
 irreg. irregular. 
 
 leg. legume. 
 
 7 / 1 /? 7 
 
 If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. 
 Ifts. leaflets. 
 lorn, loment. 
 opp. opposite. 
 ova. ovary. 
 
 ped. peduncle. 
 pet. petals. 
 perig. perigynous. 
 perig. perigynium. 
 recep. receptacle. 
 reg. regular. 
 rkiz. rhizoma. 
 rt. root. 
 sds. seeds. 
 seg. segments. 
 sep. sepals. 
 st. stem. 
 sta. stamens. 
 sti.g. stigmas. 
 sty. styles. 
 
 The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, and 
 always in the same manner as in other works ; thus, Apr. April ; Jn. June ; Mass. 
 Massachusetts ; N. Y. New York ; la. or Ind., Indiana, &c. 
 
 The following Signs are also in general iise : 
 
 fAn annual plant. 
 A biennial plant. 
 A perennial herb. 
 h A plant with a woody stem. 
 A staminate flower or plant, 
 it. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 
 
 129 
 
 $ A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. 
 
 8 Monoecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers. 
 
 ? cf Dicecious ; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. 
 
 $ tf Polygamous ; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. 
 
 Wanting or none. 
 
 00 Indefinite, or numerous. 
 
 0= Cotyledons accumbent. } 
 
 1| Cotyledons incumbent. > Used only in the Cruciferae. 
 
 0>> Cotyledons conduplicate. ) 
 
 A naturalized plant. 
 
 f A plant cultivated for ornament. 
 
 j A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a 
 description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of 
 division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs 
 are adopted in this work : 
 
 f (without the period) A foot. 
 
 ' (a single accent) An inch. 
 
 H (a double accent) A line (one twelfth of). 
 
 ! The note of exclamation, now common in botanical works, is used in contrariety 
 to the note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal obser- 
 vation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens 
 either in or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that 
 the writer has examined specimens supplied by him. In this work the note of affir- 
 mation is used only where the fact stated or implied is somewhat new, or might 
 otherwise have been regarded as doubtful. 
 
 Authors' names, when of more than one syllable, are usually abbreviated by 
 writing the first syllable and the next following or last consonant. The following 
 are nearly all the names thus abridged in this work : 
 
 Adans. Adanson. 
 Agh. Agardh. 
 Ait. Aiton. 
 Arn. Arnott. 
 Bart. Barton. 
 Benth. Bentham. 
 Berl. Berlandier. 
 Bernh. Bernhardi. 
 Brongn. Brongniart. 
 Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. 
 Boehm. Boehmer. 
 Bong. Bongard. 
 Br. Brown. 
 Cass. Cassini. 
 Cav. Cavanilles. 
 Darl. Darlington. 
 DC. De Candolle. 
 Desf. Desfontaines. 
 Desv. Desvaux. 
 Dew. Dewey. 
 Duh. Duhamel. 
 Endl. Endlicher. 
 Ehrh. Ehrhart. 
 Ell. Elliot. 
 
 Engel. Engelman. 
 Forsk. Forskahl. 
 Froel. Froelich. 
 Gsert. Gcertner. 
 Ging. Gingins. 
 Gmel. Gmelin. 
 Gron. Gronovius. 
 Hedw. Hedwig. 
 HofFm. Hoffmann.^ 
 Hook. Hooker. 
 Juss. Jussieu. 
 Lam. Lamark. 
 Lee. Le Conte. 
 Lindl. Lindley. 
 Linn.* Linnaeus. 
 Lk. Link. 
 Lehm. Lehmann. 
 Mart. Martius. 
 Mentz. Mentzel. 
 Michx. Michaux. 
 Mill. Miller. 
 Mirb. Mirbel. 
 Moench. Moenchausen. 
 Muhl. Muhlenberg. 
 
 Nutt. Nuttall. 
 
 Pers. Persoon. 
 
 Pall. Pallas. 
 
 Pav. Pavon. 
 
 Poir. Poiret. 
 
 Ph. Pursh. 
 
 R. Br. Robert Brown. 
 
 Raf. Rafinesque. 
 
 Rich. Richard. 
 
 Schw. Schwenitz. 
 
 Scop. Scopoli. 
 
 Ser. Seringe. 
 
 Schk. Schkuhr. 
 
 Sm. Smith. 
 
 Spr. Sprengel. 
 
 Sw. Swartz. 
 
 T. & G. Torrey & Gray. 
 
 Torr. Torrey. 
 
 Tourn. Tournefort. 
 
 Traut. Trautvetter. 
 
 Willd. Willdenow. 
 
 Walt. Walter. 
 
 ANALYTICAL TABLES. 
 
 The object of scientific tables is usually twofold. First, philosophical ; to ex- 
 hibit in one condensed view the affinities and differences of the several subjects to 
 which they relate, by bringing them into immediate comparison and contrast. 
 Second, practical ; to aid the student in his researches by affording him an 
 abridged method of analysis. The analytica. tables which accompany this flora 
 may subserve both these purposes, but they are designed chiefly for the latter ; viz. 
 
 * In this flora, wherever no authority is added to the generic or specific name, Linn, is to be 
 understood. 
 
130 ANALYTICAL TABLES. 
 
 as an expeditious method of botanical analysis. They are the result of much labor 
 and investigation, since each character employed required a previous examination 
 of all the species included under it. The process of analysis by these tables consists 
 of a simple series of dilemmas or alternatives ; the decision being, in almost all cases, 
 to be made merely between two opposite or obviously distinct characters. These 
 decisions or dilemmas being, moreover, few in number, conduct the student with 
 absolute precision (provided the tables be free from error, and the specimen a good 
 one) to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once or a few times reading 
 across the page. The advantages thus afforded will be duly appreciated, at least by 
 those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of reading through whole 
 pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, often, without arriving at any satis- 
 factory conclusion. 
 
 In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed that 
 they are drawn from leaves, fruit, flower, or any portion of the plant which suited 
 our convenience, our only inquiry being after those which appear to us the most 
 obvious and constant. It should be remarked, however, that in many instances 
 these characters are not strictly applicable to all the known species belonging to 
 those particular orders or genera, but only to those which are described in this work ; 
 that is, found in the United States, north of lat. 3S|. In our choice of terms we have 
 always, of necessity, studied the utmost brevity of expression, but have used none 
 but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work. 
 
 Although the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be ob- 
 vious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the following directions 
 and illustrations. We will suppose the student to be in possession of an unknown 
 plant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora, in other words to analyze. 
 To this end, he first determines to which of the six great classes of the natural "sys- 
 tem it belongs, either by his previous knowledge of their characters, which should 
 be thoroughly understood, or by an appeal to the first synoptical view, page 130. 
 Thus he inquires, 
 
 1. Is the plant a flowering or flowerless one ? Ans. Flowering. It belongs there- 
 fore to Phaenogamia. Turn next to the 2d couplet. 
 
 2. Are the leaves net-veined, &c. or parallel-veined, &c. Ans. Net-veined, and 
 the flowers are not wholly trimerous ; that is, the petals, sepals, and stamens, are in 
 in threes, but the carpels are single. The plant belongs, therefore, to Exogens. 
 Turn to the 3d couplet. 
 
 3. Stigmas present, &c. or stigmas 0, &c. Ans. Stigmas present. The plant 
 therefore belongs to Class I. Angiospermous Exogens. Next ascertain to which of 
 the sub-classes it belongs, by synopsis 2d. 
 
 4. Are the petals distinct," or united, or 0, &c. ? Ans. Distinct. The plant will 
 be found therefore among the Polypetalous Exogens. Now turn to the Conspectus 
 of the Orders of this subdivision, and inquire, 
 
 7. Is the plant an herb or a shrub ? Ans. A shrub. Turn then to couplet 54. 
 54. Leaves opposite, or leaves alternate ? Ans. Alternate. Turn to 65. 
 
 65. Stipules present, or stipules none ? Ans. Stipules none. 70. 
 
 70. Flowers <? $ , or $ ? Ans. $ . Turn then to couplet 72. 
 
 72. Stamens (00) indefinite, or 6, or 4, or 5 ? Ans. 6 ; and the plant belongs there- 
 fore to the natural order Berberidaceaj. The pupil now turns to Order VI. and 
 inquires in the Conspectus, 
 
 Is the plant an herb or a shrub ? Ans. A shrub, and therefore belongs to Berberis, 
 genus 1st. Turn finally to that genus, and study the species. 
 
 Again, suppose the plant to be an herb. Turn to couplet 8. 
 
 8. Leaves alternate, &c. or opposite ? Ans. All radical. 9. 
 
 9. Stipules present or ? Ans. Present (radical). 34. 
 
 34. Blowers regular or irregular ? Ans. Regular. 35. 
 
 35. Stamens monadelphous or distinct ? Ans. Distinct, and the order sought is 
 Kosaceas. Then turn to Order XLVIII. and inquire, 
 
 Ovaries free or adherent ? Ans. Free. 
 
 Naked or enclosed, &c. ? Ans. Naked. 
 
 Are they 3 50 in number or 1 only ? Ans. 3 50. 
 
 Are they in fruit follicles, a compound berry, or achenia ? Ans. Achenia. 
 
 On a dry receptacle or juicy ? Ans. Dry. 
 
 Caudate with the persistent style or not '? Ans. Not caudate. 
 
 Leaves simple or compound ? Ans. Compound. 
 
 Is the plant caulescent or acaulescent ? Ans. Acaulescent, and the genus is 
 Waldsteinia. Turn lastly to that genus, and learn the species. Further illustrations 
 are perhaps unnecessary. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 Sec. I. Classes and Subclasses. 
 
 1 Flowering plants (PHJENOGAMIA). 2 
 
 I Flowerless plants (CRYPTOGAMIA). 5 
 
 2 Lvs. net- veined ( 229, I). Fls. never wholly trimerous (EXOGENS). 3 
 2 Lvs. parallel- (rarely net-) veined. Fls. trimerous (ENDOGENS). 4 
 
 3 Stigmas present. Sds. enclosed in a pericarp. 6 ANGIOSPERMS. I 
 
 3 Stig. none. Sds. quite naked. (CONIFERS. CXXXI) GYMNOSPERMS. II 
 4 Sepals and petals verticillate or 0. Glumes 0. 143 AGLUMACE^. Ill 
 4 Sep. and pet. none. Glumes altern. Fr. 1-s'ded. 163 GLUMACEJE. IV 
 
 5 Stems and leaves distinguishable. 164 - - - - ACROGENS. V. 
 
 5 Stems and leaves undistinguishable. 168 - - - THALLOGENS. VI 
 
 6 Petals (or petaloid sepals) distinct. 7 Polypetalae. I 
 
 6 Petals united (at least at their bases). 76 - - - - Moiiopetalae. II 
 6 Petals 0. Sepals more or less united or none. 116 - Apetalae. Ill 
 
 Sec. II. Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens. 
 7 Herbs (164), annual, biennial or perennial, rarely suffruticose at base. - - 8 
 
 7 Shrubs and trees (164). 54 
 
 8 Leaves alternate or all radical. ---------------- 9 
 
 8 Leaves cauline, opposite, at least the lower ones. -- -- 38 
 
 9 Stipules (249) present. 34 
 
 9 Stipules none. ---------- 10 
 
 10 Polyandrous, stamens (20200) indefinite. 11 
 
 10 Oligandrous, stamens (few) definite. --- 17 
 
 II Stamens (hypogynous) inserted on the receptacle (74, Id). ----- 12 
 11 Stamens (perigynous) inserted on the calyx or corolla. -------16 
 
 12 Ovaries simple ; fruit acheniate, folliculate, &c., never capsular. ----- 13 
 
 12 Ovaries united into a compound capsule. - 15 
 
 13 Leaves never peltate. Seeds albuminous. RANUNCULACEJE. I 
 
 13 Leaves centrally or subcentrally peltate. Aquatic. 14 
 
 14 Sepals and petals definite (2 4). Seeds albuminous. - - CABOMBACEJE. VII 
 
 14 Sepals and petals indefinite, numerous. Albumen 0. - - - NELUMBIACEJE. VIII 
 
 15 Sepals and petals indefinite, numerous. ----- NYMPH.EACE.E. IX 
 
 15 Sepals and petals 5. Lvs. pitcher- or trumpet-form. - SARRACENIACE.K. X 
 
 15 Sepals 2. Juice usually colored. -------- PAPAVERACE.E. XI 
 
 16 Sepals and petals 5 10. r 75 
 
 16 Sepals and petals indefinite and confounded. CACTACE.E. LXI 
 
 17 Flowers very irregular. - 18 
 
 17 Flowers regular or nearly so. ------20 
 
 18 Filaments 6 or 8, united below into one or two sets. 19 
 
 L8 Filaments 5, cohering only at top. ------ BALSAMINACEJE. XXVIII 
 
 18 Filaments 8, distinct. Leaves peltate. TROPJSOLACE.E. XXIX 
 
 18 Filaments 8, distinct. Lvs. biternate. Vine with tendrils. SAPIKDACE^. XLI V 
 19 Leaves much dissected and divided. ------- FUMARIACE^E. XII 
 
 19 Leaves simple, entire. ---------- POLYGALACE.E. XVI 
 
 20 Ovaries superior (97), free from the calyx or nearly so. - --------21 
 
 20 Ovaries inferior, or wholly adherent to the calyx (97). 32 
 
 21 Sepals 2. Fleshy herbs. PORTULACACEJE. XXIV 
 
 21 Sepals 3 or more. - 22 
 
 22 Sta. (hypogynous) inserted on the receptacle or torus. 23 
 
 22 Stamens (perigynous) inserted on the calyx. 31 
 
 23 Sepals, petals and stamens symmetrical (61, c). - - - - 24 
 
 23 Sepals, petals and stamens unsymmetrical. Fruit a pod. ----- 29 
 
 24 Carpels solitary, fruit simple, one-celled. BERBERIDACE^E. VI 
 
 24 Carpels 3 5, more or less united. --------- 25 
 
 25 Leaves simple. ._.---------------- 26 
 
 25 Leaves compound. ~ ~ ~ \ 
 
 26 Ovary and capsule one-celled. Aquatic. ----- DROSERACE.E. XVIII 
 
 26 Ovary and capsule 5 10-celled. LINACEJE. XXVI 
 
 27 Plants aquatic. Fr. 2 5 fleshy achenia. Juice acid. LIMNANTHACEJE. XXX 
 
 27 Plants not aquatic. --- 28 
 
 28 Leaves palmately 3-foliate. Juice acrid. ----- OXALIDACEJE. XXXI 
 
 28 Leaves pinnate, with pellucid resinous dots. - - - - RUTACE.ZE. XXXIV 
 
 29 Flowers cruciform (105, 1). Pod s2-carpeled, 2- celled. - CRUCIFERJE. XIII 
 
 29. Flowers not cruciform, ---- 30 
 
 12 
 
132 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 30 Pods 2-carpeIed, one-celled. CAPFARIDACEJE. XIV 
 
 30 Pods 3 6-carpeled, one-celled. RESEDACEJE. XV 
 
 31 Ovaries (3 20) as many as the sepals. ----- CRASSULACEJE. LXIV 
 
 31 Ovaries (2) fewer than the sepals. ------ SAXIFRAGACEJE. LXV 
 
 32 Flowers in simple or compound umbels. ------------ 33 
 
 32 Flowers in racemes, solitary, &c. ONAGRACE.E. LV 
 
 33 Carpels 2, dry, separable, 1-seeded, indehiscent. - - UMBELLIFER^E. LXVII 
 
 33 Carp. 2 5, inseparably combined into a berry or drupe. ARALIACE^:. LXVIII 
 
 34 Flowers regular. -------------------- 35 
 
 34 Flowers irregular. --------------------36 
 
 35 Stamens monadelphous (74, xvi). MALVACE.E. XXXVII 
 
 35 Stamens distinct. ROSACES. XLVIII 
 
 36 Fruit a three-celled capsule. --- 37 
 
 36 Fruit a legume (116, 4). LEGUMINOSJE. XLVL 
 
 37 Caps, with 3 broad wings. Monoecious and monadelphous. BEGONIACEJE. LVID 
 37 Capsule not winged. Flowers perfect. ------ VIOLA CE^E. XVII 
 
 38 Stipules present, sometimes minute. 39 
 
 38 Stipules none. ---------------------41 
 
 39 Ovaries 5, distinct and one-seeded in fruit. - - - GERANIACEJE. XXVII 
 
 39 Ovary compound, 1 5-celled. --- _-__40 
 
 40 Sepals, petals and stamens 5. ILLECEBRACEJE. XXII 
 
 40 Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 2 or 3. Aquatic. - ELATINACEJE. XXV 
 41 Flowers very irregular. ----------- POLYGALACE.E. XVI 
 
 41 Flowers regular or slightly unequal. --42 
 
 42 Ovaries inferior. 43 
 
 42 Ovaries superior. 45 
 
 43 Calyx adhering only to the angles of the ovary. - - - - MELASTOMACEJE. LI 
 43 Calyx tube wholly adherent to the ovary. ----- 44 
 
 44 Involucre 4-leaved, white, subtending the small cyme. - - - CORNACE.K. LXIX 
 44 Invol. 0. (Lvs. 2 only. BERB. vi. Lvs. 3, Comp. Aral. LXVIII.) ONAGRACE*:. LV 
 
 45 Ovaries 00, distinct, simple, acheniate, caudate. - - - RANUNCULACEJE. I 
 
 45 Ovaries compound. - 46 
 
 46 Sepals 2, fewer than the petals. PORTULACACE.E. XXIV 
 
 46 Sepals 3 5, more or less united. 47 
 
 47 Styles united into one. 48 
 
 47 Styles distinct. 49 
 
 48 Sepals equal, combined into a tube. --------- LYTHRACE.E. LI1 
 
 48 Sepals unequal, nearly distinct. - CISTACEJE. XIX 
 
 49 Stamens hypogynous (arising from the receptacle). 50 
 
 49 Stamens perigynous (arising from the calyx). 51 
 
 50 Stem tumid at the nodes. Leaves not punctate. - CARYOPHYLLACEJE. XXIII 
 
 50 Stem often ancipital. Leaves with pellucid and black dots. HYPERICACE.E. XX 
 
 51 Stamens 20 or more, indefinite. Exotic. - - - MESEMBRYACE.E. LXII 
 
 51 Stamens fewer than 20, definite. -52 
 
 52 Carpels (follicles) distinct, always as many as the sepals. CRASSULACE.E. LXIV 
 
 52 Carpels 2 5, partly or completely united. 53 
 
 53 Embryo coiled around the albumen. Styles 3 5. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. XXIII 
 
 53 Embryo straight, in the midst of the alb. Styles 2. - SAXIFRAGACEJE. LXV 
 
 54 Leaves opposite. -------------------- 55 
 
 54 Leaves alternate. -----65 
 
 55 Stipules present, deciduous. - - CELASTRACE.E. XLV 
 
 55 Stipules none. 56 
 
 56 Flowers irregular. HIPPOCASTANACEJE. XLIII 
 
 56 Flowers regular. ___-__--_-----_--_-- 57 
 
 57 Stamens (00) indefinite, 20 or more. 58 
 
 57 Stamens definite, fewer than 20. - 61 
 
 58 Ovary superior ( 97). 60 
 
 58 Ovary inferior. ---------------------59 
 
 59 Ovary compound, of 3 5 carpels. Leaves dotted. - - HYPERICACEJE. XX 
 59 Ovaries 00, simple, enclosed in the fleshy calyx. - CALYCANTHACEJE. XLIX 
 
 60 Styles united into one. MYRTACEJE. L 
 
 60 Styles 4, distinct. PHILADELPHE*;. LXV 
 
 61 Ovary superior. --------------------62 
 
 61 Ovary inferior. - 63 
 
 62 Fruit a one-celled capsule. Depressed shrubs. CISTACEJE. XIX 
 
 62 Fruit 2 united samans (116, 10). Erect shrubs and trees. - ACERACEJE. XLI1 
 62 Fruit a 2-seeded berry. Climbing by tendrils. - - - VITACEJE. XXXVIII 
 
SYNOPSIS OP THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 133 
 
 63 Styles 2, distinct. Cymes radiate. HYDEANGEJB. LXV 
 
 63 Styles united into one. ._.-. - - 64 
 
 64 Berry 4-angled, 4-celled. Exotic. - ONAGRACE^. IA 
 
 64 Drupe 1 2-celled. Terrestrial shrubs or trees. - - - - CORKAGES. LX1X 
 
 64 Berry 1-celled, 1-seeded. Parasites. LORANTHACEJS. LXX 
 
 65 Stipules present, sometimes minute, or only 2 glands. "n 
 
 65 Stipules none. Flowers regular. --------------70 
 
 66 Flowers regular. ; - - - - - - o7 
 
 66 Flowers more or less irregular. - LEGUMINOSJE. XLiVli 
 
 67 Stamens 4 5, distinct. Erect shrubs. -- --68 
 
 67 Stamens 5, united into one set. Climbing. - - - PASSIFLORACE^. LVII 
 
 67 Stamens 00, 20 or more. --'^ 
 
 68 Stamens opposite to the petals. RHAMNACEJE. XL ,V1 
 
 68 Stamens alternate with the petals. ------- CELASTRACE.E. XLv 
 
 69 Filaments distinct, hypogynous. Flowers very large. - MAGNOLIACE*:. IJ 
 
 69 Filaments distinct, perigynous. - - - ROSACES. XLVIII 
 
 69 Filaments united into one set. - MALVACEAE. XXXV II 
 
 69 Filaments united into 5 sets. Flowers small. - - TILIACEJE. XXXVI11 
 
 70 Flowers dioecious. Climbing vines. MENISPERMACEJE. V 
 
 70 Flowers dioecious. Erect shrubs. - 71 
 
 70 Flowers perfect. ._.------- 72 
 
 71 Ovary superior. Prickly shrubs. ZANTHOXYLACEJS. XXXII 
 
 71 Ovary inferior. Unarmed. -------- HAMAMELACE*:. LXVI 
 
 72 Stamens (00) indefinite, 18 or more. Ovaries (5 Ros. XLVIII.) 00 or 1. - - 73 
 
 72 Stamens 6, opposite to the 6 petals. BERBERIDACE^E. VI 
 
 72 Stamens 4, alternate with the petals. .--- CORNACE.E. LXIX 
 
 72 Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. - --- 74 
 
 73 Fruit large, fleshy pods. Flowers trimerous (63, a) - - ANONACE s.. IV 
 73 Fruit a several-celled capsule. Fls. pentamerous. TERNSTRCEMACE*:. XXXVI 
 
 73 Fruit a many-celled berry. AURANTIACE^E.^XXXV 
 
 74 Fruit a dry, one-seeded drupe. ANACAHDIACEJE. XXXIII 
 
 74 Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. ESCALLIONE.E. LXV 
 
 74 Fruit a one-celled, globose berry. - - GROSSULACE.E. LX 
 
 74 Fruit a 5-celled baccate drupe. - ARALIACEJE. LXVII 
 
 75 Styles several, distinct. ----- ROSACES. XLVIII 
 
 75 Styles united into 1. - - - LOASACEJE. LVI 
 
 Sec. III. Orders of the Monopetalous Exogeiis. 
 
 76 Herbs annual, biennial or perennial. ---------------77 
 
 76 Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. 106 
 
 77 Stem long ; juicy, climbing by tendrils. ----- CUCURBITACE.E. LIX 
 
 77 Stem not furnished with tendrils. 78 
 
 78 Leaves alternate or all radical. 79 
 
 78 Leaves opposite, cauline. - - "95 
 
 78 Leaves none. Plant without verdure. ----. 93 
 
 79 Flowers regular. _.._..._-_-- SO 
 
 79 Flowers irregular. -------------------90 
 
 80 Stamens 5, cohering by the anth. Fls. small, in heads. - COMPOSITE. LXXV 
 
 80 Stamens 410, distinct (or united and fls. not capitate). 81 
 
 81 Ovary (inferior) adherent to the calyx tube. 82 
 
 81 Ovary (superior) free. (Stamens 6, diadelphous. Vine. 19.) 83 
 
 82 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. - - CAMPANULACEJE. LXXVII 
 
 82 Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the cor. - - VACCINES. LXXVIII 
 
 83 Stamens twice as many as the slightly united petals. PYROLE*:. LXXVIII 
 
 83 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. --84 
 
 |4 Stamens opposite the segments of the corolla. -- -85 
 
 84 Sta. alternate with the segm. of the cor. Styles united into one. - - - - 86 
 
 85 Ovary many-seeded. ---------- PRIMULACEJE. LXXXII 
 
 85 Ova. 1-s'ded. Pet. often but slightly connected. PLTJMBAGINACE.E. LXXXV 
 6 Acaulescent. Fls. spicate. Fr. a minute pyxis. PLANTAGINACEJE. LXXXIV 
 
 86 Caulescent. 1 - - 87 
 
 87 Fruit 4 nearly distinct achenia (116, 9). BORRAGINACEJE. XCIV 
 
 87 Fruit compound, capsular, or baccate (follicular, 105.) 88 
 
 88 Corolla twisted and imbricate in aestivation. - - - POLEMOXIACEJE. XCVI 
 38 Corolla twisted and plicate in estivation. - - - OONVOLVULACE*:. XCVIII 
 
 88 Corolla in aestivation not twisted. 89 
 
 89 Fruit a few-(2 4-)seeded capsule. .._'.. HYDHOPHYLLACE*. XCV 
 
134 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 89 Fr. a many-seeded capsule or berry. ./Estivation plicate. SOLANACE.E. XCIX 
 
 90 Ovary inferior. --- - LOBEUACEJE. LXXYI 
 
 90 Ovary superior. - 91 
 
 91 Stamens 2, or 4 and didynamous. -------------- 92 
 
 91 Stamens 5, rarely 4 and not didynamous. Cor.(very irreg.18) slightly uneq. 115 
 92 Ovary 1-celled. Aquatic, acaulescent. - - - - LENTIBULACE.E. LXXXVI 
 
 92 Ovary (spuriously) 4-celled. PEDALIACEJE. LXXXIX 
 
 92 Ovary regularly 2-celled. SCROPHULARIACEJE. XCI 
 
 93 Flowers regular. MONOTROPE.E. LXXVIII 
 
 93 Flowers irregular. 94 
 
 94 Erect herbs, color reddish-white or brown. - - - OROBANCHACE.E. LXXXVII 
 94 Twining, parasitic vines, orange- colored. - - - - CUSCUTINEJE. XCVI1I 
 
 95 Herbs with a watery juice. '-96 
 
 95 Herbs with a milky juice. Fruit 1 or 2 follicles. - 105 
 
 96 Corolla limb quite regular, or else ligulate. ------------97 
 
 96 Corolla limb more or less irregular. -------------- 102 
 
 97 Fls. small, in dense, involucrate heads. Fr. achenia. COMPOSITE. LXXV 
 
 97 Flowers in umbels, racemes, &c., not involucrate. 98 
 
 98 Ovaries inferior. 99 
 
 98 Ovaries superior, or nearly so. 100 
 
 99 Fruit with 2 or more seeds. RUBIACE.E. LXXII 
 
 99 Fruit with but 1 perfect seed. VALERIAN ACEJS. LXX1II 
 
 100 Fruit 4 nearly distinct achenia. ----------- LABIATE. XCIII 
 
 100 Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. SPIGELEJE. LXXII 
 
 100 Fruit a 3-celled capsule, loculicidal. POLEMONIACE.E. XCVIII 
 
 100 Fruit a 1-celled. many-seeded capsule. ------------- 101 
 
 101 Stamens opposite the petals. Placentas central, free. PRIMULACEJE. LXXXII 
 101 Stamens alternate with the petals. Placentae parietal. - GENTIANACE^E. C 
 
 102 Ovary inferior. 103 
 
 102 Ovary superior. ---- - -104 
 
 103 Flowers in dense, involucrate heads. ------ DIPSACE^E. LXXI V 
 
 103 Flowers solitary or geminate. -------- LONICEREJS. LXXI 
 
 104 Ovary 2-celled, Sds.(few, on hooks. ACANTHACEJE.XC.) SCROPHULARIACE.ZE. XCI 
 
 104 Ovary drupaceous, entire, 2 or 4-seeded. VERBENACE^E. XCII 
 
 104 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4 distinct achenia in fruit. - - - - LABIATE. XCIII 
 105 Flowers with a corona and in simple umbels. - - ASCLEPIADACE.E. CII 
 105 Flowers with no corona, and in cymes. ------ APOCYNACE^E. CI 
 
 106 Leaves alternate. 112 
 
 106 Leaves opposite. - 107 
 
 107 Ovary superior. 109 
 
 107 Ovary inferior. 108 
 
 108 Stipules present. Flowers in globose heads. Stamens4. CINCHONEJE. LXXII 
 
 108 Stipules (mostly) none. Stamens 5. ----- CAPRIFOLIACEJE. LXXI 
 
 109 Flowers irregular. Perfect stamens 2 or 4. - BIGNONIACEJE. LXXXVIII 
 
 109 Flowers regular. 110 
 
 110 Stamens 10, twice as many as the corolla lobes. - ERICINEJE. LXXVIII 
 
 110 Stamens 5, as many as the corolla lobes. APOCYNACE^E. CHI 
 
 110 Stamens 2, fewer than the corolla lobes. Ill 
 
 111 Corolla imbricate and twisted in aestivation. - - - - JASMINACEJE. CIII 
 
 111 Corolla valvate in aestivation. OLEACE.E. CIV 
 
 112 Ovary superior. --------------------114 
 
 112 Ovary inferior. 113 
 
 113 Fls. capitate, involucrate, minute. Fr. an achenium. COMPOSITJE. LXXV 
 
 113 Fls. racemose, &c. Stamens distinct. Fr. a berry. VACCINEJE. LXXVIII 
 
 113 Fls. racemose, &c. Sta. monad. Fr. a winged drupe. STYRACACE^E. LXXXI 
 
 1*4 Stamens (hypogynous) inserted with the corolla. - - ERICINE^E. LXXVIII 
 
 114 Sta.(perigynous) inserted on the summit of the cor. tube. DIAPENSIACE^E. XCVII 
 
 114 Stamens (perigynous) inserted into the cor. tube inside. 115 
 
 115 Drupe with 8 1-seeded cells. Petals 4. EBENACE*:. LXXX 
 
 115 Drupe with 36 1-seeded cells. AQUIFOLIACE.E. LXXIX 
 
 115 Berry with 2 many-seeded cells. -------- SOLANACE.E. XCIX 
 
 Sec. IV. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. 
 116 Herbs. - - 117 
 
 116 Trees, shrubs and undershrubs. ---------------130 
 
 117 Leaves alternate or all radical. 118 
 
 117 Leaves opposite. 123 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 135 
 
 118 Stipules (pchreae) sheathing the stem above the nodes. - POLYGONACES:. CX 
 
 118 Stipules 0, or not ochreate. 119 
 
 119 Fruit capsular, 3-carpeled, 3-seeded, tripartible. - - EUPHORBIACEJE. CXXI 
 119 Fruit baccate, 10-carpeled, 10-seeded. Fls. purple. PHYTOLACCACE.E. CXI 
 119 Fruit capsular, 3 6-celled, many-seeded. ------___. 120 
 
 119 Fruit 4-seeded. Calyx 0. Stamens 7. - - - - SAURURACEJE. CXVII 
 
 119 Fruit a solitary, 1-celled, 1-seeded utricle. 121 (or many distinct achenia. 13) 
 
 120 Flowers with a petaloid or colored calyx. Aerial. - - ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. CV 
 
 120 Flowers with a green calyx or 0. Aquatic. - - - PODOSTEMIACE.E. CXX 
 
 121 Sep. white, petaloid, connected to the anthers by threads. SANTALACEJE. CXIII 
 
 121 Sepals green, minute. --_ 122 
 
 121 Sep. dry and scarious, with scarious bracts around. AMARANTHACE.E. CVIII 
 
 122 Flowers perfect. - CHENOPODIACE*:. CVI 
 
 122 Flowers moncecious or dioecious. URTICACE.E. CXXX 
 
 123 Stipules present. URTICACE.E. CXXX 
 
 123 Stipules none. 124 
 
 124 Flowers monochlamydeous (with calyx only). --.---____ 125 
 
 124 Flowers achlamydeous (with neither calyx or corolla.) 129 
 
 124 Flowers with a calyx-like involucre ; capsule 3-seedea. EUPHORBIACE.E. CXXI 
 125 Stamens numerous, indefinite. Sepals distinct, colored. ----- 13 
 
 125 Stamens 10. Calyx green. - SCLERANTHACE.E. CVII 
 
 125 Stamens 1, 3, 4, 5, 8. 126 
 
 126 Calyx large, colored, limb entire, funnel-shaped. - - NYCTAGINACEJE. CIX 
 
 126 Calyx small, limb 3 5-lobed, or annular. 127 
 
 127 Ovary (inferior) adherent to the calyx tube. 32 
 
 127 Ovary (superior) free from the calyx. ------ 128 
 
 128 Capsule 1-celled, 5-seeded. Calyx colored. 101 
 
 128 Capsule 1-celled, 00-seeded. 50 
 
 128 Capsule 2 4-celled, 00-seeded. 48 
 
 128 Utricle 1-seeded. Calyx dry, with dry, colored bracts. AMARANTACE.E. CVIII 
 129 Leaves verticillate. Ovary 1-secded. - - - CERATOPHYLLACE.E. CXVIII 
 
 129 Leaves opposite. Ovary 4-seeded. CALUTRICHACE^E. CXIX 
 
 130 Leaves alternate. - - 131 
 
 130 Leaves opposite. Flowers declino us. 133 
 
 131 Stipules present, often deciduous. 132 
 
 131 Stipules none. 139 
 
 132 Juice milky. - MORE*. CXXX 
 
 132 Juice watery, &c. v 133 
 
 133 Flowers not in aments, mostly perfect and monochlamydeous. - - - 134 
 133 Flowers amentaceous, diclinous. -------_-____ 135 
 
 134 Ovary inferior. Capsule 3 6-celled. ------ ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. CV 
 
 134 Ovary superior. Samara or drupe 1-seeded. Trees. - - - ULMACEJE. CXVI 
 135 Aments pistillate and staminate, globular and pendulous. Trees. - - 137 
 135 Aments pistillate and staminate, cylindric and oblong. ----- -136 
 
 136 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, in fruit 1-seeded. - - - - MYRICACEJE. CXXVI 
 
 136 Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, in fruit 1-seeded. BETULACE^E. CXXV 
 
 136 Ovary follicular, 00-ovuled, in fruit 00-seeded. - - - SALICACE',E. CXXVII 
 
 137 Fruit 2-celled, several-seeded. - BALSAMIFLUJE. CXX VIII 
 
 137 Fruit a 1-seeded, clavate nut. PLATANACEJS. CXXIX 
 
 133 Samara double, winged. 62 
 
 138 Achenium enclosed in the berry-like calyx tube. - - - - ELEAGNACE^E. CXV 
 138 Fruit capsular, of 3, 1-seeded, slightly united nuts. - - EUPHORBIACE.E. CXXI 
 
 139 Fruit 1-celled (ovary 1 2-ovuled). - - - 140 
 
 139 Fr. 3 9-celled. Fls. perf. Evergreen undershrubs. EMPETRACEJE. CXXII 
 140 Both pistillate and stamin. fls. in oblong aments. Shrubs. MYRICACEJE. CXX VI 
 
 140 Only the staminate flowers in aments. Trees. 142 
 
 140 None of the flowers amentaceous. -----------___ 141 
 
 141 Ova. inferior. Fls. greenish. Drupe blue. Large trees. SANTALACEJE. CXIII 
 
 141 Ova. super. Fls. greenish, deeply cleft. Shrubs or sm'll tr's. LAURACEJE. CXII 
 
 141 Ova. superior. Fls. tubular, yellow or white. Shrubs. THYMELACE.E. CXIV 
 
 142 Leaves pinnate. ----_,------ JUGLANDACE^E. CXXI1I 
 
 142 Leaves simple, straight-veined. CUPULIFER.E CXXIV 
 
 Sec. V. Orders of the Aglumaceous Eudogens. 
 
 143 Veinlets of the leaves diverging from the midvein. ._- 156 
 
 143 Veinlets of the leaves all parallel with the midvein. 144 
 
 143 Veinlefs of the leaves reticulated. 160 
 
136 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 144 Fls. incomplete, collec'd. in a small, round, white head. ERIOCAULONACE^E. CLIX 
 
 144 Flowers incomplete and mostly on a spadix. -157 
 
 144 Flowers complete (rarely dioecious), never on a spadix. .- 145 
 
 145 Flowers regular. - - 146 
 
 145 Flowers more or less irregular. --,-------_-_ - 155 
 
 146 Perianth free from the ovary. - 147 
 
 146 Perianth adherent to the ovary. - 153 
 
 147 Sepals and petals similarly colored. -- __.. 150 
 
 147 Sepals and petals differently colored. -- 148 
 
 148 Flowers solitary, or racemose, &c. 149 
 
 148 Flowers densely capitate, yellow. XYRIDACEJE. CLVIII 
 
 149 Styles and stigmas distinct. Leaves radical. - ALISMACE.E. CXXXVIII 
 149 Styles and stigmas united into 1. Leaves cauline. COMMELINACE^E. CLVII 
 
 150 Styles and stigmas distinct. 151 
 
 150 Styles and stigmas united into 1. 152 
 
 151 Perianth scale-like, dry. JITNCAGINEJE. CXXXVIII 
 
 151 Perianth petaloid, green or colored. Aerial plants. MELANTHACE.E. CLV 
 151 Per. petaloid, small. Plants float'g in water. HYDROCHARIDACEJE. CXXXIX 
 
 152 Flowers succulent and withering, colored. LILIACE.E. CLIII 
 
 152 Flowers dry and (if colored) scarious. JUNCACE^E. CLVI 
 
 153 Stamens 3. IRIDACE^. CXLIX 
 
 153 Stamens 6. - 154 
 
 154 Leaves equitant and channeled ( 216, 1). - - - HJEMODORACEJE. CXLVIII 
 154 Leaves flat and not equitant. ------- AMARYLLIDACE.K. CXLVII 
 
 155 Ovary inferior. --.-------------___ 155 
 
 155 Ovary superior. --___.__--- PONTEDERIACEJE. CLIV 
 156 Stamens gynandrous ( 74, XX.) -------- ORCHIDACEJE. CXL 
 
 156 Stamen free, 1 only, with half an anther. ------ CANNACEJE. 
 
 156 Stamens free, 3, with extrorse anthers. - ------ IRIDACEJE. CXLIX 
 
 157 Root floating in water. Stamens 1 or 2. - - - - LEMNACE^E. CXXXV 
 
 157 Root fixed in earth. 158 
 
 158 Stems floating in water. NAIADACE/E. CXXXVII 
 
 158 Stems erect, terrestrial. ---- __.- 159 
 
 159 Spadix with a spathe, or on a leaf-like scape. - - - ARACE^E. CXXXIV 
 159 Spadix without a spathe, and not on a scape. - - TYPHACEJE. CXXXVI 
 
 160 Flowers perfect, solitary, or 2 3. TRILLIACE^E. CLI1 
 
 160 Flowers dioecious. 161 
 
 161 Leaves cauline, mostly climbing shrubs. 162 
 
 161 Leaves radical. ALISMACE^. CXXXVIII 
 
 162 Fruit a thin, 3-cornered capsule. - DIOSCOREACEJE. CL 
 
 162 Fruit a globose, fleshy beny. -- -- SMILACE.E. CLI 
 
 Sec. VI. Orders of the Glumaceous Endogens. 
 
 163 Stems mostly solid. Sheaths entire. CYPERACEJE. CLX 
 
 163 Stems mostly fistulous. Sheaths split down to the nodes. GRAMINE.E. CLXI 
 
 Sec. VII. Orders of Cryptogamla. 
 
 164 Plants consisting of woody and vascular tissue. ---------- 165 
 
 164 Plants consisting of cellular tissue only. 166 
 
 165 Fruit terminal, cone-like. Leaves sheath-like. - - EQUISETACEJE. CLXII 
 
 165 Fr. axillary, &c. Leaves 1-veined. LYCOPODIACEJE. CLXIII 
 
 165 Fruit borne upon the veiny, often contracted leaves. - - FILICES. CLXIV 
 
 165 Fruit radical or nearly so, of two kinds. Aquatics. MARSILEACE.S. CLXV 
 
 166 Leaves veinless, distinct from each other or from the axis. Musci. (CLXVII^ 
 
 166 Leaves veiny, mostly confluent into one expansion. HEPATIC^. (CLXVIII) 
 
 167 Plants with no distinct axis of growth. - 168 
 
 167 Plants having a distinct axis, with whorled branches. CHARADES. CLXVI 
 168 Plants aerial, dry, crustaceous, on trees, rocks, &c. - - LICHENES. (CLXIX) 
 168 Plants aerial, succulent, often ephemeral, never green. - - FUNGI. (CLXX^ 
 168 Plants aquatic, consisting of simple vesicles or lobed fronds. ALGJE. (CLXXI) 
 
FIRST GRAND DIVISION, 
 PH^ENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 Plants consisting of a regular axis of groioth with leafy appendages 
 
 compcsed of a cellular , vascular and ligneous structure; 
 
 developing flowers and producing seeds. 
 
 SUBDIVISION FIRST. 
 
 EXOGENS, OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 STEM composed of distinct bark and pith, with an intervening layer 
 of woody fibre and vessels. G-ROWTH by annual, concentric, exter- 
 nal zones or layers. LEAVES mostly with reticulated veins, and fall- 
 ing off by an articulation. SEPALS and PETALS in 5s and 4s much 
 oftener than in 3s. EMBRYO with 2 opposite, or several whorled 
 cotyledons. 
 
 CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 OVULES produced within an OVARY and fertilized by the pollen 
 through the medium of the PISTIL, becoming SEEDS enclosed in a 
 PERICARP. EMBRYO with two opposite cotyledons. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. POLYPETAL^E. 
 
 Floral envelops usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, the 
 latter composed of distinct petals. 
 
 ORDER I. RANUNCULACE.33. CROWFOOTS. 
 
 Herbs, with an acrid, colorless juice. 
 
 Leaves mostly alternate and much divided, with half-clasping petioles. 
 
 Calyx. Sepals mostly 5, sometimes 3, 4 or 6, mostly deciduous, andimbricated in aestivation. 
 
 Corolla. Petals 315, hypogynous, sometimes irregular or 0. 
 
 Stamens 00, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers, adnate or innate. 
 
 Ovaries 00, rarely solitary or few, distinct, seated on the torus. 
 
 Fruit either dry achenia, or baccate, or follicular. 
 
 Embryo minute, at the base of horny or fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 41, species about 1000 (Lindley), mostly natives of cold, damp climates. Europe is supposed 
 to contain one fifth of the species, North America one-seventh, India one-twenty-fifth, South America 
 one-seventeenth, Africa very few, and New Holland but 18. 
 
 Properties. Almost all the genera contain an acrid juice highly prejudicial to animal life, but easily 
 decomposed and deprived of its activity by a heat of 212 deg. They also lose their poisonous qualities in 
 drying. This order is rk-h in ornamental cultivated plants. 
 
138 
 
 I. RANUNCULACE^E. 
 
 CLEMATIS. 
 
 f Sepals 
 I equal. . 
 
 I Sepals 
 follicular. [unequal, 
 
 I" Pet. small. 
 \ Petals 0. 
 
 PIG. 39 1. Ranunculus bulbosus. 2. A petal with the nectariferous scale. 3. A carpel with its beak. 
 4. Vertical section, showing the erect ovule. 5. Aquilegia Canadensis. 6. Torus, with the stamens and 
 pistils, and a petal attached. 7. Follicle. 8. Seed. 9. Its vertical section, showing the funiculus and 
 minute embryo. 10. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of the 5 ovaries, the 20 
 stamens in 4 series, &c. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Pet. Mipped. Trollius. 7 
 
 Flowers ( cauline. \ Pet. 2-lipped. Helleborus. 8 
 
 solitary, f radical. . . . Copt is 9 
 
 (white. . Cimicifuga. 15 
 
 Flowers racemose, \ dark purple. Zanthorhiza. 19 
 
 Calyx white. .... Isopyrum. 10 
 
 Calyx bright yellow. . . . Caltha. 6 
 
 (plane, 3-lobed. . . Nigella. 22 
 
 . I Petals conspicuous, ( all spurred behind. . Aquilegia. 11 
 
 ( upper one large, vaulted. . . Aconitum. 13 
 
 (colored, .. (upper one spurred behind. . . Delphinium. 12 
 
 . (green and foliaceous. Petals plane. . . Pcconia. 21 
 
 ( palmate. . Trautvetteria. 16 
 
 (Leaves alternate, if 2 3-ternate. Thalictrum, 17 
 
 (Invol. 0. . .( Leaves opposite. Mostly climbers.. Clematis. l 
 
 (Petals 0, or < Involucre calyx-like, near the flower. . . Hepatica. 3 
 
 inconspicu. ( Involucre leaf-like, remote from flower. . . Anemone. 2 
 
 ( with no nectary, scarlet. . . Adonis. 4 
 
 \ with nectariferous, tubular claws. Myosiirus. 18 
 
 Petals conspicuous, . . . f with a nectariferous scale at base. Ranunculus. 5 
 
 ( solitary, many-seeded. Flowers racemose Actcca. 14 
 
 Carpels baccate, (numerous, 12-seeded. Flowers solitary Hydrastis. 20 
 
 1. CLEMATIS. 
 
 Gr. K\rjfjia, a tendril ; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles instead. 
 
 Calyx 4-(rarely 5, 6 or 8-) sepaled, colored, pubescent; corolla 0, 
 or smaller than the calyx ; filaments 00, shorter than the sepals ; 
 ovaries 4 20 ; styles longer than the stamens ; achenia caudate with 
 the long, plumose, permanent style. % Mostly climbing. Leaves 
 mostly compound and opposite. 
 
ANEMONE. I. RANQNCULACE^E. 139 
 
 Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. ATRAGENE. DC. 
 
 1. C. VERTICILLARIS. DC. (Atragene Americana, Sims.} Whorl-leaved 
 Virgin's Boiccr. 
 
 Climbing; Irs. in 4s., verticillate. ternate; Ifts. cordate, nearly entire; 
 ped. 1-flowered; sepals very large, acute. A handsome climber in highland 
 woods, Vt., (Dr. Phelps} to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem ascending trees 
 15f by means of its twisting petioles. At each node is a whorl of four 3-foliate 
 leaves, and 2 large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1 2' by \ 1'. Sepals 
 thick, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals 7) dilated, spatulate, 
 tipped with imperfect anthers. May, Jn. 
 
 Petals 0. CLEMATIS proper. 
 
 2. C. VIRSINIANA. Virgin's Bower. 
 
 St. climbing ; Ivs. ternate ; Ifts., ovate, cordate, acuminate, lobed and cut- 
 dentate ; fls. often 9 J\ paniculate. A common, hardy climber in hedges and 
 thickets, Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 8 15 f. in length, supporting itself 
 on fences and brushwood by means of the long petioles. Leaflets 2 3' by 
 \\ 2', with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, oval-oblong, obtuse. Sta- 
 mens 28 36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with 
 long, plumose tails (caudas), appearing in large, downy tufts. Aug. f 
 
 3. C. VIORNA. Leather Flower. 
 
 St. climbing ; Irs. pinnately divided ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each 
 end, entire or 3-lobed ; fls. solitary, campanulate ; sep. thick and leathery, acumi- 
 nate. In woods, Penn. to 111. (Jenny] and Ga. Stem 10 15f in length, cyl- 
 indrical, striate. Leaves opposite, decompound, consisting of 9 12 leaflets. 
 Flowers axillary, purple, large, nodding. Peduncle 3 6' long, with a pair of 
 small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with long, plumose tails, 
 Jn. Jl.t 
 
 4. C. OCHROLEUCA. Ait. (C. sericea. Michx.} Erect Clematis. 
 
 St. herbaceous, erect, simple, silky-pubescent ; Ivs. undivided, ovate, entire, 
 silky beneath ; fls. pedunculate, terminal, solitary, inclined to one side ; cal. 
 silky outside. Mts. and river banks, N. Y. to Ga. An erect species, 12 -18' 
 high. Leaves subsessile, 2 4' long, two-thirds as wide, with prominent veins, 
 upper surface becoming glabrous. Flowery yellowish white (ochroleucous), 
 camr>anulate in form. May, Jn. 
 
 5. C. CRISPA. Crisp-flowered Clematis. 
 
 St. climbing ; Ivs. pinnate and ternate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, very acute, 
 3-lobed or entire ; fls. solitary ; sep. acuminate, revolute, thick, with undulate 
 and crisped margins. Va. to Flor. Stem striate, 6 8f long. Flowers a 
 third smaller than in C. Viorna, pale-purple, campanulate. Sepals spreading 
 or revolute at the end. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Achenia 
 with naked (not plumose) candae. Jl. f 
 
 6. C. FLAMMULA. Sweet Virgin's Bower. Lvs. pinnate ; Ifts. smooth, entire, 
 orbicular-oval, oblong or linear, acute. From France. A fine climber for 
 arbors, &c., very ornamental and sweet-scented. Flowers white. Jl. Oct. f 
 
 7. C. FLORIDA. Large-flowered Virgin's Bower. Lvs. 2-foliate and decom- 
 pound ; segments ovate, acute, entire"; sep. acuminate, glabrous ; involucre 0. 
 From Japan. Vine 12f long, with large, white and yellow flowers. Jn. 
 -Sept.f 
 
 8. C. VITICELLA. Lvs. 3-foliate and decompound, lobes or segments entire ; 
 sep. obovate. From Spain. This, as well as the preceding species, is often 
 double-flowered. Vine 20f long. Flowers purple, f 
 
 Observation. All the species are ornamental, and of easy culture. They require only a common soil, 
 and are propagated by layers, cuttings, or from the seed. 
 
 2. ANEMONE. 
 
 Gr. avsfios, wind; most of the species grow in elevated or windy places. 
 
 Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves ; calyx regu- 
 lar, of 5 15 colored sepals; corolla 0; stamens 00, much shorter 
 than the sepals ; ovaries 00, free, collected into a roundish or oval 
 
140 I. RANUNCULACE^E. ANEMONE. 
 
 head ; achenia 00, mucronate.- ^i- Lvs. radical. Scapes with leaf- 
 like involucres. 
 
 1. A. NEMOROSA (and quinquefolia. Linn.'). Wood Anemone. 
 
 Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 
 2-parted, incisely dentate ; invol. similar to the leaves, petiolate ; st.\ -flowered. 
 A common and interesting little plant, found in old woods, hedges, and some- 
 times in open fields. Root creeping. Stem 69' high, erect. The involucre 
 consists of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its 
 bracts cut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the 
 base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single 
 white flower, purplish outside. Apr. May. 
 
 2. A. CYLINDRICA. Gray. 
 
 Whole plant pubescent ; his. ternate, lateral Ifts. 2-parted to the base, middle 
 one deeply 3-cleft, segments all linear, cuneate below, cut-dentate and lobed at 
 apex; Ivs. of invol. petiolate ; ped. 2 6, rarely 1, all naked; sep. 5; ach. woolly, 
 in a long, cylindric head. Dry, hilly places, Mass. W. to la. Not common. 
 Scape about 2f high. Leaves about 2 3' wide, and similar in their divisions 
 to those of Ranunculus acris. Naked flower-stalks 8 10' long, umbellate, but 
 little diverging. Flowers large, solitary. Petals pale yellow, obovate, obtuse. 
 Heads of fruit If long. May, Jn. 
 
 3. A. VIRGINIANAV Virginian Anemone. 
 
 Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. subpetiolate, ovate-lanceolate, cut-dentate, acuminate, 
 lateral ones 2-lobed, middle ones 3-lobed ; invol. foliaceous, petiolate ; fr.. in 
 oblong heads. A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures. Can. to Car. 
 Scape erect, 2 3 f. high, round, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long, 
 parallel peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an invol ucel of 2 
 bracts. Leaves 2 3' by 3 4', on radical petioles 610' long, petioles of the 
 bracts much shorter. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green. Fruit woolly, in 
 heads 1' long. July. 
 /?. alba. Oakes. Ms. larger ; sep. white. Ledges, Vt. Dr. Robbins. 
 
 4. A. HUDSONIANA. Rich. (A. multifida, DC. and 1st edit.) 
 
 Hairy ; Ivs. 3 5-parted to the base, segments cuneate, laciniately dentate ; 
 scape 1, 2 or 3-flowered ; invol. and involucels similar, 2-leaved, on short petioles; 
 sep. 58, oval, obtuse. On rocky ledges, shores of Onion River, Colchester 
 and Burlington, Vt. Dr. Robbins. Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Rare. 
 Scape 6 10' high, simple, or dividing below the middle. Leaves mostly in 5 
 segments distinct to the base, about I/ diam., each segment \' long, in 3. linear 
 lobes, petioles 1 2' long. Flower small, white, varying to purple. Heads of 
 fruit oval or globose. Jn. 
 
 5. A. PENNSYLVANIA. (A. aconitifolia. Michx. A. dichotoma. Linn.) 
 St. dichotomous ; Ivs. 3 5-parted and incisely dentate ; invol. and involucels 
 
 leaf-like, sessile, 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; sep. 5 ; 
 fr. in globose heads. Shores and rocky places, Penn. N. to Arctic Am. Rare. 
 Scape 15 20' high, dividing above the middle into about 3 shortish peduncles, 
 the middle one naked, the other 2 each with a 2-leaved involucel, the involu- 
 cre at their base. Flowers white, 12 14" diam. Carpels hairy, compressed, 
 as long as the curved style. Jn. Jl. 
 
 6. A. PATENS. (A. Ludoviciana. Nutt.) 
 
 Silky-villous ; Ivs. 3-parted or divided, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft and 
 incised, lobes lance-linear ; invol. subulately dissected ; sep. 5 6, erect. Dry 
 hills, 111. ! W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 6 10' high. Leaves smoothish above, seg- 
 ments 1 3' long, 1 2" wide. The dissected involucre concave or cup-shaped. 
 Sepals 1' long, silky outside, pale dull purple. Tail of the carpels near 2' long. 
 
 7. A. CORONARIA. Poppy-leaved Anemone. Lvs. ternate, with multifid seg- 
 ments and linear, mucronate lobes ; sep. 6, oval, close. From Levant. A 
 hardy, flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. f 
 
 8. A. HORTENSIS. Star Anemone. Lvs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentate 
 lobes; invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sep. 10 12, oblong. 
 
RANUNCULUS. I. RANUNCULACEJE. 141 
 
 From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of 
 red, white and blue flowers. May. f 
 
 Observation. Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They all 
 prefer a fresh, loamy soil. 
 
 3. HEP ATI CA. Dill. 
 
 CrT. fiirariKos, of the liver; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf. 
 
 Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, 
 situated a little below the flower ; calyx of 5 9 petaloid sepals, dis- 
 posed in 2 or 3 rows ; corolla ; achenia awnless. 
 
 H TRILOBA. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. L/inn.} Liverwort. 
 L/vs. trilobate, the lobes entire ; scape 1-flowered, hairy. Woods, Can. to 
 Car. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting 
 forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow- 
 bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical, 
 on long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3 lobes, 
 which suggests all its names. Flowers on scapes 3 M long, solitary, numer- 
 ous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. In cul- 
 tivation they become double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two 
 varieties : 
 
 a. obtvsa, lobes obtuse, rounded. Prefers the south side of hills. 
 
 8. acuta, lobes acute. Prefers the north side of hills. 
 
 4. ADONIS. 
 
 Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by the boar. 
 
 Sepals 5, appressed ; petals 5 15, with naked claws ; achenia in 
 a spike, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. 
 
 A. AUTUMNALIS. Pheasant's Eye. 
 
 ^..branching; fls. 5 8-petaled ; carpels crowned with a very short style, 
 and collected into an ovate or subcylindric head ; pet. longer than the calyx. A 
 fine, hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of N. Y. Stem 
 thick. Leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Flowers 
 crimson, !' diam. Seeds to be sown in autumn, in a light soil. f 
 
 5. RANUNCtJLUS. 
 
 Lat. rana, a frog ; from the aquatic habitat of some species. 
 
 Calyx of 5 ovate sepals ; corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each 
 with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base inside ; filaments 00. 
 much shorter than the petals ; achenia 00, crowded in a roundish or 
 oblong head. Herbs mostly ^ with yellow flowers. 
 *Leaves all undivided. 
 
 1. R. FLAMMULA. Small Spearu-ort. 
 
 St. declinate ; Ivs. smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones 
 petiolate ; ped. opposite the leaves. An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and 
 swamps, Can. to N. Car. W. to 111. ! Root fibrous. Stem 6 18' long, more or 
 less decumbent, succulent. Leaves 3 6' in length, J 1' wide, entire or with 
 a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yel- 
 low, on peduncles J as long as the leaves. It abounds in a very acrid juice. 
 Jn. Aug. 
 
 2. R. REPTANS. Creeping Crowfoot. 
 
 Very small, smooth ; st. creeping, geniculate, rooting ; nodes 1-flowered ; 
 Ivs. subulate, smooth, entire, remote. A slender species, creeping on river banks 
 and other wet places, Hanover, N. H., (Mr. T. Rickard,} W. to Oregon. Stem 
 6 10' long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy, 6 12" in length, 
 mostly very narrow, and acute at each end. Flowers on axillary peduncles. 
 Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. Nectary 
 covered by a scale. Achenia very smooth. Jl. 
 /?. walis. Bw. Lvs. oval and lanceolate ; pet. 5 10. 
 
142 I. RANUNCULACE.E. RANUNCULUS, 
 
 y. filiformis. DC. (R. filiformis. Michx.} St. filiform, very long, with 
 linear leaves and small flowers. 
 
 3. R. PUSILLUS. Poir. /?. muticus. T. & G. Puny Crowfoot. 
 
 Erect ; Ivs. all petiolate, lower ones ovate, upper ones linear lanceolate ; 
 pet. mostly but 3, scarcely longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, pointless, smooth, 
 in small globose heads. In wet grounds, N. Y. and Penn. Stems slender, 
 weak, 6 12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower leaves subcordate, J 1' 
 long, i as wide, petioles 1 3" long, upper ones 1 1" long, i as wide, with 
 minute, remote teeth. Flowers very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May. 
 
 4. R. CYMBALARIA. Ph. Sea Crowfoot. 
 
 Very small, smooth ; st. filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints ; Ivs. reni- 
 form-cordate, crenate-dentate ; ped. solitary, mostly 2-flowered ; pet. spatulate ; 
 ach. oblong. In salt marshes on the sea-coast, N. J. to Arctic Am. and at 
 Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Leaves radi- 
 cal, J 1' diam., on long petioles. Scapes 2 6' high, each with 2 or 3 small, 
 bright yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked. Jn. 
 * * Leaves divided. 
 
 5. R. ABORTlvus. Round-leaved Crowfoot. 
 
 Smooth; radical Ivs. roundish, cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; cauhne 
 Ivs. ternate or pedate, angular, with linear segments, upper ones sessile ; cal. a 
 little longer than petals, reflexed. A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., 
 remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 16' 
 high, nearly naked. Root leaves 8 18" diam., quite regularly margined with 
 crenate divisions, and on petioles 2 5' long. Lower stem leaves pedate, with 
 a pentangular outline ; upper in 3 deep segments. Flowers small, yellow . 
 Fruit in globose heads. May. Jn. 
 
 6. R. SCELERATUS. Ph. Celery Crowfoot. See also Addenda, p. 638. 
 Smooth ; lower Ivs. 3-parted, segments 3-lobed, crenately subincised ; stem 
 
 Ivs. 3-parted, segments crenately incised, upper ones simple, lanceolate, entire ; 
 carpels in an oblong head. Grows in wet places, Can. to Car. Stem rather 
 thick, hollow, much branched, 1 lf high. Lower petioles 3 5' long, with 
 rather large, palmately 3 5-parted leaves. Floral leaves or bracts mostly 
 simple, lanceolate and entire. Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Calyx 
 deflexed. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters 
 upon the skin. Jn. Jl. 
 
 7. R. RECURVATUS. Wood Crowfoot. 
 
 St. erect, and with the petioles, covered with spreading hairs ; Ivs. 3-parted, 
 hairy, segments oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones2-lobed; cal. recurved ; 
 pet. linear-lanceolate ; ach. uncinate. About 1 f. high, in damp woods, Lab. 
 to Ga., pale green, branching above. Leaves 1 2' long, 2 3|' wide, on peti- 
 oles 36' long. Upper leaves subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. 
 Flowers small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carpels ovate, tipped 
 with minute, hooked beaks. May. Jl. 
 
 8. R. ACRIS. Butter-cups. Crowfoot. Yellow Weed. 
 
 St. erect, many flowered ; Ivs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, the seg- 
 ments laciniate, upper ones with linear segments ; ped. round ; cal. hairy, 
 spreading; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved. This 
 is the most common species from Penn. to Hudson's Bay. in meadows and 
 pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. Stem 1 2f high, round, hollow, 
 mostly hairy. Leaves ! 3' diam., upper ones in 3 linear segments. Flowers 
 large, golden yellow. Jn. Sept. 
 /?. Fls. double, the pet. excessively multiplied. Gardens. 
 
 9. R. BULBOSUS. Bulbous Crowfoot. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 Hairy ; st. erect, bulbous at the base ; radical Ivs. ternate, Ifts. petiolate, 
 incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed; cal. reflexed. This is 
 another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &c. Root fleshy. 
 Stem leafy, furrowed, 6 18' high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort 
 of bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden-yellow flowers. 
 It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals, and its furrowed 
 
CALTHA. 1. RANUNCULACE^E. 143 
 
 peduncles. The lobes of the root leaves are also rounded rather than acute at 
 apex. May, Jn. 
 
 10. R. FASCICULARIS. Muhl. Early Crowfoot. 
 
 St. erect, branched ; Ivs. pubescent, ternate, the middle segments deeply 3- 
 cleft, lateral ones remotely 3-lobed; col. villous, spreading, shorter than the 
 petals. Rocky woods and hills, Penn. to Wiscon. N. to Can. Root a fascicle 
 of fleshy fibres. Radical leaves on petioles 3 8' long, so divided as to appear 
 almost pinnate ; upper leaves 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large. Petals 
 yellow, cuneate-obovate, with a scale at base as broad as the transparent claw. 
 Apr. May. 
 
 11. R. PENNSYLVANICUS. (R. hispidus. Ph.) Bristly Crowfoot. 
 
 St. erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff, spreading hairs ; Ivs. vil- 
 lous, ternate, Ifts. subpetiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; cal. reflexed, 
 rather longer than the roundish petals ; carpels tipped with a. short, straight 
 style. A very hairy species, in wet grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem li 3f 
 high. Leaves 2 3' diam. ; leaflets strongly veined and with spreading seg- 
 ments. Flowers numerous, small, bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or cy- 
 lindrical heads. Jn. Aug. 
 
 12. R. REPENS. (R. intermedius. Eaton. R. Clintonii. Beck.') 
 
 St. branching from the base, prostrate, radicating at the joints ; Ivs. trifo- 
 liate, Ifts. petiolate, cuneiform, 3-lobed, cut-dentate ; ped. furrowed; cal. spreading ; 
 carpels with a broad, not recurved point. In moist or shady places, Can. and 
 U. S. Stems 1 3 or 4f long, generally nairy at base, the early flowering 
 branches erect. Petioles hairy, long. Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green. 
 Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. May Jl. 
 
 /?. linearilobus. DC. St. very long, floriferous ; lobes of Ivs. very narrow. 
 
 y. Marilandicus. T. & G. St. and petioles densely hirsute with soft hairs ; 
 Ifts. distinctly petiolulate. 
 
 13. R. PURSHII. Richardson. Floating Crmvfoot. 
 
 Floating; st. long; submerged Ivs. cleft in to numerous capillary segments, 
 emersed ones reniform, 3 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sep. reflexed, 
 half as long as the petals ; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style ; 
 hds. globose. Ponds, sluggish streams, and .muddy places, Can., U. S. Stem 
 1 2f or more in length, fistulous. Leaves pentangular in outline, f 1J' 
 diam., those below most finely divided ; petioles J 2' in length. Flowers 
 bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. 
 
 /?. (R. fluviatilis. Bw. R. lacustris. Beck.') Lvs. all capillaceous-multi- 
 fid ; fls. as large as in R. acris. 
 
 14. R. AQUATILIS. /?. capillaceus. River Crowfoot. 
 
 St. floating ; submersed Ivs. filiformly dissected ; pet. obovate, larger than the 
 calyx, white ; carpels transversely rugose. Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic 
 Am. to S. Car. W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the 
 flowers, and perhaps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1 2f or more in length, 
 slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into 
 numerous, hair-like segments, in outline roundish and 1' diam. Peduncles 
 thick, 1 1J' long. Flowers smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, 
 white, except the yellow claws. Jl. Aug. 
 
 Observation. Several of the above mentioned species are double-flowered in cultivation, as Nos. 8, 9, 
 and 12. Of foreign species, R. Asiaticus, the garden Ranunculus, with large double flowers varying to 
 every hue, and R. aconitifolius, with white double flowers, are sometimes, but not generally, found in 
 our gardens. 
 
 6. CALTHA. 
 
 Gr. KaXflt&of, a goblet ; the yellow calyx may well be compared to a golden cup. 
 
 Calyx colored, of 5 orbicular sepals, resembling petals ; corolla ; 
 stamens 00, shorter than the sepals ; follicles 5 10, oblong, com- 
 pressed, erect, many-seeded. %. Aquatic and very glabrous. 
 C. PALUSTRIS. Marsh Marigold. Cowslips. 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. cordate, suborbicular, crenate. Wet meadows, Can. to Car. 
 W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem about If high, hollow, round, 
 13 
 
144 I. RANUNCULACE.E. COPTIS, 
 
 dichotomous. Lower leaves 2 4' wide, on long semicylindric petioles, upper 
 ones sessile, all of a dark shining green, veiny and smooth. Flowers of a 
 golden yellow in all their parts, 1J' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row 
 of filaments clavate, twice longer than the ijiner. The young leaves are in 
 great request in spring, for greens. May. 
 
 /?. integerrima. (C. integerrima. PA.) Lvs. entire; sep. obovate, obtuse. 
 
 y. plena, with double flowers. Cultivated in gardens. 
 
 7. TROLLIUS. 
 Germ, trol or trollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flowers. 
 
 Sepals 5 10 15, roundish ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 5 
 25, small, linear, tubular at base ; stamens 00, much shorter than the 
 sepals ; follicles 00, subcylindric, sessile, many-seeded. %. Smooth, 
 with palmate leaves. 
 
 1. T. LAXUS. Salisb. (T. Americanus Muhl.') American Globe Flower. 
 
 Sep. 5, oblong, spreading ; pet. 15 25, shorter than the stamens. In 
 swamps, Can. to Penn. Not common. About If high. Leaves deeply cleft into 5 
 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Sepals yellow, resembling petals, 
 4 5" long. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned 
 with the persistent styles. This is the only American species. Jn. 
 
 2. E. EUROP.EUS. European Globe Flower. Erect, branched, leafy ; Ivs. deeply 
 cleft or divided, segments cuneate at base, acute, incisely lobed and toothed ; 
 fls. solitary, erect, large, globular ; ped. long, naked ; sep. closely converging ; 
 pet. equaling the stamens. Native of Europe. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers 
 of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or 
 roots. May, Jn.f 
 
 3. T. ASIATICUS. Asiatic Globe Flower. Erect ; Ivs. deeply divided into 5 
 broad segments ; segments laciniately lobed and toothed ; fls. terminal, soli- 
 tary, pedunculate ; sep. spreading ; pet. longer than the stamens. Native of 
 Asia. Plant about 2f high, with ample foliage and large, deep orange-color- 
 ed flowers yellow in some of its varieties. Jn.f 
 
 8. HELLEBORUS. Adans. 
 
 EXetr, to cause death ; popa, food ; the poisonous qualities are well Known. 
 
 Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8 10, very short, 
 tubular, 2-lipped ; stamens 00; stigmas 3 10, orbicular; follicles 
 cohering at base, many-seeded. % Lvs. coriaceous, divided. Fls. 
 large, nodding. 
 
 H. VIRIDIS. Green Hellebore. 
 
 Glabrous ; radical Ivs. pedately divided, segments lanceolate, acute, ser- 
 rate ; cauline Ivs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile ; peds. often in pairs ; sep. 
 roundish ovate, acute, green. A European plant, on Long Island. Stem 
 23 f. high, thick. Apr.f 
 
 9. COPTIS. Salisb. 
 
 Gr. KOTTTCJ, to cut ; from the numerous divisions of the leaves. 
 
 Sepals 5 6, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous ; petals 5 6, 
 small, cucullate, obconic ; stamens 20 25 ; follicles 5 10, stipitate, 
 rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4 6-seeded. Low herbs, 
 with radical leaves, and a long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma. 
 
 C. TRIFOLIA. Goldthread. 
 
 Lvs. 3-foliate ; scape 1-flowered ; pet. much smaller than the sepals. Penn. 
 N. to Arctic Am. Stem subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, very 
 bitter and tonic. Leaves all radical, leaflets sessile, 4 8" long, crenate-mu- 
 cronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1 2' long. Peduncles 3 4' 
 high, with a single, minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white star- 
 like flower. The 5 or 6 yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color 
 among the white stamens. May. Medicinal. 
 
DELPHINIUM. I. RANUNCULACE^E. 145 
 
 10. I S O P Y R U M . 
 
 Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous ; petals 5, small, tubular, sometimes 
 0; stamens 10 40; ovaries 3 20; follicles subsessile, acuminate 
 with the style, 2-several-seeded. Delicate herbs, with leaves 2 3-ter- 
 nate, segments 2 3-lobed. Fls. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white. 
 I. BITERNATUM. Torr. and Gray. (Enemion. Raf.) 
 Low, erect, glabrous ; petioles auricled at base ; Ivs. "membranaceous ; pet. 
 ; carpels 36, broadly ovate, divaricate* sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded ; sds. 
 obovatc, compressed, smooth and shining. Tj. Damp shades, Western States. 
 Root fibrous. Stems several!, 4 10' high. Leaves mostly biternate, petiolules 
 longer than the petioles, segments cuneate-obovate, 4 6" long. Flowers on 
 slender peduncles 1 2' long. May. 
 
 11. AdUILEGIA. 
 
 Lat. aquila, the eagle ; the spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey. 
 
 Sepals 5, equal, ovate, colored, spreading, caducous ; petals 5, tu- 
 bular, dilated at the mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner 
 attached to the torus, extending behind into a long, spurred nectary ; 
 stamens 30 40, the inner ones longer and sterile ; styles 5 ; fol- 
 licles 5, many seeded. 4 Fls. nodding. 
 
 1. A. CANADENSIS. Wild Columbine. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 Glabrous ; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate ; 
 sep. rather acute, longer than the corolla ; spurs straight, longer than the limb ; sta. 
 and sty. exserted. This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in 
 dry soils, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the 
 greatest ease, and is much more delicate in foliage and in the hues of its flowers, 
 than the common blue Columbine. Stem branching, a foot high, with ternate, 
 lobed leaves. Flowers terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous, 
 much embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles. 
 Fruit erect. May. 
 
 2. A. VULGARIS. Common Columbine. ^purs incurved ; sts. leafy, many- 
 flowered ; Ivs. nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate ; sty. a little longer than the 
 stamens. From Europe. Stem 1 2f high, with a profusion of handsome, 
 smooth foliage, and large purple flowers. Leaflets bifid and trifid, with round- 
 ed lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double by the multiplication of 
 the hollow, spurred petals. They also vary in color through all shades from 
 purple to white. Jn.f 
 
 12. DELPHINIUM. 
 
 Gr. Se\<j>tv, a dolphin ; from the fancied resemblance of the flower. 
 
 Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred ; petals very irregular, 
 the two upper ones terminating behind in a tubular, nectariferous 
 spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx ; styles 1 5 ; follicles 1 5. 
 Showy herbs, with leaves much divided. Fls. blue, red or purple, 
 never yellow. 
 
 1. D. CONSOLIDA. Branching Larkspur. 
 
 St. suberect, smooth, with spreading branches ; fls. few, loosely racemed ; 
 ped. longer than the bracts ; sty. 1 ; carpel solitary, smooth. The common 
 larkspur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides. Leaves 
 in numerous linear divisions. Jn. Jl. It has numerous varieties of double 
 and semi-double flowers of various colors.^ f 
 
 2. D. EXALTATUM. American Larkspur. 
 
 Petioles not dilated at base ; Ivs. flat, 3-cleft below the middle, segments cu- 
 neiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, the lateral ones often 2-lobed ; roc. 
 straight ; spur longer than the calyx. Native of the Middle States, rarely of the 
 Northern. Stem 3 if high, straight, erect. Flowers of a brilliant purplish 
 
146 1. RANUNCULACE.^. ACTJBA. 
 
 blue. It is deservedly esteemed in the flower-garden, and is of the easiest cul- 
 ture. Jl. Aug. f 
 
 3. D. TRICORNE. Michx. Three-fruited Larkspur. 
 
 Petioles slightly dilated at base ; Ivs. 5-parted, divisions 3 5-cleft, lobes 
 linear, acutish ; pet. shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded 
 inside ; spur ascending, straight, as long as the calyx ; carpels 3, spreading in 
 fruit. Uplands, Penn. to Mo. and Ark. Plant 6 18' high, nearly smooth. 
 Leaves roundish in outline, on long petioles. Flowers 68, light blue, in a 
 rather loose panicle. 
 
 4. D. AZUREUM. Michx. Azure La'rkspur. 
 
 Pubescent or nearly smooth ; st. erect ; Ivs. 3 5-parted, many-cleft, with 
 linear lobes ; petioles some dilated at base ; rac. strict ; pet. shorter than sepals, 
 lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft ; spur ascending. Native in Wis. and Ark. 
 A very variable species, cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 4 f. high. Flowers 
 azure-colored.f 
 
 5. D. GRANDIFLORUM. Large Blue Larkspur. Lvs. palmate, many-parted, 
 lobes linear, distant ; pedicels lojiger than bract ; pet. shorter than calyx. A 
 superb perennial species, from Siberia. Flowers double or single, in racemes, 
 of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge of purple.f 
 
 6. D. ELATUM. Bee Larkspur. Lvs. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base, 
 trifid, cut-dentate ; spur inflexed. Native of Siberia. Stem 5 or 6f high. 
 Flowers blue, and when viewed at a little distance, resembling the bee in form.f 
 
 Observation. A. few other species may perhaps be found in gardens. All are showy plants, of the 
 easiest culture. 
 
 13. ACONITUM. 
 
 Gr. UKOVITOS, without dust; because the plants grow on dry rocks. 
 
 Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted; petals 5, the 3 
 lower minute, the 2 upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper 
 sepal, recurved and nectariferous at the apex ; styles 3 5 ; follicles 
 3 5. ^\.Lvs. digitate or 'palmate. Fls. in terminal spikes. 
 1. A. UNCINATUM. American Wolf's-Bane. 
 
 St. flexuose ; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches ; Ivs. palmate, 
 3 5-parted, with rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate divisions; galea (upper 
 sepal) exactly conical, rostrate ; spur inclined, somewhat spiral ; ova. villous. 
 A cultivated, poisonous plant, also native N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2f high. 
 Leaves coriaceous, dark green, 4 5' wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near 
 the summit of each branch. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. A. NAPELLUS. (A. delphinifolia. DC.y Monk's-Hood. St. straight, erect ; 
 Ivs. deeply 5-cleft, cut into linear segments, furrowed above ; upper scp. arched 
 at the back, lateral ones hairy inside ; ova. smooth. A poisonous plant, culti- 
 vated among flowers. It is a tall, rank, perennial, making quite a consequen- 
 tial appearance. Stem 4f high, with a long spicate inflorescence at its termi- 
 nation. Flowers dark blue, surmounted by the vaulted upper sepal, as if 
 hooded in a monk's cowl. Aug. There are varieties with flowers white, rose- 
 colored, &c. 
 
 14. ACT^EA. 
 
 Gr. aKTt], the elder; which plant these herbs resemble in foliage. 
 
 Calyx inferior, of .4 roundish, deciduous sepals ; corolla of 4 8 
 spatulate, unguiculate petals; filaments about 30, dilated above; 
 anthers 2-lobed, introrse ; stigmas sessile ; ovary ovoid ; berry glo- 
 bose, with a lateral furrow, 1 -celled ; seeds many, smooth, com- 
 pressed. 7J. with ternately divided Ivs. Fls. white. 
 
 1. A. RUBRA. Bigelow. (A. Americana. Pk.} Red Bane-berry. 
 
 Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; rac. hemispherical ; pet. acute ; pedicels of the 
 fruit slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong. Not uncommon in rocky woods, Penn. 
 to Lab. W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 1& 2f high, dividing into 2 branches, one 
 of which usually bears leaves only, the other leaves and a cluster of flowers. 
 
THALICTRUM. 1. RANl/NCULACE^E. 147 
 
 Leaves 2 or 3-ternate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets, variously lobed and cut. 
 Petioles 4 1' long, smooth, and slightly glaucous, like the whole plant. 
 Flowers 20 40, in a short dense raceme. Berries bright red, on slender pedi- 
 cels. May. 
 
 2. A. ALBA. Bw. (A. Americana. /?. alba. Ph.} White Bane-berry. 
 
 Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; roc. oblong ; pet. truncate ; pedicels of the fruit 
 thicker than the peduncles ; berries white. Grows in rocky woods, common, 
 Can. to Ga., much like the last in foliage. Plant 1J 2f. high, bearing 2 com- 
 pound leaves and a cluster of flowers. Leaflets 1 2' long, as wide, acumi- 
 nate. Raceme 1 3' long, !' thick, the pedicels f long, at length purple, and 
 about as thick as the purple peduncles, characters which, as well as the milk- 
 white fruit, readily distinguish this species from the last. May. 
 
 15. CIMICIFUGA. 
 Lat. cimex, a bug,fugo, to drive away ; alluding to its offensive odor. 
 
 Sepals 4 5 ; petals 3 8, sometimes wanting ; stamens 00, 
 anthers introrse ; follicles 18, oblong, many-seeded. 1j- Lvs. ter- 
 nately divided. Pis. white, in long slender racemes. 
 
 1. C. RACEMOSA. Ell. (Actaea. Linn. Macrotys. Raf.} Black Snake-root. 
 Lvs. ternately decompound ; Ifts. ovate-oblong, incisely serrate ; roc. very 
 
 long; pet. 2, forked, slender; sty. 1 ; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate. 
 A tall, leafy plant, with the aspect of an Actaea, found in upland woods. Stem 
 4 8 f. high, with long, panicled racemes of white sepaled and monogynous 
 flowers. Petals 4 6, small. Stamens about 100 to each flower, giving the 
 raceme the appearance oi a long and slender plume. Flowers very fetid. 
 Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. C. AMERICANA. Michx. (C. podocarpa. Ell. Actaea podocarpa. DC.} 
 Glabrous ; Ivs. triternate, segments ovate, terminal one cuneiform at base, 
 
 3-parted or 3-cleft and incised ; pet. concave, sessile, 2-lobed, nectariferous at 
 base ; ova. 2 5, stiped, obovatr and pod-shaped in fruit ; sds. flat, scaly. 
 Woods, Penn. to N. Car. Stem 3 6f high. Leaflets 24' long, with coarse, 
 unequal, mucronate serratures. Flowers smaller than in C. racemosa, in a 
 long panicle of racemes. Follicles abruptly beaked, 6 8-seeded. 
 
 16. TRAUTVETTERIA. Fisch. and Meyer. 
 
 Named in honor of Trautvetter, a German botanist. 
 
 Sepals 4 5 ; petals ; stamens 00, petaloid ; anthers introrse ; 
 carpels 15 20, membranaceous and indehiscent, 3-carinate, 1 -seeded, 
 tipped with the short, hooked style. ^ Lvs. palmately lobed. 
 T. PALMATA. Fisch. and Meyer. (Cimicifuga. Hook.} 
 St. slender, terete, smooth, branched above ; Ivs. few, rugose and reticulate- 
 veined, palmately 5 9-lobed, upper ones sessile, lower on long petioles, lobes 
 lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; fls. cymose. Prairies, la. S. to Tenn. Plant 
 2 5f high. Radical leaves 46' wide, 3 5' long, the petioles twice as long. 
 Stem leaves 2 4, remote. Flowers many. Sepals orbicular, concave, cadu- 
 cous, white. Stamens conspicuous, white. Jl. Aug. 
 
 17. THALICTRUM. 
 
 Said to be from -&aXXco, to be green. 
 
 Calyx colored, of 4 5 roundish, concave, deciduous sepals ; 
 corolla ; filaments 00, compressed, dilated upwards, longer than 
 the calyx ; ovaries numerous (4 15), with sessile stigmas ; achenia 
 awnless, ovoid. % Lvs. ternately divided. Fls. often $ J*. 
 
 1. T. DIOICUM. Early Meadow Rue. 
 
 Very smooth ; Ivs. decompound ; Ifts. roundish, with obtuse lobes ; filaments 
 
 filiform ; fls. 9 tf. Herb 1 2f high, meadows and woods, British Am. to 
 
 Car. Stem striate, jointed. Leaflets paler beneath, with 5 7 rounded lobes 
 
 or teeth. Flowers in long-stalked panicles. Sepals 5, obtuse, purplish. The 
 
 13* 
 
148 I. RANUNCULACE^. HYDRASTIS. 
 
 barren flowers with numerous slender filaments and yellow anthers, the fertile 
 ones smaller, with shorter stamens. Fruit oval, striate. May. 
 
 2. T. CORNUTI. (T. Corynellum. DC.} Meadow Rue. 
 
 Lfts. obtusely 3-lobed, paler underneath ; fls. 9 cT 5 filaments clavate ; fr. 
 sessile, striate. A handsome herbaceous plant, common in meadows. Stem 
 3 4f high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed. Leaves resembling those of the 
 columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compounded. 
 Leaflets 12' long, f as wide. Petioles sheathing at base. Panicles large 
 and diffuse. The barren flowers have numerous club-shaped stamens, with 
 oblong yellow anthers. Fertile flowers smaller and less crowded. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. T. ANEMONdiDES. Michx. (Anemone thalictroides. Linn.) Rue Anc- 
 
 Floral IDS. petiolate, simple, whorled, resembling an involucrum ; radical 
 Ivs. biternate ;fts. umbeled. "Woods and pastures, Northern, Middle, and West- 
 ern States. The root of this little herbaceous plant consists of several oblong 
 tubercles. Stem erect, 6 8' high, slender, bearing several white flowers at top 
 in a sort of umbel. Leaves } 1' long, as wide, cordate at base, 3-lobed, on 
 petioles J 1J' long; radical common petioles 2 1' long. Apr. May. 
 
 18. MYOStJRUS. Dill. 
 GT. jjivs, //uo?, mouse, ovpa, tail; alluding to the long spike of carpels. 
 
 Sepals 5, produced downwards at base below their insertion; 
 petals 5, with slender, tubular claws ; stamens 5 20 ; achenia very 
 closely spicate on the elongated torus. (D Lvs. linear ', entire, radical. 
 Scapes \-flowered. 
 
 M. MINMUS. (M. Shortii. Raf.} Mouse-tail. 
 
 Prairies and bottoms, 111., Mead ! to La. and Oreg., Nuttall. A diminutive 
 plant, remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit, which is often an inch 
 long. Leaves 1 3' long, 1 2" wide. Scape a little taller, with a single 
 minute pale-yellow flower at top. Apr. 
 
 19. ZANTHORHIZA. 
 
 Gr. |ai/-&of, yellow, pia, root. 
 
 Sepals 5 ; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes, raised on a pedicel ; sta- 
 mens 5 10; ovaries 5 10, beaked with the styles, 2 3-ovuled ; 
 follicles mostly 1 -seeded, seed suspended. Suffruticose; st. and bark 
 yellow and bitter. Lvs. pinnately divided. Rac. axillary, compound, 
 Fls. small, dark purple, often 9 $ cT- 
 
 Z. APIIFOLIA. L'Her. (Z. simplicissima. Michx.} 
 
 River banks, Penn. to Ga. Root thick. Stem short, woody, leafy above. 
 Leaves glabrous, about 8' long, including the long petioles. Leaflets 5, 2 3' 
 long, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate. Racemes many-flowered, appearing 
 with the leaves. Follicles spreading, 1|" long. March, April. 
 
 20. HYDRASTIS. 
 
 Gr. iSwp, water; the plant grows in watery places. 
 
 Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, equal ; corolla ; stamens 00, a little 
 shorter than the sepals ; baccate fruit composed of numerous, aggre- 
 gate, 1 -seeded acines. %with 2 Ivs. and 1 flower. 
 
 H. CANADENSIS. Turmeric-root. 
 
 The only species. It grows in bog meadows, Can. to Car. and Ky. ! Rare. 
 Root of a deep yellow color internally. Stem 69' high, becoming purplish, 
 hairy above. Leaves 2 only, alternate, on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, 
 emarginate at base, palmate, with 3 5 lobes. Peduncle terminal, solitary, 
 1-flowered. Sepals reddish white, of short duration. Fruit red, juicy, resem- 
 bling the raspberry. Seeds nearly black. May, Jn. 
 
II. MAGNOLIACE^E. 149 
 
 21. P^EONIA. 
 
 The physician Paeon, according to mythology, first used this plant in medicine, and cured Pluto with it. 
 
 Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 (mostly 
 changed to petals by cultivation) ; ovaries 2 5; style- 0; stigmas 
 double, persistent ; follicles many-seeded. % Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. 
 bilernate. Fls. large^ terminal^ solitary. 
 
 1. P. OFFICINALIS. Common Pceony. St. erect, herbaceous ; lower Ivs. bipin- 
 nately divided ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised ; fr. downy, nearly 
 straight. The splendid pseony has long been cultivated in every part of Europe 
 and in this country. This species is said to be native of Switzerland. It is a 
 hardy perennial, requiring very little pains for its cultivation. Among its 
 varieties the double red is the most common. The white is truly beautiful. 
 The flesh-colored and the pink are. also favorites. May, Jn. 
 
 2. P. ALBIFLORA. White-flowered Pceony. Lifts, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 
 entire, smooth ; follicles recurved, smooth. Native of Tartary. Whole plant 
 dark, shining-green and smooth. Flowers smaller than the last, but truly ele- 
 gant and fragrant. Petals white. Calyx brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at 
 base. Nine or ten varieties with flowers single and double, white, rose- 
 colored, &c., are now mentioned in the catalogues of American gardeners. 
 
 3. P. ANOMALA. Jagged-leaved Siberian P&ony. Lfte. with many lanceo- 
 late segments, smooth; follicles depressed, smooth; col. bracteolate. From 
 Siberia. Distinguished by the long, narrow segments of the leaflets. Flowers 
 concave, rose-colored. Follicles usually 5. 
 
 4. P. MOUTAN. Chinese Tree Paony. St. shrubby, Tj.; Ifts. oblong-ovate, 
 glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed; ova. 5, distinct, 
 surrounded by the very large disk. From China. The woody stem branches 
 into a bush 3 4f high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very large, 
 always double in cultivation, fragrant and truly splendid. This plant is re- 
 markable for producing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 5. P. PAPAVERACEA. Chinese Poppy-flowered Paony. St. shrubby, 7J. ; Ifts. 
 oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed ; ova. 
 about 5, closely united into a globose head. From China. Resembles the 
 last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by 
 its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre, often single in culti- 
 vation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this country, 
 amounting to about 150 in all. 
 
 22. NIGELLA. 
 Lat. Niger, black ; the color of the seeds, which are used in cookery. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 3-cleft petals ; styles 5 ; 
 capsules 5, follicular, convex. European herbs. Lvs. in many line- 
 ar and subulate segments. 
 
 1. N. DAMASCENA. Fennel Flower. Fls. in a leafy involucre; anth. obtuse; 
 carpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose cap- 
 sule. Native of S. Europe. A hardy annual of the gardens, to which have 
 been applied the gentle names of " ragged lady," " devil in a bush," &c. 
 Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the Fennel. Flowers 
 terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divided 
 like the rest. They are often double, white or pale-blue. Jn. Sept. 
 
 2. N. SATlVA. Nutmeg Flower. St. hairy, erect ; fls. naked ; anth. obtuse ; 
 capsules muricate. From Egypt. Rather smaller than the last. Jn. Sept. 
 
 ORDER II. MAaNOLIACEJE MAGNOLIADS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed, never serrate. 
 
 Stip. membranaceous, either convolute in the leaf-bud, or placed face to face. 
 
 Fls. solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect. 
 
150 II. MAGNOLIACE^E. LIRIODENDRON. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 36, deciduous, colored like the petals. 
 Cor. Petals 612, hypogynous, in several rows, imbricate in aestivation. 
 Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct, with short filaments, and adnate anthers. 
 Ova. several, in many rows upon an elongated torus. 
 Fr. follicular or baccate, 1 2-seeded. 
 
 Sds. attached to the inner suture of the carpels, from which (in Magnolia) they are suspended by along, 
 delicate funiculus. 
 
 An order consisting of 11 genera and 65 species, including some of the most splendid and majestic forest 
 trees. The southern and western states seem to be the region of the most of them. China, Japan, and 
 the Indies contain a few, 
 
 Properties. The bark of the species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter principle, which is 
 tonic and stimulating, and the corollas are aromatic beyond almost all other flowers. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Carpels dehiscent by the dorsal suture, seeds pendulous Magnolia. 1 
 
 Carpels indehiscent, seeds enclosed, not pendulous Liriodendron. 2 
 
 1. MAGNOLIA. 
 
 In honor of Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, author of ' Botanicum Montpeliense,' &c. 
 
 Sepals 5, often or petaloid ; petals 6 12^ caducous 5 carpels 
 2-valved, 1 2-seeded, imbricated into a cone ; seeds baccate, sub- 
 cordate, and suspended, when mature, by a long funiculus. A superb 
 genus, consisting mostly of large trees with luxuriant foliage, and large, 
 fragrant flowers. 
 
 1. M. GLAUCA. White Bay. 
 
 Lvs. oval, glaucous beneath ; pet. obovate, tapering to the base. This spe- 
 cies is native in N. Eng., particularly at Gloucester, Mass., thence to La. and 
 Mo. The tree is about 25f in height, remarkable only for the beauty of its 
 foliage and flowers. The leaves are smooth, entire, of a regular, elliptical 
 form, remarkably pale beneath. Flowers terminal, white, solitary, of 3 sepals 
 and several concave petals, appearing in July. 
 
 2. M. ACUMINATA. Cucumber Tree. 
 
 Lvs. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; pet. obovate, obtusish. Grows 
 near the Falls of Niagara, but is more abundant in the Southern States. It is 
 a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4 5f diam., 60 80f high, 
 bearing an ample and regular summit. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers 
 5 6' diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely con- 
 trasted with the rich dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cylindric, 
 bearing some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 
 
 3. M. UMBRELLA. Lam. (M. Tripetala. Linn.") Umbrella Tree. 
 Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, silky when young ; sep. 3, reflexed ; 
 
 pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute. A small tree, 20 30f high ; common in the 
 Middle and Southern States, extending north to southern N. Y. Branches irre- 
 gular. Leaves 16 20' by 6- 8', often appearing whorled at the ends of the 
 branches in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 8' diam. 
 Fruit conical, 4 5' long, of a fine rose-color when ripe. The wood is soft 
 and porous, and of little use in the arts. May, June. 
 
 4. M. GRANDIFLORA, 
 
 Native of the Southern States, is the noblest species of the genus. Its 
 great neight (80 ), its shining, dark-green leaves, its fragrant, white flowers a 
 foot in diameter, form a combination of rare magnificence.! 
 
 2. LIRIODENDRON. 
 Gr. Xctptov, a lily ; Sev&pov, a tree. 
 
 Sepals 3, caducous ; petals 6 ; carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 2- 
 seeded ; seeds attenuated at apex into a scale. Trees, with large and 
 fragrant.Jlowers. 
 
 L. TULIPIFERA. Tulip Tree. White Wood. Poplar. 
 
 A fine tree, one of the most remarkable of the American forests. Can. to 
 La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f 
 high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers it 
 grows much larger. Near Bloomington, la., I measured a tree of this species 
 which had been recently felled. Its circumference, 4 feet from the ground, 
 
MEMSPERML'M. V. MENISPERMACEJE. 151 
 
 was 23f; 30 feet from the ground its diameter was 5f; the whole height 
 125f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At top it divides rather 
 abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Leaves dark green, 
 smooth, truncate at the end, with two lateral lobes, 3 5' in length and breadth, 
 on long petioles. In May and June it puts forth numerous large and brilliant 
 flowers, greenish-yellow, orange within, solitary, 4 & diam. The wood is 
 extensively used as a substitute for pine. 
 
 ORDER IV. ANONACE^E. ANONADS. 
 
 Trees or Shrubs. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, simple, entire, -without stipules. 
 
 Fts. usually green or brown, axillary, large, shorter than the leaves. 
 
 CaL Sepals 34, persistent, often united at base. 
 
 Cor. Petals 6, in two rows, hypogynous, aestivation valvate. 
 
 Sta. indefinite, densely crowded. Fil. short. Anth. adnate, extrorse. 
 
 Ova. numerous, closely packed. Sty. short or 0. Stiff simple. 
 
 Fr. dry or succulent, l many-seeded, distinct or aggregated. Sds. anatropous. 
 
 Genera 20, species 300 , chiefly native within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four species are 
 found in the United States, all of the following genus. Plants generally aromatic in all their parts. 
 
 UVARIA. 
 
 Lat. un a, grape ; from the resemblance of the fruit of some species. 
 
 Sepals 3, united at base ; petals 6, in 2 rows ; carpels oblong, 
 baccate, often torulose, pulpy within ; seeds several. Aromatic shrubs 
 or trees. 
 
 U. TRILOBA. Torr. and Gr. (Anona. Linn.) Pawpaw. 
 
 Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate ; pet. dark-purple, exterior orbicular, 3 or 
 4 times as long as the sepals. A small and beautiful tree, 15 20f high, on 
 banks of streams, Middle, Southern and Western States. Branches and leaves 
 nearly glabrous, the latter 8 12' by 3 4', very smooth and entire, tapering to 
 very short petioles. Fruit about 1' thick and 3' long, ovoid-oblong, about 
 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Flowers in March, 
 Apr. 
 
 ORDER V. . MENISPERMACEJE. MENISPERMADS. 
 
 Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, entire leaves. 
 
 Fls. small, in panicles or racemes, usually dioecious. 
 
 CaL Sepals 38, in adouble series, 24 in each, imbricated in aestivation, hypog., deciduous. 
 
 Cor. Petals 18, hypogynous, usually as many as the sepals, rarely 0. [many. 
 
 $ta. distinct or monadelphous, equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as 
 
 Anth. innate and consisting of 4 globose lobes. 
 
 Ova. usually solitary, sometimes 24. Fr. a drupe, globose-reniform. 
 
 Genera 11, species 175, mostof them natives of tropical Asia and America. The only northern genus 
 is Menispermum. 
 
 Properties. A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A foreign species 
 of Menispermum yields the colwmbo of the shops, which is a valuable tonic; another genus, Anamirta 
 Cocculus, of India, furnishes the Indian cockle, so intoxicating to fishes. 
 
 MENISPERMUM. 
 
 Gr. firii'T], the moon; o-Treftyta, seed; from the crescent form of the seed. 
 
 Flowers 9cf; sepals 4 8, in a double row; petals 4 7, minute, 
 retuse; c? Stamens 12 20. 9 Ovaries and styles 2 4; drupes 
 1 -seeded ; seeds lunate and compressed. 
 
 M. CANADENSE. Moon-seed. 
 
 St. climbing ; Ivs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted 
 near the base ; roc. compound ; pet. 6 7, small. In woods and hedges near 
 streams, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. Stems round, striate, 8 12f long. 
 Leaves 4 5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 5' 
 long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4" diam., 
 black, resembling grapes. The root is perennial, and in medicine has the pro- 
 perties of a tonic. Jl. 
 /?. lobatum, has the leaves lobed. 
 
152 VI. BERBERIDACEjE. JEPPERSONIA. 
 
 ORDER VI BEKBERIDACE^G. BERBERIDS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually exstipulate, simple or compound leaves. 
 
 Fis. solitary, racemose or panicled, perfect. 
 
 Cat. Sepals 346, imbricate in 2 rows, often reinforced by petaloid scales. 
 
 Cor. hypogynous. Pet. 13 times as many as the sepals and opposite to them. 
 
 Sta. as many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them. 
 
 Anth. generally opening by recurved valves, extrorse. 
 
 Ova. l-celled, solitary, simple. Sty. often lateral. Stig. often lateral or peltate. 
 
 Fr. berried or capsular. 
 
 Sds. one or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many, attached to lateral placentae. 
 
 Genera 12, species 100, inhabiting the temperate zones. Some genera, as the Podophyllum and Jeffer- 
 
 sonia, possess cathartic properties. Others, as the Berberis, contain in their fruits malic and oxalic acid. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Petals 8, flowers on a scape Jeffersonia. 3 
 
 S Leaves not peltate. Petals 6, with a scale at base. . . . Leontice. 4 
 
 Herbs perennial. I Leaves peltate ; stamens 00. Podophyllum. 2 
 
 Shrubs, with yellow flowers and irritable filaments. Berberis. 1 
 
 1. BERBfiRIS. 
 
 Calyx of 6, obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the three outer 
 ones smaller ; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the 
 base of each ; filaments 6, flattened ; anthers 2 separate lobes on 
 opposite edges of the connectile ; style 0; berry oblong, l-celled; 
 seeds 2 or 3. Fine hardy shrubs. 
 
 B. VULGARIS. Berberry Bush. 
 
 Spines 3-forked ; Ivs. simple, serratures terminated by soft bristles ; roc. 
 pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire. A well known bushy, ornamental shrub, 
 in hard, gravelly soils, Northern States. Grows 3 8f high. Leaves 1 2' 
 long, as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering at base into the petiole, and 
 remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Flowers yellow, a dozen 
 or more in each hanging cluster. Stamens irritable, springing violently 
 against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an 
 agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow. 
 Jn.? 
 
 2. PODOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Gr. irovs, xoSos, a foot ; (f>v\\oi> } a leaf; alluding to the long, firm petioles. 
 
 Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, concave, caducous ; petals 6 9, obovate, 
 concave; stamens 9 18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, 
 l-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma. % Low, rather poisonous 
 herbs. Lvs. 2.' Fl. solitary. 
 
 P. PELTATUM. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. 
 
 In woods and fields, common in Middle and Western States, rare in N. 
 Eng. Height about If. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. 
 Stem round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the 
 flower. Leaves oftener cordate than peltate, in 5 7 lobes, each lobe 6' long 
 from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Flowers pedun- 
 culate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Petals curiously netted with veins. 
 Fruit ovoid-oblong, large, yellowish, with the flavor of the strawberry. The 
 root is cathartic. May. 
 
 3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart 
 
 In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science. 
 
 Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8, spreading, incurved ; sta- 
 mens 8, with linear anthers ; stigma peltate ; capsule obovate, stipi- 
 tate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. Scape simple, l-flowered. 
 Lvs. ^-parted or binate. 
 
 J. DIPHYLLA. Barton. 
 
 A singular plant, 814' high, Middle and Western States. Rhizoma 
 horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are 
 placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous 
 
NELUMBIUM. VIIL NELUMBIACE.&. 153 
 
 beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, regular, "white. The 
 capsule opens only half round, and has thersfore a persistent lid. Apr. This 
 plant has in Ohio the reputation of a stimulant and antispasmodic, and is there 
 significantly termed rheumatism root. 
 
 4. LEONTlCE. 
 
 Gr. Acwv, a lion ; the leaf is likened to a lion's foot-track. . 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary, of 3 6 green sepals ; corolla of 6 
 petals, each bearing a scale attached to the claw at base within ; sta- 
 mens 6 ; cells of the anther dehiscent at edge ; pericarp membrana- 
 ceous (caducous), 2 4-seeded ; seeds erect, globose. 
 
 L. THALICTROIDES. (Caulophyllum. Michx.) Poppoose Root. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. biternate and triternate ; Ifts. oval, petiolate, unequally lobed, 
 the terminal one equally 3-lobed. A smooth, handsome plant, in woods, Can. 
 to Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. Stem 1 2|f high, round, 
 dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other 
 bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemose panicle of greenish flowers. Leaflets 
 
 galer beneath, 2 3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia. 
 eeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin 
 pericarp, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. 
 
 ORDER VII, CABOMBACEJE. WATERSHIELDS. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, with floating, entire, centrally peltate leaves. 
 
 Fls. axillary, solitary, small. Sep. 34, colored inside. 
 
 Cor. Petals 34, alternate with the sepals. 
 
 Sta. hypogynous, either 6, or more than 17. Anth. adnate. 
 
 Ova. 2 or more. Stis: simple. 
 
 Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. 
 
 Sds. globular, pendulous. Embryo minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 2, species 3. American water-plants, extending from Cayenne, S. America, to N. England. 
 
 Property Slightly astringent. 
 
 BRASENIA. Schreb. 
 
 Calyx of 3 4 sepals, colored within,* persistent ; corolla of 3 4 
 petals; stamens 18 36; ovaries 6 18; carpels oblong, 2-(or by 
 abortion l-)seeded. 1\. Aquatic. The stem, peduncles, and under sur- 
 face of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. 
 
 B. PELTATA. Ptirsh. (Hydropeltis purpurea. MX.) Water Target. 
 
 It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water-lily, 
 Can. to Ga. and Ark. Leaves peltate, elliptical, entire, 23' by 1 H', with 
 the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the centre, floating on the surface 
 of the water, smooth and shining above. Flowers arising to the surface, on 
 long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. July. 
 
 ORDER VIII NELUMBIACE^E. WATER-BEANS. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, with peltate, fleshy, radical Ivs. Rhizoma prostrate. 
 
 Fls. large, solitary, on long, erect scapes. Sep. 45. 
 
 Cor. Petals 00. in many rows, arising from without the disk. 
 
 Sta. 00, in several rows ; filaments petaloid ; anth. adnate, introrse. 
 
 Oca. 00, separate, each with a simple style and stigma. 
 
 Fr. Nuts generally l-seeded, half sunk in hollows of the very large torus. 
 
 Sds. destitute of albumen, and with a highly developed embryo. 
 
 This order comprises but a single genus with 3 species, two of which inhabit the still waters of tropical 
 regions, and the other, of the U. S. The nuts are eatable, and indeed all the other parts of the plant. 
 
 NELUMBIUM. Juss. 
 Characters of the genus the same as those of the order. 
 
 IN". LCTEUM. 
 
 Lvs. peltate, orbicular, entire ; anth. with a linear appendage. A magnifi- 
 cent flowering plant, peculiar to the stagnant waters of the south and west ! 
 
154 IX. NYMPH^ACE^. NUPHAR, 
 
 but occasionally met with in Ct. and N. Y. Rhizoma creeping in mud in 
 depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6 f. From this arise the simple scapes and 
 petioles to the surface. Leaves 10 18' diam., the petioles inserted on one side 
 of the centre. Flowers several times larger than those of Nymphaea odorata, 
 and without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow 
 towards the base. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, 
 and are used for food by the Indians. June. 
 
 ORDER IX. NYMPH.EACEJE. WATER LILIES. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhiz oma. 
 
 Fls. large, showy, often sweet-scented. 
 
 CaL Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing into each other. Sep. persistent. 
 
 Cor. ( Pet. inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistil. 
 
 Sta. numerous, in several rows upon the disk. Fil. petalqid. Anth. adnate, introrse. 
 
 Ova. many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk. 
 
 Sds. attached to the spongy placentae, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. 
 
 Genera 5, species 50, inhabiting the northern hemisphere. Their general aspect is that of an endogen. 
 but they have two foliaceous cotyledons. The stems of Nymphaoa contain a powerful astringent princi- 
 ple, which is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless and may be used 
 for food. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Flowers white or rose-color, ' Nymph&a. \ 
 
 Flowers yellow , Ntt^phar. 2 
 
 1. NYMPH^A. 
 
 The Greek Nymph or Naiad of the waters. 
 
 Sepals 4 5 ; petals 00, inserted on the torus at its base ; stamens 
 gradually transformed into petals ; stigma surrounded with rays ; 
 pericarp many-celled, many-seeded.^ Aquatic. 
 
 N. ODORATA. Water Lily. 
 
 Lvs. orbicular, cordate, entire, with veins prominent beneath ; cal. 4-se- 
 paled, equaling the petals; stig. 15 20-rayed. One of the loveliest of flowers, 
 possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and slug- 
 gish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. Rhizoma thick, in mud where the water 
 is of 3 8 or lOf in depth, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. 
 Leaves 5 6' diam., dark shining green above, cleft at the base quite to the 
 insertion of the long petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals lanceolate, 1 2' 
 long, of the most delicate texture, white, tinged with purple. Filaments yellow, 
 dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass insensibly into 
 petals. ($72.) July. 
 0. rosea. Ph. Petals stained with purple. Mass. 
 
 2. NUPHAR. Smith. 
 
 Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous 
 small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, 
 truncated, linear stamens on the torus ; stigma discoid, with promi- 
 nent rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. 7|. Aquatic. 
 
 1. N. ADVENA. Ait. (Nymphaea Adv. Me.) Yellmv Pond Lily. 
 
 Lvs. oval, rounded at apex, with rounded, diverging lobes at base ; scp. 6 ; 
 pet. 00 ; stig. 12 15-rayed, margin crenate. Very common in sluggish streams 
 7.nd muddy lakes, Can. to Ga. W. to Oreg. A well looking and very curious 
 plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some justice, the frog 
 lily. The rhizoma is large, creeping extensively. Leaves large, dark green, 
 shining above, and, when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half 
 round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid 
 stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as 
 well as the petals and stamens. Jn. Jl. 
 
 0. tomentosa. T. & G. (N. tomentosa. Nutt.) Lvs. canescently tomer> 
 tose beneath. 
 
SAKOUIXARU. XI. PAPAVERACEJ2. 155 
 
 2. KALMIANA. Ait. (Nymphasa Kalmiana. Michx. Nuphar lutea, 
 
 0. Kalmiana. T. fy G.) Kalm's Pond Lily. 
 
 "Floating Ivs. oblong, cordate, lobes approximate ; submersed Ivs. membra- 
 naceous, reniform-cordate, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse ; " 
 stig. 8 12-rayed, somewhat crenate. A smaller species, with small yellow 
 flowers, growing in similar situations with the last, N. States. Dr. Robbins, 
 from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct fromN. lutea, 
 Smith, or any other species. Petiole subterete; upper leaves 2 3' long 1J 2' 
 wide, lower leaves 34' diam. Jl. 
 
 ORDER X. SARBACENIACEJE. WATER PITCHERS. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, perennial in bogs, with fibrous roots. 
 
 Lvs. radical, with a hollow, urn-shaped petiole and lamina articulated at summit. 
 
 F Is. large, solitary, or several on scapes. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5, persistent, with a 3-leaved involucel at base. JEst. imbricate. 
 
 Cw. Petals 5, unguiculate, hypogynous, concave. 
 
 Sta. 00, hypogynous. Anth. oblong, adnate, introrse. 
 
 Ova. 5-celled, placentas central. Sty. single. Stiff, dilated, peltate, 5-angled. 
 
 FT. capsular, 5-celled, 5-valved, crowned with the broad persistent stigma. 
 
 Sds. 00, minute. 
 
 An order consisting of only 2 genera, (one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana, ) 
 and 7 species. 
 
 SARRACENIA. Tourn. 
 In memory of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, the discoverer of the genus. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bracts at base ; petals 5, deciduous; 
 stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and sta- 
 mens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 S. PURPUREA. Side-saddle Flmver. 
 
 Z/ys.(ascidia) radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth,winged 
 on the inner side, ending in a broad-cordate, erect lamina. One of the most 
 curious of plants. Grows in wet meadows and about mud lakes, Lab. to Flor. 
 Leaves 6 9' long, rosulate, ever-green, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form 
 petiole (1) swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the 
 whole length inside, from \ V wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth 
 into a lamina (!), covered above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when 
 of ordinary size is about a wine-glass, and they are generally full of water 
 with drowned insects. Scape 14 20' high, terete, smooth, supporting a single 
 large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. 
 0. hetcrophylla. Torr. (S. heterophylla. Eaton.} Scape rather shorter; 
 sep. yellowish-green; pet. yellow. Northampton, Ms. Mr. R. M. Wright! 
 Leaves scarcety different. 
 
 ORDER XI. PAP AVERAGES. POPPYWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, generally with a colored juice. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, simple or divided, without stipules. 
 
 Fls. solitary, on long peduncles, never blue. 
 
 Cal Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6. hypogynous. 
 
 Sta. often 00, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Anth. innate. 
 
 Ova. solitary. Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. 
 
 FT. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placentae, or capsular with several. 
 
 Sds. 00, minute, Embryo minute, at the base of oily albumen. 
 
 An order consisting of 18 genera and 130 species, more than two-thirds of which are natives of Europe. 
 The order is characterized by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juices. The 
 Beeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamental in cultivation. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Stigmas concave. ; . . Argemone. 3 
 $ Leaves armed with prickly teeth. Stigmas convex. . . . Meconoptris. 4 
 
 f yellow. ( Leaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline Crieltdonnvm. 2 
 
 I orange-red. Leaves radical, reniform. Capsule terete Sangmnaria. 1 
 
 ] white. Leaves unarmed, cauline. Capsule globose Papaver. 5 
 
 Juice (colorless. Leaves multifid with linear segments. Capsule terete. . . Eschscfioltzia. 6 
 
 1. SANGUINARIA. 
 
 Lat. sanguis, blood ; all parts abound in a red juice. 
 
 Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8, in 2 series, those of the outer series 
 14 
 
156 XI. PAPAVERACE^E. MECONOPSIS. 
 
 longer ; stamens 00 ; stigma 1 2-lobed, sessile ; capsule pod-like, 
 oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. 1\. Juice 
 orange red. 
 
 S. CANADENSIS. Blood-root. 
 
 An interesting flower of woods, groves, &c., appearing in early spring. 
 Rhizoma fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes a blood-colored 
 fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root- 
 stalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with 
 a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish 
 lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Flower of a quadrangular outline, white, 
 scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr. May. 
 
 2. CHELIDONIUM. 
 
 [its departure. 
 Gr. Xe\iiuv, the swallow; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with 
 
 Sepals 2, suborbicular ; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base ; 
 stamens 24 32, shorter than the petals; stigma 1, small, sessile, 
 bifid ; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1 -celled ; seeds crested. 
 1[. with yellow juice. 
 
 C. MA jus. Celandine. 
 
 Livs. pinnate ; Ifts. lobed, segments rounded ; fls. in umbels. A pale green, 
 fleshy herb found under fences, by road-sides, &c., arising 1 2f high. Leaves 
 smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2 4 pairs of leaflets with an odd 
 one. Leaflets 1J 2j' long, f as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the par- 
 tial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals ellip- 
 tical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. 
 The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts. 
 May. Oct. 
 
 3. ARGEMONE. 
 
 Gr. apyefjia, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. 
 
 Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous ; petals 6, roundish, 
 larger than the sepals ; stamens 00, as short as the calyx ; stigma 
 sessile, capitate, 6-lobed ; capsule obovoid, opening at the top by 
 valves. Herbs with yellow juice. 
 
 A. MEXICANA. Horn Poppy. 
 
 Las. repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth ; /. solitary, erect, 
 axillary ; cal. prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valved. A weed-like plant, native at the 
 south and west, at the north. Stem 2 3f high, branching, armed with 
 prickly spines. Leaves 5 7' or 8' long, sessile, spinose on the margin and 
 veins beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, about 2' 
 diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is 
 esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. July. 
 0. Fls. ochroleucous. y. Fls. larger, white. 
 
 4. MECONOPSIS. Viguier. 
 Gr. prjKUv, a poppy; ot//tf, resemblance. 
 
 Sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 00 ; style distinct ; stigmas 4 6, 
 radiating, convex, free ; capsule obovate, 1 -celled, opening by 4 valves 
 at apex. ^Herbs with a yellow juice. 
 
 M. DIPHYLLA. DC. (Chelidonium. Michx. Stylophorum. Nutt.) 
 las. pinnately divided, glaucous beneath, segments 5 7, ovate-oblong, 
 sinuate, cauline 2, opposite, petiolate ; ped. aggregated, terminal ; caps. 4-valved, 
 echinate-setose. Woods, Western States ! Plant 12 18' high. Leaves large, 
 8' by 6', on petioles about the same length ; terminal segments somewhat con- 
 fluent. Peduncle about 3' long. Petals deep yellow. May. 
 
XII. FUMARIACE^E. 157 
 
 5. PAPAVER. 
 
 Celtic, papa , pap ; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy-seeds, &c: 
 
 Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens 00 ; capsule 1 -celled, open- 
 ing by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly 
 (D, with white juice abounding in opium. 
 
 1. P. SOMNIFERTJM. Opium, Poppy. 
 
 Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. clasping, incised and dentate; sep. glabrous; 
 cap. globose. A plant with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in cultiva- 
 tion. Stem 1 1 3f high. Leaves 4 8' by 2 3', with rather obtuse dentures. 
 Every part, but especially the capsule, abounds with a white juice powerfully 
 narcotic, and which when hardened in the sun, forms the opium of the shops. 
 For this drug, it is extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia. Jn. 
 
 ji.n 
 
 2. P. DUBIUM. Dubious Poppy. 
 
 Caulescent ; st. hispid with spreading hairs ; Ivs. pinnately parted, seg- 
 ments incised ; ped. clothed with appressed hairs ; sep. hairy ; caps, obovoid- 
 oblong, glabrous. Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Penn. Stem 
 about 2f high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Jn. Jl. $ 
 
 3. P. RH^EAS. Common Red Poppy. St. many-flowered, hairy: Ivs. incisely 
 pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly globose. Distinguished from the last spe- 
 cies chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About 
 2 f high. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are 
 produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less dou- 
 ble. Jn. Jl.f 
 
 4. P. ORIENTALS. Oriental Poppy. St. 1-flowered, rough; Ivs. scabrous, 
 pinnate, serrate ; capsules smooth. Native of Levant. Stem 3 f high. 
 Flowers very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be looked upon 
 in the sun. Jn. f 
 
 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 
 
 Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist, well known for his researches in California. 
 
 Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens 00, 
 adhering to the claws of the petals ;> stigmas 4 7, sessile, 2 3 of 
 them abortive ; capsule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many- 
 seeded. CD Leaves pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, 
 exhales the odor of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 1. E. DOUGLASII. Hook. (Chryseis Califoraica, of Lindl. and of 1st edit.) 
 St. branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; cal. ovoid, with a very short, abrupt acu- 
 mination; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base. A very showy 
 annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, &c. The 
 foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid 
 manner into linear segments. Flowers 2' broad, f 
 
 2. E. CALIFORNIA. Hook. (Chryseis crocea, Lindl. and of 1st edit.') St. 
 branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much dilated limb ; cal. obconic, 
 with a long acumination; fls. orange-yellow. From California. Leaves and 
 color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish- 
 orange hue. f 
 
 ORDER XII. FUMARIACEJE. -FUMEWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, with brittle stems and a watery juice. 
 
 Lvs. usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils. 
 
 Fls. irregular, purple, white or yellow. Sep. 2, deciduous. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohering.at apex. 
 
 Sta. 6, diadelphous ; Jil. dilated ; anth. adnate, extrorse, 2 outer l-celled, middle 2-celled. 
 
 Ova. superior, l-celled ; sty. filiform ; stig. with one or more points. 
 
 Fr. either an indehiscent nut l 2-seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. 
 
 Sds. shining, ariled. Albumen fleshy. 
 
 Genera 15, species 110,-some of them beautiful and delicate, inhabiting thickets in the temperate 
 regions of the northern hemisphere. They possess no remarkable action upon the animal economy. 
 
158 XII. FUMARIACEJS. CORYDALIS. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Fruit a pod-shaped capsule. . . Corydalis. 3 
 
 $ only 1 of the outer, sace. or spurred. (Fruit a subglobose nut. . . . Fumaria. 4 
 
 distinct, ( 2 outer equally saccate or spurred Dielytra. 1 
 
 Petals ( united, base bigibbous, apex 4-lobed. Climbing herbs. Adlumia. 2 
 
 1. DIELYTRA. Borkhausen. 
 
 Gr. Sis, double ; e\vrpov, wing-case ; in allusion to the two spurs. 
 
 Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, the 2 outer equally spurred or gibbous 
 at the base ; stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each j pod 2-valved, 
 many-seeded. %. 
 
 1. D. CUCTJLLARIA. DC. (Corydalis Cucullaria. Pm.) Dutchman's 
 Breeches. 
 
 Rt. bulbiferous ; rac. 4 10-flowered, secund ; spurs divergent, elongated, 
 acute, straight. Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizoma 
 bearing triangular, small, pale-red bulbs under ground. Leaves radical, mul- 
 tifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles 
 rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender, 6 10' high. Flowers scentless, 
 nodding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, and 
 with 2 minute bracteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla. 
 April, May. 
 
 2. D. CANADENSIS. DC. (D. eximia. Beck. Corydalis Canadensis. 
 Goldie.} Squirrel Corn. Dutchman's Breeches. 
 
 St. subterranean, tuberiferous ; tubers globose ; rac. simple, secund, 4 6- 
 flowered ; spurs short, rounded, obtuse, slightly incurved. A smooth, pretty 
 plant, common in rocky woods, Can. to Ky. The rhizoma bears a number of 
 roundish tubers about the size of peas, and of a bright-yellow color. Leaves 
 radical, subglaucous, biternatc, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, segments linear- 
 oblong, obtuse, 5 8" long. Scape 6 8' high, bearing a few odd-looking 
 flowers. Corolla white, tipped with yellow, 5" long. Calyx minute. Sta- 
 mens 3 on each lip. May, Jn. 
 
 3. D. EXIMIA. DC. (Corydalis formosa. Ph.} Choice Dielytra. 
 Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous ; Ivs. numerous; rac. compound, the branches 
 
 cymose ; spurs very short, obtuse, incurved ; stigma 2-horned at apex. A fine 
 species, on rocks, &c., found by Dr. Sartwcll, in Yates Co., N. Y. (S. to N. 
 Car.} Leaves radical, 10 15' high, somewhat triternate, with incisely pin- 
 natifid segments, but quite variable. Scape 8 12' high, with several (4 8) 
 cymes, each with 6 10 purplish, nodding flowers. Corolla 8 10" long, oroad 
 at base. Bracts purplish, at base of pedicels. Jn. Sept. f 
 
 2. ADLUMIA. Raf. 
 
 Named for John Adlum, Washington, D. C., a cultivator of the vine. 
 
 Sepals 2, minute ; petals 4, united into a fungous, monopetalous 
 corolla, persistent, bigibbous at base, 4-lobed at apex ; stamens united 
 in 2 equal sets ; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. (D Climbing. 
 
 A CIRRHOSA. Raf. (Fumaria fungosa. Willd. Corydalis. Pers.) Moun- 
 tain Fringe. 
 
 A delicate climbing vine, native of rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. Stem stri- 
 ate, many feet in length. Leaves decompound, divided in a pinnate manner, 
 ultimate divisions 3-lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils. 
 Flowers very numerous, in axillary, pendulous, cymose clusters, pale-pink. 
 Calyx minute. Corolla slightly cordate at base, of 4 petals united into a 
 spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering upwards, 2-lipped. Fine for 
 arbors. Jn. Aug.j- 
 
 3. CORYDALIS. DC. 
 
 Greek name of the Fumitory, from which genus this was taken. 
 
 Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, one of which is spurred at the base ; 
 
XIII. CRUCIFER^E. 159 
 
 stamens 6, diadelphous ; filaments united into 2 equal sets by their 
 broad bases which sheath the ovary ; pod 2-valved, compressed, many- 
 seeded. Lvs. cauline. Pedicels racemose, bractless. 
 
 1. C. GLAUCA. Ph. (Fumaria glauca. Curtis.') Glaucous Corydalis. 
 St. erect, branched ; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, segments cuneate-obovate, 3- 
 
 lobed ; pods linear, as long as the pedicels. (g). A smooth, delicate plant, in 
 mountainous woods, Can. to N. Car., covered with a glaucous bloom. Root 
 fusiform. Stem 1 4f high. Leaflets nearly 1' long and f wide, cut into 3 
 obtuse lobes. Flowers terminal, on the subpaniculate branches. Calyx of 2, 
 ovate, acuminate sepals, between which, placed crosswise, is balanced the 
 cylindrical, ringent corolla, beautifully colored with alternating shades of red 
 and yellow. May Aug. 
 
 2. C. AUREA. Willd. (Fumaria aurea. Muhl.) Golden Corydalis. 
 
 . branching, diffuse; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, lobed, the lobes oblong- 
 linear, acute ; bracts linear-lanceolate, dentate, 3 times as long as the peduncle ; 
 roc. secund, opposite the leaves and terminal ; pod terete, torulose. In rocky 
 shades, Can. to Mo. S. to Ga. Stem 8 12' high, with finely divided leaves. 
 Flowers bright yellow, about half as long as the torulose pods which succeed 
 them. May Aug. 
 
 4. FUMARIA. 
 
 Lat. fumus, smoke ; from its disagreeable smell. 
 
 Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4, unequal, one of them spurred at the 
 base, filaments in 2 sets each with 3 anthers ; nut ovoid or globose, 
 1 -seeded and valveless. Lvs. cauline, finely dissected. 
 
 F. OFFICINALIS. Fumitory. 
 
 St. suberect, branched, and spreading ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, cut 
 into linear segments ; roc. loose ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as 
 the globose, retuse nut. A small, handsome plant, in sandy fields and about 
 gardens, introduced from Europe. Stem 10 15' high, smooth as well as the 
 leaves. Leaflets cut into segments dilated upwards. Flowers small, rose- 
 colored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long as the 
 bracts. July, Aug. 
 
 ORDER XIII. CRUCLFER^. CRUCIFERS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, very rarely suffruticose, with alternate leaves. 
 
 Fls. yellow or white, rarely purple, without bracts, generally in racemes. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4, deciduous. [a cross. 
 
 Cor. of 4 regular petals, their claws inserted into the receptacle, and their limbs spreading in the formol 
 
 Sta. 6, 2 of them upon opposite sides, shorter than the other 4. [sepiment, stiff, two. 
 
 Ova. cpmposed of two united carpels, with two parietal placentas united by a membranous ialse dis- 
 
 Fr. a silique or silicle usually 2-celled. 
 
 Sds. attached in a single row to each side of the placentas : -albumen 0. 
 
 Embryo, with the two cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. 
 
 Genera 173, species 1600. This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater 
 part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About 100 are peculiar to this continent. 
 
 Proper tics. The Cruciferae as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish several alimen- 
 tary articles which are very nutricious, as the turnip, cabbage, cauliflower; several others are used as 
 C9ndiments ; as mustard, radish, cochlearia, &c. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, 
 dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an etherial oil abounding in sulphur. They are also 
 remarkable for containing more nitrogen than other vegetables, for which reason ammonia is generally 
 evolved in their putrefaction. In medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. ISone are 
 really poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoria affords a blue coloring matter. 
 
 14* 
 
160 
 
 XIII. CRUCIFER^. 
 
 FIG. 40. 1. A flower of Sinapis nigra. 2. The stamens (4 long and 2 short) and pistil. 3. Plan of the 
 flower, stamens in 2 rows, outer row half wanting. 4. A silique, 5, partly open, showing the septum 
 with seeds attached. e.Cross section of aseed, cotyledons conduplicate (0>. 7. Flower (enlarged) and leaf 
 
 of Capsella. 8. A silicle, 9, open, showing the narrow septum with seeds. 10. Cross section of a seed, 
 cotyledons incumbent (0 ti). 11. Section of a winged seed of Arabis Canadensis, cotyledons acc 
 
 umbent li. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 * Ornamental exotics not culinary.' 
 
 
 f Silicle \ Some of the stamens toothed. . . Alyssum. 8 
 
 
 < 2-celled . ( Stamens all toothless Lunaria. 9 
 
 
 < Petals eaual. f Silicle 1-celled, 1-seeded. . Isatis. li 
 
 Fruit siliculose ; 1 Petals unequal, the 2 outer ones larger Iberia. 10 
 
 C Sti(Tmn panitntp C'.'h pirn nth tut 91 
 
 
 { Seeds flat(0 ) \ Stigmas cornute Matthiolft. 22 
 
 Fruit siliq 
 
 ii/yap / Stppria nvniH ^Oi!> Hnlvv fnrrnwp.fi nt, bflSfi. JJwnp.r-J.t 1ft 
 
 ** Plants native or naturalized, and culinary exotics. 
 
 
 < 4 00-seeded. . Thlasvi. \ 
 
 
 f ovate and $ emarginate, (. 2-seeded. 
 
 Lepidiutn. 3 
 
 
 1 compressed, { entire at the apex. 
 
 Draba. 4 
 
 
 < ovoid or <, Leaves cauline. 
 
 Cochlearia. 5 
 
 
 ( Silicle j globose. Leaves radical. 
 
 Subularia. 6 
 
 
 Fruit <jointless, I triangular, cuneate at base 
 
 Capsella. 2 
 
 
 siliculose. ( Silicle with 2 joints, upper joint ovate or ensiform. 
 
 Cakile. 25 
 
 
 ( Sds. not ^0=>. . 
 
 Cardamine. 16 
 
 
 < bordered, ( OH. . 
 
 Sisymbrium. 19 
 
 
 f Seeds in a ^ Pods linear. * Seeds bordered. 
 
 Cheiranthus. 21 
 
 
 ) single row. I Pods lanceolate. Leaves few. 
 
 Dentaria. 17 
 
 
 ("Valves | Seeds in a $ wingless 
 
 Nasturtium. 12 
 
 Flowers 
 
 i veinless. . I double row, winged on the margin. . 
 Fruit j Valves with one central vein, flat, linear 
 
 Turritis. 14 
 Arabis. 15 
 
 cyanic. 
 
 .siliquose. 1 Valves 0. Silique indehiscent, transversely celled. 
 Pods dehiscent. 
 
 Raphanus. 6 
 Brassica. 4 
 
 
 ( globose. ( Pods indehiscent. 
 
 Kaphamis. 26 
 
 
 ( Seeds in a < oblong (0-). Leaves lyrate. 
 
 Barbarea. 13 
 
 
 f Calyx erect < single row, ( oblong (OH). Leaves undivided. 
 1 or closed. ( Seeds in a double row 
 
 Erysimum. 20 
 Turritis. 14 
 
 
 'Fruit ) ( Seeds ovoid or oblong (Oil). 
 
 Sisymbrium. 19 
 
 
 siliquose. 1 Calyx spreading. . ? Seeds globose (0). , 
 
 Sinapis. 23 
 
 Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 $ oblong or somewhat terete 
 L Fruit siliculose, . . obovoid or subglobose 
 
 Nasturtium. 12 
 Camelina. 7 
 
 SECTION I. SILICTJLOSJE. (^ 80, note.) 
 
 1. THLASPI. Dill. 
 Gr. $A<zw, to compress ; on account of the compressed or flattened silicles. 
 
 Calyx equal at base ; petals equal ; silicle short, flat, emarginate 
 at the apex, many-seeded ; valves carinate, often winged on the 
 back; cotyledons accumbent (0^). Lvs. undivided. Fls. white. 
 1. T. ARVENSE. Penny Cress. 
 
 L/os. oblong, coarsely dentate, smooth; si'Zicferoundish-obovate, shorter than 
 the pedicel ; stig. subsessile. In cultivated, stony fields,Can. and Northern Stales. 
 The whole plant smooth, 8 12' high, branched. Leaves 1 2' long, \ as wide, 
 the cauline slightly arrow-shaped with small obtuse auricles, wavy and toothed 
 
LEPIDIUM. XIII. CRUCIFER^E. 161 
 
 at margin. Flowers small, in terminal racemes. Silicles large, flat, with 
 dilated wings. The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. June. 
 
 2. T. ALLIACEUM. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, obtuse, somewhat dentate, upper ones sagittate-amplexicaul, 
 with acute auricles; silicles ovate-ventricose ; stig. subsessile. In cultivated 
 fields, Western States, not common. Stems 6 10' high. Lower leaves petio- 
 late. Flowers smaller than in T. arvense, in terminal racemes. This also 
 savors of garlic. May Jl. 
 
 3. T. TUBEROSUM. Nutt. 
 
 Rt. tuberiferous and fibrous ; st. pubescent, simple, short ; Ivs. rhomboid- 
 ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile, radical ones petiolate ; 'silicle sub- 
 orbicular. Tj. Penn. Stem not more than 4 5' high. Flowers rather large, 
 rose-colored. Apr. May. 
 
 2. CAPSELLA. Vent. 
 
 Diminutive from capsa, a chest or box ; alluding to the fruit. 
 
 Calyx equal at base ; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, com 
 pressed laterally : valves carinate, not winged on the back ; septum 
 sublinear; style short; seeds 00; oblong, small, 0||. (D Fls. white, 
 A. troublesome weed. 
 
 C. BURSA-PASTORIS. Maench. (Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. Linn.") Shepherd's 
 
 purse. 
 
 Found everywhere, in fields, pastures, and roadsides. Stem 6 8 12' high, 
 nearly smooth in the upper part, hirsute below, striate, branching. Root-leaves 
 rosulate, 2 58' long, j as wide, cut-lobed, on margined petioles ; segments 
 about 13. These leaves are sometimes wanting, (when the weed is crowded,) or 
 only demate. Stem-leaves much smaller, very narrow, with two small, acute 
 auricles at base, half clasping the stem. Flowers small, in racemes, which are 
 finally 3 12' long Silicle smooth, triangular, emarginate at the end, and tipped 
 with the style. April Sept. 
 
 3. LEPIDIUM. R.Br. 
 
 Gr. Ae-Trif, a scale; from the resemblance of the silicle. 
 
 Sepals ovate ; petals ovate, entire ; v silicles oval-orbicular, emar- 
 ginate ; septum very narrow, crossing the greater diameter ; valves 
 carinate, dehiscent ; cells 1 -seeded, 0|| or 0=. Fls. white. 
 
 1. L. VIRGINICUM. Wild Pepper-grass. 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, smooth ; st. paniculately branched 
 above; sta. 2 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate; seeds 0=. In dry fields 
 and road-sides, U. S. Stem rigid, round, smooth, If high. Leaves 1 2' 
 by 1 3" , acute, tapering at base into a petiole, upper ones sessile, lower pinna- 
 tifidly cut. Flowers and silicles very numerous, in a panicle of racemes. Ms. 
 very small, mostly diandrous ; silicjes lens-shaped, 1" diam., with a notch at the 
 end. Taste pungent, like that of the garden pepper-grass. Jn. Oct. 
 
 2. L. CAMPESTRE, R. Br. (Thlaspi campestris. Linn.') Yellow Seed. 
 
 Cauline Ivs. sagittate, denticulate ; silicles ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly- 
 punctate. (D In waste places and dry fields, especially among flax. Stem 
 strictly erect, round, minutely downy, 6 10' high, branching. Leaves 1' long, 
 i as wide, acute, with 2 lobes at base, upper one clasping the stem, all minutely 
 velvety. Flowers small. Silicles 1|" long, numerous, in long racemes. Jn. Jl.$ 
 
 3. L. RUDERALE. 
 
 Lvs. cauline, incised, those of the branches linear, entire ; fls. apetalous, 
 and with but 2 stamens ; silicles broadly oval or suborbicular, emarginate, wing- 
 less ; cotyl. II . Dry fields, Mich., la., Mo. Stem 10 15' high. Racemes 
 many. Flowers remarkable for wanting the petals, which are always present 
 in our other species. 
 
 4. L. SATIVUM. Peppergrass. Lvs. variously divided and cut ; branches with- 
 out spines ; silicles orbicular, winged. (D Native of the East. Stems 1 3f 
 
162 XIII. CRUCIFER./E. DRABA, 
 
 high, very branching. Silicles 2 3" broad, very numerous. A well known 
 garden salad. July. ^ 
 
 4. DRABA. 
 
 Cfr. (Jpa/?j, acrid, biting ; from the taste of the plant. 
 
 Calyx equal at base ; petals equal ; filaments without teeth ; siliele 
 Dval-oblong, entire, the valves flat or convex ; cells 2, many-seeded ; 
 seeds not margined. 
 
 1. D. VERNA. (Eriophila vulgaris. DC.) Whitlow Grass. 
 
 Scape naked ; Ivs. oblong, acute, subserrate, hairy ; pet. bifid ; stig. sessile ; 
 siliele oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. (p A little early-flowering plant in 
 grassy fields, Can. to Va. Leaves all radical, lanceolate, \ 1^' long, as 
 wide, with a few teeth towards the end. Scape a few inches high, with a 
 raceme of 5 15 small, white flowers. Calyx spreading. Petals cleft half 
 way down. Silicles about a line wide and 3 4" long, with deciduous valves. 
 Apr. May. 
 
 2. D. ARABlsANs. Michx. (Arabis. PA.) 
 
 St. leafy, somewhat branched and pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, acutely den- 
 tate ; siliele oblong-lanceolate, smooth, longer than the pedicel ; sty. very short. 
 Lake shores, among rocks, Vt., N. Y., Mich. Stems several from the same 
 root, 6 8' high. Radical leaves I' or more in length, attenuate at base, with 
 a few slender, spreading teeth ; cauline leaves somewhat clasping. Flowers 
 white, in a short raceme. Siliele elongated (!' long), acuminate, contorted, 
 and might be called a silique. May. 
 
 3. D. CAROLINIANA. Walt. (D. hispidula. Michx.} 
 
 St. leafy at base, hispid, naked and smooth at the top ; Ivs. ovate-roundish, 
 entire, hispid ; silicles linear, smooth, longer than the pedicels, corymbose. () 
 Sandy fields, Conn., Dr. Rabbins, R. L, Mr. G. Hunt, S. to Ga. Stem 1 3' high, 
 very hairy. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy. 
 Petals white, twice as long as the sepals. Siliele ' long, lance-linear, many- 
 seeded. Stigma subsessile. Apr. Jn. 
 
 4. D. RAMOSISSIMA. Desv. (Alyssum dentatum. Nutt.) 
 
 Minutely pubescent ; sts. numerous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with remote and 
 slender teeth, upper ones entire ; roc. corymbosely paniculate ; siliele lanceo- 
 late, about the length of the pedicel, and tipped with the style \ as long. % On 
 rocks, Harper's Ferry, Va., west to Ky. Stems slender, 4 10' long, with 
 tufted leaves at top. Leaves about 1' long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side. 
 Flowers white. Silicles 3 5" in length, ascending. Apr. May. 
 
 5. D. NEMORALIS. Ehrh. 
 
 St. pubescent, branched ; Ivs. oval, hirsute, cauline lanceolate, toothed ; 
 pet. emarginate ; silicles oblong-elliptical, the length of the pedicels ; sds. nearly 
 30. % Mich. Mo. Plant slender, 810' high. Stem with few branches. 
 Leaves mostly radical. Racemes much elongated in fruit, with very long 
 pedicels. Flowers minute, yellowish white. May. 
 
 6. D. CUNEIFOLIA. Nutt. 
 
 Hirsute-pubescent ; st. branching and leafy below ; Ivs. sparingly toothed, 
 radical spatulate-oblong, cauline few, oblong, ovate, somewhat attenuate at 
 base; rac. rather elongated in fruit; silicles oblong-lanceolate, minutely hispid, 
 twice as long as the pedicels ; pet. emarginate. T. $ G. Ij. Grassy places 
 about St. Louis, &c., Nuttall. Plant 3 8' high. Flowers much larger than 
 in the preceding. Petals white, nearly thrice longer than the sepals. Silicles 
 about J' long and 30-seeded. March, Apr. 
 
 7. D. BRACHYCARPA. Nutt. 
 
 Minutely pubescent ; radical Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate ; cauline oblong 
 or linear, slightly dentate or entire ; rac. many flowered, straight, elongated in 
 fruit ; pet. obovate, entire ; siliele oval, glabrous, about as long as the pedicels, 
 10 12-seeded. 7J. Grassy places near St. Louis. Stem much branched and 
 leafy. Silicles 23" long, March, Apr. 
 
ALYSSUM. XI11. CRUCIFER^. 163 
 
 5. COCHLEARIA. Tourn. 
 Lat. cochlear, a spoon ; refering to the concave leaves. 
 
 Calyx equal at base, spreading; petals entire; stamens without 
 teeth ; silicle sessile, oblong or ovoid-globose, with ventricose valves ; 
 seeds many, not margined ; 0=. Fls. white. 
 
 1. C. ARMORACIA. Horse Radish. Radical ITS. oblong, crenate ; caulinelong, 
 lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile ; silicle elliptic. 1\. A common garden 
 herb, native of Europe. Root fleshy, large, white, very acrid. Stem 2 3f 
 high, angular, smooth, branching. Radical leaves near a foot long, as wide, 
 on long, channeled petioles. Lower stem-leaves often cut in a pinnatifid 
 manner, upper toothed or entire. Flowers small, in corymbose racemes. The 
 root is a well known condiment for roast beef and other viands. Jn. 
 
 /?. aquatica. (C. aquatica. Eaton and 1st edit.} Las. all pinnatifid, the 
 lower ones doubly and finely so. Wet places, often submerged.^ 
 
 2. C. OFFICINALIS. Scurvy Grass. Radical Ivs. cordate, petiolate, caulinc 
 ovate, angular or dentate ; silides oval-globose, half as long as the pedicel. 
 % Native of Europe and of Arctic Am. Stem 8 12' high. Root leaves 4 18' 
 long, | as wide. Flowers racemed. Occasionally cultivated for its powerful 
 antiscorbutic properties. Jn. 
 
 6. SUBULARIA. 
 
 Named in reference to the linear-subulate leaves. 
 
 Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded ; stigma sessile ; coty- 
 ledons linear, curved. Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. 
 
 S. AQUATICA. Awlwort. 
 
 A small plant growing on the muddy shores of ponds in Maine, Nutt., 
 and near the White Mts., Pickering. Leaves all radical, entire, subulate, an 
 inch in length. Scape 2 3' high, racemose, with a few minute, white flowers, 
 on slender pedicels only 2" in length. Jl. 
 
 7. CAMELINA. Crantz, 
 
 Gr, %ap.ai) dwarf; \ivov, flax. 
 
 Calyx equal at base ; petals entire ; isilicle obovate or subglobose, 
 with ventricose valves and many-seeded cells ; styles filiform, persis- 
 tent ; seeds oblong, striate, not margined, j| . 
 
 C. SATIVA. Crantz. (Myagrum. Linn.} Gold-of -pleasure. False Flax. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire ; silicle obovate-pyriform, mar- 
 gined, tipped with the pointed style. In cultivated fields. Stem 1 2j f. 
 high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves roughish, 1 2' long, clasping the 
 stem with their acute, arrow-shaped lobes. Flowers small, yellow, in panicu- 
 lated racemes. Silicles 2 3" long, on pedicels 2 3 times as long. Said to 
 be cultivated in Germany for the oil which is expressed from the seeds. Jn. 
 
 8. ALYSSUM. 
 Gr. a. privative ; Autro-a, rage ; suppod by the ancients to allay anger. 
 
 Calyx equal at base ; petals entire ; some of the stamens with 
 teeth ; silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the cen- 
 tre ; seeds 1 4 in each cell. 
 
 1. A. SAXATILE. Rock Alyssum. Madwort. St. suffruticose at base, subco- 
 rymbose; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, downy; silicle ovate- orbicular, 2-seeded; sds. 
 margined. An early-flowering garden perennial, native of Candia. Stem If 
 high, with numerous yellow flowers in close corymbose bunches. Apr. May.-f 
 
 2. A. MARITIMUM. Lam. Sweet Alyssum. St. suffruticose and procumbent 
 at base ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat hoary ; pods oval, smooth. 
 1J. A sweet-scented garden plant, with fine leaves and small white flowers. 
 Stem a foot in length. Flowers from Jn. to Oct. All the species of Alyssum 
 are of easy culture in common loamy soils, f 
 
164 XIII. CRUCIFER^E. NASTURTIUM. 
 
 9. LUNARIA. 
 
 Lat. luna, the moon ; from the broad, round sihcles. 
 
 Sepals somewhat Msaccate at base ; petals nearly entire ; stamens 
 without teeth ; silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate, with flat 
 valves j funiculus adhering to the dissepiment. 
 
 1. L. REDivlVA. Perennial Satin Flower or Honesty. St. erect, branching ; 
 Ivs. ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate ; silicles lanceolate, narrowed 
 at each end. 1}. From Germany. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers light purple. Jn. f 
 
 2. L. BIENNIS. DC. Honesty. St. erect; Ivs. with obtuse teeth ; silicles oval, 
 obtuse at both ends. @ These are large, hairy plants, native of Germany. 
 Stems 3 4f high. Leaves cordate. Flowers lilac-colored. The broad, 
 round, silvery silicles are the most remarkable feature of the plants. May, Jn. f 
 
 10. IBERIS. 
 
 Most of the species are native of Iberia, now Spain. 
 
 The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner ; silicles compressed, 
 truncate, emarginate, the cells 1 -seeded. None of the species are N. 
 American. 
 
 1. I. UMBELLATA. Purple Candy-tuft. Herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire ; siiides umbellate, 
 acutely 2-lobed. This and the following species are very popular garden 
 annuals, very pretty in borders, and of very easy culture. I. umbellata is from 
 S. Europe. Stem If high. Flowers purple, terminal, in simple umbels, and 
 like the rest of the genus remarkable lor having the 2 outer petals larger than 
 the 2 inner ones. Jn. Jl. f 
 
 2. I. AMARA. Bitter Candy-tuft. Herbaceous; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, some- 
 what toothed ; fls. corymbed, becoming racemed ; silicles obcordate, narrowly 
 emarginate. Native of England. Stem If high. Flowers white. Jn. Jl.j- 
 
 3. 1. PINNATA. Winged-leaved Candy-tuft. Herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. pin- 
 natifid ; roc. corymbose, but little elongated after flowering. From S. Eu- 
 rope. Plant If high. Flowers white. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 4. I. SAXATILIS. Rock Candy-tuft. Shrubby; Ivs, linear, entire, somewhat 
 fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate ; fls. in corymbs. From S. Europe. 
 Nearly If high. Flowers white. Apr. Jn. f 
 
 Obs. Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been described, others of which are equally ornamen- 
 tal with those above mentioned. 
 
 11. ISATIS. 
 
 Gr. io-<zco, to make equal ; supposed to remove roughness from the skin. 
 
 Silicle elliptical, flat, 1 -celled (dissepiment obliterated), 1 -seeded, 
 with carinate, navicular valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. None of 
 the species are N. American. 
 
 I. TINCTORIA. Woad. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatu- 
 late at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. The Woad is native 
 of England. It is occasionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which 
 yield a dye that may be substituted for indigo. The plant grows about 4 f. 
 high, with large leaves clasping the stem with their broad bases. Flowers 
 yellow, large, in terminal racemes. May Jl. 
 
 SECTIONS. SILIQ,UOSJ3. ( 80, note.) 
 12. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. 
 
 Lat. nasus tortus ; from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose. 
 
 Sepals equal at base, spreading ; silique subterete, mostly curved 
 upwards, sometimes short so as to resemble a silicle ; valves veinless ; 
 seeds in a double row, 0=. Aquatic herbs. 
 
TURRITIS. XIII. CRUCIFEILE. 165 
 
 1. N. OFFICINALE. R. Br. (Sisymbrium Nast. Linn.} English Water Cress. 
 Lais, pinnate; Ifts. ovate, subcordate, repand; pet. white, longer than the 
 
 calyx. Tj. Brooks and ponds. Stems decumbent. If long, thick, with axillary 
 branches. Leaves of 37 leaflets ; leaflets broad, often cordate, rather acute, 
 obtusely toothed, terminal one largest. Flowers corymbed. Siliques less than 
 1' long. Jn. It is beginning to be cultivated in the vicinity of our cities as a 
 salad. $ 
 
 2. N. AMPHIBIUM. R. Br. (Sisymbrium. Linn.} Amphibious Water Cress. 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or serrate ; rt. fibrous ; pet. longer than 
 
 the calyx ; silique elliptical, acute at base, tipped with the mucronate style. 
 ^ Banks of the Mohawk, Dr. Bobbins. Rare. Stem 1 2f high, furrowed. 
 Leaves variable, immersed ones pinnatifid or pectinate, upper ones serrate. 
 Flowers yellow, minute, in a long, dense raceme. Silique half as long as the 
 spreading or reflexed peduncle, pointed with the short style. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. N. PALUSTRE. DC. Marsh Water Cress. 
 
 Lvs. pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes confluent, dentate, smooth ; rt. 
 fusiform ; pet. as long as the sepals ; silique spreading, turgid, obtuse at each 
 end. Tj. In wet places. Stem 1 2f high, erect, branched above. Leaves 2 3' 
 long, all more or less pinnatifid, smooth, except a few ciliae at base. Flowers 
 numerous, minute, yellow. Silique 3 4" long, on pedicels of equal length. 
 Jn. Aug. 
 
 4. N. HispiDUM. DC. (Sisymbrium. Poiret.} Hispid Water Cress. 
 
 St. villous ; Ivs. somewhat villous, runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes rather ob- 
 tusely dentate; siliques (rather silicles) ovate, tumid, pointed with the style, 
 scarcely more than half as long as the pedicels; pet. scarcely as long as the 
 calyx. % Banks of streams, Walpole, N. H., Conn, to Penn. Stem angular, 
 branched, 1 3f high, with many paniculate racemes above. Leaves 3 6' 
 long. Flowers minute, yellow. Silicles 1" long, on pedicels 2 3" long and 
 somewhat spreading. 
 
 5. N. NATANS. DC. 0. Americanum. Gray. Floating Water Cress. 
 Emersed ITS. serrate, oblong-linear, undivided, immersed ones doubly 
 
 pinnatifid, with capillary segments ; pet. twice as long as the calyx ; siliques 
 obovate, twice as long as the style. 1\. In water, Can. and U. S. Stem long, 
 submerged. Flowers white, middle size. Jl. 
 
 6. JN". SYLVESTRE. (Sisymbrium vulgare. Pers.} Creeping Water Cress. 
 Lvs. pinnately divided, segments lanceolate, incisely serrate ; pet. longer 
 
 than the calyx ; siliques oblong, torulose ; sty. very short. Banks of the Dela- 
 ware near Philadelphia. Nuttall. $ 
 
 13. BARB A RE A. R. Br. 
 
 In honor of St Barbara, who discovered (what no one has since perceived) its medicinal virtues. 
 
 Sepals erect, subequal at base ; silique columnar, 2 4-cornered : 
 valves concave-carinate ; seeds in a single series ; 0=. Lvs. lyrately 
 pinnatifid. Fls. yellow. 
 
 B. VULGARIS. R. Br. (Erysimum Barbarea. Linn.} Winter Cress. 
 
 Lower Ivs. lyrate, the terminal lobe roundish, upper ones obovate, pin- 
 natifid at base, crenate or repand-dentate ; siliques obscurely 4-cornered. 1\. In 
 old fields, also brook-sides, Northern States, W. to Oregon, common. Whole 
 plant glabrous. Stem furrowed, 1 2f high, branching above. Leaves 1 3 4' 
 long, dark green, shining, on clasping petioles, the terminal lobe 1 1|' diam., 
 upper ones sessile, all with obtuse teeth. Flowers on pedicels %' long, in ter- 
 minal racemes. Siliques slender, f ' long, curved upwards. May, Jn. 
 
 14. TURRlTIS. Dillon. 
 
 Lat. tvrritis, turreted ; from the pyramidal form of the plant. 
 
 Sepals erect, converging ; petals erect ; silique long, linear, 2-edged ; 
 valves plane ; seeds in a double series, 0=. Fls. cyanic. 
 
166 XHI. CRUCIFER^. ARABIS. 
 
 1 . T. GLABRA. Smooth Toiver Mustard. 
 
 St. erect; radical Ivs. petiolate, dentate, with ramose hairs, cauline ones 
 broad-lanceolate, sagittate, hall-clasping, glaucous, smooth; siliques erect. 
 Shores of Lake Superior, W. to the Rocky Mts. Naturalized about New 
 Haven. Eaton. Stem round, simple, l^fhigh. Leaves 1 2' long. Siliques 
 2 3' long, very narrow. Flowers pale sulphur-yellow. May. 
 
 /? 1 T. & G. Lvs. all linear-lanceolate and glabrous, radical ones remotely 
 repand-denticulate, cauline entire. Watertown, N. Y., on rocks. Torrey fy Gray. 
 
 2. T. BRACHYCARPA. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Glabrous and glaucous ; radical Ivs. spatulate, dentate, cauline ones linear- 
 lanceolate, sagittate and subamplexicaul ; siliques short, linear-oblong ; pedicels 
 pendulous in flower, spreading in fruit. (g) Lake shores, Mich. Stem 1 2f 
 high, often purplish, as well as the ibliage. Flowers rather large, pale purple. 
 Siliques 1' long, spreading. 
 
 15. ARABIS. 
 
 Said to derive its name from Arabia, its native country. 
 
 Sepals erect ; petals unguiculate, entire ; silique linear, compressed ; 
 valves 1 -veined in the middle; seeds in a single row in each cell. 
 Fls. white. 
 
 1. A. CANADENSIS. (A. falcata. Michx.) Sickle Pod. 
 
 Cauline Ivs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, narrow at base, pubescent; pedi- 
 cels pubescent, reflexed in the fruit ; silique subfalcate, veined, pendulous ; sds. 
 winged. 1|- On rocky hills, Can. to Ga. W. to Ark. A plant remarkable for 
 its long, drooping pods, which resemble a sickle blade, or rather a curved 
 sword blade. Stem 2 3f high, slender, round, smooth. Leaves 1 3' long, \ 
 as wide ; the lowest early marescent, middle and upper ones sessile or clasping, 
 with narrow bases, remotely denticulate. Flowers small, white. Pods slen- 
 der, flattened, nearly 3' long. Jn. 
 
 2. A. LYRATA. (Sisymbrium arabidoides. Darl.} 
 
 St. and upper Ivs. smooth and glaucous ; radical Ivs. lyrately pinnatifid, 
 often pilose ; st. branched at base ; pedicels spreading ; siliques erect. (g) On 
 rocky hills, Can. to Va. Stems often many, united at base, 6 12' high. Root- 
 leaves numerous, rosulate, 1 3 X long, i as wide, petiolate, lower stem-leaves 
 pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, upper ones sublinear and subentire. Flowers 
 middle size. Siliques when mature 1J 2' long, less than 1" wide. Apr. May. 
 
 3. A. LJEVIGATA. DC. (Turritis laevigata. Muld.) 
 
 Smooth and glaucous ; radical Ivs. obovate and oblong, tapering to a pe- 
 tiole, dentate, stem Ivs. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, obtuse, upper ones entire ; 
 pedicels about as long as the calyx, erect ; siliques very long, linear, at length 
 spreading and pendulous ; sds. wmged. % In rocky woods and low grounds, 
 Can. to Ark. Stem 1 2f high, round, smooth, simple or branched above. 
 Root-leaves often purplish, | !' long, as wide, with acute teeth. Stem- 
 leaves 2 5' long, ^ as wide, upper ones entire. Flowers in long racemes. 
 Siliques 2 3' long, scarcely I" wide. May. 
 
 4. A. HIRSUTA. Scop. (Turritis. Linn.) 
 
 Erect, branching ; Ivs. mostly dentate, hirsute, radical ones oblong-ovate, 
 tapering to a petiole, cauline ones oval or lanceolate, sagittate ; siliques straight, 
 erect. Found in low, rocky grounds, Can. to Va. W. to Oregon. Stems 2 
 or more from the same root, round, hairy at base, near a foot high, dividing 
 into very slender and parallel branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, sessile, with 
 heart-shaped or arrow-shaped bases, upper ones acute. Flowers greenish- 
 white. Siliques straight, 1 2' long. Jn. 
 
 5. A. HETEROPHYLLA. Nutt. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; radical Ivs. spatulate, toothed, upper ones linear, sessile, 
 entire; silique long and spreading;^, linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx. 
 Near Paris, Me., and the White Mts., N. H. Radical leaves somewhat pilose 
 with simple hairs, upper ones linear, about 2' long, and 1 2" wide. Siliques 
 about 3' long. Nultall. 
 
DENTARIA. XIII. CRUCIFER./E. 167 
 
 6. A. DENTATA. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Plant somewhat scabrous ; radical fas. obovate, petiolate, unequally and 
 sharply dentate ; cauline ones oblong, amplexicaul ; pet. minute, spatulate, as 
 long as the sepals ; stig. subsessile ; silique short. (D River banks, Western 
 States ! Stem slender, ascending, 1 2f high. Petals white, with a purplish 
 tinge. Siliques 1' in length. Apr. 
 
 16. CARDAMINE. 
 
 Gr. KapSia, heart, iapaa), to strengthen ; from its stomachic properties. 
 
 Calyx a little spreading silique linear, with flat, veinless valves, 
 narrower than the dissepiment, and often opening elastically ; stigma 
 entire ; seeds not margined, with a slender funiculus, 0=. Mostly ^. 
 Fls white. 
 
 1. C. HIRSUTA. (C. Pennsylvanica. Muhl.) Pennsylvania^ Cardamine. 
 Lvs. pinnate or lyrately pinnatifid ; Ifts. entire, or sparingly repand-den- 
 
 ticulate, those of the radical leaves oval-oblong, of the cauline linear-oblong, 
 the terminal one longest, about 3-lobed ; pet. oblong-cuneate ; siliques erect, 
 with a very short style. or 7J. A variable plant common in wet places 
 throughout the U. S. Stem 8 16' high, mostly smooth. Leaflets 2 5 pairs, 
 4 12" long, smoothish. Fls. small. Siliques about 1' long, 12 18 seeded. Jn. 
 
 2. C. VIRGINICA. (C. hirsuta. /?. Hook.) Virginian Cardamine. 
 
 Lvs. lyrately pinnate ; Ifts. with a single tooth on one or both sides ; pet. 
 nearly twice as long as the calyx ; roc. strictly erect ; stig. sessile ; silique long, 
 incurved, erect. @ A small and delicate species, much resembling the last, 
 but probably distinct. Found on dry hill-sides, Vt. Ct. to Ky. and Mo. Stem 
 4 8' high, slender, leafy. Leaflets 2 4 pairs with a trilobate odd one, oval, 
 1 2" in length, those of the upper leaves 3 5" long, but very narrow. Petals 
 small. Siliques filiform, 1' long. Jn. 
 
 3. C. PRATENSIS. Field Cardamine. 
 
 St. erect or decumbent, simple ; Ivs. pinnately 7 15-foliate ; Ifts. petio- 
 late, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linear-lanceolate ; sty. distinct. 
 91 Swamps, N. Y. to Arctic Am. Whole plant smooth. Stem round, striate, 
 1016' high. Leaves few, If 2' long including the petiole. Leaflets of the 
 root-leaves 1 3" diam., of the cauline 3 6" by f ". Flowers large, few, in a 
 terminal raceme. Petals white or rose-color. Siliques nearly 1' in length, 
 erect. Apr. May. 
 
 4. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Michx. (C. rhomboidea. DC. Arabis. Pers. Nutt.} 
 Glabrous or somewhat hairy ; Irs. entire or repand-toothed, radical ones 
 
 orbicular-ovate, on long petioles, cauline oval or oblong-lanceolate, petiolate 
 below, sessile above, dentate. 1\. Another variable species with rather large, 
 white or reddish flowers. Stems 6 12' high, angular or striate, mostly erect. 
 Leaves of root 10 18" diam., on petioles 2 4' long. Racemes about 3' long, 
 12 20-flowered. Petals 2 4 times as long as the calyx. Siliques spreading, 
 612" long. Apr. May. 
 
 a. T. &G. Rt. mostly tuberiferous ; st. erect; lower stem Ivs. rhomboid- oval ; 
 pet. large. Wet meadows, Conn. Vt. Dr. Robbins. 
 
 /?. T. &. G. Rt. mostly fibrous ; st. decumbent, branching ; Ivs. all petio- 
 late; pet. smaller, purplish. Shaded springs and rivulets, N. Y. 
 4. C. BELLIDIFOLIA. (C. rotundifolia. Bw. not Michx.} 
 Lvs. smooth, radical ones orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate ; cau- 
 line ones entire or 3-lobed ; siliques erect. A minute species on the summits of 
 the White Mts. Abel Starrs! &c., also Arc. Am. to Calif. Stem ! 3' high. 
 Leaves mostly radical, broadly oval or ovate, \' long, on petioles as long as 
 the stems. Fascicles corymbose, each of 3 or 4 white flowers. Petals oval, 
 obtuse, about twice as long as the calyx. Jl. 
 
 17. DENTARIA. 
 
 Lat dens, a tooth ; from the tooth-like projections of the rhizoma. 
 
 Sepals converging ; silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless, revolute 
 
168 XIII. CRUCIFERjE. SISYMBRIUM. 
 
 valves, opening elastically ; placentae not winged ; seeds in a single 
 row, ovate, not bordered ; funiculus slender, 0=. Rhizoma %. Lvs. 
 divided, often but 2 or 3. Fls. white or purplish. 
 
 1. D. DIPHYLLA. Pepper Root. 
 
 St. 2-leaved ; Ifts. ternate, subovate, unequally and incisely dentate ; 
 rfiiz. dentate. In woods and wet meadows, Can. to Car. and to the Miss. Stem 
 about If high, round, smooth, with 2, nearly opposite, ternate leaves above the 
 middle. Leaflets on very short stalks, the lateral ones oblique, all with rounded, 
 mucronate, unequal teeth. Flowers racemed, large, white ; the petals much 
 larger than the calyx. The rootstock is long and large in proportion to the 
 plant, beset with teeth, with a pungent, aromatic taste. May. 
 
 2. D. LACINIATA. Muhl. (D. concatenata. Michx,} 
 
 Rhiz. moniliform ; cauline Ivs. 3, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate or 
 linear-oblong, incisely toothed or pinnatifid, lateral ones lobed. In woods, Can. 
 and U. S. The rootstock consists of several tubers of a pungent taste. Stem 
 If high, smooth, simple. Leaves usually in a whorl about half-way up, the 
 segments with very irregular, mucronate teeth, rarely subentire, lateral ones 
 cut nearly to the base, rendering the leaf almost quinate. Root-leaves some- 
 times 0. Flowers racemed, purplish. Apr. May. 
 
 3. D. MAXIMA. Nutt. 
 
 St. tall ; Ivs. alternate, 5 7, remote, the margin a little roughened ; Ifts. 
 somewhat oval, incisely and acutely dentate, lateral ones lobed. Western 
 N. Y. and Penn. Tubers of the rhizoma concatenate. Stem often nearly 2f 
 high. Flowers pale purple. 
 
 4. D. HETEROPHYLLA. Nutt. 
 
 Rhiz. moniliform, with oblong tubers ; radical Ivs. on long petioles, 
 deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenate-dentate with abruptly mucronate teeth, 
 cauline Ivs. 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate, ternately divided, segments linear- 
 lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough-edged. Woods, Penn. to Ky. Stem 
 812' high. Cauline leaflets 12' long, 2 3" wide. Corymb with about 9 
 pale purple flowers. Jn. 
 
 18. HESPfiRIS. 
 
 Gr. iairspis, evening; when the flower is most fragrant. 
 
 Calyx closed, furrowed at base, shorter than the claws of the petals ; 
 petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate ; silique 4-sided, 2-edged or 
 subterete ) seeds not margined ; stigmas forked, with the apices con- 
 verging. 
 
 1. H. MATRONALIS. Roclcet. 
 
 St. simple, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, ovate, denticulate; pet. emarginate, 
 mucronate ; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial, said to be 
 found native about Lake Huron. Stem 3 4f high. Flowers purple, often 
 double, and white in /?. Jwrtensis. f 
 
 2. H. AFRICA. Siberian Rocket. St. erect, simple, pubescent; Ivs. oblong, 
 obtuse, entire, ciliate- hispid ; pedicels as long as the calyx. 7J. From Siberia. 
 Stem a foot high. Flowers purple. May. Jn. f 
 
 19. SISYMBRIUM. Allioni. 
 
 Calyx mostly spreading, equal at base ; petals unguicuiate, entire ; 
 silique subterete ; valves concave ; style very short ; seeds in a sin- 
 gle series, ovoid; cotyledons 0||, sometimes oblique. 
 
 1. S. OFFTCINALE. Scop. (Erysimum. Linn.') Hedge Mustard. 
 
 Lvs. runcinate ; rac. slender, virgate ; siliques subulate, erect, closely ap- 
 pressed to the rachis. A common and troublesome weed, in fields, road- 
 sides, rubbish, &c., Can. and TJ. S. Stem 1 3f high, round, more or less hairy, 
 with spreading branches. Lower leaves 3 8' by 1 3', the lower segments 
 placed at right angles to the midvein, or pointing backwards, the terminal seg- 
 
CHEIRANTHUS. XIII. CRUCIFER^. 169 
 
 ment largest. Upper leaves in 3 lanceolate segments placed at right angles. 
 Flowers small, yellow, terminating the raceme, which becomes 1 2f long and 
 environed by the appressed, sessile pods. Jn. Sept. Medicinal. 
 
 2. S. THALIANA, Gay. (Arabis. Linn.') Thalian Hedge Mustard. 
 Lvs. subdentate and pilose, radical ones numerous and petiolate, oblong, 
 
 cauline ones lanceolate ; col. much shorter than the pedicels ; siliques ascending, 
 twice longer than the pedicels. - Rocks and sandy fields, Vt. to Ga. W. to 
 Ky. Stem 4 12' high, erect, with slender, erect branches, striate, pilose, often 
 purple at base. Root leaves rosulate, 1 2' long ; cauline denticulate, ciliate, 
 sessile, 612" by 1 3". Pedicels spreading, 35" long. Flowers small, 
 white. Siliques slender, straight, 7 10" long. Styles scarcely any. May. 
 
 3. S. TERES. T. & G. (Cardamine. Michx.} 
 
 St. erect, branched ; Ivs. all somewhat lyrately pinnatifid ; siliques short, 
 linear, acuminate, on very short peduncles ; II. Shores of Lake Cham- 
 plain, Vt. Plant about 8' high, slightly scabrous with very short hairs. Sili- 
 ques erect, terete, 4" in length, beaked with the short, slender style. Seeds 00. 
 
 4. S. CANESCENS. Nutt. 
 
 Lvs. bipinnately divided, canescent, lobes oblong or lanceolate, subden- 
 tate or obtuse ; pet. about equaling the calyx ; siliques oblong-linear, shorter 
 than the pedicels. Arctic Sea to Flor. Plant 1 2f high, often nearly 
 smooth. Leaves about 3' long, sessile, segments 5 7 pairs, finely divided. 
 Fls. very small. Siliques often erect, on spreading pedicels. Variable. 
 
 20. ERYSIMUM. 
 
 Gl'. cpvw, to cure ; from its salutary medicinal properties. 
 
 Calyx closed ; siliques columnar, 4-sided ; stigma capitate ; seeds 
 in a single series ; cotyledons oblong, Ojj. 
 
 1. E. CHEIRANTHOlDES. 
 
 Pubescence minute, appressed, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, denticulate or 
 entire ; silique erect, spreading, twice longer than the pedicels ; stig. small, 
 nearly sessile. By streams and in wet grounds, U. S. and Can., not com- 
 mon. Stem erect, 1 2f high, often branched, and, with the leaves, scabrous. 
 Leaves acute at each end, 1 2' long, as, wide. Flowers small, yellow, in 
 long racemes. Siliques ' to near 1' in length, linear, and somewhat spread- 
 ing. Jl. 
 
 2. E. ARKANSANUM. Nutt. Yellow Phlox. False Wall-Flower. 
 
 Scabrous, with an appressed pubescence ; st. simple ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, remotely dentate, sessile, lower ones runcinate-toothed ; inflorescence race- 
 mose, corymbed at summit; siliques long, 4-angled, suberect; stig. capitate. 
 () A fine plant with large, showy flowers, resembling the wall-flower. Banks 
 of Scioto, SuUivant. Arkansas, Nuttall. Bluffs of the Wabash ! Wood. 111. 
 Mead! Stem 1 3f high, slender. Leaves 2 3' by 3 6". Sepals straw-color. 
 Petals large, bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3' long. Jn. Jl. 
 
 21. CHEIRANTHUS. 
 
 Arabic kheyry, the name of a certain plant, and Gr. avSos, flower. 
 
 Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base ; petals dilated ; 
 silique terete or compressed ; stigma 2-lobed or capitate ; seeds flat, 
 in a single series, often margined, 0=. 
 
 1. C. HESPERioolDES. T. & G. (Hesperis pinnatifida. Michx.} 
 Glabrous ; lower Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid, upper lanceolate, attenuate at base, 
 unequally and sharply serrate-dentate, acuminate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; 
 pet. obovate-spatulate, obtuse; silique terete; stig. capitate; sds. margined. 
 7J. Penn. to 111. ! S. to Ark. Stem slender, furrowed, 2 3f high. Leaves thin, 
 3 5' long, as wide, those of the stem scarcely petiolate. Racemes terminal 
 and axillary. Calyx shorter than the claws of the violet-colored petals. Siliques 
 torulose, 15 20" long ; seeds oblong, plano-convex, with a narrow border. 
 May, Jn. 
 
170 XIII. CRUCIFERJE. SINAPIS. 
 
 2. C. CHEIRI. Watt-Flower. St. somewhat shrubby and decumbent at base ; 
 Ivs. entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, acute, smooth ; branches angular ; pet. 
 obovate; siliques erect, acuminate. % From S. Europe. A popular garden 
 flower, admired for its agreeable odor and its handsome corymbose clusters of 
 orange or yellow flowers. Plant 1 2f high. Jn. 
 
 22. MATTHlOLA. R. Br. 
 In honor of P. A. Matthioli, physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author. 
 
 Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base ; petals dilated ; 
 siliques terete ; stigmas connivent, thickened or cornute at the back. 
 Herbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed with a hoary, stellate 
 pubescence. 
 
 1. M. ANNUUS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.} Ten-weeks Stock. St. herba- 
 ceous, erect, branched ; Ivs. hoary-canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate ; 
 silique subcylindrical, without glands. A fine garden flower from S. Europe. 
 Stem 2f high, and, with the leaves, covered with a soft, stellate pubescence. 
 Flowers variegated. Jn. j- 
 
 2. M. INCANUS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.} Purple July Flower. St. 
 shrubby at base, erect, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, hoary-canescent; 
 siliques subcylindrical, truncate and compressed at apex, without glands. (g) 
 One of the most popular flowers of the genus, native of England, &c. Stem 
 2f high. Flowers purple. Several varieties are enumerated, as the Double- 
 flowered, Brompton Stock, and Brompton Queen. Jn. f 
 
 3. M. FENESTRALIS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.} Window July Flower. 
 St. sufiruticose, erect, simple ; Ivs. crowded, recurved, undulate, downy ; siliques 
 downy, without glands, broadest at base. From S. Europe. Plant If high. 
 Flowers numerous, large, purple. Jl. Aug. -f 
 
 4. M. GRJECUS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.} Grecian Stock. St. herba- 
 ceous, erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous ; siliques somewhat compressed, 
 without glands. () From Greece. Plant about If high, distinguished from 
 the remainder of the genus by its smooth foliage. Flowers white, appearing 
 all summer, j- 
 
 23. SINAPIS. 
 
 Sepals equal at base, spreading ; petals ovate, with straight claws ; 
 siliques subterete ; valves veined ; style short and subulate, or ensi- 
 form ; seeds in a single series, subglobose, . Fls. always yellow. 
 
 1. S. NIGRA. Black Mustard. 
 
 Lower Ivs. lyrate, upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth ; silique smooth, 
 somewhat 4-angled, appressed to the rachis of the raceme. In cultivated 
 grounds and waste places. Stem 3 6f high, round, smooth, striate, branching. 
 Leaves all petiolate, lower ones variously lobed and dentate, upper ones pen- 
 dulous and entire. Sepals and petals sulphur-yellow. Pods very numerous, 
 nearly 1' long, beaked with the 4-sided styles. Seeds 00, small, globose, nearly 
 black, well known as a condiment. Jn. Jl. ^ 
 
 2. S. ARVENSIS. Field Mustard. 
 
 St. and Ivs. hairy ; silique smooth, many-angled, torose, about 3 times 
 longer than the slender, ancipital style. Naturalized in N. Y., T. fy G., 
 and in Vt., Dr. Robbins. Lower leaves large, sublyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones 
 oblong-ovate, all repand-toothed. Silique somewhat spreading, 1|' long. Seeds 
 large and black. Jn. Aug. 
 
 3. S. ALBA. White Mustard. Lvs. lyrate, smoothish ; siliques hispid, torose, 
 shorter than the ensiform beak ; sds. large, pale yellow. Native of Europe. 
 Stem 2 5f high, thinly hirsute. Leaves all lyrately pinnate, dentate, petiolate. 
 Siliques spreading, about 4-seeded. The seeds are used for about the same 
 purposes as those of S. nigra, much esteemed in medicine. Jn. Jl. 
 
RAPHANUS. XIII. CRUCIFER^. 171 
 
 24. BRASSlCA. 
 
 Celtic, bresic, the cabbage. 
 
 Sepals equal at base, (mostly) erect ; petals obovate ; filaments 
 without teeth ; silique subcompressed, valves concave, with a central 
 vein ; style short, subterete, obtuse ; seeds globose, in a single (often 
 double) row; 0. Fls. yellow. 
 1. B. CAMPESTRIS. Cole. 
 
 Las. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyrate-dentate, subciliate, 
 upper ones cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate. (J) Native of Sweden, naturalized 
 in cultivated fields and waste places. Stem 1 J 3f high, round, smooth above, 
 with a few scattered, reversed hairs below. Lower leaves 3 T long, | as 
 wide, the terminal lobe greatly exceeding the lateral ones ; upper smaller, en- 
 tire, with rounded, clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point. Racemes 
 1 2f long. Sepals erect, spreading. Corolla yellow, 4 5" diam. Siliques 
 1 V long, with the style '. Seeds small, dark brown. Jn. Jl. 
 
 0. Rutabaga. (Swedish Turnip.') Rt. tumid, napifbrm, subglobose, yellow- 
 ish. Cultivated like the common turnip ; but after a thorough experiment it is 
 conceded by farmers to be inferior in value to that root, although it grows to 
 an enormous size. 
 
 2. B. RAPA. Radical Ivs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, 
 upper entire, smooth. % 
 
 0. depressa. (Common Turnip.} Rt. depressed-globose or napiform, con- 
 tracted below into a slender radicle. (g) Long cultivated for the table, &c., in 
 gardens and fields. Stem 2 4f high, and, with the leaves, deep green. Upper 
 leaves amplexicaul. Pods t' long. Seeds small, reddish-brown. Jn. 
 
 3. B. OLERACEA. (Cabbage?) L/vs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repand- 
 toothed or lobed. (g) Native of Europe, where it grows on rocky shores and 
 cliffs, with no appearance of a head, forming a surprising contrast with the cul- 
 tivated varieties. The excellence of the cabbage as a pot-herb needs no en- 
 comium. 
 
 0. bullata. (Savoy Cabbage.'} Dos. curled, subcapitate when young, finally 
 expanding. 
 
 y. botrytis-cauliflora. ( Cauliflower.') St. low ; kds. thick, compact, terminal ; 
 fls. abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. 
 
 J. botrytis-asparagoides. (Broccoli.} >Stf. taller; kds. subramose ; branches fleshy 
 at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. 
 
 e. capitata. (Head Cabbage. York Cabbage.} St. short ; Ivs. concave, packed 
 in a dense head before flowering ; roc. paniculate. % 
 
 SECTION 3. L.OMENTACEJB. 
 
 25. CAKILE. 
 
 Silicle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the up- 
 per cell erect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive. (D Mari- 
 time herbs. 
 
 C. MARITIMA. Scop. (Bunias edentula. Bw.} Sea Rocket. 
 Upper joint of the silicle ensiform or ovate-ensiform. Native of the sea- 
 coast ! and of the lake shores of N. Y. A smooth, succulent plant, branching 
 and procumbent, 6 12' long. Leaves sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, cadu- 
 cous. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, co- 
 rymbosely arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish, 
 lower joint clavate- obovate upper with one elevated line on each side. Jl. Aug. 
 
 26. RAPHANUS. 
 
 Gr. pa, quickly, (fat i/w, to appear from its rapid growth 
 
 Calyx erect ; petals obovate, unguiculate ; siliques terete, torose, 
 not opening by valves, transversely jointed or divided into cells; 
 seeds large, subglobose, in a single series, . 
 15* 
 
172 XIV. CAPPARIDACE^E. POLANISIA. 
 
 1. R. RAPHANISTRUM. Wild Radish. 
 
 Lvs. lyrate; silique terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in maturity 1-celled, 
 longer than the style. Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides, 
 but rare. Stem glaucous, branching, 1 2f high, bristly. Leaves rough, den- 
 tate, petiolate or sessile. Calyx bristly. Pods yellow, blanching as they de- 
 cay. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. R. SATIVA. Garden Radish. Lower Ivs. lyrate, petiolate; silique torose, 
 terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. A well-known salad 
 root, from China. Stem 2 4f high, very branching. Lower leaves 6 10' long. 
 Flowers white or tinged with purple. Pods 1 2' long, thick and fleshy. The 
 principal varieties are the turnip radish, root subglobose ; common radish^ root 
 oblong, terete ; black Spanish radish, root black outside. Jn. Aug. $ 
 
 ORDER XIY. CAPPARIDACE^E. CAPPARIDS. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or even trees, destitute of true stipules. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, petiolate, either undivided or palmately divided. 
 
 Fls. solitary or racemose. Sep. 4. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4, cruciate, unguiculate, hypogynous, more or less unequal. 
 
 Sta. 612, or some multiple of four, almost perigynous. 
 
 Toms small, often elongated, bearing a single gland. 
 
 Ova. often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sty. united into one. Stig. discoid. 
 
 Fr. either pod-shaped, and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placenta usually 2. 
 
 Sets, many, reniform. Albumen 0. Embryo curved. Cotyl. foliaceous. 
 
 Genera 28, species 340, chiefly tropical plants. They are more acrid in their properties than the Cru- 
 ciferae, but otherwise much resemble them. One species of Polanisia is used as a vermifuge. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Stamens 6 Cleome. 2. 
 
 Torus minute ( Stamens 832 Polanisia. 3. 
 
 Torus linear and elongated like a stipe. Stamens 6 Gynandropsis. 1. 
 
 1. GYNANDROPSIS. DC. 
 
 Gynandria, a Linnean class, DI//IJ, appearance. 
 
 Sepals distinct, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6, the filaments ad- 
 nate below to the linear, elongated torus its whole length ; pod linear- 
 oblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the torus. 
 <D Lvs. digitate. Fls. racemed. 
 
 G. PENTAPHYLLA. DC. (Cleome. Linn.} 
 
 Middle Ivs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones 3-foliate ; Ifts. ooo- 
 vate, entire or denticulate. In cultivated grounds, Penn., &c. Stem simple, 
 2 3f high. Flowers of a very singular structure. Pedicels about 1' long, 
 slender. Calyx small. Petals white, as long as their filiform claws. Sta- 
 mens 1' long, spreading, apparently arising from the midst of the long styloid 
 torus. Pod 2' long. 
 
 2. CLEOME. 
 
 Sepals sometimes united at base ; petals 4 ; torus minute or round- 
 ish ; stamens 6 4 ; pod subsessile or stipitate. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. 
 simple, or digitate. Fls. racemed or solitary. 
 
 C. PUNGENS. Spider-wort. Glandular-pubescent; st. simple, and with the peti- 
 oles, aculeate; Ivs. 5 9-foliate, on long petioles; Ifts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute 
 at each end, obscurely denticulate ; bracts simple ; fls. racemed ; sep. distinct ; 
 pet. on filiform claws ; sta. 6, twice longer than the petals. A common gar- 
 den plant, with curious purple flowers. Stem 3 4f high. Jl. Aug. f 
 
 3. POLANISIA. Raf. 
 
 Sepals distinct, spreading ; petals 4, unequal ; stamens 8 32 ; fila- 
 ments filiform or dilated at the summit, torus minute ; pods linear. 
 CD Strong-scented herbs. 
 
POLYGALA. XVI. POLYGALACE^. 173 
 
 P. GRAVESLENS. Raf. (Cleome dodecandria. Michx.) 
 Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. ternate ; Ifts. elliptic-oblong ; fls. axillary, solitary ; 
 sta. 8 12 ; capsule oblong, lanceolate, attenuate at base. A strong-scented plant, 
 found on gravely shores ! Vt. to Ark. Stem If high, branching, striate. Leaf- 
 lets 1 l' long, as wide, nearly entire and sessile ; common petiole 1' long. 
 Flowers in terminal racemes. Petals yellowish- white, narrowed below into 
 long claws. Filaments slender, exserted. Pods 2' long, glandular-pubescent, 
 siliquose, viscid like every other part of the plant. Jl. 
 
 ORDER XV. RESEDACEJE. MIGNIONETTES. 
 
 Herbs with alternate, entire or pinnate leaves. Slip, minute, gland-like. 
 
 Fls. in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrant. 
 
 CaL Sepals somewhat united at base, unequal, green. 
 
 Cor. Petals lacerated, unequal. 
 
 Sta. 8 '20. inserted on the disk. Torus hypogynous, one-sided, glandular. 
 
 Ova. sessile, 3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Placenta 3, parietal. 
 
 Fr. a capsule, l-celled, opening between the stigmas before maturity. 
 
 Genera 6, species 41, inhabiting the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, having no very remarkable 
 properties. Reseda Luteola contains a yellow coloring matter, and other species are very fragrant. 
 
 RESEDA. 
 
 Lat. reseda, to calm ; the plants are said to relieve pain. 
 
 Sepals many, petals of an equal number, each bearing one or more 
 stamens ; torus large, fleshy, bearing the ovary, with several stamens 
 and styles. 
 
 1. R. LUTEOLA. Dyer's Weed. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, entire, with a tooth on each side at base ; col. 4-cleft. 
 Nearly naturalized in Western N. Y. Stem about 2f high. The flowers are 
 without petals, arranged in a long spike, which, as Linnaeus observes, follows 
 the course of the sun, inclining east, south and west by day, and north by 
 night. It affords a useful yellow dye, also the paint called Dutch-pink. 
 
 2. R. ODORATA. Mignionette. Lvs. entire, 3-lobed ; sep. shorter than the pe- 
 tals. A well known and universal favorite of the garden, native of Egypt. 
 The flowers are highly fragrant and no boquet should be considered complete 
 without them. The variety frutescens is by a peculiar training raised to the 
 height of 2 feet with the form of a tree. The species phyteuma, native of Pales- 
 tine, has a calyx longer than the petals. 
 
 ORDER XVI. POLYG-ALACEJE. MILKWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes twining. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, or rarely opposite, mostly simple, always without stipules. 
 
 Fls. perfect, unsymrnetrical. Pedicels with 3 bracts. 
 
 CaL Sepals 5, very irregular, 3 exterior, 2 interior (wings) larger and petaloid. 
 
 Cor. Petals 3, hypogynous, the anterior (keel) larger than the others. [the claws of the petals. 
 
 Sta. 6 8. Fil. combined in a tube which is split on the upper side, and coherent to some extent with 
 
 Ova. superior, compressed, 2-celled, one cell often abortive. Sty. curved and often cucullate. 
 
 Fr. loculicidal or iridehiscent. Sds. pendulous. 
 
 Genera 19, species 495, very equally distributed, each division of the globe having two or three genera 
 peculiar to it. The properties of the Polygalaceee have not been well determined. Some of the genera 
 possess a bitter matter and a milky juice which is emetic, expectorant and diuretic. Polygala is the only 
 northern genus. 
 
 POLYGALA. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. TToXv, much, yaXa, milk, said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and petaloid ; petals 
 3, cohering by their claws to the filaments, lower one carinate ; cap- 
 sule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; seeds carunculate. The 
 N. American species herbaceous. Lower petal (keel] mostly tipped with 
 a crest. 
 
 * Spikes ovate, globose or oblong, dense, obtuse. 
 1. P. SANGUINEA. (P. purpurea. Nutt.'} Caducous Polygala. 
 St. branching at top ; Ivs. linear, alternate ; fls. beardless, in alternate, ob- 
 
174 XVI. POLYGALACE^E. POLYGALA, 
 
 long spikes ; calydne wings obovate. (D An erect plant, 6 12' high, found in 
 meadows and wet grounds, Mass, to La., and known at once by its short, red- 
 dish, cylindric spike of flowers. Stem angular, with fastigiate branches, each 
 ending in a smaller spike than that of the main stem, but rising above it in 
 height. Flowers purple, caducous. Jl. Oct. 
 
 2. P. NUTTALLII. T. & G. (P. sanguinea. Nutt.) NuttaWs Polygala. 
 
 St. erect, somewhat fastigiate ; Ivs. linear ; spikes rather loose, ovoid-glo- 
 bose ; calydne wings elliptic-obovate, attenuate at base, twice longer than the 
 fruit; crest minute. Martha's Vineyard, Oakes. R. I. Olney! to La. Stem 
 6 10' high. Leaves 6 8" by 12", acute. Spikes 5 10" long, 46" diam. 
 Wings of the calyx rose-red. Seeds black. Aug. 
 
 3. P. CRUCIATA. Cross-leaved Polygala. 
 
 St. erect, somewhat fastigiate, winged at the angles ; Ivs. verticillate in 
 4s, linear-oblong, punctate, spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, sessile or nearly so ; 
 crest minute. (f) In sphagnous swamps and other low grounds. Stem 312' 
 high, very slender, smooth, slightly winged at the 4 angles. Leaves 2 10" or 
 more long, 1 2" wide (upper ones the largest), obtuse, tapering to the base, 
 with small, resinous dots. Spikes capitate, about the size of the last. Wings 
 of calyx greenish-purple, much dilated at apex. Aug. 
 
 4. P. LTJTEA. Yellow Polygala. 
 
 St. simple or branching ; root Ivs. spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base, 
 cauline ones lanceolate, acute ; rac. ovate, obtuse, dense ; fls. pedicellate ; wings 
 ovate, mucronate ; keel with a minute crest. (g) Sandy plains, N. J. to Flor. 
 Stem 8 12' high, generally with a few long spreading branches. Flowers 
 bright yellow, longer than the bracts. Style dilated in the middle and with a 
 stipitate gland. Jn. Oct. 
 
 5. P. INCARNATA. Flesh-colored Milkwort. 
 
 Glaucous; st. erect, slender, mostly simple; Ivs. few, scattered, linear- 
 subulate; spike oblong, terminal ; wings lanceolate, cuspidate ; claws of the petals 
 united into a long, cleft tube. @) Dry soils N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. Stem 
 1 2fhigh. Leaves 4 6" long, remote. Spikes 1 lj' long. F]owers pale 
 rose-color or flesh-color. The slender corolla tube nearly twice as long as the 
 wings, the keel with a conspicuous crest. Jn. Jl. 
 
 * * Spikes elongated or racemose. 
 
 6. P. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Polygala. 
 
 St. branched, erect ; Ivs. linear, verticillate ; spikes linear, stalked ; fls. 
 alternate, crested ; calydne wings roundish. Found on dry hills, U. S. and 
 Can. Stem very slender, square, 6 8' high. Leaves in whorls ol 5 or 6, 
 4 10" long, V wide, alternate on the branches. Flowers small, greenish- 
 white, in very slender racemes 5 10" long, which are higher upon the branches 
 than upon the main stem. Jl. Oct. 
 
 7. P. AMBIGUA. Nutt. Dubious Polygala. 
 
 St. erect, with virgate branches ; Ivs. linear, lower ones verticillate, upper 
 alternate ; spikes dense, on long peduncles ; calydne wings roundish. (J) Dry 
 fields and woods, Mass, to Va. Stem 9 15' high, angular, smooth, much 
 branched. Leaves sessile, tapering to the base, 4 10" by 1". Racemes spicate, 
 acute, about 1' long, 20 30-flowered, on peduncles 1 2' long. Flowers 
 small, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Jl. Nearly allied to P. verticillata. 
 
 8. P. SENEGA. Seneca Snake-root. 
 
 St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, tapering at 
 each end ; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal, spike-lbrm, slender raceme. % 
 Woods, Western States, rare in Eastern. Root ligneous, branched, contorted, 
 about J' thick, ash-colored. Stems 8 14' high, several from the same root. 
 Leaves 1 3' long, as wide, numerous, scattered. Flowers white, in a filiform 
 spike 1 3' long. Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. The root has a sweet- 
 ish, nauseous taste, soon becoming pungent and hot. Jl. A valuable stimu- 
 lating expectorant. 
 
 9. P. POLYGAMA. Walt. (P. rubella. WUld.} Bitter Polygala. 
 
 Ste. simple, numerous; Ivs. linear, oblong, mucronate, alternate below; 
 
VIOLA. XVII. VIOLACE^E. 175 
 
 roc. terminal and lateral ; fls. sessile, those of the stem winged, those of the root 
 apterous. % Fields and pastures, Can. to Flor. and La. Stems crowded, 
 many from the same root, angular, smooth. Leaves smooth, lower obovate, 
 upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers, crested, purple, smaller than 
 the last. Wings of the calyx obtuse. Anthers 8, in 2 equal parcels. Bracts 
 small, subulate, caducous. Terminal racemes with perfect flowers, radical 
 racemes prostrate or subterraneous, wingless and nearly apetalous. Jn. Jl. 
 Bitter and tonic. 
 
 * * * Flowers large, few. 
 
 10. P. PAUCIFOLIA. Fringed Polygala. 
 
 St. simple, -erect, naked below ; Ivs. ovate, acute, smooth ; terminal fls. 
 large, crested, radical ones apterous. 1\. A small, handsome plant, with a few 
 rather large purple flowers. Woods and swamps, Brit. Am. to Ga. Stems 
 3 4' high, with its acute leaves mostly near the top, 2 4 flowers above them. 
 Calyx of 5 leaves, the upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple, with 
 a purplish crest on its middle lobe. The radical flowers are either close to the 
 ground or subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the wings of the calyx. May. 
 
 ORDER XVII. VIOLACE^E. VIOLETS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby. 
 
 Lvs. simple, alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, involute in vernation. 
 
 Cal Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. 
 
 Sta. 5, usually inserted on the hyposynous disk. Fil. dilated, prolonged beyond the anth. 
 
 Ova. of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placentae. Sty. 1, declinate. Stig. cucuilate. 
 
 Fr. a 3-valved capsule. Srf-s. many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. 
 
 Genera 11, species 300, mostly inhabitants of the Northern Temperate Zone. The roots of almost all 
 the Violacece possess emetic properties, and some are valued in medicine. The Ipecac of the shops is 
 partly the product of certain Brazilian species of lonidium. Several species of the violet are cultivated 
 for the beauty of their flowers. Of the 4 genera found in North America, only 2 are found in the Northern 
 States. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base Viola. \ 
 
 Sepals nearly equal, not auricled at base. Solea. 2 
 
 i. VIOLA: 
 
 Sepals 5, oblong, acute, equal, auricular at base ; petals 5, irregular, 
 the upper one (lower by resupination) broadest, spurred at base, the 
 2 lateral equal, opposite ; stamens approximate ; anthers connate, the 
 lobes diverging at base; capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to 
 the valves. % Low herbaceous plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Pe- 
 duncles angular ', solitary, 1 -flowered, recurved at the, summit so as to bear 
 thejlowers in a resupinate position. 
 
 * A.caulescent. Flowers blue. 
 
 1. V. SELKIRKH. Goldie. Selkirk'^ Violet. 
 
 Dvs. cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hirsute above, smooth beneath ; 
 the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stig. triangular, margined, distinctly beaked ; 
 spur nearly as long as the lamina, thick, very obtuse. Grows on woody hills 
 and mountains, Mass:, N. Y., Can. A small, stemless violet, with small pale 
 blue flowers conspicuously spurred. The radical, heart-shaped leaves are 
 rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. The lateral petals bearded, 
 and with the upper one striate with deep blue. 
 
 2. V. CUCULLATA. Ait. (V. aflinis. Le Conte.} . Hood-leaved Violet. 
 Smooth, sometimes more or less pubescent; Ivs. cordate, cucuilate at 
 
 base, crenate ; stip. linear ; inferior and lateral petals bearded. This is one of 
 the more common kinds of violet, fourfd in low, grassy woods, from Arctic Am. 
 to Flor. Leaves on long petioles, heart-shaped, remarkably rolled at the base 
 into a hooded form. The late leaves are crenate-reniform. Flowers light blue 
 or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals twisted^ 
 
176 XVII. VIOLACE^E. VIOLA. 
 
 veiny, entire, white at the base, the lateral and upper ones marked with a few 
 blue striae. Very variable in respect to pubescence. May. 
 
 3. sororia. T. & G. (V. sororia. Willd.} Nearly smooth; Ivs. exactly cor- 
 date ; fls. small. 
 
 y. reniformis. Pubescent ; Ivs. broadly reniiorm. 
 
 3. alba. T. & G. Nearly smooth ; fls. white. R. I. Olney I 
 
 3. V. SAGITTATA. Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. 
 
 L/vs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often incisely dentate 
 at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent ; ped. longer than the 
 leaves ; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded. On dry hills, Can. to Flor. W. 
 to Ark. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate, on mar- 
 gined petioles, acute or not. Scapes 3- 5' long. Sepals lanceolate, acute. 
 Petals entire, veiny, purplish-blue, white at base. Stigma rostrate, margined. 
 Apr. Jn. 
 
 4. V. OVATA. Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, pu- 
 bescent; lateral pet. bearded; stig. a little rostrate. On dry hills, N. J. Leaves 
 many, mostly hairy on both sides, sometimes nearly smooth, f as wide as long, 
 acute or not, upper ones often laciniate-dentate at base. Sepals ciliate, oblong- 
 ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, pale-purple, obovate, 
 the lateral ones with dense white beard. Spur broad. Apr. May. 
 
 5. V. PALMATA. Palmate A Violet. 
 
 Pubescent ; Ivs. cordate, lobed in a hastate or palmate manner, the lobes 
 crenate and toothed, the middle one much the largest ; lateral pet. bearded. In 
 upland pastures, Can to Ark. Stem 3 G' high. Root-stock scaly. Petioles 
 hairy. The early leaves are ovate, entire, the later and perfect are often purple 
 beneath, variously lobed and cleft, the middle lobe always the largest and 
 longest, with 2 or 3 each side. Peduncle sub-4-angled, 3 6' long. Stipules 
 lanceolate. Petals purple, entire, veiny, white at the base, upper ones smaller, 
 lateral ones densely bearded, and marked with blue striae. May. 
 
 6.-V. PEDATA. Pedate Violet. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; rt. premorse ; Ivs. pedate, 5 9-parted, segments linear- 
 lanceolate, mostly entire ; stig. large, obliquely truncate ; beak obscure. Dry 
 woods and pastures, Can. to 111. and to Flor. Rhizoma fleshy, ending abruptly 
 as if cut or bitten off. Leaves thick, divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow seg- 
 ments. Petioles with long, ciliate stipules at base. Peduncles sub-4-angled, 
 much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue, white at base, all of them 
 beardless and entire. Apr. May. 
 
 7. V. DELPHINIPOLIA. Nutt. Larkspur-leaved Violet. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. pedate, 7 9-parted, with linear 2 3-cleft segments; 
 stig. thick, distinctly beaked; 2 upper petals pubescent, 3 lower emarginate; 
 spur, saccate, short. 1|. Prairies and bottoms^ 111. ! and Mo. Root thick. Leaves 
 often finely divided with many dissected segments. Stipules acuminate, sub- 
 entire. Peduncles a little longer than the leaves. Flowers rather smaller than 
 in the last, of a rich blue. Mar. Ap. 
 
 8. V. PALUSTRIS. Mountain Violet. 
 
 Lvs. reniform-cordate ; stip. broadly ovate, acuminate ; stig. margined ; 
 sepals ovate, obtuse ; caps, oblong-triangular; sds. ovate, dark green. Summits 
 of the White Mts. About 3' high, pubescent. Leaves crenate, 1' by |'. 
 Flowers small, pale blue, on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteate 
 near the middle. Rhizoma creeping, scaly. Jn. 
 
 9. V. ODORATA. Sweet or English Violet. Stolons creeping; Ivs. cordate, 
 crenate, nearly smooth ; sep. obtuse ; lateral pet. with a hairy line. Native of 
 England. It is well characterized by its long, trailing, leafy runners. The 
 leaves are truly heart-shaped. Stipules lanceolate, toothed. Peduncles longer 
 than the leaves, bracted. Flowers small, fragrant. Several garden varieties 
 are known, distinguished by the form and color of the flowers ; viz. the purple, 
 white, and blue flowered, the double white, double purple, and double blue 
 flowered, and the Neapolitan with pale blue flowers. Apr. May. f 
 
VIOLA. XVII. VIOL ACE jE. 177 
 
 * * Acaulescent. Flowers white, 
 
 10. V. BLANDA. Willd. (V. clandestina. Ph. V. amoena. Le Conte.) 
 Bland or Sweet-scented Violet. 
 
 Las. cordate, slightly pubescent ; petiole pubescent ; fls. white. Found in 
 meadows, Can. to Penn. The rhizoma is slender and creeping. Leaves close 
 to the earth, nearly round, cordate or ovate, and sometimes with a rounded 
 sinus so as to appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided, 
 longer than the leaves. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones 
 marked with a few blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, fragrant. May. 
 
 11. V. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Violet. 
 
 L/vs. smooth, lanceolate, narrowed at base into the petiole, obtusish, sub- 
 crenate. Found in wet meadows, Can. to Tex. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves 
 very narrow, and, with the stalk, 3 5' long. Petioles half round. Peduncles 
 sub-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked 
 with blue lines, generally beardless. Flowers small. May. 
 
 12. V. PRIMULJEFOLIA. Primrose Violet. 
 
 Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly decurrent at base; bracts lance-linear; ^e. 
 acute, nearly equal, beardless. Found in damp soils, Mass, to Ky. Rhizoma 
 creeping. Leaves sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse, mostly smooth, longer 
 than their stalks. Petals obovate, acute, flat, marked with purple lines at base, 
 generally beardless, as long as the bracts. Flowers small, white, on sub-4-sided 
 stalks. May, in N. Eng. 
 
 0. acuta. T. & G. (V. acuta. Bw.} Smooth ; Ivs. ovate; pet. acute, lateral 
 ones nearly beardless. Mass. 
 
 * * * Acaulescent. Flou-ers yellow. 
 
 13. V. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Michx. Round-leaved Violet. 
 
 L/cs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, nearly smooth, with the 
 sinus closed ; petiole pubescent ; cal. obtuse. -A small yellow violet, found in 
 woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Leaves nearly round, with a deep, narrow sinus at 
 base, obscurely and remotety serrated. Veins and petioles pubescent. Pedun- 
 cles as long as the claws/ sub-4-sided, bracted in the middle. Petals yellow, 
 marked at base with brown lines. Flowers small. 
 **** Caulescent. 
 
 14. V. CANADENSIS. Canadian Violet. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, serrate ; ped. shorter than the leaves ; 
 slip, short, entire. A large species, found in woods, British Am. to Car., often 
 a foot in height. Stem subsimple, terete, with lance-ovate, membranaceous 
 stipules. Leaves alternate, the lower on very long petioles, acute or obtuse. 
 Peduncles sub-4-sided, terminal, with minute bracts. Flowers large, nearly 
 regular. Petals white or light blue, yellowish at base, the upper ones purple 
 without and marked with blue lines, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all 
 summer. 
 
 15. V. PUBESCENS. Ait. Common Yellow Violet. 
 Villous-pubescent ; st. erect, naked below; Ivs. broad-cordate, toothed; 
 
 slip, ovate, subdentate.- A large yellow violet, found in dry, stony woods, Can. 
 to Ga. and Mo. Root fibrous. Stem simple, more or less pubescent, somewhat 
 triangular and fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top, leafless below. Leaves 
 broad-ovate, cordate, or deltoid ; obscurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Sti- 
 pules large, ovate, wavy. Flower-stalks rather shorter than leaves, downy, ax- 
 illary, solitary, with 2 subulate bracts. Petals yellow, lateral ones bearded, and 
 with the upper one marked with a few brown lines. The plant varies in pu- 
 bescence, sometimes even glabrous. Height very variable, 5 20'. May Jn. 
 
 (3. eriocarpa. Nutt. (V. eriocarpa. Schw.) Capsule densely villose. 
 
 y. scabriuscula. T. & G. (V. scabriuscula. Schw.) St. decumbent, branch- 
 ing from the root, and with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous. 
 
 16. V. HASTATA. Michx. 
 
 Smooth, simple, erect, leafy above; Ivs. deltoid-lanceolate, hastate or 
 broadly ovate-acuminate, dentate ; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate, dentate ; lower 
 pet. dilated, obscurely 3-lobed, lateral ones lightly bearded ; sep. lanceolate, with 
 
178 XVII. VIOLACE^l. SOLEA. 
 
 a very short spur. Pine woods, Perm, to Flor. Stem 6 10' high. Peduncles 
 shorter than the leaves. Flowers yellow. May. 
 
 17. V. MUHLENBERGII. Torr. MuMenberg's Violet. 
 
 St. weak, assurgent; Ivs. reniform-cordate, upper ones crenate, rather 
 acuminate ; slip, lanceolate, serrate, ciliate. A spreading, slender species, in 
 swamps, &c., U. S., N. to Lab. Stems branched below, 6 8' long, with large 
 stipules cut into fringe-like serratures. Leaves 6 -10"diam., younger ones in- 
 volute at .base. Petioles longer than the leaves, and shorter than the axillary 
 peduncles. Bracts linear, alternate, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals en- 
 tire, pael purple, the lateral ones bearded. Spur porrected, very obtuse. Stig- 
 ma rostrate. May. 
 
 18. V. ROSTRATA. Beaked Violet. 
 
 Smooth; st. terete, diffuse, erect; Ivs. cordate, roundish, serrate, upper 
 ones acute ; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed ; pet. beardless ; spur longer than 
 the corolla. A common violet in moist woods, Can. to Ky., well characterized 
 by its long, straight, linear, obtuse nectary, which renders the large flowers 
 similar to those of the larkspur. Stem 6 8' high, branching below. Petioles 
 much longer than the leaves. Stipules almost pinnatifid. Peduncles slender, 
 very long, axillary. Flowers pale blue. May. 
 
 19. V. STRIATA. Ait. (V. ochroleuca. Schw.) Striped Violet. 
 
 Smooth ; st. branching, nearly erect ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, cordate, the up- 
 per ones somewhat acuminate, crenate-serrate ; stip. large, ciliate-dentate, ob- 
 long-lanceolate ; spur somewhat porrected. Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. 
 Stem 6 12' high, half round. Leaves 1 H' wide, on petioles 1 2' long. 
 Stipules conspicuous, laciniate. Peduncles axillary, often much longer than 
 the leaves. Corolla large, yellowish- white or ochroleucous, lateral petals dense- 
 ly bearded, lower one striate with dark purple. Stigma tubular. Jn. 
 
 20. V. ARVENSIS. Ell. (V. tenella. -MM. V. bicolor. Ph. V. tricolor. 
 /?. arvensis. DC.} 
 
 St. 3-angled, erect ; Ivs. orbicular-spatulate, smooth, subdentate, upper 
 ones ovate-spatulate ; stip. foliaceous, pinnatifid, very large ; pet. longer than 
 the calyx, bluish- white. (I) A rare species, though widely dispersed from N. Y. 
 South to Ga., and W. to Mo., on dry hills. Stem pubescent on the angles, 2 4' 
 high. Leaves 3 5" diam., shorter than the petioles, with about 5 obtuse teeth 
 or angles ; cauline ones more narrow, sometimes entire. Stipular segments 
 linear-oblong, as long as the leaves. Peduncles 4-angled, twice longer than 
 the leaves. Petals twice longer (scarcely longer T. $> G.) than sepals, lateral 
 ones bearded, lowest with 5 striae. May. 
 
 i 21. V. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Violet. Pansey. Heart 1 s-ease. St. angular, dif- 
 fuse ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenate ; stip. runci- 
 nately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segment as large as the leaves ; spur 
 short, thick. Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring, and latest 
 in autumn. Flowers variable in size, the 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the 2 
 lateral white and with the lower, striate, all yellow at base, f 
 
 22. V. GRANDIFLORA. Great Purple Violet. St. 3-cornered, simple, procum- 
 bent; Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; stip. lyrate-pinnati- 
 fid ; fls. large. Native of Switzerland. A large and beautiful species, with 
 dark purple flowers, 1 2' diam. Whole plant smooth, 612' long. Stipules 
 J 1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter, f 
 
 2. SOLEA. Gingins. 
 
 Sepals nearly equal, not auriculate ; petals unequal, the lowest 2- 
 lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate ; stamens cohering, 
 the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle ; capsule surrounded 
 at base by the concave torus ; seeds 6 8, very large. n\. Lvs. cau- 
 line, alternate. 
 
 S. CONCOLOR. Gingins. (Viola concolor. Ph.) Green Violet. 
 
 A strictly erect plant, in woods, Western N. Y. to Mo., S. to Car. Stem 
 
DROSEFU. XVIII. DROSERACE^E. 179 
 
 1 2f high, simple, and, with the leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves 46' by 
 1 j 2J', lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioles. Peduncles 
 very short, 1 5-flowered, axillary. Flowers small, greenish white. Calyx 
 about as long as the corolla. Lower petal twice larger than the others. Cap- 
 sule nearly I' in length. Apr. May. 
 
 ORDER XVIII. DEOSERACE^E. SUNDEWS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, delicate, often covered with glands. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, with stipulary fringes, circinate in vernation. _ 
 
 Fed. when young, circinate. Sep. 5, persistent, equal, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous, marescent. 
 
 Sta. distinct, marescent usually equal in number to the petals. 
 
 Ova. single. Sty. 35, either wholly distinct or slightly united, bind or branched. 
 
 Fr. a capsule, i 3-celled, usually many-seeded. Sds. sometimes ariled. 
 
 Genera 7, species 90, scattered over the whole globe, wherever marshes are found. Their leaves are 
 usually furnished with glandular hairs, and are entire, alternate or crowded. Attached to this order is 
 the genus Parnassia, regarded by some as forming a separate order. It is variously located by different 
 botanists. We follow Torrey and Gray, after De Candolle, in placing it here. Some peculiarity exists 
 in the arrangement and structure of the stamens in this genus, which will be mentioned farther on. 
 
 No remarkable properties have been discovered belonging to plants of this order. 
 Conspectus of tli/e Genera. 
 
 ( 5 in number. Styles 35 Drosera. I 
 
 $ hypogynous, all perfect and (. 1015 in number. Style 1 Dioneza. 2 
 
 Stamens { perigynous, inner row 5 perfect ones, outer row 5 groups of imperfect ones. . Parnassia. 3 
 
 1. DROSfiRA. 
 
 Gr, fyoaos, dew; from the dew-like secretion. 
 
 Sepals 5, united at base, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, with ad- 
 nate anthers ; styles 3 5, each 2-parted ; capsule 3 5-valved, 1- 
 celled, many-seeded. Small aquatic herbs. 
 
 1. D. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Round-leaved Sundew. 
 
 Lvs. radical, nearly round, depressed ; petioles hairy ; scapes erect, bear- 
 ing a simple raceme. ( i|_ This curious little plant is not uncommon in bogs 
 and muddy shores of ponds and rivers. It is at once distinguished by the red- 
 dish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset, and which are usually 
 tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, appearing like dew glistening in 
 the sun. Leaves small, lying flat on the ground, narrowed into the elongated 
 petiole. Scape 5 8' high, at first coiled inward. Flowers arranged on one 
 side, very small, white. Aug. 
 
 2. LONGIFOLIA. Long-leaved Sundew. 
 
 Lvs. radical, spatulate and obovate, tapering at base into a long, smooth 
 petiole ; scape bearing a simple raceme. Tj. A more slender and delicate spe- 
 cies, in similar situations with the last. Leaves slender, ascending, cuneiform, 
 oblong, crenate, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops, length 
 including the petiole 1 3'. Scape ascending at base, bearing a cluster of 
 small, yellowish-white flowers, and arising 3 8'. Jn. Aug. 
 
 3. D. FILIFORMIS. Thread-leaved Sundew. 
 
 Lvs. filiform, very long ; scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves, 
 many-flowered ; pet. obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glandular 
 calyx ; sty. 2-parted to the base. 7J. Grows in wet sandy places, much larger 
 than the preceding species. The leaves are destitute of a lamina, are suberect, 
 nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs except near the base. 
 Scape about a foot high, with large, purple flowers. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. D. LINEARIS. Goldie. Linear-leaved Sundew. 
 
 Lvs. linear, obtuse ; petioles elongated, naked, erect ; scapes few-flowered, 
 about the length of the leaves ; col. glabrous, much shorter than the oval cap- 
 sule ; sds. oval, shining, smooth. (I) Borders of lakes, Can., Mich, to the Rocky 
 Mts. Hooker. T. fy G. Scape 3 6' high, with about 3 small flowers. Leaves 
 about 2" wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole. 
 Jl. Aug. 
 
 16 
 
180 XIX. CISTACE^E. LECHEA. 
 
 2. DION^EA. Ellis. 
 Dionaea is one of the names of Venus. 
 
 Sepals 5, ovate, oblong, spreading ; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid 
 veins ; stamens 10 15 ; style 1 ; stigmas 5, connivent, many-cleft ; 
 capsules indehiscent, breaking irregularly, 1 -celled, many-seeded. 
 ^ glabrous. JLvs. radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when touched. 
 Scape umbellate. 
 
 D. MUSCIPULA. Ell. Venus' Fly-trap. Native of the Southern States. Some- 
 times cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Leaves rosu- 
 late, lamina roundish, spinulose on the margins . and upper surface, instantly 
 closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. (See Part 1. 248.) 
 Scape 6 12' high, with an umbel of 8 10 white flowers. Apr. May. j- 
 
 3. PARNASSIA. Tourn. 
 
 Named for Mount Parnassus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c. 
 
 Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5, persistent, nearly 
 perigynous ; stamens perigynous, in 2 series, the outer indefinite in 
 number, united in 5 -groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1- 
 celled. 4-valved ; seeds very numerous, with a winged testa. % herbs 
 with radical Ivs. and \-flowered scapes. 
 
 1. P. CAROLINIANA. Grass of Parnassus. 
 
 Sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, sur- 
 mounted with little spherical heads ; pet. much exceeding the calyx, marked 
 with green veins ; Ivs. radical or sessile on the scape, broad-oval, with no sinus 
 at the base. An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet 
 meadows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Root fibrous. Leaves about 
 7-veined, broad-oval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, cau- 
 line ones sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes about If high, 
 with a handsome regular flower about V diam. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. P. PALUSTRIS. 
 
 Lvs. all cordate, the cauline one (if any) sessile ; scales (bundles of sterile 
 stamens) smooth, with numerous slender, pellucid setae. Bogs and lake shores, 
 Mich, to Lab. and W. to the Rocky Mts. Scapes about 6' high, naked or with 
 a single clasping leaf near the base. Flowers white. Sepals oblong-lanceo- 
 late. Petals marked with 3 5 green or purple veins. Each scale is distin- 
 guished by 10 15 whitish hair-like bristles. 
 
 ORDER XIX. CISTACEJE. ROCK ROSES. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby. Branches often viscid. 
 Lvs. entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather-veined. 
 F/s. white, yellow, or red, very fugacious, in one-sided racemes. 
 Cal. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner with a twisted aestivation. 
 Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous, crumpled in aestivation. 
 Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct. Anth. innate. 
 
 Ova. distinct, or many-celled. Sty. single. Stig. simple. [ceeding from the middle of the valves. 
 
 Fr. capsular, either l-celled with parietal placentas, or imperfectly 3 5-celled, with dissepiments pro- 
 Genera 7, species 1S5, found most abundant in the north of Africa or south of Europe. They possess 
 no interest on account of their properties. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ large and showy, or wanting HeHanthetnum. 2 
 
 Petals 5, ? minute. Delicate shrubs Htidsonia. 3 
 
 Petals 3, linear-lanceolate Lechea. 1 
 
 1. LECHEA. 
 
 In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. 
 
 Sepals 5, the 2 outer minute ; petals 3, lanceolate, small ; stamens 
 3 12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; pla- 
 centae nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1 2-seeded. % 
 
 Suffruticose^ branching plants. Stipules 0. 
 
HUDSONIA. XIX. CISTACE^E. 181 
 
 1. L. MAJOR. Michx. (L. villosa. Ell. L. minor. Linn.) Larger Pinweed. 
 
 Erect, hairy ; branches villous, radical ones prostrate ; cauline Ivs. ellipti- 
 cal, mucronate, those of the radical branches roundish, minute ; fls. small, nu- 
 merous, in fasciculate racemes, somewhat 1-sided. In dry woods^ U. S. and 
 Can. Stem 1 2f high, rigid, brittle, hairy, purple, paniculately branched. 
 Leaves of the stem about 1' long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on 
 the prostrate branches, crowded. Flowers brownish-purple, inconspicuous. 
 Capsule roundish, about the size of a large pin-head. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. L. MINOR. Lam. Smaller Pinweed. 
 
 Erect, smoothish, branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle leafy, 
 its branches elongated ; fls. in nearly simple racemes ; caps, rather large. Grows 
 in dry, sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 12' high, often decumbent at 
 base. Stem leaves, 610" by 2 3", alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute 
 at the margin, those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers nearly 
 twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownish purple, cohering at apex. Cap- 
 sule also rather larger than in L. major. Jn. Sept. 
 
 3. L. THYMIPOLIA. Ph. Thyme-leaved Pinweed. 
 
 Frutescent ; sts. decumbent at base, hoary with appressed hairs, very 
 branching and leafy ; root Ivs. on the short radical branches, imbricate, ellipti- 
 cal, very small ; cauline Ivs. linear or oblanceolate, often whorled. Sea-coasts, 
 Mass. ! to N. J. Stem about If high, rigid and very bushy. Upper leaves about 
 1' long, erect and crowded. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, on very 
 short pedicels. Petals brown. Capsules globose. Jl. Sep. 
 
 2. HELIANTHEMUM. 
 
 Gr. lyXtof, the sun, avSos . a flower. 
 
 Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller ; petals 5, or rarely 3, sometimes 
 abortive ; stamens 00 ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule triangu- 
 lar, 3-valved, opening at top ; seeds angular. Fls. yellow. 
 
 1. H. CANADENSE. Michx. (Cistus Canad. Willd.} F^rost Plant. Rock Rose. 
 St. ascending ; branches erect, pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, without stipules, 
 
 lanceolate, acute, hairy; petaliferous fls. few, large, terminal, apetalous ones late- 
 ral, solitary or racemose. In dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. Stem about 
 If high, at length shrubby at base. Leaves 8 12" long, i as wide, entire, sub- 
 sessile. Flowers with large bright yellow petals, in a terminal corymb. The 
 axillary flowers later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta- 
 mens decimate. Capsule smooth, shining, those of the apet. fls. not larger than 
 a pin's head. Seeds few, brown. Jn. Sep. 
 
 2. H. CORYMBOSUM. Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa. Spach.) 
 
 St. branching, canescent, erect ; Ivs. lance-oblong, canescently tomentose 
 beneath ; fls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform 
 pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous-canescent, 
 outer ones linear, obtuse, inner ovate, acute. Sterile sands, N. J. to Ga. Plant 
 somewhat shrubby, very tomentose when young, at length diffusely branched, 
 about If high. Primary flowers about 1' diam. Secondary ones small, apeta- 
 lous. Jn. Aug. 
 
 3. HUDSONIA. 
 
 In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of " Flora Anglica." 
 
 Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones at dase ; pe- 
 tals 5 ; Stamens 9 30 ; style filiform, straight ; capsule 1 -celled, 3- 
 valved, many-seeded. Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and 
 minute exstipulate Ivs. 
 
 1. H. TOMENTOSA. Nutt. Doicny Hudsonia. 
 
 Hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. ovate, imbricate, acute, shorter than the intervals 
 of the stem ; fls. subsessile ; pet. obtuse. Shores of the ocean and lakes, N. J. 
 to N. H. ! and Wise., &c. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending 
 
182 XX. HYPERICACE^E. HYPERICUM. 
 
 stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with 
 whitish down. Leaves about 1 2" in length, closely appressed to the stem. 
 Flower small, yellow, on pedicels not longer than the leaves. May. 
 
 2. H. ERicolDES. Heath-like Hudsonia. 
 
 Hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. acerose-subulate ; ped. longer than the leaves, fili- 
 form, hairy ; sep. acutish. A very delicate shrub, found in pine barrens, Mass, 
 to Va. Stem f high, erect, with numerous short, compound, procumbent 
 branches. Leaves needle-like, scattered, 2 4" long. Flowers yellow, shorter 
 than the peduncles. Capsule oblong, pubescent. May. 
 
 ORDER XX. HYPERICACEJE. ST. JOHN'S-WORTS. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with a resinous juice, and often with angular branches. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, entire, mostly punctate with pellucid dots, and black glands. Slip. 0. 
 
 Fls. perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal, dotted. 
 
 Cor. Petals 45, hypogynous, aestivation twisted, veins oblique, dotted. 
 
 Sta. hypogynous, indefinite, in 3 or more parcels. Anthers versatile. 
 
 Ova. single, superior. Style slender. Stigma simple. 
 
 Fr. a capsule or berry, many-celled. Seeds indefinite, minute. 
 
 Genera 13, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a very great variety in habit, and flourish- 
 ing in all kinds of localities. The juice of many species is considered purgative and febrifugal. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ o Hypericwm. 2. 
 
 $5. Hypogynous glands (3 Elodea. 3. 
 
 Petals and sepals ( 4. Hypogynous glands Ascyrum. 1. 
 
 1. ASCYRUM. 
 
 Gr. a, privative, axvpos, roughness; i. e., a smooth plant. 
 
 Sepals 4, the 2 outer usually larger ; petals 4 ; filaments slightly 
 united at base into several parcels ; styles 2 4, mostly distinct ; cap- 
 sule 1 -celled. Plants suffruticose. Lvs. punctate with black dots, 
 Fls. yellow, 1 3, terminal on each branch. Pedicels bibracteolate. 
 
 1. A. CRUX- ANDREW. (A. multicaule, Michx.} St. Peters-wort. 
 
 St. much branched at base ; branches suberect, ancipital above ; Ivs. obo- 
 vate or linear-oblong, obtuse ; inner sep. minute, roundish ; pet. linear-oblong ; 
 sty. 1 2. Sandy woods, N. J. to La. Stem about l&high, thickly clothed 
 with leaves which are If' long, of very variable width. Flowers pale-yel- 
 low, on very short pedicels, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx. Petals ex- 
 ceeding the sepals and stamens. July. 
 
 2. A. STANS. Michx. (A. hypericoides. Linn.) 
 
 St. straight, erect, ancipital or winged, branched above ; Ivs. oblong, ob- 
 tuse, sessile ; outer sep. cordate, orbicular, longer than the 2 lanceolate, interior 
 ones; sty. 3. Swamps in pine barrens, N. J. to La. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 
 1 1J' long, J as wide, somewhat glaucous. Flowers usually 3 ^together, much 
 larger than in the preceding. Yellow. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. HYPERlCUM. 
 
 Sepals 5, connected at base, subequal, leaf-like ; petals 5, oblique ; 
 Stamens 00 (sometimes few) united at base into 3 5 parcels, with 
 no glands between them ; styles 3 5, distinct or united at base, per- 
 sistent. Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Lvs. punctate, with pellucid 
 dots, opposite, entire. Fls. solitary, or in cymose panicles, yellow. 
 
 * Stamens 20 100, polyadelphous. Herbs. 
 
 1. H. PYRAMIDATUM. Ait. (H. ascyroides. Willd.) Giant Hypcricum. 
 St. branching, somewhat quadrangular; Ivs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute, 
 smooth; sty. as long as the stamens. 7J. A large flowering species, found on 
 dry hills, also on river banks, Ohio and Penn. to Car. Stem 3 5f high, scarce- 
 ly angular, smooth, rigid, herbaceous. Branches corymbose and erect, or late- 
 
HYPERICUM. XX. HYPERICACE^E. 183 
 
 ral, axillary, opposite. Leaves acute, not acuminate, those of the stem 2J 5' 
 long, $ as wide, of the branches about half these dimensions. Flowers !' diam. 
 Petals obovate, ' wide. Stamens capillary, 100 or more. Capsules 1' long, 
 ovoid-conical, tipped with the 5 styles. Seeds 00. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. H. PERFORATUM. Common St. John's-wort. 
 
 St. 2-edged, branched ; Ivs. elliptical, with pellucid dots ; sep. lanceolate, 
 half as long as the petals. Tj. A hardy plant, prevailing in pastures and dry 
 soils, Can. and U. S., much to the annoyance of farmers. Stem 1 21 high, 
 brachiate, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated lines extending between the 
 nodes. Leaves 6 10" long, { as wide, ramial ones much sm?ller, all obtuse, the 
 dots as well as veins best seen by transmitted light. Flowers numerous, deep 
 yellow, in terminal panicles. Petals and sepals bordered with fine dark color- 
 ed glands. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. H. CORYMBOSUM. Muhl. (H. punctatum. Beck.) Spotted St. John's. 
 St. erect, round, smooth, branching ; Ivs. clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, 
 
 covered with black dots ; cymes terminal, brachiate, dense-flowered, corymbose ; 
 sep. ovate, acute. Tj. In wet meadows and damp woods, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 
 1 2f high. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly J as wide, with pellucid punctures be- 
 sides the black dots. Flowers small, numerous, pale-yellow, petals nearly 3 
 times as long as the sepals, with oblong black dots. Stigmas orange -red, on 
 distinct styles. Jn. Jl. 
 
 4. H. ANGULOSUM. Michx. 
 
 St. simple below, corymbosely branched, above, sharply 4-angled ; Ivs. 
 somewhat ovate, closely sessile, scarcely punctate ; cymes leafless, compound ; 
 fls. alternate, solitary on the ultimate branches ; sep. lanceolate, acute, half as 
 long as the petals. Tj. Cedar swamps, N. J. to Flor. Stem nearly 2f high. 
 Leaves nearly 1' long, '- as wide, rather distant. Petals obovate, brownish-red, 
 with a single lateral tooth near the apex. Jn. Aug. 
 
 5. H. ELLIPTICUM. Hook. (H sphaerocarpon. Bart.) 
 
 Penn. Stem 816' high, slender, colored at base. Leaves 813" by 24", 
 somewhat erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen 
 flowers, generally 1 2' above the highest pair of leaves. Central flowers sub- 
 sessile. Petals acutish, orange-yellow, 2 3" long ; sepals shorter. Stigmas 
 minute. July. 
 
 * * Stamens 20 100, polyadelphous. Shrubs. 
 
 6. H. KALMIANUM. Kalm's St. Johrfs-vJart. 
 
 St. corymbosely branched ; branches somewhat 4-sided, two of the angles 
 slightly winged ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse, attenuate at 
 base ; cymes 3 7-flowered, fastigiate ; sep. half as long as petals. Rocks below 
 Niagara Falls ! &c. A shrubby species a foot or more in height. Leaves an 
 inch in length, slightly revolute on the margin, 1-veined, minutely and thickly 
 punctate, sessile. Branches slender and delicate. Flowers yellow. Stamens 
 very numerous. Aug. 
 
 7. H. PROLIFICUM. 
 
 Branching ; branches ancipital; smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 
 narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge ; cymes compound, leafy ; sep. un- 
 equal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate; pet. obovate. a little larger than sepals; sty. at 
 length distinct. A highly ornamental shrub, 2 4f high, prairies and creek 
 shores, Mid. and West. States ! Leaves 2 2' long, 4 -6" wide. Flowers f 
 diam., orange-yellow, in an elongated inflorescence. Stamens 00. Jl. Aug. -f 
 0. T. & G. Lvs. much smaller ; capsule attenuate at summit. 
 
 8. H. ADPRESSUM. Barton. 
 
 St. shrubby at base, 2- winged above ; Ivs. oblong-linear, sessile, with 
 pellucid punctures ; fls. 15 20, in a leafless cyme ; sep. unequal, half as long 
 as the oblong-obovate petals; sty. united: caps. 3-celled. Swamps, R. I.! Pa. 
 16* 
 
184 XX. HYPERICACE^E. ELODEA. 
 
 to Ark. About 2f high. Leaves 1 2' by 2 4", often somewhat lance-shaped. 
 Flowers about 6" diam., with very numerous stamens. Aug. Sept. 
 
 9. H. AUREUM. Bertram. (H. amoenum. Ph.) Golden Hypericum. 
 Branches spreading, ancipital ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base, 
 
 glaucous beneath ; fls. few together, subsessile ; pet. coriaceous, reflexed ; sty. 3, 
 connate, persistent on the ovoid- conic capsule. A beautiful shrub, 2 4f high, 
 native of S. Car. and Ga. Flowers large, orange-yellow. Stamens 100 or 
 more. Capsule red. Jn. Aug. 
 
 10. H. NUDIFLORUM. Michx. 
 
 St. shrubby at base ; branches winged ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse ; 
 cymes leafless, pedunculate; central Jis. shortly pedicellate; pet. obovate, longer 
 than the linear sepals ; sty. united. Wet grounds, Penn. to La. Plant 1 2f 
 high, with numerous 4-sided branches. Leaves thin, about 2' long, with minute 
 reddish dots. Flowers small and rather loose in the cyme. Aug. j- 
 * * * Stamens 5 20, distinct. 
 
 11. H. MUTiLUM. (H. quinquenervium. Walt.} . Small St. John j s-wort. 
 St. erect, usually much branched, often subsimple, quadrangular ; Ivs. 
 
 obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5-veined, minutely punctate ; cymes leafy ; pet. 
 shorter than the sepals ; sta 612. Damp, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. W. to 
 la ! Stem 3 6 9' high. Leaves closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 8" by 
 2 5", outer veins obscure. Flowers minute. Jl. Aug. 
 
 12. H. CANADENSE. Canadian St. John's-wort. 
 
 St. quadrangular, branched ; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the base, with pel- 
 lucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; sep. lanceolate, acute, longer 
 than the petals ; sta. 510. Wet, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. Stem 815' 
 high, slightly 4- winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Leaves 
 about 1' by 1 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short. 
 Flowers small, orange-colored. Ovary longer than the styles. Capsule red, 
 longer than the sepals. Jl. Aug. 
 
 13. H. SAROTHRA. Michx. (Sarothra gentianoides. Linn.} 
 
 St. and branches filiform, quadrangular ; Ivs, very minute, subulate ; Jis. 
 sessile. Dry fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem 4 8' high, branched 
 above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches, apparently leaf- 
 less, from the minuteness of the leaves. Flowers very small, yellow, succeeded 
 by a conical, brown capsule which is twice the length of the sep. Jl. Aug. 
 
 14. H. DRUMMONDII. Torr. & Gray. (Sarothra. Grev. fy Hook.) 
 Branches alternate, square above ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer 
 
 than the in tern odes ; /s. pedicellate; sta. 10 20; sep. lanceolate, shorter than 
 the petals, but longer than the ovate capsule. Near St. Louis, &c. Plant 
 more robust than the last, nearly If high, very branching. Leaves \' long. 
 Flowers about 4" diam. 
 
 3. ELODEA. Adans. 
 
 Gr. eXwdrjs, marshy; from the habitat of the plants. 
 
 Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base ; petals 5, deciduous, 
 equilateral ; stamens triadelphous, the parcels alternating with 3 hy- 
 pogynous glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled. % Herbs with 
 peUiucid-punctate leaves, the axils leafless. 
 
 1. E. VIRGINICA. Nutt. (E. campanulata. Ph. Hypericum. Linn.) 
 St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching ; Ivs. oblong, amplexicaul ; 
 
 sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set. Swamps and ditches, U. S. 
 and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9 20' high. Leaves 1 2' 
 long, as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse, 
 glaucous beneath. Cymes terminal and axillary. Flowers 5" diam., orange- 
 yellow. Petals about twice longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange- 
 colored. Capsules ovoid-oblong, acutish. Jl. Sept. 
 
 2. E. PETIOLATA. Pursh. (Hypericum. Walt.) 
 
 Lts. oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole ; fls. mostly in 3s, axillary, 
 
SPERGULA. XXII. ILLECEBRACE^E. 185 
 
 nearly sessile ; JU. united above the middle ; capsules oblong, much longer than 
 the sepals. Swamps, N. J. to Ky. Stem about 2f high. Leaves 13' long, 
 rounded-obtuse. Flowers smaller than in the last, of a dull orange-color. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 ORDER XXII. ILLECEBRACE^E. KNOTWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or auffruticose, branching. 
 
 Lvs. sessile, entire. Stipules and bracts scarious. Fls. minute. 
 
 Cat. Sepals 5, distinct or coherent at base, persistent. 
 
 Cor. Petals minute, inserted between the sepals, often wanting, 
 
 Sta. equal in number to the sepals (sometimes less or more) inserted into the pengynous disk. 
 
 Ova. superior, l-relled. Sty. 25, either partially or wholly combined. 
 
 Fr. a utricle, sd. solitary, attached to base of cell; or a many-seeded capsule. 
 
 Genera 24, species 100, found mostly around the Mediterranean. Seven of the genera have been found 
 in N. America. A slight astringency is their only known property. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 1 (or sterile filaments none Anycfna. 1 
 
 ^minute, resembling sterile filaments Paronychia. 2 
 
 Petals ( conspicuous, white or rose-colored Spergula. 3 
 
 1. ANYCHIA. Michx. 
 Gr. ovv^j the finger nail ; a supposed remedy for the maladies of that organ. 
 
 Calyx of 5, ovate-oblong, connivent sepals, callous, subsaccate at the 
 apex ; corolla ; filaments 2 5, distinct ; stigma subcapitate ; utri- 
 cle enclosed in the sepals. CD Small herbs, with dichotomous branches. 
 Lvs. stipulate. 
 
 A. DICHOTOMA. Michx. (dueria Canadensis. Linn.} Forked Chickweed. 
 St. at length much branched, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline ones oppo- 
 site, ramial ones alternate ; fls. about as long as the stipules, terminal ones 
 subfasciculate. Dry woods and hills, Can. and N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 4 10' 
 high, round, slender, pubescent above, with dichotomous, filiform branches. 
 Leaves 2 8" by 2", acute or obtuse, with ovate-acuminate, scarious stipules 
 at base situated at each fork of the stem. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in ter- 
 minal clusters of 3 or more, very small, white. Jn. Aug. 
 
 /?. capittacea. Torr. Smooth ; branches capillary ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, cunei- 
 form at base. la. ! 111. ! 
 
 2. PARONYCHIA. Tourn. 
 
 Etymology similar to the foregoing. 
 
 Sepals united at base, acuminate-cuspidate at apex, the lining 
 membrane colored and cucullate or saccate at summit ; petals (sterile 
 fil. ?) very narrow and scale-like ; stamens 5 ; styles more or less 
 united ; stigmas 2 ; utricle 1-seeded included in the calyx. 
 
 1. P. JAMES ii. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Caespitose, much branched; Ivs. linear-subulate, scabrous fls. few, in 
 small, dense, dichotomous cymes, the central ones sessile ; pet. (or setae) alter- 
 nate with the fertile filaments; sep. linear, with a minute cusp. Prairies, 
 Mason Co., 111. Mead. R. Mts. James. Nutt. Stems about f long. Flowers 
 small. 
 
 2. P. DICHOTOMA. Nutt. (Achyranthes. Linn.} 
 
 Caespitose, densely branching ; Ivs. acerose-mucronate, glabrous, 2-grooved 
 each side ; cymes compound, diffuse, without central fls. ; setce much shorter 
 than the stamens. Rocks, Harper's Ferry. Stems 6 12' high. Leaves 1' by 
 i", crowded. Style bifid i its length. Jl. Nov. 
 
 3. SPERGULA. 
 
 Lat. spergo, to scatter ; from the dispersion of the seeds. 
 
 Sepals 5, nearly distinct; petals 5, entire ; stamens 5 10; styles 
 3 5 ; capsules superior, ovate, 3 5-valved, many-seeded. CD Herbs 
 with flowers in loose cymes. Lvs. stipulate. 
 
186 
 
 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 1. S. ARVENSIS. Corn Spurry. 
 
 Lvs. verticillate, linear-subulate ; sta. 10 ; sty. 5 ; ped. reflexed in fruit ; 
 sds. reniform, angular, rough. A common weed in cultivated grounds, Can. to 
 Ga. Root small. Stem round, branched, with swelling joints, beset with 
 copious whorled leaves, somewhat downy and viscid. Two minute stipules 
 under each whorl. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) peduncles bending 
 down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx, capsule twice 
 as long. Seeds many, with a membranous margin. May Aug. $ 
 
 2. S. RUBRA. T. & G. (Arenaria rubra. Linn.) 
 
 St. decumbent, much branched ; Ivs. linear, slightly mucronate ; stipules 
 ovate, membranous, cleft ; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins ; pet. red or 
 rose-color ; sty. 3 ; sds. compressed, angular, roughish. A common and varia- 
 ble species, found in sandy fields ! Can. to Flor. &c. Stems a few inches in 
 length, slender, smooth, spreading on the ground, with small, narrow leaves 
 and dry, sheathing stipules. Flowers small, on hairy stalks. May Oct. 
 
 ORDER XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^l. CLOVEWORTS. 
 
 Herbs, with the stems swelling at the nodes. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. FIs. regular. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 45, distinct, or cohering in a tube, persistent. 
 
 Cor. Petals 45, (sometimes none) either unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or 
 
 without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk. 
 Sta. twice as many as the petals, rarely equal or few ; anthers introrse. 
 Ova. often stipitate. Styles stigmatose the whole length of their inner surface. 
 Fr. a l-celled capsule or imperfectly 2 5-celled, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are 
 
 stigmas. Seeds numerous. 
 
 Genera 53, species 1055. Eleven of the genera are North American, the remainder are found in the 
 temperate and frigid climates of the Eastern Continent. Properties unimportant. The order is noticeable 
 chiefly for the beauty of a few of the cultivated species. 
 
 FIG. 41. 1. Lychnis diurna. 2. Vertical section, exposing the 5 styles, the placenta and seeds of the 
 l-celled capsule. 3. A petal, with its long claw, its bind lamina, and its 2-toothed crown. 4. Cross sec- 
 tion of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 5. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading 
 cyme. 6. A flower enlarged calyx not tubular. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 Calyx 
 
 fnot 
 tubular. 
 
 ' Styles 3. 
 Styles 4. 
 , Styles 5. 
 
 [ Styles 2. 
 
 <> Sepals partly united. 
 < entire. I Sepals entirely distinct. 
 < Petals 5 ,\ bifid. ..... 
 J Petals 
 Petals 45 or 0, entire 
 Petals 5, bifid 
 < Calyx calyculate with 24 scales at base. 
 ( Calyx without scales at the base 
 
 
 
 . Adenarinm. 4 
 . Arenaria. 3 
 . Stellaria. l 
 , Mollugo. 6 
 . Sagina. 5 
 . Cerastium. 2 
 . Dianthus. 10 
 . Saponaria. 9 
 
 
 Styles 3. 
 
 
 
 
 . Silene. 7 
 
 .tubular. 
 
 Styles 5. 
 
 
 
 
 . Lvchnis. 8 
 
CERASTIUM. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 187 
 
 TRIBE 1. ALSINEJ3. 
 
 Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without daws inserted on the outside of the 
 disk. Stainens inserted on the margin of the disk. 
 
 1. STELLARIA. 
 
 Lat. Stella, a star : from the stellate or star like flowers. 
 
 Sepals 5, connected at base ; petals 5. 2-parted ; stamens 10, rarely 
 fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule superior, 1-celled, 3-valved, 
 many-seeded. Small grass-like herbs^ in moist, shady places. Fls. in 
 forked cymes. 
 
 1. S. MEDIA. Smith. (Alsine. Linn.} ChicTcweed. 
 
 Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; sla. 
 3 5 or 10. A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mex., flowering 
 from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn. Stems prostrate, branched, 
 brittle, round, jointed, leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge 
 extending from joint to joint, in an alternate manner. Flowers small, white. 
 The seeds are eaten by poultry and the birds. 
 
 2. S. LONGIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. graminea. Bto.) 
 
 Lvs. linear, entire; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanceolate, scarious 
 bracts; col. 3-veined, about "equal to the petals. U. S., N. to Arc. Circ. The 
 stems are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other 
 plants and bushes. Leaves alternate at base. Flowers in a divaricate, naked 
 cyme, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species. 
 Three acute, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. S. PUBERA. Michx. 
 
 St. decumbent, pubescent in one lateral or two ppposite lines ; Ivs. ob- 
 long-oval, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate ; fls. on short, filiform, recurved pedi- 
 cels. 7J. In rocky places, Penn. and Ky. to Ga. Stem 6 12' long, often dif- 
 fusely spreading. Leaves 1 2f' by 4 10", with minute, scattered hairs. 
 Flowers ' diam., axillary and terminal, large, with 10 stamens and 3 styles. 
 Apr. Jn. 
 
 4. S. LONGIPES. Goldie. (S. palustris. Rich. Micropetalon. Pm.) 
 Smooth and shining; st. more or less decumbent, with ascending 
 
 branches ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base, acute ; peduncles and pedicels 
 filiform, cymose, with ovate, membranous bracts at base ; sep. with membran- 
 ous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals. Ij. Lake 
 shores, N. Y. ! and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Flowers in loose cymes, the 
 terminal peduncle, or the middle one, the longest. Jn. Aug. 
 
 5. S. BOREALIS. Bigelow. (S. lanceolata. Torr. Micropetalon. Pers.) 
 St. weak, smooth ; Ivs. veinless, broad-lanceolate, acute ; pe'd. at length 
 
 axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; pet. 2-parted (sometimes wanting), about equal 
 to the veinless sepals. (J) Wet places. N. H., N. Y., N. to Artie Am. A spread- 
 ing flaccid plant. Stem 6 12 15' long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and 
 axillary. Leaves 8 15" long, 1-veined. Petals when present white, small, at 
 length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Capsules longer than the 
 calyx. Jn. Jl. 
 
 6. S. AauATiCA. Pollich. (S. borealis. Darl.} 
 
 Nearly glabrous; st. slender, decumbent; Ivs. .oblong, acute, with mani- 
 fest veinlets ; sep. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid 
 petals ; caps, ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; sty. 3. Tj. Swampy springs, Penn. 
 Dr. Darlington. Md. Dr. Robbins. Also Rocky Mts. A very slender plant, 
 6 12' long, with inconspicuous flowers. Leaves 6" by 2 3". May. 
 
 2. GERASTIUM. Linn. 
 Gr. Kepas, a horn ; from the resemblance of the capsules of some of the species. 
 
 Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals ; corolla of 5 bifid petals ; stamens 
 
188 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. ARENAHIA. 
 
 10, sometimes 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5; capsule 
 superior, cylindrical or roundish, 10-toothed; seeds numerous. 
 * Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 
 1. C. VULGATUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 
 Hairy, pale green, csespitose; Ivs. attenuated at the base, ovate, or obo- 
 vate-obtuse ; fls. in subcapitate clusters ; sep. when young, longer than the pedi- 
 cels. (D Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. S., flowering all summer. 
 Stems 6 12 7 long, ascending, mostly forked. Leaves 5 8" by 3 5", mostly 
 very obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Flowers in dense, terminal clus- 
 ters, the terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Sepals mostly green, 
 a little shorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments. 
 
 2. C. VISCOSUM. (and C. semidecandrum. Linn.*) Sticky Chickweed. 
 Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute; fls. in 
 
 loose cymes ; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the 
 pedicels. 1\. Fields and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Plant more deeply 
 green than the last. Stems many, assurgent, dichotomously-cymose. Leaves 
 5 9" long, i as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Flowers white, in diffuse 
 cymes. Petals hardly as long as the sepals, obovate, bifid. Jn. Aug. 
 0. semidecandrum. T. & G. Stamens 5. Mass, to la. ! 
 ** Petals much longer than the calyx. 
 
 3. C. ARVENSE. (C. tenuifolium. Ph.) Field Chickweed. 
 Pubescent, somewhat caespitose ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, often longer 
 
 than the intern odes ; cyme on a long, terminal peduncle, few flowered ; pet. 
 more than twice longer than the calyx ; cap. scarcely exceeding the sepals. 
 Rocky hills. Stems 4 10' high, decumbent at base. Leaves 9 15" long, 1 
 2" wide. Flowers white, rather large. Capsule usually a little longer than 
 the calyx. May Aug. 
 
 4. C. OBLONGIFOLIUM. Torr. (C. villosum. Muhl.} 
 
 Villose, viscid above ; st. erect or declined ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, most- 
 ly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes ; fls. numerous, in a spreading cyme ; 
 pet. twice as long as the sepals; cap. about twice as long as the calyx. 1\. 
 Rocky places. Stems 6 10' high, thick. Leaves 9 12" by 3 5", tapering 
 from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers larger than either of the fore- 
 going, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr. Jn. 
 
 5. C. NUTANS. Raf. 
 
 Viscid and pubescent ; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, 
 narrow, shorter than the internodes ; fls. many, diffusely cymose, on long, 
 filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx. (D Low 
 grounds, Vt. to 111. ! and La. Pale green and very clammy. Stems 8 15' high, 
 branched from the base. Leaves 1 2' long, % as wide. Flowers white. Cap- 
 sules a little curved, nearly thrice longer than the calyx. May. 
 
 3. ARENARIA. 
 
 Lat. arena, sand ; in which most species grow. 
 
 Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, rarely fewer; 
 styles 3 ; capsule 3-valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Fls. terminal. 
 Sty. rarely 2 or 4. 
 
 1. A. SQARROSA. Michx. 
 
 Caespitose ; si. few-flowered ; lower Ivs. squarrose-imbricate, crowded, 
 upper ones few, all subulate, channeled, smooth; pet. obovate, three times longer 
 than the obtuse, veinless sepals. 1|_ In sandy barrens, N. Y. Bobbins, to Ga. 
 Stems 6 10' high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple branches. 
 Leaves about J' long, obtuse, sessile. Flowers white, in small terminal cymes. 
 Sepals green. Capsules obtuse. Apr. Sept. 
 
 2. A. STRICTA. Michx. Straight Sandwort. 
 
 Glabrous, diffuse ; st. branched from the base ; Ivs. subulate-linear, erect ; 
 pet. much longer than the calyx ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3- veined ; cymes 
 
SAGINA. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 189 
 
 few-flowered, with spreading branches. QJ. Sterile grounds, Arc. Am. to Car. 
 Stem 810' high. Leaves 5 8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 
 1-veined, much fasicled in the axils. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as 
 the sepals, white. May, Jn. 
 
 3. A. GREENLANDICA. Spreng. (A. Glabra. Bw.} Greenland Sandwort. 
 Glabrous ; sts. numerous, low, filiform, suberect ; Ivs. linear-subulate, 
 
 flat, spreading; pedicels 1-flowered, elongated, divaricate; sep. veinless, ovate, 
 obtuse, membrane-margined, much shorter than the petals. 7J- Summits of high 
 mountains, N. H ! N. Y., N. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses, con- 
 sisting of exceedingly numerous stems about 3' high, and sprinkled over with 
 large (8" diam.) white flowers with yellow stamens. Aug. 
 
 4. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. 
 
 St. dichotomous, spreading ; Ivs. ovate, acute, subciliate ; cal. acute, sub- 
 striate ; pet. shorter than the calyx ; caps, ovate, 6-toothed. By roadsides, 
 and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs, 
 a few inches in length. Leaves 2 3" long, J as wide. Flowers on axillary 
 and terminal peduncles. Petals white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 3 
 5-veined, acuminate, hairy sepals. Jn. 
 
 5. A. LATERIFLORA. Side-flowering Sandwort. 
 
 Erect., slightly pubescent ; Ivs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral, 2 3-flowered. 
 Tj. A slender, upright species, found in damp, shady grounds, N. States, and 
 Brit. Am. Stem 6 10' high, nearly simple. Leaves elliptical, rounded at 
 each end, 6 10" long, as wide, on very short petioles. Peduncles terminal 
 and lateral, 23' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels, one of them 
 with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Flowers 4" diam., white. Petals more than 
 twice as long as sepals. Jn. 
 
 3. ADENARIUM. Raf. 
 
 Sepals 5, united at base ; petals 5, unguiculate^ entire ; stamens 
 10, inserted into a glandular disk ; styles 3 5 ; capsule 3 5-valved, 
 many-seeded. (D Herbs of the sea-coast^ with fleshy leaves. 
 
 A. PEFLolDEs. DC. (Arenaria. Linn. Honckenya. Ekrk. and 1st. 
 
 edit.} Sea Chickweed. Very fleshy ; st. creeping, with erect, subsimple 
 branches ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, veinless, exceeding the petals. Abundant on the 
 Atlantic coast ! N. J. to Lab. Upright stems a foot high. Leaves 5 7 10" 
 long, as wide, abruptly pointed, clasping at base, shorter than the internodes. 
 Flowers small, white, axillary, on short pedicels. Jl. 
 
 5. SAGlNA. 
 
 Lat. sagina, any kind of food or nourishment, 
 
 Sepals 4 5, united at base ; petals entire, 4 or 5, or ; stamens 
 4 10 ; styles 4 5 ; capsule 4 5-valved, many-seeded. Fls. solitary. 
 
 1. S. PROCUMBENS. Creeping Pearlwort. 
 
 St. procumbent ; glabrous ; pet. very short ; sta., sep. and pet. 4 or 5. <g) 
 A small weed, with slender, creeping stems 3 or 4' long, found in damp places, 
 R. I. ! N. Y. to S. Car., W. to Oregon. Leaves very small, linear, mucronate- 
 pointed, connate or opposite. Flowers white and green, axillary, on peduncles 
 longer than the leaves. Jn. 
 
 2. S. DECUMBENS. T. & G. (Spergula saginoides. Linn.) Pearlwort. 
 St. decumbent, ascending, mostly glabrous ; Ivs. linear-subulate, very 
 
 acute ; ped. much longer than the leaves ; pet. and sep. 5 ; sta. 10. (I) Sandy 
 fields, U. S. and Can. Stem 2 3' long. Flowers axillary and terminal. Pe- 
 tals white, hardly as large as the sepals. Jl. Apparently a variety of S. pro- 
 cumbens. <) ? 
 
 3. S. APETALA. 
 
 Erect and pubescent ; Ivs. linear-subulate ; ped. elongated, ascending in 
 fruit ; sep. and sta. 4 ; pet. very minute or 0. Sandy fields, N. J., Penn. 
 
190 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. SILENE. 
 
 Stems numerous, filiform, 2 4 A high. Sepals acute, shorter than the capsule. 
 May Jn. 
 
 6. M O L L ft G O. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united at base, colored inside ; corolla 
 0; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10; filaments setaceous, shorter than, 
 and opposite to the sepals ; anthers simple ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, 
 many-seeded ; seeds reniform. Lvs. at length apparently verticillate, 
 each whorl consisting of 1 or 2 large, substipulate leaves^ with several 
 axillary ', smaller ones. 
 
 M. VERTICILLATA. Carpet-weed. 
 
 Lvs. cuneiform, acute ; st. depressed, branched ; pedicels 1-flowered, sub- 
 umbellate ; sta. mostly but 3. (p A small, prostrate plant, in dry places through- 
 out N. Am. Stems slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground. At 
 every joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, 
 usually five in number, and a few flowers, each on a solitary stalk which is 
 very slender and shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, white. Jl, Sep. 
 
 TRIBE 2. SILEXEJE. 
 
 Sepals united into a cylindrical tube. Petals clawed, inserted with the stamens 
 upon the stipe of the ovary. 
 
 7. SILENE. 
 
 Silenus was a drunken divinity of the Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion. 
 
 Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed ; petals 5, 
 unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2-cleft ; stamens 
 10 ; styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 * Calyx vesicular, inflated ; petals scarcely crowned. 
 
 1. S. ACAULIS. Stemless Campion. 
 
 Low and densely csespitose ; Ivs. linear, ciliate at base ; ped. solitary, 
 short, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate, slightly inflated; pet. obcordate, crowned. 
 % A little turfy plant, 1 3' high, on the White Mts., N. H., and throughout 
 Arctic Am. Stems scarcely any. Leaves numerous, ' long. Flowers purple. 
 
 2. S. STELLATA. Ait. (Cucubalus stellatus. Linn.) Stellate Campion. 
 Erect, pubescent ; Ivs. in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; cal. 
 
 loose and inflated ; pet. fimbriate. 7J. An elegant plant, woods and prairies, 
 Can. to Car., W. to 111. ! and Ark. Stem 2 3f high, paniculately cymose. Leaves 
 2 3' long, as wide, tapering to a long point, sessile. Calyx pale-green, with 
 more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed 
 at base. Jl. 
 
 3. S. NIVEA. DC. (Cucubalus niveus. Nutt.~) Snowy Campion. 
 
 Minutely puberulent, erect, simple or dichotomous above ; Ivs. oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate ; fls. few, terminal ; cal. inflated, with short and obtuse 
 teeth ; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown ; caps, stiped. 1\. in moist places, 
 Penn., Ohio, near Cincinnati, (Clark !) 111. Stem slender, leafy. If 3f high, 
 generally forked near the top. Leaves 2 3' by 4 f ', tapering to a very slender 
 point, floral ones lance-ovate. Flowers 1 3. Calyx reticulated. Petals white. 
 
 4. S. INFLATA. Smith. (Cucubalus Behen. Linn.} Bladder Campion. 
 Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in cymose panicles, 
 
 drooping ; cal. ovoid-globular, reticulated with veins. %. in pastures about 
 fences, Charlestown, Ms. ! &c. Stem erect, about 2f high. Leaves 1 3' long, 
 i as wide, rather acuminate. Petals white, cleft half-way down. Calyx re- 
 markably inflated, and reticulated with pale purple veins. Jl. The young 
 shoots and leaves may be used as a substitute for asparagus. 
 ** Calyx not inflated. Petals crowned. 
 
 5. S. ANTIRRHINA. Snap-dragon Catch-fly. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; st. erect ; Ztw. lanceolate, acnte, sub-ciliate ; ped. trifid, 
 
LYCHNIS. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^l. 191 
 
 3-flowered ; pet. emarginate ; col. ovate. 1\. Road-sides and dry soils. Can. and 
 U. S. Stem slender, branching, with opposite leaves, about a foot in height. 
 Leaves about 2' long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile and scabrous on 
 the margin. A few of the upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their 
 middle. Flowers small, red, in loose, erect cymes. Jl. 
 
 6. S. NOCTURNA. Nocturnal Catch-fly. 
 
 St. branching, hairy below ; Ivs. pubescent, with long ciliae at base, low- 
 er ones spatulate, upper lance-linear ; fls. appressed to the stem, in a dense one- 
 sided spike ; col. cylindrical, almost glabrous, reticulated between the veins ; 
 pet. narrow, 2-parted. (p Near New Haven, Ct., Bobbins, to Penn. Va. Flowers 
 white, greenish beneath. Jl. f 
 
 7. S. NOCTIFLORA. Night-flowering Catch-fly. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent; st. erect, branching ; lower Ivs. spatulate, upper linear; 
 cal. cylindrical, ventricose, the alternate veins veinleted ; teeth subulate, very 
 long ; pet. 2-parted. From Europe, introduced into our cultivated grounds ! 
 Flowers rather large, white, expanding only in the evening, and in cloudy 
 weather. f 
 
 8. S. PENNSYLVANIA. Michx. Pennsylvanian Catch-fly. 
 Viscid-pubescent ; sis. numerous ; Ivs. from the root spatulate or cuneate, 
 
 of the stem lanceolate ; cyme few-flowered ; pet. slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. 
 %. Dry, sandy soils, N. Eng. ! to Ky. and Ga. Stem decumbent at base, near- 
 ly If high, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upright bunches of flow- 
 ers. Calyx long, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Petals wedge-shaped, 
 red or purplish. Jn. 
 
 9. S. VIRGINICA. Virginian Catch-fly. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent ; st. procumbent or erect, branching ; fls. large, cymose ; 
 cal. large, clavate ; pet. bifid, broad, crowned. 'Ij. Gardens and fields, Penn. to 
 to Ga. Stem 1 2f high, often procumbent at base. Leaves oblong, a little 
 rough at the margin. Cymes dichotomous. Stamens and pistils exserted. 
 Petals red, large. Jn. f 
 
 10. S. REGIA. Sims. Splendid Catch-fly. 
 
 Scabrous, somewhat viscid ; st. rigid, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; cyme 
 paniculate ; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end ; sta. and stig. exserted. 
 % A large species, beautiful in cultivation, native Ohio, Sullivant! to La. 
 Stems 3 4f high. Leaves 2 3', by 8 15". Flowers very large, numerous. 
 Calyx tubular, 10-striate, I' long. Petals bright-scarlet, crowned. Jn. Jl.f 
 
 11. S. ARMERIA. Garden Catch-fly. 
 
 Very smooth, glaucous ; st. branching, glutinous below each node ; Ivs. 
 ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in corymbose cymes ; pet. obcordate, crowned ; cal. cla- 
 vate, 10-striate. (T) Introduced from Europe. A popular garden flower. Stem 
 1 if high, many-flowered. Leaves 1J 2' long, as wide; internodes elon- 
 gated. Calyx f long, a little enlarged above. Petals purple, laminae half as 
 long as calyx. Jl. Sept. $f 
 
 8. LYCHNIS. 
 
 Gr. Ao^vos, a lamp : some cottony species having been used as lamp-wicks. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, ovoid or cylindrical ; scales ; petals 5, 
 unguiculate, limb slightly cleft; stamens 10; pistils 5; capsule 1- 
 celled, or 5-celled at the base, with a 5-toothed dehiscence. Corolla 
 sometimes crowned. 
 
 1. L. GITHAGO. Lam. (Agrostemma Githago. Linn.) Corn Cockle. 
 
 Hairy ; st. dichotomous ; ped. elongated ; Ivs. linear ; cal. longer than 
 the corolla ; pet. entire, without the corona. A well known handsome weed, 
 growing in fields of wheat, or other grains, and of a pale green color. Stem 
 2 3f high. Leaves 3 5' by j ', fringed with long hairs. Flowers few, 
 large, of a dull purple, on long, naked stalks. Seeds roundish, angular, purplish- 
 black. Jl.fi 
 
 17 
 
192 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. DIANTHUS. 
 
 2. L. CHALCEDONICA. Scarlet Dychnis or Sweet William. Smoothish ; fls. fas- 
 ciculate ; col. cylindric, clavate, ribbed ; pet. 2-lobed. f l\^A fine garden-flower, 
 native of Russia. Stem 1 2f high, with dark-green, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate leaves, and large, terminal, convex, dense fascicles of deep-scarlet flowers. 
 It has varieties with while flowers, and also with double. Jn. Jl. f 
 
 3. L. FLOSCUCULI. Ragged Robbin. Smoothish ; st. ascending, dichotomous 
 at summit ; fls. fascicled ; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed ; pet. in 4 deep, linear 
 segments. 1\. Native of Europe. Stem 1- 2f high, rough-angled, viscid above. 
 Leaves lanceolate, smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, with a brown, angu- 
 lar, smooth calyx. Capsule roundish, 1-celled. Jl. Sept. f 
 
 4. L. CORONATA. Chinese Dychnis. Smooth ; fls. terminal and axillary, 1 3 ; 
 cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed ; pet. laciniate. Native of China. Stem 1 2f 
 high. Petals of lively red, remarkable for their large size. There are varieties 
 with double red, and double white flowers, f 
 
 5. L. DIURNA. St. dichotomous-paniculate ; fis. tf 9 ; pet. half-bifid, lobes 
 narrow, diverging ; caps, ovoid-globose. Native of Britain, almost naturalized ! 
 Stems about 2f high, pubescent. Leaves 1 3' long, elliptic-ovate, acute. 
 Flowers light-purple, middle size. Jl. Sep. I 
 
 6. L. CORONARIA. DC. (Agrostemma coronaria. Linn.) Mullein Pink. 
 Rose Campion. Villose ; st. dichotomous ; ped. long, 1-flowered ; cal. campanu- 
 late, veined. % Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense wool. Stem 
 2f high. Flowers purple, large. Varieties are white-flowered, red-double-flow- 
 ered, &c. ( 
 
 Obs. Other species rarely found in collections are L. fulg&ns with scarlet flowers ; L. Viscaria, with 
 pink flowers ; L. alpina, low, with pink flowers, &c. 
 
 9. SAPONARIA. 
 
 Lat. sapo, soap ; the mucilaginous juice is said to make soap. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales ; petals 5, unguiculate ; sta- 
 mens 10 ; styles 2 ; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Petals often crowned. 
 
 1. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Soap-wort. 
 
 L/vs. lanceolote, inclining to elliptical ; fls. in paniculate fasicles ; cal. 
 cylindrical ; crown of the petals Linear. 1L By roadsides, New Eng. to Ga. A 
 hardy, smooth, succulent plant, with handsome, pink-like flowers. Stem 1 2f 
 high. Leaves 2 3' long, i or more as wide, very acute. Flowers many, flesh- 
 colored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste, with a saponaceous juice. 
 Jl. Aug. \ 
 
 2. S. VACCARIA. Fly-trap. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile; fls. in paniculate cymes; cal. pyramidal, 
 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous, acute. Gardens and cultivated 
 grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high. Leaves broadest at base, 
 1 2' long, | as wide, tapering to an acute apex. Flowers on long stalks, pale- 
 red. Capsule 4-toothed. Seeds globose, black. Jl. Aug. -f 
 
 10. DIANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. Atos avSos, the flower of Jove, alluding to its preeminent beauty and fragrance. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, 
 imbricated scales at base ; petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally 
 notched; stamens 10; styles 2, tapering, with tapering, revolute 
 stigmas ; capsule cylindric, 1-celled. 
 
 1. D. ARMERIA. Wild Pink. 
 
 L/vs. linear-subulate, hairy ; fls. aggregate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx 
 lanceolate, subulate, as long as the tube. Our only native species of the 
 pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass, to N. J. ! Stem erect, 1 2f high, 
 branching. Leaves erect, 1 2' long, 1 3" wide at the clasping base, taper- 
 ing to a subulate point. Flowers inodorous, in dense fascicles of 3 or more. 
 
PORTULACA. XXIV. PORTULACACE^E. 193 
 
 Calyx and its scales f ' long. Petals small, pink-colored, sprinkled with -white, 
 crenate. Aug. 
 
 2. D. BARBATUS. Sweet William or Bunch Pink. Lvs. lanceolate ; fls. aggre- 
 gate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate, as long as the tube. TJ. An 
 ornamental flower slilf valued as in the times of old Gerarde, " for its beauty 
 to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure." 
 Stems Ijf high, thick. Leaves 3 5' by I 7 , narrowed to the clasping base. 
 Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May. Jl. -f 
 
 3. D. CHINENSIS. China Pink. St. branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; Jl. 
 solitary; scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube. (g) Native of 
 China. An elegant species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales, 
 and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, like the other spe- 
 cies, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer, f 
 
 4. D. PLUMARIUS. Single Pink. Pheasant' s-eye. Glaucous; st. 2 3-flow- 
 ered; fls. solitary; calyx teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; Ivs. linear; 
 rough at the edge; pet. many-cleft, hairy at the throat. 1|. Native of Europe. 
 From this species probably originated those bea'utiful pinks called pheasant's 
 eye, of which there are enumerated in Scotland no less than 300 varieties. 
 Flowers white and purple. Jn. Aug. { 
 
 5. D. CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation. Bizarres, Picotees, Flakes, fyc. Lvs. 
 linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous ; fls. solitary; scafes very short, ovate; pet. 
 very broad, beardless, crenate. Stem 2 3f high, branched. Flowers white 
 and crimson ; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of all 
 the splendid varieties of the carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated 
 by florists, distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson, 
 white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of 
 stripes, dots, flakes, and angles. 
 
 6. D. SUPERBUS. Superb Pink. Dvs. linear-subulate; fls. fastigiate; scales 
 short, ovate, mucronate ; pet. pinnate. 1\. A singularly beautiful pink, native 
 of Europe. Stem 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed 
 in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth. Jl. Sept. 
 
 Obs. Other species of this admirable genus are occasionally cultivated, but the varieties of Nos. 4 and 
 5 are by far the most common. The " Monthly Pink," common in house cultivation, with bright green, 
 channeled, linear leaves, short, csespitose stems, pink-red, double flowers, appears to be a variety of D. 
 Carthusianorum. 
 
 ORDER XXIV. PORTULACACEJE. PURSLANES. 
 
 Herbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves and no stipules. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 2, united at base. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, sometimes more or less t imbricated in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. variabje in number. Yilcurnents distinct. Anthers versatile or introtse. 
 
 Oca. superior l-celled. Sty. several, stigmatose along the inner surface. 
 
 Fr. a pyxis, dehiscing by a lid or capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas. 
 
 Genera 12, species 184, inhabiting dry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no remarka- 
 ble properties. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Capsule 3-vftlved. . ........ Talinum. 3 
 
 < 820. I Pyxis dehiscing transversely PortuleuM. I 
 
 Stamens 5, opposite the petals Claytonia. 2 
 
 1. PORTULACA. Tourn. 
 
 Sepals 2, the upper portion deciduous ; petals 5 (4 6), equal ; 
 stamens 8 20 ; styles 3 6-cleft or parted ; pyxis subglobose, dehis- 
 cing near the middle, many-seeded. Low, herbaceous, fleshy. Fls. 
 expanding only in sunshine. 
 
 1. P. OLERACEA. Purslane. 
 
 Lvs. cuneate ; fls. sessile. (J) A prostrate, fleshy weed, more common 
 in our gardens than desirable. Stem thick and succulent, much branched, and 
 spreading, smooth. Leaves fleshy, sessile, rounded at the end. Flowers yellow. 
 The herbage of the plant is of a reddish-green color. . Sometimes used as a pot- 
 herb. Jn. Aug. 
 
194 XXV. ELATINACE^E. 
 
 2. P. PILOSA, /?. Scarlet-flowered Purslane. Sts. ascending, much branched ; 
 branches suberect, enlarged upwards; Ivs. linear, obtuse, the axils villose with 
 long, woolly hairs; fls. terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrounded by an 
 irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of wool ; pet. obovate ; sta. about 15. 
 A very delicate plant, with purple stems, and large, bright purple flowers. 
 P. australis, with broader leaves and scarlet fls. is also popular in house cul- 
 tivation. The species are mostly "natives of S. Africa, j- 
 
 2. CLAYTONIA. 
 
 In memory of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. 
 
 Sepals 2, ovate or roundish ; petals 5, emarginate or obtuse ; sta- 
 mens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals ; stigmas 3-cleft ; capsule 
 3-valved, 2 5-seeded. Small, fleshy, delicate, early-flowering plants. 
 
 1. C. CAROLINIANA. Michx. Spring Beauty. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; sep. and pet. obtuse ; rt. tuberous. 1\. A delicate 
 little plant, flowering in April; common in woods and rocky hills, Can. to N. 
 Car. W. to the Miss. Root a compressed, brown tubercle, buried at a depth in 
 the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root-leaves very few, if any, 
 spatulate. Stem weak, 2 3' high, with a pair of opposite leaves half-way up, 
 which are 1 2' by i f ', entire, tapering at base into the petiole. Flowers in 
 a terminal cluster, white, with a slight tinge of red, and beautifully penciled 
 with purple lines. Apr. May. 
 
 2. C. VIRGINICA. Virginian Spring Beauty. 
 
 Lvs. linear, or lance-linear; sep. rather acute; pet. obovate, mostly 
 emarginate or retuse ; ped. slender, nodding. 1\. In low, moist grounds, Mid. 
 and S. States. W. to Mo., Everett! rare in N. Eng. Tubercle or cormus as 
 large as a hazelnut, deep in the ground. Stem 6 10' long, weak, with a pair 
 of opposite, very narrow leaves 3 5' long. Flowers 5 10, rose-colored, with 
 deeper colored veins, in a terminal cluster. Sepals acute or obtuse. Petals 
 often elliptical, subacute. Apr. May. 
 
 3. TALI NUM. Adans. 
 
 Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous; petals 5, sessile; stamens 10 
 20, inserted with the petals into the torus ; style trifid ; capsule 
 subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. T. TERETIFOLIUM. 
 
 St. simple or branched, short and thick ; Ivs. terete, subulate, crowded at 
 the summit of the stem, on short branches ; ped, elongated ; fls. in a dichoto- 
 mous cyme; pet. purple. 7J. An interesting little plant, on rocks, Penn. Dr. 
 Darlington ! to Ark. Rhizoma or perennial stem firm and fleshy, with fibrous 
 roots. Branches 1 3' long. Leaves I 2' long, incurved, fleshy. Bracts ovate- 
 lanceolate, minute. Peduncles 5 8' high. Flowers small, ephemeral. Sta- 
 mens about 20. Jn. Aug. 
 
 2. T. PATENS. Spreading-flmvered Talinum. St. erect or decumbent at base, 
 slender; Ivs. ovate, flat, fleshy; panicle terminal, with spreading, dichotomous 
 peduncles. 7J. Native in S. America. A handsome plant, sometimes cultivat- 
 ed. Stem 1 2f high, round, purple, terminating in a naked, spreading pani- 
 cle of small purple flowers. Leaves 2 3' long, tapering to the base. Aug. Oct. 
 
 ORDER XXV. ELATINACEJE. WATER PEPPERS. 
 
 Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranaceous stipules. Fls. minute, axillary. 
 
 CaL Sepals 26. distinct or slightly coherent at base, persistent. 
 
 Cor. Petals hyposynous, as many as the sepals. 
 
 Sta. equal in number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anth. introrse. 
 
 Ova. 2 6-celled. Stigmas *-5, capitate ; placentas in the axis. 
 
 Fr. capsular. Seeds numerous. 
 
 Genera 6, species 22, found in every part of the globe, growing in marshes. The following is the only 
 northern genus : 
 
LINUM. XXVI. LINAGES. 195 
 
 ELATINE. 
 
 Gr. eAar/;, fir; from the resemblance of the slender leaves of some species. 
 
 Stigmas sessile, minute. 
 
 E. AMERICANA. Arn. (Crypta minima. Nutt. Peplys Americana. PA.) 
 Mud Purslane. St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints, 
 
 with assurgent branches; Ivs. cuneate-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire; sty. 0; 
 
 sep., pet., sta. and stig. 2 3, as well as the cells and valves of the capsule; stip. 
 
 very minute. A small mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers ! U. S. 
 
 Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. Corolla minute, closed. Jl. Sep. 
 
 ORDER XXYI. LINAGES. FLAXWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent. 
 
 Lvs. entire, sessile, alternate sometimes nearly opposite, without stipules. 
 
 Fls. terminal, usually in corymbs or panicles, regular and symmetrical. 
 
 Cal.~ Sepals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, or more or less united ; aestivation strongly imbricated. 
 
 Cor. -Petals equal in number to sepals, hypogynous, unguiculate ; aestivation twisted. 
 
 Sta. 3, 4 or 5, united at base into a hypogynous ring, which is often toothed, opposite the petals. 
 
 Ova. of as many cells as sepals or styles. Stig. capitate. 
 
 Sds. solitary in each cell, compressed, suspended. Albumen 0. 
 
 Genera 3, species 90. A very important order in the arts. The Linum has a very tenacious fibre in 
 its bark, which is wrought into thread and cloth, forming the linen of commerce. Some species are 
 cathartic, and yield from their seeds a fine mucilage. Only one genus need be mentioned here, viz. : 
 
 LINUM. 
 
 Celtic llin, a thread ; hence \ivov, Eng. Kgn,flax. 
 
 Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 5, the latter rarely 3 ; capsules 
 5-celled; cells nearly divided by a false dissepiment. (Fig. 11., No. 4.) 
 
 1. L. RIGIDUM. Stiff-leaved Flax. 
 
 St. angular, branching ; Ivs. alternate, rigid, linear, acute ; fls. panicled ; 
 sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and with the bracts, glandularly fimbriate- 
 serrate on the margins ; caps, globose, shorter than the calyx. Near New 
 Haven, Conn., Robbins! R. I., found by the Prov. Bot. Assoc. Stem 10 16' 
 high, erect, with many suberect branches abov.e. Leaves 4 7" by \ I", sca- 
 brous on the margin. Sepals 3-veined. Flpwers 6 8" diam., sulphur-yellow. 
 
 2. L. VIRGINIANUM. Virginian Flax. 
 
 St. branching above, erect ; Ivs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, those of the 
 root oblong, upper ones acute ; panicles corymbose, terminal, with the flowers 
 racemose on the branches ; sep. broad-ovate, mucronate ; caps, depressed, scarce- 
 ly longer than the calyx. Woods, hills, &c., U. S. and Can. Stem about 
 2f high, slender, leafy, terete, glabrous. Leaves 6 10" by 1 2", with one 
 distinct vein. Flowers 4 6" diam., yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1- 
 veined. Jl. 
 
 /?.? diffusum. Wood. St. angular, diffusely branched ; branches and lanceolate 
 Irs. spreading ; fls. very small (scarcely 2" diam.) Wet prairies, la. ! duite 
 different in habit and may prove a new species. 
 
 3. L. USITATISSIMUM. Common Flax. 
 
 St. branching above ; Ivs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle 
 corymbose ; sep. ovate, acute, 3-veined at the base, membranaceous on the mar- 
 gin ; pet. crenate. (J) Introduced and somewhat naturalized in fields. Stem 1 2f 
 liigh, with 3-veined leaves, and many large, handsome, blue flowers. Jn. Jl. 
 This important plant has been cultivated from remote antiquity, (see Gen. xli. 
 42 ) for the strong fibres of the bark, which are manufactured into linen. The 
 seeds yield linseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printers' ink, &c. 
 They are also medicinal. 
 
 4. L. PERENNE. Perennial Flax. Glabrous, with virgate branches ; Ivs. linear, 
 acute, scattered ; fls. supra-axillary and terminal ; sepals oval, margins mem- 
 branaceous, shorter than the globose capsule ; petals retuse, blue, 3 or 4 times 
 the length of the sepals. 1\. Native West of the Miss, (perhaps not within the 
 17* 
 
196 XXVII. GERANIACE^E. GERANIUM. 
 
 limits of this Flora), also of Europe and Asia. Not uncommon in gardens. 
 Flowers large, blue, f 
 
 ORDER XXVII. GERANIACB^l. GERANIA. 
 
 Stems herbaceous or siiffrutegcent, tumid and separable at the nodes. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, (at least the lower ones,) mostly stipulate, petiolate, palmately veined. 
 
 Fls. Peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves, sometimes axillary. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred at base. 
 
 Cor. -Petals 5, hypogynous or perigynous, unguiculate ; aestivation twisted. 
 
 Sta. usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice 91 thrice as many as the petals. 
 
 Ova. ^ of 3 united carpels, 2-ovuled, alternate with sepals, upon an elongated axis, from which they sepa- 
 
 Fr. I rate in fruit, curving upwards on the persistent style. 
 
 Genera 4, species 500. The Cape of Good Hope is the favorite habitation of some of the most impor- 
 tant genera. Most species of the beautiful Pelargonia are native of that region alone. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 fall perfect. Geranium. 1 
 
 < 5 perfect, with 5 shorter and imperfect Erodium. 2 
 
 Stamens 10, ( 7 perfect ; corolla irregular Pelargonium. 3 
 
 1. GERANIUM. 
 
 Gr. ycpai/os, a crane; the beaked fruit resembles a crane's bill. 
 
 Sepals and petals 5, regular; stamens 10, all perfect, the 5 alter- 
 nate ones longer, and each with a nectariferous gland at its base ; 
 fruit rostrate, at length separating into 5 long-styled, 1 -seeded car- 
 pels ; styles smooth inside, at length recurved from the base upwards 
 and adhering by the point to the summit of the axis. Herbaceous, 
 rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles 1, 2 or 3-flowered. 
 
 1. G. MACULATUM. Spotted Geranium. 
 
 St. erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorsely pubescent ; Ivs. 3 5-parted, 
 lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radical ones on long 
 petioles, upper ones opposite, on short petioles; pet. entire; sep. mucronate- 
 awned. Woods, &c., U. S. and Can., but rare in N. Eng. A fine species, 
 worthy a place among the parlor " geraniums." Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 
 2 3' diam., cleft f way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in pairs, on 
 unequal pedicels, often somewhat umbeled on the ends of the long peduncles. 
 Root powerfully astringent. Apr. Jn. 
 
 2. G. ROBERTIANUM. Herb Robert. 
 
 St. diffuse, hairy ; Ivs. 3 5-parted to the base, the segments pinnatifid, 
 and the pinnae incisely toothed ; sep. mucronate-awned, half the length of the 
 entire petals. 7J. Smaller and less interesting than the preceding, in dry, rocky 
 places, Can. to Va. and Ky. It has a reddish stem, with long, diffuse, weak 
 branches. Leaves on long petioles, somewhat hairy, outline 1J 3' diam, with 
 pinnatifid segments. Flowers small, pale purple,. Capsules small, rugose, 
 keeled. Seeds smooth. The plant has a strong disagreeable smell. May. Sept. 
 
 3. G. PUSILLUM. Weak Crane's-bill. 
 
 St. procumbent ; Ivs. reniform or roundish, deeply 5 7-parted, lobes 
 3-cleft, linear; sep. hairy, acuminate, about as long as the emarginate petals. 
 (T) A delicate, spreading species, growing in waste grounds, pastures, &c., L. I. 
 and Western N. Y. Torr. Stem weak, If long, branching, covered with short, 
 deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base into 5 or 7 lobes, 
 these again variously cut. Peduncles axillary, forked, bearing 2 purplish-red 
 flowers in Jn. and Jl. 
 
 4. G. CAROLINIANUM. Carolinian Crane's-bill. 
 
 St. diffusely branched ; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes incisely toothed ; ped. 
 rather short and clustered on the ends of the branches; sep. mucronate-awned, 
 as long as the emarginate petals. (!) Fields and hills throughout Can. and 
 U. S. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 15' long, swelling at the joints. Leaves 
 I H' diam., hairy. Flowers small, rose-colored, in pairs, and somewhat fas- 
 ciculate. Seeds minutely reticulated, reddish brown, 1 in each hairy, beaked 
 carpel. Jl. Perhaps too near the following species. 
 
PELARGONIUM. XXVII. GERANIACE^E. 197 
 
 5. G. DISSECTUM. Willd. Wood Crane's-bill. 
 
 St. diffuse, pubescent; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes 3-cleft, incisely dentate; 
 ped. dichotpmous ; pedicels hairy ; sep. mucronately awned, scarcely as long as 
 the emarginate petals ; beak hairy ; carp, rugose. (I) rocky places, N. Sts. ! 
 A small spreading plant, 8 12' long. Leaves pentagonal in outline, l 2' 
 diam., divisions and their segments oblong-linear, submucronate. Peduncles 
 6 10" long, with 4 bracts at the fork. Pedicels 6 10" long. Sepals 3-veined. 
 Petals purplish, deeply notched, a little longer than the sepals. Jn. Jl. 
 
 6. G. SANGUINEUM. Bloody Geranium,. St. erect, diffusely branched; ped. 
 longer than the petioles ; Ivs. opposite, 5-parted, orbicular in outline, lobes trifid, 
 with linear segments; carpels bristly at top. A beautiful species native of 
 Europe, deemed worthy of culture by many a florist. Grows about a foot high. 
 Leaves orbicular, deeply divided into 5 or 7, 3-fid lobes. Flowers large, round, 
 of a deep red or blood-color, f 
 
 2. ERODIUM. L'Her. 
 Gr. tpudtos, a heron ; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the heron's bill. 
 
 Calyx 5-leaved ; petals 5 ; scales 5, alternate with the filaments 
 and nectariferous glands at the base of the stamens; filaments 10, 
 the 5 alternate ones abortive ; fruit rostrate, of 5 aggregate capsules, 
 each tipped with the long, spiral style, bearded inside. 
 
 1. E. MOSCHATUM. L'Heritier. (Geranium moschatum. Linn.) Musk Gera- 
 nium. St. procumbent ; Ivs. pinnated with stalked, ovate, unequally serrated 
 segments ; ped. downy, glandular ; pet. equaling the calyx. Native of Eng- 
 land. Sometimes cultivated for the strong, musky scent of its herbage. A foot 
 high. Leaves large. Flowers small, purple. May Jl. 
 
 2. E. CICONIUM. L'Her. (G. ciconium. Linn.) Heron's-bUl Geranium. St. 
 ascending ; Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. pinnatifid, toothed ; ped. many-flowered ; pet. ob- 
 long, obtuse. (I) From S. Europe. Stem about If high. Flowers purple. 
 
 3. PELARGONIUM. L'Her. 
 
 Gr. TT\apyfo$, a stork; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the stork's bill. 
 
 Sepals 5, the upper one ending in a nectariferous tube extending 
 down the peduncle with which it is connected ; pet. 5, irregular, 
 longer than the sepals; filaments 10, 3 of them sterile. A large 
 genus of shrubby or herbaceous plants, embracing more than 300 species 
 and innumerable varieties, nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Lower Ivs. (in plants raised from the seed) opposite, upper ones alternate. 
 * Stem scarcely any. Root tuberous. 
 
 1. P. FLAvrjM. Carrol-leaved Geranium. St. very simple; Ivs. decompound, 
 faciniate, hairy, segments linear; umbel many-flowered. Flowers brownish- 
 yellow. From the Cape of Good Hope, as well as the other species. 
 
 2. P. TRISTE. Mourning Geranium. Lvs. hairy, pinnate ; Ifts. bipinnatifid, 
 divisions linear, acute. A foot high. Flowers dark green, in simple umbels. 
 
 * * Stem elongated, herbaceous or suffruticose. 
 
 3. P. ODORATISSIMUM. Nutmeg-scented Geranium. St. short, fleshy; Ivs. 
 roundish, cordate, very soft ; branches herbaceous, long, diffuse. Valued chiefly 
 for the powerful, aromatic smell of the leaves, the flowers being small, whitish. 
 
 4. P. ALCHEMILLOIDES. Lady 's-mantte Geranium. St. villous; Ivs. cordate, 
 villous, 5-lobed, palmate ; ped. few-flowered ; stig. sessile. Stem 6' high, dif- 
 fuse, very hairy, with deflexed bristles. Flowers pink-colored. 
 
 5. P. TRICOLOR. Three-colored Geranium. St. suffruticose, erect ; Ivs. lance- 
 olate, villous, cut-dentate, trifid; upper pet. glandular at base. Stem IJf high. 
 This species is distinguished for its beautifully variegated flowers. Petals 
 roundish and nearly uniform in shape, but very different in color ; the 3 lower 
 
198 XXVII. GERANIACE^E. PELARGONIUM. 
 
 ones are white, slightly veined, the 2 upper of a rich purple, almost black at 
 base. 
 
 6. P. CORIANDRIFOLIUM. Coriander-leaved Geranium. St. herbaceous, bien- 
 nial, somewhat downy; Ivs. bipinnate, smooth, lobes linear, subpinnatifid. 
 Stem diffuse, If high. Distinguished by the finely divided leaves and large 
 flowers. The 2 upper petals much the largest, obovate, veined with purple ; 
 the 3 lower, of which the middle one is often wanting, are narrow and of a 
 pure white. 
 
 * * * Leaves neither divided nor angular; stem fruticose. 
 
 7. P. GLAUCUM. Glaucous-leaved Geranium. Very smooth and glaucous; 
 Ivs. lanceolate, entire, acuminate ; ped. 1 2-flowered. Stems 3f high, shrubby 
 and branched. The plant is remarkably distinguished by its leaves. Pedun- 
 cles axillary, with 1 or 2 elegant flowers. Petals obovate, of a delicate blush- 
 color, with red veins. 
 
 8. P. BETULlNUM. Birch-leaved Geranium. Lvs. ovate, unequally serrate, 
 smoothish; stip. ovate-lanceolate; ped. 2 4-flowered. Stem shrubby, 3f high. 
 The plant is well named for its leaves. Flowers pale-pink, with deep red veins. 
 
 9. P. ACETOSUM. Sorrel-leaved Geranium. Lvs. very smooth, obovate, crenate, 
 somewhat fleshy; ped. few-flowered; pet. linear. Stem shrubby, 3f high. 
 Named for the acid flavor of the leaves. Flowers pink. 
 
 * * * * Leaves either angular or palmately lobed; stem fruticose. 
 
 10. P. ZONALE. Horse-shoe Geranium. Lvs. cordate-orbicular, obsoletely 
 lobed, toothed, marked with a concentric zone. Stem thick, shrubby, 2 3f 
 high. One of the most popular of all the species. Leaves always marked 
 with a dark concentric stripe of various shades. The flowers are of a bright 
 scarlet, umbeled, on long peduncles. It has many varieties, of which the most 
 remarkable is 
 
 /?. marginale; silver-edged, the leaves of which are bordered with white. 
 
 11. P. iNQuiNANS. Scarlet Geranium. Lvs. round-reniform, scarcely divided, 
 crenate, viscid ; umbels many-flowered ; pet. obovate, cuneate. Justly admired 
 for the vivid scarlet of its numerous flowers. The name alludes to the reddish, 
 clammy moisture which stains the fingers in handling the soft, downy branches. 
 
 12. P. PELTATUM. Ivy-leaved Geranium. Lvs. 5-lobed, entire, fleshy, smooth, 
 more or less peltate ; umbels few-flowered. Stem climbing, several feet in 
 length. Whole plant very smooth. A beautiful species, with umbels of very 
 handsome purplish flowers. 
 
 13. P. TETRAGONUM. Square-stalked Geranium. Branches 4-cornered, fleshy ; 
 Ivs. cordate, bluntly lobed, somewhat toothed ; pet. 4, the upper ones pale-pink, 
 with crimson veins, the 2 lower small, white. Leaves small, rounded, notched, 
 with scattered hairs. 
 
 14. P. GRANDIFLORUM. Large-lowered Geranium. Smooth, glaucous ; Ivs. 
 5-lobed, palmated, cordate at base, the lobes dentate towards the end ; pet. three 
 times as long as the calyx. Distinguished for the size and beauty of the 
 flowers', which are white, the 2 upper ones elegantly veined, and tinged with 
 red, larger than the rest. 
 
 15. P. GRAVEOLENS. Rose-scented Geranium. Lvs. palmately 7-lobed, lobes 
 oblong, bluntly toothed, re volute, and very rough at the edge ; umbels many- 
 flowered, capitate. Nectary about half as long as calyx. Leaves very fra- 
 grant. Flowers purple. 
 
 _ 16. P. RADULA. Rasp-leaved Geranium. Lvs. palmate, rough ; lobes narrow, 
 pinnatifid, revolute at edge, with linear segments ; umbels few-flowered ; nec- 
 tary nearly as long as the calyx. Distinguished for its large rough leaves 
 deeply divided.into linear segments, and with a mint-like fragrance. Flowers 
 purple. 
 
 17. P. QUERCIFOLIUM. Oak-leaved Geranium. Lvs. cordate, pinnatifid, with 
 rounded recesses, lobes obtusely crenate ; branches and petioles hispid. Leaves 
 rough, often spotted. Flowers purplish. 
 
XXIX. TROPJEOLACEM. 199 
 
 Obs. The above are among the more distinguished and popular species of this vast and favorite genus. 
 Innumerable varieties produced from seeds and propagated by cuttings are equally common and often of 
 superior beauty. No genus seems to be regarded with such universal favor for green-house plants aa 
 this. The species and their multitudes of hybrid creations, produced by modern ingenuity, are cultivated 
 with assiduous attention by nearly every family which makes the least pretensions to taste through- 
 out the civilized world. 
 
 ORDER XXVIII. B ALSAMIN AC E.E. JEWEL WEEDS. 
 
 Herbs annual, with succulent stems and a watery juice- 
 
 Lvs. simple, without stipules. Fls. very irregtdar and unsymmetrical. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5, deciduous, the 2 upper connate, the lowest spurred or gibbous. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4, hypogynous, united by pairs, or rarely 5, distinct 
 
 Sta. 5, hypogynous. Filaments subulate. Anthers 2-celled. 
 
 Ova. 5-celled, compound. Stigmas sessile. 
 
 Fr. capsular, 5-celled, bursting elastically by 5 valves. Sds. several in each cell. Embryo straight. 
 
 Genera 2, species 110. With regard to its properties and uses, this order is of no importance, but some 
 of its species are highly ornamental. 
 
 1. IMPATIENS. 
 
 Impatient, with respect to the irritable capsules. 
 
 Sepals colored, apparently but 4, the 2 upper being united, the 
 lowest gibbous and spurred ; petals apparently 2, each of the lower 
 being united to the 2 lateral ones ; anthers cohering at the apex ; 
 capsule often \ -celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, 5- 
 valved, bursting elastically. Stems smooth, succulent, tender, sub-pellu- 
 cid, with tumid joints. 
 
 1. I. PALLIDA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. Michx.} Touch-me-not. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate; 
 ped. 2 4-flowered, elongated ; lower gibbous sep. dilated-conical, broader than 
 long, with a very short, recurved spur ; fls. pale yellow, sparingly maculate. 
 (T) Wet, shady places, U. S. ! and Can. Stem 2 4f high, branched. Leaves 
 2 5' long, | as wide, with large, obtuse teeth, each tipped with a very short 
 mucro. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals pale green, callous- 
 pointed, the rest pale yellow, the lower produced into a conic nectary, ending 
 in a spur i' long. Capsules oblong-cylindric, 1' long, bursting at the slightest 
 touch when mature, and scattering the seed. Aug. 
 
 2. I. FULVA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. 0. Michx.) Jewelweed. 
 
 Lvs. rhombic-ovate, obtusish, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucro- 
 nate ; ped. 2 4-flowered, short ; lower gibbous sep. acutely conical, longer than 
 broad, with an elongated, recurved spur ;/s. deep orange, maculate with many 
 brown spots. In wet, shady grounds, Can. to Ga., more common than the 
 last, somewhat glaucous. Stem 1J 3f high. Leaves 1 3' long, as wide, 
 having like the last, a few filiform teeth at the base. Flowers about 1' in 
 length, the recurved spur of the lower sepal ' long. Capsule as in the last. Aug. 
 
 3. I. BALSAMINA. Garden Balsamine. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones 
 alternate; ped. clustered; spur shorter than the flower. (I) From theE. Indies. 
 It is one of the most beautiful of garden annuals, forming a showy pyramid of 
 finely variegated, carnation-like flowers. The prevailing colors of the petals 
 are red and white, but the former varies in every possible shade c f crimson, 
 scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color. The flowers are often double. 
 
 ORDER XXIX. TROP^OLACEJE. TROPHYWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, smooth, climbing or twining, with a pungent, watery juice. 
 
 Lvs. peltate or palmate. Fls. irregular. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5. colored, united, the lower one spurred. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, the three lower ones stalked, the 2 upper inserted on the calyx. 
 
 Sta. 8, distinct, unequal. 
 
 Ova. of 3 united carpels. Style 1. Stigmas 3. 
 
 Fr. separating into 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded nuts. Sds. large. Albumen 0. 
 
 Genera 3, species 40, natives of S. America. They possess the same antiscorbutic properties as the 
 Crucifera. The fruit of the following species is pickfed and used as a substitute lor capers. 
 
200 XXXI. OXALIDACE^E. OXALIS. 
 
 TROP^OLUM. 
 
 Lat. trop&um, a trophy ; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet. 
 
 Character essentially the same as of the order. 
 
 T. MAJUS. Nasturtion. Indian Cress. Lvs. peltate, roundish, repand on the 
 margin, with the long petiole inserted a little one side of the centre ; pet. ob- 
 tuse, the two upper distant from the 3 lower, which are fimbriate at base, and 
 contracted into long claws. Native of Peru. Stem at length climbing by 
 means of its long petioles several feet. Leaves a fine example of the peltate 
 form, about 2' diam. Flowers large and showy, orange-colored, with blotches 
 of deeper shade. They are eaten for salad. June Oct. 
 
 ORDER XXX. LIMNANTHACE^). 
 
 Herbs annual, with an acrid, watery juice. Lvs. alternate, pinnatifid. 
 
 Stipules 0. Flou-ers regular. 
 
 Ca/. Sepals 35, united at base, persistent, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor Petals 35, marescent, inserted upon an hypogynous disk. 
 
 Sta. twice as many as petals and inserted with them. Filaments opposite the sepals, with a small pro- 
 
 Ova. of 2 5 distinct carpels. Sty. united. Stig. simple. [cess outside the base. 
 
 Fr 25 achenia, rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. 
 
 Genera 2, species 3, mostly natives of the temperate parts of North America. They have no very 
 remarkable properties. Floerkea is the only northern genus. 
 
 FLCERKEA. Willd. 
 
 Named in honor of Floerke, a German botanist. 
 
 Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals ; stamens 6 ; ovaries 3, tuber- 
 culate, style 2-cleft. small, aquatic, with pinnately divided leaves. 
 
 F. FROSERPiNACoiDEs. Lindl. (F. uliginosa. Muhl.) False Mermaid. 
 
 Grows in marshes and on river and lake shores, Vt. to Penn. W. to Mo. 
 Stems decumbent, less than a foot in length, weak and slender. Leaves alter- 
 nate, upper ones, or those above the water, pinnately 5-parted, lower or sub- 
 mersed ones mostly 3-parted, all on slender petioles 1 3' in length. Flowers 
 axillary, pedunculate. Petals white, small, about half as long as the sepals. 
 Achenia large, 2 or 1, roundish. 
 
 ORDER XXXI. OXALIDACEJE. WOOD SORRELS. 
 
 St. low, herbaceous, with an acid juice, and alternate, compound leaves. 
 
 Slip, rarely present. Fls. regular and symmetrical. 
 
 CaL Sepals 5, persistent, equal, sometimes slightly cohering at the base. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, unguiculate, deciduous, twisted in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 10, hypogynous, more or less monadelphous, those opposite the petals longest. 
 
 Ova. Carpets 5, united, opposite the petals. 
 
 Fr. capsular, usually membranous, 5-lobed and 5-celled. 
 
 Genera 6, species 325, inhabiting hot and temperate regions. The stem and leaves generally contain 
 free oxalic acid. The order is represented in the Northern States by the following genus only. 
 
 OXlLIS. 
 
 Gr. ofu?, sour; from the acid taste of most species. 
 
 Sepals 5. distinct or united at base ; petals much longer than the 
 calyx ; styles 5, capitate ; capsule oblong or subglobose ; carpels 5, 
 1 several-seeded. Mostly % with trifoliate kaves. 
 
 1. O. ACETOCELLA. Common Wood Sorrel. 
 
 Acaulescent ; scape longer than the leaves, 1-flowered ; Ifts. broad-obcor- 
 date, with rounded lobes ; sty. as long as the inner stamens ; rt. dentate, scaly. 
 Woods and shady places, Can. and Northern States. Leaves palmately 3-foli- 
 ate, on long, weak stalks, purplish beneath. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 
 each with a nodding scentless flower whose petals are white, yellowish at the 
 base, delicately veined with purple. The whole plant has an agreeable, acid 
 taste. Jn. 
 
PTELEA. XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACE^E. 201 
 
 2. O. viOLA(iEA. Violet Wood Sorrel. 
 
 Acaulescent, smooth; scape umbelliferous; pedicels subpubescent ; fls. 
 nodding ; tips of the col. fleshy ; sty. shorter than the outer stamens. An elegant 
 species, in rocky woods, &c., throughout the U. S. Bulb scaly. Scape nearly 
 twice taller than the leaves, 5 8' high. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, sometimes 
 none ; leaflets nearly twice as wide as long, with a very shallow sinus at the 
 very broad apex. Umbel of 3 9 drooping flowers. Petals large, violet-colored, 
 striate. May. 
 
 3. O. STRICTA. Yellow Wood Sorrel. 
 
 Caulescent; st. branching, erect ; ped. umbelliferous, longer than petioles ; 
 sty. as long as the inner stamens. Fields, U. S. and Can. The plant varies 
 in height, from 3 8' or more, according to the soil. Stem leafy, round, smooth, 
 succulent. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, numerous, scattered on long stalks. 
 Umbels on long, axillary stalks, about the length of the petioles. Flowers 
 small, yellow, appearing all summer. Capsules sparingly hirsute, with spread- 
 ing hairs. 
 
 4. O. CORNICULATA. Ladies' Wood Sorrel. 
 
 Caulescent ; st. creeping, radicating, diffusely branching ; Ifts. pubescent ; 
 ped. 2 or more-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; pet. cuneiform, erose at the 
 apex; sty. long as the inner stamens. Grows in cultivated grounds, U. S. and 
 Can. Resembles the last, but " is undoubtedly distinct." Bobbins. Stems leafy, 
 prostrate, a foot or more in length. Sepals pubescent, half as long as the emar- 
 ginate, yellow petals. Capsules densely and closely pubescent. May, and after. 
 
 ORDER XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACEJE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, without stipules. 
 
 Lvs. alternate or opposite, pinnate, rarely simple, with pellucid dots. 
 
 Fls. regular, polygamous, gray, green, or pink. Sep. 39, small, cohering at the base. 
 
 Cor. Petals longer than the sepals, of the same number or 0. 
 
 Sta. alternate with petals, of the same number, seldom twice as many; in the pistillate flowers either 
 
 wanting or imperfect. Anthe.rs introrse. 
 
 Ova. usually of the same number as sepals, stipitate, distinct or united. 
 Fr. baccate, membranaceous or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. 
 
 Genera 20, species 110, chiefly of tropical America, only 2 genera being native in the United States. 
 
 Properties. Bitter, aromatic and stimulant; properties residing chiefly in the bark. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 Urees, with 21 41 -foliate leaves Ailanthus. 3 
 
 Unarmed { shrubs, with 3-foliate leaves Ptelea. 2 
 
 Prickly shrubs Zanthoxylwn. 1 
 
 1. ZANTHOXYLUM; 
 
 Gr. $av$os, yellow, |vAov, wood ; from the color of the wood. 
 
 $ Calyx inferior, 5-parted ; corolla ; stamens 3 6 ; pistils 3 5 ; 
 carpels 35, 1 -seeded; 9 like the but wanting the stamens; cT 
 like the $ but wanting the pistils. Leaves pinnately 3 5-foliate. 
 
 Z. AMERICANUM. Miller. (Z. fraxineum. Willd.} Prickly Ash. 
 
 Prickly ; Ifts. ovate, subentire, sessile, equal at the base ; umbels axillary. 
 A shrub 10 or 1 2f high, found in woods in most parts of the U. S. The branches 
 are armed with strong, conical, brown prickles with a broad base. Leaflets 
 about 5 pairs with an odd one, smooth abov e, downy beneath ; common petioles 
 with or without prickles. Flowers in sma.U dense umbels, axillary, greenish, 
 appearing before the leaves. The perfect and the staminate ones grow upon 
 the same tree, and the pistillate upon a separate tree. The bark is bitter, aro- 
 matic and stimulant, used for rheumatism and to alleviate the tooth-ache. 
 Apr. May. 
 
 2. PTELEA. 
 
 9 $ $ Sepals 3 6, mostly 4 ? much shorter than the spreading 
 petals ; 3 stamens longer than the petals and alternate with them, 
 very short and imperfect in 9; ovary of 2 united carpels; styles 
 
202 XXXIII. ANACARDIACE.E. RHUS. 
 
 united, short or ; stigmas 2 ; fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded samaras, with 
 a broad, orbicular margin. Shrubs with 3 5-foliate leaves. Fls. 
 cymose. 
 
 P. TRIFOLIATA. Shrubby Trefoil. 
 
 Lvs. 3-foliate, Ifts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones inequila- 
 teral, terminal ones cuneate at base ; cymes corymbose ; sta. mostly 4 ; sty. 
 short. An ornamental shrub, 6 8f high, Western States ! rare in Western 
 N. Y. Leaflets 3 4j' by H If, the peduncles rather longer. Flowers white, 
 odorous, nearly J' diam. Samara nearly I' diam. 
 
 3. AILANTHUS. 
 
 9 $ c? Sepals 5, more or less united at base ; petals 5 : $ stamens 
 2 3 ; ovaries 3 5 ; styles lateral : fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded samara 
 with oblong margins; cT stamens 10; 9 ovaries, styles and samarse 
 as in $. Oriental. Trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves. Fls. in 
 panicles. 
 
 A. GLANDULOSA. Desf. Tree of Heaven. Lvs. glabrous, unequally pinnate ; 
 Ifts. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shortly petiolulate, with one or two 
 obtuse, glandular teeth each side at base, terminal one long-petiolate. A tree 
 of large dimensions, and with extremely rich and luxuriant foliage, native of 
 China and Japan. Trunk straight, with a smooth, brown bark. Leaves 3 5f 
 in length, with 10 20 pairs of leaflets and an odd one. Flowers in terminal 
 panicles, greenish, perfecting seed in our climate. The tree is of extremely 
 rapid growth, and is becoming common in our streets and shrubberies, f 
 
 ORDER XXXIII. ANACARDIACEJE. SUMACHS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even milky juice. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, simple or ternate or unequally pinnate, without pellucid dots. 
 
 Fls. terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly dioecious. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 3 5, united at base, persistent. 
 
 Cor. Petals same number as sepals, sometimes 0, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. as many as petals, alternate with them, distinct, on the base of the calyx. 
 
 Ova. 1-celled, free. Ovule one. Styles 3 or 0. Stigmas 3. 
 
 Fr. a berry or drupe, usually the latter and 1-seeded. 
 
 Genera 41, species 95, chiefly natives of tropical regions, represented in the United States by the genus 
 Rhus only. 
 
 Properties. These plants abound in a resinous juice, which is often poisonous, but is used as an indeli- 
 ble ink in marking linen, and as an ingredient in varnish. Even the exhalations from some of the species 
 are deemed poisonous. The Cashew nut is the product of a small tree of both Indies. When fresh the 
 kernel is full of a milky juice, and has a most delicious taste, but the coats are filled witk a caustic oil 
 which blisters the skin, and kills warts. 
 
 RHUS. 
 
 Said to be from psat, to flow ; because used in haemorrhage. 
 
 Calyx of 3 sepals united at base ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles 
 3, stigmas capitate ; fruit a small, 1-seeded, subglobose, dry drupe. 
 Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound. Flowers 
 often by abortion 9 cT or 9 cf . 
 
 * Leaves pinnate. 
 
 1. R. GLABRA. Smooth Sumach. 
 
 Lvs. and branches glabrous; Ifts. 615 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 acutely serrate, whitish beneath ; fr. red, with crimson hairs. Thickets and 
 waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Shrub 6 15f high, consisting of many strag- 
 gling branches, smooth, except its fruit. Leaflets about 3' long, j as wide, 
 sessile except sometimes the terminal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid, 
 dense panicles, greenish-red, 9 (? Fertile ovaries clothed with grayish down, 
 which in the fruit becomes crimson, and contains malic acid (bi-malate of 
 lime, Prof. Rogers), extremely sour to the taste. Jn. Jl. The bark of this 
 and other species may be used in tanning. The drupes dye -red. Lands long 
 neglected are sometimes overrun by this shrub. 
 
RHUS. XXXIIJ. ANACARDIACEJE. 203 
 
 2. R. TVPHlNA. Stag-horn Sumach. 
 
 Branches and petioles "densely villous ; Ifts. 615 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath; fr. red, with crimson hairs. 
 A larger shrub than the former, attaining the height of 20f, in rocky or low 
 barren places, U. S. and Can. Stem with straggling, thick branches. Leaves 
 at length 2 3f long. Leaflets 2 4' long, J as wide, sessile, except the termi- 
 nal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, yellowish-green, 
 often 9 $ or Q J* . Drupes compressed, compact, the crimson down very 
 acid. Jn. The wood is aromatic, of a sulphur-yellow, and used in dyeing. 
 
 0. laciniata. Lfts. very irregularly coherent and incised ; 'panicles partly 
 transformed into gashed leaves. Hanover, N. H. Rickard. 
 
 3. R. copALLlNA. Mountain Sumac. 
 
 Branches and petioles pubescent; Ifts. 4 10 pairs, oval-lanceolate, mostly 
 entire, unequal at base, common petiole winged; fis. in dense panicles; drupes 
 red, hairy. A smaller shrub, not half the height of the last, in dry, rocky pla- 
 ces, U. S. and Can. Common petiole about 6' long, expanding into a leafy 
 margin, between each pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1 3' long, near as wide, 
 dark green and shining on the upper surface. Panicles of flowers terminal, 
 sessile, thyrsoid, 9 cT> greenish Drupes acid. Jl. . 
 ft. leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. Barratt. 
 
 4. R. VENENATA. DC. (R. vernix. Linn.') Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. 
 Very glabrous ; Ifts. 3 6 pairs, oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire ; 
 
 panicles loose, pedunculate ; drupes greenish-yellow, smooth. A shrub or small 
 tree of fine appearance, 10 15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk seve- 
 ral inches diam., with spreading branches above. Petioles wingless, red, 6 10' 
 long. Leaflets about 3' long, nearly as wide, sessile, except the odd one. 
 Panicles axillary, 9 <?, those of the barren tree more diffuse. Flowers very 
 small, green. Drupes as large as peas. Jn. The whole plant is very poison- 
 ous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air to some distance around with 
 its pernicious effluvium. 
 
 * * Leaves ternate. 
 
 5. R. TOXICODENDRON. Poison Oalc. Poison Ivy. 
 
 Erect or decumbent ; Ivs. pubescent ; Ifts. broadly oval, acuminate, entire 
 or sinuate-dentate ; fls. in racemose, axillary, subsessile panicles ; drupes smooth, 
 roundish. Can. and U. S. A small shrub, 1 3f high, nearly smooth in all 
 its parts. Leaflets 2 6' long, f as wide, petiolate, the common petiole 45' 
 long. Flowers small, 9 c?- Drupes pale brown. Poisonous, but less so than 
 the last. 
 
 0. radicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, and of 1st edit.) Poison Ivy. St. 
 climbing 3 20 or 50f ! by myriads of radicating tendrils. It seems now gen- 
 erally conceded that this is but a variety. Certainly, if so, it is a very remark- 
 able one. In damp, shady places. Poisonous. 
 
 6. R. AROMATICA. Ait. Sweet Sumac. 
 
 Lfts. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent beneath, lateral ones ovate, ter- 
 minal one rhomboid; fls. in close aments, preceding the leaves; drupe globose, 
 villous. A small, aromatic shrub, 2 6f high, in hedges and thickets, Can. and 
 U. S. Leaflets 1 2' long, } as wide, sessile, the common petiole an inch or 
 two in length. Flowers yellowish, with a 5-lobed, glandular disk. Drupes 
 red, acid. May. 
 
 * * * Leaves simple. 
 
 7. R. CorlNus. Venetian Sumac. Lvs. obovate, entire ; fls. mostly abor- 
 tive ; pedicels finally elongated and clothed with long hairs. A small shrub, 6f 
 high, native in Ark. according to Nuttall, remarkable chiefly for the very sin- 
 gular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse, feathery fruil-stalks, 
 showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of smoke. 
 Flowers small, in terminal, compound panicles. Leaves smooth, entire, much 
 rounded at the end. In Italy the plant is used for tanning. + 
 
 18 
 
204 XXXV. AURANTIACEJE. CITRUS. 
 
 ORDER XXXIV. RUTACEJE. KUEWORTS. 
 
 Serbs, or generally shrubs and trees, with punctate Ivs. and no stipules. 
 
 Fls. perfect. Sep. 45. Pet. 45, rarely o. 
 
 Sta. as many, or twice or thrice as many as petals, inserted on the outside of a cup-like disk. 
 
 Ova. 3 5-lobed, 3 5-celled ; styles'united or distinct only at base. 
 
 Fr. usually separating into its component, few-seeded carpels. 
 
 Genera 47, species 400, usually inhabiting the warmer parts of the temperate zone on the Eastern con- 
 tinent, and the equatorial parts of S. America. They are characterized by a powerful odor and intense 
 bitterness, often febrifugal and anthelmintic. Dictamnus abounds in a volatile oil, diffusing an inflam- 
 mable gas. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Sepals i 
 
 1. RUT A. 
 
 Calyx of 4 5 sepals united at base ; petals 4 5, concave, obo- 
 vate, distinct; torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores; stamens 
 10; capsule lobed. 1\- Herbaceous or shrubby, mostly European. 
 
 R. GRAVEOLENS. Common Rue. Suffmticose, nearly glabrous ; Ivs. 2 and 3- 
 pinnately divided, segments oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all 
 entire or irregularly cleft ; fls. terminal, corymbose ; pet. entire. Native of S. 
 Europe. Stem branched, 3 4f high. Leaflets 6 10" by 2 4", conspicuously 
 dotted. Corolla yellow, 6" diam. Jn. Sept. 
 
 2. DICTAMNUS. 
 
 Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals ; petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; fila- 
 ments declinate, with glandular dots ; capsules 5, slightly united. 1\. 
 Herbs, native of Germany. 
 
 D. ALBUS. Willd. (and D. Fraxinella. Link.} Fraxinella. St. simple; 
 Ivs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; fls. in a large, terminal, erect pan- 
 icle. In gardens. Stems 1 2f high. Flowers showy, white, varying to rose- 
 color and purple. The whole plant emits a lemon-scented, aromatic, volatile 
 oil, which is so abundant in hot weather as to render the air around it inflam- 
 mable, f 
 
 /?. rubra. Flowers purple ; rachis of the leaves winged, f 
 
 ORDER XXXV. AURANTIACE^S. ORANGES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of volatile oil. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, articulated with the petiole which is frequently winged. 
 
 Cat. Sepals 35, united into a short, urceolate or campanulate cup. 
 
 Cor. Petals 35. 
 
 Sta. as many as the petals, or some multiple of their number, in a single row, hypogynous. 
 
 Ova. compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. 
 
 Fr. A berry (orange), many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. 
 
 Sds. attached to the inner angle of each carpel. Albumen 0. 
 
 Genera 20, species 95, nearly all natives of tropical Asia, and are naturalized throughout all tropical 
 regions, and cultivated in all civilized countries for their beauty and fragrance, both of flowers and fruit. 
 
 Properties. These fruits contain free citric and malic acid, and their pulp is grateful to the taste. 
 The rind contains an aromatic, volatile oil, which is tonic and stomachic. The rind of the lime yields 
 the oil of Bergamot, and the flower of the orange the oil of Neroli. 
 
 CITRUS. 
 
 Gr. KiTpia, the citron ; the fruit of one of the species. 
 
 Sepals and petals in 5s ; anthers 20, or some other and higher 
 multiple of 5, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament ; 
 filaments dilated at base, polyadelphous ; berry 9 18-celled. A no- 
 ble genus of trees and shrubs, all tropical, combining in its species, beauty 
 of form, with shining, ever-green foliage, odoriferous flowers, and fragrant 
 and delicious fruit. 
 
 1. C. LIMONDM. Lemon Tree. Petioles somewhat winged, articulated with 
 the lamina (which is thus shown to be the terminal or odd leaflet of a reduced 
 
CAMELLIA. XXXVI. TERNSTRCEMIACE^E. 205 
 
 compound leaf) ; Ift. oblong, acute, dentate ; sta. 35 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, with 
 a thin rind and very acid pulp. A tree about 15f in Height, which, when laden 
 with its golden fruit, suspended among^ its dark green leaves, makes a most 
 beautiful appearance. It is a native of tropical regions, and is easily cultivat- 
 ed in our climate if protected during winter, f 
 
 2. C. LIMETA. Lime Tree. Petioles not winged ; leaf (leaflet) ovate-orbicu- 
 lar, serrate ; sta. 30 ; fr. globose, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. 
 This like most other species, is native of Asia. Height about 8f, with a crook- 
 ed trunk, diffuse branches with prickles. Berry 1%' diam., of a greenish-yellow, 
 shining surface, f 
 
 3. C. AURANTIUM. Sweet Orange Tree. Petiole winged; leaf (leaflet) oblong, 
 acute, crenulate ; sta. 20 ; fr. globose, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. A mid- 
 dle-sized evergreen tree, with a greenish-brown bark. When filled with its 
 large, round, golden fruit (sometimes to the number of 20,000, Lindley), it is 
 one of the most beautiful objects in nature. It is easily cultivated in- the green 
 house, f 
 
 4. C. MEDICA. Citron Tree. Petioles not winged ; leaf (leaflet) oblong, acute ; 
 sta. 40 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, rugose, with an acid puip. Commonly about 8f 
 high. Fruit & in length, very iragrant. f 
 
 5. C. DECUMANA, Shaddock Tree. Petioles winged; leaf (leaflet} obtuse, 
 emarginate ; fr. very large, with a thick rind. A tree 15f in height. Wings 
 of the petioles as broad as the leaves. Fruit grows to the diameter of 7 8', 
 weighs 14 pounds, and is of a yellowish-green color, f 
 
 Qbs In a splendid work entitled "The Natural History of Oranges," written in French by Risso of 
 Nice in 1818, there are described 169 varieties, and 105 of them figured. They are arranged as Sweet Oran- 
 ges, of which there are described 42 varieties ; Bitter and Sour Oranges, 32 ; Bergamots, 5 ; Limes 8 ; Shad- 
 docks, 6 ; Lumes, 12 ; Lemons, 46 ; Citrons, 17. The most successful methods of cultivation are by 
 cuttings. 
 
 ORDER XXXVI. TERNSTROSMIACE^. TEAWORTS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. 
 
 Fls. axillary or terminal, white, rarely red or pink. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5 or 7, concave, coriaceous, deciduous, the inner often the largest. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, 6 or 9, not equal in number to the sepals. 
 
 Sia. 00, hypogynpus. Filaments distinct, or united into one or more sets. 
 
 Ova. superior, with several cells. Styles 3 7, more or less combined. 
 
 Fr. 2 7-celled, capsular. Sds. large, few, attached to the axis. 
 
 Genera 33, species 130. Beautiful flowering plants, 60 or 70 of them natives of S. America, 4 of N. 
 America, the remainder of China and E. Indies. Their properties are in general little known. The tea, 
 so extensively used as a beverage in the civilized world is the leaf of 2 or 3 species of Thea. It con- 
 tains a peculiar extractive matter and a stimulating, essential oil, which becomes narcotic in some hot 
 climates. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 < 5, equal. Trees. Gordonia. 1 
 
 Sepals { 5 7, unequal, the inner ones largest. (Shrubs.) Cmnellia.'Z 
 
 1. GORDONIA. 
 
 In honor of James Gordon, a distinguished nurseryman of London. 
 
 Sepals 5, roundish, strongly imbricated ; petals 5 ; styles united 
 into one ; capsule woody, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; seeds winged. 
 Trees with large^ white flowers. 
 
 G. PUBESCENS. L'Her. (Franklinia Americana. Marsh.) Pranklinia. Lvs. 
 serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining above, canescent beneath ; sep. and 
 pet. silky outside. A tree 30 50f high in Ga. and Flor., or an ornamental 
 shrub in cultivation at the north, admired for its large, white flowers, with yel- 
 low stamens and rich fragrance. May Aug. 
 
 2. CAMELLIA. 
 
 In honor of G. J. Kamel, a Jesuit, author of some botanical works. 
 
 Sepals imbricated, the inner ones larger : petals sometimes adher- 
 ing at base, filaments 00, shorter than the corolla, united at base ; 
 styles united ; stigmas 3 5, acute. Ornamental shrubs, native of 
 China and Japan. 
 
206 
 
 XXXVII. MALVACEAE. 
 
 MALVA. 
 
 C. JAPONICA. Tea Plant. Japan Rose. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely ser- 
 rate, glabrous and shining on both sides, coriaceous and firm, on short petioles; 
 fls. terminal and mostly solitary ; pet. obovate, of a firm texture ; sta. about 50, 
 mostly changed to petals in cultivation ; stig. unequally 5-cleft. A lofty tree in 
 Japan, its native country, a splendid flowering shrub with us, of difficult culti- 
 vation, requiring protection in our climale. Flowers varying from white to 
 red, resembling the rose but wanting its fragrance. Over 300 varieties are 
 enumerated. 
 
 ORDER XXXVII. MALY ACE ^.MALLOWS. 
 
 Herbs, shrtibs or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves. Hairs stellate or none. 
 
 Fls. axillary, showy, regular, often with an involucel at the base. 
 
 Cal. Sepals generally 5, more or less united at base, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. Petals equal in number to the sepals, hypogynous. 
 
 Sta. indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled, bursting transversely. 
 
 Ova. of several carpels arranged in one or more rows around a common axis. 
 
 Sty. as many as the carpels, either united or distinct. 
 
 Fr. capsular or baccate ; carpels one or more-seeded, united or distinct. 
 
 Sds. sometimes (as in Gossypium) hairy. Embryo curved. 
 
 Genera 37, species 1000. A somewhat important class of plants, forming about one-fiftieth of all the 
 flowering plants of tropical valleys. But few are natives of the temperate, and none of the frigid zone. 
 In the Northern States they are all herbs. The most important product of the order is cotton. 
 
 Properties. Generally abounding in mucilage, and destitute of any deleterious qualities. 
 
 FIG 41. 1. Hibiscus Trionum. 2. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 
 3. Cross section of the 5-celled capsule. 4. Capsule open by its 5 valves. 5. Malva sylyestris. 6. It* 
 fruit consisting of 10 carpels arranged in a circle. 7. Section of one of the carpels showing the curved 
 embryo. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 (of 3 oblong bracteoles which 
 of 3 cordate bracteoles. 
 
 . ire nearly distinct Malva. \ 
 
 are united Lavatera. 3 
 
 Capsule 3 5-celled Gossypium. 2 
 
 Carpels 00, distinct Malope. 6 
 
 < $ united , Althaea. 4 
 
 of 6 15 bracteoles which are {nearly distinct Hibiscus. 6 
 
 ( Cells 3-6-seeded Abutilon. 7 
 
 Involucel V. wanting. Carpels united. (. Cells 1-seeded Sida. 8 
 
 1. MALVA. 
 
 Gr. [ia\a^rj, soft; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel mostly 3-leaved; carpels 00. 1-celled, 
 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly. 
 
 1. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Low Mallow. 
 
 St. prostrate ; Ivs. roundish, cordate, obtusely 5-lobed ; ped. in fruit re- 
 flexed; cor. twice as long as the calyx. 7J. Common in cultivated grounds. 
 Root fusiform. Stems numerous, a foot or more long. Leaves of a fine, deli- 
 cate texture, somewhat reniform, crenate, with 5 7 shallow lobes, and on long, 
 hairy stalks. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, deeply notched. 
 Fruit depressed-globose, composed of the numerous carpels arranged circularly. 
 The child sportively calls them cheeses, a name which their form very naturally 
 suggests. Jn. Oct. 
 
 2. M. SYLVESTRIS. High Mallow. (Fig. 41, 5.) 
 
 St. erect; Ivs. 5 7-lobed, lobes rather acute; ped. and petioles hairy. 
 
ALTHJEA. XXXVII. MALVACEAE. 207 
 
 1\. Native of England. A popular garden flower of the easiest culture, often 
 springing up spontaneously in fields and roadsides, Mid. and W. States ! 
 Height 3f. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. The whole 
 plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage. Jn. Oct. j- 
 
 3. M. HOTJGHTONII. Torr. & Gray. Houghton's Malva. 
 
 St. erect, hirsute ; Ivs. strigose, ovate, truncate at the base, lower ones 
 cordate, all undivided, coarsely crenate ; panicle terminal, diffuse, many-flow- 
 ered; pet. purple; carpels 10 15. Prairies and bottoms, 111. Mead! &c. A 
 handsome but rather rough species, 2 3f high. Root fusiform. Leaves 2 3' 
 by 1 2', on long, hairy petioles, thick. Flowers nearly as large (!' diam.) 
 as those of M. sylvestris. Jl. Aug. 
 
 4. M. MAURITIANA. Ivy-leaved, Mallow. St. erect ; Ivs. 5-lobed, obtuse ; peti- 
 oles and pedicels smoothish, or downy on the upper side. (I) From S. Europe. 
 A tall species, 4 6f high. Stem smooth. Flowers purple, with deeper colored 
 veins, f 
 
 5. M. MOSCHATA. Musk Mallow. St. erect; radical Ivs. reniform, incised, 
 cauline ones many-parted, the segments linear ; ped. and col. hairy. Native of 
 Britain. Stems 2f high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored. 
 The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in favorable weather. Jl. 
 
 6. M. CRISPA. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow. St. erect ; Ivs. angular-lobed, 
 dentate, crisped, smooth ; fls. axillary, sessile. A tall, straight, simple, erect 
 plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized. Stem 5 6f high. Leaves 
 large, roundish, margins abundantly crisped and curled. Flowers white, not 
 conspicuous. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 2. GOSSYPIUM. 
 
 A word said to be from the Arabic, goz, a silky substance. 
 
 Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate 
 leaves, deeply and incisely toothed ; capsule 3 5-celled ; seeds in- 
 volved in cotton. Fls. yellow. 
 
 1. G. HERBACEUM. Comvwn Cotton Plant. Lvs. 5-lobed, with a single gland 
 below, lobes mucronate ; cotton white. (I) This is the species commonly culti- 
 vated in the Southern States. It is an herbaceous plant, about 5f high. The 
 flowers like those of all the other species are yellow. Leaves cut half way 
 down into 3 large and 2 small, lateral, rounded, pointed lobes. Gland on the 
 midvein at its back, half an inch from the base. Jl. f 
 
 2. G. BARBADENSE. Sea Island Cotton Plant. Lvs. 5-lobed with 3 glands 
 beneath, upper ones 3-lobed; seeds black; cotton white. (g) -Native and culti- 
 vated in the W. Indies. A larger plant than the foregoing. Sown in Sept. 
 and Oct. An acre yields an average product of 270 pounds of this cotton. 
 These plants are ornamental in cultivation, f 
 
 3. LAVATERA. 
 
 Named in honor of the two Lavaters, physicians of Zurich. 
 
 Calyx surrounded at base with a 3-cleft involucel; carpels 00, 1- 
 celled, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly. 
 
 1. L. ARBOREA. Tree Mallow. Lvs. 7-angled, downy, plicate; pedicels axil- 
 lary, 1-flowered, clustered, much shorter than the petiole. (g) A splendid plant 
 for borders or shrubberies, from Europe. Height about 6f. Flowers purple. 
 Sept. Oct. f 
 
 2. L. THTJRINGIACA. Gay Mallow. Lvs. somewhat downy ; lower ones angu- 
 lar, upper ones 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. 7J. From Germany. Height 
 4f. Flowers light blue. Sept. 
 
 4. ALTHAEA. 
 
 Ch". aX-Scj, to cure ; the mucilaginous root is -highly esteemed in medicine. 
 
 Calyx surrounded at base by a 6 9-cleft involucel ; carpels 00, 1- 
 seeded. indehiscent. arranged circularly around the axis. 
 
 18* 
 
208 XXXVII. MALVACEAE. HIBISCUS. 
 
 1. A. OFFICINALIS. Marsh Mallow. 
 
 Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 3-lobed, 
 all entire ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered. 7J. A 
 European plant, naturalized on the borders of our salt marshes. Stem 3f high, 
 erect, firm, covered with thick, woolly down, with alternate, velvet-like leaves. 
 Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. The root, as well as the 
 other parts of the plant, abounds in mucilage, and in medicine is often used as 
 an emollient to promote suppuration. Sept. j. 
 
 2. A. ROSEA. Cav. (Alcea rosea. Linn.} Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy ; Ivs. 
 cordate, 5 7-angled, rugose ; fls. axillary, sessile. Native of China 1 A tall 
 plant, very commonly cultivated in gardens. Numerous varieties have been 
 noticed, with single, double, and semi-double flowers, of various shades of 
 coloring, as white, rose-colored, flesh-colored, dark red, and even a purplish 
 black, purple, yellow, straw-color, &c. f 
 
 3. A. FICIFOLIA. Cav. (Alcea ficifolia. Linn.) Fig-leaved Hollyhock. St. 
 erect, hairy ; Ivs. palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, obtuse, an- 
 gularly toothed. Native of Levant. Stem tall as the above. Flowers orange- 
 colored, f 
 
 5. HIBISCUS. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel j stigmas 5 ; 
 capsule 5-celled ; cells several-seeded. 
 
 1. H. MOSCHEDTOS. T. & G. (H. Moscheutos and palustris. Linn.) 
 Marsh Hibiscus. 
 
 Herbaceous, simple, erect; Ivs. ovate, obtusely dentate, hoary-tomen- 
 tose beneath; ped. long, axillary, or connected with the petiole. Q\. A tall, 
 showy plant, in brackish marshes by the sea or near salt springs, and on wet 
 prairies, U. S. and Can. Stem round, downy, 4 6f high. Leaves 4 6' by 
 3 4/j often with two lateral lobes. Flowers larger than those of the holly- 
 hock, rose-colored, purple in the centre. Peduncles- usually distinct from the 
 petiole, often some of them united with it, and jointed above the middle. 
 Styles 1' longer than the stamens. Aug. 
 
 13. (H. incanus, Wcndl 1) Fls. larger ; pet. (4 5' long) of a light sulphur- 
 yellow with a purple base. Marshes, Indiana ! 
 
 2. H. ViRGiNicus. Virginian Hibiscus. 
 
 Lvs. acuminate, cordate-ovate, serrate-dentate, upper and lower ones un- 
 divided, middle ones 3-lobed ; ped, axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nod- 
 ding ; pistils declinate. 7J. Marshes near the sea, L. I. to Ga. The whole plant 
 scabrous-tomentose, about 3f high. Leaves 2 2' by !', some of them some- 
 what 3-lobed. Flowers 2 3' diam., red or rose-color. Capsule hispid, acute- 
 angled. Aug. 
 
 3. H. MILITARIS. Cav. Halbert-kaved Hibiscus. 
 
 Glabrous ; Ivs. hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate ; cor. tubular- 
 campanulate ; caps, smooth, ovoid-acuminate. Middle and Western States. 
 Stem 3 4f high. Leaves cordate at base, 4 or 5' long, rendered somewhat 
 hastate by a small lobe each side at base. Petals flesh-color, with a purplish 
 base, 2 3' long. Peduncles with the joint above the middle. Jl. Aug. 
 
 4. H. MANIHOT. Hand-leaved Hibiscus. 
 
 Not prickly ; Ivs. palmately divided into 5 7 linear, acuminate, coarse- 
 ly dentate lobes ; ped. and involucel hispid ; bracts of the involucel 5 7, ovate or 
 lanceolate, acutish, persistent, entire ; cal. split on one side ; capsule densely 
 hirsute, acuminate. 1\. Western States. A beautiful herb, 4 5f high. Leaves 
 cordate, lobes 6 10' long, J !' wide, separated to near the base, about as long 
 as the petioles. Teeth largest near the summit. The flowers are of an ex-- 
 ceedingly rich sulphur-yellow ; purple in the centre. Petals 3 4' long. Jl. Aug. 
 5. H. COCCINEUS. Walt. (H. speciosus. Ait. and 1st. edit.) Scarlet Hibis- 
 cus. Very smooth; Ivs. palmate, 5-parted; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remote- 
 ly serrate above ; cor. expanding ; cap. smooth, ovoid. Tj. A splendid flower, 
 native of damp soils, in Georgia, &c., and is raised from seeds in our gardens. 
 
SIDA. XXXVII. MALVACEAE. 209 
 
 Root perennial. Stem herbaceous, 5 9f high. Segments of the leaves 6' 
 long, very acuminate. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the 
 base, 4 5' long. Column still longer, slender and terete. Jl. Oct. -j- 
 
 6. H. GRANDTFLORUS. Michx. Great-flowering Hibiscus. Lvs. cordate, 3- 
 lobed, coriaceous, tomentose, hoary beneath ; cor. expanding ; caps, tomentose, 
 truncated. % Southern States. Stems 5 7f high. Leaves and flowers very 
 large, the latter, when expanded, nearly a foot in diameter. Petals flesh-color- 
 ed, red at the base. Jl. Oct. f 
 
 7. H. SYRIACUS. Syrian Hibiscus. Lvs. cuneiform, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate ; 
 pedicels scarcely longer than the petiole ; involucel about 8-leaved. A beauti- 
 ful, hardy, free-flowering shrub, from Syria, 5 lOf high. Flowers purple. 
 There are varieties with white, red and striped flowers, both single and double, f 
 
 8. H. TRIONUM. Mower of an Hour. Lvs. dentate, lower undivided, upper 
 3-parted, lobes lanceolate, middle one very long ; col. inflated, membranaceous, 
 veined. From Italy. An exceedingly beautiful flower, branching, 1 2f 
 high. Flowers large, numerous, but soon withering. Petals of a rich chlorine 
 yellow, the base of a deep brown, f (Fig. 41, 1.) 
 
 9. H. ESCULENTUS. Edible Hibiscus or Okro. Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, obtuse, 
 dentate ; petiole longer than the flower ; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous. Na- 
 tive of W. Indies. Plant herbaceous, 2 3f high, nearly glabrous. Petiole 
 with a hairy line on the upper side, nearly If in length. Lamina 8 10' broad. 
 The flowers 1 2' long, on a short peduncle. Petals greenish-yellow. The 
 large, mucilaginous pods are used for pickles, or served up with butter. 
 
 6. MALOPE. 
 
 Calyx surrounded by a 3-leaved involucel ; carpels irregularly ag- 
 gregated, 1 -seeded. 
 
 M. MALAC01DES. 
 
 " Lvs. ovate, crenate; slip, oblong-linear; ped. axillary, 1 -flowered. 
 Penn. Muhl. Stem 1 lif high, sparingly branched, clothed with white hairs 
 above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, nearly glabrous above. Petioles 
 1' long. Bracteoles setaceous. Carpels hispid, in a depressed, globular head. 
 Petals yellow." Torrey <$ Gray suppose it may prove a species of Malva. 
 
 7. ABUTlLON. Dill. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular ; ovaries 5, many- 
 seeded ; styles many-cleft ; capsule of 5 or more carpels, arranged 
 circularly, each I -celled, 1 3-seeded. 
 
 A. AVICENN^E. (Sida Abutilon. Linn.") Indian Mallow. 
 
 Lvs. roundish-cordate, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentose ; ped. shorter 
 than the petiole, solitary; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, 2-beaked. 
 (T) Native in both Indies and naturalized in most of the states, inhabiting 
 waste places, &c. Stem branched, 3 4f high. Leaves 4 6' diam., deeply 
 cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, very soft and velvety at surface. 
 Flowers yellow, near 1' broad. Jl. 
 
 8. SIDA. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, ovary 5 many-celled ; cap- 
 sule of 5 or more 1 -seeded carpels ; radicle superior. 
 
 1. S. SPINOSA. 
 
 St. rigid, branched, minutely pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
 with a spinose tubercle at the base of the petiole ; slip, setaceous ; fls. axillary ; 
 carpels birostrate. Sandy fields and roadsides, Middle, Southern and West- 
 ern States ! Plant bushy, 8 16' high. Leaves 9 15" long, | as wide, most- 
 ly obtuse at each end. Petals yellow, obovate, of short duration. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. S. NAPJEA. Cav. (Napgea laevis. Linn.) 
 
 SL slender, glabrous ; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes ob- 
 long-linear, acuminate, coarsely toothed; ped. many-flowered; carpels 10, acu- 
 
210 XXXVIII. TILIACE^E. TILIA. 
 
 minate. % Shady places, Penn. to Ohio ! Stems angular, 3 5f high. Leaves 
 on short petioles, cordate, lobes 2 4' long, J f ' wide, floral leaves much smal- 
 ler. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat leafy, the 
 divisions 1 4-flowered. Flowers 4 5" diam. Petals white, twice as long as 
 the calyx. Aug. 
 
 3. S. DIOICA. Cav. (Napaea dioica and scabra. Linn.) 
 Lvs. palmately 7 9-lobed, scabrous, lobes lanceolate, incisely dentate ; 
 ped. many-flowered, bracteate, somewhat corymbose ; fls. 9 cf 5 carpels 8 10, 
 pointless, in a roundish, depressed head. Tj. Va. ; Penn. Muhlenberg. Flowers 
 small, white, in a crowded head. Aug. 
 
 ORDER XXXVIII. TILIACE^E. LINDENBLOOMS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, (very rarely herbs,) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate leaves. 
 
 Fls. axillary, usually perfect. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4 5, deciduous, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4 5, hyixjgynous, glands 4 5, at their base. 
 
 Sta. 00, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers versatile. 
 
 Ova. Carpels 210, united. Style 1, compound. Stigmas as many as carpels. 
 
 Fr. capsular, 25 celled, with numerous seeds. Cotyledons leafy. 
 
 Genera 35, species 350, native in all regions, but especially within the tropics. These plants abound in 
 a wholesome, mucilaginous juice. The inner bark is remarkable for toughness, and is useful for various 
 purposes, as fishing-lines, nets, rice-bags, &c. 
 
 TILIA. 
 
 Calyx of 5 united sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 oblong, obtuse petals, 
 crenate at apex ; stamens 00, somewhat polyadelphous, each set in 
 the N. American species with a petaloid scale (nectary, Linn., trans- 
 formed stamen, T. fy G.) attached at base; ovary superior, 5-celled, 
 cells 2-ovuled ; capsules globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1 2-seeded. 
 Trees. Lvs. cordate. Pis. cymose, with, the peduncle adnate to the mid- 
 vein of a large^ leaf-like bract. 
 
 1. T. AMERICANA. Linden or Lime Tree. Bass-wood. Pumpldn-wood. 
 Lvs. alternate, diffuse, broad-cordate, abruptly acuminate, finely serrate, 
 
 coriaceous, smooth ; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex. A common forest tree in 
 the Northern and Middle States. It often grows to the height of 80f, the trunk 
 straight and naked more than half this height, and 2 3f diam. Leaves 4 5' 
 by 3 4', those of the young shoots often twice these dimensions. Bract yel- 
 lowish, linear-oblong. Petals yellowish-white, larger than the scales at their 
 base. Fruit woody, greenish, of the size of peas. Jn. The inner bark is very 
 strong and is manufactured into ropes. The wood is white, soft and clear, 
 much used in cabinet work and in the panneling of carriages. 
 
 2. T. HETEROPHYLLA. Vent. Various-leaved Linden. 
 
 Lvs. obliquely subcordate, very white and velvety beneath, with darker 
 veins, glabrous, shining and dark green above, coarsely and mucronately ser- 
 rate ; pet. obtuse, crenulate ; transformed stamens or scales spatulate ; sty. hairy 
 at base, longer than the petals. Banks of the Ohio and Miss. Pursh. Not 
 common. Tree 20 SOfhigh. Leaves very oblique at base, 5 8' diam., well 
 distinguished by the white surface beneath, contrasted with the purplish veins. 
 Torr. fy Gray. 
 
 3. T. ALBA. Michx. White Lime or Linden. 
 
 Lvs. obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent 
 beneath, with veins of the same hue, glabrous above, acuminately serrate ; pet. 
 emarginate ; scales spatulate ; sty. nearly glabrous. Woods, Middle and West- 
 ern States ! Trunk 30 40f high, 1 Ij'f diam., branches with a smooth, silvery 
 bark. Leaves 3 5' diam., slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils 
 of the veins beneath. Flowers larger and whiter than in the other species. Jn. 
 4. T. MICROPHYLI.A. (T. intermedia. Hayne.) European Lime-tree. Lvs. 
 cordate, scarcely oblique, acuminate, glabrous both sides, twice as long as the 
 petioles; axils of the veins bearded beneath; staminate scale 0; fr. membrana- 
 
Vms. XLI. VITACE^E. 211 
 
 ceous, oblong, unequal, 2-seeded. Native of Northern Europe. Trunk 40f 
 high, with a pyramidal head. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 ORDER XLI. VITACEJE. GRAPE-VINES. 
 
 Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with tumid, separable joints. 
 
 Lvs. simple .or compound, the lower opposite, upper alternate. 
 
 Fis. racemose, often polygamous or dioecious. 
 
 Cal. minute, nearly entire or 5-toothed. [and caducous. 
 
 Gw. Petals 45, inserted on the outside of the disk, val vate and inflexed in rest., often cohering above 
 
 Sta. 45, opposite the petals, inserted on the disk. 
 
 Ova. superior, 2-celled. Style l, very short. Fruit a berry, globose, pulpy. Seeds bony. 
 
 Genera 7, species 260. natives of the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The grape fruit is the only 
 important production of this order. The acid of the grape is tartaric. It contains a sugar which diners 
 from the common sugar in containing a smaller quantity of carbon. 
 
 Genera, 
 
 Torus elevated into a ring surrounding the ovary. Leaves cordate, &c Vitis. I 
 
 Torus without a ring. Leaves digitately 5-foliate Ampelopsis. 2 
 
 1. VITIS. 
 
 Celtic gioyd, a tree or shrub. 
 
 Petals deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading ; 
 ovary partly enclosed within the torus, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; stigma 
 sessile, capitate ; berry 1 -celled, 1 4-seeded. Fed. often changed 
 into tendrils. 
 
 1. V. LABRUSCA. 
 
 Lvs. broad cordate, angular-lobed, tomentose beneath. This vine is na- 
 tive through the U. S., growing in woods and groves. Like most of the N. 
 American species, the flowers are dioecious. Stem woody, rough-barked, 
 ascending trees often to a great height, and hanging like cables suspended from 
 the branches. Leaves very large, somewhat 3-lobed, at first white-downy be- 
 neath. Flowers small, green, in panicles with a leaf opposite. Fruit large, 
 purple, often green or red. It is valued in cultivation for its deep shade in 
 summer arbors, and its fruit which is pleasant in taste. The Isabella, and 
 other sorts known in gardens, are varieties of this species. ^ 
 
 2. V. CORDIFOLIA. MX. (V. vulpina. Linn.) Frost Grape. Winter Grape. 
 Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally toothed, smooth on both 
 
 sides ; roc. loose, many-flowered ; berries small. Grows in thickets, by rivers, 
 &c., ascending shrubs and trees to the height of 10 20f. Leaves large, mem- 
 branous, often 3-lobed, with pubescent veins when young, and with a few 
 mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, rather small, late, acid, but well fla- 
 vored after frosts of November. Jn. 
 
 3. V. .33STIVALIS. 
 
 Lvs. broadly cordate, 3 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate, 
 with scattered, ferruginous hairs beneath ; fertile rac. long, panicled ; berries 
 small. Grows in woods, by rivers, &c. Stem very long, slender, climbing, 
 with very large leaves, which are sometimes with deep, rounded sinuses, 
 clothed beneath when young, with arachnoid, rust-colored pubescence. Ten- 
 drils from the peduncles which are dense flowered, and with a leaf opposite. 
 Petals cohering at summit. Berries deep blue, well flavored, but small, ripe 
 in September. Flowers in June. 
 
 4. V. RIPARIA. Michx. Winter Grape. 
 
 Lvs. incisely dentate, somewhat 3-lobed ;. the petioles, veins and margins 
 pubescent ; berries small, in loose racemes. Grows in thickets, on river banks, 
 &c., Can. to Va., W. to Ark. Vine 15 30f long. Leaves large, as long as 
 wide, with coarse, unequal, acuminate teeth. Fruit dark-purple. 
 
 5. V. VINIFERA. Common Wine Grape. Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, 
 glabrous or tomentose ; fls. all . Naturalized in nearly all temperate climates, 
 but supposed not to be indigenous to this country. No plant in the vegetable 
 kingdom possesses more interesting attributes, is cultivated with greater care, 
 or, let me add, has been worse perverted or abused by mankind, than the com- 
 
212 XLI1. ACERACE^E. ACER. 
 
 mon vine. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, differing in the form, 
 color, size, and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to the hardiness of its consti- 
 tution. In N. England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden and as a 
 dessert fruit ; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western 
 States, for the production of wine. The vine is propagated by cuttings. Va- 
 rieties without end may be raised from the seed, which will bear fruit the fourth 
 or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, will continue to produce fruit for 200 years. 
 
 2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. 
 
 GT. a//7TXof, a vine, oi//iff, appearance; from its resemblance. 
 
 Calyx entire ; petals 5, distinct, spreading ; ovary 2-celled, cells 
 2-ovuled ; style very short ; berry 2-celled, cells 1 2-seeded. 
 
 A. Q.UINQ.UEFOLIA. 
 
 Lvs. quinate, digitate ; Ifts. oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth. 
 A vigorous climber, found wild in woods and thickets. It has long been cul- 
 tivated as a covering for walls, and is best known by the name of Woodbine. 
 By means of its radicating tendrils, it supports itself firmly upon trees, ascend- 
 ing to the height of 50f. In the same manner it ascends and overspreads walls 
 and buildings. The large, quinate leaves constitute a luxuriant foliage of dark, 
 glossy green. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in dichotomous clusters. Ber- 
 ries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Jl. 
 
 ORDER XLIL ACEKACE^E, MAPLES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple and palmate-veined leaves. 
 Stipules 0. Fls. often polygamous, in axillary corymbs or racemes. 
 Col. Sepals 5, rarely 4 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in aestivation. 
 Cor. Petals 5, rarely 4 9, hypogynous ; sometimes 0. 
 Sta. hypogynous, 312, usually 8. Anthers introrse or versatile. 
 Ova. 2-lobed, compounded of 2 united carpels. 
 
 Fr. a double samara with opposite wings, thickened at the lower edges. 
 Genera 3, species 60. The sap of several species of the Maple yields sugar by evaporation. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaves simple Acer. 1 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Leaves compound, pinnate. Negundo. 2 
 
 1. ACER. Mcench. 
 Lat acer, sharp, vigorous ; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war. 
 
 Calyx 5-cieft ; corolla 5-petaled or ; stamens 8 ; styles 2 ; sama- 
 rse 2, winged, united at base, by abortion 1 -seeded. Lvs. simple. 
 Flowers corymbose, $c. Trees. 
 
 1. A. RUBRUM. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. 
 
 Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally and incisely toothed, 
 the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath ; fls. aggregate, about 5 together, on rather 
 long pedicels ; ova. smooth. The red maple is a common tenant of low woods 
 and swamps throughout the Atlantic States. It is a tree somewhat above the 
 middle size. The trunk is covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, 
 white spots, becoming dark with age. In spring, the appearance of the tree is 
 remarkable for the deep crimson flowers with which it is thickly clothed. Each 
 bud produces a fascicle of about 5 flowers. Stamens much exserted. The fer- 
 tile flowers are succeeded by a red fruit, furnished with a pair of wings resem- 
 bling those of some insect. The wood is hard and compact, and is much used 
 in cabinet work, particularly that well-known and handsome variety called 
 curled maple. Mar. Apr. 
 
 2. A. DASYCARPUM. Ehrh. (A. eriocarpum. MX.*) White Maple. 
 Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, truncated at base, unequally and incisly toothed, 
 
 with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; fls. in crowded, simple umbels, 
 with short pedicels and downy ovaries. This species much resembles the last, 
 but its leaves are larger, and the winged fruit is also larger than that of the 
 red maple or of any of the following species. It is a tall tree, 50f in height, not 
 uncommon in the N. England forests. The flowers are of a yellowish green 
 
NEGUNDO. XLII. ACERACE^. 213 
 
 color, as also the fruit. The wood is white, softer and less esteemed than that 
 of other species. The sap yields sugar in smaller proportion than the sugar 
 maple. 
 
 3. A. sACCHARlNUM. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. 
 
 Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, subcordate at base, acuminate, remotely toothed, 
 with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; fls. pedunculate, pendu- 
 lous. This fine tree is found throughout U. S., but most abundant in the primi- 
 tive soils of N. England, constituting the greater part of some of its forests. 
 It is a tree of lofty proportions, 70f in height, with a trunk 3f diam. The bark 
 is of a light-gray'color, rough and scaly. The branches become numerous and 
 finely ramified in open situations, and in summer are clothed with a foliage 
 of uncommon luxuriance and beauty, on which account it is more extensively 
 cultivated as a shade tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and 
 favorite elm. Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is mostly 
 the product of this species. An ordinary tree will yield 5 10 pounds in a sea- 
 son. The wood is very strong and compact, and makes the best of fuel. It is 
 sometimes curled like the red maple, but oftener presents that beautiful ar- 
 rangement of fibre, called bird's-eye maple, which is highly esteemed in cabinet- 
 work. The flowers are exceedingly abundant, and, suspended on long, thread- 
 like pedicels, are most delicately beautiful. Apr. 
 
 4. A. NIGRUM. Mich. f. Black Maple. Sugar Tree. 
 
 Lrs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus closed, lobes divaricate, 
 sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and petioles pubescent ; fls. 
 corymbose, on long, slender pedicels ; fr. glabrous, turgid at base, the wings 
 diverging. A large tree, in mountainous situations, Vt. to la. ! Resembles the 
 last, but is distinct. Bobbins., Tally. Trunk 30 50f high, with a shaggy 
 bark. Leaves 3 5' diam., dark-green above, the 2 inferior lobes much smaller. 
 Flowers pendulous, on long peduncles, yellowish. Fruit with wings ]/ in 
 length, pale-yellow, and more diverging than in A. saccharinum. The sap, 
 like the last mentioned tree, yields sugar abundantly. Apr. 
 
 Flowers in racemes. Mostly shrubs. 
 
 5. A. PENNSYLVANICUM. (A. striatum. Lam.) Striped Maple. Whistle-wood. 
 Lvs. with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; 
 
 rac. simple, pendulous. A small tree or shrub 10 15f high, Can. to Ga., and 
 Ky., but most abundant in our northern woods. The bark is smooth, and beau- 
 tifully striped length-wise with green and black. Flowers large, yellowish- 
 green, succeeded by long clusters of fruit, with pale-green wings. The smaller 
 branches are straight and smooth, easily separated from the bark in spring, and 
 are often manufactured by the boys into certain wind instruments. Hence it 
 is called whistle- wood. In Europe it is prized in ornamental gardening. May. 
 
 6. A. SPICATUM. Lam. Mountain Maple Bush. 
 
 Lvs. about 5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; rac. erect, com- 
 pound. A shrub of smaller stature than the last, found in mountain or hilly 
 woods throughout the country. The bark is a light gray. Leaves small, rough, 
 divided into 3 or 5 lobes, which are somewhat pointed, with large, sharp teeth, 
 and more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and minute, in 
 cylindric, oblong, close, branched clusters, becoming pendulous with the winged 
 fruit. Jn. 
 
 7. A. PSEUDO-PLATANTJS. Sycamore. Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, glabrous and 
 glaucous beneath, segments or lobes acute, unequally dentate ; fls. in long, 
 pendulous racemes; samara glabrous. Native of Northern Europe. An orna- 
 mental tree, 40 50f high, with very large, dark green leaves. A beautiful 
 variety with striped leaves is also cultivated. Apr. May. f 
 
 2. NEGUNDO. Moench. 
 
 Flowers 9 cT ; corolla ; 9 flowers racemed, c? fascicled ; calyx, 
 stamens and fruit as in the last genus. Leaves compound, pinnately 
 3 5-foliate. 
 
214 XLIII. HIPPOCASTANACEJE. 
 
 N. ACERolDEs. Moench. (Acer Negundo. Linn.} Ash-kaved Maple. 
 
 Box Elder. 
 
 Lvs. ternate and 5-pinnate ; Ifls. ovate, acuminate, remotely and une- 
 qually dentate ; 9 racemes long and pendulous, barren fls. corymbose ; fr. ob- 
 long, with large wings dilated upwards. A handsome tree, 20 30f in height, 
 with irregular, spreading branches, growing in woods. The trunk is a foot or 
 more in diameter, and when young, covered with a smooth, yellowish-green 
 bark. Leaflets serrated above the middle, petiolate, the terminal one largest, 
 all slightly pubescent. Wings of the samara approximate, broadest towards 
 the end. Apr. 
 
 ORDER XLIII. HIPPOCASTANACEJE. BUCKEYES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, compound, without stipules. 
 
 Fls. showy, with the pedicels articulated. 
 
 Cal. campanulate,of5 united sepals. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, (one of them sometimes abortive,) unequal, hypogynous. 
 
 Sta. 6 8, distinct, unequal, inserted upon a disk with the petals. 
 
 Ova. roundish, 3-cornered, 3-celled, crowned with a single, filiform, conical style. 
 
 Fr. roundish, coriaceous, with 13 large, roundish, smooth seeds. 
 
 Genera 3, native of N. America and Northern India. The species are generally ornamental trees, with 
 astringent properties residing in the bark. The seeds contain much starch, and are nutritive but bitter. 
 Only the following genus is found in the Northern States, and even this is not indigenous in N. Eng. 
 
 Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed ; corolla irregular, 4 5- 
 petaled ; stamens, ovary and fruit, as expressed in the order. TreeSj 
 with palmately 5 7 -foliate haves. Flowers in thyrse-like panicles. 
 
 1. -33. GLABRA. Willd. (Pavia pallida. Spach. P. Ohiensis. Michx.} 
 Ohio Buckeye. 
 
 lifts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate ; fls. in lax, thyr- 
 soid panicles ; cor. 4-petaled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx ; 
 sta. longer than the corolla ; fr. echinate. A small, ill-scented tree, along the 
 banks of the Ohio and its tributaries. Leaflets 3 6' long, as wide, subsessile, 
 or abruptly contracted at base to short stalks. Flowers yellowish- white, small, 
 slightly irregular. Fruit about f ' diam. 
 
 2. JE. FLAVA. Ait. (Pavia flava. DC.} Big Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye. 
 Lfts. 5 7, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent 
 
 beneath ; fls. in thyrsoid, pubescent panicles, about 6 on each division of the 
 peduncle ; cal. campanulate, not half the length of the corolla ; pet. very unequal, *"" 
 connivent, longer than the stamens ; fr. unarmed. A large tree, 30 70f high, 
 common in the Western and Southern States. Leaflets 4 7', by 1 3'. 
 Flowers pale yellow. Fruit globose, uneven on the surface, but not prickly, 
 2 2' diam, with 1 or 2 large brown seeds. Apr. May. 
 
 3. j(E. PAVIA. (Pavia rubra. Lam.} Small Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, cuneate at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate, finely serrate ; fls. 
 very irregular, in a lax, thyrsoid raceme, pet. 4, erect, as long as the stamens. 
 A beautiful shrub, 6 lOf high, native of the Southern States. Flowers large, 
 red, glabrous. Apr. May. f 
 
 4. JE. PARVIFLORA, Walt. (JE. machrostachya. Michx.} native at the South, 
 a beautiful shrub, with numerous small, white flowers, in a long, slender, thyr- 
 soid raceme, is rarely cultivated. 
 
 5. JE. HIPPOCASTANUM. Horse Chestnut. Lvs. digitate, of 7 obovate leaflets ; 
 pet. 5; spreading ; fr. prickly. A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic 
 proportions, and for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a native of the 
 north of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in this country, and is 
 a frequent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains 
 the height of 40 or 50f. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or 
 thyrses of flowers, of pink and white, finely contrasting with the dark green of 
 its massy foliage. The leaves are digitate, with 7 obovate, acute, serrate leaf- 
 lets. The fruit is large, mahogany- colored, and eaten only by deer. 
 
CELASTRUS. XLV. CELASTRACE^E. 215 
 
 ORDER XLIY. SAPINDACE^E. SOAPWORTS. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, the latter furnished with tendrils. 
 
 Lvs alternate, usually compound and without stipules. 
 
 Fls. small, usually polygamous. Sep. 45, distinct, imbricated in aestivation. 
 
 jCar Petals as many as the sepals, sometimes l less, (or rarely wanting,) inserted outside the hypogy- 
 
 Std'. 8 or 10 ; Jil. distinct ; anth. introrse. [nous disk which lies at the bottom of the calyx. 
 
 Ova. of 3 united carpels ; sty. partly or completely united. . 
 
 Fr. a 3-celled capsule or samara, or often fleshy and mdehiscent. 
 
 Sds. 13 in each cell, usually arilled, without albumen. 
 
 CARDIOSPERMUM. 
 
 Gr. KapSia, heart, o-rrcp/xa, seed; the globose seeds marked with a large, cordate hilum. 
 
 Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest ; petals 4, each with an emarginate 
 scale above the base ; the 2 lower remote from the stamens, their 
 scales crested ; glands of the disk 2, opposite the lower petals ; sta- 
 mens 8, unequal ; style trifid ; capsule membranous, inflated. Climb- 
 ing herbs with biternate leaves. Lower pair of pedicels changed to tendrils. 
 
 C. HALIACABUM. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. 
 
 Plant nearly glabrous ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and den- 
 tate ; fruit pyriform-globose, large, bladder-like. Native on the Missouri and 
 its branches. Torr. $ Gr. Naturalized in the W. States. Mead. A curious 
 vine, 4 6f in length, with remarkably large, inflated, membranous capsules. Jl. f 
 
 ORDER XLV. CELASTRACEJE. STAFF-TREES. 
 
 Shrubs, or rarely trees, with opposite or alternate leaves. Fls. not always perfect. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 45, united at base, imbricated. [which surrounds the ovary. 
 
 Cor. Petals as many as sepals, inserted by a broad base under the margin of the flat, expanded disk 
 
 Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the margin of the disk. 
 
 Ova. superior, immersed in and adhering to the disk. 
 
 Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds either with or without an arillus. 
 
 Genera 27, species 274, chiefly native of the temperate zone of both hemispheres. They possess acrid 
 and bitter properties, sometimes emetic and stimulant. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ compound (ternate) Staphylea. 1 
 
 < opposite, ( simple Euonymus. 3 
 
 Shrubs with leaves fc alternate, simple Celastrtis. Z 
 
 TRIBE 1. STAPHYL.EJE. 
 
 Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds not ariled. Cotyledons thick. 
 
 1. STAPHYLEA. 
 
 A Greek word, meaning a cluster of grapes ; from the form of the fructification. 
 
 Fls. ; calyx of 5, colored, persistent sepals : petals and stamens 
 5 ; styles 3 ; capsules 2 3, membranous and inflated. 
 
 S. TRIFOLIA. Bladder-nut. 
 
 Lvs. ternate ; roc. pendulous ; pet. ciliate below ; jr. ovate. A handsome 
 shrub, 6 8f high, in moist woods and thickets. Can. to Car. and Tenn. Leaf- 
 lets oval-acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Flowers white, 
 in a short, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plant is its 
 large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-celled, containing 
 several hard, small nuts or seeds, with a bony, smooth and polished testa. May. 
 
 TRIBE 2. EUOXYME&J. 
 
 Leaves simple. Seeds usually ariled. Cotyledons leafy. 
 
 2. CELASTRUS. 
 
 Flowers sometimes polygamous ; calyx flat, of 5 united sepals ; co- 
 rolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals ; capsule subglobose, or 3-angled, 
 3-celled; seeds with an arillus, 1 2 in each cell. Climbing shrubs, 
 with deciduous leaves^ and minute, deciduous stipules. 
 
 C. SCANDENS. Staff-tree. 
 
 Unarmed; st. woody, twining; Ivs. oblong, acuminate, serrate; rac. ter- 
 
216 XL VI. RHAMNACEJE. RHAMNUS. 
 
 minal; fis. dioecious. A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems 
 twining "about other trees or each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves 
 alternate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers in small racemes, greenish- 
 white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule, 1 
 continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn. 
 
 3. EUONYMUS. 
 
 Calyx flat, of 5, (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals ; corolla flat, in- 
 serted on the outer margin of a glandular disk ; stamens 5, with 
 short filaments ; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds 
 ariled. Shrubs, erect or trailing^ with opposite leaves. 
 
 1. E. ATROPURPUREUS. Jacq. Spindle Tree. Burning Busk. 
 Branches smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulent 
 
 beneath ; fed. compressed, many-flowered ; fls. usually pentamerous. A 
 smooth shrub, 4 lOf high, in shady woods, U. S. E. of the Miss. Leaves 2 
 5' long, | as wide, mostly acute at base, on petioles J 1' long. Peduncles op- 
 posite, slender, 1 2j' long, each with a cyme of 3 6 flowers. Corolla dark- 
 purple, about 2" diam. Capsule crimson, smooth. Seeds covered in a bright 
 red aril. Jn. 
 
 2. E. AMERICANUS. Burning Bush. 
 
 Branches smooth, 4-angled ; Ivs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire at 
 margin, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth ; ped. round, about 3-flow- 
 ered; fls. mostly pentamerous. Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with 
 small leaves, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Leaves 2' long, | as wide, 
 coriaceous. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 2, 3, or 4-flowered. Flowers a 
 little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts in 3s, 4s or 5s. Capsule 
 dark red, warty. Seeds with a bright red aril. Jn. 
 
 3. E. EUROP^US. Lws. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; ped. com- 
 pressed, 3-flowered ; fls. usually tetrandrous. Native of Europe. A handsome 
 shrub, 4 12f high, sometimes found in shrubberies, although certainly not su- 
 perior in elegance to E. Americanus. May Jl. 
 
 ORDER XL VI. RHAMNACEJE. BUCKTHORNS. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate. Stipules minute or 0. 
 
 Fls, small, axillary or terminal, greenish, sometimes dioecious. 
 
 Cat. Sepals 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, sometimes 0. 
 
 Sla. opposite the petals, 4 or 5. 
 
 Ova. superior, or half superior, with an erect ovale in each cell. 
 
 Fr. a capsule, drupe or berry. 
 
 Genera '42, species 250, distributed throughout all countries, except those in the frigid zones. Many 
 are native of the U. States. Ceanothus is peculiar to N. America. 
 
 Poperties.The berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Zizyphus Jujuba, 
 yields the well-known jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been used as a sub- 
 stitute for tea. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary ; petals plane ; flowers minute Rhamnua. i 
 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary at base ; petals unguiculate Ceanothus. 2 
 
 1. RHAMNUS. 
 
 Calyx urceolate, 4 5-cleft ; petals 4 5, emarginate, inserted upon 
 the calyx ; ovary free, 2 4-celled ; styles 2 4, more or less united ; 
 fruit drupaceous. 3 4-seeded. Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. mostly 
 alternate. Fls. minute. 
 
 1. R. CATiiARTicus. BucTcthorn. 
 
 Shrub erect, with thorny branches ; Lvs. ovate, doubly serrate ; fls. tetran- 
 drous, 9 $ cf an d 9 cT> fasicled; Jr. subglobose, 4-seeded. A shrub, 10 I5f 
 high, in mountains and woods, Mass, and N. Y., rare. Leaves nearly smooth, 
 1 2' long, as wide, in crowded clusters at the ends of the branchlets. Flowers 
 small, numerous, green. Sepals reflexed, petals entire. Fruit black, globose, 
 and with the inner bark, powerfully cathartic. This shrub is sometimes used 
 for hedges. 
 
XL VII. LEGUMINOS^E. 217 
 
 2. R. ALNIFOLIUS. L'Her. (R. franguloides. Michx.} Alder-leaved 
 
 Buckthorn. 
 
 Shrub erect, with unarmed branches; Ivs. oval, acuminate, serrate, pu- 
 bescent on the veins beneath ; ped. aggregate, 1-flowered ; fls. mostly pentan- 
 drous ; cat. acute; sty. 3, united, very short ; fr. turbinate, black. A shrub 2 4f 
 high, common in rough pastures and hills, Penn. to Can. Leaves 1 3' long, 
 J as wide, acute at base. Flowers mostly apetalous. Berries about as large 
 as currants, black, 3-seeded. May, Jn. 
 
 2. CEANOTHUS. 
 
 Calyx tubular, campanulate, 5-cleft. separating transversely after 
 flowering ; petals 5, saccate-arched, with long claws ; stamens mostly 
 exserted ; style mostly 3-cleft ; capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 
 3-seeded, surrounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. 
 Shrubby and thornless. 
 
 1. C. AMERICANTJS. Jersey Tea. Red-root. 
 
 L/vs. oblong-ovate, serrate, 3- veined; panicles axillary, elongated. A 
 small shrub, with a profusion of white blossoms, found in woods and groves, U. 
 S. Very abundant on the barrens at the West. Stems 2 4f high, slender, 
 with reddish, round, smooth branches. Leaves thrice as long as broad, very 
 downy, with soft hairs beneath. Flowers minute, white, in crowded panicles 
 from the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens enclosed in the curiously vaulted 
 corolla. The root, which is large and red, is sometimes used for coloring. 
 The leaves have been used as a substitute for tea. Jn. 
 
 2. C. OVALIS. Bw. Oval-leaved Ceanothus. 
 
 Lies, oval-lanceolate, with glandular serratures, 3-veined, veins pubescent 
 beneath ; thyrse corymbose, abbreviated. Burlington, Vt, Bobbins, W. to Mich. 
 Shrub 2 3f high. Leaves smooth and shining, 1 3' long, as wide, most- 
 ly acute at each end, crenately serrate, the serratures tipped with black, glan- 
 dular points. Thyrse short, almost hemispherical, !' diam. Flowers white, 
 larger than those of the last. May. 
 
 ORDER XL VII. LEG-UMINOS.3E. LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, usually compound, ^margins entire. 
 Stipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2. 
 Cal. Sepals generally 5, more or less united, often unequal. 
 Cor. Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous. 
 Sta. diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct. Anthers versatile. 
 Ova. superior, single and simple. Style and stigma simple. 
 
 Fr. a legume, either continuous (1-celled), or (a lament) jointed into 1-seeded cells. 
 Sds. solitary or several, destitute of albumen. 
 
 The genera and species of this vast order were estimated by Mr. Bentham, in 1845, as follows 
 Suborder 1. Papilionaceae, 350 genera, 4800 species. 
 
 2. Cffisalpineae, 88 ' 700 ' 
 
 3. Mimoseae, 29 1000 ' 
 
 Total, 467 " 6500 " 
 
 Geography. The Leeuminoseae are distributed throughout all lands, with the exception of a few 
 unimportant islands, from the equator to either of the frigid zones. Of its 6500 species now known, about 
 350 are natives of the United States and Territories. 
 
 Properties. No family of the vegetable kingdom possesses a higher claim to the attention of the 
 naturalist than the Leguminosae. whether we regard them as objects of ornament or utility. Of the 
 former we might mention the splendid varieties of Cersis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with 
 their airy foliage and silky stamens, the pride of India, Colutea and Cassalpina, with a host of others, 
 which, like the sweet pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter, the beans, peas, lentils, clover and 
 lucerne, are too well known to require particular commendation. Among timber trees the Rosewood (a 
 Brazilian species of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is durable and of an olive -green color, and the 
 locust (Robinia) of our own country, are pre-eminent. 
 
 The following are a few of the important officinal products of this order. In medicine : liquorice is the 
 product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna consists of the leaves of 
 Cassia senna, C. acutifolia, C. JEthiopica and other species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marylandica is also 
 a cathartic, but more mild than the former. The sweet pulp tamarind, is the product of a large and 
 beautiful tree (Tamarindus Indica) of the E. and W. Indies. Resins and balsams : Gum Senegal is 
 yielded by Acacia Verek of the river Senegal; Gum Arabic, by several species of Acacia of Central 
 Africa : Gum Tragacynth, by Astragalus verus, &c., of Persia. Balsam Copaiva is the product of 
 several species of Copaifera, natives of Brazil and W. India ; Balsam Tolu of Myospermum toluiferum, 
 of Peru, and balsam Peru of M. peruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c. : Indigo, the most valuable 
 of all, (buta violent poison,) is the product of several southern species of Indigofera, as I. anil of the W. 
 Indies, and I. argentea of Egypt. Brazil-wood, from Csesalpina Braziliensis. Log-wood, from Haematoxy- 
 ion Campeachianum.of Campeachy, and Red-sandal-woodfrom Pterocarpus santalinus of Egypt, &c.,&c. 
 
218 
 
 XLVII. LEGUMINOSJ3. 
 
 FIG. 43. 1. Lathyrus odoratus. 2. The stamens, the upper one free, and with the style, turned 
 upwards. 3. The legume. 4. A seed, showing the embryo with the two large cotyledons. 5. Hedysa- 
 rum boreale, a leaf and jointed legumes (loments). 6. One of the joints open, showing the seed. 
 7. Trifolium pratense. 8. The legume and part of the calyx. 9. Section of the seed. 10. A flower 
 enlarged. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 * Corolla papilionaceous. 
 
 l-celled. . Phaca.. 22 
 
 (turgid, . sub-2-celled. Astragalus. 21 
 
 Stem erect. Tephrosia. 13 
 
 C 00-seeded, . ( compr's'd. St. twining. Apios. 6 
 
 ( Stamens 5. ... Petalostemon. 17 
 
 ( Legumes ( l-seeded. .. {Stamens 10. . . . Dalea. 16 
 
 ( Sta. 5 & 5. . JEschynomene. 25 
 
 | $ Fls. racemed. . . ( Sta. 9 & 1. . Hedysarum. 26 
 
 f Herbs. . LLoment 2 10-jnt. (Flowers umbellate. . . . Coronilla. 24 
 
 ( Fls. yellow. Colutea. 12 
 
 ( Erect. . . ( Fls. blue. . Amorpha. 15 
 
 ( unarmed. . . ( Twining. Bracts colored. Wistaria. 7 
 
 I Shrubs and trees, .. (armed with stipular spines. . . . Robinia. 11 
 
 ( Seeds oval. Vicia. 2 
 
 (outside. . ( Sds. globose. Pisum. 4 
 
 \ < Style villous ( inside, next the free sta. Lathyrus. 1 
 
 Leaves I $ cirrhose. ( Style glabrous Ervum. 3 
 
 pinnate I abruptly, . (not cirrhose. Stem erect Vicia. 2 
 
 ( Calyx bibracteolate. . Lespedeza. 28 
 
 l-seeded, indehiscent. . Calyx naked. . .- . Psoralea. 14 
 
 2-seeded. None of the flowers apetalous. . . MeUJotus. 19 
 
 2-seeded in the apetalous flowers Amphicarpcea. 10 
 
 ( Keel and sta. circinate. 
 i Cal.5-tootb.ed ( Keel long-clawed, . 
 
 00-seeded. ( Calyx 4-toothed 
 
 i 2-jointed and one-seeded 
 
 c several-jointed, several-seeded 
 
 ( Leg. falcate or spiral. 
 
 ( Stamens diadelph. (9 <fc 1.) Leg. included in cal. 
 ( Stamens 10, distinct, equal. .... 
 
 f unequally. I Shrubs and trees, 
 
 ( Legumes 
 fpinnately. ( Loment 
 
 Leaves (Herbs. 
 
 3-foliate Lpalmately. (Trees. 
 
 ( Herbs. 
 
 Phaseolus. 
 
 Clitoria. 
 
 Galactia. 
 
 Stylosanthes. 
 
 Desmodium. 
 
 Medicago. 
 
 Trifolium. 
 
 Baptisia. 
 
 Laburnum. 
 
 Crotalaria. 
 
 < Shrubs. . .... Genista. 
 
 Leaves simple. . . . ( Trees Cercis. 
 
 Leaves palmately 5 15-foliate Lupinw. 
 
LATHYRUS. XL VII. LEGUMINOS^E. 219 
 
 * * Corolla not papilionaceous. 
 
 $ Unarmed and glabrous Darlingtonia. 40 
 
 ( Corolla regular. \ Armed with uncinate spines Schrankia. 39 
 
 Herbs. { Corolla irregular. Cassia, 35 
 
 Shrubs. Corolla regular Mimosa. 38 
 
 (unarmed. Gymnocladus. 36 
 
 Trees armed with triple spines Gleditschia. 37 
 
 SUBORDER 1. PAPIL.IONACEJE. 
 
 Petals papilionaceous, imbricate in aestivation, the upper one exter- 
 nal. Stamens mostly 10 and diadelphous. 
 
 1. LATHYRUS. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, the 2 upper sepals shortest ; stamens 10, dia- 
 delphous (9 and 1) ; style flat, dilated above, ascending, bent at a 
 right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inside next 
 the free stamen ; legume oblong, several-seeded. Herbaceous, mostly 
 climbing. Lvs abruptly pinnate, of 1 several pairs of leaflets. Petioles 
 produced into tendrils. Peds. axillary. 
 
 1. L. VENOSUS. Muhl. 
 
 St. 4-cornered, naked ; stips. semi-sagittate, lanceolate, very small ; ped. 
 8 16-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; Ifts. 5 7 pairs, somewhat alternate, 
 obtusish, mucronate. % In shady grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem erect, 2 3f 
 high, mostly smooth. Leaflets li 2' long. Peduncles axillary, many-flow- 
 ered, about the length of the leaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and nar- 
 row. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. L. OCHROLEUCUS. Hook. (L. glaucifolius. Beck.} 
 
 St. slender ; ped. 7 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper segments 
 of the calyx truncate, angular ; Ifts. about 3 pairs, broadly ovate ; stip. semi-cor- 
 date. Tj. A small, delicate species, very rare, in shady places and on river banks, 
 N. J. to Wise. ! N. to the Arctic circle. Stem 2 3f long, leaning or climbing 
 on other plants. Leaflets 1 !' long, f as wide, larger than the stipules. Pe- 
 duncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Corolla yellowish-white (ochroleu- 
 cous.) Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. L. PALUSTRIS. Marsh Lathyrus. ^ 
 
 St. winged ; stip. semi-sagittate, large, ovate, mucronate Z/fo. in 2 pairs, 
 oblong-ovate, mucronate ; ped. 3 5-flowered, larger than the leaves. 7J. A slen- 
 der climber, found in wet meadows and thickets, N. Eng. to Or. Stem slender, 
 square, broadly winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaves pin- 
 nate-cirrhose, leaflets broad or narrow-ovate. Flowers drooping, rather large, 
 variegated with blue and purple. Jn. Jl. 
 
 4. L. MARITIMUS. Bw. (Pisum maritimum. Ph.} Beach Pea. 
 
 St. quadrangular, compressed; petioles flat above; stip. sagittate; Ifts. 
 numerous, subalternate, ovate ; ped. many-flowered. A pale green, creeping 
 plant, resembling the common pea, found on sandy shores, N. Y. to Lab., W. 
 to Or. Stem rigid, 1 2f in length. Stipules connate. Leaves ending in a 
 branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest. Flowers large, blue. Pod 
 hairy. May July. 
 
 5. L. MYRTIFOLITJS. Muhl. 
 
 St. quadrangular, winged, weak andflexuous; stip. semi-sagittate, ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate; Ifts. 2 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, vein- 
 less ; ped. longer than the leaves, 4 5-flowered. 7J. A little climber, on river 
 banks, Can. to Md. Bobbins. Stem about 3f long. Leaflets 12' long, i as 
 wide. Flowers pale purple. Jl. Aug. 
 
 6. L. LATIFOLIUS. Everlasting Pea. Ped. many-flowered ; Ifls. 2, lanceolate ; 
 joints membranous, winged. 7). A very showy plant for gardens and arbors, 
 native of England. Stem 6f long, climbing, winged between the joints. Flow- 
 ers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 10' in length. Jl. Aug. 
 
 7. L. ODORATUS. Sweet Pea. Ped. 2-flo\vered; Ifts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg. 
 
 19* 
 
220 XL VII. LEGUMINOSJE. VICIA. 
 
 Hirsute. (J) A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers ap- 
 pear in June, are large, variegated with red and white. Very fragrant. 
 
 8. L. sATlvus. Chick Pea. Peduncles 1-flowered ; Ifts. 2 4 ; leg. ovate, 
 compressed, with 2 winged margins at the back. (J) Native of S. Europe, 
 where it has been sometimes cultivated for food ; but it proves to be a slow poison 
 both to man and beast, producing ultimately entire helplessness, by rendering 
 the limbs rigid, but without pain. 
 
 2. VICIA. 
 
 Celtic gwig, whence Gr. ffiKiov, Lat. vicia, Fr. vesce, and Eng. vetch. 
 
 Calyx tubular, with the 3 inferior segments straight and longer 
 than the 2 above; vexillmn emarginate ; stamens 10, diadelphous 
 (9 and 1) ; style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovary, villous 
 beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel) ; legume oblong, 
 several-seeded. Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Leaves abruptly pin- 
 nate, with several pairs of leaflets and a branching tendril. Peduncles 
 axillary. 
 
 1. V. AMERICANA. Muhl. American Vetch. 
 
 Smooth ; ped. 4 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; slip, semi-sagittate, 
 deeply dentate ; Ifts. 10 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, veined, some- 
 what alternate ; legumes oblong-linear, compressed, reticulated. N. Y. W. to 
 the R. Mts. Stems slender, 1 3f long. Leaflets 1' by 5", subsessile. Flow- 
 ers blue or purple. Lower calyx teeth broad-lanceolate, much longer than the 
 2 upper. Style very hairy at the summit. May. 
 
 2. V. CAROLINIANA. Walt. Carolinian Vetch. 
 
 Ped. many-flowered ; fls. distant ; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube, 
 the two upper very short ; sty. hairy at the summit ; Ifts. 8 12, linear-oblong, 
 smoothish ; leg. not reticulated, oblong. Woods and river banks. A slender 
 climber, 4 6f long. Leaflets about 8" by 23". Flowers pale-blue, the ban- 
 ner tipped with deep purple. May. 
 
 3. V. CRACCA. Tufted Vetch. 
 
 Fls. in imbricated spikes ; Ifts. lanceolate, pubescent ; slip, semi-sagit- 
 tate, linear- subulate, entire. A slender climber, 2 3f long, about fences, 
 hedges, thickel^ &c., lat. 39 to Can. Stem square, downy. Leaves of many 
 pairs of downy, mucronate leaflets, with a branched tendril at the end of the 
 principal stalk. Leaflets 6 8" by 2 3", petiolulate. Flowers blue and purple, 
 in a long, dense, one-sided raceme. July. 
 
 4. V. TETRASPERMA. Loisel. (V. pusilla. Muhl. Ervum. Linn.') Slen- 
 der Vetch. 
 
 Ped. about 2-flowered ; calyx teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube ; leg. 
 smooth, 4-seeded; Ifts. 4 6, small, linear; stip. lanceolate, semi-sagittate. (p 
 Slender and delicate plants, banks of streams, &c., Can. to Penn. Stems al- 
 most filiform, 1 2f long. Leaflets 5 10" by 1", acute or obtuse. Flowers 
 very small, bluish- white, on filiform peduncles. Legumes 4 6" long, 4, some- 
 times 5-seeded. Jl. 
 
 5. V. SATIVA. Common Vetch. Tares. 
 
 Fls. solitary or in pairs, subsessile ; Ifts. 10 12, oblong-obovate, often 
 linear, retuse, mucronate ; stip. semi-sagittate, subdentate, dotted ; kg. erect, 
 roundish, reticulated, smooth. () A slender, climbing plant, found in cultivat- 
 ed fields, introduced from Europe. Stem decumbent or climbing, 2 3f long. 
 Leaflets 8 12" by 1 4", lower ones near the base of the petiole. Flowers 
 pale purple, half as long as the leaves. Legumes 1 2' long. Jn. 
 
 6. V. FABA. Willd. (Faba vulgaris. Masnch.) Coffee Bean. Windsor Bean, 
 fyc. St. rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered racemes ; Ifts. 2 4, oval, 
 entire, mucronate or acute ; tendrils obsolete ; stip. semi-sagittate, dentate at 
 base. Native of Egypt. This species is frequently found in gardens, but not 
 so much admired as 'formerly for the table. Stem simple, 1 2f high. Flow 
 
PHASEOLUS. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 221 
 
 white, with a large black spot on each of the alae. Legume torulose. Seeds 
 very large, with the large hilum at one end. (See Fig. 19, 1, 2.) f 
 
 3. ERVUM. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the segments acute, linear, and nearly equal, 
 about the length of the corolla ; stigma capitate, smooth ; style fili- 
 form ; legume oblong, 2 4-seeded. (D Lvs. abruptly pinnate, of many 
 leaflets a?id a terminal tendril. 
 
 E. HIRSUTUM. Hairy or Creeping Vetch. 
 
 Lfls. linear, truncate, mucronate; stip. semi-sagittate, narrow; ped. 
 3 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; leg. hirsute, 2-seeded. A creeping weed 
 in cultivated fields, N. Y. to S. Car. Stem very slender, 1 3f long. Leaflets 
 820, 4 8" long, hardly 1" wide, broadest above. Peduncles axillary, 3 6- 
 flowered. Calyx segments rather shorter than the bluish-white corolla. Le- 
 gumes short, with roundish, compressed brown seeds. Jn. 1 
 
 4. P I S U M. 
 
 Celtic pis, Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, FT. pais. 
 
 Calyx segments leafy, the upper 2 shortest ; vexillum large, re- 
 flexed ; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style compressed, cari- 
 nate, villous on the upper side ; legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded ; 
 seeds globose, with an orbicular hilum. Herbaceous, climbing. Lvs. 
 abruptly pinnate, ending with branching tendrils. 
 
 P. sATlvuM. Common Garden Pea. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4; stip. 
 ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate ; ped. several-flowered. (I) One of the 
 most valuable of leguminous plants, smooth and glaucous. Stem 2 5f long, 
 nearly simple, climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 3' long, as wide, obtuse, 
 mucronate. Stipules rather larger than the leaflets. Flowers 2 or more, on ax- 
 illary peduncles, large, white. This plant has been cultivated from time im- 
 memorial, so that its native country is unknown. There are many varieties. 
 Jn. 
 
 5. PHASEOLUS. 
 Lat. phaseltis, a little boat ; which the pods may be said to resemble. 
 
 Calyx sub-bilabiate, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed ; keel with 
 the stamens and style spirally twisted ; legume compressed and fal- 
 cate, or cylindric, many-seeded ; seeds compressed, reniform. Her- 
 baceous, twining or trailing. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Lfts. stipellate. 
 
 1. P. DIVERSIPOLIUS. Pers. 
 
 St. prostrate, diffuse, scabrous with recurved hairs ; Ifts. angular, 2 3- 
 lobed or entire ; ped. longer than the leaf, few-flowered ; lower tooth of the cal. 
 longer than the tube ; leg. pubescent, broadly linear, cylindric. A creeping 
 or climbing plant, 3 5f long, on sandy shores and prairies, Can. and U. S. 
 Leaflets 1 2' long, f as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, often variously 
 and very obtusely lobed. Peduncles 2 8-flowered, 3 6' long. Corolla pur- 
 plish. Legumes become black when ripe, 5 7-seeded. Aug. Oct. 
 
 2. P. HELVOLUS. (and P. vexillatus. Linn.) 
 
 St. slender, twining ; Ifts. between oblong-ovate and linear, entire ; ped. 
 slender, several times longer than the leaves, few-flowered; leg. straight, cylin- 
 dric, 8 10-seeded. 7J. Sandy fields, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3 5f long. 
 Leaflets 12' by i 1'. Peduncles 4- -8' long, 4 7-flowered. Calyx with 2 
 bracts at base. Corolla purplish, vexillum large, roundish. Legume 2 3' 
 long, very narrow, subfalcate. Aug. Sept. 
 
 3. P. PERENNIS. Walt. Wild Bean Vine. 
 
 Twining, pubescent; rac. paniculate, mostly in pairs, axillary; Ifts. 
 ovate, acuminate, 3-veined ; leg. pendulous, falcate, broad-mucronate. % A 
 slender, twining vine, in dry woods, Can. and U. S., common. Stem 4 7f 
 long, somewhat branching. Leaflets 1 3i' long, f equal width ; terminal 
 
222 XLVil. LEGUMINOS.E. WISTARIA. 
 
 one often subcordate, lateral ones unequally enlarged at base outside, under 
 surface scabrous. Racemes 1 3 together, 6 12' long, loose, often unfruitful. 
 Corolla purple and violet. Legume about 2' long, $' wide, with compressed, 
 renifcrm, dark purple seeds. July, Aug. 
 
 4. P. LEIOSPERMUS. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 St. slender, retrorsely hirsute ; Ifts. linear-oblong, not lobed, as long as the 
 petiole, hirsute and reticulated on both surfaces ; slip, subulate ; ped. much lon- 
 ger than the leaves ; hds. few-flowered ; leg. very hirsute, about 5-seeded. T. 
 dfG.dbr. Prairies, 111., Mead. Also Ark. and La. Stem 2 4f long, prostrate. 
 Leaflets 1 2' by 3 5". Pods about 1' long, \ as wide. Aug. 
 
 5. P. VULGARIS. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean. String Bean. St. twining; 
 Ifts. ovate-acuminate ; roc. solitary, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels in pairs ; cal. 
 as short as its 2 bracts at base ; leg. pendulous, long-mucronate ; seed reniform, 
 variously, often brightly colored. (f) Native of E. Indies. Universally culti- 
 vated in gardens, not only for the mature fruit, but for the young pods, which 
 constitute that favorite dish called string beans. Stem 5 8f long, twining 
 against the sun. Flowers mostly white. July. 
 
 6. P. MULTIFLORUS. Scarlet Pole Bean. St. twining ; Ifts. ovate-acute ; roc. 
 solitary, as long as the leaves ; pedicels opposite ; cal. longer than the 2 appressed 
 bracts at base; leg. pendulous; seeds reniform. Native of S.America. 
 Stem 6 lOf long, twining against the sun. Flowers scarlet, numerous and 
 very brilliant. Fruit not so generally admired as the last. July. 
 
 7. P. LUNATUS. Lima Bean. St. twining; Ifts. ovate, deltoid, acute; roc. 
 shorter than the leaves ; ped. in pairs ; cal. longer than its 2 bracts at base ; leg. 
 scimetar-shaped, or somewhat lunate ; seeds large, much compressed, purplish- 
 white. Native of E. Indies. Stem 6 8f long. Flowers small, whitish. 
 Much valued and cultivated. July. 
 
 8. P. NANUS. Dwarf Kidney Bean. Bush Bean. Wliite Field Bean. St. 
 smooth, very branching, erect ; Ifts. broad-ovate, acute ; cal. shorter than its 2 
 bracts at base ; leg. pendulous, compressed, rugose. Native of India. Stem 
 If high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small, but there are many varieties. 
 Much cultivated. June. 
 
 6. APIOS. 
 
 Cr. name for the wild pear, which the root resembles in form. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, obscurely bilabiate, the upper lip of 2 very 
 short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lower 
 one acute and elongated ; keel falcate, pushing back the broad, pli- 
 cate vexillum at top ; ovary sheathed at base. % Twining, smooth. 
 Root bearing edible tubers. Leaves pinnately 5 1 -foliate. 
 
 A. TUBEROSA. Ph. (Glycine Apios. Linn.} Ground Nut. 
 
 St. twining ; Ivs. pinnate, of 7 ovate-lanceolate leaflets ; roc. shorter than 
 the leaves. Thickets and shady woods, Can. and U. S., twining about other 
 plants. Stem round, 2 4f in length. Leaves rather numerous, each consist- 
 ing of 3 (rarely 2) pairs of leaflets and an odd, terminal one. These are ovate, 
 narrow, more or less pointed, smooth, on short pedicels. Racemes axillary, 
 solitary, 1 3' long, crowded. Flowers dark purple. To the root are appended 
 oval, fleshy tubers, which are very nutritious, and would perhaps be cultivated 
 had we not the potato. Jl., Aug. 
 
 7. WISTARIA. Nutt. 
 
 In memory of Caspar Wistar, M. D., President of Am. Phil. Soc. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower one 3 sub-equal 
 teeth ; vexillum with 2 callosities ascending the claw and separating 
 above ; wings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top ; legume 
 torulose : seeds many, reniform. Twining, shrubby plants, with pin- 
 nate leaves. Rac. large, with large, colored bracts. Fls. lilac-colored. 
 
AMPHICARPJEA. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 223 
 
 1. W. FRUTESCENS. DC. (W. speciosa. Nutt. Glycine frutescens. Linn.} 
 St. pubescent when young, at length glabrous ; Ifts. 9 13, ovate or el- 
 liptic-lanceolate, acute, sub-pubescent; wings with 2 auricles at base; ova. 
 glabrous. An ornamental, vigorous vine, in rich alluvion, Southern and West- 
 ern States. Stems severaj yards long, climbing over bushes, &c. Leaflets*! 
 2' by 1'. Flowers nearly as large as those of the sweet pea, numerous, ii- 
 racemes 3 6 or 8' long, sheathed in very conspicuous bracts. Seeds spotted 
 Apr. May. f 
 
 2. W. coNSEQtTANA. Benth. Chinese Wistaria. Lfts. 9 13, ovate-lanceolate, 
 silky-pubescent; roc. terminal, nodding, loosely many-flowered. A splendid 
 flowering vine from China. Stem of rapid growth, * 12f or more in length. 
 Flowers in long, pendulous clusters. May. Jn. f 
 
 8, GALACTIA. 
 
 GT. yaXa, milk : alluding to the juice of some of the species. 
 
 Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly equal length, 
 upper one broadest ; pet. oblong : vexillum broadest and incumbent ; 
 keel petals slightly cohering at top. Herbs prostrate or twining, some- 
 times shrubby. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Rac. axillary. 
 
 1. G. GLABELLA. Michx. 
 
 St. mostly prostrate, nearly glabrous ; Ifts. elliptic-oblong, emarginate at 
 each end, sub-coriaceous, shining above, a little hairy beneath ; roc. peduncu- 
 late, about the length of the leaves ; fls. pedicellate. In arid soils, N. J. to Flor. 
 Stem 2 if long. Leaflets 10 20" by 510", varying in form from elliptic 
 through oblong to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish exter- 
 nally. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2.. G. MOLLIS. Michx. 
 
 St. mostly twining, softly pubescent; Ifts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth 
 above, softly villose and whitish beneath; roc. longer than the leaves, pedun- 
 culate, fasciculate ; fls. on very short pedicels ; leg. villose. Dry soils, Md. to 
 Ga. Stem several feet long. Leaflets about I' long, J as wide. Flowers about 
 half as large as in the last. Aug. 
 
 9. CLITORIA. 
 
 Calyx bibracteolate, tubular, 5-toothed, segments acuminate ; vexil- 
 lum large, spreading, roundish, emarginate ; keel smaller than the 
 wings, acute, on long claws ; legume linear-oblong, torulose, many- 
 seeded. Q Mostly twining. Lvs. pinnately 3 5-foliate. Fls. very 
 large, solitary or several together. 
 
 C. MARIANA. 
 
 Glabrous ; st. suberect or twining, suffruticose ; Ifts. 3, oblong-ovate or 
 lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones petiolulate ; ped. short, 1 3-flowered ; bracteoles 
 and bracts very short ; Ug. torulose, 3 4-seeded. Dry soils, N. J. ! to Flor. 
 Stem 1 3f long, round, slender, branched. Leaflets rather remote, about 1' by 
 J'. Corolla pale blue, 2 2j' in length, calyx f, bracteoles 2". Jl. Aug. 
 
 10. AMPHICARPJEA. Ell. 
 
 Gr. an<f>i : around, KCtprros, fruit; in reference to the ovary sheathed at base. 
 
 Calyx tubular, campanulate, 4-toothed (or 5-toothed, the upper 2 
 united) with nearly equal segments ; petals oblong ; vexillum with 
 the sides appressed ; stigma capitate ; ovary on a sheathed stipe ; 
 legume flat, 2 4-seeded. (D Slender, twining. Lvs. pinnately trifo- 
 liate. The upper Jls. complete, but usually barren, the lower apetalous 
 and fruitful. 
 
 A. MONOICA. Nutt. (Glycine monoica. Linn.') Pea Vine. 
 
 St. hairy ; Ifts. ovate, acute, smooth ; roc. of the stem with pendulous, 
 
224 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. TEPHROSIA. 
 
 petaliferous, barren flowers ; radical ped. with apetalous, fertile flowers. A 
 very slender vine, in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. Stem twining, rough 
 backwards, 4 8f in length. Leaflets very thin, 1 3' long, | as wide, lateral 
 ones oblique at base. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. .Flowers pale purple. 
 CcPuline legumes smoothish, with 3 4 dark purple seeds. Radical legumes 
 often subterraneous, with one large, compressed, brown seed. Jl. Sept. 
 
 11. ROBINIA. 
 
 In memory of John Robin, herbalist to Louis XIV. 
 
 Calyx short, campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more or 
 less coherent ; vexillum large ; alee obtuse ; stamens diadelphous 
 (9 & 1 ) ; style bearded inside ; legume compressed, elongated, many- 
 seeded. Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs. unequally 'pin- 
 nate. Fls. showy, in axillary racemes. 
 
 1. R. PSEUDACACIA. Locust Tree. 
 
 Branches armed with stipular prickles; Ifts. ovate and oblong-ovate; 
 roc. pendulous, smooth, as well as the legumes. Native in Penn. and the more 
 Southern and Western States, and abundantly naturalized in N. Eng. In the 
 durability, hardness and lightness of its timber, and the beauty of its foliage 
 and flowers, it is exceeded by few trees of the American forest. West of the 
 Alleghanies it sometimes attains the height of 80f with a diameter of 3 or 4. 
 In N. England it seldom exceeds half these dimensions. The pinnate leaves 
 have a beautiful symmetry of form, each composed of 8 12 pairs of leaflets, 
 with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very smooth. 
 Flowers in numerous, pendulous clusters, diffusing an agreeable fragrance. 
 Pod narrow, flat, with 5 or 6 small brown seeds. When young, the tree is 
 armed with thorns which disappear in its maturity. May. 
 
 2. R. VISCOSA. Vent. Clammy Locust. Slipular spines very short ; branch- 
 lets^ petioles and leg. glandular- viscid; Ifts. ovate; roc. crowded. This beauti- 
 ful tree is from the South, where it attains the height of 40f. The flowers 
 numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green 
 foliage, "render this tree one of the most brilliant ornaments of the park or the 
 garden. Apr. 
 
 3. R. HISPIDA. Rose Acacia. Stipular spines almost wanting ; shrub mostly 
 hispid ; roc. loose, suberect. A beautiful shrub, native of the Southern States. 
 It is cultivated in our gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, red flowers. 
 Height 3 5f. May. 
 
 8. rosea has its branches nearly smooth. 
 
 12. COLUTEA. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; vexillum with 2 callosities, expanded, larger than 
 the obtuse carina ; stigma lateral, under the hooked summit of the 
 style, which is longitudinally bearded on the back side ; legume in- 
 flated, scarious. Shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves. 
 
 C. ARBORESCENS. Bladder Senna. Lfts. elliptical, retuse ; vex. shortly gib- 
 bous behind. A hardy, free-flowering shrub, native of Italy, &c., growing 
 almost alone on the summits of Mt. Vesuvius. Stems 8 12f high. Leaflets 
 about 9. Flowers large, yellow, with a broadly expanded banner. In medi- 
 cine the leaves are used instead of senna. Jn. Aug. -f 
 
 13. TEPHROSIA. 
 
 Gr. retypes, ash-colored; in allusion to the color of the foliage. 
 
 Calyx with 5, nearly equal, subulate teeth ; bracteoles ; vexillum 
 large, orbicular ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings ; stamens dia- 
 delphous (in the following species) or monadelphous ; legume linear, 
 much compressed, many-seeded. Herbs and shrubs, with unequally 
 pinnate haves. 
 
AMORPHA. XL VII. LEGUMINOSJ3. 225 
 
 T. VIRGINIANA. Pers. (Galega. Linn.) Goat's Rue. Catgut. 
 
 Erect, villous; Ifts. numerous, oblong, acuminate; roc. terminal, subses- 
 sile ; Ug. falcate, villous. Tj. Plant 1 2f high, with beautiful white and pur- 
 ple flowers, found in dry sandy soils, Can., la., 111., S. to Flor. Stem simple. 
 Leaflets 1527, 10 13" by 2 3", mucronate, straight-veined, odd one oblong- 
 obcordatc, petiolules 1" long. Stipules subulate, \' long, deciduous. Flowers 
 large, in a dense, terminal raceme. Calyx very villous. Banner white, keels 
 rose-colored, wings red. Jl. 
 
 14. PS OR ALE A. 
 
 Gr. i//a>poAsoj, leprous or scaly ; alluding to the glandular dots. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate , segments acuminate, lower one longest ; 
 stamens diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous ; legume as long 
 as the calyx, 1 -seeded, indehiscent. % or h Often glandular. Lvs. 
 various. Stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Fls. cyanic. 
 
 1. P. FLORIBUNDA. Nutt. 
 
 Canescent, much branched, destitute of glands ; Ivs. palmately 3 5- 
 foliate; Ifts. oblong-obovate, varying to linear; slip, setaceous; roc. slender, 
 40 50-flowered, twice longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers 
 and longer than the small, ovate, acuminate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth. 
 Alluvial soil, 111. Mead. ! and Ark. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem 2 4f high, 
 the branches spreading. Leaflets 1 2' by 2 4", common petiole } 1' long. 
 Flowers bluish purple, nearly as large (3" long) as in the two following. Jn. 
 
 2. P. ESCULENTA. Ph. 
 
 Hirsute, erect, branching ; Ivs. palmately 5-foliate, Ifts. lanceolate ; spikes 
 axillary, dense ; cal. seg. lanceolate, a little shorter than the corolla ; leg. ensi- 
 form, beaked ; rt. thick and fusiform. 
 
 0. (P. ESCULENTA. Nutt.) Nearly acaulescent; Ifts. oblong-obovate. Mo. 
 near the lead mines. Stem a few inches high. Leaflets 1 2' long, nearly 
 half as wide. Flowers pale blue. The root is about 1' diam., rather insipid, 
 but is eaten by the Indians, either raw or boiled. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. P. EGLANDULOSA. Ell. (P. melilotoides. Mickx.} 
 
 Si. much branched ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, finely dotted with glands ; 
 spikes oblong ; bracts broadly-ovate, acuminate, and with the calyx hairy ; leg. 
 roundish, transversely wrinkled. Dry soils, la. ! to Ark. Slender, 2f high, 
 spreading. Leaflets 2 2i' long, as wide, obtuse, longer than the petioles. 
 Flowers blue. Pods 2" diam. Jn. Jl. 
 
 4. P. ONOBRYCHIS. Nutt. 
 
 Pubescent; Ifts. ovate, acuminate; roc. elongated; cal. much shorter 
 than corolla, teeth small, obtuse, equal ; leg. ovate, transversely wrinkled. 
 Low grounds and thickets, Western States ! Stem rigidly erect, nearly simple, 
 3 5f high. Leaflets 2 4' long, nearly as wide. Flowers small, pedicellate, 
 blue. Pods exceeding the calyx, rostrate. Jn. Jl. 
 
 15. AMORPHA. 
 
 Gr. a, privative, popQri, form; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla. 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate, 5-cleft ; vexillum concave, unguiculate, 
 erect ; wings and keel ; stamens exserted ; legume oblong, some- 
 what curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 2-seeded. 
 Shrubs or half-shrubby American plants. Lvs. unequally pinnate, 
 punctate. Pis. bluish white, in virgate racemes. 
 
 1. A. FRUTICOSA. 
 
 Pubescent or nearly glabrous, shrubby or arborescent ; Ifts. 9 13, oval, 
 petiolulate, very obtuse, the lower pair remote from the stem ; cal. teeth obtuse, 
 short, lower one acuminate and rather the longest ; leg. 2-seeded. A shrub or 
 small tree, 6 16f higk, Wis. LapJiaml to La. and Flor., W. to Rocky Mts. 
 Leaves 3 5' long, leaflets about 1' by ', rather remote from each other and 
 
226 XLVII. LEGUMINOS.E. TRIPOLIUM. 
 
 from the stem, petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicate racemes terminal, solitary 
 or fascicled, 34' long. Vexillum purple, emarginate. Jn. 
 
 2. A. CANESCENS. Nutt. Lead Plant. 
 
 Suffruticose and canescently villose ; Ifts. small, numerous, and crowded, 
 ovate-elliptical, subsessile, mucronate ; spikes aggregate ; fls. subsessile ; col. 
 teeth equal, ovate, acute ; vex. bright blue ; leg. 1-seeded. A beautiful species, 
 2 4f high, in dry, sandy soils ! Wis. to La. and Rocky Mts., and is supposed 
 to prefer localities of lead ore. Leaves 2 3' long. Leaflets coriaceous, 16 24 
 pairs, obtuse at base, 46" by 12". Spikes 23' long. Jl. Aug. 
 
 16. DALE A. 
 
 In honor of Thomas Dale, an English botanist of the last century. 
 
 Calyx subequally cleft or toothed ; petals unguiculate, claws of the 
 wings and keel adnate to the staminate tube half way up 5 vexillum 
 free, the limb cordate ; stamens 1 0, united into a cleft tube ; ovary 2- 
 ovuled ; legume enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Mostly 
 herbaceous and glandular-punctate. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0, stipules- 
 minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. 
 
 D. ALOPECURolDEs. Willd. (D. Linnsei. Michx. Petalostemon. Ph.} 
 Glabrous and much branched ; Ifts. 8 14 pairs, linear-oval, obtuse or 
 retuse, mucronate, punctate beneath; spikes pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, ter- 
 minal, silky ; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments of the calyx. 
 Prairies and bottoms, 111. ! Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and leafy and 
 pale green. Leaflets not more than 4" by I 7 ', sessile, and nearly in mutual 
 contact. Spikes 1 2' long. Vexillum white, -wings and keel pale violet. 
 
 17. PETALOSTEMON. Michx. 
 Alluding to the union of the petals and stamens. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal ; petals 5, on filiform claws, 4 of 
 them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and united with the 
 staminate tube; stamens 5, monadelphous ; tube cleft; legume 1- 
 seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. 1\- Lvs. unequally pinnate, 
 ex-stipellate. Fls. in dense, pedunculate, terminal spikes or heads. 
 
 1. P. CANDIDUM. Michx. ("Dalea. Willd.} 
 
 Glabrous, erect; Ifts. 79, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, 
 glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts setaceous; vex. broadly 
 cordate, the other petals ovate. A fine-looking plant, in dry prairies Southern 
 and Western States ! Stem 2 4f high, sparingly branched, slender. Leaflets 
 9 18" by 3 5", terminal one largest. Flowers small, white, crowded in dense 
 spikes which are 1 3' long. Jl. 
 
 2. P. VIOLACEUM. Michx. (Dalea. Willd.} 
 
 Minutely pubescent, erect; Ifts. 5, linear, glandular beneath; spikes 
 pedunculate, oblong or subglobose ; vex. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse 
 at base. A beautiful plant, of similar habits with the last. Stem slender, stri- 
 ate, subsimple, 1 2f high. Leaflets about 1' by 1", all sessile. Spikes 18, 
 very dense, !' long. Petals of a bright violet purple. Jl. Aug. 
 
 18. TRIFOL1UM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. TjOt^vXXoj/, (three-leaved); Lat. trifolivm; Fr. trejle; Eng. trefoil. 
 
 Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent ; petals more 
 or less united at the base, withering ; vexillum reflexed ; alse oblong, 
 shorter than the vexillum ; carina shorter than the alse ; stamens 10, 
 diadelphous (9 & 1) ; legume short, membranous, mostly indehiscent, 
 covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 2 4-seeded ; seeds 
 roundish. Herbs. Lvs. palmately trifoliate ; Ifts. with straight, scai 
 reticulated veins. Flowers in dense heads or spikes. 
 
TRIFOLIUM. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 227 
 
 * Heads not involucrate. Flowers pedicellate, deflexed when old. 
 
 1. T. REPENS. Creeping or White Clover or Trefoil. Shamrock. 
 
 St. creeping, diffuse; l/ts. obcordate, denticulate; stip. narrow, scarious; 
 /ids. subumbellate, on very long, axillary peduncles ; leg. about 4-seeded ; col. 
 teeth, shorter than the tube. 7J. In all soils, mountainous, meadow or rocky, 
 throughout N. Am. Stems several from the same root, extending 6 12', root- 
 ing at the joints. Peduncle angular, much longer than the leaves. Flowers 
 white. May Sep. Highly valued for pasturage. 
 
 2. T. REFLEXUM. Buffalo Clover. 
 
 Pubescent ; ascending or procumbent ; If is. obovate or oblong-obovate, 
 serrulate, some of them emarginate; stip. leafy, semi-cordate; Ms. many-flow- 
 ered; leg. about 4-seeded Tj-l Prairies and meadows, Western! and Southern 
 States. Stem 8 16' high. Leaflets subsessile, 7 8" by 4 5"; petioles 1 2' 
 long. Heads large and handsome. Peduncles 1 3' long. Vexillum rose- 
 red. Apr. Jn. 
 
 3. T. STOLONIFERUM. Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover. 
 
 Glabrous, creeping; branches axillary, ascending, short; Ifts. broadly 
 obcordate, denticulate ; stip. leafy, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; fls. loose, um- 
 bellate-capitate ; leg. about 2-seeded. 1\. Fields and woods, Western States ! 
 Stems 6 12' long, several together. Branches 3 4' high, generally with one 
 head, which is V diam. Leaflets 6 10" by 5 9". Flowers white, erect, but 
 in fruit all reflexed. May, Jn. 
 
 * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never deflexed twr yellow. 
 
 4. T. ARVENSE. Hare's-foot Trefoil. 
 
 Hds. cylindrical, very hairy ; calyx teeth setaceous, longer than the corol- 
 la ; Ifts. narrow-obovate, (j) A low plant, abundant in dry, sandy fields. Stems 
 much branched, round, hairy, 6 12' high. Leaves hairy, on short petioles, 
 of 3 narrow leaflets, 1' long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, often red. 
 Heads of white or pale red flowers, spiked, g !' long, very soft and downy, 
 the slender, equal calyx teeth being densely fringed with fine, silky, reddish 
 hairs, and projecting far beyond the corolla. Jl. Aug. Common in N. Eng. 
 
 5. T. PRATENSE. Common Red Clover. (Fig. 43, 7.) 
 
 Spikes dense ; sts. ascending ; cors. unequal ; lower tooth of the calyx lon- 
 ger than the four others, which are equal ; Ifts. oval, entire. (g) This is the 
 common red clover, so extensively cultivated in grass lands, with herds-grass 
 (Phleum pratense} and other grasses, and often alone. Stems several from the 
 same root, hairy. Leaves ternate, the leaflets ovate, lighter colored in the cen- 
 tre, entire and nearly smooth. Stipules ovate, mucronate. Flowers red, in 
 short, ovate spikes or heads, sweet-scented. Corollas monopetalous. Flowers 
 all summer. 
 
 6. T. MEDIUM. Zig-Zag Clover. 
 
 St. suberect, branching, flexuous, nearly glabrous ; Ifts. oblong or ellipti- 
 cal, subentire ; stip. lanceolate, acuminate ; hds. of fls. ovoid-globose, peduncu- 
 late ; col. teeth setaceous, hairy. 7J. In meadows, Danvers, Mass. Oakes. Heads 
 of flowers larger than in T. pratense. Corollas deep purple. Leaves of a uni- 
 form green. 
 
 7. T. INCARNATUM. Fksh-colored Clover. St. erect, flexuous ; Ifts. ovate- 
 orbicular, obtuse or obcordate, sessile, crenate, villous ; spikes dense, oblong, 
 obtuse, leafless ; cal. teeth setaceous, villous. (I) A fine species from Italy, oc- 
 casionally cultivated as a border flower, and has been proposed (Dr. Dewey, 
 Rep. Herb. PI. Mass.) for cultivation as a valuable plant for hay. 
 
 * * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never deflexed, yellow. 
 
 8. T. PROCUMBENS. Yellow Clover or Trefoil. 
 
 St. procumbent or ascending ; Ifts. obovate-cuneate, or obovate-orbicular, 
 obtuse or retuse, denticulate, terminal one petiolulate ; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, much shorter than the petioles ; hds. small, subglobose, on shortish pe- 
 duncles ; cor. yellow ; sty. 3 or 4 times shorter than the 1-seeded legumes. 
 In dry soils, N. H. ! to Va. Stems many from the same root, slender, more or 
 20 
 
228 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. MEDICAGO. 
 
 less pubescent, striate, 3 10' long, often suberect. Leaflets 4 8" long, $ 
 equally as wide, lateral ones placed 1 2" below the terminal one, petiole \ 
 1^' long. Heads about 20-flowered, 2 3" diam., on slender peduncles J !' 
 long. Flowers at length reflex ed. Jn. Jl. 
 
 9. T. AGRARIUM. Field or Hop Trefoil. Yellmo Clover. 
 
 St. ascending or erect ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, or oblong-cuneate, denticu- 
 late, all subsessile ; stip. linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the 
 petiole ; hds. ovoid-elliptic, on long peduncles ; 2 upper col. segments shorter ; 
 cor. yellow ; sty. about equaling the 1-seeded legume. (T) Sandy fields, N. Eng ! 
 Stems 6 15' high, branched, minutely pubescent. Leaflets 5 10" by 13". 
 Common petiole 3- 10" long, the upper ones shorter than their stipules. Heads 
 of flowers twice larger than in the last, on peduncles !' long. Flowers at 
 length reflexed. Jl. Aug. $ 
 
 19. M E LI L T U S. Tourn. 
 
 Lat. mel, honey, and lotus ; in drying it exhales a sweet odor. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla deciduous, keel pe- 
 tals completely united, shorter than the alse or vexillum ; stamens 
 diadelphous (9 and 1); legume rugose, longer than calyx, 1 few- 
 seeded. Genus taken from Trifolium. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate, veins 
 of the leaflets simple or forked. Fls. in racemes. 
 
 1. M. OFFICINALIS. Willd. (M. vulgaris. Ea.) Yellow Melilot. 
 
 St. erect, with spreading branches ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate ; 
 rac. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. half as long as the yellow corolla ; 
 leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. Alluvial meadows. Stem sulcate, about 3f high. Leaf- 
 lets smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Flowers in long, 1-sided, slender 
 racemes. Petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Jn. 
 
 2. M. LEUCANTHA. Koch. (Trifolium omcinale, /?. Linn. M. officinalis, 
 13 . alba, Nutt. and of 1st. edit.} White Melilot. Sweet-scented Clover. 
 
 St. erect, branched; Ifts. ovate-oblong, truncate and mucronate at the 
 apex, remotely serrate ; stip. setaceous ; cal. less than half as long as the white 
 corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. (g) Alluvial soils. Stem robust, very branching, 
 sulcate, 4 6f high. Leaflets 1 2' long, more obtuse at the apex than at base, 
 mucronately serrate. Flowers numerous, the racemes more loose and longer 
 than in the last. Petals unequal, banner longer than wings or keel. Very fra- 
 grant when dried. Jl. Aug. $f 
 
 20. MEDICAGO. 
 
 Name derived from Medea, its native country? 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, subcylindric ; keel of the corolla deflexed from the 
 vexillum by the falcate or spirally coiled legume. Herbs with pal- 
 mately trifoliate leaves. 
 
 1. M. LUPULINA. None-such. 
 
 Spikes ovate ; kg. reniform, 1-seeded, veiny, rugose ; sts. procumbent. 
 (1) Common in fields and road-sides, Can. to Flor. Stems angular, leafy, 6 16' 
 long. Leaves resembling those of clover. Leaflets obovate, serrulate, mucro- 
 nate. Spikes small, of yellow flowers. Pods somewhat spiral, a form which 
 characterizes the genus. May Oct. 
 
 2. M. SATIVA. Lucerne Medick. 
 
 Ped. racemed ; leg. smooth, spirally twisted ; stip. entire ; Ifts. oblong, 
 toothed. 1\. A deep-rooting plant, sending up numerous, tall and slender clover- 
 like shoots, with spikes of blue or violet flowers. Native of Europe, where it 
 is highly valued as a forage plant. It has been naturalized and cultivated to 
 some extent with us, but has hitherto proved of less value than clover. July. $ 
 3. M. INTERTEXTA. Hedge-lwg. Ped. about 2-flowered ; leg. cochleate, oval, 
 with downy, setaceous, pubescent, reflexed, appressed prickles ; Ifts. rhomboidal, 
 toothed. (J) Native of S. Europe. Cultivated as a garden flower for the curi- 
 osity of its pods. About a foot in height. Flowers yellow. Jn. Aug. f 
 
STYLOSANTHES. XLV11. LEGUMINOS.E. 229 
 
 4. M. SCUTELLATA. Snail. Ped. 2-flowered; leg. unarmed, cochleate, or- 
 bicular, convex at the base, flat above, with concentric, spiral folds. Q Native 
 of S. Europe. Cultivated among flowers for the curiosity of its pods, which 
 much resemble snail shells. July, f 
 
 06s. Several other species are equally curious with the above, and are sometimes found in our gardens. 
 
 2t. ASTRAGALUS. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; keel of the corolla obtuse ; stamens diadelphous 
 (9 & 1 ) ; legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture. 
 Herbaceous or suffruticose, with unequally pinnate leaves. " Hairs often 
 fixed by the middle" (T. $ G.) 
 
 1. A. CANADENSIS. Canadian Milk Vetch. 
 
 Canescent, erect, diffuse ; stip. broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; Ifts. about 
 10 pairs with an odd one, elliptical, obtuse at both ends, the lowest ovate-obtuse ; 
 ped. about as long as the leaves, when in fruit shorter ; spikes oblong ; fls. spread- 
 ing, somewhat reflexed ; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, 2-celled, 
 many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with a permanent style. 1[. River 
 banks, &c., Can to Flor. At the ferry, Niagara Falls ! Stem bushy, about 3f 
 high, very leafy. Flowers greenish-yellow, in short, dense spikes. Pods ' in 
 length, leathery. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. A. OBCORDATUS. Ell. 1 
 
 Nearly smooth, procumbent, branched; Ifts. 8 12 pairs, obcordate or 
 oblong- obovate ; ped. about as long as the leaves ; rac. 6 12 flowered, round- 
 ish; leg. oblong, triangular, a little curved, acute at each end, the lower suture 
 sulcate. Prairies and bottoms, 111. Me^dl N. Car. to Flor. Baldwin. Plant 
 but 4 6' long, branched at base. Leaves about 3' in length. Leaflets 3 6" by 
 1 1 ", lower ones roundish. Flowers blue, 4 5" long, fruit about 1'. 
 
 22. PHACA. 
 
 Gr. <j>a.K}], lentil, derived from 0<zyw, to eat. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ) j legume 
 continuous, turgid, 1 -celled ; placenta swelling, several-seeded. ^ 
 Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in axillary , pedunculate racemes. 
 
 1. P. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Erect, branching, nearly smooth; Ifts. elliptical, 8 13 pairs (5 9, T. & 
 G.); stip. minute ; rac. many-flowered, rather loose; leg. sessile, smooth, round- 
 ish-ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture. By streams 
 and lakes, Western N. Y. to Wiscon. Lapham! Plant resembling Astragalus 
 Canadensis, but more slender and delicate. Stem 1 2f high, terete. Leaflets 
 9 15" by 3 5", minutely puberulent beneath. Flowers white, 10 20 in a 
 raceme. Pods about f ' long, with many small seeds. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. P. ROBBINSJI. Oakes. 
 
 St. erect, simple, striate ; Ifts. 5 11, elliptical, very obtuse, terminal one 
 largest; stip. triangular-ovate; ped. long, erect, each with a short, ovate or ob- 
 long raceme; cor. horizontal, twice as long as the calyx; keel obtuse, shorter 
 than the other petals ; leg. tipped with the recurved, persistent style. Ledges, 
 banks of Onion River, Vt. Robbins ! Plant nearly smooth. Stem slender, 
 8 14' high. Leaves remote, 2 4' long. Leaflets 4 8" by l 3 ;/ , petiolulate. 
 Racemes surpassing the stem, oh peduncles 5 10' long, 12 18-flowered. 
 Corollas white, about 5" long. Pods 1' long, 4 8-seeded. May, Jn. 
 
 23. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz. 
 Gr. <rru\o$, a style, avSos , a flower, i. e. a flower with a conspicuous style: 
 
 Flowers of two kinds, c? Calyx somewhat bilabiate, bibracteolate 
 at base, the tube very long and slender, with the corolla inserted on 
 its throat; vexillum very broad ; stamens 10, monadelphous ; ovary 
 always sterile, with a very long style. 9 Calyx and corolla ; ovary 
 
230 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. HEDTSAHDM. 
 
 between 2 braeteoles ; legume 1 2-jointed, uncinate with tlie short, 
 persistent style. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. 
 
 S. EL ATI OR. Swartz. (Tri folium biflorum. Linn.') Pencil Flower. 
 
 St. pubescent on one side; Ifts. lanceolate, smooth, acute at each end; 
 bracts lanceolate, ciliate; spikes. 3 4-flowered ; lament 1 -seeded (lower joint 
 abortive). 1|_ Dry, gravelly woods, Long Isl. to Flor. and Ark. Stem mostly 
 erect, branched, If in height, remarkable for being densely pubescent on that 
 side only which is opposite the insertion of each leaf, while the other side is 
 smooth. Leaves on short stalks, leaflets 1' or more in length. Bracts fringed 
 with yellow bristles. Flowers yellow. Jl. Aug. 
 
 24. CORONILLA. 
 
 Lat. corona, a crown; from the resemblance of the inflorescence. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate ; petals unguiculate ; loment somewhat terete, 
 jointed ; seeds mostly cylindrical. Mostly shrubs. Lvs. unequally 
 pinnate. Fls. in simple^ pedunculate umbels. 
 
 1. C. EMERUS. Scorpion Senna. St. woody, angular ; ped. about 3-flowered ; 
 daivs of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. A beautiful, free-flowering 
 shrub from France. Stem about 3f high, square, with opposite branches. Leaf- 
 lets about 7, broadly obcordate. Flowers rose-colored, collected in little tufts 
 on the ends of the subaxillary peduncles. Apr. Jn. f 
 
 2. C. VARIA. Purple Coronilla. St. herbaceous, erect, smooth, branching; 
 Ivs. sessile, smooth; Ifts. 11 19, all subsessile, oblong, obtuse; umbels long- 
 pedunculate, 10 15-flowered ; fls. pale purple. An elegant European species, 
 2 4f high, crowned with many hemispherical umbels 1' diam. Jl. Sept. f 
 
 25. ^ESCHYNOMfiNE. 
 
 Gr. aiff^vvojiai, to be modest; alluding to its sensitive property. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip bifid, lower trifid ; vexil- 
 lum roundish ; keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at base ; stamens 
 diadelphous, 5 in each set ; legume exserted, composed of several 
 truncated, separable, 1 -seeded joints. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. semi- 
 sagittate. Rac. axillary. 
 
 JE. HISPIDA. Willd. (Hedysarum Virginicum. Linn.} 
 St. erect, scabrous-pubescent, as well as the petioles, peduncles, and 
 legumes ; Ifts. very smooth and numerous (often as many as 49, Nutt.), linear, 
 obtuse ; stip. ovate, acuminate ; roc. 3 5-flowered ; loment compressed, 6 9- 
 jointed. Marshes, Penn. to Flor. Stem 2 3f high. Leaflets about f long. 
 Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers yellow, reddish outside. Legume 
 2' long, sinuate on one side. Aug. 
 
 26. HEDYSARUM. 
 
 Gr. TjSvs, sweet, apw^a, smell; some of the species are fragrant. 
 
 Calyx cleft into 5, linear-subulate, subequal segments ; keel ob- 
 liquely truncate, longer than the wings ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ), 
 and with the style abruptly bent near the summit ; legume (loment) 
 of several 1 -seeded joints connected by their middle. ^ Mostly herba- 
 ceous. Lvs. unequally pinnate. 
 
 H. BOREALE. Nutt. Northern Hedysarum. 
 
 St. erect; Ivs. subsessile, of 6 10 pairs of oblong, smoothish leaflets; 
 stip. united, sheathing, with subulate points ; rac. spicate, on long peduncles ; 
 fls. numerous, deflexed; cal. teeth short, the lowest longest; keel longer than 'the 
 banner or wings ; joints of the legume 1 4, flat, suborbicular, rugose-reticu- 
 late. On the precipitous sides of Willoughby Mt. Westmore, Vt. 500f above 
 the lake below ! N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem rigid, 1 2f high, very leafy. Leaf- 
 lets 5 8" by 2 1", obtuse-mucronulate. Racemes 2 4' long, on rigid pedun- 
 cles 3 5'. Flowers large and handsome, violet-purple. Jn. Jl. 
 
DESMODIUM. XLVIL LEGUMINOS^E. 231 
 
 27. DESMODIUM. DC. 
 
 Gr. Seafios, a bond ; in reference to the slightly connected joints of the loment? 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate, sometimes bibracteolate at base ; vexillum 
 roundish ; keel obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 <fe 1 ), sometimes 
 monadelphous ; legume (loment) compressed, composed of several 
 1 -seeded, separable joints. Genus taken from Hedysarum. % Her- 
 baceous or suffruticose. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. 
 
 * Stamens all connected. Calyx toothed or entire. 
 
 1. D. NUDIFLORUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.) 
 
 Lfts. roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly glaucous beneath; scape radical, 
 panicled, smooth ; joints of the lament obtusely triangular Common in woods, 
 U. S. and Can. It is remarkably distinguished by having its leaves and flow- 
 ers on separate stalks, often distant from each other. Stem 8 10' high, with 
 several ternate, long-stalked, smoothish, terminal leaves. Scape 2 3f long, 
 slender, smooth, leafless, panicled, with many small, purple flowers. Aug. 
 
 2. D. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.) 
 
 Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at top ; Ifts. ovate, long-acuminate, 
 the odd one round-rhomboidal ; panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle. 
 Common in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 12' high, ending in a slender 
 panicle 1 or 2f long. Leaves at the top of the stem and below the panicle. 
 Terminal leaflet roundish, 3' diam., lateral leaflets smaller, all of them covered 
 with scattered, appressed hairs and conspicuously pointed. Flowers small, 
 flesh-colored. Pod of about 3 triangular joints. July. Aug. 
 
 3. D. PAUCIFLORUM. DC. (H. pauciflorum. Nutt.) 
 
 St. assurgent, simple, or slightly branched, retrorsely hairy; Ifts. meni- 
 branaceous, pale beneath, scabrous-pubescent above, terminal one rhomboidal, 
 lateral ones inequilateral-ovate, all rather acute, or subacuminate ; roc. termi- 
 nal, few-flowered ; fls. in pairs; pet. all distinct! spreading. Woods, Penn. 
 to 111. and La. Root creeping, tubercular. Stems often clustered, If high. 
 Petioles 23' long. Leaflets 13' long, f f as wide. Flowers 2 6, white or 
 purplish. Legume of 2 3 obtusely triangular joints. Jl. Aug. 
 
 * * Stamens diadelphous or the tenth stamen nearly free. 
 
 4. D. CANADENSE. DC. (Hedysarum Canadense. Linn.) Bush Trefoil. 
 
 Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, nearly smooth ; slip, filiform ; bracts, ovate, long- 
 acuminate ; fls. racemed ; joints of the loment obtusely triangular, hispid. Rath- 
 er common in woods, Can. to Penn. and la. A handsome plant about 3f in 
 height. Stem upright, striate. Leaflets 3' long, broadest at base, pointed, near- 
 ly smooth. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes with conspicuous 
 bracts. Pods about 5-jointed. Jl. 
 
 5. D. CANESCENS. DC. (D. Aikinianum. Beck. H. canesc. L.) 
 
 St. erect, branched, striate, scabrous ; Ifts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous 
 on the upper surface, soft-villous beneath ; slip, large, oblique, acuminate ; pan. 
 terminal, very long, densely canescent, naked ; joints of the lament triangular ; 
 upper lip of the calyx nearly entire. Woods, N. Eng. to Flor. An upright, 
 branching plant, with very long panicles of flowers greenish externally, purple 
 within. Stem 3f high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed. Aug. 
 
 6. D. DILLENII. Darl. (D. Marilandicum. DC. H. Maril. Wittd.) 
 Dillenius' Dcsmodium. 
 
 Plant erect, branching, hairy ; Ifts. oblong, villose beneath ; stip. subu- 
 late; roc. panicled; joints of the loment "3, rbomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy. 
 Moist soils, Northern and Western States. Stem sulcate, scabrous, 2 3f 
 high. Leaflets 2 3' by 1 2', smooth above. Panicle large, terminal, naked. 
 Flowers purple. Jl. 
 
 7. D. CCJSPIDATUM. T. & G. (D. bracteosum. DC. H. bract. MX.) 
 Plant erect, smooth ; Ifts. oblong-oval or ovate, acuminate ; stip. lanceo- 
 late-subulate ; rac. paniculate, terminal, large, with scattered flowers ; bracts 
 ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth ; joints of the loment suboval. A larger spc- 
 
 20* 
 
 
232 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. DESMODIUM. 
 
 cies than either of the preceding, found in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem branch- 
 ing, erect, 4 5f high. Leaflets 3' long, widest at base, smooth, entire, pointed. 
 Stipules of the leaves ovate, long-acuminate, of the leaflets awl-shaped. Flow- 
 ers large, purple, with conspicuous bracts. Pods in about six joints, long, pen- 
 dulous, rough. Aug. 
 
 8. D. MARILANDICUM. Boott. (D.obtusum. DC. H. Marilandicum. Linn.') 
 Plant erect, branching, hairy ; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base ; 
 
 stip. subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of the loment roundish, reticulate, hispid. 
 Woods, N. States to Flor. Stem 2 3f high. Leaflets 1'long, f as wide. 
 Flowers violet-purple, small. Loment 1 3-jointed. Aug. 
 
 9. D. CILIARE. DC. (H. ciliare. Willd.) Fringed Desmodium. 
 
 Plant erect, slender, subpubescent ; Ivs. crowded, on short, hairy petioles ; 
 Ifts. small, ovate, short-stalked, pubescent beneath, ciliate on the margin ; slip. 
 filiform, caducous ; -panicle terminal, the lower branches much longer ; joints 
 of the loment 2 or 3, half-orbicular, hispid, reticulate. Woods, N. Eng. to La. 
 Height 2f. Flowers purple. Aug. 
 
 10. D. RIGIDUM. DC. (H. rigidum. Ell.} 
 
 Erect, branching, rough-pubescent ; Ifts. ovate-oblong, obtuse, terminal 
 one the longest; petiole short, hairy; stip. acuminate, ciliate, caducous; roc. 
 paniculate, very long; leg. with 2 3 semi-oval or semi-obovate joints. Hills 
 and woods, Mass, to La. Stem 2 3f high, often with numerous, long, erect, 
 rigid branches. Leaflets 1 3' long, as wide, rather coriaceous, reticulately 
 veined. Flowers violet-purple. Aug. 
 
 11. D. PANICULATUM. DC. (H. paniculatum. Linn.) 
 
 Plant erect, smooth; Ifts. thin, oblong-lanceolate; stip. subulate; panicle 
 terminal, with long and slender pedicels ; bracts lanceolate ; joints of the loment 
 rhomboidal. A handsome species, near 3f in height, found in woods, U. S. and 
 Can. Stem slender, striate. Leaves of 3, smooth, narrow leaflets, broadest at 
 the base, tapering to an obtuse point, about 3' in length, with subulate, decidu- 
 ous bracts. Pods 4 5 jointed, large. Flowers purple, numerous. Jl. Aug. 
 
 12. D. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. DC. (H. rotundifolium. Linn.) 
 
 St. prostrate, hairy; Ifts. suborbicular, hairy on both sides; bracts broadly 
 ovate, acuminate ; rac. few-flowered ; joints of the loment subrhomboidal. A 
 hairy, prostrate plant, 2 3f in length, found in rocky woods throughout the 
 U. S. Leaves of 3 roundish leaflets, pale beneath, 1 2' diam., on hairy stalks. 
 Stipules cordate, reflexed, hairy. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal 
 racemes. Pods about 6-jointed. Aug. 
 
 13. D. HUMIFUSUM. Beck. (H. humifusum. MM.} Prostrate Desmodium. 
 St. procumbent, striate, nearly smooth ; Ifts. oval, sub-pubescent ; stip. 
 
 persistent; rac. axillary and terminal; leg. of 24 obtusely 4-angled joints. 
 Woods, Waltham, Mass. Bigclow, Penn. Muhl. A species much resembling 
 the last, but the whole plant is much smoother, with smaller and narrower 
 bracts. Stem 2 3f long. Leaflets oval or ovate, subacute. Aug. 
 
 14. D. VIRIDIFLORUM. Beck. (Hedys. virid. Linn.} 
 
 St. erect, densely pubescent and scabrous above ; Ifts. ovate, mostly ob- 
 tuse, scabrous above, softly villous beneath ; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 caducous ; panicle very long, leafless ; cal. very hairy, upper lip bifid ; leg. of 3 4 
 triangular joints. Alluvial soils, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3 -4f high, 
 rigid, branched. Leaflets 2 3' long. Corolla violet, turning green in withering. 
 Legume 1 2' long. 
 
 15. D. L^VIGATUM 1 DC. (H. laevigatum. Nutt.) 
 
 Glabrous ; st. simple, erect ; Ivs. on long petioles ; Ifts. ovate or oblong- 
 ovate, rather obtuse; stip. subulate, minute and deciduous; panicle terminal, 
 nearly simple \ fls. in pairs, on elongated pefficels ; bracts ovate, very small ; 
 
 long, f If wide. Pedicels 5 S" long. Flowers purple. Sept. My speci- 
 mens, as well as those of Nuttall. are without fruit. 
 
LESPEDEZA. XL VII. LEGUMINOS.E. 233 
 
 16. D. SESSILIFOLIUM. TOTT. & Gray. (H. sessilifolium. Tbrr.) 
 
 St. erect, tomentose-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile ; Ifts. linear or linear-oblong, 
 obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomenfose beneath ; slip, subulate ; 
 panicle of spicate roc. very long ; bracts minute ; leg. small, hispid, of 2 3 semi- 
 orbicular joints. Woods, Western States and Texas. Stem 2 3f high. Leaf- 
 lets about 2' by '. Flowers small, numerous and crowded. Aug. 
 
 17. D. STRICTUM. DC. (H. strictum. Pursh.) 
 
 Erect, slender, nearly glabrous and simple ; Ivs. petiolate ; Ifts linear, 
 elongated, coriaceous and reticulately veined, mucronate ; stip. subulate ; pani- 
 cles slender, few-flowered; kg. hispid, incurved, of 1 3 lunately triangular 
 joints with a filiform isthmus. Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. and La. Stem 
 about 3f high. Leaflets 23' by 23", longer than the petioles. Flowers 
 small, purple, on very slender pedicels. Aug. 
 
 28. LESPEDEZA. Michx. 
 
 In honor of Lespedcz, governor of Florida, who protected Michaux in his travels there. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, bibracteolate, segments nearly equal ; keel of the 
 corolla very obtuse, on slender claws ; legume (loment) lenticular, 
 compressed^ small, unarmed, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Genus taken 
 from Hedysarum. 'A- Lvs. palmately trifoliate, reticulate-veined. 
 Flowers all complete and fertile, in dense spikes. Corolla ochroleucous 
 
 or white, with a purple spot on the vexillum, scarcely longer than tJie 
 
 calyx. 
 
 1. L. CAPITATA. MX. (L. frutescens. Ell. Hedysarum frutescens. Willd.)Bush 
 Clover. Lifts, elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent; stip. subulate ; fascicles of 
 
 jls. ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; loments hairy, shorter than 
 the villous calyx. An erect, hairy, half-shrubby plant, in dry soils, Can. to Car. 
 Stem nearly simple, villous, 2 4f high. Leaves numerous, on short petioles, 
 consisting of 3 coriaceous leaflets. Leaflets 1 IV by 3 6", nearly smooth 
 above, covered with silky pubescence beneath. Aug. Sept. 
 0. angustifolia. Ph. (L. angustifolia. Ell.) Lfts. linear, smooth above. 
 
 2. L, HIRTA. Ell. (Hedysarum hirtum. Linn.) 
 
 Villous and pubescent ; Ifts. roundish-elliptic ; roc. capitate, axillary, ob- 
 long, longer than the leaves; cor. and lament' about as long as the calyx. Plant 
 2 4f high, found in dry woods, Can. and U. S., erect, branching and very 
 hair) r . Leaves less numerous than in the last, on very short stalks, consisting 
 of 3 oval leaflets hairy beneath. Peduncle hairy, becoming longer than the 
 raceme. Flowers reddish- white, crowded. Aug. Sept. 
 
 Flowers of two kinds, complete and apetalous, the latter chiejly bear- 
 ing the fruit. Corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx. 
 LESPEDEZARIA. T. & G. 
 
 3. L. PROCUMBENS. Michx. (Hedysarum repens. Willd.) 
 
 St. procumbent, villose ; Ifts. oval, upper surface smooth ; roc. short, on 
 very long, setaceous peduncles ; loments roundish, pubescent. Dry woods and 
 sandy fields, Mass, to La. Plant pubescent in all its parts. Stems several from 
 the same root, slender, 2^-3f long. Leaves consisting of 3 oblong or roundish 
 leaflets, on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in short, raceme-like heads, axillary, 
 the lower ones apetalous, and on short, the upper on very long, thread-like 
 peduncles. Aug. 
 
 4. L. REPENS. Torr. & Gray. (H. repens. Linn.) Creeping Lespedeza. 
 St. prostrate, diffuse, nearly smooth ; Ifts. oval or obovate-elliptical, smooth 
 
 above, on very short petioles ; ped. axillary, filiform, simple, few-flowered, lower 
 ones bearing apetalous flowers ; leg. suborbicular, subpubescent. Dry soils, 
 Can., Hooker, N. J. and Southern States ! Probably it will yet be found in N. Y. 
 Stems very slender, numerous. Leaflets 5 9" by 3 5", obtuse. Peduncles 
 2 3' long. Aug. Sept 
 
 5. L. VIOLACEA. Pers. (H. violaceum. Linn.) Violet Lespedeza. 
 Erect or diffuse, branching ; Ifts. elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emar- 
 
234 XLVIL LEGUMINOS^E. CROTALARIA. 
 
 ginate, about equaling the petiole, more or less pubescent beneath ; roc. axillary, 
 subumbellate, lower ones with apetalous flowers ; As. in pairs ; kg. ovate, smooth- 
 ish, much longer than the calyx. Dry woods, Can. and U. S. Root creeping 
 and woody. Stems clustered, slender, 8 14' long. Apetalous flowers few, the 
 complete ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets 6 12" by 4 8". Petioles 
 9 18" long. Corollas small, violet, pedicellate. Legume rhomboidal. Jl. Aug. 
 /?. divergent. (L. divergens. Ph.} Ped. filiform, divergent, much longer than 
 the leaves, mostly unfruitful ; leg. reticulate. Leaflets ovate. 
 
 6. L. SESSILIFLORA. Michx. (L. violacea, (3. T. fy G.} 
 
 St. erect, branching, puberulent; If is. small, oblong-oval, obtuse, mucro- 
 nate, longer than the petioles ; fls. glomerate, on peduncles much .shorter than 
 the leaves, those at the base apetalous and fertile ; lower segment of the calyx in 
 the complete flowers much longer than the others -, leg. orbicular-ovate, reticu- 
 lated, smooth, much longer than the calyx. Woods, Can. ! to Flor., Ohio ! and 
 La. Stem rigid, slender, 1 r2f high, with numerous, crowded, small leaves. 
 Leaflets rigid, 3 6 or 8" by 1 2". Flowers numerous, mostly apetalous. 
 Legume about 2" diam. Aug. Sept. 
 
 7. L. RETICULATA. Pers. (L. violacea, y. T. ty Cr.) 
 
 St. erect, rigid, simple, glabrous; petioles nearly erect; ffis. sublinear, 
 strigose-pubescent beneath, strongly reticulated and mucronate ; fls. fasciculate 
 on short, axillary peduncles ; segments of the calyx of nearly equal length ; kg. 
 strongly reticulated, acute. N. J. ! to 111. ! and La. Stem 2f or more high, slen- 
 der, rarely branched. Leaflets 10 18" by H 3", a little broadest in the mid- 
 dle, acute at each end, upper ones smaller. Flowers all complete in some speci- 
 mens, all apetalous in others. Corolla violet. Legume' 1" diam. Aug. 
 
 8. L. STUVEI. Nutt. 
 
 Erect, branched, tomontose-pubescent ; Ifts. oval or roundish, longer than 
 the petiole ; rac. axillary, many-flowered, equaling or exceeding the leaves in 
 length; apetalous fls. few; leg. hairy, ovate, acuminate, longer than the subulate 
 calyx teeth. Dry soils, N. Y. to La. A variable plant, 2 3f high. Leaves 
 always hairy beneath, generally so above. Corollas purple, much longer than 
 the calyx. Aug. Sept. 
 
 29. GENISTA. 
 Celtic gen, Fr. genet ; a small shrub. 
 
 Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the lower 3-toothed ; vexil- 
 lum oblong ; keel oblong, scarcely including the stamens and style : 
 stigma involute ; stamens monadelphous. Shrubby plants with sim- 
 ple leaves and yellow flowers. 
 
 G. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Broom. Wood-waxen, 
 
 Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect; Its. lanceolate, smooth; leg. 
 smooth. 7J. A naturalized species, found occasionally in dry, hilly grounds. 
 Stems or branches numerous, ascending or erect, If high, from long, woody, creep- 
 ing roots. Leaves sessile, alternate. Flowers bright yellow, axillary, sessile, 
 or nearly so, solitary. The whole plant dyes yellow, and with woad, green. Aug. 
 30. CROTALARIA. 
 
 Gr. Kpora\ovj a rattle ; from the rattling of the loose seeds in the pods. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat bilabiate ; vexillum cordate, large ; keel acu- 
 minate ; sta. 10, monadelphous ; filamentous sheath cleft on the upper 
 side ; legume pedicellate, turgid. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. often simple. 
 
 C. SAGITTALIS. Ra'tle-box. 
 
 Plant erect, branching, hairy ; h-s. simple, lanceolate ; slip, opposite, 
 acuminate, decurrent ; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves ; cor. shorter than 
 the calyx. (D Plant about a foot high, with a hairy aspect, and inflated pods, 
 in woods and sandy fields, N. H. to Ark. Stem herbaceous, rigid. Leaves al- 
 ternate, entire, nearly sessile, rounded at the base. The plant is best distin- 
 guished by its opposite, united, decurrent stipules, so situated that each pair ap- 
 pears inversely sagittate. Sepals long, hairy. Corolla small, yellow. Seeds 
 few, rattling in the turgid pod. Jl. 
 
BAPTISIA. XLVI1. LEGUMINOS^E. 235 
 
 31. LUPIN US. Tourn. 
 Lat. lupus, a wolf; because it overruns the field and devours its fertility. (Doubtful.) 
 
 Calyx deeply bilabiate, upper lip 2- cleft, lower entire or 3- toothed; 
 wings united towards the summit ; keel acuminate ; stamens mona- 
 delphous, the filamentous sheath entire ; anthers alternately oblong 
 and globose ; legume coriaceous and torulose. Herbs. Lvs. palmate- 
 ly 5 15-foliate. 
 
 1. L. PERENNIS. Common Lupine. 
 
 Rt. creeping, perennial ; Ifts. 79, oblanceolate, mucronate ; Us. alternate ; 
 col. without appendages, upper lip emarginate, lower entire. TL Grows wild 
 abundantly in sandy woods and hills, Lake Champlainto Wis. Lapham ! S. to Ga. 
 It is a beautiful plant, much cultivated in gardens. It is often called sun-dial, 
 from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till 
 night. Stem erect, soft, smoothish, a foot high. Leaves soft, downy, on long 
 stalks. Lfts. 1 2' by 4 6"j lanceolate, broadest above the middle. Flowers 
 blue, varying to white, in a terminal spike or raceme. May, June. 
 
 2. L. POLYPHYLLUS. Lindl. Many-leaved Lupine. Tall ; Ifts. 11 15, lanceo- 
 late, sericeous beneath ; fls. alternate, in a very long raceme ; pedicels longer 
 than the lanceolate, deciduous bracts ; cat. ebracteolate, both lips subentire ; leg. 
 densely hairy. Tj. A splendid ornament of the garden, from Oregon. Stem 
 3 5f high. Racemes a foot or more long. Flowers scattered (subverticillate 
 in /?. grandifolius, Lindl,J), white, purple or yellow in different varieties, j- 
 
 3. L. NOOTKATENSIS. : Doim. Nootka Sound Lupine. St. villous, with long, 
 spreading hairs ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, attenuate at base, sericeous 
 beneath ; cal. very hairy, both lips nearly entire ; bracts linear, hairy, longer 
 than the calyx. A handsome species, from th$ Nv'W. Coast, 2 3f high, in 
 gardens. Leaflets about 7. Flowers purple, f 
 
 4. L. ARBOREUS. Tree Lupine. Fruticose ; fls. in whorls ; cal. appendaged, 
 lips acute, entire. A handsome exotic shrub, 6f high, with large yellow flowers, f 
 
 Obs. Several annual species are occasionally sown in gardens, as L. albus, with white flowers ; L. pi- 
 losus, with rose-colored flowers ; L. luteus, with yellow flowers, and L. hirsutus, with blue flowers, and 
 an appendaged calyx. 
 
 32. LABURNUM. Benth. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, bilabiate; upper lip 2, lower 3-toothed ; vexil- 
 lum ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings ; filaments diadelphous 
 (9 &. 1) ; legume continuous, tapering to the base, several-seeded. Ori- 
 ental thornless shrubs or trees. Lvs. palmately trifoliate. Fls. mostly yellow. 
 
 1. L. VULGARE. (Cytisus Laburnum. Linn.} Golden Chain. Arborescent; 
 If is. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acuminate ; rac. simple, elongated, pendulous; 
 leg. hirsute. A small, ornamental tree, 15f high, from Switzerland. Flowers 
 numerous, large, in racemes If long, f 
 
 2. L. ALPlNUM. (Cytisus alpinus. Linn} Scotch Laburnum. Arborescent ; 
 Ifts. oblong-ovate, rounded at base ; rac. long, simple, pendulous ; leg. glabrous. 
 A beautiful tree, 30f high, native of various alpine regions of Europe. Like 
 the former, it develops numerous, brilliant yellow flowers, in long, drooping clus- 
 ters. There are varieties with ochroleucous, white, and even purple flowers, -j- 
 
 33. BAPTISIA. Vent. 
 Gr. -/JaTrro), to dye ; a use to which some species are applied. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft half-way, persistent ; petals of about equal length, 
 somewhat united ; vexillum orbicular, emarginate ; stamens 1 0, dis- 
 tinct, deciduous : legume inflated, stipitate, many (or by abortion 
 few)-seeded. % Lvs. palmately 3-foliate, or simple. < 
 
 1. B. TINCTORIA. R. Br. (Sophora. Linn. Podalyria. Lam.} Wild Indigo. 
 
 Glabrous, branching ; Irs. palmately 3-foliate, subsessile ; Ifts. roundish- 
 obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex; stip. setaceous, caducous; rac. 
 
236 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. CASSIA. 
 
 loose, terminal ; leg. subglobose. A plant with bluish-green foliage, frequent in 
 dry soils, Can. and U. S. Stem very bushy, about 2f high. Leaflets about 7" 
 by 4 g", emarginate, petiole 1 2" long. Flowers 6 12 or more in each ra- 
 ceme. Petals 6" long, yellow. Legume about as large as a pea, on a long 
 stipe, mostly 1-seeded. Jl. Sept. 
 
 2. B. LEUCOPHAEA. Nutt. Ochroleucous Baptisia. 
 
 Villous; petioles almost 0; l/ts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate; slip, and 
 bracts large, triangular-ovate, persistent; roc. secund, with numerous flowers 
 drooping on long pedicels ; leg. ovoid or roundish, inflated. Dry, rich soil, South- 
 ern ! and Western States ! Stem 2 3f high, smoothish when old. Leaflets 2 
 3/ by 2', stipules more than half as large. Raceme 40 60-flowered. Pedi- 
 cels 1 2' long. Corollas very large, ochroleucous. Apr. 
 
 3. B. LEUCANTHA. Torr. & Gray. (B. alba. Hook.) White-flowered Bapt. 
 
 Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. on short petioles ; Ifts. cuneiform-obovate, ob- 
 tuse; roc. long, erect; bracts caducous; leg. inflated, stipitate. Very conspicu- 
 ous in prairies, &c., Mich. la. ! to Ark. Stem thick, 2 3f high, branches 
 about 3, towards the summit. Racemes terminal, of large, white flowers, 6 
 24' long, showy. Leaflets 1 2' long, as wide, turning bluish-black in dry- 
 ing. Jn. Jl. 
 
 4. B. AUSTRALIS. R. Br. (B. ccerulea. Nutt.) Blue-flowered Baptisia. 
 Glabrous ; petioles short ; Ifts. obovate, or somewhat oblong, obtuse ; slip. 
 
 lanceolate, rather longer than the petioles, distinct at base ; rac. long, erect ; 
 bracts caducous ; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx ; leg. oblong-oval, stipe 
 long as the calyx. Alluvial soils, Ohio river, Clark! Harper's Ferry ! to Ga. 
 and La. Stem 2 3f high, branched. Petioles 1 G" long. Leaflets If 3' by 
 | 1', sometimes acute. Stipules | 1' long. Flowers indigo-blue, large. Pod 
 about 2' long. Jn. Aug. 
 
 34. CERCIS. 
 
 Gr. Kf>Kis, a weaver's shuttle ; from the form of the legumes. 
 
 Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals scarcely papiliona- 
 ceous, all distinct ; wings longer than the vexillum and smaller than 
 the keel petals ; stamens 1 0, distinct ; legume compressed, with the 
 seed-bearing suture winged ; seeds obovate. Trees with simple, cor- 
 date leaves and rose-colored flowers. 
 
 C. CANADENSIS. Judas Tree. Red-bud. 
 
 Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins beneath. A 
 handsome tree, 20 30f high, Mid. and W. States. The wood is finely veined 
 with black and green, and receives a fine polish. Leaves 3 4' by 4 5', entire, 
 smooth, 7- veined, on petioles 1 2' long. The flowers appear in advance of the 
 leaves, usually in abundance, in small, lateral clusters. Corolla bright purple. 
 May. The young twigs will dye wool a nankeen color. The old author Gerarde 
 in compliance with the popular notion of his time, says " This is the tree 
 whereon Judas did hang himself, and not on the elder tree, as it is said." 
 
 SUBORDER 2. C ^ESALPIIVJE. 
 Corolla not papilionaceous, irregular. Stamens 10 or fewer, all distinct. 
 
 35. CASSIA. 
 
 From the Hebrew word Katzioth. 
 
 Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal ; petals 5, unequal, 
 but not papilionaceous ; stamens 10, distinct; 3 upper anthers often 
 sterile, 3 lower ones beaked; legume many-seeded. Trees, shrubs or 
 herbs. Lvs. simply, abruptly pinnate. 
 
 1. C. MARILANDICA. American Senna. 
 
 Plant smooth ; Ifts. G 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, an obovoid 
 gland near the base of the common petiole ; fls. in axillary racemes and termi- 
 nal panicles. ?|_ This beautiful plant is frequently met with in alluvial soils, 
 (U. S.) growing in close masses, 3 5f high. Stem round, striate, often with 
 
GLEDITSCHIA. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 237 
 
 scattered hairs. Petioles channeled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled 
 gland near the base. Leaflets 1 2' by 4 9". Racemes in the upper axils, 
 forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. In medi- 
 cine it is a mild cathartic. Aug. 
 
 2. C. CHAMJECRISTA. Sensitive Pea. Dwarf Cassia,. 
 
 St. erect or decumbent ; Ifts. 8 12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; 
 gland on the petiole subsessile; fascicks , of flowers supra-axillary, subsessile; 
 anthers 10, all fertile. An elegant plant, in dry soil, Mass. Mid. W. and S. 
 States. Stem 2f high, round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, 4 8" by 1 2i", 
 smooth, subsessile. Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Bracts lance- 
 subulate, as are also the stipules, persistent. Petals bright yellow, the 2 upper 
 ones with a purple spot. Aug. The leaves possess considerable irritability. 
 
 3. C. NICTITANS. Wild Sensitive Plant. 
 
 St. erect or procumbent ; Ifts. 6 15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucro- 
 nate, sessile ; gland mi the petiole slightly pedicellate ; fls. small, 2 or 3 in each 
 supra-axillary, subsessile fascicle ; sta. 5, subequal. In dry sandy soils, Mass, 
 to La. Stem about If long, slender, a little branching. Leaflets crowded, 4 
 6" by 1 2", common petiole 12' long, with the gland a line or two below the 
 -owest pair of leaflets. Flowers very small, pale yellow, on short pedicels. Jl. 
 The leaves are quite sensitive, closing by night and when touched. 
 
 36. GYMNOCLlDUS. Lam. 
 
 Gr. yvpvos, naked, /cAaJoj, a shoot; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter- 
 
 Flowers 9 cT- cT Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, equal ; petals 5, inserted 
 into the summit of the tube; stamens 10, distinct. 9 Calyx and 
 corolla as above ; style 1 ; legumes 1 -celled, oblong, very large, pulpy 
 within. A slend er , unarmed tree, with unequally bipinnate Ivs. Lfts. 
 ovate^ acuminate. 
 
 G. CANADENSIS. Lam. Coffee Tree. 
 
 Grows in Western N. Y., Ohio, la. ! &c., on the borders of lakes and riv- 
 ers. Height 50f, with a trunk 15' diam., straight and simple to the height of 
 25f, covered with a rough, scaly bark, and supporting a rather small, but regu- 
 lar head. The compound leaves are 2 3f long, and 15 20' wide, being doubly 
 compounded of a great number of dull green leaflets. Single leaflets often oc- 
 cupy the place of some of the pinnae. Flowers large and white, succeeded by 
 large, curving pods containing several hard, gray seeds. The wood is reddish, fine- 
 grained and strong, and is valuable in architecture, and cabinet-work. May Jl. 
 
 37. GLEDITSCHIA. 
 
 In honor of John G. Gleditsch, a botanical writer, Leipzig, about 1750. 
 
 Flowers 9 $ cT. Sepals equal, 3 5, united at base ; petals 3 5 ; 
 stamens 3 5, distinct, opposite the sepals, sometimes by abortion 
 fewer or ; style short ; legume continuous, compressed, often inter- 
 cepted between the seeds by a quantity of sweet pulp. Trees, with 
 supra-axillary, branched spines. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate 
 often in the same specimen. 
 
 G. TRI ACANTHUS. Honey Locust. 
 
 Branches armed with stout, triple spines ; Ifts. alternate, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse ; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, intervals filled with sweet pulp. 
 This fine tree, native from Penn. to Mo. and La., is becoming common in cul- 
 tivation. In favorable circumstances it attains the height of 70f, undivided half 
 its length, with a diameter of 3 4f. The thorns with which its branches are 
 armed in a most formidable manner, are 23' long, ligneous, often having 2 
 secondary ones branching from the sides. Foliage light and elegant. Leaflets 
 about 18^ 1 l|'long, $ as wide, 1, 2 or 3 of them frequently transformed, either 
 partly or wholly, into smaller leaflets ( 240, 6). Flowers small, white, suc- 
 ceeded by flat, crooked, hanging pods 1218' long, of a dull red. Seeds flat, 
 hard, brown, imbedded in a fleshy substance, at first sweet but becomes sour. Jn. 
 
238 XL VII. ROSACE^E. 
 
 SUBORDER 3. M I M O S E M . 
 
 Sepals and petals valvate in aestivation, subregular. Stamens 5 200. 
 
 Embryo straight. Leaves abruptly pinuate or bipinnate. 
 
 38. MIMOSA. 
 
 Gr. ^t//o, a buffoon ; the leaves seems sporting with' the hand that touches them. 
 
 Flowers 9 $ <?. Calyx 5-tpothed ; corolla 0, or 5-toothed ; sta. 
 4 15 ; legume separated into 1 -seeded joints ; c? like the perfect, but 
 without ovaries or fruit. *4 Hbs. and shrubs, natives of tropical Amer. fyc. 
 
 M. PUDICA. Sensitive Plant. St. prickly, more or less hispid ; Irs. digitate- 
 pinnate ; pinna 4, of many (20 or more) pairs of linear leaflets. Native of Bra- 
 zil. Stem shrubby, about a foot high. Leaflets about 3" long, very numerous. 
 Flowers small, capitate. It is occasionally cultivated for the interest excited 
 by its spontaneous motions, the leaves bending, folding, and apparently shrink- 
 ing away from the touch of the hand. 
 
 39. SCHRANKIA. Willd. 
 
 In honor of Francis de Paula Schrank, a German botanist. 
 
 Flowers & ; calyx minute, 5-toothed ; petals united into a funnel- 
 shaped, 5-cleft corolla; stamens 8 10,distinctor monadelphous; legume 
 echinate, dry, 1 -celled, 4-valved, many-seeded; % Prickly herbs. St. 
 procumbent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical heads, purplish. 
 
 S. UNCINATA. Willd. (Mimosa horridula. Michx.} Sensitive Brier. 
 
 St. angled, grooved ; 'pinnae, 6 8 pairs ; Ifts. numerous, minute, elliptical, 
 reticulated beneath; hds. solitary, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; leg. 
 very densely clothed with prickles. Dry soils, Clark Co., Mo. Mead, and 
 Southern States. Stem 2 4f long, and with the petioles and peduncles armed 
 with short, sharp prickles turned downwards. Leaflets about 2" by J". Pedun- 
 cles 2 3' long, heads i ' diam. May Jl. 
 
 40. DARLINGTONIA. DC. 
 
 In honor of Hon. Wm. Darlington, of Penn., author of Flora Cestrica, &c. 
 
 Flowers $ ; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals 5, distinct ; sta- 
 mens 5, distinct ; style filiform ; stigma minute, funnel-shaped ; 
 legume lanceolate, dry, 2-valved, 4 6-seeded. % Unarmed and gla- 
 brous herbs. Lvs. abruptly bipinnale ; Ifts. very numerous. Fls. white, in 
 axillary, pedunculate heads. 
 
 D. BRACHYLOBA. DC. (Desmanthus. Benth.) 
 
 a. Illinoensis. T. & G. (Mimosa Illinoensis. Michx.} Pinna 6 11 
 pairs, with a gland between the lowest pair only ; stems numerous, diffuse ; leg. 
 slightly falcate. Prairies and bottoms, 111. to La. Stems 2 3f high, simple, 
 striate. Leaves 2 4' long. Leaflets linear-oblong, subfalcate, obtuse at each 
 end, 2$" by $". Legumes crowded, f long. Jn. Aug. This genus is reduced 
 by Bentham to Desmanthus, Willd., but there are numerous genera based on 
 less important distinctions than this ; e. g. Vicia and Lathyrus. 
 
 ORDER XL VIII. ROSACES. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. 
 
 Stipules usually large or conspicuous, sometimes none. 
 
 Fls. regular, commonly showy, rarely dioecious. 
 
 Col. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often reinforced by as many bracts. 
 
 Car. Petals 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted on the disk which lines the orifice of the calyx. 
 
 Sta. 00, usually numerous, arising from the calyx, distinct. 
 
 Ova. superior, 1 or several, distinct, l-celled, often coherent to the sides of the calyx and each other. 
 
 Styles distinct or united. Fruit a drupe, pome, achenia or follicle. 
 
 This order, as here constituted, consists of three suborders, which by Lindley are regarded as separate 
 orders ; viz. AmygdalecE,, Pomece and Rosacea proper, to which is added Chrysolalanea, not represented 
 in this flora. The- genera and species in each suborder are estimated by Lindley as follows : 
 
 Chrysobalaneae, 11 genera, 50 species. 
 
 Amygdalese, 5 110 
 
 Pomeae, 16 200 
 
 Rosacese proper, 50 625 
 
 Total, 82 " 985 " 
 
XLVIIT. ROSACES. 239 
 
 A large proportion of these are natives of temperate climates north of the equator. 
 
 Properties. A highly important order, whether we regard its delicious fruit, its medicinal products, or 
 the beauty of its flowers. None of its species (excepting those of the Almond tribe) are unwholesome. 
 An astringent principle characterizes the family, residing chiefly in the bark and the roots. The roots of 
 the blackberry have been used in medicine as an astringent ; those of Gillema, as an emetic ; Agrimo- 
 nia, as a vermifuge. The petals of Rosa damascena, yield the well known fragrant oil, called ottar of 
 rose. The Almond, Peach, &c., abound in prussic acid, a deadly poison, residing chiefly in the kernels. 
 Of the Rosaceae, as ornamental flowering shrubs, it is scarcely necessary to speak. 
 
 13 
 
 FIG. 44. 1. Potentilla arguta, flower and leaf. 2. Vertical section of a flower with the petals removed, 
 showing the perieynous disk, stamens, ovaries, &c. 3. Enlarged ovary and style. 4. Mature ovary. 
 5. Section showing the seed and funiculus. 6. Vertical section of a flower of Fragaria, showing the peri- 
 gynous stamens, the ovaries, &c. 7. Enlareed carpel. 8. Fruit, consisting of the enlarged receptacle 
 with the achenia external. 9. Perigynous stamens of Rubus Idaeus. 10. Fruit, the fleshy carpels aggre- 
 gated. 11. Section of the fruit. 12. Flower of the apple tree. 13. Vertical section of a rose, showing 
 the distinct carpels in the calyx tube. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 < Sta. 5. Sillaldia. 24 
 ( Leaves $ cauline. ( Sta. 00. Potentilla. 12 
 Waldsteinia. 16 
 Dahbarda. 
 Dryas. 
 Geum. 
 Fragaria, 
 
 ._ . Comarum. 
 
 , Compound fruit (116, 14, a) of many aggregate drupes. . Rubm. 
 < ( Lvs. simple or pinnate. Spirea. 
 
 (2 10-seeded ( Leaves trifoliate. . . Gillenia. 
 
 f 3 50. LFolLicles { l-aeeded. Shrub with simple Ivs. (Fls. double.) Kerria. 
 t globose. Fr. glab. not glauc. Cerasiis. 
 $ Fruit glabrous. Prunus. 
 ( nucleus smooth, . . . . ( compr. ( Fruit pubescent. Armeniaca. 
 
 . i only < < Fruit fleshy. . Persica. 
 
 \ f naked, tFruit a drupe ; ( nucleus perforated and furrowed. \ Fruit dry. . Amysrdalis. 
 
 i Stamens 14. Lvs. palm. Alchemilla. 
 < Stamens 4. Lvs. pinnate. Sansruisorba. IS 
 < Pet. 0. f Stamens 20 30. . . Poterium. 19 
 < Carpels 14. \ Petals 5. Stamens 1215. . 
 
 : I but enclosed in its tubes. ? Carpels numerous. Petals 500. Sta. 00. 
 i Pome with 1 5 l-seeded cells. 
 < Pome with 35 2-seeded cells. 
 
 adherent to $ Petals roundish. ..( Pome with 5 many-seeded cells. . 
 the calyx tube. (. Petals lance-obovate. Pome with 5 double cells. . 
 
 fnot \ comp. . ? all radical, 
 caudate. ( Leaves simple, 
 and caudate with $ Petals 8 or 9. 
 j recepta'cle I the persistent style. I Petals 5. 
 j on a juicy ^ which is sweet and eatable in 
 ' Achenia I receptacle i! but insipid in 
 
 Agrimonia. 
 
 Rosa. 
 
 Crat&gus. 
 
 Pyrus. 
 
 Cydonia. 
 
 20 
 10 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 Amelanchier. 9 
 
240 XL VIII. ROSACE^E. CERASUS. 
 
 SUBORDER I. A MY 
 Ovary solitary. Fruit a drupe. Seeds mostly solitary. Calyx deciduous. 
 1. C ERAS US. Juss. 
 
 Name from Cerasus, a town in Pontus, whence originated the garden cherry. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous ; petals much spreading ; stamens 
 15 30 ; drupe globose, succulent, very smooth, destitute of a glau- 
 cous bloom ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. con- 
 duplicate in (Estivation. 
 
 * Flowers in racemes. 
 
 1. C. SEROTINA. DC. (C. Virginiana. Michx. Prunus. Ehrh.) Black 
 or Wild Cherry. Lvs. deciduous, oval-oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, 
 
 smooth, shining above ; petioles with 2 4 glands ; roc. spreading, elongated. A 
 large forest tree, throughout the U. S. Trunk 50 80f high, of uniform size and 
 undivided to the height of 20 30f, 2 4f diam. Bark black and rough. Leaves 
 3 5' long, as wide, with 1 2 pairs of reddish glands at base. In May and 
 June it puts forth numerous cylindric clusters of white flowers. Fruit nearly 
 black when mature, bitterish, yet pleasant to the taste, and is greedily devoured 
 by birds. The wood, extensively used in cabinet-work, is compact, fine-grained, 
 and receives a high polish. The bark has a strong, bitter taste, and has been 
 used in medicine as a tonic. 
 
 2. C. VIRGINIANA. DC. (C. serotina. Hook. Prunus. Linn.} Choke Cherry. 
 Lvs. smooth, sharply serrate, oval, deciduous, the lower serratures glandu- 
 
 lar, veins bearded on each side towards the base ; petiole with 2 glands ; roc. 
 lax, short, spreading ; pet. orbicular. A small tree or shrub, 5 20f high, in 
 woods and hedges. Bark grayish. Leaves 2 3' long, as wide, with a short, 
 abrupt acumination, and spreading, subulate serratures. Flowers white, ap- 
 pearing in May. The fruit (cherries) is abundant, of a dark red color, very 
 astringent to the taste, yet on the whole agreeable. 
 
 * * Flowers subumbellate or solitary. 
 
 3. C. PENNSYLVANIA. Ait. (Prunus borealis. Ph.} Wild Red Cherry. 
 Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, membranous, smooth ; umbels 
 
 corymbose, with elongated pedicels ; drupe small, ovoid-subglobose. A small 
 tree, common in woods and thickets in the Northern States. The trunk rarely 
 exceeds 25f in height, with a diameter of 6 8'. Bark smooth, reddish-brown. 
 Leaves 2 5' long, as wide, the fine teeth mostly glandular, apex tapering to 
 a long acumination. Flowers white, on long (2'j slender pedicels collected 
 into a sort of umbel. Fruit red, very acid. This tree is of rapid growth, and 
 quickly succeeds a forest-clearing if neglected. May. 
 
 4. C. PUMILA. Michx. (Prunus depressa. Ph.) Sand Cherry. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, oval or obovate, acute, subserrate, smooth, paler beneath ; 
 umbels few-flowered, sessile ; drupe ovoid. A small, trailing shrub, in gravelly 
 soils, Can. and U. S. Branches ascending, 1 2f high. Leaves 2 3' long, 
 as wide, very acute at each end. Flowers white, 3, 4 or 5 in each umbel, the 
 pedicels smooth, I/ in length. Fruit small, dark red, acid but agreeable to the 
 taste. May. 
 
 5. C. AVITJM. Moench. (Prunus. Linn.) Duke Cherry. Ox-heart. English 
 Cherry. Bigareau, fyc., fyc. Branches erect or ascending; Ivs. oblong-obovate, 
 acuminate, hairy beneath ; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels ; driipe ovoid- 
 globose, subcordate at base. Cultivated in gardens, fields, &c., common. Trunk 
 20 50f in height, with an oblong or pyramidal head. Leaves 3 6' long, as 
 wide, on petioles 1 2' long, often with 2 glands. Flowers expanding with the 
 leaves, white. Drupes various shades of red, firm but juicy. May. The fruit 
 is well known and appreciated. About 75 varieties are published "in American 
 catalogues. 
 
 6. C. VULGARIS. Mill. (Prunus Cerasus. Linn.) Sour Cherry. Large Red 
 Cherry. Morello, fyc. Branches spreading ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, 
 narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; umbels subsessile, with short pedicels ; drupes 
 
PRUNUS. XLVill. ROSACES. 241 
 
 globose. A smaller tree than the preceding, much cultivated. Trunk 15 20f 
 high, with a roundish, compact head. Branches slender. Leaves 2 3' long, 
 f as wide, unequally serrate, on petioles } as long, with 2 glands. Flowers 
 white, expanding sooner than the leaves, 2 or 3 from each bud, on pedicels I' 
 long. Fruit large, various shades of red, acid or subacid. Apr. In Prince's 
 Catalogue, 1844, these two species are transposed (perhaps by mistake). About 
 125 varieties are there published, of which 50 belong to the present species. 
 
 2. PRUNUS. Tourn. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous ; petals much spreading ; stamens 
 15 30 ; ovary 2-ovuled ; drupe ovate, fleshy, smooth, generally cov- 
 ered with a glaucous bloom ; nucleus compressed, smooth. Small 
 trees or shrubs. Lvs. convolute in vernation. 
 
 1. P. AMERICANA. Marsh. (Cerasus nigra. Loisel.) Red Plum. Yellow Plum. 
 Somewhat thorny ; tos. oblong-oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly 
 
 acuminate, doubly serrate ; drupes roundish -oval, reddish-orange, with a thick, 
 coriaceous skin. Hedges and low woods, U. S. and Can.-, often cultivated for 
 its sweet, pleasant fruit, which is about the size of the damson. Shrub 10 15f 
 high. Leaves 2 3' long, f as wide, petioles j J' long, mostly with 2 glands at 
 the summit. Flowers preceding the leaves, 3- 4 in each of the numerous um- 
 bels, white. Drupes nearly destitute of bloom, ripe in Aug. Flowers in May. 
 
 2. P. INSITITIA. Wild Bullace Tree. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering to the petiole, acute, serrate, 
 pubescent-villous beneath ; branches somewhat spiny ; fls. naked, generally in 
 pairs ; cal. segments entire, obtuse ; pet. obovate ; fruit globular. A European 
 shrub or small tree, 15 20f high, naturalized " on the banks of Charles River, 
 in Cambridge, road-sides at Cohasset, and other places in the vicinity of Bos- 
 ton." Emerson, Rep. trees and shrubs of Mass. The leaves and flowers are 
 from separate, but adjacent buds, the former 1 !' long, with short petioles. 
 Petals white. Fruit black, covered with a yellowish bloom. 
 
 3. P. MARITIMA. Wang. (P. littoralis. Bw.} Beach Plum. 
 
 Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 
 glands ; umbels few-flowered ; pedicels short, pubescent ; fr. nearly round. A 
 small shrub, abundant on the sea-beach, particularly on Plum Island ! at the 
 mouth of Merrimac river. Very branching. Leaves 1 3' long, downy-canes- 
 cent beneath when young, becoming at length nearly smooth. Flowers white, 
 2 5 in each of the numerous umbels. Fruit globular, eatable, red or purple, 
 little inferior in size to the common garden plum, ripe in Aug., Sept. FU in May. 
 
 4. P. SPINOSA. Black Thorn. Sloe. Branches thorny ; fls. solitary ; cal. cam- 
 panulate, lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; Irs. pubescent beneath, obovate- 
 elliptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate ; drupe globose. Hedge- 
 rows and cultivated grounds, Penn. Pursh. A thorny shrub, 12 15f high, na- 
 tive of Europe. 
 
 5. P. CHICASA. Michx. (Cerasus. DC.} CMckasaio Plum. Branches spi- 
 nose ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, glandular-serrulate, acute, nearly 
 smooth; umbels 2 3-flowered, pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine 
 fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, &c., often cultivated. Height 8 12f, with a 
 bushy head. Leaves 1 2' long, I as wide, petioles about J' long. Flowers 
 small, white, expanding with the leaves, in Apr. Fruit red, or yellowish-red, 
 tender and succulent, ripe in July. There are several varieties. J 
 
 6. P. DOMESTICA. Common Garden Plum. Damson PI. Branches unarmed ; 
 Irs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; pedicels nearly solitary ; drupe globose, oval, 
 ovoid and obovoid. This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of 
 Italy. It rarely exceeds 15f in height. Leaves quite variable in form, 1 3' 
 long, | as wide, sometimes obtuse, on petioles about 1' in length. Flowers 
 white, generally but one from a bud, expanding while the leaves are but half 
 grown, in Apr. and May. Fruit black, varying through many colors to white, 
 covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. About 150 varieties are pub- 
 lished in the catalogues of American gardeners. 
 
242 XL VIII. ROSACEJE. AMYGDALUS. 
 
 3. ARMENlACA. Tourn. 
 
 Named from Armenia, its native Country. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe succulent, pubescent ; 
 nucleus compressed, smooth, margins sulcate, one obtuse and the other 
 acute. Small trees. Lvs. convolme in astivation. 
 
 1. A. VULGARIS. Lam. (Prunus Armeniaca. Willd.) Common Apricot. Las. 
 broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordate at base, denticulate ; slip, palmate ; fls. 
 sessile, subsolitary, preceding the leaves; drupe somewhat compressed, subglo- 
 bose, large. Occasionally cultivated in gardens, &c. Tree 10 15f high. 
 Leaves 2 3' long, f as wide, smooth, petioles nearly 2' long, with several glands. 
 Flowers white, Apr. Fruit purplish-yellow, &c., 1 2' diam., ripe Jl. Aug. 
 There are about 20 varieties. 
 
 2. A. DASYCARPA. DC. (Prunus. Ehrh.) Black Apricot. Lvs. ovate, acumi- 
 nate, doubly serrate ; petioles with 1 or 2 glands ; fls. pedicellate ; drupe subglo- 
 bose. This species is from Siberia. The tree or shrub is about the size of 
 the last, hardy and thrifty. Leaves smooth above, pubescent on the veins be- 
 neath, 2 3' long, as wide, on petioles near 1' long. Flowers white, preced- 
 ing the leaves, distinctly pedicellate. Fruit dark purple when mature, in July. 
 Ms. Apr. Neither species is yet common. 
 
 4. P E R S I C A. Tourn. 
 
 Named from Persia, its native country. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe fleshy, tomen- 
 tose or smooth ; nucleus somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugosely 
 furrowed and perforated on the surface. Small trees. Lvs. condupli- 
 cate in estivation. 
 
 1. P. VULGARIS. Mill. (Amygdalus Persica. Willd.) Common Peach. Lvs. 
 lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; fls. solitary, subsessile, pre- 
 ceding the leaves ; drupe tomentose. Tree or shrub, 8 15f high. Leaves 3 5' 
 long, as wide, smooth, petioles short, with 1 or 2 glands. Flowers rose-color, 
 with the odor of Prussic acid. Fruit large, 1 2|' diam., yellowish, tinged with 
 purple, densely tomentose. About 200 varieties of this delicious fruit are now 
 named and described in the catalogues of American nurserymen. In order to 
 attain its proper flavor in the Northern States, the peach requires protection in 
 the spring months. The double-flowered peach is a highly ornamental variety, 
 blossoming in May. 
 
 2. P. L.EVIS. (Amygdalus Persica. Willd.) Nectarine. Lvs. lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, the serratures all acute ; fls. solitary, subsessile, appearing before the leaves ; 
 drupe glabrous. Closely resembles the peach tree in form, foliage and flowers. 
 The fruit is 1 3' diam., smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c. Of its numerous 
 (about 25)varieties, about a fourth are clingstones, flesh adhering to the stone, and 
 the remainder freestones or ckarstones, flesh free, or separating from the stone.^ 
 
 5. AMYGDALUS. Willd. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe not fleshy, 
 compressed ; nucleus perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one 
 edge acute, the other broad-obtuse. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. condupli- 
 cate in estivation. 
 
 1. A. COMMUNIS. Willd. Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower 
 serratures glandular ; fls. sessile, in pairs, appearing before the leaves. From 
 Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in this country for the fruit, which we receive 
 mostly from S. Europe. A double-flowered variety is highly ornamental in 
 shrubberies, f 
 
 2. A. NANA. Dwarf single-flowering Almond. Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base, 
 simply and finely serrate ; fls. subsessile, appearing before the leaves. A very 
 ornamental shrub, from Russia. Height about 3f, branching. Leaves 3 6' 
 long, i as wide, smooth, acuminate at each end. Flowers numerous. Petals 
 oblong, obtuse, rose-colored, often double. May, Jn. f 
 
CRATJEGUS. XL VIII. ROSACE^E. 243 
 
 3. A. PUMILA. Dwarf doubk-flowering Almond. Las. lanceolate, doubly ser- 
 rate ; fls. pedicellate. Native of China. A low shrub, highly ornamental, 
 common in cultivation. Stems 2 3f high, branching. Leaves 3 5' by I', 
 acute at each end, smooth. Flowers very numerous, clothing the whole shrub 
 in their roseate hue, while the leaves are yet small. May, Jn. f 
 
 SUBORDER 2. P O M E & . 
 
 Ovaries 2 5 (rarely 1,) cohering with the sides of the persistent 
 
 calyx and with each other. Fruit a pome. 
 
 6. CRAT^EGUS. 
 
 Gr. KpaTos, strength; on account of the firmness of the wood. 
 
 Calri: urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 ; ovaries 1 5. 
 with as many styles ; pome fleshy, containing 1 5 bony, 1 -seeded car- 
 pels, and crowned at the summit by the persistent calyx and disk. 
 Trees or shrubs, armed w.th thorns. Lvs. simple, often lobed. Bracts 
 subulate, deciduous. Fls. corymbose. 
 
 1. C. COCCINEA. (C. Crus-galli. Bw. C. glandulosa. Willd.} Crimson- 
 fruited Thorn. White Thorn. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate and 
 
 sub (9)-lobed, thin and smooth, subacuminate, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slen- 
 der, and (with the calyx) smooth and subglandular ; sty. 3 5. A thorny shrub 
 or small tree, 10 20f high, in thickets, by streams, &c., Can. and U. S. 
 Branches crooked and spreading, branchlets and thorns whitish. Thorns stout, 
 rigid, sharp, a little recurved, about !' long. Leaves 1| 2' long, f as wide, 
 lobed, or (rather) coarsely, doubly acuminate-serrate. Petioles very slender, J 
 as long as the lamina. Flowers white, in paniculate, lateral corymbs of about 
 12. Fruit 3 5" diam., bright purple, eatable in Sept. Fls. May. 
 
 2. C. CRUS-GALLI. (Mespilus. Lam. <fc.) Cock-spur Thorn. 
 
 Lvs. obovate-cuneiform or oblanceolate, subsessile, serrate, coriaceous, 
 shining above ; spines very long ; corymbs glabrous ; sep. lanceolate, subserrate ; 
 sty. 1 (2 or 3). Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S., rare. Shrub 10 20f 
 high, much branched. Thorns 2 3' long, straight, sharp, and rather slender. 
 Leaves 1 2J' long, f as wide, tapering and entire at base, mostly obtuse at 
 apex ; petioles 1 5" long. Flowers white, fragrant, in corymbs of about 15, 
 on very short, lateral branchlets. Fruit pyriform, dull red, 2 3 /; diam., per- 
 sistent during winter, unless eaten by birds. Jn. 
 /?. pyracanthifolia. Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, petioles ' long. 
 
 3. C. PUNCTATA. Jacq. (C. latifolia. DC. Mespilus. Spach.} Thorn. 
 Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire at base 
 
 and narrowed to a petiole, veins straight and prominent, pubescent beneath ; 
 corymbs and cat. villose-pubescent ; sty. 3 (1 or 2); fr. globose, punctate. Bor- 
 ders of woods, U. S. and Can. Tree 12 25f high. Branches wide-spreading, 
 crooked, covered with cinerous bark. Thorns stout, sharp, 1 2' long, some- 
 times wanting. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, acute or short acuminate ; 
 petioles \ 1' long. Flowers white, in somewhat leafy, compound corymbs of 
 8 15. Fruit 5 8" diam., red or yellowish, eatable in Sept. Fl. May, Jn. 
 
 4. C. TOMENTOSA. (C. pyrifolia. Ait. C. lobata. Dose. C. flava. Hook.} 
 Black Thorn. Lvs. oval, or elliptic-ovate, narrowed at base into a mar- 
 gined petiole, subplicate, incisely and doubly serrate, smoothish above, tomen- 
 tose beneath ; corymbs large, tomentose when young ; sty. 3 5 ; fr. pyriform. 
 Thickets and hedges, Can. S. to Ky. and Car. A large shrub, 12 15f high, 
 armed with sharp thorns 1 2' long. Leaves 3 5' long, J f as wide, acute 
 at apex ; margined petiole 1' long. Fls. large, fragrant,white, in a leafy corymb 
 of 8 12. Fruit 4 6" diam., orange-red, eatable but rather insipid. May, Jn. 
 
 /?. (Torr. & Gray.) Lvs. strongly plicate, nearly smooth, smaller. 
 
 5. C. OXYCANTHA. Hawthorn. English TJiorn. 
 
 Lvs. obovate or broad ovate, obtuse, 3 7-lobed, serrate, smoothish, shining 
 above; slip, large, incisely dentate; corymbs glabrous; sty. 13; fr. ovoid, 
 
244 XLVI11. ROSACES. PYRUS. 
 
 small. Hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized. Shrub very branching, 8 18f 
 high. Thorns slender, very sharp, axillary, \' long. Leaves 1J 2' long, nearly 
 as wide, lower ones deeply lobed; petioles & 1' long, with 2 leafy stipules at 
 base. Flowers white. Fruit 2 3" diam., purple. Used for hedges (exten- 
 sively in Europe). There are several varieties. 
 
 6. C. PARVIFLORA. Ait. (C. tomentosa. Michx. Mespilus laciniata. Walt?) 
 Thorns slender ; Ivs. coriaceous, pubescent, cuneate-obovate, subsessile, in- 
 
 cisely serrate ; fls. subsolitary ; cal. with the pedicels and branchlets villous-to- 
 mentose ; sep. laciniate, foliaceous ; sty. 5 ; Jr. large, roundish-obovoid, with 5 
 bony, 1 -seeded nuts. Sandy woods, N. J. and Southern States. A much 
 branched shrub, 4 7f high. Leaves 1 2' by f', the upper surface shining 
 and nearly glabrous when old. Fruit greenish-yellow, near ' diam., and eata- 
 ble when ripe. Apr. May. 
 
 7. C. CORDATA. Ait. (C. populifolia. Walt.) Washington Thorn. 
 
 Thorn glabrous and glandless ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, somewhat deltoid, acu- 
 minate, incisely lobed and serrate, with long and slender petioles; sep. short; 
 sty. 5 ; fr. small, globose-depressed. Banks of streams, Va. to Ga., cultivated 
 in the Middle States for hedge-rows. Shrub 15 20f high, the branches with 
 very sharp and slender thorns 2 3' long. Leaves often deeply 3 5-lobed, about 
 2' by H'. Pomes %' diam., numerous, red. Jn. ^ 
 
 7. PYRUS. 
 Celtic peren ; Anglo-Saxon pere; FT. poire: Lat.pyru$; Eng. pear. 
 
 Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft; petals 5, roundish ; styles 5 (2 or 3), 
 often united at base ; pome closed, 2 5-carpeled, fleshy or baccate ; 
 carpels cartilaginous, 2-seeded. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple or pin- 
 nate. Fls. white or rosercolored, in cymose corymbs. 
 
 Leaves simple. Cyme simple. Styles united at base. 
 
 1. P. CORONARIA. (Malus. Mill.} Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree. 
 Lvs. broad-ovate, rounded at base, incisely serrate, often sublobate, smooth- 
 
 ish, on very slender petioles ; pet. unguiculate ; sty. united and wooly at the 
 base; fr. as well as the fls. very fragrant, corymbose. Borders of woods, Mid. 
 West, and South. States. A small tree, 10 20f high, with spreading branches. 
 Leaves 2 3' long, f as wide, resembling those of Crateegus coccinea ; petioles 
 I 7 long. Flowers very large, rose-colored, in loose corymbs of 5 10. Fruit 
 as large (1 1%' diam.) as a small apple, yellowish, hard and sour, but esteem- 
 ed for preserves. May. 
 
 2. P. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Ait. (Malus. Michx.} 
 
 Glabrous ; Ivs. lance-oblong, acute at base, slightly dentate-serrate, shin- 
 ing above ; sty. distinct ; fr. small. Penn. and S. States. A tree 15 20f high, 
 resembling the last, but with smaller leaves and fruit. Apr. May. 
 
 3. P. MALUS. Common Apple Tree. Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, 
 acute or short-acuminate, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, petiolate ; co- 
 rymbs subumbellate : pedicels and calyx villose-tomentose ; pet. with short claws ; 
 sty. 5, united and villose at base ; pome globose. Native in Europe and almost 
 naturalized here. Tree 20 25f high (in thickets 2540). Branches rigid, 
 crooked, spreading. Bark rough and blackish. Leaves 2 3' long, f as wide, 
 petioles 4 1' long. Flowers expanding with the leaves, fragrant, large, clothing 
 the tree in their light roseate hue, making ample amends for its roughness and de- 
 formity. The Romans had 22 varieties (Pliny} but the number is now greatly 
 increased. Probably nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the U. S. 
 
 4. P. COMMUNIS. Pear Tree. Leaves, ovate-lanceolate, subserrate, glabrous 
 above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate ; corymbs racemose ; cal. and pe- 
 dicels pubescent; sty. 5, distinct and villose at base; pome pyriform. Tree 
 usually taller than the apple, 20 35f high. Bark rough, blackish. Branches 
 ascending. Leaves 2 3V long, f as wide ; petioles 1 2' long. Flowers white, 
 small. Native in Europe, where, in its wild state, the fruit is small and im- 
 palatable. The Romans cultivated. 36 varieties (Pliny}, but, like the apple, 
 varieties without end are now raised from the seed of this delicious fruit. 
 
AMELANCHIER. XLVIII. ROSACES. 245 
 
 Leaves simple. Cymes compound. Styles united at base. 
 
 5. P. ARBUTIFOLIA. Linn. f. (Mespilus. Linn. Aronia. Pers.} Choke Berry. 
 Lvs. oblong-obovate or oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate, 
 
 smooth above, tomentose beneath when young, attenuate at base into a short 
 petiole ; ped. and col. when young, tomentose ; fr. pyriform or subglobose, dark 
 red. Low, moist woodlands, U. S. and Can. A shrub 5 8f high. Leaves 1 
 2' long, J as wide, often subacuminate, subcoriaceous, serratures small, with 
 a glandular, incurved point ; petioles 2 4" long. Flowers white, in compound, 
 terminal corymbs of 12 or more. Fruit astringent, as large as a currant. May Jn. f 
 /?. melanocarpa. Hook. (P. melanocarpa. Willd.} Lvs., col. and ped. gla- 
 brous or nearly so ; fr. blackish-purple. Swamps. Height 2 4f. 
 
 Leaves pinnate. Cymes compound. Styles distinct. 
 
 6. P. AMERICANA. DC. (Sorbus Americana. PA.) Mountain Ash. 
 Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth, subses- 
 
 sile ; cymes compound, with numerous flowers ; pome small, globose ; sty. 3 5. 
 A small tree in mountain woods, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Trunk 15 20f 
 high, covered with a reddish-brown bark. Leaves 8 12' long, composed of 9 
 15 leaflets. Leaflets 2 3' by 1', subopposite, often acute, on petioles I" 
 in length. Flowers small, white, in terminal cymes, of 50 100 or more. Fruit 
 scarlet, 23" diam., beautiful. May. f 
 
 /?. microcarpa. T. &> G. (P. microcarpa. DC. Sorbus microcarpa. PA.) 
 Fr. smaller. 
 
 7. P. AUCUPARIA. English Mountain Ash. Lfts. as in P. Americana, except 
 that they are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, less acute 
 at apex ; fls. corymbose ; fr. globose. Native of Europe. A tree 20 40f high, 
 often cultivated as well as the last species, for its ornamental clusters of scar- 
 let berries. It is a tree of larger size and rougher bark than the last, but is 
 hardly to be distinguished by the foliage, flowers or fruit, -f 
 
 8. CYDONIA. Tourn. 
 Named for Cydonia, a town in Crete, from whence it was brought. 
 
 Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; styles 5 ; pome 5-carpeled ; 
 carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded ; seeds covered with mucilaginous 
 pulp. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple. Fls. mostly solitary. 
 
 C. VULGARIS. Pers. (Pyrus Cydonia. Willd.} Quince. Lvs. oblong-ovate, 
 obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth above, tomentose beneath ; 
 ped. solitary, and, with the cal., woolly ; pome tomentose, obovoid. Shrub 8 I2f 
 (rarely 20f ) high, with crooked, straggling branches. Leaves about as large 
 as those of the pear tree. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, termi- 
 nal. Fruit large, lengthened at base, clothed with a soft down, yellow when 
 ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. The plant is reared from layers. 
 
 10. AMELANCHIER. Medic. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate ; stamens 
 short ; st}^les 5, somewhat united at base ; pome 3 5-celled ; cells 
 partially divided, 2-seeded. Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple, ser- 
 rate. Fls. racemose, white. 
 
 A. CANADENSIS. Torr. & Gray. (Mespilus. Linn. Aronia. Pers. Pyrus 
 Botryapium. Linn. f. Mespilus arborea. Michx.} Shad Berry. June 
 Berry. Wild Service Berry. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, often cordate at 
 base, acuminate or cuspidate or mucronate, sharply serrate, smooth ; roc. loose, 
 elongated; seg. of the cal. triangular-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; pet. 
 linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; fr. purplish, globose. A small tree or shrub, 
 found in woods, U. S. and British Am., rarely exceeding 35f in height. Leaves 
 alternate, 2 3' long, downy-tomentose when young, at length very smooth on 
 both sides, very acute and finely serrate. Flowers large, white, in terminal 
 racemes, appearing in April and May, rendering the tree quite conspicuous in 
 the yet naked forest. Fruit pleasant to the taste, ripening in June. 
 
246 XL VIII. ROSACEJE. ROSA. 
 
 /?. oblongifolia. T. & G. (A. ovalis. Hook.") Shrubby; Zw. oblong-oval, mu- 
 cronate, and with small, sharp serratures ; roc. and fls. smaller ; pet. oblong- 
 obovate, thrice longer than the calyx. 
 
 v. rotundifolia. T. & G. (Pyrus ovalis. Willd.} Lvs. broad-oval ; pet. linear- 
 oblong. Shrub 10 20f high. 
 
 <5. almfolia. T. & G. (Aronia alnifolia. Nutt.} Shrubby or arborescent ; Ivs. 
 orbicular-oval, rounded or retuse at each end, serrate only near the apex ; pet. 
 linear-oblong; sta. very short. 
 
 SUBORDER III. R OSACEJE PROPER. 
 
 Ovaries solitary or several, distinct ; fruit achenia or follicular. 
 10. ROSA. 
 
 Celtic rhos, red ; Gr. poSov ; Lat. rosa; Eng. rose. 
 
 Calyx tube urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, limb 5-cleft, 
 the segments somewhat imbricated in aestivation, and mostly with a 
 leafy appendage ; petals 5, (greatly multiplied by culture) ; achenia 
 00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the inside of the fleshy 
 tube of the calyx. Shrubby and prickly. Leaves unequally pinnate. 
 Stipules mostly adnate to the petiole. 
 
 * Native species. 
 
 1. R. CAROLINA. (R. Caroliniana. Bw.*) Carolina Rose. Swamp Rose. 
 St. glabrous, with uncinate, stipular prickles ; Ifts. 5 9, oblong-lanceolate 
 
 or elliptical, acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath, not shining above, peti- 
 oles hairy or subaculeate ; fls. corymbose ; fr. depressed-globose, and with the 
 peduncles hispid. A prickly (not hispid) shrub, in swamps and damp woods, 
 Can. and U. S., 4 8f high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches. Prickles 
 mostly 2 at the base of the stipules. Leaflets 1 2' long, J as wide, rather vari- 
 able in form. Flowers in a sort of leafy corymb of 3 7. Petals obcordate, 
 large, varying between red and white. Fruit dark red. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. R. LUCIDA. Ehrh. (R. Caroliniana. MX. not Bw.) Shining or Wild Rose. 
 St. armed with scattered, setaceous prickles, those of the stipules straight ; 
 
 Ifts. 5 9, elliptical, imbricate, simply serrate, smooth and shining above ; peti- 
 oles glabrous or subhispid; fls. generally in pairs (1 3) ; fr. depressed-globose, 
 and with the peduncles, glandular hispid. Shrub 1 3f high, in dry woods or 
 thickets throughout the U. S., slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 If 
 long, as wide, acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate, the others sessile. Sepals 
 often appendiculate, as long as the large, obcordate, pale red petals. Fruit 
 small, red. Jn. Jl. 
 
 /?. T. & G. (R. parviflora. Ehrh.} Lifts, ova , mostly very obtuse, paler be- 
 neath ; petioles smooth or pubescent. 
 
 3. R. NITIDA. Willd. Shining or Wild Rose. 
 
 St. low, densely armed with straight, slender, reddish prickles ; Ifts. 5 9, 
 narrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining, sharply serrate ; slip, narrow, often 
 reaching to the lower leaflets ; fls. solitary ; col. hispid ; fr. globose. In swamps, 
 N. Eng. States. Stems 1 2f high, reddish from its dense armor of prickles. 
 Leaflets 1 \\' long, \ as wide, subsessile, odd one petiolulate. Stipules 5 S" 
 long, adnate to the petiole, each side. Flowers with red, obcordate petals. Fruit 
 scarlet. Jn. 
 
 4. R. BLANDA. Ait. (R. gemella. Linn.) Bland Rose. 
 
 Taller ; st. armed with scattered, straight, deciduous prickles ; Ifts. 5 7, 
 oblong, obtuse, serrate, smooth, but not shining above, paler and pubescent on 
 the veins beneath, petiole unarmed; stip. dilated; fl,s. mostly in pairs (1 3); 
 fr. globose, smooth, as well as the short peduncles. Shrub found on dry, sunny 
 hills, Northern and Middle States. Stems 2 3f high, with reddish bark. 
 Flowers rather large. Sepals entire, shorter than the reddish, emarginate petals. 
 Bracts large, downy. Jn. 
 
 5. R. SETIGERA. Michx. (R. rubifolia. R. Br.} Michigan or Prairie Rose. 
 Branches elongated, ascending, glabrous; spines few, strong, stipular ; Ifts. 
 
ROSA. XLVIII. ROSACES. 247 
 
 large, 3 5, ovate ; stip. narrow, acuminate ; fls. corymbose ; cat. glandular, seg- 
 ments subentire ; sty. united ; fr. globose. This splendid species is a native of 
 Michigan, and other States W ! and S. About 20 varieties are enumerated in 
 cultivation. They are hardy, of rapid growth, and capable of being traiaed 
 12 20f. Flowers in very large clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, 
 and of short duration. 
 
 * * Naturalized species. 
 
 6. R. RUBIGINOSA. (R. suaveolens. Ph.} Eglantine. Sweet Brier. 
 
 St. glabrous, armed with very strong, recurved prickles ; Ifts. 57, broad- 
 oval, with ferruginous glands beneath; fls. mostly solitary; fr. ovoid, oval or 
 obovoid ; ped. glandular-hispid. A stout, prickly shrub, 4 lOf high, natural- 
 ized in fields and road-sides, throughout the U. S. The older stems are bushy, 
 much branched, 1' diam., the younger shoots nearly simple, declined at top. 
 Leaflets I' long, as wide, unequally and sharply serrate, acute, bright green 
 above, rusty beneath, and when rubbed, very fragrant. Flowers light red, 1 
 2' diam., fragrant. Fruit orange-red. Jn. Of this beautiful species there are 
 about 25 cultivated varieties, single and double. 
 
 7. R. CINNAMOMEA. Cinnamon Rose. 
 
 St. tall, with ascending branches ; spines of the younger stems numerous, 
 scattered, of the branches few, larger, stipular ; Ifts. 5 7, oval-oblong, rugose, 
 cinerous-pubescent beneath ; stip. undulate ; sep. entire, as long as the petals ; 
 fr. smooth, globose. Native of Oregon. Stem 5 12f high, with .reddish bark. 
 Flowers mostly double, purple. 
 
 * * * Exotic species. "\ Prickies straight, mostly acerose. 
 
 8. R. GALLICA. Common French Rose. St. and petioles armed with numerous, 
 fine, scattered prickles ; Ifts. mostly 5, elliptical or broad-oval, thick ; fls. erect ; 
 pet. 5 or more, large, spreading; sep. ovate ; fr. ovoid, and with the ped., hispid. 
 The common red rose of gardens, from which have originated not less than 
 200 varieties, known in cultivation, and registered in catalogues, as the velvet, 
 carmine, carnation, &c. Many of them are beautifully variegated, as the tri- 
 color and picotee. The dried petals are used in medicine, and irom them are ex- 
 tracted tinctures for cookery. Jn. Jl. 
 
 9. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA. Ser. (R. spinosissima. Linn.} Scotch or Burnet 
 Rose. St. densely armed with straight, acerOse prickles : Ifts. 5 9, roundish, 
 obtuse, smooth, simply serrate ; fls. small, usually roseate, but changing in the 
 numerous varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland and other parts 
 of Europe. These shrubs are but 2 3f high, with small, delicate leaflets. 
 Flowers numerous, globular, very fine. May, Jn. 
 
 10. R. EGLANTERIA. Ser. (R. lutea. Mill.} Yellow Rose. Austrian Eglantine. 
 St. with a cinerous bark, branches red, both armed with straight, slender, 
 scattered prickles ; Ifts. 57, small, broad-oval or obovate, smooth, shining 
 above, sharply serrate ; cal. nearly naked and entire ; pet. large, broad-obcor- 
 date. From Germany. Shrub about 3f high, bushy. Flowers numerous, of 
 a golden-yellow, very fugacious, of less agreeable fragrance than the leaves. 
 There are many varieties, both single and double, variegated with red. Jn. 
 
 11. R. ALPlNA. Alpine or Boursault Rose. Younger shoots echinate with nu- 
 merous weak prickles, older ones smooth, rarely armed with strong prickles ; 
 Ifts. 5 11, ovate or obovate, sharply and often doubly serrate; stip. narrow, 
 apex diverging ; ped. deflexed after flowering, and with the calyx hispid or 
 smooth ; sep. entire, spreading ; fr. ovoid, pendulous, crowned with the conni- 
 vent calyx. Hardy, vigorous, climbing, with pink, red or crimson flowers. 
 
 * * * Exotic species, ff Prickles falcate, strong. 
 
 12. R. DAMASCENA. Damask Rose. St. branching and bushy, armed with un- 
 equal spines, mostly stipular, cauline ones broad, falcate or hooked ; Ifts. large, 
 broadly elliptical, downy-canescent ; sep. reflexed ; fr. ovoid, elongated. Native 
 of the "Levant. Shrub 3 4f high. Flowers rather numerous, of a delicate, 
 pale roseate hue, usually with very numerous petals, and a delicious fragrance. 
 Among its numerous varieties is the common monthly, low, blooming at all 
 seasons. 
 
248 XL VIII. ROSACES. ROSA. 
 
 13. R. CANINA. Dog Rose. Prickles remote, strong, compressed, falcate ; Ifts. 
 5 9, with acute, incurved, and often double serratures ; stip. rather broad, ser- 
 rulate ; ped. and cal. smooth or hispid ; sep. after flowering, deflexed and de- 
 ciduous ; fr. ovoid, red. Native of Europe. Shrub 4 8f high. 
 
 /?. Burboniana. Ser. Lfls. ovate, subcordate, simply dentate ; fls. purple, 
 double and semi-double ; pet. concave ; sep. entire. A splendid class of roses, 
 of which more than 100 varieties are cultivated. They are hardy, with am- 
 ple and glossy foliage. 18 other varieties are described by Seringe in DC. 
 
 14. R. CENTIFOLIA. Hundred-leaved or Provens Rose. Prickles nearly straight, 
 scarcely dilated at base ; Ifts. 5 7, ovate, glandular-ciliate on the margin, sub- 
 pilose beneath; flower-bud short-ovoid; sep. spreading (not deflexed) in flower; 
 fr. ovoid ; cal. and ped. glandular-hispid, viscid and fragrant. From S. Europe. 
 Shrub 2 -4f high, very prickly. Flowers usually of a pink color, but varying 
 in hue, form and size, &c., through a hundred known varieties. 
 
 15. R. MOSCHATA. Musk Rose. Shoots ascending and climbing ; prickles cau- 
 line, slender, recurved ; Ifts. 5 7, lanceolate, acuminate, smoothish, discolored ; 
 stip. very narrow, acute ; fls. often very numerous ; ped. and cal. subhispid ; sep. 
 
 subpinnatifid, elongated and appendiculate ; fr. ovoid, red. Native of . 
 
 Stems trailing or climbing 10 I2f. Flowers peculiarly fragrant, rather large, 
 white, produced in panicles. 
 
 16. R. ALBA. White Garden Rose. Slightly glaucous ; prickles slender, re- 
 curved, sometimes wanting ; Ifts. roundish-ovate, shortly acuminate ; petioles 
 and veins subtomentose, glandular ; sep. pinnatifid ; pet. spreading ; fr. ovoid, 
 nearly smooth. From Germany. Shrub 5 8f high. Flowers large, corym- 
 bose, sweet-scented, generally pure white, but often, in its numerous varieties, 
 tinged with the most delicate blush. 
 
 17. R. MULTIFLORA. Many-flowered or Japan Rose. Branches, ped. and cal. 
 tomentose ; shoots very long ; prickles slender, scattered ; Ifts. 5 7, ovate-lance- 
 olate, soft and slightly rugose ; stip. pectinate ; fls. corymbose, often numerous ; 
 flo^oer-bud ovoid-globose ; sep. short ; sty. exserted, scarcely cohering in an elon- 
 
 fated, pilose column ; pet. white, varying through roseate to purple. Japan, 
 hrub with luxuriant shoots, easily trained to the height of 15 20f. 
 
 18. R. INDICA. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. Erect or climbing, pur- 
 plish ; prickles strong, remote ; Ifts. 3 5, ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining, 
 smooth, serrulate, discolored; stip. very narrow ; fls. solitary or paniculate; 
 ped. often thickened, and, with the cal. smooth, or rugose-hispid ; sta. inflexed ; 
 fr. turbinate 1 Splendid varieties, blooming from Apr. to Nov. Flowers of 
 every hue from pure white to crimson. 
 
 /?. Lawrenciana. (R. Lawrenciana. Lindl. R. Ind. t. acuminata. Ser.) Miss 
 Lawrence's Rose. St. and branches aculeate, bristly and subglabrous ; Ifts. ovate, 
 purplish beneath ; pet. obovate-acuminate. A class of varieties with very small 
 flowers, pink to deep purple. 
 
 19. R. BRACTEATA. Macartney Rose. Branches erect, tomentose ; prickles re- 
 curved, often double ; Ifts. 5 9, obovate, subserrate, coriaceous, smooth and shin- 
 ing ; stip. fimbriate-setaceous ; fls. solitary, terminal ; ped. and cal. tomentose ; fr. 
 globose, large, orange. Varieties with cream-colored, white, to scarlet flowers. 
 
 20. R. sEMPERVlRENs. Evergreen Rose. St. climbing ; prickles subequal ; 
 Ifts. persistent, 5 7, coriaceous; fls. subsolitary or corymbose; sep. subentire, 
 elongated ; sty. coherent into an elongated column ; fr. ovoid or subglobose, yel- 
 low, and with the ped. glandular hispid. Allied to the following, but its leaves 
 are coriaceous and evergreen, persistent until January. 
 
 21. R. ARVENSIS. Ayrshire Rose. Shoots very long and flexile; prickles une- 
 qual, falcate ; Ifts. 5 7, smooth or with scattered hairs, and glaucous beneath, 
 deciduous ; fls. solitary or corymbose ; sep. subentire, short ; sty. cohering in a 
 long, glabrous column ; fr. ovoid-globose, smoothish. England. The shoots 
 grow 15 20f in a season and are very hardy. Flowers white to blush, crim- 
 son and purple. 
 
 * * Exotic species, fff Unarmed. 
 
 22. R. BANKSIJE. Banks' Rose. Smooth ; Ifts. lanceolate, crowded, 3 5, 
 
RUBUS. XLV1J1. ROSACES. 249 
 
 scarcely serrate ; slip, deciduous ; fls. umbellate ; fr. globular, nearly black. 
 From China. Thornless shrubs, with small, cup-shaped flowers. Not hardy. 
 
 Oba. This beautiful genus includes, according to Seringe, 146 species ; but .the varieties produced by 
 cultivation amount to near 2000. 
 
 11. RUBUS. 
 
 Celtic rub, red ; the color of the fruit of some species. 
 
 Calyx spreading, 5-parted ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 00, in- 
 serted into the border of the disk ; ovaries many, with 2 ovules, one of 
 them abortive ; achenia pulpy, drupaceous, aggregated into a compound 
 berry ; radicle superior. ^ Half shrubby plants. Siems usually (D, and 
 armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centrifugal. Fr. esculent. 
 Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle. BLACKBERRIES. 
 
 1. R. VILLOSUS. Ait. High Blackberry. 
 
 Pubescent, viscid and prickly ; si. angular ; Ifts. 3 5, ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, hairy both sides ; petioles prickly ; cat. acuminate, shorter than the petals ; 
 roc. loose, leafless, about 20-flowered. A well known, thorny shrub, Can. and 
 U. S. Stems tall and slender, branching, recurved at top, 3 6f high. Leaflets 
 2 4' by 1 2', terminal one on a long petiolule, the others on short ones or 
 none. Pedicels slender, I' long. Petals white, obovate or oblong, obtuse. 
 Fruit consisting of about 20 roundish, shining, black, fleshy carpels, closely col- 
 lected into an ovate or oblong head, subacid, well-flavored, ripe in Aug. and Sept. 
 /?. frondosus. Torr. (R. frondosus. Bw.~) Lfts. incisely serrate ; roc. with a 
 few simple leaves or leafy bracts at base ; fls. about 10 in each cluster, the ter- 
 minal one opening first, as in all the species, the lowest next, and the highest 
 but one last. Fruit more acid and with fewer carpels. 
 
 2. R. HISPIDUS. (R. sempervirens. Bw.} Bristly Blackberry. 
 
 St. slender, reclining or prostrate, hispid with retrorse bristles ; Ivs. 3-foliate, 
 rarely quinate, smooth and green both sides ; Ifts. coarsely serrate, obovate, 
 mostly obtuse, subcoriaceous ; ped. corymbose, many-flowered, with filiform 
 pedicels and short bracts ; fls. and fr. small. In damp woods, Can. to Car. 
 Stems slender, trailing several feet, with suberect branches 8 12' high. Leaflets 
 1 2' long, as wide, nearly sessile, persistent through the winter, on a (1 3') 
 long, common petiole. Flowers white. Fruit dusky-purple, sour. May, Jn. 
 /?. setosus. T. & G. (R. setosus. Bw.}Lfts. oblanceolate, rather narrow, 
 li 2i' long, tapering, and (like the variety a) entire at base, sharply serrate 
 above. Fruit red. 
 
 3. R. CANADENSIS. (R. trivialis. Ph.} Low Blackberry. Dewberry. 
 
 St. procumbent or trailing, subaculeate ; Ivs. 3-foliate, rarely quinate ; Ifts. 
 elliptical or rhomboid-oval, acute, thin, unequally cut-serrate ; pedicels solitary, 
 elongated, somewhat corymbed ; fr. large, black. Common in dry, stony fields, 
 Can. to Va., trailing several yards upon the ground. Leaflets light green and 
 membranaceous, nearly sessile, 1 !' long, as wide, common petioles 1 2' 
 long, pubescent or a little prickly. Flowers large, on slender pedicels. Petals 
 obovate, white, twice as long as the calyx. Fruit 1' diam., very sweet and 
 juicy, in July and Aug. Fl. May. 
 
 4. R. CUNEIFOLIUS. Ph. Wedge-leaved Blackberry. 
 
 St. erect, shrubby, armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. 3-foliate, and with 
 the young branches and petioles pubescent beneath ; Ifts. cuneate-obovate, en- 
 tire at base, dentate above, subplicate, tomentose beneath ; roc. loose, few-flow- 
 ered. A low shrub, 2 3f high, in sandy woods, Long Island, Torrey, to Flor. 
 Petioles often prickly. Leaflets rarely 5, 1 2' long, as wide, obtuse, or with 
 a short acumination. Petals white or roseate, 3 times as long as the calyx. 
 Fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in Jl. Aug. Fl. May. Jn. 
 Fruit concave beneath^ separating from the dry, conical, persistent 
 receptacle. RASPBERRIES. 
 * Leaves simple. 
 
 5. R. ODORATUS. Rose-flowering Raspberry. Mulberry. 
 
 St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilose ; Ivs. palmately 3 5-lobed, 
 
250 XL VIII. ROSACES. RUBUS. 
 
 unequally serrate ; fls. large, in terminal corymbs ; pet. orbicular, purple. A 
 fine flowering shrub, 3 51 high, in upland woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. 
 Leaves 4 8' long, nearly as wide, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, petioles 
 2 3' long, and, with the branches, calyx and peduncles, clothed with viscid 
 hairs. Flowers nearly 2' diam., not very unlike a rose, save the (100 200) sta- 
 mens are whitish. Fruit broad and thin, bright red, sweet, ripe in Aug. FL Jn. Jl.f 
 
 6. R. CHAMJEMORUS. Dwarf Mulberry. Cloudberry. 
 
 Herbaceous; st. decumbent at base, erect, unarmed, 1 -flowered; Ivs. cor- 
 date-reniform, rugose, with 5 rounded lobes, serrate ; sep. obtuse ; pet. obovate, 
 white. An alpine species with us, found by Dr. Robbins on the White Mts. 
 and by Mr. Oakes in Me. Flowers large. Fruit large, yellow or amber color, 
 sweet and juicy, ripe in Aug. FL May, Jn. 
 
 7. R. NUTKANUS. Mofino. Nootka Sound Rubus. 
 
 St. shrubby, somewhat pilose, with glandular hairs above ; Ivs. broad, 5- 
 lobed, unequally and coarsely serrate ; ped. few-flowered ; sep. long-acuminate, 
 shorter than the very large, round-oval, white petals. A fine species, Mich., 
 Wis. to Oreg., &c., with very large, showy, white flowers. It has received some 
 notice in cultivation, and a few other species of this section also, f 
 * * Leaves 31-foliale. 
 
 8. R. IDJETJS. Garden Raspberry. 
 
 Hispid or armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. pinnately 3 or 5-foliate ; Ifts. 
 broad-ovate or rhomboidal, acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary- 
 tomentose beneath, sessile, odd one petiolulate ; fls. in paniculate corymbs ; 
 pet. entire, shorter than the hoary-tomentose, acuminate calyx. Many varieties 
 of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. Stems shrubby, 3 5f high. 
 Leaflets smoothish above, 2 4' long, as wide. Flowers white, in lax, termi- 
 nal clusters. Fruit red, amber color or white. Plants essentially agreeing 
 with the above described were found at Cambridge, Vt., in woods, also at Cole- 
 brook, Ct., by Dr Robbins. 
 
 9. R. STRIGOSUS. Michx. (R. Idaeus. Nutt.} Wild Red Raspberry. 
 
 Plant shrubby, strongly hispid ; Ivs. pinnately 3 or 5-foliate ; Ifts. oblong- 
 ovate or oval, obtuse at base, coarsely and unequally serrate, canescent-tomen- 
 tose beneath, odd one often subcordate at base, lateral ones sessile ; cor. cup- 
 shaped, about the length of the calyx. In hedges and neglected fields, Can. 
 and N. States, very abundant. Stem without prickles, covered with strong 
 bristles instead. Leaflets 1 2J' long, f as wide, terminal one distinctly 
 petiolulate. Flowers white. Fr. hemispherical, light red, and of a peculiar 
 rich flavor, in Jn. Aug. FL. May. 
 
 10. R. OCCIDENTALIS. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. 
 
 Plant shrubby, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. pinnately 3- 
 foliate; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, sublobate or doubly serrate, hoary-tomentose 
 beneath, lateral ones sessile ;fls. axillary and terminal ; fr. black. A tall, slen- 
 der bramble, 4 8f high, in thickets, rocky fields, &c., Can. and U. S. Plant 
 not hispid. Leaflets 2- 3' long, J as wide, nearly white beneath, odd one 
 distinctly petiolulate, common petiole terete, long. Flowers white, lower ones 
 solitary, upper corymbose. Fruit roundish, glaucous, of a lively, agreeable 
 taste, ripe in July. FL May. 
 
 11. R. TRIFLORUS. Rich. (R. saxatilis. BW.} Three-flowered Raspberry. 
 St. shrubby, unarmed, declined; branches herbaceous, green; Ivs. 3 or 5- 
 
 foliate ; Ifts. nearly smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, unequally cut-dentate, 
 odd one petiolulate ; stip. ovate, entire ; ped. terminal, 1 3-flowered ; pet. erect, 
 oblong- obovate. Moist woods and shady hills, Penn. to Brit. Am. Stems flex- 
 uous, smooth, reddish. Petioles very slender, 1 2' long. Leaflets 1 2' by 
 1', lateral ones sessile, oblique or unequallv 2-lobed. Petals white, rather lon- 
 ger than the triangular-lanceolate, reflexed sepals. Fruit consisting of a few 
 large, dark-red grains, acid, ripe in Aug. FL May. 
 
 12. R. ROS.KFOLIUS. Rose-leaved Rubus or Bridal Rose. Erect, branching, 
 armed with nearly straight prickles; Ivs. pinnately 3 7-foliate; Ifts. ovate- 
 lanceolate, subplicate, doubly serrate, smooth beneath, velvety above; stip. 
 
POTENTILLA. XL VIII. ROSACES. 251 
 
 minute, subulate; sep. spreading, long-acuminate, shorter than the narrow-obo- 
 vate, emarginate petals; sty. 00. A delicate house-plant, with snow-white 
 double flowers. Native of Mauritius. 
 
 12. POTENTILLA. 
 
 Lat. potentia, power; in allusion to its supposed potency in medicine. 
 
 Calyx concave, deeply 4 5-cleft, with an equal number of alter- 
 nate, exterior segments or bracteoles ; petals 4 5, obcordate ; sta- 
 mens 00 ; filaments slender ; ovaries collected into a head on a small, 
 dry receptacle ; styles deciduous ; achenia 00. Herbaceous or shrubby. 
 Lvs. pinnately or palmately compound. Fls. solitary or cymose, mostly 
 yellow. 
 
 * Leaves palmately trifoliate. 
 
 1. P. NORVEGICA. Norwegian Potentilla or Cinquefoil. 
 
 Hirsute ; st. erect, dichotomous above ; Ifts. 3, elliptical or obovate, den- 
 tate-serrate, petiolulate ; cymes leafy ; cat. exceeding the emarginate petals. 
 Old fields and thickets, Arc. Am. to Car. Stem 1 4f high, covered with silky 
 hairs, terete, at length forked near the top. Cauline petioles shorter than the 
 leaves. Leaflets H' by i J', '(lower and radical ones very small,) often 
 incised. Stipules large, ovate, subentire. Flowers many, crowded, with pale 
 yellow petals shorter than the lanceolate, acute, hairy sepals. Jl. Sept. 
 
 /?. ? hirsuia. T. & G. (P. hirsuta. Michx.) Hairs loose, silky ; st. slender, 
 erect, subsimple ; lower and middle Ivs. equal, long-petiolate ; Ifts. roundish-obo- 
 vate, sessile, incisely dentate ; fls. few, petals rather conspicuous, nearly as long 
 as the calyx. Dry fields. With reluctance I adopt the views of Torrey & Gray 
 in regard to this plant. 
 
 2. P. TRIDENTATA. Ait. Trident or Mountain Potentilla. 
 
 Smooth ; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base ; Ifts. 3, obovate-cune- 
 ate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at the apex ; cymes nearly naked ; pet. 
 twice longer than the calyx. On the White Mts. ! and other alpine summits in 
 the N. States. Flowering stems 6 12' high, round, often with minute, ap- 
 pressed hairs. Petioles mostly longer than the leaves. Leaflets sessile, 9 18" 
 by 4 6", coriaceous, smooth. Flowers with white, obovate petals. Carpels 
 and achenia with scattered hairs. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. P. MINIMA.. Haller. 
 
 St. pubescent, ascending, mostly 1-flowered ; Ivs. trifoliate ; Ifts. obovate, 
 obtuse, incisely serrate, with 5 9 teeth above ; pet. longer than the sepals. 
 Alpine regions of the White Mts. Stems numerous and leafy, 1 3' high. 
 Leaflets with the margins and veins beneath hairy. Flowers small. Petals 
 obcordate. Bracteoles oval-obtuse, narrowed at the base. 
 * * Leaves palmately 3 or ^-foliate. 
 
 4. P. CANADENSIS. (P. sarmentosa. Willd.} Common Cinquefoil. 
 
 Villose pubescent ; st. sarmentose, procumbent and ascending ; Ivs. pal- 
 mately 5-foliate, the leaflets obovate, silky beneath, cut-dentate towards the 
 apex, entire and attenuate towards the base ; stip. hairy, deeply 2 or 3-cleft, or 
 entire; pedicels axillary, solitary; bracteoles of the calyx longer than the seg- 
 ments, and nearly as long as the petals. Common in fields and thickets, U. S. 
 and Can. Stems more or less procumbent at base, from a few inches to a foot 
 or more in length. Flowers yellow, on long pedicels. Calyx segments lanceo- 
 late or linear. Apr. Aug. 
 
 &. pumila. T. & G. (P. pumila. PA.) Very small and delicate, flowering 
 in Apr. and May. I cannot perceive any difference between this and the above, 
 except its diminutive size and early flowering. In dry, sandy soils. Stems 
 about 3' high. 
 
 y. simplex. T. & G. (P. simplex. Michx.} Plant less hirsute ; st. simple, 
 erect or ascending at base ; Ifts. oval-cuneiform ; flowering in June Aug. In 
 richer soils. Stems 8 14' high. Leaflets about I 7 long, | as wide. 
 
 5. P. ARGENTEA. Silvery Cinquefoil. 
 
 St. ascending, tomentose, branched above ; Ifts. oblong-cuneiform, with a 
 22 
 
352 XLVIII. ROSACES. FRAGARIA. 
 
 few large, incised teeth, smooth above, silvery-caneseent beneath, sessile ; fls. 
 in a cymose corymb ; pet. longer than the obtusish sepals. A pretty species, on 
 dry or rocky hills, Can. and N. States, remarkable for the silvery whiteness of 
 the lower surface of the leaves. Stems 6 10' long, at length with slender 
 branches. Leaflets 5 9" by 1 2", with 2 or 3 slender, spreading teeth each 
 side ; upper ones linear, entire. Flowers small. Calyx canescent. Petals yel- 
 low. Jn. Sept. 
 
 * * * Leaves pinnate, 
 
 6. P. FRUTICCSA. (P. floribunda. Ph.*) Shrubby Cinquefoil. 
 
 St. fruticose, very branching, hirsute, erect ; Ifts. 5 7, linear-oblong, all 
 sessile, margin entire and revolute; pet. large, much longer than the calyx. A 
 low, bushy shrub, in meadows and rocky hills. Northern States and Brit. Am. 
 Stems 1 2f high, with a reddish bark ; petioles shorter than the leaves. Leaf- 
 lets f If (mostly I'} by 2 3" wide, acute, crowded, pubescent. Stipules 
 nearly as long as the petioles. Flowers | If diam., yellow, in terminal. clus- 
 ters. Jn. Aug. 
 
 7. P. ANSERINA. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. 
 
 St. slender, creeping, prostrate, rooting ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. 
 many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, canescent beneath ; ped. solitary, 1-flowered, 
 very long. A fine species on wet shores and meadows, N. Eng. to Arctic Am. 
 Stems subterraneous, sending out reddish stolons 1 2f long. Petioles mostly 
 radical, 6 10' long. Leaflets 1 If by 3 6", sessile, with several minute 
 pairs interposed. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Fls. yellow, 1' diam. Jn. Sept. 
 
 8. P. ARGUTA. Ph. (P. confertiflora. Hitchcock. Boottia sylvestris. Bw.} 
 False Avens. White-flowered Polentilla. St. erect; radical Ivs. on long 
 
 petioles, 7 9-foliate, cauline few, 3 7-foliate ; Ifts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate ; 
 fls. in dense, terminal cymes. Along streams, &c., Can. and N. States, W. to 
 the Rocky Mts. Stems 2 3f high, stout, terete, striate, and with nearly the 
 whole plant very pubescent. Radical leaves If or more long. Leaflets 1 2' 
 long, | as wide, sessile, odd one petiolulate. Fls. about 8" diam. Petals round- 
 ish, yellowish white, longer than the sepals. Disk glandular, 5-lobed. May, Jn. 
 
 9. P. PARADOXA. Nutt. (P. supina. MX.} 
 
 Decumbent at base, pubescent; Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. 79, obovate-oblong, 
 incised, the upper ones confluent; slip, ovate; ped. solitary, recurved in fruit; 
 pet. obovate, about equaling the sepals ; ach. 2-lobed, the lower portion chiefly 
 composed of starch-like albumen. River banks, Ohio to Oregon. Nuttall in 
 T. & G. Fl. p. 437. 
 
 13. COM ARUM. 
 
 Gr. KOfjLapos, the strawberry tree, which this plant resembles. 
 
 Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with, bracteoles alternating with the seg- 
 ments ; petals 5, very small ; stamens numerous, inserted into the 
 disk ; achenia smooth, crowded upon the enlarged, ovate, spongy, per- 
 sistent receptacle. ^ Lvs. pinnate. 
 
 C. PALUSTRE. Marsh Cinquefoil. 
 
 In spagnous swamps, N. States ! Wise. ! to the Arctic Circle. Stems creep- 
 ing at base, 1 2f high, nearly smooth, branching. Leaflets 3, 5 and 7, crowded, 
 1J 2f long, $ as wide, oblong-lanceolate, hoary beneath, obtuse, sharply ser- 
 rate, subsessile ; petiole longer than the scarious, woolly, adnate stipules at 
 base. Flowers large. Calyx segments several times la'rger than the petals. 
 Petals about 3" long, ovate-lanceolate, and, with the stamens, styles and upper 
 surface of the sepals, dark purple. Fruit permanent. Jn. 
 
 14. FRAGARIA. 
 
 Lat. fragrans, fragrant ; on account of its perfumed fruit. 
 
 Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate, 
 exterior segments or bracteoles ; petals 5, obcordate ; stamens 00 ; 
 achenia smooth, affixed to a large, pulpy, deciduous receptacle. '*! 
 Stems stoloniferous. Lvs. trifoliate. Fts. on a scape, white. 
 
GBUM. XL VIII. ROSACE^E. 253 
 
 1. F. VIRGINIANA. Ehrh. (F. Canadensis. Michx.) Scarlet or Wild Straw- 
 berry. Pubescent ; col. of the fruit erect-spreading ; ach. imbedded in pits 
 
 in the globose receptacle ; ped. commonly shorter than the leaves. Fields and 
 woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stolons slender, terete, reddish, often If or more 
 long, rooting at the ends. Petioles radical, 2 6' long, with spreading hairs. 
 Leaflets 3, oval, obtuse, coarsely dentate, subsessile, 1 2$' long, f as wide, 
 lateral ones oblique. Scape less hairy than the petioles, cymose at top. Flowers 
 in Apr. and May. Fruit in Jn. JL, highly fragrant and delicious when ripened 
 in the sun. 
 
 2. F. VESCA. Alpine, Wood, or English Strawberry. 
 
 Pubescent; calyx of the fruit much spreading or reflexed; ach. superficial 
 on the conical or hemispherical receptacle which is without pits ; ped. usually 
 longer than the leaves. Fields and woods, Northern States, &c. Stolons often 
 creeping several feet. Leaves pubescent, and flowers as in F. Virginiana. 
 Numerous varieties are cultivated in gardens, where the fruit is sometimes an 
 ounce or more in weight. Fl. Apr. May. Fr. Jn. JL 
 
 3. F. CHILENSIS. Ehrh. Chili Strawberry. Lfts. villose-silky beneath, ru- 
 gose, coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse, serrate ; ped. and cal. silky ; pet. 
 large, spreading. From Oregon and California. Not generally cultivated. 
 
 Obs. Other species with varieties are sometimes found in gardens; as F. elatior, the hautbois S., 
 with tall, thin leaves, tall and strong scapes, and fruit greenish white tinged with purple ; F. grandiflora, 
 the pine-apple S. (made a synonym of F. Chilensis by DC.) with firm, crenate leaves, large flowers and 
 large, globose fruit, varying from whitish to purple. 
 
 15. DAL1BARDA. 
 
 Named by Linnaeus, in honor of Dalibard, a French botanist. 
 
 Calyx inferior, deeply 5 6-parted, spreading, 3 of the segments 
 larger ; petals 5 ;.. stamens numerous ; styles 5 8, long, deciduous ; 
 fruit achenia, dry or somewhat drupaceous. 1\. Low herbs. St. creep- 
 ing. Lvs. undivided. Scapes 1 %-flowered. 
 
 D. REPENS. False Violet. 
 
 Diffuse, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots ; Ivs. simple, roundish-cordate, 
 crenate ; stip. linear-setaceous ; cal. spreading in flower, erect in fruit. In low 
 woods, Penn. to Can. Creeping stems 1 or 2' to 10 or 12' in length. Leaves 
 1 2' diam., rounded at apex, cordate at base, villose-pubescent, on petioles 1, 
 2 or 3' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. Petals white, 
 obovate, longer than the sepals. Jn. 
 
 16. WALDSTEINIA. Willd. 
 Named by Willdenow, in honor of Franz de Waldstein, a German botanist. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous 
 bracteoles ; petals 5 or more, sessile, deciduous ; stamens 00, inserted 
 into the calyx ; styles 2 6 ; achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle. 
 % Acaulescent herbs, with lobed or divided radical Ivs., and yellow fis. 
 W. FRAGARiolDES. Traut. (Dalibarda. Michx. Comaropsis. DC.} Dry 
 Strawberry. Lvs. trifoliate ; Ifts. broad-cuneiform, incisely dentate-crenate, 
 ciliate ; scapes bracteate, many-flowered ; cal. tube obconic. A handsome plant, 
 in hilly woods, Can. to Ga., bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Rhi- 
 zoma thick, scaly, blackish. Petioles 3 6' long, slightly pubescent. Leaflets 
 1 y diam., nearly sessile, dark shining green above, apex rounded and cut 
 into lobes and teeth. Scape about as high as the leaves, divided at top, bearing 
 2 6 flowers ' diam. Petals varying from 5 10 ! Jn. 
 
 17. GEUM. 
 
 Orr.ysvo), to taste well ; in allusion to the taste of the roots. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or bracteoles, smaller and 
 exterior ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 ; achenia 00, aggregated on a dry 
 receptacle" and caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, genicu- 
 late and bearded style. % 
 
254 XL VIII. ROSACE^E. GEUM. 
 
 * Styles articulated and geniculate, upper joint deciduous. 
 
 1. G. RIVALE. Water Avens. Purple avens. 
 
 Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; radical Ivs. lyrate ; slip, ovate, acute ; fls. nod- 
 ding; pet. as long as the erect -calyx segments; upper' joint of the persistent style 
 plumose. A fine plant, with drooping, purple flowers, conspicuous among 
 ihe grass in wet meadows, Northern and Mid. States. Rhizoma woody, creep- 
 ing. Stem 1 2f high, paniculate at top. Root leaves interruptedly pinnate, 
 inclining to lyrate, 46' long, terminal leaflet large, roundish, lobed and cre- 
 nate-dentate. Stem leaves 1 3, 3- foliate or lobed, subsessile. Flowers sub- 
 globose. Calyx purplish-brown. Petals broad-obcordate, clawed, purplish- 
 yellow, veined. Jn. The root is aromatic and astringent. 
 
 2. G. STRICTUM. Ait. Yellow Avens. 
 
 Hirsute ; radical Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; cauline 3 5-foliate ; Ifts. obo- 
 vate and ovate, lobed and toothed ; stip. large and erect ; bracteoles linear, shorter 
 than the sepals ; pet. roundish, longer than the calyx ; sty. smooth, upper joint 
 hairy. Fields moist or dry, N. States and Brit. Am. Stem hispid at base, 2 
 3f high, dichotomous, and with spreading hairs at summit. Root leaves 5 8' 
 long, inclining to lyrate, the terminal leaflet largest, obovate and lobed. Flow- 
 ers numerous, rather large, yellow. Receptacle densely pubescent. Jl. Aug. 
 
 3. G. VIRGINIANUM. (G. album. Gmel.} White Avens. 
 
 Pubescent ; radical Ivs. pinnate, ternate, or even rarely simple ; cauline 
 3 5-foliate or lobed, all unequally and incisely dentate, nearly smooth or softly 
 pubescent ; fls. erect ; pet. not exceeding the calyx ; sty. glabrous ; recep. densely 
 hirsute. Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Stem simple or branched, 
 smoothish above. Leaves very variable in form, lower ones often 3-foliate, 
 with long, (6 8') appendaged petioles. Stipules mostly incised. Upper leaves 
 simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, white. Peduncles in fruit long 
 and diverging. Jl. 
 
 4. G. MACROPHYLLUM. Willd. Large-leaved Yellow Avens. 
 
 Hispid; radical Ivs. interruptedly lyrate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet much 
 the largest, roundish-cordate ; cauline with minute, lateral leaflets, and a large, 
 roundish, lobed, terminal one, all unequally dentate ; pet. longer than the calyx ; 
 recep. nearly smooth. White Mts. ! Stem 1 2f high, stout, very hispid and 
 leafy. Terminal leaflets 3 5' diam. Flowers yellow. Jn. Jl. 
 
 5. G. VERNUM. T. & G. (Stylipus vernus. Raf.} 
 
 Slender and slightly pubescent ; st. ascending at base; radical Ivs. pin- 
 nately 5 9-foliate, with incised leaflets, or often simple and cordate, incisely 
 lobed and dentate ; cauline Ivs. 3 5-foliate or lobed ; stip. large and incised ; 
 fls. very small ; scp. reflexed ; head of carpels globose, raised on a slender stipe. 
 Shades and thickets, Ohio ! to 111. and Tex. Stem 820' high, striate, di- 
 or trichotomous at top, few-leaved and few-flowered. Petals yellow, and with 
 the sepals hardly more than 1" in length. Stipe of the head of carpels f long. 
 Apr. Jn. 
 
 * * Styles not articulated, wholly persistent. SIEVERSIA. R. Br. 
 
 6. G. TRiFLORUM. Pursh. Three-flowered Geum. 
 
 Villous ; st. erect, about 3-flowered ; Ivs. mostly radical, interruptedly pin- 
 nate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate leaflets ; bracteoks linear, longer 
 than the sepals ; sty. plumose, very long in fruit. Brit. Am. and the Western 
 States ! rare in the Northern. Stems scarcely a foot high, with a pair of oppo- 
 site, laciniate leaves near the middle, and several bracts at the base of the long, 
 slender petioles. Radical leaves 5 -6' long, the terminal leaflet not enlarged. 
 Flowers rather large, purplish white. Styles 2' long in fruit. May, Jn. 
 
 7. G. PECKII. Pursh. Peck's Geum. 
 
 Nearly glabrous; st. erect, several-flowered, nearly naked; radical Ivs. 
 iyrate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet very large, roundish, truncate at base, the 
 lateral ones minute ; pet. much longer than the calyx. White Mts. ! Scape 9' 
 high (45, Bw. 12 18, T. fy G.), with several small, incised bracts. Petioles 
 3 5' long, bearing 4 or 6, dentate, lateral leaflets 14" long, and ending in a 
 half-round leaflet 24' wide, lobed and dentate. Flowers 8" diam., yellow, ter- 
 minal on the elongated branches. Jl. Aug. 
 
SPIRJBA. XL VIII. ROSACE^E. *6b 
 
 18. SANGUISORBA. 
 Lat. sanguis, sorbere, q. d. to absorb blood ; the plant is esteemed a vulnerary. 
 
 Calyx tube 4-sided, 2 or 3-bracted at base ; limb 4 parted ; petals 
 ; stamens 4, opposite the calyx segments ; filaments dilated upwards ; 
 style 1, filiform; achenium dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with 
 unequally pinnate haves. 
 
 S. CANADENSIS. Burnet Saxifrage. 
 
 Glabrous; Ifts. oblong, cordate, obtuse, serrate; spikes dense, cvlindric, 
 very long ; sta. much longer than the calyx. Tj. in wet meadows, tf . S. and 
 Brit. Am., and cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, striate, spar- 
 ingly branched. Stipules leafy, serrate. Leaflets 2 4' long, \ i as wide, 
 petiolate, mostly stipellate. Spikes 36' long, terminating the long, naked 
 branches. Bracteoles 3. Calyx greenish white, resembling a corolla. Aug. 
 
 19. POTERIUM. 
 
 Literally a drinking vessel, and hence a beverage ; from the use of the plant. 
 
 Fls. c? Calyx tube contracted at the mouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4- 
 parted ; petals ; stamens 20 ^0 ; ovaries 2 ; style filiform ; ache- 
 ilia dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves. 
 
 P. SANGUISORBA. Burnet. 
 
 Herbaceous; st. unarmed, angular, and with the leaves, smooth; Ifts. 
 7 11, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate ; spikes or /ids. subglobose, the lower 
 flowers staminate. 7|. Occasionally cultivated as a salad, but is now less valued 
 in medicine than formerly. It is said by Hooker to be native about Lake Huron. 
 
 20. AGRIMONIA. 
 
 Gr. aypos, a field, /xovos, alone ; a name of dignity for its medicinal Qualities. 
 
 Calyx tube turbinate, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked 
 bristles above, limb 5-cleft; petals 5 ; stamens 12 15 ; ovaries 2 ; 
 styles terminal ; achenia included in the indurated tube of the calyx. 
 % Lvs. pinnately divided. Fls. yellow, in long, slender racemes. 
 
 1. A. EUPATORIA. Agrimony^ 
 
 Hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate, upper ones 3-foliate ; Ifts. ovate, oval 
 or oval-lanceolate, coarsely dentate ; slip, large, dentate ; pet. twice longer than 
 the calyx. Road sides, borders of fields, Can. and U. S., common. Stem 1 3f 
 high, branching, leafy. Leaflets 3, 5, 7, with small ones interposed, nearly 
 smooth beneath, 1 3' long, as wide, sessile, terminal one with a petiolule 
 1 3" long. Racemes 6 12' long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about 4" diam., 
 on very short pedicels. Calyx tube curiously fluted with 10 ribs, and sur- 
 mounted with reddish, hooked bristles. Jl. 
 
 /?. hirsuta. Torr. Smaller and more hairy. 
 
 y. parviflora. Hook. (A. parviflora. DC.) Less hairy ;fls. smaller, on longer 
 pedicels. 
 
 2. A. PARVIFLORA. Ait. (A. suaveolens. Ph.) 
 
 St. and petioles hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. numerous, crowded, 
 pubescent beneath, linear-lanceolate, equally and incisely serrate ; slip, acutely 
 incised ; roc. spicate-virgate ; fls. small : pet. longer than calyx ; fr. hispid. 
 Woods and dry meadows, Penn. ! to S. Car. W. to la. and Tenn. Stem 3 4f 
 high, the hairs spreading, brownish and glandular. Leaflets 2 3' by J ', 
 with smaller ones intermixed. Petals yellow. The plant has an agreeable 
 balsamic odor. Aug. 
 
 21. SPIRAEA. 
 Gr. cnrsipa, a cord or wreath ; the flowers are, or may be used in garlands. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; petals 5, roundish; stamens 10 50, 
 exserted ; carpels distinct, 3 12, follicular, 1 --celled, 1 2-valved, 
 1 10-seeded ; styles terminal. % Unarmed shrubs or herbs. Branches 
 and Ivs. alternate. Fls. white or rose-color, never yellow. 
 
 22* 
 
256 XLVIII. ROSACES. SPIRAEA. 
 
 * Leaves without stipules, 
 
 1. S. TOMENTOSA. Hardback. 
 
 Ferruginous-tomentose ; ITS. simple, ovate-lanceolate, smoothish above, 
 unequally serrate ; rac. short, dense, aggregated in a dense, slender, terminal 
 panicle ; carpels 5. A small shrub, very common in pastures and low grounds, 
 Can. and U. S. Stem very hard, brittle, consequently troublesome to the scythe 
 of the hay-maker. Leaves l\ 2' long, J as wide, dark green above, rusty white 
 with a dense tomentum beneath, crowded, and on short petioles. Flowers 
 small, very numerous, with conspicuous stamens, light purple, forming a slen- 
 der, pyramidal cluster of some beauty. The persistent fruit in winter furnishes 
 food for the snow bird. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. S. SALICIPOLIA. (S. alba. 23w.) Queen of the Meadow. Meadow-sieeet. 
 Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. oblong, obovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate ; rac. 
 
 forming a more or less dense, terminal panicle ; carpels 5. A small shrub in 
 meadows, thickets, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stems 3 4f high, slender, purplish, 
 brittle. Leaves smooth, 1 3' long, | as wide, acute at each end, petiolate, 
 often with small leaves in the axils. Flowers white, often tinged with red, 
 small, numerous, with conspicuous stamens, in a more or less spreading pani- 
 cle. Jl. Aug.f 
 
 3. S. ARUNCUS. Goafs Beard. 
 
 Herbaceous ; Ivs. membranaceous, tripinnate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, doubly and sharply serrate ; fls. <J tf, 
 very numerous ; carpels 3 5, very smooth. On the Catskill Mts., N. Y. to Ga. 
 Torrey fy Gray. Stem 4 6f high, branching. Flowers very small, white, 
 in numerous, slender racemes, forming a large, compound panicle. Jn. Jl. 
 0. Fls. in very long, virgate racemes. Georgetown, D. C. Robbins. 
 
 4. S. CORYMBOSA. Raf. (S. chamoedrifolia. PA.) Corymbose Spiraea. 
 Las. ovate or oblong-oval, incisely and unequally serrate near the apex, 
 
 whitish with minute tomentum beneath ; corymbs large, terminal, pedunculate, 
 fastigiate, compound, dense, often leafy ; sty. and carpels 3 5. Mountains, 
 Penn. Fauquier Co., Va. Dr. Robbins, to Ky. S. to Flor. Stem slightly pu- 
 bescent, reddish, 1 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth above, entire towards the 
 base, 23' by f If. Flowers innumerable, white or rose-colored, in a co- 
 rymb 4 6' broad. May, Jn. f 
 
 5. S. HYPERICIFOLIA St. Peter's Wreath. Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse, ta- 
 pering at base to a petiole, entire or slightly dentate, nearly smooth ; fls. in 
 pedunculate corymbs or sessile umbels ; pedicels smooth or pubescent ; segments 
 of the calyx ascending. Cultivated in gardens and shrubberies. Shrub 3 5f 
 high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Flowers white, in numerous umbels, ter- 
 minating the short, lateral branches. Pedicels as long as the leaves. May. f 
 
 * * Leaves accompanied with stipules. 
 
 6. S. SORBIPOLIA. Sorb-leaved Spirtza. Shrub stout, with straggling branches 
 and rough bark ; Ivs. unequally pinnate ; lateral Ifts. oblong-lanceolate; termi- 
 nal one larger, irregularly lobed, all acuminate, sessile and doubly serrate ; fls. 
 in thyrsoid panicles, large, numerous, white. In shrubberies. Height 4 6f. 
 May.f 
 
 5. 7. OPULIFOLIA. Nine-bark. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. roundish, 3-lobed, petiolate, doubly-serrate ; corymbs 
 pedunculate ; carpels 3 5, exceeding the calyx in fruit. A beautiful shrub, 
 3 5f. high, on the banks of streams, Caa. la. ! Mo. S. to Ga., rare. Bark 
 
 tinged with purple. Follicles diverging, smooth, shining, purple, 2-seeded. Jn.f 
 
 8. S. LOBATA. Siberian Red Spircea. 
 
 Herbaceous ; Ivs. pinnately 3 7 foliate, often with smaller leaflets inter- 
 posed, lateral Ifts. of 3, lanceolate lobes, cuneate at base, terminal one large, 
 pedately 7 9-parted, lobes all doubly serrate; stip. reniform; panicle large, 
 cymosely branched ; fls. large, deep rose-color ; carpels 6 8. An herb of ex- 
 
KERRIA. XL VIII. ROSACE^E. 257 
 
 quisite beauty, in meadows and prairies, Mich. la. ! to Car. Stem 4 8f high. 
 Flowers numerous and exceedingly delicate. Jn. Jl. f 
 
 9. S. FILIPENDULA. Pride of the Meadow. Herbaceous, smooth; Ivs. inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. pinnatifidly serrate, 9 21, with many minute ones in- 
 terposed ; slip, large, semicordate, serrate ; corymb on a long, terminal pedun- 
 cle. A very delicate herb, often cultivated. Stems 1 3f high. Leaves 3 6' 
 long, leaflets 1 2' long, linear, the serratures tipped with short bristles. Flow- 
 ers white, 4 or 5" diam. Petals oblong-obovate. Jn. 
 
 10. S. ULMARIA. Double Meadmv-sweet. Herbaceous; Ivs. 3 7-foliate, with 
 minute leaflets interposed; lateral Ifts. ovate-lanceolate; terminal one much 
 larger, palmately 5 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and whitish-tomentose beneath ; 
 slip, reniform, serrate ; panidf. corymbose, long-pedunculate. In gardens, where 
 the numerous white flowers are mostly double. Jl. f Other species of this 
 beautiful genus are sometimes cultivated. 
 
 22. GILLENIA. Mccnch. 
 
 Gr. yeXao), to laugh ; on account of its exhilarating qualities. 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft ; pe- 
 tals 5, linear-lanceolate, very long, unequal ; stamens 10 15, very 
 short; carpels 5, connate at base ; styles terminal, follicles 2-valved, 
 2 4-seeded. 1\. Herbs with trifoliate, doubly serrate leaves. 
 
 1. G. TRJFOLIATA. Mo3nch. (Spiraea. Linn.) Indian Physic. 
 
 Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; stip. linear-setaceous, entire ; fls. on long 
 pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbose panicles. In woods, western N. Y. to Ga. 
 A handsome shrub, 2 3f high, slender and nearly smooth. Lower leaves pe- 
 tiolate, leaflets 24' long, as wide, pubescent beneath, subsessile. Flowers 
 axillary and terminal. Petals rose-color or nearly white, 8" by 2". Seeds 
 brown, bitter. Jn. Jl. Root said to be emetic, cathartic or tonic, according 
 to the dose. 
 
 2. G. STIPULACEA. Nutt. (Spirea. PA.) Bowman's Root. 
 
 Lfts. lanceolate, deeply incised ; radical Ivs. pinnatifid ; stip. leafy, ovate, 
 doubly "incised, clasping; fls. large, in loose panicles. Western N. Y. to Ala. 
 Readily distinguished from the former by the large, clasping stipules. Flow- 
 ers fewer, rose-colored. Jn. Properties of, the root like the former. 
 
 23. KERRIA. DC. 
 
 In honor of Wm. Ker, a botanical collector, who sent plants from China. 
 
 Calyx of 5 acuminate, nearly distinct sepals ; corolla of 5 orbicu- 
 lar petals ; ovaries 5 8, smooth, globose ; ovules solitary ; styles 
 filiform ; achenia globose. A slender shrub, native of Japan. Lvs. 
 simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, without stipules. Fls. terminal 
 on the branches, solitary or few together, orange-yellow. 
 
 K. JAPONICA. DC. (Corchorus Japonica. Willd.} Japan Globe Flower. 
 Common in gardens, &c. Stems numerous, 5 8f high, with a smooth bark. 
 Leaves minutely pubescent, 2 3' by 1 !', with a very sharp, slender point. 
 Petioles 3 5" long, Flowers double in cultivation, and abortive, globose, near 
 1 diam. f 
 
 24. SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS. Linn. Mts. of Vt. Pursh. Also Can. 
 to Greenland. 
 
 25. DRY AS INTEGRIFOLIA. Vahl. White Mts., N. H. Pursh. Also N. to 
 Greenland. 
 
 26. ALCHEMILLA ALPINA. Linn. White Mts., N. H., Green Mts., 
 Vt., and Greenland, according to Pursh. These three species, whose leading 
 characters are indicated in the " Conspectus of the Genera," have never, to my 
 knowledge, been attributed to N. Eng. by any botanist except on the authority 
 of Pursh, which in this case, Drs. Torrey & Gray (p. 432) think to be " ex- 
 tremely doubtful." 
 
258 L. MYRTACE^E. PUNICA. 
 
 ORDER XLIX. CALYCANTHACE.E. CALYCANTHS. 
 
 Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axes of growth surrounding the central one. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, entire, simple, without stipules. Fls. solitary, axillary. 
 
 Col. <, Sepals numerous, colored, in several rows, confounded with the petals, all united below into a 
 
 Cor. fleshy tube or cup. 
 
 Sta. 00, inserted into the fleshy rim of the calyx ; inner row sterile. 
 
 Ova. indefinite, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. 
 
 Fr. Achenia hard, enclosed in the calyx tube as in genus Rosa. 
 
 The order consists of but 2 genera, Calycanthus, American, and Chimonanthus of Japan. The species 
 are 6. The flowers are highly aromatic, and the same quality resides in the bark. 
 
 CALYCANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. KaXv|, calyx, ai/Sos, a flower; from the character. 
 
 Lobes of the calyx imbricated in many rows, lanceolate, somewhat 
 coriaceous and fleshy, colored ; stamens unequal, about 12 outer ones 
 fertile ; anthers extrorse. The bark and leaves exhale the odor of cam- 
 phor. Fls. of a lurid purple. 
 
 C. FLORIDUS. Carolina Allspice. Sweet-scented Shrub. 
 Lvs. oval, mostly acute or acuminate, tomentose beneath ; branches spread- 
 ing ; flowers nearly sessile. Fertile soils along streams, Va. and all the S. 
 States. Not uncommon in gardens farther north. The species of Willdenow 
 and Elliot are all referred to this of Linnaeus, by Torrey and Gray, as follows : 
 
 /?. (C. laevigatus Willd.} Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or 
 gradually acute, glabrous ; branches erect, f 
 
 y. (C. glaucus Willd.} Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous 
 and glabrous beneath ; branches spreading, f 
 
 S. (C. inodorus. Ell.) Lvs. lanceolate, scabrous and shining above, smooth 
 below ; branches spreading. 
 
 ORDER L. MYRTACEJE. MYRTLEBLOOMS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, without stipules. 
 
 Lvs. opposite entire, punctate, usually with a vein running close to the margin. 
 
 Cal. adherent below to the compound ovary, the limb 4 5-cleft, valvate. 
 
 Cor. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx. 
 
 Sta. indefinite. AntJiers introrse. Style and stigma simple. 
 
 Fr. with many seeds. 
 
 A fine order, of 45 genera and 1300 species, native of warm or torrid countries, especially of S. America 
 and the E. Indies. 
 
 Properties. A fragrant or pungent volatile oil, residing chiefly in the pellucid dotting of the leaves per- 
 vades the order. The Caryophylfus aromaticus, native of Arabia, a tree about 20 feet in height, yields the 
 clove (clou Fr. a nail) which is the dried Jlmoer. Cajeput oil is distilled from the leaves of the Melaleu- 
 ca Cajeputi, native of the E. Indies. A kind of gum kino is obtained from Eucalyptus resinifera, also a 
 native of India. The root of the Pomegranate yields an extract which is an excellent vermifuge. All the 
 genera are exotic with us. Many of them are highly ornamental in culture. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Fruits 3-ce lied. Leaves evergreen, with a marginal vein. Myrtus. 1 
 
 Fruit many-celled. Leaves deciduous, without the marginal vein Punica. 2 
 
 1. MYRTUS. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. //VjOov, perfume. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; berry 2 3-celled : radicle and cotyle- 
 dons distinct. Shrubs with evergreen leaves. 
 
 M. COMMUNIS. Common Myrtle. Lvs. oblong-ovate, with a marginal vein ; 
 fls. solitary; invoL 2-leaved. This popular shrub is a native of S. Europe. In 
 our climate it is reared only in houses and conservatories. Among the ancients 
 it was a great favorite for its elegance of form, and its fragrant, evergreen 
 leaves. It was sacred to Venus. The brows of bloodless victors were adorned 
 with myrtle wreaths, and at Athens it was an emblem of civic avthority. 
 Leaves about 1' by '. Flowers white. Jl. Aug.f 
 
 2. PUNICA. 
 
 Lat. Punica, Carthagenian, or, of Carthage, where it first grew. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; berry many-celled, many-seeded ; seeds 
 baccate ; placenta parietal. Deciduous trees and shrubs. 
 
LI1. LYTHRACE^E. 259 
 
 P. GRANATUM. Pomegranate. Arborescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, with no margin- 
 al vein. A thorny bush when wild, from S. Europe, where it is sometimes used 
 for hedges like the hawthorn. Leaves lanceolate, entire, smooth, 2 3' by 
 5 10", obtuse. The flowers are scarlet, large, and make a fine appearance. 
 The fruit is large, highly ornamental and of a fine flavor. Much care is requi- 
 site for its cultivation. It requires a rich loam, a sunny situation, protected by 
 glass. In this way double flowers of great beauty may be produced, f 
 
 P. NANA. Dwarf Pomegranate. Shrubby; ITS. linear-lanceolate, acute. Na- 
 tive of the W. Indies, where it is used as a hedge plant. Shrub 4 6f high, with 
 smaller purple flowers, often double, f 
 
 ORDER LI. MELASTOMACE^. MELASTOMES. 
 
 Tre.es, shrubs or herbs with square branches, and usually exstipulate. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, entire and undivided, without dots and with several veins. 
 
 Ca/. Sepals 46, united, persistent, the tube urceolate, cohering with only the angles of the ovary. 
 
 Cor Petals as many as the segments of the calyx, twisted in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. twice as many as the petals, sometimes of the same number, the filaments inflexed in aestivation. 
 
 Anth. before flowering contained in the cavity between the cal. and the sides of ova. 
 
 Fr. capsularor baccate. 
 
 Genera 118, species 1200. The order is represented in the United States by a single genus, the remain- 
 der being natives chiefly of India and tropical America. No plant of this order is poisonous. All are 
 slightly astringent. 
 
 RHEXIA. 
 
 Gr. pei$, a rupture ; some of the species are good vulneraries. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base ; petals 4 ; stamens 8, 1 -celled ; 
 style declined ; capsule 4-celled, nearly free from the investing calyx 
 tube ; placentae prominent ; seeds numerous. Q Lvs. opposite, exstipu- 
 latej 3-veined. 
 
 1. R. VIRGINICA. Meadow Beauty. Deer Grass. 
 
 St. with 4-winged angles ; Ivs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 
 and with the stem clothed with scattered hairs ; cal. hispid. Grows in wet 
 grounds, Mass, to 111. ! and La. Stem If or more high, often 3-forked above. 
 Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent veins, 1 3' long, about as wide, 
 acute. Flowers large, in corymbose cymes, v Petals bright purple, obovate, his- 
 pid beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden yellow 
 above with a purple line beneath. Style somewhat longer than the stamens, a 
 little declined. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. R. MARIANA. Maryland Deer Grass. 
 
 St. nearly terete, covered with bristly hairs ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, atten- 
 uate at base into a very short petiole and, with the calyx, clothed with scattered 
 hairs. In sandy bogs, N. J. to Flor. The whole plant is hispid, even the pe- 
 tals externally. Stem 1 2f high, slender, and generally without branches. 
 Leaves often narrowly oblong, serrate-ciliate. Petals large, obovate, purple. 
 Jn. Sept. 
 
 ORDER LIT. LYTHRACE^E. LOOSESTRIFES. 
 
 Herls, rarely shrubs, frequently with 4-cornered branches. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, entire, with neither stipules nor glands. 
 
 Cal. tubular, the limb 4 7-lobed, sometimes with as many intermediate teeth. 
 
 Cor. Petals inserted into the calyx between the lobes, very deciduous, or 0. 
 
 Sta. equal in number to the petals, or 24 times as many, inserted into the calyx. 
 
 Ova. superior, enclosed in the calyx-tube, 2 4-celled. Sty. united into one. 
 
 Fr. Capsule membranous, enveloped in the calyx, usually by abortion 1-celled. 
 
 Sds. small, 00, attached to a central placenta. Albumen 0. 
 
 Genera 35, species 300. Some of the species are found in temperate climes, but most of them are tro- 
 pical- Lythrum salicaria, native of Europe, N. Holland and U. S., is used for tanning where it abounds. 
 All the species are astringent. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 { horns. Petals Hypobrichia 5 
 
 t with 4 teeth and ? 4 short horns Ammannia. 1 
 
 ( campanulate, ( with 5 teeth and 5 long horns. Decodon 3 
 
 < cylindrical, with minute, intermediate horns. .... .' Ly thrum. 2 
 
 Calyx ( ventricose, gibbous at base, intermediate horns Cinphca. 4 
 
260 LII. LYTHRACE^E. LTTHRUM. 
 
 1. AMMANNIA. 
 
 Named in honor of John Ammann, native of Siberia, prof, of bot. St. Petersburg. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 4 5-toothed or lobed, generally with as many 
 horn-like processes alternating with the lobes ; petals 4 or 5, often ; 
 stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes ; capsule 
 2 4-celled, many-seeded. In wet places. Sts. square and Ivs. oppo- 
 site, entire. Fls. axillary. 
 
 1. A. HUMILIS. Michx. (A. ramosior. Linn.*) Low Ainmannia. 
 
 St. branched from the base; ascending ; Ivs. linear-oblong or lanceolate, 
 obtuse, tapering at base into a short petiole ; fls. solitary, closely sessile, all the 
 parts in 4s ; sty. Very short. An obscure and humble plant in wet places, Ct. to 
 Ga. W. to Oregon. Stems square, procumbent at base, 6 10' high. Flowers 
 minute, one in the axil of each leaf, with 4 purplish, caducous petals. Calyx 
 with 4 short, horn-like processes, alternating with the 4 short lobes of the limb. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 /?. (T. & G. A. ramosior. Michx.} Lvs. subsessile, cordate-sagittate at base ; 
 fls. about 3 in each of the lower axils, solitary above. In N. J., where, it is said 
 by T. & G., to grow with and pass into the other variety. 
 
 2. A. LATIFOLIA. (A. ramosior. Linn.} 
 
 St. erect, branching; Irs. linear-lanceolate, dilated and auricula ted at the 
 sessile base ; fls. crowded and apparently verticillate, upper subsolitary and 
 pedunculate ; cat. 4-angled, 4-horned; scp., pet., sta. and cells of capsule 4. Wet 
 prairies, Western States. Stem 1 2fhigh. Leaves 2 3' by 2 5". Flowers 
 purple. Jl. Sept. 
 
 2. LYTHRUM. 
 
 Gr. \v$pov, black blood; referring to the color of the flower. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb 4 6-toothed, with as many inter- 
 mediate, minute processes ; petals 4 6, equal ; stamens as many, or 
 twice as many as the petals, inserted into the calyx ; style filiform ; 
 capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Mostly %, with entire leaves. 
 
 1. L. HYSSOPIFOLIA. (L. hyssopifolium. Dw. and 1st edit.} Grass-poly. 
 
 Glabrous, erect, branching ; Ivs. alternate or opposite, linear or oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse ; fls. solitary, axillary, subsessile ; pet. and sta. 5 or 6. (T) A 
 slender, weed-like plant, found in low grounds, dried beds of ponds, &c., Mass. 
 and N. Y., near the coast, rare. Plant 6 10' high, with spreading, square 
 branches. Leaves sessile, acute at base, pale green, each with a single small 
 flower sessile in its axil. Petals pale purple. Calyx obscurely striate, with 
 short lobes. Jl. 
 
 2. L. ALATUM. Ph. Wing-stem Ly thrum. 
 
 Glabrous, erect, branched ; st. winged below ; Ivs. lance-ovate, sessile, 
 broadest at base, alternate and opposite ; fls. axillary, solitary. Damp grounds, 
 Southern and Western States, common ! Stem 1 2f high, striate, the wings 
 narrow. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide. Calyx tube 12-striate, 12-toothed, alter- 
 nate teeth cornute, Corolla purple, wavy, 6-petaled. Stamens 6, included. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. L. LINEARE. Linear-hated Lythrum. 
 
 St. slender, somewhat 4-angled, branched above ; Ivs. linear, mostly oppo- 
 site and obtuse ; fls. nearly sessile ; pet. and sta. 6. Swamps, near the coast, 
 N. J. to Flor. Stem 2 4f high, the angle sometimes slightly winged. Leaves 
 1 2' by 2 4", rather fleshy. Flowers small, nearly white. 
 
 4. L. SALICARIA. Loose-strife. 
 
 More or less pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate at base; fls. nearly ses- 
 sile, in a long, somewhat verticillate, interrupted spike; pet. 6 or 7; sta. twice 
 as many as the petals. 7]. An ornamental plant, native in wet meadows, Can. 
 and N. Eng., rare. Stem 2 5f high, branching. Leaves 3 G' long, \ as wide, 
 gradually acuminate, entire, on a short petiole, opposite, or in verticils of 3, 
 upper ones reduced to sessile bracts. Flowers large, numerous and showy. 
 Petals purple. Jl. Aug. f 
 
LV. ONAGRACE^E. 961 
 
 5. L. VIRGATUM. Austrian Lythrum. St. erect, branched, virgate ; Ivs. lan- 
 ceolate, acute at each end, floral ones small ; fls. about 3 in each axil of the vir- 
 gate raceme ; sta. 12. A fine species for the garden, native of Austria. Stem 
 3 If high. Flowers purple. Jn. Sept. f 
 
 3. DECODON. Gmel. 
 
 Gr. fond, ten, oSovs , a tooth ; from the horn-like teeth of the calyx. 
 
 Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect teeth, and 5 elon- 
 gated, spreading, horn-like processes ; stamens 10, alternate ones very 
 long ; style filiform ; capsule globose, included, many-seeded. ^ Lvs. 
 opposite or verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, purple. 
 
 D. VERTICILLATUM. Ell. (Lythrum. Linn. Nesaea. Kunth.} 
 Swamps throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem woody at base, often pros- 
 trate, and rooting at the summit, 3 8f in length, or erect and 2 3f high, 4 6 
 angled. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, lanceolate, on short petioles, acute 
 at base, 3 5' long, gradually acuminate and acute at apex. Flowers in axil- 
 lary, subsessile umbels of 3 or more, apparently whorled, constituting a long, 
 leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 or 6, large, and of a fine purple. 
 Jl. Aug. 
 
 o. pubescens. St. and Ivs. beneath pubescent. R. Island. 
 
 0. Iczvigatum. Glabrous and bright green. Most common in N. Eng. 
 
 4. CUPHEA. 
 
 Gr. Kvtyos, curved or gibbous ; in reference to the capsule. 
 
 Calyx tubular, ventricose, with 6 erect teeth, and often as many 
 intermediate processes; petals 6 7, unequal; stamens 11 14, 
 rarely 6 7, unequal ; style filiform ; capsule membranaceous, 1 2- 
 celled, few-seeded. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Lvs. opposite, entire. 
 Fls. axillary and terminal. 
 
 C. VISCOSISSIMA. Jacq. (Lythrum petiolatum. Linn.) 
 Herbaceous, viscid-pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, scabrous; 
 fls. on short peduncles; col. gibbous at base on the upper side, 12-veined, 
 6-toothed, very viscid. (1) Wet grounds, P^ittsfield, Mass., Hitchcock, Cam- 
 bridge, N. Y., Stevenson, to Ga. and Ark. Stem 9 18' high, with alternate 
 branches. Leaves somewhat repand, 1 2' long, as wide, on petioles J as 
 long. Flowers solitary, one in each axil, irregular. Calyx often purple, ven- 
 tricose. Petals violet, obovate. Stamens included. Capsule bursting length- 
 wise before the seeds are ripe. Aug. 
 
 5. HYPOBRICHIA. Curtis. 
 
 Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth ; petals ; stamens 2 4 ; 
 ovary 2-celled ; stigma 2-lobed, subsessile ; capsule globose, bursting 
 irregularly, many-seeded. A submersed aquatic herb. Lvs. opposite, 
 crowded, linear. Fls. axillary, sessile, minute. 
 H. NUTTALLII. Curt. (Peplis diandra. Nutt.} 
 
 A little inhabitant of ponds and sluggish streams, 111., Mead, Buckley, to 
 Mo. and La. Its habit is similar to a Callitriche. Stem mostly submersed, 
 1020' long. Leaves 10 15" by 1 2", very numerous. Jn. Aug. 
 
 ORDER LV. ONAGRACE^l. ONAGRADS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, sometimes shrubby, with alternate or opposite leaves. 
 Fls. axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4, (26) united below into a tube, the lobes valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. ( Petals 4, (26) inserted with the 4 or 8 (1238) stamens into the throat of the calyx. Pollen 
 Sta. ( triangular, often cohering by threads. 
 Ova. coherent with the tube of the calyx ; placenta in the axis. 
 Fr. baccate or capsular, 24 celled, many-seeded. Albumen none. 
 Genera 3<?, species 520, particularly abundant throughout America, more rare in the Old World. They 
 
2G3 
 
 LV. ONAGRACE^I. 
 
 EPILOBIUM. 
 
 possess no remarkable properties. Many genera are ornamental, and one, the well known Fuchsia, is so 
 to a high degree. 
 
 To this order is appended the suborder Haloragetz, consisting of aquatic herbs of a low grade, the 
 flowers being imperfect or reduced to solitary parts or organs. 
 
 FIG. 45. 1. Flower of OEnothera fruticpsa. 2. Plan of the flower. 3. Section of the 4-celled capsule 
 of (E. biennis. 5. Hippuris vulgaris ; 6, its flower, with 1 stamen, 1 ovary, 1 style. 4. Vertical section 
 of its l-seeded fruit. 7. Circsea Lutetiana. 8. The flower enlarged. 9. Plan of the flower. 10. Vertical 
 section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 Pet. scarcely $ Seeds comose. Epilobium. 
 clawed ; ( Seeds naked. (Enothera. 
 
 \ Claws unarmed. Gaura. 
 
 Herbs. I Pet. clawed; Claws with 2 teeth. Clarkia. 
 ( Sta. 8; < Beautiful green-house shrubs. . Fuchsia. 
 
 $ Fls.perf. { Stamens 4 ; styles united into 1. 
 by 4s; ( Flowers monoecious ; aquatic ; leaves multifid. 
 by 3s; flowers apetalous ; aquatic ; leaves pectinate. 
 
 j by 2s; flowers complete and regular ; leaves dentate. . 
 Parts of fl. arrang'd (.by Is; flowers apetalous ; aquatic; leaves verticillate. . 
 
 Ludwigia. 6 
 Myriophyllum. 9 
 Proserpinaca. 8 
 Circcea. 7 
 
 Hippuris. 10 
 
 TRIBE 1. ONAGREJE. 
 
 Flowers perfect, the parts arranged in 4s (rarely 3s) ; pollen connected by threads. 
 
 1. EPILOBIUM. 
 
 Gr. eirt, upon, \o0ov, apod, tov, a violet; i. e. a violet growing upon a pod. 
 
 Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb deeply 4-cleft, 4- 
 parted and deciduous ; petals 4 ; stamens 8, anthers fixed near the 
 middle ; stigma often with 4 spreading lobes ; ovary and capsule 
 linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved ; seeds 00, comose, with a tuft 
 of long hairs. *4- 
 
 1. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (E. spicatum. Lam.~) Willow Herb. Rose-bay. 
 St. simple, erect ; Ivs. scattered, lanceolate, subentire, with a marginal 
 
 vein ; roc. long, terminal, spicate ; pet. unguiculate ; sta. and sty. declined ; stig. 
 with 4 linear, revolute lobes. In newly cleared lands, low waste grounds, 
 Penn. to Arctic Am. Stem 4 6f high, often branched above. Leaves sessile, 
 smooth, 2 5' long, i as wide, acuminate, with pellucid veins. Flowers nume- 
 rous and showy, all the parts colored, petals deep lilac-purple, ovary and sepals 
 (5 6" long) pale glaucous-purple. Jl. Aug. 
 
 0. canesce-ns. Flowers of a pure white in all their parts ; ovaries silvery- 
 canescent. Danville, Vt. Miss M. L. Towle ! 
 
 2. E. COLORATUM. Muhl. Colored Epilobum. 
 
 St. subterete, puberulent, erect, very branching ; Ivs. mostly opposite, lan- 
 ceolate, dent-serrulate, acute, subpetiolate, smooth, often with reddish veins ; 
 pet. small, 2-cleft at apex ; cal. campanulate ; sty. included ; stig. clavate ; ovules 
 in a single row. Ditches and wet, shady grounds, British Am. to Ga. W. to 
 Oregon. Stem 1 3f high, becoming very much branched. Leaves 2 M long, 
 \ as wide, with minute, white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on 
 short petioles. Flowers numerous, axillary. Pedicels 1 2" in length, ovaries 
 4 6", capsules 20", very slender. Petals rose-color, twice longer than the 
 sepals. Jl. Sept. Scarcely distinct from the next. 
 
 3. E. PALUSTRE. Marsh Epilobium. 
 
 St. terete, branching, somewhat hirsute ; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, subden- 
 
CENOTHERA. LV. ONAGRACE^E. 263 
 
 ticulate, smooth, attenuate at base, rather acute, lower ones opposite ; pet. small, 
 obcordate, twice longer than calyx ; sty. included ; stig. clavate ; caps, pubes- 
 cent. In swamps and marshes, Penn. to Artie Am., W. to Oregon. Stem I 
 2f high, very branching. Leaves mostly alternate,. 1 3' long, | as wide, en- 
 tire, or with a few minute teeth. Flowers numerous, axillary. Petals rose- 
 color. Capsules 1 2' long, on short pedicels. Aug. 
 
 0. albifiarum. Lehm. (E. lineare. Muhl.} St. slender, at first simple, 
 branched at top ; Ivs. linear, entire, margin revolute ; capsules canescent. 
 
 4. E. MOLLE. Torr. (E. strictum. Muhl.} Soft Epilobium. 
 
 Plant clothed with a dense, soft, velvet-like pubescence ; st. terete, straight, 
 erect, branching above ; Ivs. opposite (alternate above), crowded, sessile, mostly 
 entire and oblong-linear, obtusish ; pet. deeply emarginate, twice longer than 
 the calyx ; stig. large, turbinate ; caps, elongated, subsessile. Swamps, Mass. 
 to N. J., rare. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves numerous, 8 15" by 1 4". Flow- 
 ers rose-color. Capsules 3' long. Sept. 
 
 5. E. ALPlNUM. Alpine Epilobium. 
 
 St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flowered ; Ivs. 
 opposite, oblong-ovate, subentire, obtuse, sessile or subpetiolate, smooth ; stig. 
 undivided ; caps, mostly pedicellate. Mountains, Northern States to Artie Am. 
 Stem 6 12' high. Leaves often slightly petiolate and denticulate, lower ob- 
 tuse, middle acute, and upper acuminate. Flowers smaller than in E. molle, 
 reddish-white. 
 /?. natans. Hornem. Si. large, nodding at the summit ; Ivs. oblong, denticulate. 
 
 2. CENOTHERA. 
 
 Gr. o>of, wine, Sripw, to hunt; the root is said to cause a thirst for wine. 
 
 Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous, segments 4. 
 reflexed ; petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top 
 of the tube ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-celled. 4-valved ; stigma 4-lobed ; 
 seeds many, naked. Herbs with alternate leaves. 
 
 1. CE. BIENNIS. Common Evening Primrose. Scottish: (Fig. 45.) 
 
 St. erect, hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; fls. sessile, in 
 a terminal, leafy spike ; calyx tube 2 or 3 times longer than the ovary ; sta. 
 shorter than petals ; caps, oblong, obtusely 4-angled. and (g) Common in 
 fields and waste places, U. S. and British Am. Stem mostly simple, 2 5f 
 high, with whitish, scattered hairs. Leaves 3 6' by i i', roughly pubes- 
 cent, slightly toothed, sessile on the stem, radical ones tapering into a petiole. 
 Flowers numerous, opening by night and continuing but a single day. Petals 
 large, roundish, obcordate. Seeds very numerous, 2 rows in each cell. Jn. Aug. 
 
 /?. muricata. (CE. muricata. Ph.} St. muricate or strigosely hirsute, red; 
 pet. scarcely longer than the stamens. Stem 1 2f high. 
 
 y. grandiflora. (CE. grandiflora. Ait.') Pet. much longer than the stamens, 
 rather deeply obcordate. Stem branched, f 
 
 2. CE. FRUTICOSA: Perennial Evening Primrose. 
 
 St. pubescent or hirsute ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; roc. 
 leafy, or naked below, corymbed ; caps, oblong-clavate, 4-angled, pedicellate. 
 %. In sterile soils, Mass., Ct., N. Y. to Flor. and Western States. Stem hard, 
 rigid, (not shrubby) branched, purple, 1 3f high. Leaves variable in pubes- 
 cence, form and size., 1 3' by 3 8", sessile, minutely punctate. Flowers few 
 or many, 1 J'diam. in a terminal, bracteate, mostly pedunculate raceme. Calyx 
 tube longer than the ovary. Petals broad-obcordate, yellow. Jn. Aug. 
 /?. ambigua. Lvs. membranaceous ; pet. longer than broad. 
 
 3. CE. PUMILA (& CE. pusilla? Michx.} Dwarf Evening Primrose. 
 Low, pubescent ; st. ascending ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, obtuse, attenuate 
 
 at base ; spike loose, leafy, naked below ; calyx tube shorter than the subsessile, 
 
 ing in succession 1 or 2 at a lime. Jn. Aug. 
 23 
 
264 LV. ONAGRACE^:. CLARKIA. 
 
 4. CE. CHRYSANTHA. Michx. Golden Evening Prim/rose. 
 
 St. ascending, slender ; fls. small, crowded, spicate ; calyx tube equal in 
 length to the ovary, longer than the segments ; pet. broadly obovate, emarginate, 
 longer than the stamens ; caps, smooth, pedicellate, clavate, the alternate angles 
 slightly winged. Western N. Y. to Mich. Stem 1218' long, purple. 
 Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at base, denticulate, radical ones spatulate. 
 Flowers 5" diam., orange-yellow. Jn. Jl. 
 
 5. CE. LINEARIS. Michx. 
 
 St. slender, often decumbent at base, much branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse, somewhat denticulate ; fls. large, in terminal corymbs ; calyx tube 
 longer than the ovary; pet. longer than the stamens; caps, canescent, with 
 slightly winged angles, tapering at base. 1\. Montauk Point, L. I. Torrey, to 
 Flor. ! and La., rare. Stem 1 2f high. Flowers yellow, 1' diam. Capsules 
 obovoid, tapering to a slender pedicel. May Jl. 
 
 6. CE. SINUATA. 
 
 St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsimple, assurgent ; Ivs. pubescent, 
 oblong-oval, sinuate-dentate or incised ; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; cal. vil- 
 lous, the tube longer than the ovary; caps, prismatic. Fields, N. J. to La. 
 Stems 3 8' high. Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers about ' diam., terminal, 
 yellow. 
 
 0. minima. Nutt. (CE. minima. PA.) Low, simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. nearly 
 entire. Pine barrens, N. J., &c. 
 
 7. CE. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent, mostly erect and branched ; 
 Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base, lower ones petiolate ; fls. large, in a long, 
 loose spike ; calyx tube longer than the ovary ; caps, obovoid-clavate, pedicel- 
 late. ^ From Ark. and Tex. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers white or rose-colored, 
 fragrant, f 
 
 8. CE. RIPARIA. Nutt. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; st. erect and virgately branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 
 obscurely and remotely denticulate, somewhat petiolate ; fls. in a long raceme ; 
 calyx tube much longer than the ovary ; caps, oblong-ovoid, 8-grooved ; valves 
 dorsally ridged. Swamps, Gluaker Bridge, N. J., &c. Stem 2 3f high, slen- 
 der, and often with virgate branches. Leaves 2 4' by 2 4", almost entire, 
 thick, obtuse. Flowers !' diam., yellow, scentless. 
 
 9. CE. MISSOURIENSIS. Sims. 
 
 Simple, decumbent ; Ivs. coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, or short-acumi- 
 nate, petiolate, subentire, downy-canescent when young ; fls. very large, axilla- 
 ry ; calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary ; caps, very large, oval, de- 
 pressed, with 4 winged margins. Dry hills, Mo. ! Remarkable for the mag- 
 nitude of its flowers and fruit. Petals yellow, 2 3' long. Calyx tube 4 7' 
 long ! Capsule 2' long. Seeds large, crested, in one row in each cell. Jl. Oct. f 
 
 3. CLARKIA. Ph. 
 
 In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Calyx (deciduous) tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 
 4-parted ; petals 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws with 2 mi- 
 nute teeth ; stamens 8; style 1, filiform; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule 
 largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved ; many seeded. Annual herbs (from 
 Oregon and California) with showy, axillary flowers. 
 
 1. C. PULCHELLA. Ph. Beautiful Clarkia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. 
 large, broadly cuneiform, tapering into a slender claw, with 2 reflexed teeth, 
 limb with 3 spreading lobes ; alternate sta. abortive ; caps, pedicellate. Gar- 
 dens. A handsome annual, with lilac-purple or white flowers, of easy culture, f 
 
 2. C. ELEGANS. Lindl. Elegant Clarkia. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticu- 
 late, on short petioles; pet. undivided, rhombic or triangular-ovate, with a 
 toothless claw ; sta. all fertile, with a hairy scale at the base of each ; stig. 
 hairy ; caps, subsessile, hairy. Gardens. Flowers smaller than in the last. Pe- 
 tals and stigma purple. Hairs at base of stamens red. f 
 
IUDWIGIA. LV. ONAGRACE^E. 265 
 
 4. FUCHSIA. 
 
 In honor of Leonard Fuchs, an excellent German botanist of the 15th century. 
 
 Calyx tubular-infundibuliform, colored, deciduous ; limb 4-lobed ; 
 petals 4, in the throat of the calyx, alternate with its segments ; disk 
 glandular, 8-furrowed 5 baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 4-sided. 
 Mostly shrubby. S. American plants of great beauty. 
 
 1. F. COCCINEA. Ait. (F. Magellanica. Lam.) Ladies' Ear-drop. 
 Branches smooth ; Ivs. opposite and in verticils of 3s, ovate, acute, denticulate, 
 on short petioles ; fls. axillary, nodding ; sep. oblong, acute ; pet. convolute, half 
 as long as calyx. Native of Chili. A very delicate and beautiful green-house 
 shrub, 1 6f high. Flowers on long, filiform pedicels. Calyx scarlet, much 
 longer than the included, violet-purple petals. Stamens crimson, much exsert- 
 ed. Berry purple. 
 
 2. F. GRACILIS. Lindl. St. suffruticose, often simple ; Ivs. opposite, ovate, 
 petiolate, slightly acuminate, glandular-dentate ; fls. opposite, solitary, pendu- 
 lous, longer than the leaves ; pet. nearly as long as the sepals and much broad- 
 er. Chili. A beautiful parlor plant, quite common. Stem 2 3f high, thick. 
 Flowers larger, but less elegant than in the former, with a red calyx and crim- 
 son corolla, f 
 
 5. GAURA. 
 
 dr. yavpoj, superb; a term characteristic of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary, cylindrlc ; limb 4- 
 cleft ; petals 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal, inserted into the 
 tube ; stamens 8, declinate, alternate ones a little shorter ; ovary ob- 
 long, 4-celled, one only proving fruitful ; nut usually by abortion 
 1-celled, 1 4-seeded. Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate. Fls. 
 white and red, rarely trimerous. 
 
 1. G. BIENNIS. Biennial Gaura. 
 
 St. branched, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely dentate ; spike crowded; 
 calyx tube as long as the segments ; pet. rather declinate and shorter than sepals ; 
 fr. subsessile, 8-ribbed, alternate ribs minute. A beautiful biennial, on the dry 
 banks of streams, Can. to Ga. rare. Stem 3 5f high. Leaves sessile, pale 
 green, acute at each end. Flowers numerous, sessile. Calyx reddish. Corol- 
 la at first rose-color, changing to deep red. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit rarely ma- 
 turing more than 1 seed. Aug. 
 
 2. G. FILIPES. Spach. Slender-stalked Gaura. 
 
 St. pubescent, paniculate and naked above ; Ivs. linear-oblong, repand-den- 
 tate, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; branches of the panicle very slender, naked, 
 with tufted leaves at their base ; calyx canescent, longer than the petals. Dry 
 grounds, S. and W. States ! Stem rigid, 3 5f high, very leafy just below the 
 panicle. Leaves 1 3' long, 2 6" wide, tapering at each end. Petals oblong- 
 spatulate, rose-color, or white. July, Aug. 
 
 6. LUDWIGIA. 
 
 In honor of C. D. Ludwig, prof, of botany at Leipsic, about 1750. 
 
 Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly 
 persistent ; petals 4, equal, obcordate, often minute or ; stamens 4, 
 opposite the sepals ; style short ; capsule short often perforated at 
 top, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persistent 
 calyx lobes. % Herbs, in wet grounds. Lvs. entire. 
 
 1. L. ALTERNIFOLIA, Seed-box. Bastard Loosestrife. 
 
 Erect, branched, nearly or quite smooth ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, sessile, 
 pale beneath ; ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted above the middle ; 
 pet. scarcely as large as the spreading, acuminate sepals ; caps, large, with 4 
 winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. Shady swamps. Stem 1 3f 
 
266 LV. ONAGRACE^E. CIRCJEA. 
 
 high, round, with a strong bark and several branches. Leaves with margin- 
 al veins, 2 3' long, | 1' wide. Capsule convex at apex, the angles conspic- 
 uously winged. Sepals large, purplish. Petals large, yellow, showy. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. L. HIRTELLA. Raf. (L. hirsuta. Ph.} 
 
 Hairy, erect, sparingly branched ; Ivs. alternate, ovate-oblong, sessile, ob- 
 tuse ; Jl. axillary, solitary, pedicellate, with two bracteoles below it ; sep. nearly 
 as long as the petals ; cap. subglobose, 4 angled and winged. Moist soils, N. 
 J. to Flor. Stem 1 3f high. Leaves numerous, hairy both sides, If by 
 2 8". Flowers yellow, about f ' diam. Calyx spreading, and, with the cap- 
 sule, villous. Jn. Sept. 
 
 3. L. LINEARIS. Walt. (Isnardia. DC.) 
 
 Glabrous, slender, with angular branches ; Ivs. lance-linear, acute at each 
 end ; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; pet. obovate-oblong, slightly longer than the 
 sepals, but much shorter than the elongated, obovoid-clavate, 4-sided capsules. 
 Swamps, N. J. and S. States. An erect, smooth plant, 1 2f high, often send- 
 ing out runners at the base with obovate leaves. Fls. sometimes apetalous. 
 JL Sept. 
 
 4. L. SPH.EROCARPA. Ell. (Isnardia. DC.} 
 
 Erect, smooth or nearly so ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, acute, attenuate at 
 base ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, on very short pedicels ; pet. minute or wanting, 
 as well as th* bracteoles ; sep. as long as the small, subglobose capsule. In 
 water, S. to Ga., partly submerged, or in very wet grounds, near Boston, Ms. 
 Stem 2 3f high, branching, angular. Margin of the leaves rough, sometimes 
 remotely aad obscurely denticulate. Fls. greenish, inconspicuous. Jl. Sept. 
 
 5. L. POLYCARPA. Short & Peter. 
 
 Glabrous, erect, much branched and often stolonif erous ; Ivs. lance-linear, 
 gradually acute at each end ; fls. apetalous, axillary, solitary, with two subu- 
 late bracteoles at base ; caps. 4-angled, truncated above, tapering below, crown- 
 ed with the 4-lobed stylopodiu'm. Swamps, Western States ! Stem 1 3f high. 
 Leaves 2 3' by 2 4", ten times longer than the flowers. Aug. Oct. 
 
 6. L. PALUSTRIS. Ell. (Isnardia. Linn.} Water Purselain. 
 Prostrate and creeping, smooth and slightly succulent ; Ivs. opposite, ovate, 
 
 acute, tapering at base into a petiole; fls. sessile, axillary, solitary; pet. 0, or 
 very small. In U. S. and Can., creeping in muddy places, or floating in water. 
 Stem round, reddish, 10 18 7 long, often sparingly branched. Leaves, including 
 their slender petioles, about 1J' by %', ovate-spatulate. Calyx lobes and style 
 very short. Petals when present, flesh-color. Capsule 1 2" long, abrupt at 
 each end, with 4 green angles. Jn. Sept. 
 
 TRIBE 2. CIRC^EJB. 
 
 Flower regular, all its parts in 2s. 
 7. CIRC^EA. 
 
 Circe was supposed to have used these plants in her enchantments. 
 
 Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted ; 
 petals 2, obcordate ; stamens 2, opposite the sepals ; capsule obo- 
 void, uncinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; styles united. 
 ^ Lvs. opposite. 
 
 1. C. LUTETIAN A. Larger Enchanters-Nightshade. (Fig. 45.) 
 
 St. erect, pubescent above ; Ivs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, slightly re- 
 pand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles; bracts none; fr. reflexed, hispid- 
 uncinate. Damp shades and thickets, Can. to Car. W. to 111. ! Stem 1 2f 
 high, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark green, smooth or 
 slightly pubescent, 2 4' long, as wide, petiole 815" long. Flowers small, 
 rose-color, in long, terminal and axillary racemes. Fruit obcordate, with con- 
 spicuous hooks. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. C. ALPlNA. Alpine Enchanter's- Nightshade. 
 
 Smooth ; st. ascending at base, weak ; Ivs. broad-cordate, membranaceous, 
 dentate, as long as the petioles; bracts setaceous ; capsule pubescent. A small, 
 
MYRIOPHYLLUM. LV. ONAGRACE^E. 267 
 
 delicate plant, common in wet, rocky woodlands in mountainous districts, N. 
 Eng., Brit. Am. W. to Or. Stem diaphanous, juicy, 5 10' high. Leaves 1 
 2' long, as wide, acute or acuminate, with small, remote teeth, pale green and 
 shining. Flowers white, rarely reddish, minute, in terminal racemes. Jl. 
 
 SUBORDER, H ALiORAGEJE. 
 
 Plants small, aquatic. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile. Calyx entire, or 
 3 t-lobed. Petals 3 4, often 0. Stamens 1 8, inserted with the petals into 
 the summit of the calyx. Ovary inferior, 1 4-celled. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 
 1 4-celled. Seed pendulous, 1 in each cell. 
 
 8. PROSERPINACA. 
 
 Lat. Proserpina, a Roman goddess ; from some fancied resemblance. 
 
 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted ; petals 
 ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3 ; fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned 
 with the permanent calyx. 1|- Aquatic. Lvs. alternate. 
 
 1. P. PALUSTRIS. Spear-leaved Mermaid-weed. 
 
 'Livs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those below (if 
 any) pinnatifid. Ditches, swamps and ponds, often partly submersed, N. Eng. ! 
 to Ark. Root creeping. Stems ascending at base, 6 20"' high, striate, round- 
 ish. Leaves 10 15" by 2 3", acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, 
 and if growing in water, pinnatifid with linear segments. Flowers greenish, 
 sessile, 1 3 together in the axils of the upper leaves, succeeded by a very hard, 
 triangular nut. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. P. PECTINACEA. Lam. (P. palustris, 0. MX.) Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed. 
 Las. all pectinate, with linear-subulate segments ; fr. obtusely 3-angled. 
 
 Sandy swamps, in Ms. ! (rare) S. to Flor. Stems 5 10' high, ascending at 
 base from long, creeping roots. Leaves all finely and regularly divided into 
 very narrow segments. Styles 0. Stigmas attenuate above. Fruit rather 
 smaller (less than I" diam.) than in P. palustris, rugose when mature. Jl. Aug. 
 
 9. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. 
 
 Gr. pvpios, a myriad, <f>v\\ov, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf- 
 
 Flowers c? , or frequently $ ; calyx 4-toothed in the $ and 9 , 4- 
 parted in the c? ; petals 4, often inconspicuous or ; stamens 4 -8 ; 
 stigmas 4, pubescent, sessile ; fruit of 4 nut-like carpels cohering by 
 their inner angles. % Submersed, aquatic herbs. Submersed Ivs. parted 
 into capillary segments. Upper fis. usually cT, middle ones $, lower $. 
 
 1. M. SPICATUM. Spiked Water-Milfoil. 
 
 Lies, in verticils of 3s, all pinnately parted into capillary segments ; fls. 
 in terminal, nearly naked spikes ; floral Ivs. or bracts ovate, entire, shorter than 
 the flowers ; lowest ones subserrate and larger; pet. broadly ovate ; sta. 8; carpels 
 Smooth. N. Eng. to Ark., in deep water, the flowers only rising above the sur- 
 face. Stems slender, branched, very long. Leaves composed of innumerable, 
 hair-like segments, always submerged. Flowers greenish, sessile. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. M. VERTICILLATCM. Water- Mil foil. 
 
 Lvs. in verticils of 3s, lower ones pinnately parted into opposite, capillary 
 or setaceous segments : fls. in terminal, leafy spikes ; floral Ivs. pectinate-pin- 
 natifid, much longer than the flowers; pet. oblong-obovate ; sta. 8; carpels 
 smooth. In stagnant water, Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. Stem long, less slen- 
 der than in the last, only the upper part emerging. Flowers small, green, ax- 
 illary, with conspicuous floral leaves. Sepals acute. Anthers oblong. Jl. Aug. 
 
 3. M. HETEROPHYLLUM. Mickx. (Potamogeton verticillatum. Walt.) 
 Lvs. in verticils of 5s, the lower ones pinnately parted into capillary 
 
 lobes ; spikes terminal, nearly naked ; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer 
 than the flowers, crowded; pet. oblong; sta. 4 r6; carpels scabrous, with 2 slight 
 ridges on the back. In sluggish water. Can. to Flor. and Tex., rare. Stem 
 23* 
 
^68 LVI. LOASACE^E. MENTZELIA. 
 
 thick, branching. Leaves very various, lowest floral ones pectinately divided. 
 Petals somewhat persistent. Sepals minute. Bracteoles serrulate. Jn. Sept. 
 
 4. M. AMBIGUUM. Nutt. (M. natans. DC.} Water Milfoil. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary segments, middle 
 ones pectinate, upper linear, petiolate, toothed or entire ; fls. mostly $ ; pet. ob- 
 long, somewhat persistent ; sta. 4 ; carpels smooth, not ridged on the back. In 
 ponds and ditches, Penn. to Mass. ! Stems floating, upper end emerged with 
 the minute flowers, and linear floral leaves. But in other situations it varies 
 as follows : 
 
 0. limosum. Nutt. (M. procumbens. Bw.} St. procumbent and rooting; 
 leaves all linear, rigid, often entire. Muddy places ! where it is a small, creep- 
 ing and branching plant. 
 
 y. capillaceum. Torr. Lvs. all immersed and capillary. Ponds ! 
 
 5. M. TENELLUM. Bw. 
 
 Erect and almost leafless ; floral Ivs. or bracts alternate, minute, entire, ob- 
 tuse ; fls. ; pet. linear ; sta. 4 ; carpels smooth, not ridged. About the edges 
 of ponds and rivers, Providence, R. I. Olney! northern part of N. Y. to New- 
 foundland. Rhizoma prostrate, creeping, sending up several stems or scapes, 
 which are simple, and 4 12' high. Flowers small, purplish-white, sessile, al- 
 ternate, a little shorter than the bracts, the upper ones J*. Jl. 
 
 6. M. SCABRATUM. Michx. 
 
 Lvs. pinnatifid, in whorls of 4s and 5s ; fls. verticillate, axillary ; upper 
 fls. (^, with 4 stamens ; lower ones 9 ; fr. 8-angled, the ridges tuberculate. 
 Plymouth, Mass. Oakes. Block Island, Robbins, S. and W. States. Stem 6 
 12' high. Segments of the leaves linear-capillary. 
 
 10. HIPPURIS. 
 Or. iniros, a horse, ovpa, tail. 
 
 Calyx with a minute, entire limb, crowning the ovary ; corolla ; 
 stamen 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx; anther 2-lobed, 
 compressed; style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the whole 
 length, in a groove of the anther ; seed 1. Q Aquatic herbs. St. 
 simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary ', minute. 
 
 H. VULGARIS. Mare's-tail. (Fig. 45.) 
 
 Lvs. in verticils of 8 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire ; fls. solitary, often 
 
 g^ cT- I n tne borders of ponds and lakes, Penn. to Arctic Am., very rare, 
 hizoma with long, verticillate fibres. Stem erect, jointed, 1 2f high. The 
 flowers are the simplest in structure of all that are called perfect, consisting 
 merely of 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed in a 1-celled ovary, and with neither calyx, 
 lobes or corolla. May, Jn. 
 
 ORDER LVI. LOASACEJE. LOASADS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, hispid, with pungent hairs secreting an acrid juice. 
 Lvs. opposite or alternate, usually more or less divided. Stipules 0. 
 Fed. axillary, 1-flowered. Sep. united, 5, persistent, equal. 
 Cor. Petals 5 or 10, cucullate, inserted into the recesses of the calyx. 
 Sta. 00, inserted with the petals, distinct or adhering in several sets. 
 Ova. adherent to the calyx more or less, l-celled, with 35 parietal placentae. Sty. 1. 
 Sds. many or few, anatropous. 
 Genera 15, species 70, natives of America. 
 
 MENTZELIA. 
 
 Named by Linn, in honor of C. Mentzel, physician to the Elector of Brandenburg. 
 
 Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted ; petals 5 10, flat, spreading ; sta- 
 mens indefinite, 30 200 ; ovary inferior ; styles 3, filiform, connate, 
 and often spirally twisted ; stigmas simple, minute ; capsule 1-celled, 
 many-seeded. Branching herbs. Lvs. alternate. 
 
 1. M. LINDLEYI. Torr. & Gray. (Bartonia aurea. Lindlcy.} Golden Barlo- 
 n i a> Hispid; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobes often dentate; fls. solitary 
 
LVIII. BEGONIACE^E. 269 
 
 or nearly so, terminal ; pet. broadly obovate, very abruptly acuminate ; filaments 
 filiform, and, with the seeds, numerous. Native of California. Stems decum- 
 bent, branching, 1 3f in length, with golden yellow flowers 2 3 inches in 
 diameter, the beauty of which is greatly heightened by the innumerable thread- 
 like, yellow stamens. 
 
 2. M. OLIGOSPERMA. Nlltt. 
 
 Very rough with barbed hairs; st. dichotomous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 
 tapering to very short petioles, lobed or incisely dentate ; pet, entire, cuspidate, 
 expanding in sunshine ; sta. 20 or more, shorter than the petals ; caps. 3 5- 
 celled. 7|_ Dry or rocky places, Pike Co., 111., Mead, and Mo. to Tex. Root 
 tuberous. Stems If high, divaricately branched. Leaves 10 15" by 6 8", 
 upper ovate. Flowers solitary, of a deep, golden yellow, 8 10" diam., very 
 fugacious. Capsule cylindric, very small. May Jl. 
 
 ORDER LYII. PASSIFLORACE^E. PASSIONWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby, usually climbing. Lvs. alternate, often glandular. Slip, foliaceous. 
 Fls. axillary or terminal, often with a 3-leaved involucre. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4 5, united below into a tube, the sides and throat of which are lined with a ring of fila- 
 mentous processes, which appear to be metamorphosed petals. 
 Cor. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx outside the crown. 
 Sta. 5, monadelphous, surrounding the stipe of the ovary. 
 Ova. superior, on a long stipe, 1-celled. Styles 3. 
 Fr. stalked, within the calyx, many-seeded. 
 
 Genera 12, species 210, natives of tropical America, but cultivated in many other countries as ornamen- 
 tal flowers. The fruit of the Granadilla (Passiflora multiformis) is eaten in the W. Indies, and highly 
 valued as a dessert, but the root is poisonous. 
 
 PASSIFLORA. [theSiriOT , pas . io , 
 
 Lat. flos passionis; the several parts of the flower were superstitiously compared to the instruments of 
 
 Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex, filamen- 
 tous crown ; petals 5, sometimes ; stamens 5, connate with the stipe 
 of the ovary ; anthers large ; stigmas 3, large, clavate, capitate ; fruit 
 a pulpy berry. Climbing herbs or shrubs. 
 
 1. P. CCERULEA. Common Passion-floiver. Shrubby; Ivs. palmately and deeply 
 5-parted; segments linear-oblong, entire, lateral ones often 2-lobed; ^.glandu- 
 lar, with a 3-bracteolate involucre near the flower ; bracteoles entire ; fil, of^ the 
 crown shorter than the corolla. Native of Brazil, where it grows to the thick- 
 ness of a man's arm and the height of 30f. Flowers large and beautiful, blue 
 externally, white and purple within, continuing but one day. Fruit ovoid, yel- 
 low. Admired in cultivation. 
 
 2. P. INCARNATA. Flesh-colored Passion-flower. 
 
 Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong, acute, serrate ; petioles with 2 glands 
 near the summit; bracteoles of 'the involucre 3, obovate, glandular; crown triple. 
 Native from Va. to Flor. Stem climbing 20 30f. Flowers large and showy. 
 Petals white. Two outer rows of filaments long, purple, with a whitish band, 
 the inner row of short rays, flesh-colored. Berry pale yellow, of the size of an 
 apple, eatable. May July. 
 
 3. P. LUTEA. Yellow Passion-flower. 
 
 Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse ; petioles without glands ; ped. mostly 
 in pairs ; pet. narrower and much longer than the sepals. A slender climber, 
 5 lOf long, in woods and thickets, Ohio and S. States. Leaves yellowish- 
 green, nearly as broad as long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Corona in 3 
 rows, the inner row a membranous disk with a fringed border. Fruit dark- 
 purple. May Jl. 
 
 ORDER LVIII. BEGONIACE^E. BEGONIADS. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, or succulent undershrubs, with an acid juice. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, toothed, rarely entire, oblique at the base. Stipules large, scarious. 
 
 Fls. pink-colored, in cymes, monoecious or dioecious. Cal. adherent, colored. [pistillate. 
 
 Sep. in the staminate 2, in the pistillate 3 or 4. Pet. smaller than sepals, 2 in the staminate, 2 or 4 in the 
 
 Sta. (stam. fls.) indefinite, distinct or combined. Anth. collected into a head, 2-celled. 
 
270 LIX. CUCURBITACE^E. ECHINOCYSTIS. 
 
 Ova. (pist. fls.) winged, 3-celled, with 3 large placentae meeting in the axis. Stig. 3, 2-lobed, somewhat 
 Fr. capsuJar, winged, 3-celled, many-seeded. Sds. minute, without albumen. [spiral. 
 
 Genera 3, species 159, common in the "West Indies, S. America and East Indies none N. American. 
 The roots are astringent and slightly bitter. 
 
 DIPLOCLINIUM. Lindl. 
 
 Gr. 6in\oos, double, K\IVT], couch; alluding to the double placentas. 
 
 Fls. c? c? Sepals orbicular, colored like the petals, but larger ; 
 pet. oblong, acute ; sta. combined in a column ; anth. in a globose 
 head. $ Sepals 3, lanceolate, larger than the 2 petals ; stig. lobes 
 distinct, spiral, erect ; caps, wings unequal ; placentae double, or two 
 in each cell. Evergreen, succulent undershrubs. 
 
 D. EVANSIANUM. Lindl. (Begonia discolor. Willd. and 1st edit.") Glabrous ; 
 st. branched, tumid and colored at the joints, succulent ; Ivs. large, slightly an- 
 gular, mucronate-serrate, cordate-ovate, very unequal at base, petiolate, with 
 weak, scattered prickles, and straight, red veins, the under surface deeply red- 
 dened ; fls. pink-colored in all their parts except the golden yellow anthers and 
 stigmas ; 9 larger than the J* and on peduncles twice as long. From China, f 
 
 ORDER LIX. CUCURBITACEJE. CUCURBITS. 
 
 Herbs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils. 
 
 Lvs. alternale, palmately-veined, rough. Fls. monoecious or polygamous, never blue. 
 
 Cal. 5-toothed. [reticulated veins. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, united with each other and cohering to the calyx, very cellular, strongly marked with 
 
 Sta. 5, distinct, more generally cohering in 3 sets. Anth. very long and wavy or twisted. 
 
 Ova. inferior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae often filling the cells. 
 
 Fr. a pepo or membranous. Seeds flat, with- no albumen, often ariled. 
 
 Genera 56, species 270, natives of tropical regions, only a few being found in the temperate zones of 
 Europe and America. A highly important order of plants, affording some of the most delicious and 
 nutritive of fruits. A bitter, laxative principle pervades the group, which is so concentrated in a few as 
 to render them actively medicinal. The officinal colocynth is prepared from the pulp of Cucumis Colo- 
 cynthis, a powerful drastic poison. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( 1-seeded. 
 
 Fruit membranaceous, echinate, ( 4-seeded. 
 f white. ( Fruit a pepo with a ligneous, smooth rind. 
 
 ^ Seeds thin at edge. 
 
 1 <, indehiscent, ^ Seeds thick at edge, 
 
 i Fruit a pepo, ( dehiscing elastically on one side. 
 
 Sicyos. 1 
 
 Echinocystis. z 
 Lagenaria. 6 
 Cucumis. 5 
 Cucurbtta. 7 
 Momardica. 4 
 
 ru a , . . . . c. 
 
 Flowers I yellow. Fruit a small, oval, many-seeded berry Melothria. 3 
 
 1. SICYOS. 
 
 GT. ffiKVos, the ancient name of the cucumber. 
 
 Flowers <? . cT Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla rotate, 5-petaled ; stamens 
 5, monadelphous or at length triadelphous ; anthers contorted. 9 
 Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate ; petals 5, united at base into a cam- 
 panulate corolla ; styles 3, united at base ; fruit ovate, membrana- 
 ceous, hispid or echinate, with 1 large, compressed seed. Climb- 
 ing herbs, with compound tendrils. Sterile and fertile fls. in the same axils. 
 S. ANGULATUS. Single-seed Cucumber. 
 
 St. branching, hairy ; Ivs. roundish, cordate with an obtuse sinus, 5-angled 
 or 5-lobed, lobes acuminate, denticulate ; 9 much smaller than the J*. Can. 
 and U. S. A weak, climbing vine, with long, spiral, branching tendrils. Leaves 
 3 4' broad, alternate, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green 
 lines, the barren ones in long-pedunculate racemes. Fruit ' long, ovate, spi- 
 nous, 8 10 together in a crowded cluster, each with one large seed. Jl. 
 
 2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Gr. %ivo$, sea urchin, KVffris, bladder; alluding to the spiny, inflated fruit. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Sterile fl. Calyx of 6 filiform-subulate seg- 
 ments, shorter than the corolla ; petals 6, united at base into a rotate- 
 campanulate corolla ; stamens 3, diadelphous. Fertile fl. Cal. and 
 
CUCUMIS. LIX. CUCURBITACE^. 271 
 
 cor. as above; abortive fil. 3, distinct, minute ; style very short ; stig. 
 2, large ; fruit roundish, inflated, echinate, 4-seeded. A climbing 
 herb with branched tendrils. 
 
 E. LOBATA. T. & G. (Sicyos. Micky. Momordica echinata. Muhl.} 
 A smoothish, running vine, in rich river soils, Can. to Penn. and Mo. 
 Stem deeply furrowed, with long, 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the 
 long petioles. Leaves membranaceous, palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, 
 lobes acuminate, denticulate. Flowers small, white, the barren ones very 
 numerous, in axillary racemes often If long; fertile ones solitary or several, 
 situated at the base of the raceme. Fruit 1 2' in length, setose-echinate, at 
 length dry and membranaceoujs, with 4 large seeds. Jl. Sept. 
 
 3. MELOTHRIA. 
 
 Gr. [i7]\ov.a. melon, 3-ptof , a certain food. 
 
 Flowers 9 $ cT or c? . Calyx infundibuliform-campanulate, limb 
 in 5 subulate segments ; petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. 
 cT Stamens 5, triadelphous. 9 Stigmas 3 ; fruit a berry, ovoid, small, 
 many-seeded. Tendrils simple. 
 
 M. PENDULA. 
 
 Lvs. roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, Slightly hispid ; fls. axillary, the 
 sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. N. Y. to Ga. 
 and La. A slender vine, climbing over other vegetables. Leaves small (1 >2' 
 diam.) Flowers small, yellowish. Style short, surrounded by a cup-shaped 
 disk. Fruit small, oval. Jl. 
 
 4. MOMORDICA. 
 
 Lat. mordeo, momordi, to chew ; from the chewed appearance of the seeds. 
 
 Flowers 8 . $ Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, united at base ; stamens 5, 
 triadelphous. 9 Calyx and corolla as in the cT ; style 3-cleft ; pepo 
 fleshy, bursting elastically ; seeds compressed, with a fleshy arillus. 
 
 M. BALSAMINA. Common Balsam Apple. Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, dentate, 
 naked, shining ; ped. solitary, filiform, 1-flowered, with an orbicular-cordate, 
 dentate bract above the middle ; fr. roundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, burst- 
 ing elastically on one side. From E. Indies. Occasionally cultivated for the 
 balsamic and vulnerary fruit. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. 
 Flowers pale-yellow. Fruit orange-color, as large as a goose-egg. Aug. 
 
 5. CUCtfMIS. 
 
 Said to be from the Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel. 
 
 Flowers c? or $ . Calyx tubular-campanulate, with subulate seg- 
 ments ; corolla deeply 5-parted. cT Stamens 5, triadelphous. 9 Style 
 short ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed ; pepo fleshy, indehiscent ; seeds 
 ovate, flat, acute and not margined at the edge. Creeping, or climb- 
 ing by tendrils. Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow. 
 
 1. C. SATIVUS. Cucumber. St. prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; Ivs. sub- 
 cordate, palmately 5-angled or lobed, lobes subentire, acute, terminal one long- 
 est ]fr. oblong, obtusely prismatic, prickly, on a short peduncle. (J) Native 
 of Tartary and India, whence it was first brought to England in 1573. It is 
 now universally cultivated for the table, either fresh or pickled. Gathered and 
 eaten before maturity. Jn. Sept. Many varieties. 
 
 2. C. MELO. Musk Melon. St. prostrate, rough ; tendrils simple ; Ivs. sub- 
 cordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 5-angled, lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely 
 denticulate ; fls. 9 $ (?> tne on short peduncles ; fr. oval or subglobose, 
 longitudinally torulose. (T) Native of Asia, whence it was first brought to Eng- 
 land in 1570. Generally cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, delicately flavored 
 flesh of the mature fruit. Jn. Jl. Varieties numerous. 
 
272 L1X. CUCURBITACE^E. CUCURBITA. 
 
 3. C. ANGURIA. Pricldy Cucumber, St. prostrate, slender, hispid; tendrils 
 simple ; Ivs. palmately and deeply sinuate-lobed, cordate at base ; jr. oval-ovoid 
 or subglobose, echinate. Native of Jamaica. Cultivated for the green fruit, 
 which is about the size of a hen's egg, and used for pickles. Jl. Aug. 
 
 4. C. CITRULT.US. Ser. (Cucurbita. Linn.') Water Melon. St. prostrate, slen- 
 der, hairy ; tendrils branching ; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, very glaucous beneath, 
 lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; fls. solitary, on hairy 
 peduncles, bracted at base;//-, elliptical, smooth, discolored. Native of 
 Africa and India. Generally cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. Jn. Aug. 
 
 5. C. COLOCYNTHIS. Colocynth. St. prostrate, subhispid ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, 
 cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-canescent beneath; tendrils short; fls. axillary, 
 pedunculate; Q with a globose, hispid calyx tube and campanulate limb, with 
 small petals ; fr. globose, yellow when ripe, about as large as an orange, and 
 intolerably bitter. The extract is the colocynth of the shops, poisonous, but 
 medicinal. From Japan. 
 
 6. LAGENARIA. Ser. 
 
 Gr. \aysvos , a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit. 
 
 Flowers <?. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals 5, obovate. cT 
 Stamens 5, triadelphous ; anthers very long, contorted. 9 Stigmas 
 3, thick, 2-lobed, subsessile ; pepo ligneous, 1 -celled ; seeds ariled, ob- 
 cordate, compressed, margin tumid. Mostly climbing by tendrils. 
 
 L. VULGARIS. Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd. Softly pubescent ; st. climbing 
 by branching tendrils ; Ivs. roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, 
 with 2 glands beneath at base ; fls. axillary, solitary, pedunculate ; fr. clavate, 
 ventricose, at length smooth. (T) Native within the tropics, often cultivated 
 the hard, woody rind of the fruit being used as ladles, bottles, &c. Flowers 
 white Jl. Aug. 
 
 7. CUCURBITA. 
 
 A Latin word, signifying a vessel ; from the form of the fruit of some species. 
 
 Flowers c? . Corolla campanulate ; petals united and coherent with 
 the calyx, c? Calyx 5-toothed ; stamens 5, triadelphous, anthers syn- 
 genecious, straight, parallel. 9 Calyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu- 
 ous after flowering; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed; pepo fleshy or ligne- 
 01^, 3 5-celled ; seeds thickened at margin, obovate, compressed, 
 smooth. Fls. mostly yellow. 
 
 1. C. PEPO. Pumpkin. Hispid and scabrous; st. procumbent; tendrils 
 branched ; Ivs. (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled, denticulate ; 
 fls. axillary, tf long-pedunculate ; fr. very large, roundish or oblong, smooth, 
 furrowed and torulose. (T) Native of the Levant. Long cultivated as a useful 
 kitchen vegetable or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow. Fruit sometimes 3f 
 diam., yellow when mature, yielding sugar abundantly. Jl. 
 
 2. C. MELOPEPO. Flat Squash. Hairy ; st. procumbent, with branched ten- 
 drils ; Ivs. cordate, palmately somewhat 5-lobed, denticulate-; fls. pedunculate ; 
 fr. depressed-orbicular, the margin mostly torulose or tumid, smooth or warty. 
 Native country unknown. Cultivated for its fruit, a well known kitchen ve- 
 getable. There are many varieties in respect to the fruit. 
 
 3. C. VERRUCOSA. Warted Squash. Club Squash. Crook-neck Squash, <f*c. 
 Hairy, procumbent ; Ivs. cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, 
 terminal lobe narrowed at base ; fls. pedunculate, large ; Jr. roundish elliptic, or 
 clavate, often elongated and incurved at base. (J) Mentioned by Nuttall as long 
 cultivated by the Indians west of the Mississippi. Common in our gardens, 
 with numerous well known varieties of the fruit. Jl. 
 
 4. C. OVIFERA. Egg Squash. Dvs. cordate, angular, 5-lobed, denticulate, 
 pubescent ; cal. obovate, with a short neck, limb deciduous after flowering; fr. 
 obovate, striped with" lines lengthwise. Native of Astrakan. Herbage and 
 flowers similar to those of C. pepo ; but less scabrous. 
 
RISES. LX. GROSSULACE^E. 273 
 
 ORDER LX. GROSSULACE^. CURRANTS. 
 
 Shrubs either unarmed or spiny. Lvs. alternate, lobed, plaited in vernation. 
 
 Fls. in axillary racemes, with bracts at their base. 
 
 Ca/. Superior, 4 5-cleft, regular, colored, marescent. imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. Petals inserted in the throat of the calyx, small, distinct, as many as sepals. 
 
 Sta. as many as petals and alternate with them, very short ; anthers introrse. 
 
 Ova. l-celled, with 2 parietal placentae ; ovules numerous ; styles 2. 
 
 Fr. a l-celled berry (the cell filled with pulp) crowned with the remains of the flower. 
 
 Sds. anatropous, the embryo minute, radicle next the micropyle. 
 
 Genera i, species 95. The gooseberries and currants are natives of the N. temperate zone of both con- 
 tinents, but unknown in the tropics or S. hemisphere, except S. America. 
 
 Properties. The berries contain a sweet, mucilaginous pulp, together with malic or citric acid. They 
 are always wholesome and usually esculent 
 
 RIBES. 
 Character the same as that of the Order. 
 
 * Stems unarmed. CURRANTS. 
 
 1. R. FLORIDTJM. L'Her. Wild Black Currant. 
 
 Lvs. subcordate, 3 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish, resin- 
 ous dots ; rac. many-flowered, pendulous, pubescent ; col. cylindrical ; bracts 
 linear, longer than the pedicels ; fr. obovoid, smooth, black. A handsome 
 shrub in woods and hedges, Can. to Ky. common, 3 4f high. Leaves 1 2' 
 long, the width something more, lobes acute, spreading, 3, sometimes with 2 
 small additional ones ; dots just visible to the naked eye. Petioles 1 2' long. 
 Flowers rather bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit insipid. May, Jn. 
 
 2. R. PROSTRATUM. L'Her. (R. rigens. Mickx.) Mountain Currant. 
 
 St. reclined ; Ivs. smooth, deeply cordate, 5 7-lobed, doubly serrate, retic- 
 ulate-rugose ; rac. erect, lax, many-flowered ; col. rotate ; berries globose, glan- 
 dular-hispid, red. A small shrub, on mountains and rocky hills, Penn. to Can., 
 ill-scented, and with ill-flavored berries sometimes called Skunk Currant. 
 Prostrate stems, with erect, straight branches. Leaves about as large as in 
 No. 1, lobes acute. Petioles elongated. Racemes about 8-flowered, becoming 
 erect in fruit. Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berries 
 rather large. May. 
 
 3. R. RUBRCJM. Common fled Currant. 
 
 Lvs. obtusely 3 5-lobed, smooth above, pubescent beneath, subcordate at 
 base, margin mucronately serrate ; rac. nearly smooth, pendulous ; col. short, 
 rotate ; bracts much shorter than the pedicels ; fr. globose, glabrous, red. 
 Woods, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Mr. Carey, .Wisconsin, Lapham ! N. to the Arctic 
 ocean. Cultivated universally in gardens. 
 
 0. ( White Currant.) Fr. light amber-colored, larger and sweeter. 
 
 4. R. NIGRUM. Black Currant. Lvs. 3 5-lobed, punctate beneath, dentate- 
 serrate, longer than their petioles ; rac. lax, hairy, somewhat nodding ; col. 
 campanulate ; bracts nearly equaling the pedicels ; fr. roundish-ovoid, nearly 
 black. Native of Europe, &c. Cultivated and esteemed for its medicinal Je%. 
 Flowers yellowish. This species much resembles R. floridum. 
 
 5. R. AUREUM. Ph. Missouri, or Golden Currant. 
 
 Plant smooth ; Ivs. 3-lobed, lobes divaricate, entire or with a few large 
 teeth ; petioles longer than the leaves ; bracts linear, as long as the pedicels ; 
 rac. lax, many-flowered ; col. tubular, longer than the pedicels, segments ob- 
 long, obtuse ; pet. linear ; fr. smooth, oblong or globose, yellow, finally brown. 
 Mo. W. to Oregon. A beautiful shrub, 6 1 Of high, common in cultivation. 
 Flowers numerous, yellow, very fragrant. Apr. May. 
 
 ** Spinescent or prickly. GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 6. R. CYNOSBATI. Prickly Gooseberry. 
 
 St. prickly or not ; subaxillary spines about in pairs ; Ivs. cordate, 3 5- 
 lobed, softly pubescent, lobes incisely dentate ; rac. nodding, 2 3-flowered ; ca- 
 lyx tube ovate-cylindric, longer than the segments ; pet. obovate. shorter than 
 the calyx segments ; berries prickly. A handsome shrub, Northern and West- 
 ern States, about 4f high, in hedges and thickets, mostly without prickles, but 
 armed with 1 3 sharp spines just below the axil of each leaf. Leaves 1J 2' 
 
274 LXI. CACTACE^E. OPUNTIA. 
 
 diam. Petioles downy. Flowers greenish -white. Fruit mostly covered with 
 long prickles, brownish-purple, eatable. May, Jn. 
 
 7. R. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Michx. (R. triflorum. Willd.} Wild Gooseberry. 
 
 St. without prickles ; subaxillary spines mostly solitary, short ; ITS. round- 
 ish, smooth, 3 5-lobed, incisely dentate ; ped. smooth, 1 3-flowered ; col. cyl- 
 indrical, smooth; pet. spatulate, unguiculate; sta. exserted, smooth, much 
 longer than the petals ; sty. hairy, exserted, deeply 2 3-cleft ; berries smooth. 
 In woods, N. H. to N. Car. and Mo. Shrub 3 -4f high. Stems with a whit- 
 ish bark. Leaves 1 2' diam. mostly truncate at base, shining above. Pe- 
 tioles ciliate, 1 3' long. Petals white. Fruit purple, delicious, resembling 
 the garden gooseberry. May. 
 
 8. R. LACUSTRE. Poir. Sivamp Gooseberry. 
 
 St. covered with prickles; subaxillary spines several ; Ivs. deeply 3 5-lobed, 
 cordate at base, lobes deeply incised ; rac. 5 8-flowered, pilose ; cal. rotate ; 
 berries small, hispid. In swamps, Northern States, and British Am. Shrub 
 3 4f high. Stems reddish from the numerous prickles, which differ from the 
 spines only in size. Leaves shining above, 1 2' diam. Petioles ciliate, 
 hispid, longer than the leaves. Flowers green. Fruit covered with long prickles, 
 dark-purple, disagreeable. May. The older stems are unarmed, save with a 
 few spines. 
 
 9. R. HIRTELLUM. Michx. (R. triflorum. BW. R. saxosum. Hook.') 
 
 St. unarmed, rarely prickly ; subaxillary spines short, solitary, or nearly 
 so ; Ivs. roundish, cordate, 3 5-lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath ; ped. short, 
 1 2-flowered ; calyx tube smooth, campanulate ; segments twice longer than 
 the petals ; sta. longer than either ; sty. hairy, 2-cleft ; fr. smooth. In rocky 
 woods, N. H. and Mass, to Wisconsin, N. to Hudson's Bay. Leaves 9 18" 
 diam., generally cleft half way to the middle. Flowers nodding, greenish. 
 Fruit purple. May, Jn. 
 
 10. R. UVA-CRISPA. (R. Grossularia. Willd. and 1st edit.} English or Gar- 
 den Gooseberry. St. prickly ; Ivs. roundish, 3 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short, 
 hairy petioles; ped. hairy, 1-flowered; cat. campanulate; sty. and ova. hairy; 
 fr. smooth or hairy, globose. Native in England, and long cultivated until 
 there are several hundred varieties, with red, white, green and amber fruit, 
 often weighing an ounce or more each. Apr. 
 
 ORDER LXI. CACTACE^]. INDIAN FIGS. 
 
 St. succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2-edged. 
 
 Lvs. almost always wanting, when present, fleshy, smooth and entire. 
 
 Fls. sessile, usually showy and of short duration. 
 
 Cal. <> Sepals and petals numerous, often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from 
 
 Car. \ the surface, and the petals from the summit of ovary. 
 
 Sta. indefinite. Fil. long and filiform. Antli. ovate, versatile. 
 
 Ova. inferior, fleshy, 1-celled, with parietal placentas. 
 
 Sty. single, filiform, with several anthers in a star-like cluster. 
 
 Fr. succulent, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Sds. without albumen, with thick, foliaceous cotyledons, or often with scarcely any. 
 
 Genera 16, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one having ever been found in any other 
 quarter of the globe. They are chiefly confined within the tropics, only two or three species having been 
 found beyond them. The prickly Pear (Opuntia vulgaris) is the only species found native as far north 
 as New York. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 \ Axis cylindric Cereus. 2 
 
 \ tubular-campanulate, rose-colored, &c. (. Axis globose Melocactus. 3 
 
 Flowers (. somewhat rotate, yellow Opuntia. 1 
 
 1. OPUNTIA. Tourn. 
 
 Opuntiana was a country near Phocis, where this was said to be naturalized. 
 
 Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced 
 into a tube above it ; stamens 00, shorter than the petals ; style with 
 numerous, thick, erect stigmas ; berry umbilicate at apex, tubercu- 
 late ; cotyledons semiterete. Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, 
 the joints usually broad and flattened, with fascicles of prickles regularly 
 arranged upon the surface. 
 
LXI. CACTACE^. 275 
 
 O. VULGARIS. Mill. (Cactus opuntia. Linn.} Prickly Pear. 
 
 Prostrate, creeping; joints ovate; prickles numerous in each fascicle, of- 
 ten with several subulate spines ; fls. yellow. A curious, fleshy plant, native 
 in rocky and sandy places, Mass, to Flor. W. to la. ! It is often cultivated. 
 The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4 6' long, f as 
 wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange-col- 
 ored spines. The flowers come forth from the edge of the joints, large, bright- 
 yellow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit, f 
 
 2. CEREUS. DC. 
 
 Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary, 
 and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner pe- 
 taloid ; stamens 00, coherent with the tube ; style filiform, with many 
 stigmas ; berry scaly, with the remains of the sepals ; cotyledons 
 none ? Fleshy shrubs, with woody, cylindrical, grooved axes, armed 
 with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines. 
 
 1. C. PHYLLANTHTJS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Spleenwort. Branches ensiform, 
 compressed, serrate ; fls. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the 
 limb of the petals. From S. America. The articulations of the stem are 2f 
 or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and trav- 
 ersed lengthwise by a central, cylindrical, woody axis. Flowers white, 9 12' 
 long, expanding by night, fragrant, f 
 
 2. C. PHYLLANTHolDEs. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Branches ensiform, com- 
 pressed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth ; fls. arising from the lateral 
 crenatures of the branches ; tube shorter than the limb of the petals. From 
 Mexico. A splendid flowerer, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each 6 10' long, 1 
 2' wide. Flowers rose-colored, 4' in length,, expanding by day. f 
 
 3. C. TRTTNCATUS. (Cactus. Linn.} Branching; joints short-compressed, 
 serrate, truncate at the summit ; j#s. arising from the summit of the joints ; sty. 
 longer than the stamens or reflexed petals. From Brazil. A very distinct spe- 
 cies, a foot or more high. Joints 23' long, 1 !' wide, leaf-like. Flowers 
 23' long, pink-colored, f 
 
 4. C. GRANDIFLORUS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Creeping, rooting; st. with 
 about 5 angles ; fls. terminal and lateral, very large, nocturnal ; pet. spreading, 
 shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals. From the W. Indies. Stems cylin- 
 dric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Flowers expand- 
 ing by night, and enduring but a few hours, 8 12' diam. Sepals brown without, 
 yellow within ; petals white. A magnificent flower, but of difficult culture, f 
 
 5. C. FLAGELLIFORMIS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Snake Cactus. St. creeping, 
 with about 10 angles, hispid ; fls. lateral, diurnal ; tube slender, longer than 
 the limb of the petals. From S. America. Stem about the size of the little 
 finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2 5f long. Flowers of a lively pink 
 color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days.f 
 
 Obs. Many other species of this curious genus are occasionally reared in the parlor or the green-house, 
 so many that to notice them individually would transcend our limits. 
 
 3. MELOCACTUS. 
 
 Compounded of melon and cactus ; from its form. 
 
 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5 6, petaloid ; petals as 
 many as sepals, united with them into a long cylindric tube ; stamens 
 and style filiform ; stigma 5-rayed ; berry smooth, crowned with the 
 withered calyx and corolla. Suffruticose, fleshy, leafless. Spadix sim- 
 ple, crowning the globular, deeply furrowed axis. Flowers terminal. 
 
 M. COMMUNIS. Turk's Cap. Melon Thistle. Axis ovate-subglobose, dark 
 
 green, 12 18-angled ; ribs straight ; spines fasciculate, subequal. Native of the 
 
 Caribbean Islands. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green melon, 
 
 with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is full of juic< It is surmounted 
 
 24 
 
276 LX1V. CRASSULACE^E. SEDUM. 
 
 with a spadix (cephalium), which is cylindric, tuberculate, densely tomentose, 
 bearing the red flowers at summit, f 
 
 ORDER LXII. MESEMBRYACEJE. FICOIDS. 
 
 Plants fleshy, of singular and various forms, yet often beautiful. 
 
 Lvs. mpstly opposite, thick and oddly shaped. [tion. 
 
 Fls. solitary, axillary and terminal, remarkable for their profusion, numerous, brilliant, and of long dura- 
 
 Cal. Sepals varying from 4 to 8, but usually 5, somewhat connected at base. 
 
 Cor. Petals indefinite, colored, in many rows. 
 
 Sta. indefinite, distinct, arising from the calyx. 
 
 Ova. inferior or nearly superior, many-celled. Stigmas numerous. 
 
 Caps, many-celled, opening in a stellate manner at the apex. 
 
 Sds. more commonly indefinite, attached to the inner angle of the cells. 
 
 Genera 5, species 375, chiefly natives of the arid, sandy plains of the Cape of Good Hope. The species 
 are much cultivated for ornament. 
 
 MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. 
 
 Gr. pecrriiJi/jpia, mid-day, avSos ] flowers expanding at midday. 
 
 Character essentially the same as that of the order. 
 
 1. M. CRYSTALLINUM. Ice-plant. RL biennial ; Ivs. large, ovate, acute, wavy, 
 frosted, 3-veined beneath. A popular house plant, from Greece. It has a 
 creeping stem, If or more in length, and, with the leaves, is covered over with 
 frost-like, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect. Flowers 
 white, appearing all summer. } 
 
 2. M. CORDIFOLIUM. Heart-Udved Ice-plant. Procumbent, spreading; Ivs. 
 petiolate, opposite, cordate- ovate; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned. 7J. An interesting plant 
 in house cultivation, from Cape Good Hope. The whole plant fleshy and suc- 
 culent like others of its kind. Flowers pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the 
 horns opposite. Capsule translucent, marked at summit with cruciform lines, f 
 
 ORDER LXIV. CRASSULACEJE. HOUSELEEKS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnatifid. Slip, 0. 
 
 Fls. sessile, usually in cymes. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 320, more or less united at base, persistent. 
 
 Cor. Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely cohering. 
 
 Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many. 
 
 Ova. as many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. 
 
 Fr. Follicles as many as the ovaries, each opening by the ventral suture, many-seeded. 
 
 Genera 22, species 450. chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the globe, particularly the Cape of Good 
 Hope. About 20 are lound in North America. They grow in the thinnest and dryest soil, on naked 
 rocks, sandy deserts, &c. Thev have no peculiar property except a slight acridity. Many are highly 
 ornamental. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Stamens 4 Till&a. 1 
 
 $ i 4s ; ( Stamens 8 Bryophyllum. 5 
 
 ( Carpels distinct. Sedum. 2 
 
 s in 5s ; stamens 10 ; ( Carpels united. Penthorum. 4 
 
 Floral organs arranged ( in 12s Sempervivum. 3 
 
 1. TILL^A. Michx. 
 
 In memory of Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian botanist ; died 1740. 
 
 Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base ; petals 3 or 4, equal; sta- 
 mens 3 or 4 ; caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening by the inner 
 surface, 2 or many-seeded. Very minute, aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite. 
 T. SIMPLEX. Nutt. (T. ascendens. Eaton.} Pigmy-weed. 
 St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. connate at base, 
 linear-oblong, fleshy ; fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s ; pet. 
 oval or oblong; carpels 8 10-seeded. Near East Rock, New Haven, Ct. (Dr. 
 Robbins), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. Stem 1 3' high. Leaves 
 2 3" long. Flowers as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice 
 as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a 
 greenish- white color. Jl. Sept. 
 
 2. SEDUM. 
 Lat. sedere, to sit; the plants, growing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, united at base ; petals 4 5, distinct ; stamens 8 
 
BRTOPHYLLUM. LXIV. CRASSULACE^E. 277 
 
 10; carpels 4 5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the 
 base of each. Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cymose. Fls. mostly 
 penlamerous. 
 
 1. S. TELEPHIOlDES. MicllX. 
 
 Lvs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes 
 dense, corymbose ; sta. 10, the petals, sepals and carpels in 5s. Found on rocks, 
 lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va. ! &c. Stem a foot 
 high. Leaves 1 2' long, f as wide. Flowers numerous, purple, in a terminal, 
 branching cyme. Jn. Aug. Like the other species, very tenacious of life. 
 My specimens, gathered several months since at Harper's Ferry, are still grow- 
 ing in the dry papers. 
 
 2. S. TERNATUM. Michx. Stone-crop. 
 
 Lrs. ternately verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the upper ones 
 scattered, sessile, lanceolate ; cyme in about 3 spikes ; fis. secund, the central 
 one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. 1\. In Can. West, Penn. the South- 
 ern and Western States, Plummer ! Cultivated in N. Eng. Stems 3 8' long-, 
 branching and decumbent at base, assurgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches 
 spreading and recurved, the white flowers loosely arranged on their upper side. 
 Jl. Aug. f 
 
 3. S. TELEPHIUM. Common Orpine. Live-forever. Rt. tuberous, fleshy, 
 white ; st. 1 or 2f high, erect ; Ivs. flattish, ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered ; 
 cyme corymbose, leafy. 7]. From Europe. Cultivated and nearly naturalized. 
 Stems simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers 
 white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. f 
 
 4. S. ANACAMPSEROS. Evergreen Stone-crop. Rt. fibrous; st. decumbent; 
 Ivs. cuneiform, attenuate at base ; cymes corymbose, leafy. 7J. Native of Eu- 
 rope, growing there in crevices of rocks. "Stems reddish and decumbent at 
 base, erect and glaucous above. Lvs. fleshy, bluish green. Fls. purple. Jl. f 
 
 5. S. ACRE. English Moss. Wall Pepper. Procumbent, spreading, branch- 
 ing from the base ; Ivs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, 
 closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy. From 
 Great Britain. In cultivation it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower- 
 beds, &c. densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. The whole plant 
 abounds in an acrid, biting juice, -f 
 
 3. SEMPERVlVUM, 
 
 Lat. semper vivere, to live forever ; in allusion to their tenacity of life. 
 
 Sepals 6 20, slightly cohering at base ; petals as many as sepals, 
 acuminate ; stamens twice as many as petals ; hypogynous scales la- 
 cerated ; carpels as many as the petals. Q Herbaceous plants or 
 shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick, fleshy. 
 
 \. S. TECTORUM. House-leek. Las. fringed ; offsets spreading. A well known 
 plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous leaves. It sends out 
 runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will 
 grow on dry walls, and on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes 
 placed in the borders of flower-beds. 
 
 2. S. ARBOREUM. Tree House-leek. St. arborescent, smooth, branched ; Ivs. 
 cuneiform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading cilise. A curious and or- 
 namental evergreen, from the Levant. Stem very thick and fleshy, branching 
 into a tree-like form, 8 lOf high (1 3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 
 
 4. B'RYOPHYLLUM. saiisb. 
 
 Gr. 6pvw, to grow, 0vAXoi/, a leaf; i. e. germinating from a leaf. 
 
 Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ; corolla monopeta- 
 lous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base ; limb 
 in 4, triangular, acute lobes ; seeds many. An evergreen, fleshy, 
 
278 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE.E. SAXIFHAGA. 
 
 suffruticose plant, native of the E. Indies. Lvs. opposite, unequally 
 pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish-purple. 
 
 B. cALYClNUM. Salisb. Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but 
 little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. Stem thick, green, about 2f 
 high. Leaves 3 5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a 
 loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and 
 the long, tubular, exserted corollas. This plant is distinguished in vegetable 
 physiology. See Fig. 10, 1, and 88, a. 
 
 5. PENTHORUM. 
 
 Gr. TTEVTC, five; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals united at base ; petals 5 or ; capsules of 5 
 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5-beaked ; seeds 00, minute. 
 % Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymose. 
 
 P. SEDolDES. Virginia Stone-crop. 
 
 St. branched and angular above ; Ivs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at 
 each end, unequally serrate ; fls. in unilateral, cymose racemes. A hardy 
 plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. Stem 10 16' high, 
 with a few, short branches. Leaves 2 3' by 1', membranaceous, smooth, 
 sharply and unequally serrate. Racemes several, ^curved at first, at length 
 spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corym- 
 bose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme. Pet. generally wanting. Jl Sept. 
 
 ORDER LXV. SAXIFRAGACEJE. SAXIFRAGES. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, persistent. 
 
 Cor. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. 
 
 Sta. 510. Anthers 3-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 
 Ova. inferior, usually of 2-carpels, cohering at base, distinct and divergent above. 
 
 JV. generally capsular, 1 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Genera 38, species 440, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents. As a tribe their roots 
 are astringent. Several species are among our most ornamental, cultivated plants. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Capsule 2-celled Saxifraga. 1 
 
 ( Stamens 10. ( Capsule l-celled. . . Tiarella. 5 
 
 . Capsule 2-celled. 
 entire. ( Stamens 5. I Capsule l-celled. 
 
 i Petals 5, I pectinately pinnatifid. 
 
 Herbs. I Petals 0. Leaves opposite. Aquatic, depressed. 
 
 I Petals valvate in aestivation, 
 i Leaves opposite. (. Petals convolute in aestivation. 
 
 Sullivantia. 2 
 Heuchera. 3 
 
 Mitella. 4 
 
 Chrysosplemum. 6 
 Hydrangea. 8 
 Philadelphia. 9 
 
 Shrubs, i Leaves alternate Itea. 7 
 
 SUBORDER 1. SAXIFRAGEJE. 
 
 Petals imbricate in aestivation ; carpels united, the summits dis- 
 tinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs. 
 
 1. SAXIFRlGA. 
 
 Lat. saxum, &rock,frangere, to break ; often growing in the clefts of rocks. 
 
 Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ova- 
 ry ; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; stamens 10 ; 
 anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate 
 carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ; 
 seeds 00.^ 
 
 1. S. VIRGINIENSIS. Michx. (S. Virginica. Bin.} Early Saxifrage. 
 
 Lsvs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, short- 
 er than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched above ; 
 fls. many, cymose ; cal. adherent to the base of the ovary ; pet. oblong, much 
 exceeding the calyx. An early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills, 
 Can. and U. S. Scape 4 12'^high, pubescent, annual. Leaves rather fleshy, 
 9 13" by 6 12''. Flowers in rather dense clusters, white or tinged with pur- 
 ple, in early spring. 
 
HEBCHBRA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACEJS. 279 
 
 2. PENNSYLVANIA. Tall Saxifrage. 
 
 Las. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate; 
 scape nearly leafless ; branches alternate, with close cymes forming a diffuse 
 panicle ; fls. pedicellate ; pet. linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the calyx. 
 Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Leaves 
 fleshy, pale green, 5 8' by 1 2', on- a broad petiole. Scape 2 3f high, gross, 
 hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish 
 green flowers of no beauty. May. 
 
 3. S. AIZOON. Jacq. 
 
 Lies, mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, with cartilaginous, white 
 teeth, and a marginal row of impressed dots ; fls. corymbose-paniculate ; col. 
 (and ped. glandular- viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb ; 
 pet. obovate ; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx. Southern shores of Lake 
 Sup. (Pitcher, in T. & G. 1. p. 566) on shady, moist rocks. Stem 5 10' high. 
 Fls. white. Jl. 
 
 4. S. AIZOlDES. 
 
 Caespitose, leafy ; Ivs. alternate, linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, slight- 
 ly mucronate, thick, flat, mostly persistent ; flowering stems annual ; fls. panicu- 
 late, sometimes solitary ; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ovary ; pet. ob- 
 long, longer than the sepals ; stigmas depressed ; caps, rather thick, as long as 
 the styles. In the clefts of rocks, Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above 
 W. Lake, Wood, N. to the Arctic sea. Barren stems short, with densely crowded 
 leaves; flowering ones ascending, 2 4' long, with scattered leaves. Leaves 
 4 6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Flowers yellow, dotted. 
 
 5. S. OPPOSITIFOLIA. Opposite-leaved Saxifrage. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, 
 persistent; fls. solitary; cal. free from the ovary; pet. large, obovate, 5- veined, 
 longer than the stamens. In the same locality as the above, Wood. Stems 
 purplish, very branching and diffuse. Leaves bluish-green, 1 2" in length, 
 narrowed and clasping at base. Flowering stems annual, 1 3' long. Flow- 
 ers light purple, large and showy. 
 
 Obs. I discovered this and the foregoing species in the above locality, in Aug. 1845, when they had 
 passed flowering. 
 
 6. S. RIVULARIS. 
 
 St. weak, ascending, 3 5-flowered; radical Ivs. petiolate, reniform, cre- 
 nately lobed ; cauline lanceolate, subentire ; calyx lobes broad-ovate, nearly as 
 long as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the thick, short-beaked capsules. 
 White Mts., N H., Oakes, N. to Arc. Am. A very small species, with white, 
 bracteate flowers. Stems about 2' high, annual, with alternate leaves. 
 2. SULLIVANTIA. Torr. 
 
 In honor of Wm. S. Sullivant, author of Musci Alleghanensis, &c. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary ; segments 
 ovate, acute ; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on the sum- 
 mit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes ; stamens 5, in- 
 serted with the petals, shorter than the calyx ; capsule 2-beaked, 2- 
 celled ; seeds 00, ascending ; testa wing-like, not conformed to the 
 nucleus. ^J- Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose pani- 
 cle, small, ichite. 
 
 S. OHIONIS. Torr. 
 
 A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio ! 
 by him whose name it bears. Stem annual, very slender, 8 16' long, ascend- 
 ing, glandular. Radical leaves roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 12' 
 diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate 
 at base, 3 5-toothed at summit. May, Jn. 
 
 3. HEUCHfiRA. 
 
 In honor of Prof. Heucher, botanic author, Wittemberg, Germany. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse; co- 
 
 24* 
 
280 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE^:. TIARELLA. 
 
 rolla inferior, of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens 
 on the throat of the calyx ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. 
 % Lvs. radical^ long-petioled. 
 
 1. H. AMERICANA. Alum-root. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7-lobed, lobes short 
 and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; -panicle elongated, loose ; pedi- 
 cels divaricate ; cal. short, obtuse ; pet. spatulate, about as long as the calyx ; 
 sta. much exserted. A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and 
 N. Y., frequent at the W. ! and S. Leaves all radical, 2 3' diam., on peti- 
 oles 2 8' in length. Scape 2 4f high, paniculate, nearly | this length. Pe- 
 duncles 2 3-flowered. Calyx campanulate, more conspicuous than the purplish- 
 white petals. May, Jn. Root astringent, hence the common name. 
 
 2. H. PUBESCENS. Ph. (H. grandiflora. Raf.} 
 
 Scape naked, minutely-pubescent above, and with the long petioles, gla- 
 brous below; ITS. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7 9-lobed, lobes rounded, and 
 with rounded, mucronate, eiliate teeth ; ped. cymose, dichotomous, joints flexu- 
 ous, almost geniculate ; fls. large ; pet. longer "than the included stamens ; sty. 
 exserted. Mts. Penn., Md ! Va. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves 3 5' diam., the 
 veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Flowers 5 6" long, purple. May, Jn. 
 
 3. H. RICHARDSONI. R. Br. 
 
 Scape (naked) and petioles hairy and rough ; Ivs. orbicular-cordate, with 
 a deep sinus, 5 7-lobed, lobes obtuse, incisely crenate, ciliate ; panicle rather 
 contracted ; cal. somewhat oblique ; pet. ciliolate, somewhat unequal, about the 
 length of the sepals; sta. a little exserted; sty. included. Prairies and bottoms, 
 la. ! to Mo., N. to Can. Scape 1 2f high. ' Leaves glabrous above, veins be- 
 neath hairy. Flowers 6 7" long. May. 
 
 4, MITEL LA. Tourn. 
 
 A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. See Tiarella. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, insert- 
 ed on the throat of the calyx ; stamens 5 or 10, included ; styles 2, 
 short ; capsule 1 -celled, with 2 equal valves. '4- 
 
 1. M. DIPHYLLA. Currant-leaf. Bishop's Cap. 
 
 Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long peti- 
 oles, cauline 2, opposite, subsessile. Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to 
 Can. and Ky. Stem a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the 
 midst. Leaves 1 3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on hispid petioles 2 6' long. 
 Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most 
 beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and 
 shining. May Jn. 
 
 2. M. NUDA. (M. prostrata, MX. M. cordifolia. Lam.') Dwarf Mitella. 
 Lvs. orbiculate-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above ; scape 
 
 filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform 
 segments. A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands 
 at Potsdam, N. Y., and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems light green, 
 pellucid. Scape 4 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers, 
 with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, and send out creep- 
 ing stolons from the base. Leaves ' long and of nearly the same width. Jn. 
 
 5. TIARELLA. 
 
 Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress, from the resemblance of the capsule. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse ; petals 5 ; entire, the claws in- 
 serted on the calyx ; stamens 10, exserted, inserted into the calyx ; 
 styles 2 ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. % Flow- 
 ers white. 
 
 T. CORDIFOLIA. Mitre-wort. Gem-fruit. 
 
 Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilose ; scape racemose ; 
 
HYDRANGEA. LXV. SAX1FRAGACE.E. '281 
 
 stolons creeping. Common in rocky woods Can. to Penn., and generally asso- 
 ciated with Mitella diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resem- 
 bles. The scape arises from a creeping root-stock about 10' high, often bear- 
 ing a leaf. Leaves 2 3'long,-f-as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 6' 
 long. Racemes 1 2' long ; fls. wholly white, with minute bracts. May, Jn. 
 
 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr . ypvtros, gold, <nrX>/v, the spleen; on account of the medicinal qualities. 
 
 Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4 5-lobed, more or less colored inside ; 
 corolla 0; stamens 8 1 0, superior, short ; styles 2 ; capsule obcor- 
 date, compressed, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. S?nall, aquatic 
 kerbs. 
 
 C. AMERICANUM. Schw. (C. oppositifolium. Michx.} Watej-carpet. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole. A small 
 plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem square, 
 3 6 inches long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite, 
 ' in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, with purple lines. Corol- 
 la 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only 
 conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. 
 Apr. May. 
 
 SUBORDER 2 E SCALL.OHTIEJE. 
 
 7. I T E A . 
 
 Gr. name for the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage. 
 
 Calyx small, with 5, subulate segments ; petals 5, lance-linear, in- 
 flexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx ; stamens 5, inserted into 
 the calyx ; styles united ; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8 12-seeded. 
 A shrub with alternate, simple leaves, and a simple, spicate, terminal 
 raceme of white, flowers. 
 I. VIRGINICA. 
 
 Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J. and Penn. to Flor. 
 Shrub about Gf high. Leaves 1 3' long, qval-acuminate, serrulate, on short 
 petioles. Capsule oblong, acuminate with the style, its two carpels separating 
 in maturity. May, Jn. 
 
 SUBORDER. 3. H YDRAKTGEJE. 
 
 Petals valvate. Capsules 2-celled. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SHRUBS. 
 
 8. HYDRANGEA. 
 
 Ch . vfiwp, water, a-yytov, & vessel ; because the cultivated species require so copious a supply of water. 
 
 Marginal flowers commonly sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4 5-cleft, 
 colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens nor styles, fertile fl. 
 Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4 5-toothed, 
 persistent ; petals ovate, sessile ; stamens twice as many as the petals 5 
 capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks ; seeds 
 numerous. Shrubs with opposite leaves. Fls. cymose, generally radiant. 
 
 1. H. ARBORESCENS. (H. vulgaris. Michx.} Common Hydrangea. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, nearly 
 smooth ; fls. in fastigiate cymes. An elegant shrub, native in the Middle and 
 Western States ! cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on 
 its native shady banks. Fertile flowers small, white, becoming roseate, very 
 numerous. The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate 
 or all sterile and radiate, f 
 
 2. H. auERCiFOUA. Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. Lvs. deeply sinuate- 
 lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the stcrtie flmcers 
 very large and numerous. A beautiful shrub, native of Flor., not uncommon 
 
282 LXVI. HAMAMELACE^E. HAMAMELIS. 
 
 in gardens. Height 4 5f. Leaves very large. Sterile flowers with roundish 
 sepals, dull white, becoming reddish, very showy, f 
 
 3. H. HORTENSIS. Changeable Hydrangea. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each 
 end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth ; cymes radiant ; Jls. mostly sterile. 
 Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Stems 1 3f 
 high. Leaves large. Barren flowers very numerous and showy, at first green, 
 passing successively through straw-color, sulphur-yellow, white, purple, and 
 pink. The perfect flowers are central and much smaller. It thrives in large 
 pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure sever- 
 al months, f 
 
 SUBORDER 4, P HIL.ADELPHEJS. 
 
 Petals convolute in aestivation. Capsule 3 4-celled, loculicidal. Shrubs. 
 9. PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Name from Philadelphia, king of Egypt. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-parted, half-superior, persistent : corolla 4 5-petaled ; 
 style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 40, shorter than the petals ; capsule 4- 
 celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence ; seeds many, arilled. 
 Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs, opposite, exstipulate. 
 
 1. P. GRANDIFLORUS. Willd. (P. inodorus. Michx.) Large-flowered Syringa. 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy ; stig. 4, 
 linear ; sty. undivided. A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cul- 
 tivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in 
 a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicu- 
 ously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. Jn. -The upper leaves are 
 often entire and quite narrow, f 
 
 2. P. CORONARIUS. False Syringa. Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth ; sty. dis- 
 tinct. Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub- 
 beries. The flowers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of the 
 orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. 
 It grows 5 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite, 
 reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers, f 
 
 ORDER LXVI. HAMAMELACE.E. 
 
 Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, dentate, the veinlets running direct from the mid-vein to the margin. Stip.de- 
 
 Cal. adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. [ciduoua. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4, linear. 
 
 Sta. 8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals.) 
 
 Ova. 2-celled, ovules solitary. 
 
 PV. Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, 2-celled. 
 
 Genera 10, species 15, natives of N. America and Japan. No remarkable properties have been dis- 
 covered. 
 
 HAMAMELIS. 
 
 Gr. apa, with, jurjXoi', fruit; i. e. flowers and fruit together on the tree. 
 
 Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 23 bracts at base ; 
 petals 4, very long, linear ; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the 
 petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones ; capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 
 2-beaked. Shrubs or small trees. 
 
 H. VIRGINIANA. Witch Hazel. 
 
 Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dontate, obliquely cordate at base, 
 on short petioles ; Jls. sessile, 3 4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subses- 
 sile glomerule. U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, 
 branching trunks from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10 12f high. 
 Leaves nearly smooth, 3 5' long, | as wide. Petioles 4' long. Calyx downy. 
 Petals yellow, curled or twisted, f long. Capsule woody, containing 2 nuts. 
 This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning 
 
LXVII. UMBELLIFERjE. 
 
 283 
 
 desolations of autumn and winter, this alone puts forth its yellow blossoms. 
 The small branches were formerly used for " divining rods," to indicate the 
 presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there are even 
 at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the witch hazel, an 
 oifence little short of heresy. 
 
 ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFEKJE. UMBELLIFERS. 
 
 Lvs. usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles. 
 Fts. arranged in umbels, mostly whits, often yellow, pink, blue, 
 Cal. adhering to the ovary, entire or 5-toothed. 
 
 , 
 or greenish. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, usually inflected at the point, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them upon the disk. 
 
 Ova. inferior, 2-celled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. 
 
 Sty. 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Stig. simple. 
 
 Fr. dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels, separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into two 
 
 halves (merocarps). 
 Carpophore, the slender, simple, or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the 
 
 faces of the commissure. 
 Ribs. A definite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones (primary) alternating with the 
 
 smaller (secondary). 
 Vittcc. Little linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just 
 
 beneath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure. 
 
 Genera 267, species 1500. This is a vast and well defined natural order, native of damp places, way- 
 sides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries except upon 
 the mountains. 
 
 Properties aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vittaB of 
 the fruit, in the roots, <fec. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic principle, rendering 
 it very poisonous. Of this nature is the Conium maculatum (hemlock), Cicuta virosa, jEthusa Cynapium 
 (fools parsley) , besides many others which have, at least, a suspicious character. But the fruit is never 
 poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as caraway, anise, dill, coriander, &c. Even the roots 
 and herbage of other species are wholesome and nutritive, as the carrot, parsnep, sweet cisely, celery 
 arid Archangelica. The gum-resin, assafoztida, exudes from incisions in the Ferula of Persia; the gwtn 
 galbanum is the product of Galbanum omcinale, an Indian species. 
 
 The genera of the Umbelliferse are numerous, and not easily distinguished. The characters by which 
 De Candolle has more successfully than any other author divided this order into tribes and genera, are 
 chiefly founded upon the number and development of the ribs, the presence or absence of the vitta, and 
 the form of the albumen, particularly at the commissure. These parts, therefore, minute as they are, will 
 require the special attention of the student. 
 
 10 
 
 T IG .- 4 |-.~ 1 - zi ?j a aurea, with its compound, naked umbel, &c. 2. A flower enlarged 3 The fruit 
 with its filiform ribs and two persistent styles. 4. Cross.section, showing the two caroels'with the vitto 
 and flat commissure. 5. Umbel of Osmorhiza longistylis in fruit. 6. A flower enlarged 7 The fruit 
 with the merocarps separating from the base and supported by the bifid carpophore. 8 'Surmit of the 
 fruit of O. brevurtyha. 9. Fruit of Conium maculatum, with the undulate-crenulate ribs 10. Cross sec- 
 tion, showing the grooved commissure and involute albumen, n. Radiant flower of Coriandrum 
 12. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing the minute embryo. 
 
-284: LXVII. UMBELLIFER^E. , HYDROCOTTLE. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 * Plants native or naturalized. 
 
 $ Seeds flattish inside. Slum. 8 
 
 f Fr. laterally compressed. \ Seeds grooved inside. Conium. 28 
 
 $ Petals radiant. . Heracleum. 23 
 
 i Fr. dorsally compressed. (. Petals all equal. . Conioselinum. 18 
 
 ( with smooth ribs. . Ligusticum. 17 
 
 { of entire bracts. LFr. scarcely compressed, \ with bristly ribs. . Osmorhiza. 27 
 
 \ Kays 24. . . Sanicula. 3 
 
 ( Fr. very bristly. ( Rays many. . . Daucus. 25 
 
 < several. Fruit not bristly Discopleurum. 5 
 
 of cleft bracts, (one only, bipinnafifid F.rigenia. 29 
 
 ( Cal. limb ^ Leaves 3-parted, . . Ciyptotcenia. 9 
 
 o / obsolete, it Leaves finely divided. . Cfi.cerophytlum.26 
 
 JS < (Fr. laterally compressed. ( Calyx limb 5-toothed. . . Cicuta. 
 
 \S ^ the margin singly winged. . . Archemora. 21 
 
 g l Fr. dorsally compressed, c the margin doubly winged. . . Arcfatngelica. 20 
 
 p Unvoluc. 0. L Fruit scarcely compressed, ovoid-globose JEthusa. 16 
 
 $ Lvs. linear. . Crantzia. 2 
 
 < with 430 pedicellate or subsessile flowers. < Lvs. roundish. Hydrocotyle. 1 
 
 Umbels simple, ( densely capitate, with 50 or more sessile flowers. . . Eryngium. 4 
 
 ( Carpels with 5 winged ri 
 \ Carpels with 5 filiform ribs. 
 Involucels minute. ( Carpels smooth, ribs obsolete. 
 
 Thaspium. 15 
 
 Zizia. 10 
 
 Polyt&nia. 24 
 
 Bupleurum. 6 
 
 Pastinaca. 22 
 
 Involucels very large. Leaves simple, perfoliat 
 Flowers yellow. ( Involucels 0. Fruit much compressed dorsally. 
 
 * * Cultivated exotics, not naturalized. 
 
 ( Fruit laterally ^ roundish. . Apium. 13 
 
 (Petals all equal. < compressed, if oval. . . Carum. 11 
 
 ( Involucre 0, or < (Fruit not compressed. . . Pimpinella. 12 
 
 < of 1 entire bract. ( Petals radiant Conundrum. 30 
 
 $ white. ( Involucre of a few cleft bracts Petroselinum. 14 
 
 Flowers ( yellow Fceniculum. 19 
 
 SUBORDER 1. O RTHOSPERMJE. 
 
 The inner surface of the seeds and albumen flat or nearly so. 
 1. HYDROCOTtLE. 
 
 Gr. vSup, water, KOTV\TI, a vessel; the concave leaf often holds water. 
 
 Calyx obsolete ; petals equal, ovate, spreading, entire, the point 
 not inflected ; styles shorter than stamens ; fruit laterally flattened, 
 the commissure narrow; carpels 3-ribbed, without vittae. Herba- 
 ceous^ creeping ', usually aquatic plants. Umbels simple. Involucre few- 
 leaved. 
 
 1. H. AMERICANA. Pennywort. 
 
 Smooth and shining; st. fiJiform, procumbent; Ivs. reniform-orbicular, 
 slightly lobed, crenate ; umbels sessile, 3 5-flowered ; fr. orbicular. % A small, 
 delicate plant, growing close to the moist earth beneath the shade of other vege- 
 tables, Can. to S. Car. Stems branching, 2 6' long. Leaves thin, 12' diam., 
 on petioles 2 3' long. Flowers greenish -white, small, nearly sessile, in sim- 
 ple, capitate, sessile, axillary umbels. Jn. Aug. 
 
 2. H. INTERRUPTA. Muhl. (H. vulgaris. Michx.} 
 
 Smooth; Ivs. peltate, orbicular, crenate; umbels capitate, proliferous, sub- 
 sessile, about 5-flowered ; fr. acute at base. Tj. In wet places, New Bedford, 
 Mass. T. A. Greene, rare. Root and stem creeping. Leaves almost centrally 
 peltate, thin, 810" diam. Petioles 23' long. Peduncles longer than the 
 petioles. Flowers subsessile, in close umbels which become whorls in inter- 
 rupted spikes by other umbels being successively produced on the extending 
 peduncle. Jn. 
 
 3. H. UMBELLATA. Umbellate Pennywort. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. peltate, orbicular, crenate, emarginate at base, on long peti- 
 oles ; scapes about as long as the petioles ; umbels simple, often proliferous ;fts. 
 pedicellate. 1\. In ponds and bogs, Mass. ! to La., rare. Stems creeping, often 
 submersed, several inches long. Leaves 812" diam., notched at base so as to 
 appear reniform. Petioles a little eccentric, and with the scapes slender, float- 
 ing or erect, and 4 6' long. Umbels 20 30-flowered, the . upper pedicel often 
 prolonged and umbellate. May Jl. 
 
ERYNGIUM. LXV1I. UMBELLIFER.E. 285 
 
 4. H. RANUNCULolDEs. Linn. f. (H. cymbularifolia. Muhl.) 
 Glabrous ; Ivs. roundish-reniform, 3 5-lobed, crenate ; petioles much longer 
 
 than the peduncles ; umbels 5 10-flowered, capitate ; fr. roundish, smooth. In 
 water, Penn. to Ga. Stems weak, 1 2f long. Leaves 1 2' diam., the middle 
 lobe smaller than the others. Petioles 2 3' long. Peduncle about 1' long. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. 
 
 In honor of Prof. Crantz, author of a monograph on the Umbelliferse. 
 
 Calyx tube subglobose, margin obsolete ; petals obtuse ; fruit sub- 
 globose, the commissure excavat'ed, with 2 vittoe ; carpels unequal, 5- 
 ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. Small, creeping herbs with line- 
 ar or flliform, entire leaves. Umbels simple, involucrate. 
 
 C. LINEATA. Nutt. (Hydrocotyle. Michx.} 
 
 Lvs. cuneate-lir-ear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse veins, 
 shorter than the peduncles. Muddy banks of rivers, Mass. ! to La. Stems sev- 
 eral inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Leaves 1 2' by 1 2", 
 often linear and appearing like petioles without laminae. Umbels 4 ^-flower- 
 ed. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Involucre 4 6-leaved. Fruit with 
 red vittae. May Jl. 
 
 3. SANICtJLA. Tourn. 
 
 Lat. sanare, to cure ; on account of the reputed virtues as a vulnerary. 
 
 Flowers 9 ^ ; calyx tube echinate, segments acute, leafy ; pe- 
 tals obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point; fruit subglobose, 
 armed with hooked prickles ; carpels without ribs ; vittas nnmerous. 
 ^ Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many -flowered, capitate umbel- 
 lets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several, entire. 
 
 5. MARILANDICA. Sanicle. 
 
 Lvs. 5-parted, digitate, mostly radical ; Ifts. or segments, oblong, incisely 
 serrate ; sterile fls. pedicellate, fertile sessile ; calyx segments entire. In low 
 woods, thickets, U. S., and Can., common. Stem 1 2f high, dichotomously 
 branched above, smooth, furrowed. Radical leaves on petioles 6 12' long, 3- 
 parted to the base, with the lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Segments 24 / 
 long, J as wide, irregularly and mucronately toothed. Cauline leaves few, 
 nearly sessile. Involucres 6-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous. Um- 
 bellets capitate. Flowers mostly barren, white, sometimes yellowish. Fruit 
 densely clothed with hooked bristles. Jn. 
 
 4. ERYNGIUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. spvyeiv, to belch ; a supposed remedy for flatulence. 
 
 Flowers sessile, collected in dense heads ; calyx lobes somewhat 
 leafy ; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long inflexed 
 point ; styles filiform ; fruit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, with- 
 out vittae or scales. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Fls. blue or white, 
 bracteate ; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceous. 
 
 1. E. AQ.UATICUM. Button Snake-root. 
 
 Lvs. broadly linear, parallel- veined, ciliate with remote soft spines ; bracts 
 tipped with spines, those of the involucels entire, shorter than the ovate-globose 
 heads. Low grounds on prairies, la. ! 111., &c. A remarkable plant, appearing 
 like one of the Endogense. Very glaucous. Stem simple, 1 5f high. Leaves 
 often 1 2f long, J 1 J' wide. Heads pedunculate, 1' diam. Flowers white, 
 inconspicuous. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. E. VIRGINIANUM. Lam. (E. aquaticum. MicHx.} 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, uncinately serrate, tapering to both ends ; invol. of 
 78 linear leaflets, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or spinose-dentate ; scales tri- 
 cuspidate. 7J. Marshes, N. J. to Ohio, Prof. Lock ! and La. Stem hollow, 
 3 4f high, branched above. Leaves 6 10' by 5 10", upper ones much small- 
 
286 LXVII. UMBELLIFER^E. CICUTA. 
 
 er Heads numerous, less than V diam. Flowers pale blue or nearly white. 
 Jl.' Aug. 
 
 5. DISCOPLEURA. DC. 
 
 Gr. Jtffrfo?, the disk ; n\evpa, a rib ; i. e. the disk and ribs (of the fruit) united. 
 
 Calyx teeth subulate, persistent ; petals ovate, entire, with a mi- 
 nute, inflexed point ; fruit ovate, often didymous ; carpels 5-ribbed, 
 the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united, 
 with a thick accessory margin ; intervals with single vittse, seeds sub- 
 terete. CD Lvs. much dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the in- 
 volucre cleft. Fls. white. 
 
 D. CAPILLACEA. DC. (Ammi. Spreng.) Bishop-weed. 
 
 Erect or procumbent; umbels 3 10-rayed; Ifts oftJie invol. 3 5, mostly 3- 
 cleft ; fr. ovate. In swamps near the coast, Mass. ! to Ga, Stem much 
 branched, 1 2f high. Leaves very smooth, ternately dissected, with subulate, 
 spreading segments. Umbels axillary, pedunculate, spreading. Involucre leaf- 
 lets about 3, with setaceous segments. Involucels filiform, longer than the um- 
 bellets. Jl. Nov. 
 
 6. BUPLEURUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. POVS, an ox, ir\evpov, a rib ; from the ribbed (veined) leaves of some of the species. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a 
 broad, closely inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels 5- 
 ribbed, lateral ones marginal ; seed teretely convex; flattish on the 
 face.- Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. mostly simple. Invol. various. 
 Fls. yellow. 
 
 B. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Modesty. Thorough-wax. 
 
 L/vs. roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate ; invol. ; involucels of 5, ovate, 
 mucronate bracts ; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals smooth, mostly without 
 vittse. In cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y. and Penn. and la. ! rare. Stem 
 If or more high, branching. Leaves 1 3' long, f as wide, rounded at base, 
 acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5 9-rayed. Involucels longer than the 
 umbellets. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles (stylo- 
 podium). Jl. Aug. 
 
 7. CICUTA. 
 
 A Latin name used by Virgil (Ec. 2d and 5th) but of unknown application. 
 
 Calyx margin of 5, broad segments ; petals obcordate, the points 
 inflected ; fruit subglobose, didymous ; carpels with 5 flattish, equal 
 ribs, 2 of them marginal ; intervals filled with single vittse, com- 
 missure with 2 vittse ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds terete. ^ Aquatic 
 poisonous herbs. Leaves compound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. 
 Invol. few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. white. 
 
 1. C. MACULATA. Water Hemlock. Spotted Cowbane. 
 
 St. streaked with purple ; lower Ivs. triternate and quinate ; upper biter- 
 nate ; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate ; umbels terminal and axillary. 
 Common in wet meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 6f high, smooth, striate, 
 jointed, hollow, glaucous, branched above. Petioles dilated at base into long, 
 abrupt, clasping stipules. Leaflets or segments 1 3' long, f f ' wide, finely 
 serrate, the veins mostly running to the notches, rarely to the points ! Umbels 
 rather numerous, naked, 2 4' broad. Involucels of 5 G short, narrow, acute 
 bracts. Fruit 1%" diam., 10-ribbed, crowned with the permanent calyx and 
 styles. Jl. Aug. The thick, fleshy root is a dangerous poison, but sometimes 
 used in medicine. 
 
 2. C. BULBIFERA. Bulbiferous Cicuta. Narrow-leaved Hemlock. 
 
 Axils of the branches bulbiferous ; Ivs. biternately divided ; Ifts, linear, with 
 remote, divergent teeth ; umbels terminal and axillary. In wet meadows, Penn. 
 
ZIZIA. LXVII. UMBELLIFERJE. 287 
 
 to Can. Stem 3 if high, round, striate, hollow, green, branching. Leaves 
 various, those of the stem generally biternate, of the branches ternate. Leaf- 
 lets or segments 2 4' long, 1 4" wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with 
 slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the 
 bracteate petioles. Umbels terminal. Involucre 0. Umbellets of close, small, 
 white flowers, and slight involucels. Aug. 
 
 8. SIUM. 
 
 Celtic siio, water ; that is, a genus of aquatic plants. 
 
 Calyx margin 5-toothed or obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an in- 
 flexed point ; fruit nearly oval ; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs, and 
 several vittee in each interval; carpophore 2-parted. % Aquatic. 
 Lvs. pinnately divided. Umbels perfect, with partial and general many- 
 leaved involucra. Fls. white. 
 
 1. S. LATIFOLIUM. Water Parsnep. 
 
 St. angular, sulcate ; Ifls. oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate, acuminate ; 
 col. teeth elongated. A tall plant in swamps and ditches, N. J. to la. ! and Can. 
 Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow, with 7 deep-furrowed and prominent an- 
 gles. Leaflets or segments 4 6' long, 12' broad, equally serrate, in about 4 
 pairs, with an odd one, those submerged, if any, pinnatifid. Petioles embrac- 
 ing the stem. Umbels large, with many-flowered rays. Flowers small, white. 
 Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. S. LINEARE. Michx. (S. latifolium, /?. lineare. Bw.) 
 
 St. angular, sulcate ; Ifts. 9 11, linear and lance-linear, finely serrate, 
 acute ; col teeth obsolete. More common than the last, in swamps, N. J. to 
 la. ! and Can. Stem 2 4f high, smooth, with 7 prominent angles. Leaflets 
 24' long, 2 4" (rarely 10") wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate, middle 
 pairs sessile. Umbels 1J 2 7 broad. Involucre of 5 or 6 linear bracts, J as 
 long as the 15 21 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, white flowers. 
 Fruit roundish, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. Jl. Aug. 
 
 9. CRYPTOT^ENIA. DC. 
 
 Gr. icpviTTto, to conceal, raivta, a wreath or border; from the obsolete border of calyx. 
 
 Margin of the calyx obsolete ; petals with an inflexed point ; fruit 
 linear-oblong or ovate-oblong ; ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs ; carpo- 
 phore free, 2-parted ; vittae very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. 
 % Lvs. 3-parted, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, with very un- 
 equal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. white. 
 
 C. CANADBNSIS. DC. (Sison Canadense. Linn.) Hone-wort. 
 
 Lvs. smooth ; Ifts. or segments rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2 3- 
 lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base ; umbels numerous, irregular, 
 axillary and terminal. Common in moist woods. Stem erect, 1 2f high. Lower 
 petioles 2 6' long, clasping. Leaflets 3, 2 3' long, 1 2' wide, petiolulate. 
 Umbels paniculate, of 3 5 very unequal rays. Umbellets of 4 6 unequal 
 pedicels and minute involucels. Flowers small, white. Fruit near 3" long, 
 oblong-elliptic. Jl. 
 
 10. ZIZIA. Koch. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete or minutely toothed ; petals carinate, apex 
 acuminate, inflexed ; fruit roundish or oval, didymous ; carpels 5- 
 ribbed, lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with 1 3 vittse, commis- 
 sure with 2 4 ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds plano-convex. % Lvs. 
 divided. Umbels perfect. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. yellow. 
 
 1. Z. AUREA. Koch. (Smyrnium. Linn. Thaspium. Nutt. ?) Golden Alexanders. 
 
 Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, serrate; umbelkts with short rays. 
 Hills and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems 1 2f high, branching above, rather 
 slender, erect, hollow, angular-furrowed, smooth as well as every other part of 
 25 
 
288 LXVII. UMBELLIFER^E. PETROSELINUM. 
 
 the plant, and furnished with few leaves. The lower leaves are on -long peti- 
 oles, the leaflets with coarse serratures, and sometimes quinate. The umbels 
 are about 2 inches broad, of 10 15 rays, the umbellets inch broad, dense. 
 Flowers numerous, orange-yellow. Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs. 
 Root black, Jufted. June. 
 
 2. Z. INTEGERRIMA. DC. (Smvrnium. Linn.) Golden Alexanders. 
 
 Lsvs. biternate ; Ifts. oblique, oval, entire, smooth and glaucous. Rocky 
 woods, &c., N. Y. to Ohio and La., rare. Stem 1 2f high, branching above. 
 Radical leaves often triternate, cauline biternate, all petiolate. Segments 1 1 J' 
 long, as wide, mucronate, lateral oblique at base, odd one often 2 3-lobed. 
 Umbels terminal, loose, on a long peduncle. Rays unequal, slender, spread- 
 ing, 1 3' long, with minute involucels. Fruit roundish, compressed laterally. 
 May, Jn. 
 
 11. CARUM, 
 
 From Caria, the native country of the plant, according to Pliny. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, trie point in- 
 flexed ; styles dilated at base, spreading ; fruit oval, compressed lat- 
 erally ; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single 
 vittse, commissure with 2. Herbs with dissected leaves. Umbels per- 
 fect. Involucra various. FLs. white. 
 
 C. CARVI. Caraway. Lvs. somewhat bipinnatifid, with numerous linear 
 segments ; invol. 1-leaved or ; involucels 0. Native of Europe, &c. Stem 
 about 2f high, branched, smooth, striate. Lower leaves large, on long petioles, 
 with tumid, clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles, involucrate bract, 
 when present, linear-lanceolate. Jn. Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruit, so 
 well known in domestic economy. 
 
 12. PIMPINELLA. 
 
 Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obcordate, a little unequal ; disk ; 
 flowers perfect or diclinous ; styles capillary, as long as fruit ; fruit 
 ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals. European herbs, mostly ^, with 
 pinnately, many-parted leaves, and white flowers. Umbels compound. 
 Invol. 0. 
 
 P. ANISUM. Anise. Radical Ivs. incisely trifid ; cauline ones multifid, 
 with narrow-linear segments, all glabrous and shining ; umbels large, many- 
 rayed. Native of Egypt. The aromatic and carminative properties of the 
 fruit are well known. 
 
 13. APIUM. 
 
 Celtic apon, water ; the plants grow in watery situations. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals roundish, with a small, inflexed 
 point ; fruit roundish, laterally compressed ; carpels 5-ribbed, the 
 lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vittse ; carpophore undi- 
 vided. European herbs. Umbels perfect, naked. 
 
 A. GRAVEOLENS. Celery. Lower Ivs. pinnately dissected, on very long peti- 
 oles, segments broad-cuneate, incised ; upper Ivs. 3-parted, segments cuneate, 
 lobed and incisely dentate at apex. (g) Native of Britain. Stem 2 3f high, 
 branching, furrowed. Radical petioles thick, juicy, If in length. Umbels with 
 unequal, spreading rays. Flowers white. The stems when blanched by being 
 buried, are sweet, crisp and spicy in flavor, and used as salad. Jn. Aug. 
 
 14. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm. 
 
 Gr. Trerpa, <re\ivov } stone-parsley; from its native habitat. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals roundish, with a narrow, inflexed 
 point ; fruit ovate, compressed laterally ; carpels 5-ribbed ; intervals 
 
LiGusTicrjM. LXVII. UMBELLIFER^E. 289 
 
 with single vittae, commissure with 2 ; carpophore 2-parted. European 
 herbs. Umbels perfect. Invol. few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. 
 
 P. SATIVUM. Hoffm. (Apium Petroselinum. Wittd.} Parsley. Lvs. decom- 
 pound, segments of the lower ones cuneate-ovate, terminal . ones triad, all in- 
 cised, cauline segments lance-linear, subentire; invalids of 3-^-5 subulate 
 bracts. (g) From Sardinia and Greece. Stem 2 4f high, branched. Leaves 
 smooth and shining, with numerous, narrow segments. Petals white. Jn. 
 C ultivation has produced several varieties. Esteemed as a pot-herb, for soups, &c.;{: 
 
 15. THASPIUM. Nutt. 
 From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia. 
 
 Calyx margin 5-toothed; petals elliptic, with a long, inflexed 
 point ; fruit elliptical, not compressed laterally ; carpels convex, with 
 5 winged ribs ; intervals with single vittae, commissure with 2. '4- 
 Umbels without an involucre. Involucels 3-leaved, lateral. 
 
 1. T. CORDATUM. Nutt. (Smyrnium cordatum. MX. Zizia cordatum. DC.) 
 Radical Ivs. simple, cordate, crenate, cauline ones ternate, stalked ; segments 
 acute, serrate; umbels terminal. Shady hills and barrens, U. S. and Can. 
 Stem erect, slightly branched, smooth, 2 3f high. Root leaves on long stalks, 
 roundish-heart-shaped, the rest ternate, becoming only 3-parted above, all light 
 green. Umbels dense with yellow flowers. Fruit black, oval, with 3 promi- 
 nent, paler, winged ridges on each side. May, Jn. 
 
 (3. atropurpureum. (Thapsia trifoliata. Linn.) Fls. dark purple. N. J., Perm. 
 3. T. BARBINODE. Nutt. (Ligusticum barbinode Mickx.) 
 St. pubescent at the nodes ; lower Ivs. triternately divided, upper biternately, 
 segments cuneate-ovate, acute or acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, 
 entire towards the base ; umbels terminal and opposite the leaves ; fr. elliptical, 
 the ribs alternately broader. River banks, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 3f high, 
 angular and grooved, branching above. Leaves smooth, upper ones suboppo- 
 site; segments 1 2' by | 1?'. Rays about 2' long, each about 20-flowered. 
 Petals deep yellow. Jn. 
 
 16. ^ETHUSA. 
 
 Gr. at 00), to burn; on account of its poisonous acridity. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point ; 
 fruit globose-ovate; carpels with 5 acutely carinated ribs; lateral 
 ones marginal, broader ; intervals acutely angled, with single vittse, 
 commissure with 2. CD Poisonous herbs. Invol. 0. Involucels l-sided. 
 Fls. white. 
 
 jE. cYNAPirjM. Fool's Par sky. 
 
 Lvs. bi- or tripinnately divided, segments cuneate, obtuse ; involucels 3- 
 leaved, pendulous, longer than the partial umbels. In waste grounds, Ms., rare. 
 Stem about 2f high, green, striate. Leaves with numerous, narrow, wedge- 
 shaped segments, uniform, dark green, flat. Leaflets of the involucels linear, 
 long, deflected, and situated on the outside. Jl. Aug. The plant somewhat re- 
 sembles parsley, but is distinctly marked by the involucels, and by its disagree- 
 able odor. It is said to be poisonous. 
 
 17. LIGUSTICUM. 
 
 One species was said to be native of Liguria ; hence the name. 
 
 Calyx teeth minute or obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, with 
 an inflexed point ; fruit nearly terete, or slightly compressed late- 
 rally; carpels 5-ribbed, with numerous vittae. % Lvs. ternately 
 divided. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. white. 
 
 1. L. SCOTICUM. Sea Lovage. 
 
 Stem Ivs. biternate, the upper ones ternate ; lateral Ifts. oblique, the terminal 
 one rhomboid ; bracts of the involucres numerous, linear. Sea coast. Root thick, 
 
290 LXVII. UMBELLIFERJE. ARCHANGELICA. 
 
 tapering. Stem a foot high, nearly simple, striate, smooth. Leaves petiolate. 
 Leaflets 1 2' long, dark green, smooth and shining, entire at base, serrate 
 above. Fruit 4 5" long. Jl. 
 
 2. L. ACTJEFOLIUM. Michx. (Thaspium. Nutt.) 
 
 Lvs. triternate, with ovate, dent-serrate leaflets ; umbels numerous, panicu- 
 late ; invol. and involucels of about 3, short, subulate leaves. Banks of the St. 
 Lawrence. Michx. Topsfield and Scituate, Mass. Oakes. Russel. S. States, 
 rare. Plant 3 6f high. Leaflets 2 3' long, lateral ones trapeziform. Umbels 
 on long, verticillate peduncles, terminal one abortive. 
 
 18. CONIOSELINUM. Fisch. 
 
 Name compounded of Cmiwn and Selinum. 
 
 Calyx teeth obsolete ; petals obovate, with an inflected point ; fruit 
 compressed on the back ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, lateral ones 
 marginal and much the broadest ; intervals with 1 3 vittso, commis- 
 sure with 4 8. CD Smooth. St. hollow. Lvs. on very large, inflated 
 petioles. Invol. various. Involucels 5 7 -leaved. 
 
 C. 1 CANADENSE. Torr. & Gray. (Selinum. Michx. Cnidium. Spr.} 
 Lvs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with oblong-linear lobes ; invol. 
 0, or 2 3-leaved ; Jr. oblong-oval ; vitta solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2 3 in 
 the lateral. In wet woods, Maine to Wisconsin ! but not common. Stem 3 5f 
 high. Leaves much compounded, the ultimate segments pinnatifid with linear- 
 oblong lobes. Umbels compound. Petals white, spreading. Styles slender, 
 diverging. Fruit about 2" long. Aug. Sept. 
 
 19. FCENICULUM. Adans. 
 Lat. diminutive offasnum, hay ; from the resemblance of its odor. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals revolute. with a broad, retuse apex ; 
 fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally subcompressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse 
 ribs, marginal ones a little broader ; intervals with single vittse, com- 
 missure with 2. Umbels perfect, with no invol. or involucels. 
 
 F. VULGARE. Gaert. (Anethum. Willd.) Fennel. Lvs. biternately dissect- 
 ed, segments linear-subulate, elongated ; rays of the umbel numerous, unequal, 
 spreading; carpels turgid, ovate-oblong. Native of England, &c. Cultivated 
 in gardens. Stem 3 5f high, terete, branched. Leaves large and smooth, 
 finely cleft into numerous, very narrow segments. Flowers yellow. Jl. The 
 seeds are warmly aromatic. ^ 
 
 20. ARCHANGELICA. Hoffm. 
 
 So named for its preeminence in size and virtues among the Umbelliferae. 
 
 Calyx teeth short ; petals equal, entire, lanceolate, acuminate, with 
 the point inflexed ; fruit dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick 
 ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal ones dilated into membrana- 
 ceous wings ; vittse very numerous. % Umbels perfect. Involucels 
 mani 
 
 1. A. ATROPURPUREA. Hoffm. (Angelica triquinata. MX.} Angelica. 
 
 St. dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate ; Ifts. in- 
 cisely toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhomboidal, sessile, the 
 others decursive. Among the largest of the umbelliferae, well known for its aro- 
 matic properties, common in fields and meadows, Northern and Western States. 
 Stem 4 6f high, 1 2 x in thickness, smooth, hollow, glaucous. Petioles large, 
 inflated, channeled on the upper side, with inflated stipules at base. Leaflets 
 cut-serrate, the terminal one sometimes 3-lobed, the lateral ones of the upper di- 
 vision decurrent. Umbels 3, terminal, spherical, 68' diam. without the in- 
 volucre ; umbellets on angular stalks and with involucels of subulate bracts 
 longer than the rays. Flowers greenish white. 
 
 2. A. HIRSUTA. Torr. &Gray. (Angelica. MuJd.} 
 
 St. striate, the summit with the umbels tomentose-hirsute; Ivs. bipinnate- 
 
HERACLEUM. XLVII. UMBELLIFER^E. 291 
 
 ly divided, the divisions quinate, segments oblong, acutish, the upper pair con- 
 nate but not decurrent at base. Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. Stem simple, erect, 
 straight, 3 5f high. Leaves on petioles 6 10' long. Leaflets 1 2j' long, i 
 as wide, mostly ovate-oblong, often tapering at base. Umbels 3 or 4, on long, 
 velvety peduncles, 2 4' broad. Rays unequal, spreading, densely tomentose. 
 Involucre 0. Involucels of 4 6 bracts, about as long as the rays. Jl. Aug. 
 
 3. A. PEREGRlNA. Nutt. 
 
 St. striate, pubescent at summit; Its. ternately divided, the divisions 
 quinate, segments incisely serrate ; umbel with many slender rays ; invol. ; in- 
 rolucels of many leaflets, as long as the umbellets. Sea coast, Me. and Mass., 
 Pickering. Marginal ribs of the fruit thick and obtuse. 
 
 4. A. O.FFICINALIS. Hoffm. (Angelica, Linn.} Garden Angelica. 
 
 St. smooth, round, striate ; Irs. bipinnately divided into lobate, subcordate, 
 acutely serrate segments, the terminal one 3-lobed ; sheaths large and saccate. 
 Said to be native in Labrador, &c. Cultivated in gardens occasionally for the 
 sake of the stalks, which are to be blanched and eaten as celery. 
 
 21. ARCHEMORA. DC. 
 
 A fanciful name from Archemorus, who, according to mythology, died by swallowing a bee. 
 
 Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals obcordate with an inflexed point ; 
 fruit oval, lenticular, compressed on the back j carpels with 5 ribs, 
 marginal ones broadly winged ; intervals with single large vittse, 
 commissure with 4 6 ; seeds fiat. ^ Invol. 0. or few-leaved. Involr 
 /-leaved. 
 
 A. RIGIDA. DC. (CEnanthe. Nutt.} Water Dropwort. Cow-bane. 
 
 St. rigid, striate, smooth; Ivs. pinnately divided, smooth, Ifts. 3 11, ob- 
 long-lanceolate or ovate, entire or remotely toothed, sessile ; umbels spreading, 
 smooth. Swamps, Mich, to Flor. and La. Stem 2 4f high, slender, terete. 
 Leaflets 2 4' by 3 9", varying in outline in the same plant. Umbels 2 3, 
 of many slender rays. Petals white. Fruit with subequal greenish ribs, and 
 large, purple vittae filling the intervals. Commissure white. Sept. Said to be 
 poisonous. 
 /?. (CEnanthe ambigua. Nutt.} Lfts. long^-linear, mostly entire. 
 
 22. PASTINACA. Tourn. 
 Lat. pastus, food or repast ; from the nutritive properties of the root. 
 
 Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals broad-lanceolate, with a long inflexed 
 point ; fruit much compressed, oval, with a broad margin ; carpels 
 with 5 nearly obsolete ribs ; intervals with single vittas ; carpophore 
 2-parted ; seeds flat. (D Rt. fusiform. Invol. mostly ; involucels 
 or few-leaved. Fls. yellow. 
 
 P. SATIVA. Common Parsnep. Wild Parsnep. 
 
 Lvs. pinnate, downy beneath ; Ifts. oblong, incisely toothed, the upper one 
 3-lobed. @ The parsnep is said to have been introduced, but it grows wild abun- 
 dantly in fields, by fences, &c. The root is fusiform, large, sweet-flavored, 
 esculent, as every one knows, in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes 
 hard, acrid and poisonous, and much dwindled in size. Stem 3f high, erect, fur- 
 rowed, smooth, branching. Umbels large, terminal. Flowers yellow, small. 
 Fruit large, flat. The abundance of saccharine matter in the cultivated root, 
 renders it wholesome and nutritious. Jl. 
 
 23. HERACLEUM. 
 
 Named after the hero Hercules ; it being a rank, robust plant. 
 
 Calyx limb of 5 small, acute teeth ; petals obcordate, with the point 
 inflexed, often radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 
 2-cleft ; fruit compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 ob- 
 tuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel ; intervals with single vittse ; seeds 
 25* 
 
293 LXVII. UMBELLIFERJE. CHJEROPHYLLUM. 
 
 flat. Stout herbs, with large umbels. Invol. dedduous. Involucels 
 
 H. LANATUM. 
 
 Lvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentose beneath; Ifls. petioled, round-cordate, 
 lobed ; fr. orbicular. Penn. to Lab. W. to Oreg. A large, coarse-looking, um- 
 belliferous plant, growing about moist, cultivated grounds. Stem about 4f high, 
 thick, furrowed, branching, and covered with spreading hairs. Leaves very 
 large, on channeled stalks. Leaflets woolly underneath, irregularly cut-lobed 
 and serrated. At the top of the stem and branches are its huge umbels, often a 
 foot broad, with spreading rays, and long-pointed, lanceolate involucels. In- 
 volucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, white. Jn. 
 
 24. POLYTJENIA. DC. 
 
 Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals with a long inflexed point ; fruit oval, 
 glabrous, lenticularly compressed on the back, with a thickened, 
 corky margin ; ribs obscure or obsolete ; commissure with 4 6 vittaB ; 
 seeds plano-convex. A smooth herb, with bipinnately divided leaves. 
 Invol. 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts. 
 
 P. NUTTALLII. DC. 
 
 Prairies and barrens, Western States ! &c. Stem furrowed, scabrous or 
 nearly smooth. Lower leaves on long petioles, segments kicisely toothed, upper 
 ones 3-cleft, lobes entire or with lateral teeth. Umbels terminal and opposite 
 the leaves, about 2' broad. Fruit large, (3" long) tumid and smooth, with a 
 thick, corky pericarp, and the flavor of turpentine. May. 
 
 25. DAUCUS. Tourn. 
 ACIVKOS, the ancient Greek name of the carrot. 
 
 Calyx limb 5-toothed, petals emarginate with an inflected point ; 
 the 2 outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft ; fruit oblong ; carpels 
 with 5 primary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more promi- 
 nent, winged, and divided each into a single row of prickles, and hav- 
 ing single vittse beneath ; carpophore entire, free. (D Invol. pinnali- 
 Jid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Central jl. abortive. 
 
 D. CAROTA. Carrot. 
 
 St. hispid ; petioles veined beneath ; Ivs. tripinnate or pinnatifid, the seg- 
 ments linear, acute ;_umbels dense, concave. The word kar in Celtic signifies 
 red, hence carrot. IN aturalized in fields and by roadsides, abundant in the Mid. 
 States. Root fusiform. Stem 2 3f high, branching. Leaves numerous, 
 divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very com- 
 pact, with white flowers blooming all the summer. Cultivation has produced 
 several varieties. Jl. Sept. $ 
 
 SUBORDER 2. C AMPYL.OSPERMJE. 
 The inner surface of the seed deeply furrowed, or with involute margins. 
 
 26. CH.EROPHYLLUM. 
 
 Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, point inflexed ; 
 fruit laterally compressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs ; inter- 
 vals with 2 vittce, commissure deeply sulcate. Lvs. bi- or triternate, 
 segments incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel 
 many-leaved. 
 
 C. PROCUMBENS. Lam. (Scandix procumbens. Linn.} 
 
 Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous ; segments of the Ivs. pinnatifid, 
 
 with oblong, obtuse lobes ; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple ; invol. ; 
 
 fr. linear-oblong. or (g) Moist woods, Ohio, Clark ! Ky. Short, to N. J. 
 
 Stems 1 2f long, pubescent when young, diffuse, slender. Segments of the 
 
ERIGENIA. LXVII. UMBELLIFEROUS. 293 
 
 leaves about 4" by 1". Umbels quite irregular, often with leaves in the place 
 of the involucre. Rays 1 4, 1 4-flowered, about 2' long. Petals white. Apr. May. 
 
 27. OSMORHlZA. Raf. 
 
 Gr. ooy/77, perfume, pia, root; from the anisate, aromatic root. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals oblong, nearly entire, the cuspidate 
 point inflexed ; styles conical at base ; fruit linear, very long, clavate, 
 attenuate at base ; carpels with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs ; intervals 
 without vittae ; commissure with a deep, bristly channel. % Lvs. 
 biternately divided^ with the umbels opposite. Invol. few-leaved ; involu- 
 cels 4 7 '-leaved. Fls. white. 
 
 1. O. LONGISTYLIS. DC. (Uraspermum. Claytoni. Nutt.} Sweet Cicely. 
 Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; fr. clavate. A leafy plant, 
 
 very common in woods, Can. to Va., 1 3f high, with inconspicuous umbels 
 of white flowers. Root branching, fleshy, of an agreeable, spicy flavor. Stem 
 erect, branching above, nearly smooth. Root leaves on long, slender stalks, the 
 upper stem leaves sessile, both decompound, the ultimate "divisions often pin- 
 nate ; leaflets irregularly divided by clefts and sinuses into lobes and teeth, the 
 lobes broadly ovate, slightly pubescent. Involucres of linear bracts longer than 
 the rays. Fruit blackish, an inch in length, much more acute at the base than 
 at the summit, crowned with the persistent styles. May, Jn. 
 
 2. O. BREVISTYLIS. DC. ( U . hirsutum. Bw.} SJwrt-stykd Cicely. 
 
 Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary ; fr. somewhat 
 tapering at the summit. Common in woods, Can. to Penn. W. to Oreg. The 
 general aspect of this species is very similar to that of the preceding, but the root 
 is destitute of the anise-like flavor of that species, being disagreeable to the taste. 
 The plant is more hairy, and with more deeply cleft divisions in the leaves. 
 Involucre deciduous. Umbels with long, diverging rays, of which but few 
 prove fertile. The fruit is similar to the last, but crowned with convergent, not 
 with spreading styles. May, Jn. 
 
 28. CONIUM. 
 Gr. Kuveiov, hemlock, from KWI/OJ, a top ; because it causes dizziness. 
 
 Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an acute, inflected 
 point ; fruit ovate, laterally compressed ; carpels with 5, acute, equal, 
 undulate-crenulate ribs, lateral ones marginal ; intervals without vit- 
 tse ; seeds with a deep, narrow groove on the face. (D Poisonous kerbs. 
 Lvs. decompound. Invol. and involucels 3 5-leaved, the latter unilate- 
 ral. Fls. white. 
 
 C. MACULATUM. Poison Hemlock. 
 
 St. spotted ; Ivs. tripinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; fr. smooth. Grows 
 in waste grounds, way-sides. A well known poisonous plant. Stem much 
 branched, about 4f high, very smooth, round, hollow, with purplish spots. The 
 lower leaves are very large, several times pinnate, bright green, on long, sheath- 
 ing foot-stalks. Umbels terminal, the involucre of 6 8 lanceolate bracts, the 
 involucels with the inner half wanting. Flowers small, white. Fruit with un- 
 dulate or wrinkled ribs. The plant is a powerful narcotic, exhaling a disa- 
 greeable odor when bruised. Used in medicine. Jl. Aug. 
 
 SUBORDER 3. C CELOSPERMJB. 
 
 Seeds incurved at base and apex. 
 
 29.ERIGENIA. Nutt. 
 Gr. rjpiysvsia, daughter of the early spring ; for its early flowering. 
 
 Calyx limb obsolete ; petals flat, entire ; fruit contracted at the 
 commissure ; carpels 3-ribbed, ovate-reniform. % Rt. tuberous. Radi- 
 
294 LXVIII. ARALIACE^E. ARALIA 
 
 ceil leaf triternately decompound. Involucrate Ivs. solitary , biternately 
 compound. Involucels of 3 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. 
 
 E. BULBOSA. Nutt. (Sison. MicJix. Hydrocotyle composita. PA.) 
 A small, early-flowering herb, along the shady banks of streams, Western 
 N. Y. (Tarr. fy Gray.} W. to Ohio ! and Mo. Plant 46' high, with 24 
 leaves, the lower one radical, numerously divided, the divisions incisely cleft 
 into narrow segments ; the upper ones bract-like, similarly divided, each sub- 
 tending a 3-rayed umbel of white flowers. March, Apr. 
 
 30. CORIANDRUM. 
 
 Gr. KopiS, a bug ; on account of the smell of the leaves. 
 
 Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth ; petals obcordate, inflexed at the 
 point, outer ones radiate, bifid ; fruit globose ; carpels cohering, with 
 5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones ; 
 seeds concave on the face. (D Smooth. Invol. or \-leaved. Invo- 
 lucels 3-leaved, unilateral. 
 
 C. SATIVUM. Coriander. Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneate 
 leaflets, upper with linear ones ; carpels hemispherical. Native of Europe, &c. 
 This well known plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds, which are used as a 
 spice, as a nucleus for sugar-plums, &c. Stem 2f high. Leaves numerously 
 divided, strong-scented. Umbels with only the partial involucra. Flowers 
 white. Jl. $ 
 
 ORDER LXVIII. ARALIACE^E. ARALIADS. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, with the habit of umbellifers. 
 
 Cal. superior, entire or toothed. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5 10, deciduous, rarely 0, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them. Anth. introrse. 
 
 Ova. crowned with a disk, 2 or many-celled. Ovules solitary. Styles as many as cells. 
 
 Fr. baccate or drupaceous, of several one-seeded cells. 
 
 Genera 21, species 160, nearly allied to Umbelliferae, from which they are distinguished chiefly by the 
 several-celled ovary and fleshy fruit. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemis- 
 
 ie res. Several species are well known in medicine, &c., as ginseng, spikenard, sarsaparilla, &c. The 
 tter is sometimes substituted for the sarsaparilla of the shops. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Flowers perfect Aralia. 1 
 
 t compound. ? Flowers polygamous Panax. 2 
 
 Leaves < simple, angular and lobed Hedera. 3 
 
 1. ARALIA. 
 
 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb short, 5-toothed or entire ; 
 petals 5, spreading, apex not inflexed; stamens 5 10; styles 5, 
 spreading ; berry crowned with the remains of the calyx and styles, 
 mostly 5-celled and 5-seeded. Lvs. compound. Fls. in simple, solitary 
 or racemose panicles. 
 
 1. A. NUDICAULIS. Wild Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Nearly stemless ; If. solitary, decompound ; scape naked, shorter than the 
 leaf; umbels few. 1\. A well known plant, found in woods, most abundant in rich 
 and rocky .soils, Can. to Car. and Tenn. It has a large, fleshy root, from which 
 arise a leaf-stalk and a scape, but no proper stem. The former is long, sup- 
 porting a single, large, compound leaf, which is either 3-ternate or 3-quinate. 
 Leaflets oval and obovate, acuminate, finely serrate. The scape is about a foot 
 high, bearing 3 simple umbels of greenish flowers. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. A. RACEMOSA. Petlymorrel. Spikenard. 
 
 St. herbaceous, smooth; Ivs. decompound; pcd. axillary, branching, um- 
 belled. TJ. In rocky woods, Can. to the S. States. Stem 3 4f high, dark green 
 or reddish, arising from a thick, aromatic root. The leaf-stalks divide into 3 
 partitions, each of which bears 3 or 5 large, ovate, serrate leaflets. Umbels 
 numerous, arranged in branching racemes from the axils of the leaves or 
 
HEDERA. LXVIII. ARALIACE.E. 295 
 
 branches. The root is pleasant to the taste, and highly esteemed as an ingre- 
 dient in small beer, &c. July. 
 
 3. A. HISPIDA. Wild Elder. Bristly Aralia. 
 
 St. shrubby at base, hispid ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate, cut-serrate ; umbels 
 on long peduncles. 9| Common in fields, about stumps and stone-heaps, N. Eng. 
 to Va. Stem 1 2f high, the lower part woody and thickly beset with sharp, 
 stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. Leaflets many, ending in 
 a long point, ovate, smooth. Umbels many, simple, globose, axillary and ter- 
 minal, followed by bunches of dark-colored, nauseous berries. The plant ex- 
 hales an unpleasant odor. Jl. Aug. 
 
 A. SPINOSA. Angelica Tree. 
 
 Arborescent ; st. and petioles prickly ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, 
 sessile, glaucous beneath ; umbels numerous, forming a very large panicle ; 
 invol. small, few-leaved. Damp woods, Penn. to Flor. and La. Shrub 8 12f 
 high, with the leaves all crowded near the summit. Flowers white. Aug. 
 Emetic and cathartic. ^ 
 
 2. PAN AX. 
 
 Gr. irav, all, CLKOS , a remedy ; i. e. a panacea, or universal remedy. 
 
 Dioeciously polygamous. Calyx adnate to the ovary, limb short, 
 obsoletely 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, alternate with the petals ; 
 styles 2 3 ; fruit baccate, 2 3-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. & Calyx 
 limb nearly entire ; petals and stamens 5. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. 
 3 (in the herbaceous species), palmately compound. Fls. in a solitary, 
 simple umbel. 
 
 1. P. TRIFOLIUM. Ground Nut. Dwarf Ginseng. 
 
 Rt. globose, tuberous ; Ivs. 3, verticillate, 3 5-foliate ; Ifts. wedge-lanceo- 
 late, serrate, subsessile ; sty. 3 ; berries 3-seeded. Common in low woods, Can. 
 to S. States. The globular root is deep in the ground, and nearly ' diam., 
 connected with the stem by a short, screw-like ligament. The stem arises 3 
 6' above the surface, smooth, slender, simple. At the summit is a whorl of 3 
 compound leaves, with a central pednncle terminating in a little umbel of pure 
 white flowers. Leaflets generally 3, nearly or quite smooth. Barren and fer- 
 tile flowers on different plants, the latter without stamens, succeeded by green 
 berries, the former with a single, abortive style. May. 
 
 2. P. Q.UINQ.UEFOLIUM. Ginseng. 
 
 Rt. fusiform ; Ivs. 3, verticillate, 5-foliate ; Ifts. oval, acuminate, serrate, 
 petiolate ; ped. of the umbel rather shorter than the common petioles. Not un- 
 common in rocky or mountainous woods, Can. to the mountains of the South- 
 ern States. Root whitish, thick and fleshy. Stem round, smooth, If high, 
 with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle bearing 
 a simple umbel. Leaves on round and smooth foot-stalks, consisting of 5, 
 rarely 3 or 7 obovate leaflets. The flowers are small, yellowish, on short pedi- 
 cels. The barren ones borne on separate plants have larger petals and an en- 
 tire calyx. The fertile ones are succeeded by berries of a bright scarlet color. 
 The root is in little estimation as a drug with us, but it enters into the compo- 
 sition of almost every medicine used by the Chinese and Tartars. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. HEDfiRA. 
 
 Celtic hedra, a cord ; from the vine-like habit. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5, dilated at the base ; berry 5-seeded, 
 surrounded by the permanent calyx. European shrubby plants, climb- 
 ing or erect, with simple, evergreen leaves and green flowers. 
 
 H. HELIX. English Ivy. St and Ranches long and flexible, attached to the 
 earth or trees or walls by numerous radicating fibres ; Ivs. dark green, smooth, 
 with white veins, petiolate, lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate ; fls. in numerous 
 umbels, forming a corymb ; ferry black, with a mealy pulp. Native of Britain. 
 There are several varieties in gardens, f 
 
296 LXIX. CORNACE^E. CORNUS. 
 
 ORDER LXIX. CORNACE^. CORNELS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. 
 
 Lvs. opposite (alternate in one species), with pinnate veinlets. Hairs fixed by the centre. 
 
 Cal. Sepals adherent to the ovary, the limb minute, 4 or 5-toothed or lobed. 
 
 Car. Petals 4 or 5, distinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx. 
 
 Sta. of the same number as petals and alternate with them. 
 
 Ova. 1 or 2-celled. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with the calyx. 
 
 Genera 9, species 40. They are natives throughout the temperate zone of both continents. The order 
 is distinguished for its bitter and astringent bark. That of Cornus florida is an excellent tonic, similar in 
 its action to the Peruvian bark. Cornus is the only N. American genus. 
 
 CORNUS. 
 Lat. cornu, a horn ; from the hardness of the wood of some species. 
 
 Galyx 4-toothed, segments small ; petals 4, oblong, sessile ; sta- 
 mens 4; style 1 ; drupe baccate, with a 2 or 3-celled nut. Trees, 
 shrubs or perennial herbs. Lvs. (mostly opposite), entire. Fls. in cymes, 
 often involucrate. Floral envelops valvate in aestivation. 
 * Flowers cymose. Involucre 0. Shrubs. 
 
 1. C. STOLONIFERA. Michx. (C. alba. Wang.} White-berried Cornel or 
 Dog-wood. St. often stoloniferous ; branches spreading, smooth; shoots vir- 
 
 gate ; Ivs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath; cymes naked, flat; ber- 
 ries white. A small tree, N. and W. States, and Can., 8 lOf in height, with 
 smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are commonly red, especially 
 in winter. It often sends out from its base prostrate and rooting stems, 
 with erect shoots. Leaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish 
 tomentose beneath, petiolate and pointed. Flowers in terminal cymes, white, 
 followed by bluish-white drupes. According to Dr. Bigelow, it sometimes blos- 
 soms twice a year. May, Jn. 
 
 2. C. SERICEA. Red Osier. 
 
 Branches spreading ; branchlets woolly ; Ivs. ovate, rounded at base, acu- 
 minate, ferruginous, pubescent beneath ; cymes depressed, woolly ; drupes bright 
 blue. U. S. and Can. A variety has leaves tapering at base. A shrub about 
 8f high, with opposite, dusky, purple branches, and dark-red shoots. Leaves 2 
 4' long, \ as wide, varying from ovate and oval to lanceolate, nearly smooth 
 above, with rather prominent veins; petioles \ 1' long. Flowers yellowish- 
 white appearing in June. 
 
 3. C. CIRCINATA. Round-leaved Cornel or Dog-wood. 
 
 Branches verrucose ; Ivs. orbicular or very broadly oval, white tomentose 
 beneath ; cymes spreading, depressed ; drupes light-blue. A shrub some 6f high, 
 Can. to Md., W. to la. Stem greyish, upright, with opposite, cylindrical, 
 green, spotted or warty branches. Leaves large, about as broad as long, oppo- 
 site, acuminate, covered with a white, thick down on the under side. Flowers 
 white. Berries hollowed at base, soft, crowned with the remains of the style. Jn. 
 
 4. C. PANICULATA. White or Panicled Cornel. 
 
 Branches erect, smooth ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, 
 scabrous above, hoary beneath ; cymes paniculate ; drupes white. A handsome 
 shrub, lOf high, common in low woodlands and thickets, N. and W. States and 
 Can. It has numerous and very branching stems, covered with a greyish bark, 
 the shoots chestnut^colored. Leaves small, (1 2' long, f ' wide). Petioles 
 1 4" long. Flowers small, white in all their parts, in many small, conical 
 cymes, succeeded by small drupes. 
 
 5. C. ALTERNIFOLIA. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath ; branches alternate, verrucose ; 
 drupes purple, globose. A small tree, N. and W. States and Can., about twice 
 the height of the last, in moist woods. The branches are smooth, even, spread- 
 ing from the upper part of the stem, and forming a depressed summit. Bark 
 greenish, marked with warty streaks. Leaves irregularly scattered along the 
 branches, oval-lanceolate, acute, entire, veined, whitish underneath, on rather 
 long stalks. Flowers pale buff-color, in a loose cyme. Jn. 
 
VISCUM. LXX. LORANTHACEjE. 297 
 
 * * Flowers umbellate. Involucre 4-kaved, petaloid. 
 
 6. C. FLORIDA. Flowering Dog-wood. 
 
 Arboreus ; Ivs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire ; fls. small, in a close, 
 cymose umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4-leaved, obcordate involu- 
 cre. A tree from 20 30f in height, very ornamental when in flower. Woods, 
 U. S. and Can. The wood is very hard and compact, covered with a rough 
 bark, which is extremely bitter, and used in medicine as a tonic. The leaves, 
 which at flowering-time are but partially expanded, are acutely ovate, nearly 
 smooth, veiny, pale underneath. The true flowers are inconspicuous, greenish- 
 yellow, but the involucre is very large and showy, of veiny, white, obovate 
 leaves, ending in a callous point, which is turned up or .down so abruptly as to 
 give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Drupe red. May. 
 7. C. CANADENSIS. Low Cornel or Dog-wood. 
 
 Herbaceous, low ; upper Ivs. whorled, veiny, on short petioles ; st. simple. 
 A small, handsome plant, common in woods, nearly throughout N. Am. N. 
 of lat. 39, remarkable for its large, white involucre. Rhizoma creeping, woody. 
 The flowering stems erect, 4 8' high, bearing 2 small stipules in the middle, 
 and a whorl of 6 leaves at the top, two of which are larger, placed a little lower 
 and opposite. An umbellate cyme of flowers arises from the centre of the whorl, 
 and with its large, showy involucre of 4 white leaves, might easily be taken for 
 a single flower. They, are succeeded by a bunch of red berries. The barren 
 stems support a whorl of 4 equal leaves. May, Jn. 
 
 ORDER LXX. LORANTHACEJE. LORANTHS. 
 
 St. parasitical, half-shrubby, dichotpmous. 
 
 Lvs. evergreen, opposite, fleshy, without stipules. 
 
 Fls. dioecious and small, whitish or greenish-yellow, sometimes perfect and brilliant. 
 
 Col. adnate to the ovary in perfect flower, limb 3 5-cleft or obsolete. 
 
 Cor. of 3 4 or 8 petals, cohering in a tube, sometimes distinct, inserted into the epigynous disk. 
 
 Sta. as many as the petals and opposite to them, or to the sepals when the pet. are 0. 
 
 Ova. l-cel!ed, ^yith a single suspended ovule. Sty. simple or 0. 
 
 Fr. baccate, with one anatropous seed. 
 
 Genera 23, species 412, about equally distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia and America. 
 They possess the remarkable property of rooting firmly on other plants and living upon their juices. 
 They are slightly astringent. 
 
 VISCUM. Tourn. 
 
 c? or 9 cT. c? Calyx with 4 (3 5) triangular, erect segments, val- 
 vate in aestivation ; anthers as many as the sepals, and inserted on 
 them ; corolla 0. 9 Limb of the calyx obsolete ; petals 4, fleshy, epi- 
 gynous ; stamens ; stigma sessile ; berry fleshy, 1 -seeded. Lvs. very 
 rarely alternate or scale-like. 
 
 V. FLAVESCENS. Ph. (V. album. Walt. V. verticillatum. Nutt.*) Misseltoe. 
 
 Branches opposite, sometimes verticillate, terete ; Ivs: cuneate-obovate, 3- 
 veined, obtuse; spikes axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves; berries 
 white, semi-transparent. A yellowish green, succulent parasite inserted on the 
 branches of aged trees, N. J. W. to la. and the Southern States ! Stems 1 IK 
 high, rather thick, much branched. Leaves 9 16" by 49", smooth and entire, 
 on short petioles. Flowers small, sterile ones mostly 3-parted. Berry with a 
 viscous pulp. Apr. May. 
 
298 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE./E. LONICERA. 
 
 ",*Mft*S^ -'-. \ 
 
 SUBCLASS II. MONOPETAL M. 
 Floral envelops consisting of both, calyx and corolla, the latter com- 
 posed of petals more or less united (monopetalous). 
 
 i 
 
 ORDER LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE.M HONEYSUCKLES. 
 
 Shrubs rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves and no stipules. 
 
 Fls. cymose and often fragrant. 
 
 Cal. adherent to the ovary (superior), the limb 5- (rarely 4-) cleft or toothed. 
 
 Cor. tubular or rotate, regular or irregular. [the tube. 
 
 Sta. as many, or one less than as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on 
 
 Ova. 3- (rarely 4 or 5-) celled. Style 1. Stig. 14. 
 
 Fr. baccate, fleshy or dry, crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. Seeds pendulous. 
 
 Genera 14, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate regions, and occasionally found in the 
 alpine parts of the tropical zone. 
 
 Properties. The fever-root (Triosteum perfbliatum) is a mild cathartic, and in large doses emetic : the 
 dried and roasted berries are sometimes substituted for coffee. The leaves and bark of the elder are both 
 emetic and cathartic; the ftowers are sudorific, and the berries laxative. The beauty and fragrance of 
 the honeysuckles in cultivation are well known to every one. 
 
 The order consists of two distinct tribes ; Lonicerese and Sambuceae. . 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 J few-seeded ...... Lonicera. l 
 
 { Berry 1 3-celled, ( many-seeded ...... Diervilla. 2 
 
 ( Shrubs. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded ........ Symphoricarpus. 4 
 
 < J Stamens 4. Trailing, evergreen ...... Linntea. 5 
 
 (tubular. (Herbs. Stamens 5. Stem erect, simple ...... Triosteum. 3 
 
 > simple leaves, ...... Viburnum. 7 
 
 Corolla ( rotate, regular. Shrubs with 5 pinnate leaves ....... Sambucus. 6 
 
 TRIBE 1. 
 
 Corolla tubular, the limb often irregular. Style filiform. 
 1. LONICERA. 
 
 In honor of Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the 16th century. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, tube subglobose ; corolla infundibuliform or cam- 
 panulate, limb 5-cleft, often labiate ; stamens 5, exserted ; ovary 2 3- 
 celled ; berry few-seeded ; stigma capitate. A genus of climbing or 
 erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves. 
 
 Stems climbing. Flowers sessile, verticillate. CAPRIFOLIUM. 
 
 1. L. HIRSUTA. Eaton. (C. pubescens. Goldie.') Hairy Honeysuckle. 
 L/vs. hairy above, soft-villose beneath, veiny, broad-oval, abruptly acumi- 
 
 nate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; fls. in verticillate spikes ; cor. ringent ; 
 fil. bearded. A shrubby climber, rather rare, in woods, N. Eng. to Mich, and 
 Can., twining about trees to the height of 15 20f. The whole plant is more 
 or less hairy. Leaves pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side 
 ciliate with scattered hairs. The flowers are large, numerous, greenish-yellow, 
 in whorled, axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of corolla spreading. Style 
 and stamens exsert. Jn. 
 
 2. L. PARVIFLORA. Lam. (C. parviflorum. PA.) Small-flowered Honeysuckle. 
 I/vs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all sessile or con- 
 
 nate, the upper pair perfoliate ; fls. in heads of several approximate whorls ; 
 cor. ringent; tube short, gibbous at base ; fil. bearded. A small, smooth, shrubby 
 climber, in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 8 1 Of long. Leaves wavy and 
 revolute on the margin, very glaucous on the under side. Flowers rather small. 
 Corolla 1' in length, yellow, tinged with dull red, gibbous at the base, the short 
 limb in curled segments. Stamens and style exserted. Berries orange-colored. 
 May, Jn. 
 
 /?. ? Sullivantii. L-vs. pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct. 
 the lower ones petiolate. Ohio, W. S. Sullivant! S. Car. Miss Carpenter! Per- 
 haps distinct. 
 
LONICERA. LXX1. CAPRIFOLlACEjE. 299 
 
 3. L. PLAVA. Sims. (C. Fraseri. Ph.} Yellow Honeysuckle^ 
 
 Lvs. ovate, glaucous beneath, with a cartilaginous margin, upper pair 
 connate-perfoliate ; spikes terminal, of close whorls ; cor. smooth, tube slender, 
 gibbous at base, limb somewhat ringent; fll. smooth. A beautiful shrub, 
 scarcely twining, mountains, N. Y. to Ga. W. to Wisconsin. Often cultivated. 
 Leaves deciduous, obtuse, abruptly contracted at base, except the upper perfo- 
 liate pair. Flowers in heads of about 10, fragrant. Corolla an inch or more 
 in length, the tube much longer than the limb, bright yellow. Upper lip much 
 broader than the lower, in 4 segments. Jn. Jl. f 
 
 4. L. GRATA. Ait. (C. gratum. Ph.} Evergreen Honeysuckle. 
 
 Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pair con- 
 nate-perfoliate ; flu. in sessile, terminal and axillary whorls ; cor. ringent, tube 
 long, slender, not gibbous at base. A beautiful climbing species, damp wood- 
 lands. N. Y., Penn. and Western States. Leaves opposite or in 3s, margin 
 revolute. Flowers large and very fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl; Corolla pale 
 yellow within, becoming reddish without. Stamens exserted. Berries red. 
 The leaves are very obtuse, ending in a short, abrupt point. Jn. 
 
 5. L. sEMPERvlRENs. Ait. (C. sempervirens. Michx.} Trumpet Honeysuckle. 
 Lvs. oblong, evergreen, the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; fls. in nearly 
 
 naked spikes of distant whorls ; cor, trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventricose 
 above. In moist groves and borders of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Com- 
 mon in cultivation, where few flowers are found more beautiful, although they 
 are deficient in fragrance. Stem woody, twining with the sun. Leaves ovate 
 or elliptical, oi a dark, perennial green above. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 
 2' long, dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a fine 
 scarlet without and yellow within. May Aug. f 
 
 6. L. PERICLYMENUM. Tourn. (C. Periclymenum. Linn.} Woodbine Honey- 
 suckle. Lvs. deciduous, all distinct, elliptical, on short petioles; fls. in ovate, 
 imbricate, terminal heads ; cor. ringent. A woody climber, native of Europe, 
 cultivated and nearly naturalized. Flowers yellow and red, fragrant, succeeded 
 by red berries. May Jl. f 
 
 /?. quercifolia. (Oak-leaved Honeysuckle.} Lvs. sinuate-lobed. 
 
 7. L. CAPRIPOLIUM. (Caprifolium Italicum. R. <$ .) Italian Honeysuckle. 
 Lvs. deciduous, the upper pair perfoliate-connate ; fls. in a terminal verticil ; 
 cor. ringent. Native of Europe. Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty 
 and fragrance. Flowers of various hues, red, yellow and white. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 Stem erect. Flowers pedunculate, geminate. XYLOSTEUM. 
 
 8. L. CILIATA. Muhl. (Xylosteum ciliatum. PL) Fly Honeysuckle. 
 Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate ; corolla limb with short and subequal lobes; 
 
 tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct. A branching, erect shrub, 
 3 4f high, found in woods, Me. to Ohio and Can. Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, 
 often cordate at the base, somewhat ciliate on the margin, and villose beneath 
 when young. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs at the top of the peduncle, 
 with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, 
 but not connate, 3 5-seeded. June. 
 
 9. L. OBLONGIFOLIA. Hook. (X. oblongifolium. Goldie.} 
 
 Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent beneath ; corolla limb deeply bila- 
 biate; tube gibbous at base; ped. long, filiform, erect; berries connate or united 
 into one, globose, purple, bi-umbilicate. A shrub 3 4f high, in swamps, Can. 
 and N. Y. Leaves almost sessile, 1 2' long, peduncles of equal length.' Co- 
 rolla hairy, greenish- yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire, 
 the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two 
 calyces. Jn. 
 
 10. L. COERULEA. (X. villosum. MX. X. Solonis. Eat.} Blue-fruited 
 Honeysuckle. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length 
 
 smoothish ; ped. short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; berries 
 connate or united into one, deep blue. A low shrub, in rocky woods Mass 
 and N. Y., N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem 2f high, with small leaves and pairs of 
 26 
 
300 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE./E. SYMPHORICARPU. 
 
 small, yellow flowers, which are longer than their peduncles. Leaves ovate, 
 oval, obovate and oblong, ending abruptly. May, June. 
 
 11. L. TARTARICA. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Stems erect, much branched; 
 Ivs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining and dark green above, paler beneath, 
 entire, on short petioles ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 2-flowered ; segments of the 
 corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant and much admired shrub, from Rus- 
 sia. Grows from 4 to 1 Of high. Leaves 1 2' by | !', coriaceous. Flowers 
 small, pale purple, varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr. Jn. } 
 
 2. DIERVILLA. Tourn. 
 In honor of Dierville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species. 
 
 Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft; corolla twice as long, funnel- 
 shaped ; limb 5-cleft and nearly regular ; stamens 5 ; capsular fruit 
 2-celled (apparently 4-celled from the projecting placentae), many- 
 seeded. Shrubs, with opposite, serrate, deciduous leaves. 
 
 D. TRIFIDA. Mcench. (D. Tournefortii. Michx. D. Canadensis. Muhl.') Bush. 
 
 Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, on short petioles ; ped. axillary and 
 terminal, 1 3 flowered ; caps, attenuate above. A low shrub, not uncommon 
 in hedges and thickets, Can. to Car. Stem about 2f high, branching. Leaves 
 2 4' by 1 !', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Ovaries slender, 
 4 5" long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Stamens and 
 style much exserted. Stigma capitate. Jn. 
 
 3. TRIOSTEUM. 
 
 Gr. Tpetg, three, OVTEOV, a bone; from the three bony seeds. 
 
 Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long as 
 the corolla ; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, subequal ; 
 stamens 5, included ; stigma capitate, lobed ; fruit drupaceous, crown- 
 ed with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; seeds ribbed, bony. ^ Herba- 
 ceous, rarely suffruticose. 
 
 T. PERFOLIATUM. Fever-wort. 
 
 IJKS. oval-acuminate, connate ; fls. axillary, verticillate or clustered. A 
 coarse, unattractive plant, growing in rocky woods. Stem simple, stout, erect, 
 round, hollow, 3 4f high, covered with soft, clammy hairs. Leaves 6' by 3', 
 entire, abruptly contracted at base, yet always connate, nearly smooth above, 
 pubescent beneath. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 5 or 6. Corolla dull pur- 
 ple, viscid-pubescent, the limb in 5 rounded lobes. Fruit a rather dry drupe, 
 somewhat 3-sided, crowned with the long, leafy, spreading calyx segments, 
 orange-colored when mature, containing 3 bony nuts or seeds. June. The 
 root is large and fleshy, and in much repute in medicine, having many of the 
 properties of Ipecacuanha. 
 
 4. SYMPHORICARPUS. 
 
 GT. trvv, together, ^pw, to bear, xapiros, fruit; bearing fruit in close clusters. 
 
 Calyx tube globose, limb 4 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped or 
 bell-shaped, the limb in 4 5 subequal lobes ; stamens 4 5, inserted 
 on the corolla ; stigma capitate ; berry globose, 4-celled, 2-seeded 
 (2 opposite cells abortive). Small shrubs, with entire Ivs. and small fls. 
 
 1. S. RACEMOSUS. Michx. (Symphoria. Pm.) Snow-berry. 
 
 Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy racemes ; cor. campanu- 
 late, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included. A smooth, handsome shrub, 
 2 3f high, common in cultivation, and native in Western N. Y., Canada, &c. 
 Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler 
 beneath, on short petioles. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Ber- 
 ries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white, and very ornamental when ma- 
 ture. July, Aug. 
 
 2. S. OCCIDENTALIS. R. Br. Wolf-berry. 
 
 IA>S. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary and terminal, subsessile, nod- 
 
VIRURNUM. LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 301 
 
 ding ; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside ; st-a. and bearded style 
 exserted. Woods, Mich, to Wis. Lapham! and Can. Shrub 2 If high. 
 Leaves 13' by 2'; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Corolla 
 rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish-white. Berries 
 white. July. 
 
 3. S. VULGARIS. Michx. (Lonicera symphoricarpus. Linn. Symphoria 
 glomerata. Nutt.} Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capi- 
 tate and crowded ; cor. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded 
 style included. River banks, Penn. to Mo. and S. States. Shrub 2 3f high. 
 Branches purplish and often pubescent. Leaves 1 2' by f !', somewhat 
 pubescent. Corolla greenish-red. Berries purple. 
 
 5. LINN^E A. Gron. 
 In honor of Carl Von Linne, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern. 
 
 Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous ; bracteoles at base 2 ; 
 corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer 
 than the other 2 ; berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded (2 cells 
 abortive). A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout 
 the northern temperate zone. 
 
 L. BOREALIS. Gron. Twin-flower. 
 
 The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen 
 woods, from lat. 39 to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish 
 stems, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in 
 large patches. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or 
 teeth, and scattered hairs. Peduncles filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high 
 (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with 
 a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate, 
 nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. 
 
 TRIBE 2. SAMBUCE^E. . 
 Corolla regular, rotate. Stigmas 3 5, nearly sessile. 
 
 6. SAMBUCUS. 
 
 Lat. sambuca, a musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder. 
 
 Calyx small, 5-parted ; corolla 5-cleft, segments obtuse ; stamens 
 5 ; stigma obtuse, small, sessile ; berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. 
 Shrubs or perennial herbs, with pinnate, or bipinnate Ivs. Fls. in cymes. 
 
 1. S. CANADENSIS. Common Elder. 
 
 St. shrubby; cymes 5-parted; Ivs. nearly bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-oval, acu- 
 minate, smooth. A common, well known shrub, 6 lOf high, in thickets and 
 waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem filled with a light and porous pith, espe- 
 cially when young. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs with an odd one, serrate, the lower 
 ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Flowers numerous, in very 
 large (2f broad in la !) level-topped cymes, white, with a heavy odor. Berries 
 dark purple. May Jl. 
 
 2. S. PUBENS. Michx. Panicled Elder. 
 
 St. shrubby ; cymes paniculate or pyramidal ; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and, with the petiole, pubescent beneath. 
 A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Car., growing 
 about 6f high, often more or less. Leaves simply and unequally pinnate. 
 Leaflets sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Flowers in a close, ovoid 
 thyrsus or panicle. Corolla white. Berries scarlet, small. Jn. 
 /?. leiccocarpa. Berries white. Catskill Mountains. T. <$ G. 
 
 7. VIBURNUM. 
 
 Lat. viere, to tie ; for the pliancy of the twigs of some of the species. 
 
 Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla limb 5-lobed, segments 
 obtuse ; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla ; stigmas mostly 
 
302 LXX1. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. VIBURNUM. 
 
 sessile ; drupe 1 -seeded. Shrubs or small trees. Lvs. simple, petiolate. 
 Fls. cymose^ sometimes radiant. 
 
 * Cymes radiant, the marginal flowers muck larger than the others and neutral. 
 
 1. V. LANTANOIDES. Hobble-bush. Wayfaring Tree. 
 
 Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; pet. and 
 veins covered with a ferruginous down ; cymes sessile ; jr. ovate. A shrub, very 
 ornamental when in flower. It is rather common in the rocky woods of N. 
 Eng. and N. Y., which it adorns in early spring with its large cymes of bril- 
 liant white flowers. Height about 5f. Branches long and crooked, often trail- 
 ing and rooting. Leaves very large, covered with a rusty pubescence when 
 young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaining only upon the 
 stalk and veins. The radiant, sterile flowers of the cyme are near 1' diam., from 
 a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Inner flowers 
 much smaller, fertile. May. 
 
 2. V. OPULUS. /?. Americana. Ait. T. & G. (V. Oxycoccus. PA.) High 
 Cranberry. Smooth ; Ivs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, rounded at 
 
 base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes 
 pedunculate. A handsome shrub, 8 12f high, in woods and borders of fields,' 
 N. States and Brit. Am. Stems several from the same root, branched above. 
 Leaves with large, remote, blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at base, 
 channeled above. Cymes bordered with a circle of large, white, barren flow- 
 ers, like the preceding species. Fruit resembles the common cranberry in fla- 
 vor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, re- 
 maining upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. June. 
 
 /?. roseum. Guelder Rose. Snow-ball. Lvs. rather acute at base, longer than 
 broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth ; petioles glandular ; fls. all neu- 
 tral, in globose cymes. Native of Europe. This variety is the popular shrub 
 so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry, 
 Philadelphus, &c. Its dense, spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren 
 flowers. 
 
 * * Cymes not radiant. Flowers all similar and fertile. Leaves lobed or incised. 
 
 4. V. ACERIFOLIUM. Maple-leaved Viburnum. Dockmackic. 
 
 Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed, acutely serrate ; pet. with- 
 out glands ; cymes on long peduncles. A shrub, 4 6f high, with yellowish 
 green bark, growing in woods, Can. and U. S. Leaves broad, rounded and 
 sometimes cordate at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes with sharp serra- 
 tures, a form not very unlike that of the maple leaf, the under surface, as well 
 as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slender, very flexi- 
 ble, ending with a pair of leaves and a long-stemmed, cymose umbel of white 
 flowers. Fruit oval, compressed. Stamens much exserted. June. 
 
 5. V. PAUCIFLORUM. Pvlaie. Few-flowered Viburnum. 
 
 Nearly smooth in all its parts ; Ivs. roundish, slightly 3-lobed or incised 
 at summit, mostly 5- veined from the base; cymes small and pedunculate, termi- 
 nating the very short lateral branches ; fil. much shorter than the corolla. A 
 small shrub, with white flowers, Mansfield Ml., Vt. Macrae, White Mts., N. H. 
 Bobbins, N. to Newfoundland. 
 
 6. V. LENTAGO. Sweet Viburnum. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with 
 undulate margins. A common, tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. 
 and Ky. Height 10 15f. Leaves smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3' 
 long and half as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy, dilated border on 
 each side. Flowers white, in broad, spreading cymes, succeeded by well-fla- 
 vored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn. 
 
 7. V. NUDUM. Naked-stalked Viburnum. Withe Rod. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. oval-oblong, revolute at the edge, subcrenulate ; pet. naked ; 
 cymes pedunculate. A shrub or small tree, 10 15f high, in swamps, U. S. 
 Leaves elliptical, punctate, coriaceous, the margin more or less rolled, nearly 
 entire, smooth as well as every other part, and when full grown, 3 or 4 inches 
 
LXXII. RUBIACE^E. 303 
 
 long. Cymes large, on peduncles an inch or two in length, with caducous bracts. 
 Flowers' numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, 
 sweetish when ripe. June. 
 
 /3. cassinoldes. (V. pyrifolium. Lam.) Lvs. ovate, oval or often rhomboidal, 
 acuminate, acute, obtuse or even emarginate on the same twig ; margin finely 
 serrate ; fr. oblong-ovoid. 
 
 8. V. PRUNIFOLIUM. Black Haw. Sloe. 
 
 Lvs. smooth, roundish-obovate, acutely serrate, with uncinate teeth ; peti- 
 oles margined with straight, narrow wings. In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. 
 A shrub or small tree, 10 20f high, the branches spreading, some of them often 
 stinted and naked, giving the plant an unthrifty aspect. Leaves about 2' long 
 and nearly as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cymes rather large, 
 terminal, sessile. Flowers white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are 
 sweet and eatable. June. 
 
 9. V. DENTATUM. Arrow-wood. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, on long 
 stalks; cymes pedunculate. A shrub, 8 12f high, not uncommon in damp 
 woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow- wood from the long, straight, 
 slender branches or young shoots. Leaves roundish, 2 3' diam., the upper 
 pair .oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils. 
 Flowers white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. June. 
 
 10. V. PUBESCENS. Downy Viburnum. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, villous beneath and 
 somewhat hairy above, on short stalks ; stipules 2, subulate ; cymes pedunculate ; 
 fr. oblong. In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Car. rare. A shrub, 
 about 6f high. Leaves about 2' long, each with a pair of short, hairy, subulate 
 appendages (stipular V\ at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, few- 
 flowered. Flowers rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Jn. 
 11. V. TINUS. Laurestine. Lvs. ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts 
 beneath. An exceedingly beautiful evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height 
 4 5f. Leaves acute, veiny, dark shining green above, paler beneath. Flowers 
 white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. 
 
 ORDER LXXII. RUBIAC^JE. MADDERWORTS. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, and herbs. Lvs. opposite, sometimes verticillate, entire. 
 
 Stip. between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. 
 
 Cal. Tube more or less adherent (superior or half-superior), limb 4 5-cleft. 
 
 Cor. regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. 
 
 Sta. inserted upon the tube of corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. 
 
 Ova. 2- (rarely more) celled. Style single or partly divided. 
 
 Fr. various. Seeds one, few or many in each cell. 
 
 Genera 299, species 2982. It is generally divided into two Suborders, viz., KtellattR and Cinchonecz, to 
 which a third, Loganiecc. (which has no representatives at the North) is appended by Torrey and Gray. 
 
 The species of the first Suborder, Stellatao, are common in the northern parts of both continents ; the 
 two other Suborders chiefly prevail in warm or torrid regions. 
 
 Properties. A very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most 
 important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by 
 several species of Galium. Among the CincJiomcB we find Cinchona and Cephaelis furnishing two of 
 the most valuable of all medicines. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, well known and appreciated 
 everywhere, is the product of several species of the former, viz., Cinchona micranthia, C. condaminea, 
 C. lanceolata, C. magnifolia. &c., all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the pres- 
 ence ol two alkalies, Cinchonia and Quinia, both combined with Kinicacid. Ipecacuanha, the prince 
 of all emetics, is the product of the root of CephSelisIpecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping 
 roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchoneae afford substitutes for the true 
 
 Cqffeeis the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light brown 
 trunk and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. The berries 
 are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemorial. In Paris and 
 London it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700. but since that time, enough 
 has been drank in Europe and America to float the British navy. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Leaves (and interpetiolar leaf-like stipules) in verticils. . . . Galium. i 
 
 ( Ovary with 2 corollas ! MitcheUa. -2 
 
 I Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. . Hedyotis. 3 
 
 1 Ovary < Carpels 2, l-seede,d, l indehiscent. . Spermacoce. 4 
 
 I Leaves $ Herbs, t simple. ( Carpels 2, l-seeded, both indehiscent. Diodia. 5 
 
 s adherent. L opposite. (Shrubs, v.-ith flowers m globose heads Cephalanthus. 6 
 
 Ovary ( nearly free from the calyx. Leaves opposite. .... Kvi^clia 7 
 
 26* 
 
304 LXX11. RUBIACE^E. GALIUM. 
 
 SUBORDER 1. S T E tr L< A T JE . 
 
 Calyx wholly adherent (superior) to the ovary which is two-celled, 
 
 two-seeded. Leaves verticillate. Herbs. 
 
 1. GALIUM. 
 
 Gr. yaAa, milk; the flowers of one species (G. verum) are used in coagulating milk. 
 
 Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla rotate, 4-cleft ; stamens 4, short ; 
 styles 2 ; carpels 2, united, 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Herbs, with slen- 
 der , ^-angled stems.- Lvs. verticillate. 
 
 * Fruit smooth. 
 
 1. G. ASPRELLUM. Michx. Rough Cleavers or Clivers. 
 
 St. diffuse, very branching, rough backwards; Ivs. in 6s, 5s or 4s, lanceo- 
 late, acuminate or cuspidate, margin and midvein retrorsely aculeate ; ped. 
 short, in 2s or 3s. l|-Common in thickets and low grounds, Can. and Northern 
 States. Stem weak, 2 5f long, leaning on" other plants, and closely adhering 
 to them by its minute, retrorse prickles. Leaves 5 8" by 2 3". Flowers 
 white, small and numerous. Fruit minute, smooth, often slightly hispid when 
 young. Jl. 
 
 2. G. TRIFIDUM. Dyers' Cleavers. Goose-grass. 
 
 St. decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles ; Ivs. in 5s 
 and 4s, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged ; parts of the flower 
 mostly in 3s. Tj. In low, wet grounds, Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest 
 of the species. Leaves 3 6" by 1 2", often cuneate at base. Peduncles 
 mostly in 3s, and axillary. Flowers small, white. Jl. 
 
 (3. tinctorium. Torr. (G. tinctorium. Linn.} St. nearly smooth ; Ivs. of the 
 stem in 6s, of the branches in 4s ; ped. 2 3-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4s. A 
 somewhat less slender variety than the first. The root is said to dye a perma- 
 nent red. 
 
 y. latifolium. Torr. (G. obtusum. Bw.) Lvs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse ; 
 ped. 3-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4s. 
 
 3. G. VERUM. Yellow Bedstraw. 
 
 Erect ; Ivs. in 8s, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; fls. densely paniculate. 
 n\. Found in dry, open grounds, in the vicinity of Boston, probably introduced. 
 Bigelow. Root long, fibrous. Stem slender, erect, 1 2f high, with short, op- 
 posite, leafy, unequal branches. Leaves deflexed, linear, with rolled edges. 
 Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in small, dense, terminal panicles. Jn. 
 The roots dye red. The flowers are used in England to curdle milk. 
 
 4. G. CONCINNUM. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely scabrous on the angles ; Ivs. 
 in 6s, linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on the margins ; ped. fili- 
 form, twice or thrice trichotomous, with short pedicels; lobes of the corolla 
 acute. Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky. T. fy G. la. ! Stems very slender, 
 10 15' high. Leaves in numerous whorls, 5 8" by 1", slightly broader in the 
 middle. Flowers minute and numerous, white. Jn. 
 
 * * Fruit hispid. 
 
 5. G. APARINE. Common Cleavers. 
 
 St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; Ivs. in 8s, 7s or 6s, linear-oblan- 
 ceolate, mucronate, rough on the midvein and margin; ped. axillary, 1 2-flow- 
 ered. In wet thickets, Can. and Northern States to la. Plummer! Stems 
 several feet long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering by their hooked 
 prickles to everything in their way. Leaves 12 20" by 2 3". Flowers nu- 
 merous, small, white. Fruit rather large, armed with hooked prickles. Jn. 
 The root will dye red. The herbage is valued as a domestic remedy. 1 
 
 6. G. TRIFLORUM. Michx. Tri-flowering Galium. 
 
 St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining ; Ivs. in 5s and 6s, lanceo- 
 late, acuminate-cuspidate, 1-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin; ped. elon- 
 gated, axillary, 3- (rarely 2 ) flowered at the extremity ; fls. pedicellate ; Jr. 
 
HEDYOTIS. LXXII. RUBIACE./E. 305 
 
 hispid with hooked hairs. 7J. Grows in moist thickets and woods, Can. and 
 U. S. Stem 1 3f long, slightly branched. Leaves 1 2' long, \ as broad, often 
 obovate. Flowers greenish- white, small. Fruit whitish with its uncinate 
 clothing. Jl. 
 
 7. G. BOREALE. (G. septentrionale. Z?w.) Northern Galium. 
 
 St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, 
 smooth ; fls. in a terminal, pyramidal panicle. % Grows in rocky, shady places, 
 Northern States and Brit. Am. Stems If or more high, several together, 
 branched above. Leaves 12 20" by 2 9", tapering to an obtusish point. 
 Flowers numerous, small, white, in a thyrse-like panicle at top of the stem. 
 Fruit small. Jl. 
 
 8. G. PILOSUM. Ait. (G. puncticulosum. Michx.} Hairy Galium. 
 
 St. ascending, hirsute on the angles ; Ivs. in 4s., oval, indistinctly veined, 
 hirsute both sides and punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several times forked, 
 each division 2 3-flowered ; fls. pedicellate. % A rare species, found in dry 
 woods and sterile soils, Mass. ! to la. ! and Tex. Stem 1 2f high, acutely 4- 
 angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, sometimes much branched. 
 Leaves 9 12" by 4 8", obtusish, very hairy as well as the stem and fruit. 
 Flowers purplish. Jn. 
 
 9. G. ciRCjEZANs. Michx. Circaa-like Galium. 
 
 St. erect or ascending, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3- 
 veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flow- 
 ered ; jr. subsessile, nodding. 1\. Grows in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem about 
 If in height, with a few short branches near the top, or simple. Leaves 1 2' 
 by 4 8". Flowers on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered along the (usually 
 2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fruit covered with little hooks as in 
 Circaea. Jl. The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice. 
 
 #. 1 lanceolatum. Torr. (G. Torreyi. BW.} Very smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate ; 
 fr. sessile. A fine variety 7 with larger leaves (2' or more in length). Flowers 
 purple. 
 
 y . 7 montanum. T. & G. (G. Littelli. Oakes.} Dwarf; Ivs. obovate. White 
 Mts. Oakes. 
 
 SUBORDER 2. C I N C,H O M" E JE . 
 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite (rarely verticillate). 
 Stipules between the petioles, often united with them into a sheath. 
 
 2. MITCHELLA. 
 
 In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English resident in Virginia. 
 
 Flowers 2 on each double ovary ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla funnel- 
 shaped, hairy within ; stamens 4, short, inserted on the corolla ; stig- 
 mas 4 ; berry composed of the 2 united ovaries. Evergreen herbs, 
 smooth and creeping, with opposite leaves. 
 
 M. RE PENS. Partridge Berry. 
 
 St. creeping ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate. A little prostrate plant found 
 in woods throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem furnished with flat, coriaceous, 
 dark green leaves, and producing small, bright red berries, remarkably distin- 
 guished by their double structure, and remaining on the plant through the win- 
 ter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant. Fruit well fla- 
 vored but dry and lull of stony seeds. Jn. 
 
 3. HEDYOTIS. 
 
 Gr. rfvs, sweet, (ctvff) oro?, the ear; said to cure deafness. 
 
 Calyx tube ovate, limb 4-parted ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4, in- 
 serted on the corolla ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs. Lvs. opposite. Stip. connate with the petiole. 
 
306 LXXII. RUBIACE^E. SPERMACOCB. 
 
 Corolla hypocrater-iform, with a long tube, limb glabrous. Peduncles 
 1-flowered. HOUSTONIA. Linn. 
 
 1. H. CCERULEA. Hook. (Hous. coerulea. Linn.} Dwarf Pink. Innocence. 
 Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, petiola.te ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; 
 
 ped. filiform, 1 2-flowered. An elegant little plant, found in moist grounds, 
 fields and road-sides, Can. and U". S. Its blossoms appear early, and are usu- 
 ally found in patches of considerable extent, covering the surface of the ground 
 with a caruUan hue. The cauline leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate. 
 Stems very slender, forked, 3 5' high, each branch bearing a flower. Corolla 
 pale blue, yellowish at the centre. May Aug. 
 
 2. H. MINIMA. T. & G. (Houstonia. Beck.} 
 
 Glabrous, simple or dichotomously branching ; Ivs. linear-spatulate, much 
 attenuated to the base ; ped. axillary and terminal, often longer than the leaves ; 
 sds. 10 15 in each cell, oval, smooth, concave on the face. Prairies, &c., Mo. ! 
 Tenn. ! to La. Very small and delicate, 1 3' high. Leaves about 5" by 1". 
 Flowers rose-color. Mar. May. 
 
 Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy inside. Flowers in terminal 
 racemes. AMPHIOTIS. DC. 
 
 3. H. CILIOLATA. Torr. (Hous. Canadensis. Muhl.') Clustered Dwarf Pink, 
 Radical Ivs. ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate on the margin ; cau- 
 line ones ovate-spatulate, sessile ; corymbs terminal, pedicellate ; ped. tricho- 
 tomous ; divisions of the calyx lance-linear. Banks of lakes and rivers, Onta- 
 rio ! Niagara ! W. to Ohio. A little plant, stouter than the last. Root-leaves 
 numerous, stem-leaves few. Stems smooth, 4-angled, branched above, and 
 bearing a corymbose cluster of numerous pale purple flowers. Calyx half-ad- 
 herent, its lobes about half as long as the tube of the corolla. May July. 
 
 4. H. LONGIFOLIA. Hook. (Houstonia longif. Gaert.') Long-leaved Dwarf 
 Pink. Radical Ivs. oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; cauline linear or 
 
 lance-linear, 1-veined ; fls. in small, paniculate cymes. 1\_ Dry hills, N. and 
 Mid. States ! to Ark. and Flor. Much more slender than the next, Stems 
 erect, 5 12' high, 4-angled, smooth or ciliolate on the angles. Leaves 9 15" 
 by 2 -3 /x , cauline sessile, rather acute at each end, all smooth. FloAvers 2 or 3 
 together, on very short pedicels, pale-purple, with deeper-colored striae in the 
 throat. Jn. Jl. 
 
 /?. 1 (H. temiifolia. Null.') St. very branching ; Ivs. very narrow; ped. fili- 
 form ; fls. smaller. 
 
 5. H. PURPUREA. Torr: & Gray. (Houstonia. Linn.) 
 
 St. ascending, clustered, branching, 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3 5- 
 veined, closely sessile ; cymes 3 7-flowered, often clustered ; calyx segments 
 lance-linear, longer than the capsule. Mid. and W. States ! in woods and on 
 river banks. A very delicate flowerer, about If high. Leaves 1 2' long, as 
 wide. Corolla (purple, T. ($ G 1 .) white, scarcely tinged with purple. May Jl. 
 Corolla rotate, tube very short. Seeds 50 60 in each cell. Flowers 
 mostly glomerate in the axils of the leaves. ELATINELLA. Torr. <fy Gray. 
 
 6. H. GLOMERATA.. Creeping Green-head. 
 
 St. assupgent, branching ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, narrowed at 
 the base into a short petiole or sessile ; fls. glomerate in the axils and terminal; 
 A plant varying in size from 1 2' to as many feet, found in swamps, &c., N. 
 Y. to La. Leaves ' in length, apparently connate from the stipules adhering 
 to each side of the petiole. Stipules 2-cleft into narrow subulate divisions. 
 Calyx in 4 deep, leaiy divisions which are much longer than the white, rotate 
 corolla. Stamens scarcely exserted. Style very short. Capsule opening cross- 
 wise. Jn. Sept. 
 
 4. SPERMACOCE. 
 Gr. ffTrepfia, seed, CKCO^??, a point; alluding to the pointed seeds. 
 
 Calyx tube ovoid, limb 2 4-parted ; corolla tubular, limb spread- 
 ing, 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; stigma 2-cleft ; fruit dry, 2-celled, crowned 
 
SPIGELIA. LXXII. RUB1ACEJE. 307 
 
 with the calyx ; seeds 2, peltate, furrowed on the face. Mostly her- 
 baceous and tropical. Fls. small, axillary, sessile, whorled, 
 
 S. GLABRA. Michx. 
 
 Glabrous, procumbent at base; Ivs. opposite, lanceolate, entire; whorls 
 many-flowered; cal. 4-toothed (rarely 5) ; cor. funnel-form, short, hairy in the 
 throat ; anthers included in the tube ; stig. subsessile. River banks, Western 
 States ! Stem 1 2f long, terete, with 4 prominent lines, branched. Leaves 
 2 3/ by |. i/ } tapering to each end. Flowers white, 8 20 in a whorl, sub- 
 tended by the subulate bracts of the stipules. Jl. Aug. Resembles some of 
 the Labiatse. 
 
 5. DIODIA. 
 
 Or. Jif, twice, odovs, tooth ; alluding to the two calyx teeth crowning the ovary. 
 
 Calyx, corolla, stamens, style and fruit, as in Spermacoce, except 
 that the (2 or 3) 1 -seeded, separable carpels are both indehiscent ; 
 seeds oval, peltate. American, chiefly tropical herbs, ivith the habit of 
 Spermacoce in all respects save the indehiscent carpels. 
 
 1. D. VIRGINIANA. (Spermacoce. A. Rich.} 
 
 Procumbent, nearly glabrous or hirsute ; Ivs. lanceolate-linear, sessile, 
 entire ; bristles of the stipules longer than the sheaths ; As. solitary, opposite ; co- 
 rolla, tube thrice longer than the calyx ; sta. exserted ; sty. deeply 2-cleft, the 
 lobes filiform. 1\. Damp places, 111. to Ga. ! and La. Stem 1 2f long, some- 
 what 4-sided. Leaves 1 2' by 2 4", 1-veined, often with smaller ones fasci- 
 cled in the axils. Corolla 5" long, hairy inside. May Sept. 
 
 2.. D. TERES. Walt. (Spermacoce diodina. Michx.} 
 
 Procumbent or ascending, hairy or scabrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, sessile, 
 rough-edged, acute, much longer than the sheaths or fruit ; fls. solitary or several 
 in each axil ; cor. funnel-form, with a wide tube, twice longer than the calyx ; 
 fr. somewhat hairy and 4-sided. Sandy fields, N. J. to 111. Mead ! and South- 
 ern States. Stems rather rigid, much branched, 5 18' long, brownish. Leaves 
 about 1' by 2". Corolla reddish-white, shorter than the reddish-brown bristles. 
 
 6. CEPHALANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. Kedtahr), ahead, avSos, a flower; flowers growing in dense heads. 
 
 Calyx limb 4-toothed : corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ; 
 style nmch exserted. Shrubs with opposite leaves and short stipules. 
 Fls. in globose heads, without an invol. 
 
 C. OCCIDENTALJS. Button Busk. 
 
 Lrs. opposite, and in 3s, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth ; hds. peduncu- 
 late. A handsome shrub, frequenting the margins of ponds, rivers and brooks, 
 U. S. and Can. It is readily distinguished by its spherical heads of flowers, 
 which are near 1' diam., resembling the globular inflorescence of the sycamore 
 (Platanus occidentalis). Height about 6f. Leaves spreading, entire, 3 5' by 
 2 3'. The flowers are tubular, with long, projecting styles, and are inserted 
 on all sides of the round receptacle. July. 
 
 SUBORDER 3. S PIGEL.IEJE. 
 
 Calyx persistent, almost entirely free from the ovary. Leaves oppo- 
 site, with intermediate stipules. 
 7. SPIGELIA. 
 
 In honor of Adrian Spigelius, Prof, of Anat. and Surg. at Padua, 15781625. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, segm. linear-subulate ; cor. narrowly funnel-form, 
 limb 5-cleft, equal ; stam. 5 ; anth. convergent ; caps, didymous, 2- 
 celled, few-seeded. Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Stip- 
 ules small, interpetiolar. Fls. sessile, in terminal spikes. 
 
308 LXXIIi. VALERIANACE^E. FEDIA. 
 
 S. MARYLANDICA. Pink-root. Worm-grass. 
 
 Erect, simple, nearly glabrous ; st. square ; Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, margin and veins scabrous-pilose; spikes 3 8-flowered; 
 cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx ; anth. exserted ; Lobes of the cor. lance- 
 olate ; caps, glabrous, shorter than the calyx. %. In woods, Penn. to Flor. W. 
 to 111. Mead, and Tenn. Miss Carpenter! An elegant dark green herb, a foot 
 high. Leaves 3 4' by If 2|', entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules 
 scarcely perceptible. Flowers 1 2' long, somewhat club-shaped, scarlet with- 
 out, yellow within. Style exserted. June. A celebrated anthelmintic. 
 
 ORDER LXXIII. VALEEIANACExE. VALERIANS. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules. 
 
 Cal. adherent, the limb either membranous or resembling a pappus. 
 
 Cor. tubular or runnel-form, 4 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base. 
 
 Sta. distinct, inserted into the corolla tube, alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. 
 
 Ova. inferior, with one perfect cell, anfl two abortive ones. 
 
 Sds. Solitary, pendulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. 
 
 Genera 12, species 185, widely diffused in temperate climates The true valerian of the shops, used in 
 hysteria, epilepsy, fcc., is a product of Valeriana offieinalis. The roots of several other species possess a 
 heavy odor, and are tonic, antispasmodic, febrifugal, &c. The spikenard (John xii. 3, &c.) of old, valued 
 aa a perfume and a stimulant, is from the root of Nardostachys Jatamunsi. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Limb of the calyx at length a plunrose pappus, deciduous Valeriana. 1 
 
 Limb of the calyx toothed and persistent, or obsolete . . . Fedia. 2 
 
 1. VALERIANA. 
 
 Dedicated to king Valerius, a patron and friend of botanists. Linn. 
 
 Calyx at first very small, at length forming a plumose pappus ; 
 corolla funnel-form, regular, 5-cleft ; stamens 3 ; fruit 1 -celled, 1- 
 seeded. ^ Lvs. opposite^ mostly pinnately divided. Fls. in close cymes. 
 
 1. V. SYLVATICA. 0. uliginosa. Wild Valerian. 
 
 St. erect, striate, simple ; radical Ivs. ovate or subspatulate, undivided ; 
 cauline ones pinnately divided, segments ovate-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, 
 the terminal one often dentate ; lobes of the stig. minute, 2 or 3 ; fr. ovate, com- 
 pressed, smooth. Stem 1 2f high. Swamps, Vt. ! to Mich., very rare. 
 Plant nearly smooth. Leaves ciliate with scattered hairs ; those of the root 
 petioled, sometimes auriculate at base, those of the stem with 4 8 lateral 
 segments and a- large terminal one. Flowers numerous, rose-colored, appear- 
 ing in July. 
 
 2. V. PAUCIFLORA. Michx. 
 
 Glabrous, erect or decumbent, often stoloniferous at base ; radical Ivs. 
 ovate, cordate, slightly acuminate, on long petioles, crenate-serrate ; cauline 
 pinnately 3 7-parted ; Ifts. ovate, terminal one much the largest ; cymules few- 
 flowered, corymbose ; corolla tube long and slender. Ohio ! to Va. and Tenn. 
 Stem mostly simple, 1 2f high. Leaves of the succors mostly undivided, 1 
 If by | H', petioles 1 4/ long. Flowers pale purple, |' in length. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. V. CILIATA. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Simple, smooth and somewhat fleshy; Ivs. lance-linear, some of them 
 pinnately cleft into 3 7 lance-linear, acute segments, margins densely and 
 minutely ciliate, mostly attenuated to the base ; cauline ones few, with linear 
 segments ; panicle compound ; fr. compressed, 4-ribbed, crowned with the late 
 calyx limb of 10 or 12 plumose setae. Low grounds, Can., Wis. ! Ohio ! Root 
 yellowish, fusiform. Stem 1 3f high. Root-leaves many, 3 8' long, seg- 
 ments 2 4" wide. Flowers white, in a close panicle, which is greatly expand- 
 ed in fruit. June. 
 
 2. FEDIA. Adans. 
 
 Perhaps from J '(Edits; on account of the strong odor of some of the species. 
 
 Calyx limb 3 6-toothed and persistent, or obsolete ; corolla tu- 
 bular, 5-lobed, regular ; stamens 2 or 3 ; fruit 2 or 3-celled, 1 -seeded. 
 Lvs. opposite, sessile. One or two cells of the fruit abortive. 
 
DIPSICUS. LXXIV. DIPSACE^E. 309 
 
 1. F. FAGOPYRUM. Torr. & Gray. (Valerianella radiata. Manch.) Wild 
 Corn-salad or Lamb Lettuce. St. dicnotomous, nearly smooth ; Ivs. oblong- 
 
 spatulate, subentire ; fr. 3-sided, obscurely 2 3-toothed at the summit. West- 
 ern N. Y. to Ohio ! Stem 8 18' in height. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Fruit 
 resembling that of buck-wheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum) in form, containing 
 one large seed and two empty cells. Flowers white. June. 
 
 2. F. RADIATA. Michx. 
 
 Lvs. entire, or toothed towards the base, obtuse ; fls. white ; fr. ovoid, pu- 
 bescent, somewhat 4-angled, obscurely 1-toothed at apex ; empty cells not di- 
 vergent, but with a groove between them ; fertile cell flatfish, broader than the 
 other 2. Low grounds, Mich. ! Ohio ! to La. Stem 612' high, dichotomous 
 like the other species, smooth. Leaves oblong, more or less tapering to the 
 base, 1 2' by 2 I". Fruit less than 1" long, at length nearly smooth. May. 
 
 3. F. OLITORIA. Vahl. Pawnee Lettuce. 
 
 Fr. compound, oblique, at length broader than long, not toothed at apex ; 
 fertile cell larger than both the others ; empty cells united, but with a groove 
 
 4. F. UMBILICATA. W. S. Sullivant. 
 
 Fruit subglobose, inflated, apex 1-toothed, the anterior face deeply umbili- 
 cate, sterile cells several times larger than the fertile one ; bracts subspatulate- 
 linear, not ciliate. Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant ! Plant smooth in all its parts, 
 1 2f high, many times dichotomous. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clasping, dilated 
 and coarsely dentate at base, 1J' 3' by 3 10". Flowers in numerous cymules, 
 corymbosely arranged. Fruit nearly 1" diam., with 1 rib at the back produced 
 into a tooth at apex, and a conspicuous depression in front. 
 
 ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACE^. TEASELWORTS. 
 
 Herbs or loio shrubs, with whorled or opposite leaves. 
 
 Fls. collected upon a common receptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. 
 
 Cal. adherent, often pappus-like, surrounded by a scarious.involucel. 
 
 Cor. tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4 5-parted. 
 
 Sta. !, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, often unequal. Anthers distinct. 
 
 Ova. inferior, one-celled, one-ovuled. Style one, simple. 
 
 Fr. dry, indehiscent, with a single suspended seed. 
 
 Genera 6, species 150. The order is nearly allied to the Composite. The species are all natives of 
 the temperate regions of the Eastern continent, none of them American. Their properties are unimpor- 
 tant. One of the species below is useful in dressing cloth. 
 
 1. DIPSlCUS. 
 
 Gr. <5ti//aa), to thirst; alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 Flowers in heads ; involucre many-leaved ; involucel 4-sided ; calyx 
 superior; corolla tubular, 4-cleft; fruit 1 -seeded, crowned with the 
 calyx. Plants large, hairy or prickly. Lvs. opposite, connate (some- 
 times distinct} at base. 
 
 1. D. SYLVESTRIS. Mill. Wild Teasel. 
 
 Lvs. connate, sinuate or jagged; hds. cylindrical; bracts of the involucre 
 longer than the head of flowers, slender and pungent, bent inwards. A tall, 
 naturalized, European plant, growing in hedges and by road-sides, Mass, to la. ! 
 Stem about 4f high, angled and prickly, with the opposite, lance-shaped leaves 
 united around it. Flowers bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head whose 
 bracts or scales are not hooked as in the next species, but straight. July. 
 
 2. D. FULLONTJM. Fullers' Teasel. Lvs. connate, entire or serrate ; hd. cylin- 
 drical ; bracts hooked ; invol. spreading. A cultivated, European plant. Root 
 fleshy, tapering. Stem erect, furrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5f high. Leaves 
 two at each node, united at their bases around the stem in such a way as to 
 hold a quantity of water. Flowers whitish, in large, oval or ovoid heads. Cul- 
 
310 LXXV. COMPOSITE. 
 
 tivated for the use of the clothiers (fullonum}, who employ the heads with their 
 hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose 
 they are fixed around the circumference of a revolving drum. Flowers in July. $ 
 
 2. SCABIOSA. 
 Lat. scabies, leprosy ; plants said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. 
 
 Flowers in heads ; involucre many-leaved ; involucel nearly cylin- 
 drical, with 8 little excavations ; calyx limb consisting of 5 setae, 
 sometimes partially abortive. % Large, mostly European herbs with 
 opposite leaves. 
 
 1. S. sucdsA. Devil' s-bit. Rt. premorse ; stem Ivs. remotely toothed ; Ms. 
 offls. nearly globose ; cor. in 4 equal segments. In gardens, though rarely cul- 
 tivated. The stem is about If high. Corolla violet, f 
 
 2. S. ATROPURPUREA. Mourning Bride. Dos. pinnatifid and incised ; hds. of 
 fls. radiant ; receptacle cylindric ; outer crown of the seed short, lobed and crenate. 
 A beautiful species, 2 -4f high, with dense heads of dark purple flowers, f 
 
 ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITE ASTERWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby. 
 
 Lvs. alternate or opposite, without stipules, simple though often much divided. 
 
 Fls. collected into a dense head (capitulum), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of 
 
 many bracts (scales). 
 Cal. closely adherent to the ovary, the limn wanting, or membranaceous and divided into bristles, hairs, 
 
 &c. , called pappus. 
 
 Cor. superior, consisting of 5 united petals, either ligulate or tubular. 
 Sta. 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Anth. cohering into a cylinder. 
 
 Ova. inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 2-cleft, the inner margins of the branches occupied by the stigmaa. 
 Fr. an achenia, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, crowned with the pappus. 
 
 This is the most extensive and most natural of all the orders of the vegetable kingdom, always distin- 
 guished at sight by the capitate ftowers and the united anthers. It comprehends 1005 genera (at present 
 known, 1846), and about 9000 species ; being nearly one-ninth of all the species of flowering plants. The 
 general inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the central o; terminal heads are first developed, while the 
 inflorescence of the heads is centripetal, the outer flowers first expanding. In color the flowers are vari- 
 ous ; sometimes those of the disk and ray are of different colors, again they are all of^the same, but in the 
 former case the disk florets are almost always yellow. 
 
 This immense order is diffused throughout all countries of the globe, but in very different proportions. 
 According to HumboldL they constitute about one-seventh of the Phtenogamous Flora of Germany, one- 
 eighth, ot'France, one-fifteenth, of Lapland, one-sixth, of North America (north of Mexico), and one-half, 
 of Tropical America. In New Holland they are in the proportion of about one-sixteenth, according to 
 Brown, while in the island of Sicily they are pne-half The Liguliflora; are said to be most abundant in 
 cold regions, and the Tubuliflorae in hot regions. The Labiatiflora? are almost exclusively confined to 
 South America. In the northern parts of the world the Composite are universally herbaceous, but towards 
 the tropics they gradually become frutescent and even trees. In Chili they are generally shrubs, and on 
 the island of St. Helena they are trees. 
 
 Properties, -c. The Composite? furnish comparatively few useful products. A bitter principle per- 
 vades the whole, which, when combined with resin and astringent mucilage, becomes tonic and febrifu- 
 gal, as in the camomile, colt's-foot, thoroughwort, goldenrod, &c. Some are anthelmintics from the 
 prevalence of the resinous principle, as tansey, Artemisia, Vernonia. Others are aromatic and extremely 
 bitter, as wormwood and all the species of Artemisia. Other species are very acrid, as mayweed. The 
 Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), the vegetable oyster (Tragopogon), the true artichoke 
 (Cynara), lettuce, dandelion and a few others, are the only species useful for food. The order abounds in 
 ornamental plants of the highest interest to the florist, and of easy culture. Among these are the splen- 
 did Dahlias and Chinese Chrysanthema, with the numerous progeny of Aster, Helianthus, Xeranthemum, 
 Coreopsis and multitudes of others, constituting the richest ornaments of the autumnal flower garden. 
 
 The inflorescence of the Composite is peculiar, and its real nature often complex and obscure. The 
 following definitions jof terms are given with reference to this prder only, and if understood, will remove 
 many difficulties that lie in the student's way in the investigation of this subject. 
 
 Capitulum or head (compound flmoer of the earlier botanists) ; a collection of flowers (florets) on a 
 common receptacle (rachis), as in Aster, Helianthus, &c. 
 
 Involucre (calyx by analogy) is the lower and outer envelope of the head. 
 
 Scales ; the modified leaves or bracts composing the involucre. 
 
 MonophyllovJ involucre ; where the scales are united by their edges. 
 
 Polyphyllous involucre ; where the scales are distinct. 
 
 Simple involucre ; where the scales are equal and arranged in a single row. [short ones. 
 
 Calyculate involucre ; where a single row of scales is surrounded at base by an outer row of very 
 
 Imbricated involucre ; where the scales are in several rows, the outer ones becoming gradually shorter. 
 
 The Receptacle or rachis is the dilated extremity of the peduncle, inclosed by the involucre, and upon 
 which the flowers stand. It is 
 
 Columnar, flat, conical or depressed, according to its form ; 
 
 Paleaceous or chaffy, where the flowers are subtended by chatty scales which are analogous to bracts ; 
 
 Alveolate, where it presents the appearance of a honey-comb, each flower having been surrounded by a 
 membranous rim or involucel ; 
 
 Areolate, where the alveoli are reduced to a mere line ; 
 
 Fimbrillate, where the alveoli are split into teeth or bristles ; 
 
 Naked, when smoothish. being destitute of chaff, alveoli, bristles, &c. 
 
LXXV. COMPOSITE. 
 
 311 
 
 The flmoers are moreover said to be 
 
 Of the disk, where they stand in or near the centre of the head; 
 
 Of the ray, when they stand in the outer circle or circumference of the head; 
 
 Ligulate (strap-shaped), when the limb is split on one side and spread open in the form of a strap. 
 
 Tubular, when they are monopetalous with a regular limb. The heads are termed 
 
 Homogamous, where they consist wholly of perfect flowers; 
 
 Heterosramovs, where the flowers of the disk are perfect or staminate, while those of the ray or margin 
 are pistillate or neutral : 
 
 Radiant, where the flowers are all ligulate, as in the dandelion ; 
 
 Radiate, where those of the ray or margin only are ligulate, the rest being tubular, as in Aster; 
 
 Discoid, where all the flowers are tubular, aa in the thoroughiovrt ; 
 
 Monoecious, where the same head has both staminate and pistillate flowers ; 
 
 Hcteroctphqlous, where the same individual plant has some of its heads wholly of staminate, and others 
 wholly of pistillate flowers. 
 
 Dioecious, where the same species has some of its individuals with staminate heads only, and 9thers 
 with pistillate heads only. The anthers are usually appendiculate, that is, prolonged at the summit into 
 a membranous appendage. The achenia are termed 
 
 Rostrate, when they are prolonged at the summit into a slender neck supporting the pappus, as in the 
 dandelion; 
 
 Compressed, when they are flattened parallel with the diameter of the head ; 
 
 Obcompressed, when flattened parallel with the circumference of the head. 
 
 FIG. 47. 1. Helianthus stramosus head radiate. 2. Vertical section of the head, showing the scales 
 of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. 3. A perfect disk-flower 
 magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of the pappus, the 5-toothed tubular corolla, the 5 stamens 
 united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. 4. Head (radiate) of Solidago ctesia. 
 5. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 6. A perfect disk fl. 7. A (radiant) head of Taraxacum Dens- 
 leonis. 8. A perfect, ligulate fl. 9. Achenium, with its long beak and plumose pappus. 10. A (radiant) 
 head of Nabalus altissimus. 11. A flower. 12. Lappa major, head discoid. 13. A flower. 14. One of 
 the hooked scales. 15. A (discoid) head of Eupat9rium purpureum. 16. A flower. 17. Ambrosia arte- 
 misiafolia. 18. Staminate head enlarged. 19. Pistillate involucre enlarged. 20. The fertile flower. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 { Leaves alternate. . . . l 
 
 $ Corollas cyanic, I Leaves opposite or verticillate. 2 
 
 ( discoid. ? Corollas yellow 3 
 
 ( Leaves alternate. . . . 4 
 
 ! f Rays yellow. . \ Leaves opposite or all radical. 5 
 
 [_..{_ . $ Leaves opposite or all radical. 6 
 
 . 
 Heads (.radiant 
 
 radiate. ( Rays cyanic. 
 
 $ Leaves opposite or all radical. 
 Leaves alternate. . . . 
 
 27 
 
312 
 
 f Plants 
 unarmed. 
 
 1. 
 
 LXXV. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Pappus capillary. . 
 
 Scales much imbricated. ( Pappus plumose. . 
 ^spreading, petaloid. . 
 , Scales in 2 series, . . I erect, greenish. . 
 
 ' Flowers all perfect. (.Scales in l row or series ~ 
 
 l Receptacle $ Heads heterogamous. 
 
 f Scales < not chaft'y. (. Heads dioecious, 
 colored. ( Receptacle chaffy 
 
 t Fls. all t Invol. imbricated. . 
 < equal. ( Invol. calyculate. . 
 Scales ^ Herbs. ( Ray flowers larger, sterile. . 
 I Fls. not all perfect. I green. Shrubby. Heads dioecious. 
 
 ( Scales acute- 5 Achenia smooth 
 
 f with spinose < cuspidate. . . ( Achenia rugose, 4-angled. 
 
 J leaves ( Scales emarginate-mucronate 
 
 Heads homogmous. 
 
 .Plants armed. I with spinose heads only. (. Heads heterocephalous. 
 
 Vernonia. 
 
 Liatris. 
 
 Hymenopappus. 
 
 Elephantopus. 
 
 Cacalia. 
 
 Gnaphalium. 
 
 Antennaria. 
 
 Filag-o. 
 
 Pluchea. 
 
 Erechtites. 
 
 Centaurea, 
 
 Baccharis. 
 
 Cirsium. 
 
 Onopordon. 
 
 Cynara. 
 
 Lappa. 
 
 Xanthium. 
 
 Eupatorium. 
 
 i Receptacle flat. 
 
 < homogamous. { Receptacle conical. Conoclimum. 
 
 $ Heads many, ( heterocephalus Ambrosia. 
 
 ( erect. {. Head solitary, terminal Sclerolepis. 
 
 \ Stem herbaceous, (. climbing and twining Mikcmia. 
 
 2. \ Stem shrubby. Heads monoecious . Iva. 
 
 ( Heads corymbose. . Tanacetum. 
 
 $ erect. ( Heads racemose. . . Artemisia. 
 
 C dry, (spreading, petaloid, yellow. . Xeranthemu/m. 
 
 S green. . Senecio. 
 
 $ erect, close, yellowish. Bigelovia. 
 
 f Corollas Scales unarmed, (.herbaceous, (spreading and loose. . Carthamus. 
 
 {Leaves < all equal. (Scales of the involucre doubly spinose Cnieus. 
 
 alternate. ( Outer corollas enlarged and sterile Amberboa. 
 
 J Awns of the achenia re trorsely hispid Bidens. 
 
 Leaves opposite. { Awns of the achenia upwardly hispid Coreopsis. 
 
 $ Heads small. Solidago. 
 f Involucre 
 I imbricated, 
 f flat or i Involuc. no 
 J convex. I imbricated. 
 
 f Receptacle not chaffy, (.conical or globose. 
 
 Pappus simple. ( Hds. ve 
 
 Pappus double. Hds. midl. size. Chrysopsis. 
 
 Inula. 
 
 J 
 
 Outer scales very short or 0. . Senecio. 
 
 Outer scales equal to the inner. Calendula. 
 
 Ray flowers pistillate. . . Helenium. 
 
 Ray flowers neutral. . . Leptopoda, 
 
 Achenia quadrangular. . Rtulbeckia. 
 
 ( Pappus minute or 0. { Achenia compressed. . Lepachys. 
 
 ( Rays \ Pappus of 2 caducous awns. Achenia wingless. Helianthus. 
 
 < sterile. ( Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Achenia winged. Actinomeris. 
 Receptacle chafly. ( Rays fertile. Ach. obcompressed (parallel with the scales). Silphium. 
 
 t Awns of ach. retrorsely hispid. Bidens. 
 
 < Involucre double. \ Awns of ach. erectly hispid. . Coreopsis. 
 
 {Rays sterile. \ Involucre imbricate in 3 or more rows. . . . Helianthus. 
 
 $ Achenia obovoid, thick. . . Polymnia. 
 ( disk sterile. . . . I Achenia obcompressed, winged. Silphiwm. 
 
 $ Receptacle nearly flat. . . Verbesina. 
 
 Rays fertile, ( disk perfect. . . . ; Receptacle conical. . . . Heliopsis. 
 
 J ^ Scales 5, united in 1 row. . Tagetes. 
 
 pinnate. ^Sc. in 2 rows, outerrow distinct. Dysodia. 
 
 $ Lvs. opposite, ( undivided. Scales distinct. . . . Arnica. 
 
 5. I Recept. not chaffy. I Leaves radical, appearing after the solitary head. . . Tussilago. 
 
 $ Rays white, shorter than scales. Eclipta. 
 
 J Receptacle flat. (Rays rose color Coreopsis. 
 
 $ simple. I Receptacle conical, with large paleae. . . . Zinnia. 
 
 ( Leaves opposite, (pinnately divided. Inner invol. of 8 united scales. . . Dahlia. 
 
 \ Heads corymbose Nardosmia. 
 
 (. Head solitary, heterog-amous Bellis. 
 
 $ Achenia silky. Rays about 5. . Sericocarpus. 
 
 'Pappus t copious. I Achenia smoothish. Rays 6100. Aster. 
 
 iimple, { of 2 short bristles and several minute ones. Boltonia. 
 
 $ Heads middle size. . . . Diplopappus. 
 
 . Pappus double. { Heads very large. . . . Callistephus. 
 
 ', Pappus capillary. Invol. subsimpie. Rays 20200. Erigeron. 
 
 6. ( Leaves all radical. 
 
 f alveolate. 
 
 f Receptacle J 
 not chafly, C smoothish. ( Pappus none. 
 
 7. 
 
 t Receptacle chaffy. L Leaves unc 
 
 i& 
 
 Involucre depressed, broad. 
 . I Involucre hemispherical. . 
 Rays pistillate. 
 5 Disk fls. yellow. \ Rays neutral. 
 fLvs. finely divided. ( Disk fls. white. Rays pistillate. 
 
 $ 3 or 4. 
 
 J Rays very short, white, 1 5. 
 divided. ( Rays very large, purple. . 
 
 $ in 23 rows. 
 
 J Scales of the invol. equal. ( in 1 row. 
 J Flowers yellow. ( Outer scales shortest, pappus capillary. 
 
 Lvs. radical. ; Flowers white ; pappus plumose 
 
 J Pappus single, bristly. 
 
 J Lvs. unarmed. <Pap. double, outer scaly. Cynthia. 
 (Fls. yellow. ( Lvs. spinose-dentate ; pappus very white. Sonch.vs. 
 C Achenia^ Flowers blue. Pappus small, scaly. . . . Cichorium. 
 
 not rost. ( Fls. whitish or cream color. Pap. copious, capillary. Nabalus. 
 C with a fili- $ Involucre with calyculate scales. . . Lactuca. 
 Achenia< form beak. I Involucre without calyculate scales. . Tragopos-on 
 Lvs. caulme. L rostrate. ( with a short, thick beak; involucre imbricate. . . Mulgedium. 
 
 Leucanthemum. 
 
 Chrysanthemum 
 
 Anthemis. 
 
 Maruta. 
 
 Achillea. 
 
 Verbesina. 
 
 Partheninm. 
 
 Echinacea. 
 
 Troximon. 
 
 Krigia. 
 
 Taraxicum. 
 
 Leontodon. 
 
 Jlieracium. 
 
SCLEROLEPIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 313 
 
 SUBORDER 1. T UBUL.IFlrORJE. 
 
 Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleft, 
 
 or lobed. 
 
 TRIBE 1. VERNOXIACEJ3. 
 
 Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style subulate, hispid throughout. 
 1. VERNONIA. Schreb. 
 
 Named for "Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants. 
 
 Flowers all tubular ; involucre semicylindric, of ovate, imbricated 
 scales ; receptacle naked ; pappus double, the exterior chaffy ; the 
 interior capillary. *2|. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. 
 
 1. V. NOVEBORACENSIS. Willd. New York Vernonia. Iron-weed. 
 
 L/vs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough; cyme fastigiate; scales of 
 involucre filiform at the ends. A tall, showy plant with numerous large, dark 
 purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S. Stem 
 branching at top, reddish, 3 6f high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath, radical 
 ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-topped, compound. Scales and corollas 
 deep purple, the former ending in long, thread-like appendages. Sept. 
 
 (3. prcealta. Less. (V. prsealta. Willd.") St. and Ivs. beneath pubescent ; scales 
 nearly destitute of the filiform appendages. Rather taller than the preceding. 
 
 2. V. FASCICULATA. Michx. Iron-weed. 
 
 St. tall, striate or grooved, tomentose ; Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering to 
 each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate ; /ids. numerous, in a somewhat fas- 
 tigiate cyme; invol. ovoid-campanulate ; scales appressed, mucronulate or 
 obtuse. Woods and prairies Western States, very common ! A coarse, pur- 
 plish-green weed 3 lOf high. Leaves 4 8' by 1 2', smooth above. Cymes 
 compact, or loose. Heads large, or small. Corollas showy, dark purple, twice 
 longer than the involucre. Jl. Aug. 
 /?. Taller and more branching, with smaller heads. Woods, la. ! 
 
 2. ELEPHANTOPUS. 
 Gr. eXf^aj, elephant, TTOVS, foot; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species. 
 
 Heads 3 5-flowered, glomerate ; flowers all equal ; involucre com- 
 pressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series ; corolla palmate- 
 ligulate, 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; achenia ribbed, hairy ; pappus 
 chaffy-setaceous. ^ Erect , with alternate^ subsessile leaves. Corolla 
 viokt purple. 
 
 E. CAROLINIANUS. Willd. 
 
 St. branched, leafy, hairy ; Ivs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or 
 oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lower ones on petioles, upper ones subses- 
 sile ; hds. terminal and subterminal. Dry soils, Penn., Ohio ! to Flor. and La. 
 Stem 20 30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem leaves 5 T 
 by 3 5', upper about 2' by li', the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the 
 small heads in the form of an involucre. Jl. Sept. 
 
 TRIBE 2. EUPATORIACEJE. 
 
 Heads discoid or radiate. Branches of the style much elongated, obtuse, 
 minutely pubescent towards the summit outside. Anthers not cordate. 
 Leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Section 1. Heads discoid, liomogamous. 
 3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass. 
 
 Gr. vK\t]pos, hard, Osiris, a scale. 
 
 Head many-flowered ; scales of the involucre equal, linear, in 2 
 
314 LXXV. COMPOSITE. EUPATORIUM. 
 
 series ; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat ; 
 branches of the style much exserted ; achenia 5-angled, crowned with 
 a cup-shaped pappus of 5, obtuse, horny scales. ^ Aquatic, glabrous, 
 simple, with, 1 3 terminal heads. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. purple. 
 
 S. VERTICILLATA. Cass. (Sparganophorus. Michx.} 
 
 In shallow water, N. J. to Flor. Stem decumbent at base, 1 2f high. 
 Leaves in numerous whorls of about 6, linear-setaceous, entire, 1' in length. 
 Head commonly solitary, at top of the stem. Jl. Sept. 
 
 4. EUPATORIUM. 
 
 Dedicated to Eupater, king of Pontus, who first used the plant in medicine. 
 
 Flowers all tubular ; involucre imbricate, oblong ; style much ex- 
 serted, deeply cleft ; anthers included ; receptacle naked, flat ; pappus 
 simple, scabrous ; achenia 5-angled. ^ Herbs, with opposite or verti- 
 cillate leaves. Hds. corymbose. Fls. of the cyanic series, that is, white, 
 blue, red, fyc.. never yellow. 
 
 * Leaves verticillate. Flowers purple.-f 
 
 1. E. FISTULOSUM. Barratt. (E. purpureum. Willd. in part. E. macu- 
 latum. Linn, in part. E. purpureum. y. angustifolium. T. $ G.) Trum- 
 pet-weed. St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucous-purple, striate or fluted ; Ivs. 
 
 in about 12 whorls of 6s, largest in the middle of the stem, rather finely glan- 
 dular-serrate ; midvein and veinlets livid purple ; corymb globose, with vvhorled 
 peduncles. Thickets, U. S. and Can., very abundant in the Western States ! 
 Height 6 lOf, hollow its whole length. Leaves, including the 1' petiole, 8' by 
 2'. Corymb often If diam. Flowers purple. The glaucous hue and suffused 
 redness of this majestic plant are most conspicuous in flowering-time. It does 
 not appear to possess the acrid properties of E. maculatum. July Sept. 
 
 2. E. MACULATUM. (E. purpureum, /?. Darl.) Spotted Eupatorium. 
 
 St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous 
 glands and purple lines; the glands on the stem and leaves give out an acrid 
 effluvium in flowering-time ; Ivs. tripli- veined, 3 5 in a whorl. Low grounds, 
 U. S. and Can. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves petiolate, 6 T by 3 4', strongly 
 serrate. Flowers purple. July Sept. 
 
 /?. urticcefolium. Barratt. Height 4 5f; st. solid, slender; Ivs. thin, much 
 longer than the usual form of E. maculatum. 
 
 3. E. PURPUREUM. "Linn.no.tofDC. Willd. nor PL (E. verticillatum. Willd.) 
 St. solid, glabrous, green, sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the 
 
 joints about 1' broad ; Ivs. feather-veined, in whorls of 3, 4 and 5, smooth above, 
 with a soft pubescence beneath along the midvein and veinlets, coarsely serrate. 
 Dry woods or meadows, common, U. S. and Can. Stem 6f high. Leaves 
 thin and soft, 9 12' (including the 1' petiole) by 3 4'. Corymb lax, pale pur- 
 ple, varying to whitish. Aug. Sept. 
 
 0. album. Barratt. (E. tritbliatum. Darl.} Fls. dull white ; Ivs. 5 in a whorl, 
 large and distant. It occurs also with 4 leaves in a whorl a tall variety, 
 upper leaves subfalcate ; also with 3 leaves in a whorl tall and slender. 
 
 4. E. TERNIFOLIUM. Ell. (in part.) 
 
 St. solid, somewhat hispid and glandular, greenish, with purple dots and 
 lines ; Ivs. mostly 3 in a whorl, the upper and last whorls smooth and finely ser- 
 rate. 
 0. vesiculosum. Barratt. St. atriate, purplish, solid, 2 3f high. Abundant 
 in meadows and pastures. A handsome variety, with a profusion of purple 
 flowers in a large, spreading corymb. The leaves present a vesicular appear- 
 ance in a remarkable degree on their upper surface. 
 
 * * Leaves opposite. Heads 3 5-flowered. 
 
 5. E. HYSSOPIFOLIUM. Narrow-leaved Eupatorium. 
 
 Lvs. opposite (the upper ones alternate), often verticillate, linear-lanceo- 
 
 t This section according to Dr. Barratt. See preface. 
 
EUPATORIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 315 
 
 late, tripli- veined, punctate, lower ones subserrate, tipper ones entire. A more 
 delicate species, smooth in all its parts, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields, 
 Mass. ! to La. Stem about 2f high, branching, with numerous narrow leaves, 
 which are mostly opposite, and a spreading corymb at the summit. Heads 
 5-flowered. Outer scales shortest, the others shorter than the purplish flowers. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 6. E. LEUCOLEPIS. T. & G. (E. glaucescens. 0. kucolepis. DC. E. 
 linearifolium. MX.) St. mostly simple ; Ivs. lanceolate or linear, obtuse, 
 
 closely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli- veined ; corymb fastigiate, 
 canescent ; hds. 5-flowered ; scales 8 10, scarious at the summit, as long as the 
 flowers. Sandy fields, N. J. to La. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves 1 2J by \ f ', 
 glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stem, upper ones linear and en- 
 tire. Corolla dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug. Oct. 
 
 7. E. ALTISSIMUM. (Kuhnia glutinosa. DC.} Goldenrod Eupatorium. 
 St. pubescent-tomentose, tall, corymbose at the summit ; Ivs. lanceolate, 
 
 acutely serrate above the middle, pubescence tapering to each end, subsessile, 
 conspicuously 3- veined ; hds. 5-flowered ; scales 8 12, obtuse, pubescent. 
 Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and Western States, Plummer! Stem round, 
 striate, 3 7f high. Leaves 3 4' by f ', much resembling those of Solidago 
 Canadensis ; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb compound, con- 
 sisting of many simple, subcapitate ones. Corollas whitish, nearly twice as 
 long as the scales. Sept. Oct. 
 
 8. E. ALBUM. (E. glandulosum. Michx.} White-flowered Eupatorium. 
 
 St. pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, strongly serrate, sessile, scabrous or 
 pubescent, acute, obscurely 3-veined ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. 5-flowered ; scales 
 814, lance-linear, setaceously acuminate, scarious on the margin, and much 
 longer than the flowers ; ach. glandular. Sandy fields, Penn. to La. Stem 
 about 2f high, numerously divided above. Leaves 2 3' by 1', upper ones 
 entire and alternate. Involucre concealing the flowers, and with them copious- 
 ly sprinkled with resinous dots, whitish. Aug. Oct. 
 
 9. E. TEUCRIFOLIUM. Willd. (E. verbenaefolium. MX. E. pubescens. Pers.) 
 Hairy Eupatorium. Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, rough, veiny, 
 
 the lower ones doubly serrate, the upper ones subserrate or entire ; st. panicu- 
 late, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbose branches above. Mass. ! to La. 
 Plant hairy, 2 3f high, with a somewhat panicled corymb of white flowers. 
 The upper leaves are often entire. Involucre 5-flowered, with twice as many 
 scales in two rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much- more rough. Aug. 
 
 10. E. SESSILIFOLIUM. Sessile-leaved Eupatorium. 
 
 Lrs. opposite, sessile, distinct, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at 
 the base, very smooth, serrate ; st. smooth. Plant 2 4f high, in rocky woods, 
 Mass, to la. ! and Ga. Stem slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb 
 with white flowers. Leaves large, tapering regularly from the somewhat trun- 
 cate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneath. Flower-stalks 
 downy. Heads 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Sept. 
 
 11. E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Willd. Hoarhound. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate, subcordate at base, 3-veined 
 and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; hds. about 
 5-flowered, inner scales acuminate, as long as the flowers. A slender species, 
 in dry fields, N. J. and S. States. Stem 2 3f high, roughish. Leaves 1 2j' 
 long, | as wide, mostly obtuse. Heads fastigiate-corymbose. Involucre very 
 pubescent, outer scales shorter than the inner. Flowers white. Pappus longer 
 than corolla. Styles much exserted. Aug. Sept. 
 
 12. E. PUBESCENS. Muhl. (E. ovatum. Bw.} Hairy Eupatorium. 
 
 St. hirsute ; Ivs. opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough, 
 pubescent ; corymb fastigiate ; invol. about 8-flowered. A large, rough plant, 
 3 if high- growing in dry grounds, N. H. ! to Penn. Distinguished by its 
 opposite, broadly ovate leaves, and its strong pubescence. Involucre of about 
 12 pubescent scales, the outer much the shortest. Aug 
 27* 
 
316 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CONOCLINIUM. 
 
 * * * Leaves opposite. Heads 8 ^-flowered. 
 
 13. E. PERFOLIATUM. ThoToughwort. Boneset. 
 
 Lvs. connate-perfoliate, very pubescent. A common, well known plant, 
 on low grounds, meadows, U. S. and Can. Abundant. Stem 1 5f high, 
 round, rough and hairy. Each pair of leaves are so united at the base as to 
 constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stem, and placed at right 
 angles to it ; they are rough, rugose, serrate, tapering to a long point, and both 
 combined, are 8 14' in length. Heads about 12-flowered, clustered in large, 
 terminal corymbs. Corollas white. Aug. The plant is bitter, and is used in 
 medicine as a tonic. 
 
 14. E. RESINOSDM. Torr. 
 
 St. minutely tomentose ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, tapering to 
 a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly glandular both 
 
 confined to the pine barrens of N. J., where it was first found by Dr. Torrey. 
 
 15. E. AGERATolDEs. Nettle-leaved Eupatorium. 
 
 St. smooth, somewhat branched ; Ivs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate, 
 acuminate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth ; corymbs compound ; invoL simple, 
 smooth. Rocky hills and' woods, Can. and U. S. Stem round, 2 4f high, 
 and with the whole plant nearly smooth. Leaves large, 3 6' long, 2 4' broad 
 at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1 2' long. Heads numerous, in small clus- 
 ters, constituting a compound corymb. Involucre scales mostly in a row, con- 
 taining 12 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug. Sept. 
 
 16. E. AROMATICUM. Aromatic Eupatorium. 
 
 St. rough, pubescent, corymbose at summit; Ivs. petiolate, opposite, sub- 
 cordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish ; invol. simple, 
 pubescent. A handsome species, in low woods, Mass, to La. Whole plant 
 slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Leaves 2 4' long, | as wide, on petioles 
 less than an inch long. Heads of the flowers large, 10 15-flowered, white and 
 aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug. Sept. 
 
 17. E. sERorlNUM. Michx. 
 
 St. puberulent, diffusely branched ; Ivs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, sharp- 
 ly serrate, tripli-veined, nearly glabrous ; corymbs compound ; hds. 12 15- 
 flowered; scales 10 12, scarious-edged, very pubescent. 111. Mead, to Ga. 
 Stem 4 6f high, somewhat paniculate above. Leaves 4 6' by f !', upper 
 ones nearly entire, and somewhat scattered, lower ones opposite, with large, 
 irregular serratures. Sept. Oct. 
 
 5. MIKANIA. Willd. 
 
 In honor of Professor Mikan, of Prague. 
 
 Flowers all tubular ; involucre 4 6-leaved, 4 6-flowered ; recep- 
 tacle naked ; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous ; anthers partly ex- 
 serted ; achenia angled. Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. opposite. 
 
 M. SCANDENS. Willd. Climbing Boneset. 
 
 St. smooth ; Ivs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, 
 rather unequal ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. A climbing plant of 
 wet thickets, Mass. ! to Ga., rather rare. Every part smooth. Leaves 2 3' by 
 1 2', on petioles 1 2' long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short, 
 nearly naked, each bearing a small corymb of whitish, or pink-colored flowers. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. 
 
 Gr. KWVOS, cone, K\ivr), bed or receptacle. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; receptacle conical. Character otherwise as 
 in Eupatorium. % Herbaceous or sufruticose. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, 
 serrate. Fls. blue or purple, in crowded corymbs. 
 
LIATRIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 317 
 
 C. C03LEST1NUM. DC. (Coslestina coeralea. Spreng. Eupatorium celes- 
 tinum. Linn.} Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much branched ; Ivs. deltoid- 
 ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenate- 
 serrate, veiny ; petioles slender, about half as long as the lamina ; corymbs nu- 
 merous, subumbellate ; scales numerous, setaceous. Hedges, thickets, roadsides, 
 &c., Penn. and S. and W. States! Stem 1 2jf high, terete, with opposite 
 branches. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide. Flowers 2050 in a head, of a 
 light or sky-blue, reddish in fading. Aug. Sept. 
 
 7. LIATRIS. 
 
 Gr. \i, an emphatic prefix, arpcof, invulnerable; used as a vulnerary. 
 
 Flowers all tubular ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; receptacle naked ; 
 pappus plumose, copious ; achenia obconic, 10-striate; styles much 
 exserted. % herbs or shrubs. Root tuberous. St. simple. Los. 
 alternate. Fls. cyanic. 
 
 * Heads 16 6Q-flowered. 
 
 1. L. SQUARROSA. Willd. Blazing Star. 
 
 Smooth or scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. linear, lower ones attenuated at base ; 
 roc. flexuous, leafy ; hds. few, sessile or nearly so ; invol. ovate-cylindric ; scales 
 large, squarrose-spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate, 
 scarcely colored ; fls. numerous ; pappus plumose. A splendid plant, native 
 (in N. Y. according to Prof. Eaton} Penn. to Flor. and W. States ! Stem 2 
 3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Heads 5 20, with brilliant 
 purple flowers. Aug. f 
 
 2. L. CYLINDRACEA. Michx. 
 
 St. low, slender and very leafy, smooth or somewhat hirsute ; Ivs. rigid, 
 linear, mostly 1-veined ; hds. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylindrical, 15 20- 
 flowered ; scales short, close, rounded or obtuse and abruptly mucronate at apex. 
 Prairies and barrens, Mich, to Mo. Stem 6 18' high. Leaves 2 5' by 2 4". 
 Heads 1' long, rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Flowers 
 bright purple. 
 
 3. L. SCARIOSA. Gay Feather. 
 
 Scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower oir long petioles, upper linear 
 and much smaller ; hds. remotely racemed ; invol. globose-hemispherical ; scales 
 obovate, very obtuse, purplish ; fls. numerous ; pappus scabrous. A beautiful 
 plant, 4 5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Mass. (Richard!} to 111. ! and La. 
 Stem rather stout, whitish above. Leaves numerous, entire, lower 3 9' long, 
 upper 1 3' by 1 3", rough-edged. Heads 5 20, 1' diam., in a long raceme, 
 each 20 40-flowered. Corolla purple. Aug. f 
 
 * * Heads 5 15-flowered. 
 
 4. L. GRAMINIFOLIA. Willd. Torr. & Gray. Grass-leaved Liatris. 
 Glabrous or with scattered hairs ; st. slender and simple ; Ivs. linear, 1- 
 
 veined; hds. 7 12-flowered, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below; 
 involucre acute at base ; scales many, obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter ; ach. 
 hairy. N. J. to Ala. 
 
 /?. 1 dubia. (L. pilosa. /?. dubia. Ph. L. dubia. Bart.} Inflorescence 
 sometimes compound below, or partly paniculate. Pine barrens, N. J. Stem 
 2 3f high. Leaves 3 6' by 2 4". Heads rather small. Sept. Oct. 
 
 5. L. SPICATA. Willd. Slender-spiked Liatris. 
 
 Lvs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed at 
 base ; hds. in a long, terminal spike, nearly sessile ; Ifts. of the invol. oblong, 
 obtuse ; fl,s. about 8 ; pappus scabrous-plumose. Native from N. J. and Mich. ! 
 to Flor. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. 
 Stem 2 5f high. Heads numerous, with bright purple flowers. Aug. f 
 
 /?. resinosa. T. & G. (L. resinosa. Nutt.} Plant smaller; hds. about 5- 
 flowered. 
 
 6. L. PYCNOSTACHTA. Michx. Thick-spiked Liatris. 
 
 Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy; Ivs. rigid, ascending, straight 
 
318 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. 
 
 lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, narrow-linear ; spike 
 dense and thick, long and bracted below ; hds. numerous, cylindrical, sessile, 
 5-flowered ; scales, appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrose tips % 
 Prairies, 111. ! to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata chiefly by 
 its acute, squarrose scales and few-flowered heads. Stem 3 5f high. Spikes 
 cylindrical, 10 20' long. 
 ft. T. & G. (L. brachystachya. Nutt.} St. and itwol. nearly glabrous. 
 
 Section 2. Heads radiate. 
 
 8. TUSSILAGO. 
 
 Altered from the Lat. tuaste, cough ; considered a good expectorant. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; flowers of the ray 9> those of the disk c?; 
 involucre simple ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. "4- Lvs. radi- 
 cal. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. 
 
 T. FARFARA. CoWs-foot. 
 
 A low plant, in wet places, brook sides, N. and Mid. States, and is a cer- 
 tain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing 
 with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head, in March and April, long 
 before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 5 8' 
 by 3 6', cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cotton- 
 like down beneath, and on downy petioles. ? 
 
 9. NARDOSMIA. Cass. 
 Gr. vapdog, spikenard, 00-^77, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, somewhat 9 cT; flowers of the ray 9> of the 
 disk , but abortive in the sterile plant ; involucre simple ; recep- 
 tacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary. % Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic. 
 The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row ; of the fertile 
 heads in several, but very narrow. 
 
 N. PALMATA. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait.') 
 
 Scape -with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb ; Ivs. roundish-cordate, 5 7-lobed, 
 tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt., 
 Robbins. Sunderland, Mass.* Hitchcock. W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, 
 acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout 
 scape covered with leaf-scales and 1 2f high. The heads are fragrant, nume- 
 rous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May. 
 
 TRIBE 3. ASTEROIDEJE. 
 
 Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and 
 
 linear, equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly alternate. 
 
 Section 1. Heads radiate. Rays cyanic. 
 
 10. ASTER. 
 
 Gr. affrrjp, a ttJUufc- from the radiated flowers. 
 
 Involucre oblong, imbricate ; scales loose, often with green tips, 
 the outer spreading ; disk flowers tubular, $ ; ray flowers 9 > in one 
 row, generally few (6 100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, 
 finally revolute ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary, 
 scabrous ; achenium usually compressed. A large genus of % herbs, 
 very abundant in the V. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. 
 alternate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple 
 01" white, never yellow. 
 
 Scales imbricate, with appressed, greenish tips. Rays 6 15. Lower 
 leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads corymbose. BIOTIA. DC. 
 
 1. A. CORYMBOSUS. Ait. (Eurybia corymbosa. Cass.} Corymbcd Aster. 
 
 St. corymbose-fastigiate, smooth ; branches hairy; tvs. ovate, acutely ser- 
 
ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 319 
 
 rate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invol. oblong, 
 imbricate with closely appressed, obtuse scales. Common in dry woods, N. and 
 Mid. States. Stem 2f high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous. 
 Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serra- 
 tures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad, 
 flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about 6 long, narrow, white rays. Aug. 
 
 2. A. MACROPHYLLUS. Willd. (Eurybia macrophylla. Coss.) Large-leaved, 
 Aster. St. branched, diffuse ; Ivs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper 
 
 ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat 
 winged ; invol. cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales. Distin- 
 guished for its very large root leaves which are 6 10' by 3 5'. Grows in 
 woods, N. States and Can. Stem furrowed, 1 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth. 
 Rays about 13, white or pale blue. Sept. 
 
 Scales imbricated, with spreading, green tips. Rays 12 30. Pap- 
 pus bristles rigid, some of them thickened upwards. Heads large, 
 corymbose. Lower leaves never cordate, cauline sessile, rigid. CALLI- 
 ASTRUM. T. & G. 
 
 3. A. RADULA. Ait. Rasp-leaved Aster. 
 
 St. erect, simple below, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed 
 towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough ; invol. imbricate, scales 
 appressed, with small, spreading green tips. Moist groves and hedges, Me. to 
 Penn. ! Not common. Height 1 3f. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow, 
 sharply serrate leaves which abundantly clothe the straight, smooth stem. 
 Branches nearly naked, undivided, each having a single large head, rarely 
 more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish. The lower leaves are some- 
 times ovate-lanceolate. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. A. SPECTABILIS. Ait. Shovry Aster. 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower 
 ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ; hds. hemispherical, with nu- 
 merous, squarrose-spreading, ciliate scales. A low Aster of pine barrens, Mass. ! 
 to Ky. Stem straight, 1 2f high, branching above into a nearly simple co- 
 rymb of 10 15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays. 
 Sept. Nov. 
 
 5. A. GRACILIS. Nutt. Slender Aster. 
 
 St. minutely-pubescent, corymbose at summit ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, in- 
 cisely and remotely serrulate, narrowed to the sub-clasping base; corymb 
 loose, spreading; scales linear-oblong, whitish, with green, spreading tips ; rays 
 about 12. Pine barrens, N. J. Stems clustered, 12 14' high, purplish, leafy, 
 slender. Leaves 1 2' long, glabrous, opaque, lower ones somewhat spatu- 
 late. Corymb simple or compound. Rays pale violet, about as long as the 
 involucre. Sept. 
 
 Scales green, or with green tips. Rays 00. Pappus bristles soft, 
 none of them thickened upwards. Achenia compressed. ASTER proper. 
 * Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads paniculate. 
 
 6. A. CORDIFOLIUS. Heart-leaved Aster. 
 
 St. paniculate, smoothish ; lower Ivs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply ser- 
 rate, acuminate, petiolate ; petioles winged ; invol. closely imbricate, the scales 
 with short, green tips. Common in rocky woods, N. and- W. States. Stem 
 smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2f high, 
 with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. 
 Rays 10 15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a 
 deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long, 
 acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or 
 less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or mi- 
 nute bracts. Sept. 
 
 7. A. SAGITTIFOLIUS. Arrow-leaved Aster. 
 
 St. with racemose branches above, smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, 
 
320 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. 
 
 serrate, petiolate ; invol. scales loose, lanceolate. Low woods, N. and W. States 
 and Can. Stem 2 4f high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with 
 numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads 
 small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of 
 blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept. 
 
 8. A. UNDULATUS. Wave-leaf Aster. 
 
 St. paniculate, hispid; branches secund, leafy, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong- 
 cordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, 
 lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles. Native of dry 
 woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lower 
 leaves on long winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming nar- 
 row-ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, fdrm'ing a loose panicle 
 of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept. 
 
 9. A. AZUREUS. Lindl. (A. Oolentangiensis. Riddcll.} 
 
 Scabrous ; st. and racemose paniculate branches rigid ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cor- 
 date, slightly serrate, on hairy petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and 
 linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate ; hds. broadly obconic ; 
 scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed. Woods and prairies, Western States. 
 Stem about 2f high. Leaves of several forms between the lowest cordate to 
 the small, subulate, numerous iloral .ones . of the slender branches. Racemes 
 rather remote, panicled, with middle-sized heads. Rays blue. 
 
 10. A. SHORTII. Hook. Short s Aster. 
 
 Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above ; Ivs. 
 lance-ovate, cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, subentire, upper ones sessile 
 and obtuse at base ; /ids. middle-size, racemose or racemose-paniculate, rather 
 numerous; invol. broad-cam panulate; scales scarious, close, green-tipped, shorter 
 than the disk flowers. A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of 
 streams, Ohio ! to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2 4f high. Lower leaves about 
 5' by H', the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they 
 are minute. Rays violet blue. 
 
 * * Lower leaves never cordate. Cauline leaves clasping and cordate or 
 auriculate at base. 
 
 11. A. PATENS. (A. amplexicaulis. Willd.') Spreading Aster. 
 
 St. simple, paniculate .above, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, clasping 
 the stem, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, pubescent ; panicle loose, few- 
 flowered ; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, the points herbaceous. Grows in 
 moist grounds, Northern States. Stem 2 3f high, slender, branching above 
 into a loose, terminal panicle. Leaves large, (36' long) on the stem, becom- 
 ing small and bracteate on the branches. Heads solitary on the ends of the 
 leafy branchlets, large, with 20 30 violet-colored rays. Aug. Nov. 
 
 12. A. LJEVIS. (A. muta-bilis. Linn. A. amplexicaulis. Muhl.} Smooth Aster. 
 Very smooth ; st. angular ; branches simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi- 
 
 caul, remote, oblong, entire, shining, radical ones subserrate ; invol. closely 
 imbricate, the scales broadly-linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the 
 apex. A very smooth and beautiful species, 2 3f high, growing in low grounds. 
 Stem polished, green, often somewhat glaucous. Leaves rather fleshy, broadest 
 at base, the lower ones tapering to a winged petiole. Flowers large and showy, 
 with numerous rays of a fine blue, becoming purple. Sept. Nov. 
 
 0. levigatus. (A. laevigatus. Willd.} Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate. 
 
 Y. cyajieus. (A. cyaneus. Ph.} St. and Ivs. conspicuously glaucous. These 
 are beautiful varieties, especially the latter, which is perhaps the most beauti- 
 ful of all the asters. 
 
 13. A. CONCINNUS. Willd., not of Nees. Elegant Aster. 
 
 St. simple, paniculate at the summit, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate and lance- 
 linear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire ; 
 invol. closely imbricate, scales green at the tip. Woods, Northern States! 
 A slender species, 1 2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and re- 
 mote. Leaves 3 5' long, acuminate, varying from i 1' in width, smooth ex- 
 
ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 321 
 
 cept the mid- vein beneath ; branch leaves few and much smaller. Heads mid- 
 dle-size, with 10 15 bluish purple rays. Sept. Nov. 
 
 14. A. PUNICEUS. Red-stalked Aster. 
 
 St. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at 
 base, lanceolate, serrate, roughish above ; invol. loose, longer than the disk, 
 the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed. A 
 large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, 
 N. States and Can. Stem 4 6f high, generally red, (at least on the south side), 
 furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rough 
 on the upper surface, all acuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers large and 
 showy. Rays 50 80, long and narrow, pale purple. Aug. Oct. 
 
 15. A. FRENANTHolDES. Muhl. Prenanthes-liJce Aster. 
 
 St. hairy or pubescent above, corymbose-paniculate ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, 
 serrate, acuminate, attenuate at base into a long winged petiole which is au- 
 riculate at the insertion ; invol. imbricated with several rows of linear, green- 
 tipped, spreading scales. Grows in low woods, N. Y. to Ky. Stem 2 3f high, 
 with a terminal, corymbose panicle of large heads on short peduncles. Rays 
 showy, pale blue. Leaves remarkable for the long, winged petiole, which is 
 dilated at its base into rounded, auriculate segments. Branch leaves smaller, 
 nearly entire. Sept. Nov. 
 
 16. A. AMETHYSTlNus. Nutt. Amethystine Aster. 
 
 Hirsute ; st. racemose-paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, 
 acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base ; invol. of 
 equal scales. Eastern Mass., Nuttall, &c. Heads small, with azure rays. 
 Aug. Oct. 
 
 17. A. NOVJE ANGLIC. New England Aster. 
 
 Fls. terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate ; st. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs. 
 linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base ; scales of involucre equal, lax, 
 linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk. A large and beautiful aster, in 
 fields, meadows and shades, more common in the W. States ! than in N. Eng. ! 
 Stem 4 6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Leaves very numer- 
 ous, narrow, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Flowers large, in a 
 kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-flowers deep purple, numerous (75 
 100). Sept. f 
 
 * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin serrate. 
 t Scales not spreading. 
 
 18. A. TRADESCANTI. Tradescanfs Aster. 
 
 Branches virgate, paniculate; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile, 
 smooth ; invol. closely imbricate ; st. round, slender, smooth. A fine species, 
 with numerous leaves, growing in fields, Mass, to La. Stem rigid, brownish, 
 about 3f high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem-leaves 
 narrowly lanceolate, 4' long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Heads small, 
 numerous, with pale purple rays. Aug. Oct. 
 
 (l.fragilis.T.&Gr. (A. fragilis. Willd.} Cauline leaves serrulate or entire, 
 short ; heads much scattered on the branches. 
 
 19. A. MISER. Ait. T. & G. (A/miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus. 
 Ait.') Starved Aster. St. racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent ; Ivs. 
 
 sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle ; invol. imbricated with acute 
 scales; rays short. A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, TJ. S. 
 and Can. In. height it varies from 6 to 30', and in luxuriance proportionately 
 to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly 
 simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes. 
 Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1 5' in length. Heads 
 usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays. 
 
 /?. diffusus. Branches spreading, diffuse ; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, more or 
 less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath; hds. often sessile, forming short, 
 crowded spikes or long virgate ones. 
 
 Y. hirsuticaulis. T. & G. (A. hirsuticaulis. Lindl.} St. hirsute ; Ivs. long 
 
322 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. 
 
 and narrow, midvein hirsute ; hds. racemose or spicate, upper in short, dense 
 bunches; scales linear. 
 
 20. A. SIMPLEX. Willd. (A. salicifolius. Darl.) Willow-leaved Aster. 
 
 Glabrous ; st. racemose-paniculate above ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, en- 
 tire, the margins scabrous, lower ones serrate ; scales loosely imbricated, linear- 
 subulate. Another variable species in low grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 
 ] 51' high, somewhat corymbose. Leaves 2 4' by 5 10", very smooth both 
 sides, tapering to a slender point ; those of the branches and branchlets propor- 
 tionately smaller. Heads rather few, middle size, on the short branchlets. Sept. 
 
 ft. altior. Branches hirsute or pubescent ; hds. above the middle size, with 
 blue rays. Stem 4 6f high. 
 
 y. humilior. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads ; 
 rays pale blue. Stem 1 2f high. 
 
 i. recurvatus. Diffuse, with long, spreading or recurved branches ; hds. loosely 
 racemed ; rays bluish- white. Western ! 
 
 21. A. TENUIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved Aster. 
 
 St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets; Ivs. 
 linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, long-acuminate, entire, with roughish 
 margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle ; invol. scales lax, acute. 
 Grows in moist fields, Can. to Va. Stem leaves 2 4' long, those of the branches 
 and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small, with numerous (2030), 
 long, pale purple rays. Sept. 
 
 22. A. GREENEI. Torr. & Gray. Greene's Aster. 
 
 St. glabrous, racemosely branched; Ivs. glabrous, subclasping, remotely 
 appressed-serrulate, scabrous above, lower narrow-lanceolate, upper short, nu- 
 merous, ovate-lanceolate; hds. rather small, on short, bracted peduncles." Near 
 Boston. Dr. B. D. Greene, Dr. Pickering. Cauline leaves 3 5' long, ramial 
 leaves much smaller. 
 
 23. A. NOVI-BELGII. New York Aster. 
 
 Glabrous ; st. terete, stout, often glaucous ; Ivs. rather rigid, lanceolate, 
 acute, the lower subserrate and subclasping ; hds. racemose or corymbose ; scales 
 rather loosely imbricated, lanceolate, subequal, with acute green tips ; rays 
 numerous. A smooth, handsome Aster in Western and Southern States, not 
 common. Stem 2 4f high, with few, straight, somewhat corymbose branches. 
 Leaves 4 6' long, tapering to each end, rough-edged, upper ones much smaller. 
 Heads rather large. Rays pale blue, expanding 9 12". Aug. Oct. 
 
 1 1 Scales spreading or squarrose at tip. 
 
 24. A. LAXUS. Loose-stalked Aster. 
 
 St. loosely corymbose-panicled above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 rough-edged, lower ones subserrate, those of the stem subreflexed, of the branches 
 much spreading ; invol. imbricate, scales lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. 
 Fields, Mass., N. Y. Stem 2 3f high, with small, bluish flowers. Sept. Oct. 
 
 25. A. LAXIFOLIUS. Nees. Loose-leaved Aster. 
 
 St. scabrous ; roc. compound ; branches racemose at the summit or slightly 
 compound; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, elongated, mucronately serrulate, attenuate 
 at each end. clasping at base, scabrous above ; scales squarrose. 
 
 y. Icetiflorus. T. & G. St. slender, with long, filiform, spreading branches ; 
 Ivs. rather rigid and very scabrous ; roc. loose, the pedicels nearly leafless. 
 Ohio and Wis. Described by Drs. Torrey fy Gray as a very graceful plant of 
 considerable size, with very long, narrow leaves, and numerous, long, showy, 
 pale purple rays. 
 
 26. A. LONGIPOLICTS. Lam. (A. laevigatus. Ph.} Long-kaved Aster. 
 Glabrous ; st. very branching, branches many-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi- 
 
 caul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth; invol. scales lax, lanceolate, 
 nearly equaling the disk. Fields and thickets, N. Y. to Car. Stem 3f high. 
 Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 46' long. 
 Heads numerous, showy, with 2530 light blue rays. Nov. 
 
ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 323 
 
 * * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin entire or subentire. 
 t Scales erect. 
 
 27. A. SERICEUS. Vent. (A. argenteus. Michx.} Silk-leaved Aster. 
 
 Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky-pubescent and branched 
 above ; Ivs. clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-canescent pubes- 
 cence, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile ; hds. large, mostly 
 solitary, terminal on the short, leafy branchlets ; scales lanceolate, silky-canes- 
 cent like the leaves, spreading at tip. A singularly elegant Aster, with shin- 
 ing, silvery foliage, prairies ! and river banks! Wis. and Iowa, to Miss. Stem 
 1 2f high. Lower leaves 2 3' by f If, the upper much smaller. Rays 
 deep violet-blue. Aug. Oct. f 
 
 28. A. coNcSLOR. One-colored Aster. 
 
 St. subsimple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, gray- 
 ish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acumi- 
 nate ; roc. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated ; scales 
 lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed. Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. A slender and 
 virgate plant, 1 3f high, sometimes branched below. Root often tuberous. 
 Leaves !' by J 7 , reduced in size upwards. Heads in a long raceme, with blue 
 rays and a rust-colored pappus. 
 
 29. A. TURBINELLUS. Lindl. 
 
 Smooth or slightly scabrous ; branches and branchlets very slender ; Ivs. 
 lanceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping, entire, those of the 
 branches linear, and of the branchlets subulate ; invol. turbinate, acute at base, 
 as long as the disk flowers ; scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse, 
 with short green tips. Woods and river bottoms, 111. Mead, Mo., &c. to La. 
 Stems 2f high, with the branches numerous and somewhat corymbose. Lower 
 leaves 3 5' by f It', the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales of 
 the obconic or top-shaped involucre. Heads middle-size, with blue rays and 
 brownish pappus. Sept. 
 
 30. A. DUMOSUS. Bushy Aster. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; branches racemose-panicled ; Ivs. numerous, smooth, li- 
 near, sessile, entire or subserrate, those of the branches very short ; invol. cyl- 
 indrical, closely imbricate. About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of woods, 
 U. S. Stem much branched, smooth or slightly pubescent, with long, linear 
 leaves, those of the branches smaller and becoming very minute. Heads mid- 
 dle sized, scattered, solitary, with about 24 purplish white rays. Ctuite varia- 
 ble. Sept. 
 
 0. foliosus. (A. foliosus. Ait.) St. racemose-compound; Ivs. acute, often ser- 
 rulate ; scales narrower, subacute. 
 
 y. strictior. (A. fragilis. Lindl.} Somewhat paniculate ; branch leaves rather 
 numerous and appressed. 
 
 31. A. CARNEUS. Flesh-colored Aster. 
 
 Smooth ; st. dividing into many straight, racemose, leafy branches ; Ivs. 
 uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones tapering to a ses- 
 sile base, the upper amplexicaul ; scales acute, much shorter than the disk. A 
 handsome bushy Aster by fences, &c. (Claremont !) N. H., W. to la. Rare. 
 Stem about 2f long, often purple. Stem leaves 3 5' by ', branch leaves 
 much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-size, somewhat secund, each with 
 20 30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept. Oct. 
 
 32. A. GRAMINIFOLIUS. Ph. Grass-leaved Aster. 
 
 Subpubescent ; st. slender, branched above ; lower Ivs. very numerous, nar- 
 row-linear; ped. slender, 1-flowered; scales linear-subulate, loose, scarcely im- 
 bricated. N. H. Eddy, in the N. Am. Fl., Vol. II., p. 503. Branches simple, 
 leafy, naked at the end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Rays 1525, much 
 longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. 
 
 1 1 Outer scales spreading or squarrose. 
 
 33. A. ERicolDES. Heath-like Aster. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth; branches virgate, spreading, paniculate; Ivs. 
 linear or linear-lanceolate, verv smooth, those of the branches subulate and ap- 
 28 
 
324 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. 
 
 proximate, short, of the stem long, of the root oblong-spatulate ; invol. some- 
 what squarrose, Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. Stem 1 3f 
 high, with numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a thick bush and 
 terminated each by a single pale purple flower. Leaves rather numerous, the 
 cauline ones 3' in length. Heads small, about 20-rayed. Sept. 
 
 34. A. MULTIFLORUS. Many-flowered Aster. 
 
 Hairy or pubescent ; st. diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, entire, sessile, pu- 
 bescent, margins subciliate ; invol. imbricate, squarrose, linear or spatulate, 
 with oblong, ciliate scales. A very branching, diffuse species, with very nu- 
 merous, small flowers crowded on the racemose branches, each with abo'ut 12 
 white rays. Stem variously pubescent, 1 2f high. Leaves 1 2' long, obtuse, 
 very narrow. Rocks and dry fields, U. S. Variable. Sept. 
 
 35. A. PRJEALTUS. Poir. (A. salicifolius. Ait.} Willow-leaved Aster. 
 
 St. corymbosely-paniculate, with hairy lines above ; Ivs. lanceolate, close- 
 ly sessile or subamplexicaul, smooth and shining above, with a rough margin, 
 subserrate or entire, acute, the lower ones narrowed towards the base ; invol. 
 loosely imbricated with acute, green-tipped, linear scales. Common in moist 
 woods and by streams (N. H. toWis. Laphamf), varying from 2 to 3f in 
 height. The stem is slender, often flexuous, green or often purple, dividing 
 above into flowering branches, arranged in a sort of corymbose panicle of large 
 and showy blue flowers. Aug. Oct. 
 
 36. A. ELODES. Torr. & Gray. Swamp Aster. 
 
 Glabrous and very smooth; branches corymbose-paniculate; Ivs. linear- 
 lanceolate, entire, shining, thick, upper ones somewhat clasping; invol. closely 
 imbricated in several rows of linear, green-pointed, spreading scales. In 
 swamps, Mass, to Va. Stem 1 2f high, with very smooth foliage and large, 
 showy, blue flowers. Aug. Sept. 
 
 37. A. OBLONGIFOLIUS. Nutt. (and A. graveolens. Nutt.} Oblong-leaved 
 Aster. St. rigid, diffusely branched, hairy ; brandies spreading, with loose 
 
 and irregular branchlets ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, partly clasp- 
 ing, entire, rough-edged, abruptly reduced on the branches and branchlets ; has. 
 solitary, terminal on the slender branchlets ; involucre scales nearly equal, green, 
 spreading. Prairies, &c. Western States! Plant 1 2f high, often glandular- 
 viscid. Cauline leaves 1220" by 35" ; those of the branches 6" by 2", of 
 the branchlets 3" by ", indistinguishable from the scales. Rays purple. Pap- 
 pus brownish. Sept. Oct. 
 Scales imbricated, scarious on the margins, destitute of green tips. 
 
 38. A. ACUMINATUS. Michx. Acuminate Wood Aster. 
 
 St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above ; 
 Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate ; 
 invol. scales lax, linear. Mountains and woods, Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem a 
 foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above, 
 and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few- 
 flowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the 
 corymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white 
 rays. Aug. 
 
 39. A. NEMORALIS. Ait. (A. Isedifolius. Ph. A. uniflorus. MX.} Wood 
 Aster. Branches corymbed or ; ped. 1-flowered, nearly naked, filiform ; 
 
 Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, revolute-margined, roughish; 
 scales of the involucre very acute, loose, shorter than the disk ; rays about 20. 
 A handsome plant, in swampy woods, N. H. Starrs! Mass. Robbins! to N. J. 
 Rather rare. Stem slender, 10 20' high. Leaves numerous, 10 18" by 2 4", 
 rarely subdentate. Heads large, few, often but one, terminating the simple 
 axis. Rays large, white or pale purple. Sept. Oct. 
 
 40. A. FTARMicdlDEs. T. & G. (Heliastrum album. DC. Chrysopsis alba. 
 Nutt.} St. corymbose-fasti giate above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 
 rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole ; 
 rays short. A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, by streams 
 and lakes, Vt. Bobbins, to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each bearing 
 
DIPLOPAPPUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 325 
 
 a spreading panicle of heads which are below the middle size and furnished 
 with snow-white rays. July Sept. 
 
 41. A. FLEXUOSUS. Nutt. (A. sparsiflorus. Ph.} Few-flowered Aster. 
 
 St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth ; Ivs. long and succulent, the 
 lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; branches leafy, 1-flow- 
 ered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter 
 than the involucre. Grows in salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. The whole plant 
 very smooth, If high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug. Oct. 
 
 42. A. LINIFOLIUS. (A. subulatus. Michx.} Sea Aster. 
 
 St. paniculate, much branched from the base ; Ivs. long, linear, very acute, 
 the uppermost subulate ; mwZ.^cylindric with subulate scales ; radical hds. mi- 
 nute. An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass, to Car. Stem 12 18' 
 high, very smooth, thick, reddish. Leaves smooth, sessile. The plant is very 
 branching, with numerous short-rayed, small, purple flowers. Aug. 
 
 11. SERICOCARPUS. Nees. 
 
 Gr. oriptKos, silken, ap7roj, fruit; from the character of the genus. 
 
 Heads few-flowered; ray-flowers 4 6, 9; disk-fls. 6 10, $; in- 
 volucre oblong, imbricated ; scales appressed, with green, spreading 
 tips ; receptacle alveolate ; achenium obconic, very silky ; pappus 
 simple. ^ Herbs with alternate leaves and close corymbs. Rays white. 
 
 1. S. SOLIDAGINEUS. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides. Michx.} 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3- veined, 
 rough on the margin ; corymb fastigiate ; Ms. aggregate, subsessile, 5-rayed ; 
 scales obtuse, white, with green tips. In woods, Can. to La. Not common. 
 Stem slender, simple, about 2f high. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 2' by 3 
 5". Heads rather small, in a level-topped corymb. Involucre oblong. Scales 
 imbricate, appressed, with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. S. coNYzolDEs. Nees. (Aster. Willd. Conyza asteroides. Linn.} 
 
 St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose at top ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, 
 smooth beneath, slighly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones ses- 
 sile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; invol. cylindri- 
 cal, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit ; rays 5, short. 
 Common in woods and thickets, Mass, to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-angled, 
 1 2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk, 
 white. July, Aug. 
 
 12. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. 
 
 Gr. JiTrXooj, double, TTaTTTrof, pappus; from the character. 
 
 Heads many-flowered: ray-fls. about 12, 9; disk-fls. ; involucre 
 imbricate ; receptacle flat, subalveolate ; pappus double, the exterior 
 very short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium compressed. % 
 Lvs. entire, alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yellow. 
 
 1. D. LINARIIFOLIFS. Hook. (Aster linariifolius. Linn.} 
 
 St. straight, roughish ; branches 1-flowered, fastigiate ; scales of invol. im- 
 bricate, carinate, as long as the disk ; Ivs. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate, 
 carinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved. A handsome species, 
 in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can., rather rare. Stems subsimple, 
 purplish, about a foot high, decumbent at base. Leaves numerous, rigidly up- 
 right or recurved, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, pale beneath, shining 
 above. Branchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showy, 
 violet-colored head. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2. D. UMBELLATUS. Hook. (A. amygdalinus. Michx. A. umbellatus. Ait.} 
 St. smooth, straight, simple; corymb fastigiate; Ivs. long, lanceolate, 
 
 smooth, attenuate-acuminate at each end, rough on the margin ; invol. scales 
 obtusely lanceolate. A tall, handsome plant, growing in low grounds, river 
 banks and fields, N. Eng. to La. Stem 3 4f high (in dry fields but 12), 
 
326 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ERIGERON. 
 
 purplish, channeled, simple, smooth, branching above into a large, level-topped, 
 compound corymb of showy flowers. Leaves narrow, entire, 46' in length, 
 those of the branchlets smaller. Rays about 12, white. Disk yellow. Aug. Sept. 
 /?. amygdalinus. St. roughish above, green ; branches of the corymb divaricate; 
 Ivs. broader. Gluite different in aspect from variety a. Common. 
 
 3. D. CORNIFOLIUS. Less. (Aster cornifolius. Muhl.} 
 
 St. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, few-flowered ; 
 Ivs. elliptical, acuminate, entire, tapering to the base, with scattered hairs, 
 rough-edged ; invol. scales imbricate, shorter than the disk. Grows in woods, 
 N. and Mid. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1 2f high. Leaves 
 acute at the base, paler beneath, on very short stalks. Flowers few, large ; 
 outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. July, Aug. 
 
 13. ERIGfiRON. 
 
 Gr. rjp, the spring, yspwv, an old man ; because it is hoary early in the season. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, subhemispherical ; ray-flowers 9 very nu- 
 merous (40 200), narrow, linear ; flowers of the disk $ ; receptacle 
 flat, naked ; involucre nearly in 1 row ; pappus generally simple. 
 Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays cyanic. 
 
 Rays longer than the involucre. Mostly i\.. 
 
 1. E. BELLIDIFOLIUM. Muhl. (E. pulchellum. MX.} Robin's Plantain. 
 Hirsute ; radical Ivs. obovate, obtuse, subserrate ; stem Ivs. remote, mostly 
 
 entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping ; Ads. 3 7, in a close, terminal corymb ; 
 rays- nearly twice longer than the involucre, linear-spatulate. Dry fields and 
 thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stoliniierous, \ 2f 
 high. Leaves 2 3' by 6 9", mostly broadest above the middle. Rays 60 
 100, bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in 
 May and June. Resembles the following. 
 
 2. E. PHILADELPHICUM. (E. purpureum. Ait.} Narrow-rayed Robin's PI. 
 Pubescent or hirsute ; Ivs. thin, lower spatulate, crenate-dentate, upper ob- 
 
 long-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate) 
 base, subserrate ; hds. few, on long, slender peduncles ; rays very numerous, 
 filiform, more than twice longer than the involucre. Woods and pastures 
 throughout N. Am. Stem slender, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 4' by 6 9", lower 
 much attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays 150 200 ! reddish-purple or flesh- 
 colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. Aug. 
 
 (3. 1 Ricardi. Cauline Ivs. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. H. Richard ! 
 
 y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate leaves. 
 
 3. E. HETEROPHYLLUM. Muhl. (E. annuum. Pers.} Common Fteabane. 
 White-weed. St. hispid with scattered hairs, branching ; Ivs. hirsute, 
 
 coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base into a winged petiole, stem 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lanceolate; rays very numer- 
 ous and narrow. A common weed, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Penn. 
 and Ky. Stem thick, 2 4f high, striate, terminating in a large, diffuse, co- 
 rymbose panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. 
 June. Aug. 
 
 4. E. STRIGOSUM. Fleabane. White-weed. Daisy. 
 
 Hairy and strigose ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire or with a 
 few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3- veined and petiolate ; panicle co- 
 rymbose ; pappus double. A rough weed in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. Stem 
 about 2f high, slender, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a 
 large, loose corymb. Leaves also with close-pressed bristles, sessile. Rays 
 very narrow, white. June Oct. 
 
 (3. (E. integerrifolium. Bw.} St. simple, smooth ; Ivs. entire, pubescent ; fis. 
 corymbed. Rays 100150. ' 
 
 Rays shorter than the involucre. Plants CD or @. 
 
 5. E. DIVARICATUM. Michx. 
 
 Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; Ivs. linear and subulate; hds. 
 
DAHLIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 327 
 
 very small, loosely corymbose ; rays minute. Dry soil, Western States ! S. to 
 La. Plant of a greyish or bluish aspect, 3 6' high, but at length spreading 
 1 2f. Leaves 4 12" by 1". Rays purplish. June Aug. 
 
 6. E. CANADENSE. Canadian or Common Fleabane. 
 
 Invol. oblong ; rays numerous, (40 50), crowded, minute ; pappus simple ; 
 st. hairy, paniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones subserrate. A very common an- 
 nual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides, and in fields, throughout N. Am. 
 Stem i 9f ! high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with 
 rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, ir- 
 regularly racemose upon the branches, and constituting a large, oblong panicle. 
 The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. Aug. Nov. 
 
 14. CALLISTEPHUS. Cass. 
 
 Gr. KaXXoj, beautiful, credos, a crown; characteristic of the pappus. 
 
 Kay-flowers 9 , numerous ; disk-flowers $ ; involucre hemispheri- 
 cal ; receptacle subconvex ; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer 
 series short, chaffy-setaceous, with the setae united into a crown ; in- 
 ner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous setae. (D Exotics. 
 Lvs. alternate. 
 
 C. CHINENSIS. Ness. (Aster Chinensis. Linn.) China Aster. St. hispid; 
 branches divergent, 1-flowered ; Ivs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline 
 ones sessile, cuneate at base. Said to be originally from China. Stem about 
 18' high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays 
 dark purple. Disk yellow. July Sept. Cultivation has produced many beau- 
 tiful and even splendid varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, red, 
 flaked and mottled rays, f 
 
 15. BELLIS. 
 
 Lat. lellus, pretty ; a term quite appropriate to the genus. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; rays $ ; disk $ ; involucre hemispherical, 
 of equal scales ; receptacle subalveolate, conical ; pappus 0. Low 
 herbs, either (D and caulescent or % and acaulescent. Hds. solitary. 
 
 B. PERENNIS. Garden Daisy. Root creeping ; scape naked, single-flowered ; 
 Ivs. obovate, crenate. 7|_ Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly 
 naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4' 
 high, with a single white flower which is single, double or quilled in the differ- 
 ent varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 
 
 16. DAHLIA. 
 
 In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus. 
 
 Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner 
 of 8 scales united at base ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus 0. % SpkndM 
 Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. 
 
 1. D. VARIABILIS. Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.) St. green; rachis of the Ivs. 
 winged; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; outer 
 wye! reflexed ; ray fls. 9, sterile or fertile. These superb and fashionable 
 plants are natives of sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse andrough- 
 ish leaves, resembling those of the common elder, but the flowers are large and 
 beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every con- 
 ceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from 
 July until arrested by frost. 
 
 2. D. COCCINEA. Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.) St. frosty, or hoary, hollow; 
 Ivs. with the rachis naked; Ifts. roughish beneath; outer invol. spreading; rays 
 neuter. Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron- 
 color or yellow, never purple or white. The Dahlias are generally cultivated 
 by the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the 
 tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a drv place, free 
 from frost: 
 
 ^o?V'*' 
 
 i t .i Ji r PT T V^'; V V 
 
328 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAQO. 
 
 17. BOLTONIA. 
 
 In honor of J. B. Bolton, author of" Ferns of Great Britain," &c., 1788. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers 9 > in a single series, those of 
 the disk tubular. ; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous 
 margins ; receptacle conic, punctate ; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged : 
 pappus of minute setae, 2 ( 4) of them usually lengthened into awns. 
 1J. Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile. Hds. 
 loosely corymbose. Rays purplish-white. 
 
 1. B. GLASTIFOLIA. L'Her. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the narrow base, lower 
 ones sometimes serrate ; Ms. on short peduncles, in a somewhat contracted 
 corymb ; branches leafy ; ach. obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent, with 
 2 awns nearly its own length. Prairies and banks of streams, 111. Jenney! 
 Penn. to N. Car. This plant resembles an Erigeron, but is very smooth, 3 6f 
 high. Stem leaves 2 4' by i f ' ; branch leaves of the same form but smaller. 
 Rays about 30, expanding 9". Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. B. ASTERolDEs. L'Her. (B. diffusa, Ett.? Chrysanthemum Caroli- 
 nianum. Walt.') Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, all entire, nar- 
 rowed to the base, those of the branches subulate, minute ; Ms. on long pedun- 
 cles, in a diffuse and loosely paniculate corymb ; branches and branchkts very 
 slender and nearly naked; ach. ovate or somewhat obcordate, smooth, 2-awned. 
 Prairies, &c. la. ! 111. to Ga. and La. A very smooth plant, between an Aster 
 and an Erigeron, with a diffusely branched summit, 3 7f high. Leaves 2 5' 
 or 6' by \ ', reduced upwards to setaceous bra.cts 1 2" in length. Heads 
 terminating the filiform branchlets. Rays expanding 1". Aug. Sept. 
 
 Section 3. Heads radiate* Rays yellow. 
 
 18. SOLI DA GO. 
 
 Lat. solidari, to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants. 
 
 Flowers of the ray about 5, 9 > remote, of the disk ; involucre ob- 
 long, imbricate, with appressed scales ; receptacle punctate, narrow ; 
 pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. % Herbs, very abundant in the 
 U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, 
 with 1 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), 
 expanding in the autumnal months. 
 1. Stems much branched, corymbose. Leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 
 
 1. S. LANCEOLATA. Ait. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. 
 
 St. angular, hairy, much branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-veined, 
 rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; corymbs terminal, fasti- 
 giate. In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Distinguished from most other 
 species by its flat-topped corymb. Stem 2 4f high, with numerous, very long 
 and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smaller 
 ones often fascicled in the axils. Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. In- 
 volucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. 
 
 2. S. TENUIFOLIA. Ph. 
 
 St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; Ivs. linear, spread- 
 ing, obscurely 3-veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy ; corymb ter- 
 minal, consisting of clustered heads ; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. 
 Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass. ! to La. AlsoWis. Dr. Lapham! A very 
 slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness of 
 the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few 
 heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate 
 with resinous dots. Aug. Oct. 
 
 2. Stem simple, corymbose above. Lower leaves lanceolate, petiolate. 
 
 3. S. RIGIDA. Hard-leaved Goldenrod. 
 
 St. stout, rough and hairy ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs, 
 
SOLIDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 329 
 
 those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate ; flowering 
 branches paniculate, with close, short racemes ; rays elongated ; involucre scales 
 obtuse. A tall species, in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex. 
 Abundant in the western prairies ! Stem 3 5f high, round, striate, with rigid 
 leaves, of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Heads 
 larger than in any other species described in this Flora. Rays 7 9, about 
 3" by 1", deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. S. OHIENSIS. Riddell. 
 
 Glabrous ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering 
 to long petioles, upper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire ; Ms. 
 numerous, 15 20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb. Mead- 
 ows and prairies, western N. Y. to la. ! A perfectly smooth species, 2 Sfhigh. 
 Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6 8' by 
 1 11^ on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2' by 5". Heads 
 about 6-rayed. Sept. Oct. 
 
 5. S. RIDDELLII. Frank. (S. Mexicana. /?. Hook.} RidMVs Solidago. 
 Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched; radical Ivs. very long, 
 
 lance-linear, entire, acute, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline Ivs. 
 clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire ; branches leafy ; hds. 
 20 24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, fastigiate corymb. Wet 
 prairies Ohio ! Wis. to Mo., not uncommon. A well marked species, 15 30' 
 high. Radical leaves 12 18' long, almost grass-like, cauline 3 6' by ', with 
 a strong mid-vein, and generally much recurved. Rays small, 6 9. Sept. 
 
 3. Heads in glomerate, axillary clusters. 
 
 6. S. SGIUARROSA. Muhl. Ragged Goldenrod. 
 
 St. stout, simple, erect, thickly pubescent above; Ivs. smooth, lower ones 
 very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper ones lanceolate-elliptic, high- 
 est, entire ; roc. glomerate, rigid and pubescent ; scales squarrose with spread- 
 ing green tips ; hds. many-flowered ; rays 10 12, elongated. A handsome spe- 
 cies, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stem 3 5f high. Heads very 
 large, forming a long terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or ra- 
 cemes. Sept. 
 
 7. S. C.ESIA. Ait. (S. axillaris. PA.) JBlue-stemmed Goldenrod. 
 
 St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous ; Ivs. smooth, linear- 
 lanceolate, lower ones serrate ; roc. axillary, erect. A very elegant species, in 
 thickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 3f high, of a bluish-purple 
 color, terete and slender, somewhat flexuous, simple or branched. Leaves 
 2 5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axilla- 
 ry, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5 7, once and a 
 half the length of the involucre. Aug. 
 
 /?. flexicaulis. (S. flexicaulis. Ph. not of Linn.} St. flexuous, angular; Ivs. 
 ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes. Leaves about 2' by '. 
 Rays pale yellow. 
 
 8. S. LATIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. macrophylla. Bw. S. flexicaulis. 0. Ph.} 
 St. somewhat flexuous, angular, stnooth ; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate 
 
 at each end, deeply serrate, smooth ; petioles marginal ; roc. axillary and ter- 
 minal. A singular and very distinct species, common in dry woods and by 
 rocky streams, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, not always perfectly smooth, 
 about 2f high. Leaves 3 5' by 2 4', with acute, often long-acuminate serra- 
 tures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stem ending with a long terminal one. 
 Heads few. Sept. 
 
 9. S. BICOLOR. (Aster bicolor. Nees.} Two-colored Goldenrod. 
 
 Hairy ; st. simple ; Ivs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower ones ser- 
 rate, short-stalked ; roc. short, dense, leafy, erect ; invol. scales obtuse. In 
 woods and dry hills, Can., N., Mid. & W. States. A species remarkably dis- 
 tinguished among the solidagos by having white rays. Stem generally simple, 
 2f high, a little hairy. Leaves hairy on both sides, mostly entire, gradually re- 
 duced in size upwards. Flowers in numerous close, short, axillary clusters, 
 
330 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAGO. 
 
 forming a long, terminal, interrupted spike. Rays about 8, very short, yellow- 
 ish-white, obscure. July. Aug. 
 0. concolor. T. & G. (S. hirsuta. Nutt.} Flowers all yellow. Penn. 
 
 4. Heads in erect, terminal^ simple or compound racemes, not secund. 
 
 10. S. PUBERULA. Nutt. 
 
 Plant puberulent; st. simple, terete; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, attenuated at 
 each end, radical ones subserrate ; rac. spicate, axillary, erect and condensed ; 
 ped. pubescent ; invol. scales linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays about 10, elongated. 
 Found in low woods, Maine, Ms. Stem straight, purplish, 2 3f high, ter- 
 minating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Leaves very 
 minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on dense, winged stalks. Heads 
 rather large, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. 
 
 11. S. STRICTA. Ait. Upright Goldenrod. 
 
 Smooth; st. strict, erect, simple; caulinelvs. lanceolate, very entire, rough- 
 edged, radical ones serrate, very long ; rac. paniculate, erect ; ped. smooth. In 
 wet woods, Northern States. Stem (and every other part) very smooth, about 
 2f high. Leaves 2 4 8' by i 1', lower attenuated at base into a long, 
 winged petiole. Panicle terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed 
 racemes. Heads 12 18-flowered. Aug. 
 
 12. S. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. 
 
 St. smooth, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire and scabrous on the margin, 
 thick, the radical and lower ones subserrate, very broad ; rac. erect, numerous, 
 ibrming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle ; pedicels shorter than the involucre, pu- 
 bescent; rays large, 6 8. Woods, Mass.! to Ohio and Ga. A very tall, 
 showy species, sometimes 6f high. Stem stout, often purple, iurrowed. Leaves 
 ample, some of them 6' by 3'. Heads exceedingly numerous, with conspicu- 
 ous rays of a rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. Aug'. Oct. 
 /?. angustata. T. & G. (S. erecta. DC.} Panicle slender, spicate. N. J. 
 
 13. S. THYRSOIDEA. Meyer. (S. virgaurea. Bw.} T/iyrsoid Goldenrod. 
 St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, ovate, 
 
 sharply serrate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones subses- 
 sile, lanceolate ; rac. mostly simple, short ; hds. large, with conspicuous rays. 
 A very fine goldenrod. in woods on the sides of the White Mts., and at Fran- 
 conia Notch, N. H. ! ' Also " on the sides of Killington Peak and Mansfield 
 Mt., Vt." Robbins. It is remarkable for the long, slender stalks of the lower, 
 ovate leaves, and for the large, deep yellow heads which exceed in- size those 
 of most other species. Stem 1 3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usu- 
 ally in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug. 
 
 14. S. VIRGAUREA. European Goldenrod. 
 
 St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top; ?tem Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, lower 
 ones oval, attenuated at both ends ; rac. erect, ray elongated, flowers large. This 
 is the only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varie- 
 ties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the White Mts. ! 
 scarcely on Mt. Washington peak. The flowers are very few, often one only, 
 but larger than those of most other species, and of a rich, golden-yellow. Stem 
 often purple, 2 3' high, simple, with axillary and terminal flowers. Aug. 
 
 15. S. HUMILIS. Ph. Low or Humble Aster. 
 
 Glabrous ; st. simple, erect ; radical Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse 
 and crenate-serrate at apex, the cauline lanceolate, acute, the upper linear, en- 
 tire; rac. simple or paniculate ; scales oblong; rays short. On limestone rocks, 
 at Winooski Falls, Colchester, also on the Winooski and Onion rivers, Vt. 
 Robbins. Stem 6 12' high, somewhat glutinous. Raceme slender, strict. 
 Leaves of the stem about 2' by 3 4", serrulate. Heads middle size, 6 8- 
 rayed. Aug. Sept. 
 
 /?. Taller; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense, 
 slender, interrupted raceme. Near the Willey House ! White Mts. 
 
 5. Heads in secund racem.es. Leaves evidently tripli-veined. 
 
 16. S. NEMORALIS. Field Aster. 
 
 St. subtomentosc; cauline Ivs. oblanceolate, sessile, hispid, nearly entire, 
 
SOUDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 331 
 
 commonly with tufts of smaller ones in their axils, radical ones subcuneiform, 
 serrate; rac. paniculate, secund; rays 5 7. A common, starved-looking spe- 
 cies with a greyish, dusty aspect, bearing a dense panicle of deep yellow flow- 
 ers. Height 1 2f. In dry, sterile fields and by roadsides, U. S. and Can. 
 Heads small, but with conspicuous rays. Panicle composed of many short 
 racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a single, terminal, recurved one. 
 Often the stem divides into branches, each bearing a panicle. Sept. 
 
 17. S. CANADENSIS. Canadian Goldenrod. 
 
 St. downy; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, 3- veined, rough; rac. paniculate, 
 secund, recurved ; rays short. In old fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Com- 
 mon. From 18' to 5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle 
 which inclines to one side. Leaves sessile, 3' long, sometimes nearly entire, 
 and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very 
 obscure, yellow rays. Aug. Oct. 
 
 /?. procera. T. & G. (S. procera. Ait.) St. villous ; Ivs. rough, villous be- 
 neath ; hds. larger and with larger rays. In low grounds, 4 7f high. Leaves 
 distinctly 3-veined. 
 
 18. S. sERorlNA. Willd. Smooth Goldenrod. 
 
 St. round, striate, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; rac. 
 secund, recurved, paniculate; ped. pubescent; hds. small, 15 20-flowered. A 
 smooth species, in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 6f high, 
 very smooth, often glaucous or purple. Leaves 3 5 7' long, about | as 
 wide, smooth, margin scabrous, slightly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers nu- 
 merous, forming a more or less compact panicle inclined at summit. Rays 
 about 8, small. Sept. Variable. 
 
 19. S. GIGANTEA. Ait. Gigantic Goldenrod. 
 
 St. smooth, striate ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, margin rough, scabrous above 
 and on the margin and on the veins beneath ; rac. paniculate ; branches pubes- 
 cent; ped. and pedicels hairy. A large, showy species, in low. open grounds, 
 U. S. and Can. Stem green, sometimes purplish, 4 7f high, often much 
 branched above. Leaves 2 4 7' long, about as wide, acuminate at each 
 end, often with divergent teeth. Heads about as large as in the last. Panicle 
 often diffuse, on spreading, leafy branches. Aug. Oct. 
 
 20. S. CILIARIS. Willd. 
 
 St. angular, smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate and scabrous on 
 the margin, smooth both sides, sub-3- veined ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels (elon- 
 gated) smooth ; bracts (often) ciliate ; rays short. In the public lands about Ft. 
 Niagara, N, Y. In these specimens the whole plant is smooth except the mar- 
 gins of the leaves. Stem 2 3f high, striate. Leaves subcoriaceous, radical 
 ones petiolate. Racemes thin, spreading. Aug. Sept. 
 
 21. S. MISSOURIENSIS. Nutt. 
 
 Glabrous, low, simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear, tapering to each end, 
 very acute and rough-edged, lower ones with acute, slender serratures, radical 
 oblanceolate, petiolate ; rac. small, in a dense, pyramidal or somewhat corym- 
 bose panicle ; hds. small, 12 15-flowered. A delicate species, 1 2f high, in 
 dry prairies, 111. and Mo. ! Leaves smooth and shining, lower 3 4' by 3 5", 
 the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about 8.- Jl. Aug. 
 6. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined, all entire. 
 
 22. S. SEMPERVlRENs. (S. Isevigata. Ait.) Evergreen Goldenrod. 
 
 St. smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire and sca- 
 brous on the margin, closely sessile ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels scabrous-pubes- 
 cent ; rays elongated. Marshes along the coast, and river banks, within the 
 influence of the water. Stem 3 6f high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with 
 numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads large. Rays about 8, long and 
 narrow. Sept. 
 
 23. S. ODORA. Ait. Sweet-scented Goldenrod. 
 
 St. round, pubescent, slender ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, abrupt, and 
 sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots, rough-ef 
 rac. paniculate. In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and 
 
332 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAGO. 
 
 Stem 2 3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1| 3' by 35", with a strong, yel- 
 lowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle inclined. Racemes 2 3' long, 
 spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small heads 
 on the upper side. Jl. Sept. The only species of solidago which has proper- 
 ties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic 
 and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs. 
 They are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China: 
 
 7. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined, the lower serrate. 
 
 24. S. PA TULA. Muhl. Spreading Goldenrod. 
 
 St. smooth, angular-striate ; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate^ very scabrous 
 above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulate ; rac. paniculate, spreading ; 
 pedicels pubescent. In wet places, Can. N. and W. States, not common. Stem 
 2 4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at top. 
 Stern leaves 1 2' long, as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger, all perfectly 
 smooth beneath, although quite rough backwards above. Racemes short, on 
 the ends of the spreading branches, with large heads. Sept. 
 
 25. S. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Neglected Solidago. 
 
 Si. smooth ; Ivs. rather thick, smooth, varying from ovate-lanceolate to 
 narrow-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower and 
 radical ones serrate ; rac. secund, dense, somewhat spreading, on elongated, 
 slender, suberect branches, which are somewhat leafy at base ; ach. smooth. 
 Grows in swamps, N. H. ! to ku, rather rare. Stems 2 4f high, straight, 
 round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches, forming an elongated 
 panicle. The leaves are sometimes nearly tripli-veined, often very scabrous 
 on the margin. Racemes short. Heads middle-size, 10 20-flowered. Scales 
 obtuse. Aug. Sept. 
 
 26. S. ARGUTA. Ait. Sharp-notched Goldenrod. 
 
 St. erect, straight, smooth; Ivs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate, 
 with diverging teeth, cauline ones elliptical, sessile, highest ones entire and 
 small, radical ones oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; rac. 
 paniculate, secund, dense ; hds. middle size ; rays about 10. In meadows and 
 woods, U. S. (from lat. 38) N. to the Arc. Circle. A smooth plant 2 3f high, 
 with a large, dense, corymbose panicle of very numerous heads. Racemes 
 recurved, a ringer's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug. Sept. 
 B. juncea. (S. juncea. Ait.) Lvs. lanceolate, lower ones serrate, upper ones 
 entire ; st. brownish, striate ; rays twice as long as the involucre ; 'panicle Jess 
 dense. 
 
 27. S. MUHLENBERGII. Torr. & Gray. (S. arguta. Muhl.) 
 
 St. furrowed, glabrous ; Ivs. smooth both sides, strongly and sharply ser- 
 rate, the radical ones ovate, petiolate, cauline ones elliptical-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate at each end ; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading ; pedicels 
 pubescent; hds. 15 20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse. In damp woods and 
 thickets, N. H. ! to Penn. Stem 2 3f high, generally simple, bearing a long, 
 open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, feather- 
 veined. Heads middle size, with 6 8 rather large rays. Aug. Oct. 
 
 28. S. ALTISSIMA. (S. rugosa. Willd.) Tall Goldenrod. 
 
 St. erect, hairy; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and 
 wrinkled. A very variable species, the tall, rough varieties of which are com- 
 mon about the borders of fields, in hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough 
 with hairs, erect, 3 5f high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed 
 or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely 
 spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning up- 
 wards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. The branches are very widely 
 spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous 
 heads ; the leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug. Oct. 
 
 29. S. LINOIDES. Solander. 
 
 Smooth ; st. slender, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous 
 on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire ; hds. small, in short, secund, 
 at length spreading racemes; scales oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed ; rays 1 4, 
 
CHRYSOPSIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 333 
 
 short. A small species, near Boston, Greene in N. Am. PI., ii. 216. Stem 
 12 20' high. Leaves 1 5' by 3 6" wide. Panicle small, usually turned to 
 one side. Sept. Oct. 
 
 30. S. ULMIFOLIA. Muhl. Elm-leaved Solidago. 
 
 St. glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. thin, elliptic-ovate, serrate, acumi- 
 nate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath ; roc. panicu- 
 late, recurved-spreading ; ped. villous ; rays 3 5, short. In woods and low 
 f rounds, Northern and Western States ! A very distinct species, more resem- 
 ling the elm in its slender, arched branches than in its leaves. Stem striate, 
 about 3f high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical leaves tapering to winged 
 petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones 
 entire, middle ones about 3' by H'. Rays deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 
 
 31. S. ELLIPT1CA. Alt. 
 
 St. erect, glabrous, leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely ser- 
 rate, glabrous, upper ones sessile, entire ; racemes short, recurved, paniculate ; 
 hds. middle size, about 7-rayed; scales narrow, acute. Salt marshes, R. L 
 Olney ! Near New York, T. <$ G. Stem 3 5f high, bearing a close, somewhat 
 leafy, pyramidal panicle. Leaves 2 4' by \ H', rough-edged, the serratures 
 appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct. 
 
 19. ECLIPTA. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray fls. 9 numerous narrow ; disk $ tubu- 
 lar, mostly 4-toothed ; scales 10 12, in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate ; 
 receptacle flat ; chaff bristly ; achenia somewhat angular or 2-edged ; 
 pappus 0. Herbs strigose with rigid hairs, erect or procumbent. Lvs. 
 opposite, axillary and terminal^ solitary. Fls. white. 
 E. ERECTA. (E. procumbens. Michx.} 
 
 St. often decumbent ; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to each end, 
 subserrate ; ped. much longer than the heads ; scales or leaves of the involucre 
 acuminate. Damp soils, Md. to 111. Mead! S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at 
 the lower joints, 1 3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fibre. Leaves 8 14" 
 by 25", rough, obscurely tripli-veined. Heads small, with minute flowers 
 and short rays. The juice turns black, and is said to dye wool black. Jn. Sept. 
 /?. brachypoda. T. & G. (E. brachypoda. Michx.} Ped. scarcely longer than 
 the heads. 
 
 20. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt. 
 
 Gr. icpvffos, gold, oi//tj, appearance; for the showy, yellow flowers. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 9 > disk-flowers $ ; involucre im- 
 bricate; receptacle subalveolate, flat; pappus double, the exterior 
 short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium hairy, compressed. % 
 Hairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves. 
 
 1. C. FALCATA. Ell. (Inula falcata. PA.) 
 
 Woolly and villous ; Ivs. sessile, linear, very acute, subfalcate, spreading, 
 veins pilose on both sides ; hds. in axillary corymbs ; invol. pilose. A low, 
 leafy plant, in dry, sandy soil, near the sea, Mass, to N. J. Stem thick, leafy, 
 about 8' high. Heads small, bright yellow, in crowded, axillary corymbs. 
 Rays 3-toothed at the apex. Sept. Oct. 
 
 2. C. MARIANA. Nutt. (Inula Mariana. Linn.} 
 
 Hairy Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, the upper ones sessile, acute, the 
 lower ones spatulate and generally obtuse ; corymb simple ; invol. viscidly pu- 
 bescent. Sandy barrens, N. J., Md. ! to Flor., common. The stem and leaves 
 are clothed with scattered, long, silky hairs. Plant about 2f high. Lower 
 leaves taper at base into petioles. The corymb of flowers is terminal, nearly 
 or quite simple. Heads large, 16 20 rayed, yellow, on viscid glandular pe- 
 duncles. Aug. Oct. 
 
 3. C. VILLOSA. Nutt. (Amellus. Ph. Diplopappus. Hook.} 
 
 Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent and strigose ; Ivs. entire, sessile, ciliate be- 
 
334 LXXV. COMPOSITE. BACCHARIS. 
 
 low, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper ones oblong-linear or lanceolate ; hds. 
 large, solitary and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corymbose ; scales linear- 
 subulate. Prairies, 111. to Oreg. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 12' by 35", 
 whitish and rough. Rays about 25, oblong-linear, entire, golden yellow. Jl. Sept. 
 
 21. INIJLA. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers numerous, 
 9 , disk flowers ; receptacle naked ; pappus simple, scabrous ; an- 
 thers with 2 bristles at base. ^ Coarse European herbs, with alter- 
 nate leaves and yellow flowers. 
 
 I. HELENIUM. Elecampane. 
 
 Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugose, downy beneath ; invol. scales ovate. A 
 large herbaceous, coarse-looking plant, common by road-sides, N. Eng. to 
 111. Stem 4 6f high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical leaves 
 very large (1 3f by 6 12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Flowers large, 
 solitary, terminal, of a bright yellow. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the 
 end. The medicinal virtues of the plant have long been esteemed. These are 
 tonic and expectorant. Flowers in July and Aug. 
 
 Section 3. Heads discoid. 
 
 22. BIGELO VIA. DC. 
 
 In honor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the well-known author of " Florula Bostoniensis," &c. 
 
 Heads 3 4-flowered, the flowers all tubular, ; involucre cylin- 
 drical, as long as the flowers ; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated ; 
 receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp ; achenia obconic, hirsute ; 
 pappus bristles in one series. ^J- Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, 
 entire. Hds. fastigiately corymbose, with yellow fls. and colored scales. 
 
 B. VIRGATA. DC. (Chrysocoma virgata. Nutt.} 
 
 Smooth in all its parts ; st. virgately branched from near the base ; branch- 
 es corymbose-fastigiate above ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined, the cauline line- 
 ar-spatulate ; scales glutinous. Swamps, N. J., &c. A plant resembling Soli- 
 dago tenuifolia in aspect, I 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2", rather firm and 
 somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellowish. Aug. Oct. 
 
 23. PLUCHEA. DC. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, those of the margin 9, of the centre ? but 
 sterile ] involucre imbricated ; receptacle flat, naked ; style undivid- 
 ed ; pappus capillary, simple. Strong-scented herbs, with alternate 
 leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. 
 
 1. P. CAMPHORATA. DC. (Conyza camph. Muhl. C. Marilandica. 
 Michx.} Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, serrate, ser- 
 
 ratures mucronate ; fls. in crowded corymbs. 7J. A fleshy, strong-scented plant, 
 native of salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with al- 
 ternate leaves and axillary branches. Flowers light purple. Aug. 
 
 2. P. FCBTIDA. DC. (Baccharis. Linn. Conyza camphorata. PA.) 
 Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy ; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu- 
 minate at each end, petiolate, feather- veined, obtusely subserrate ; hds. numer- 
 ous, in paniculate corymbs ; scales ovate-lanceolate," acute. A strong-scented 
 plant, in open, hilly grounds, Western States. Stem 1 2f high, subsimple. 
 Leaves 4 T by 1 3', sprinkled with minute dots ; petioles 1' long. Heads 
 numerous. Aug. Oct. 
 
 24. BACCHARIS. 
 
 From Bacchus, wine ; from its fragrance resembling that of wine. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, 9 c? ; involucre imbricate, cylindric or ovate, 
 with subcoriaceous, ovate scales ; sterile flowers with the stamens ex- 
 
SILPHIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 335 
 
 serted ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. Shrubby plants, with 
 alternate leaves and white flowers. 
 
 B. HALIMIFOLIA. Groundsel Tree. 
 
 Shrubby; Ivs. obovate, incisely dentate above, the highest ones lanceo- 
 late ; panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pedunculate. This is almost the only 
 arborescent plant of this order found in the Northern States. It is 6 12f high, 
 growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white 
 dust. The fertile heads growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, ter- 
 minal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Corollas white. 
 Sept. The beauty of this shrub entitles it to cultivation. 
 
 TRIBE 4. SENECIONIDEJE. 
 
 Heads radiate or discoid. Branches of the style linear, hairy or hispid at 
 the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated ap- 
 pendage. Leaves opposite or alternate. 
 
 Section 1. Heads radiate. 
 
 25. ARNICA. 
 
 Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, I or 2 rowed; ray-flowers 9, 
 disk?; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs ; pappus single, rigid and 
 serrulate. % St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 
 A. MOLLIS. 
 
 St. pubescent, erect ; Ivs. pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, thin, veiny, 
 dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong; radical ones stalked, cauline sessile; 
 hds. few ; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales ; ach. hairy. An alpine plant 
 found in ravines on the White Mts., and also, according to Torrey <$ Gray, on 
 the Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y. Stem 1 2f high, with several pairs of sessile 
 leaves, and 1 5 yellow heads of middle size. Leaves 25 inches in length, 
 the upper ones broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often 
 acute but not acuminate. 
 
 26. POLYMNIA. 
 
 The name of one of the ancient Muses ; why applied to this plant is not obvious. 
 
 Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of 10 
 leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few ; disk sterile ; receptacle 
 chaffy ; pappus none. % Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 
 
 1. P. CANADENSIS. Leaf-cup. 
 
 Viscid- villous; ITS. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up- 
 per 3-lobed or entire. A coarse, broad-leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3 5f high, 
 Niagara Falls ! Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers 
 light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double 
 calyx in such a manner as to form a sort of cup, hence called leaf-cup. Leaves 
 feather-veined, 3 8' long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acu- 
 minate. Heads i' diam. June. 
 
 2. P. UVEDALIA. Yellow Leaf-cup. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate- 
 angled; rays elongated. In highland woods. Stem 3 6f high. Lower leaves 
 very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays much longer than the involucre. 
 July. Neither of these plants has been found in N. Eng., and they are rare in 
 N. Y., but not uncommon in the Western States ! 
 
 27. SILPHIUM. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, fer- 
 tile, outer row ligulate ; disk flowers sterile ; involucre campanulate, 
 scales in several series, leafy and spreading at summit ; receptacle 
 small, flat, chaffy ; achenia broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned with a 
 
336 LXXV. COMPOSITE. PARTHENIUM. 
 
 2-toothed pappus. % Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. Fls. 
 yellow. 
 
 1. S. LACINIATUM. Rosin-weed. Polar Plant. 
 
 Very rough, with white, hispid hairs; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted, 
 lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; hds. spicate, distant ; scales 
 of involucre ovate, appendaged and squarrose at apex. Western States ! to 
 Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its copious resin. 
 Stem 3 lOf high. Lower leaves 1 2f long, much divided, resembling those 
 of some thistles. Heads 4 8, very large, with large, yellow rays. Jl. Sept. 
 
 2. S. TEREBINTHINACEUM. Prairie Burdock. 
 
 St. andped. glabrous; Ivs. mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cor- 
 date, dentate-serrate, obtuse, scabrous, on long petioles ; hds. few, paniculate ; 
 scales roundish and oval, glabrous. Prairies, Western ! and Southern States. 
 Plant exuding resin. Stem 4 8f high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves 
 erect, scabrous, rigid, 1 2f long, 7 16' wide. Involucre globose. Rays 15 
 25, 1' long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. July Sept. 
 
 /?. pinnatifidum. T. & G. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell.} Las. more or less deeply 
 lobed or pinnatifid. 
 
 3. S. TRIFOLIATUM. Ternate-leaved Silphium. 
 
 St. glabrous and often glaucous, terete or 6-sided ; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, 
 acute, scabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very short petioles, 
 verticillate in 3s or 4s ; upper ones opposite ; hds. loosely cyinose, on rather 
 long peduncles ; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, smooth ; ach. oval, with 2 
 short teeth. Dry woods and prairies, Ohio, Sullivant ! and Southern States. 
 Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 4 6' by 12". Rays 1216, expanding about 2J'. 
 
 4. S. INTEGRIFOLIUM. Michx. 
 
 Scabrous ; st. quadrangular, striate, simple ; Ivs. opposite, sessile, ovate- 
 lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate ; hds. in a close corymb ; scales squarrose ; 
 ach. roundish, broadly winged, with 2 long teeth. Western States ! S. to Ga. 
 Stem very rigid, 3 7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base, 36' 
 long, | as wide, rather variable in form. Heads middle-size. Rays 1220, 1' 
 in length. Achenia twice as large as in the preceding species. July, Aug. 
 
 /5. ternatum. Wood. St. 6-sided; Ivs. ternately verticillate. Prairies! with 
 the common form ; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which 
 it is nevertheless quite distinct in habit. 
 
 5. S. PERFOLIATUM (and S. connatum. Linn.} Cup-plant. 
 
 St. square ; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connate-perfoliate, ovate, coarsely 
 toothed, narrowed towards the base ; hds. in a trichotomous cyme, the central 
 on a long peduncle ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrose ; ach. broadly obovate, winged, 
 emarginate. Along streams, &c., Mich. ! to Tenn. A coarse, unattractive 
 plant, quite distinct, although variable. Stem 4 7f high. Leaves 8 14' by 
 47', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Heads large, 
 with 1525 ravs. 
 
 28. PARTHENIUM. 
 
 Gr. TrapSsvos, a virgin ; from its medicinal efficacy. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile ; 
 disk-flowers tubular, sterile : involucre hemispherical ; scales in 2 
 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular ; receptacle conical, chaffy ; ache- 
 nia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous paleaB. American herbs 
 with alternate leaves. 
 
 P. INTEGRIFOLIUM. 
 
 St. pubescent, striate, erect; Ivs. hispid-scabrous, lance-ovate, coarsely 
 dentate- crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile; hds. many, tomen- 
 tose, corymbed TJ. Dry soils, Middle and Western States ! Stem rigid, 3 5f 
 high. Radical petioles If long. Leaves 4 12' long, as wide. Heads white, 
 with 5 very short, cucullate, white rays. July Sept. 
 
RUDBECKIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 337 
 
 29. HELIOPSIS. 
 
 Gr. r/Aioj , the sun, oi//ij, appearance ; flowers radiant like the sun. 
 
 Involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales ; rays linear, large, 
 9 ; disk $ ; receptacle chaffy, conical, the paleae lanceolate ; achenia 
 4-sided ; pappus 0. ^ Lvs. apposite. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. 
 H. L.KVIS. Pers. (Helianthus. Linn.} Ox-eye. 
 
 St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3-veined, smooth 
 beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at 
 base. A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. Stem an- 
 gular, striate, di- or trichotomously branched above, 3 5f high. Leaves 2 6' 
 by 1 4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each 
 terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base 
 and obtuse at summit, June, Jl. 
 
 0. gracilis. T. & G. (H. gracilis. Nutt.} Small and slender ; Ivs. scabrous, 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute at base. 2f high. 
 
 y. scabra. T. & G. (H. scabra. Hook.} St. and Ivs. scabrous and yellowish- 
 green ; Ivs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base. 6f high. Common 
 in la. ! 
 
 30. RUDBECKIA. 
 
 Dedicated to the celebrated Olaus Rudbeck, prof, of Botany at Upsal, Sweden. 
 
 Involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double row, 6 in each ; 
 ray-flowers neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle conic, with unarmed 
 palese or chaff; pappus 0, or a 4-toothed margin. ^ Lvs. alternate. 
 Hds. large. Rays yellow. 
 
 * Disk pale green or purplish. 
 
 1. R. LACINIATA. 
 
 Glabrous; lower Ivs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate ; pappus 
 crenate. In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy 
 plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguished 
 by its conical disk. Stem round, branching, 6 8f high. Leaves alternate, 
 ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or 
 cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Rays 1 2' long, oblanceolate, bright 
 yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. 
 
 2. R. SUBTOMENTOSA. Ph. 
 
 St. branching, tomentose-pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above, 
 softly subtomentose beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, up- 
 per undivided, ovate, acuminate ; hds. corymbose ; scales numerous, spreading ; 
 disk purplish-brown ; rays large, spreading. A coarse, rough species, 3 4f 
 high, prairies, &c., Western and Southern States. Stem angular, marked with 
 brown lines. Leaves 3 5' long, on petioles 1 24" long. Rays deep or orange 
 yellow, 10 15, about 1' long. July, Aug. 
 
 * * Disk dark 'purple. 
 
 3. R. TRILOBA. 
 
 Hirsute ; branches panicled, spreading ; lower cauline Ivs. mostly 3-lobed, 
 coarsely serrate, acuminate ; upper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, ser- 
 rate or entire ; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely 
 lobed, petiolate ; hds. rather small, disk dark purple, ovoid ; rays about 8, broad- 
 oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. Fields, Middle and Western 
 States. A handsome species, 2 4f high, very branching. Leaves 2 4' long, 
 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 10" long, f as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awned 
 at the summit. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. R. HIRTA. Rough Cone-flower. 
 
 Very hirsute or hispid ; st. simple or somewhat branched; ped. naked; 
 Ivs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile, 
 ovate-lanceolate ; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows ; rays 
 spreading. A showy plant, in dry soils, Mass. Richard ! Western N. Y. ! to 
 La. and la. ! Stems subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly 
 
338 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ZINNIA, 
 
 prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head 
 with 12 15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broad- 
 ly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaif and flowers. July Sept. f 
 
 5. R. FULGIDA. Ait. (R. chrysomela. Michx. R. spatulata. PA.) 
 
 SL hirsute, with rigid hairs ; branches slender, naked above ; Ivs. strigose- 
 pubescent, remotely denticulate, radical petiolate, ovate, cauline lance-oblong, 
 tapering to the sessile, subclasping base ; scales oblong, spreading, as long as 
 the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. Mountains, Penn. to Ohio ! 
 and Ga. Stem 1 3f high. Rays 12 14, scarcely longer than the leafy invo- 
 lucre, deep orange-yellow. July, Oct. f 
 
 6. R. SPECIOSA. Wender. 
 
 St. hispidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked above ; Ivs. sca- 
 brous-pubescent, strongly dentate, radical ones broadly ovate, 5-veined, on long 
 petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales lance-lin- 
 ear, much shorter than the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, acute. Bor- 
 ders of woods, 111. Jenney ! Ohio! to Penn. A large and very showy species, 
 2 4f high. Leaves rather thin, radical 4 5' by 3 4', the teeth mucronu- 
 late ; petioles 6 10' long. Rays about 18, oblong,linear, bright yellow. Aug. 
 Oct. t 
 
 31. EC H IN ACE A. Mrench. 
 
 Gr, %ivo$, the hedgehog ; from the character of the paleae. 
 
 Involucre scales imbricated in 2 rows ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk- 
 flowers ; receptacle conic, with rigid, mucronate paleae ; pappus 0. 
 ^1- Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. 
 
 1. E. PURPUREA. Moench. (Rudbeckia Linn.} Purple Cone-flower or 
 Comb-flower. Very rough ; lower Ivs. broad-ovate, attenuate at base, 
 
 remotely toothed ; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays 
 very long, deflexed, bifid. Thickets and barrens, Western ! and Southern States. 
 A tall, handsome plant, often cultivated. Stem 4f high, branched, sulcate. 
 Leaves 4 8' long, -- as wide, rough, with short, stiff bristles, 3-veined. Heads 
 large, solitary, on long peduncles. Disk thickly beset with the stiff, pointed, 
 brown chaff. Rays about 15, 2 3' long, pendulous. July Sept. Root black, 
 pungent, medicinal, j- 
 (3. Rays nearly white. 111. Dr. Mead in T. fy G. Fl. Am. 
 
 2. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. DC. (Rudbeckia. pallida. NiM.} 
 
 St. hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above ; Ivs. entire, hispidly pubescent, 
 3-veined, lower ones lanceolate, petiolate, upper lance-linear, sessile ; scales in 
 about 2 rows, short ; rays 12 20, slender, drooping. Prairies and marshes, 111. 
 Mo. to Tex. Plant of a more slender habit than the last, 2 3f high. Leaves 
 3 6' by 3 6". Petioles 8" long. Heads on long, naked peduncles. Rays 
 1 2' long, purple, varying to white. Disk brown. May July. 
 
 32. LEPlCHYS. 
 
 Involucre in one series of linear scales ; ray flowers few, neutral, 
 disk perfect ; receptacle columnar, chaffy ; chaff obtuse and bearded 
 at apex ; pappus ; fertile achenia compressed, 1 2-winged. ^ Lvs. 
 alternate, pinnately divided. lids, of Jiowers yellow, with long, droop- 
 ing rays. 
 
 L. PINNATA. Torr. & Gray. (Rudbeckia. MX. Obeliscaria. Cass.) 
 Scabrous; Ivs. all pinnate, the divisions 3 7, some of the lower ones 2- 
 parted, the rest undivided ; rat/s elongated. In dry soil, Western N. Y., West- 
 ern ! and Southern States. Stem 2 4f high, slender, furrowed and hispid. 
 Heads very showy. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate, 
 purple. 
 
 33. ZINNIA. 
 
 Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557. 
 
 Involucre scales oval, margined, imbricate ; rays 5, persistent, en- 
 
HELIANTHUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 339 
 
 tire, 9 ; disk flowers $ ; receptacle chaffy, conical ; pappus of the 
 disk of 2 erect awns. Native at the South, fyc. Lvs. opposite, entire. 
 
 1. Z. ELEGANS. Hds. on long peduncles ; Ivs. cordate, ovate, sessile-amplexi- 
 caul ; st. hairy ; chaff serrated. Native of Mexico. Jl. Aug. Several varie- 
 ties are known in cultivation; viz. a. violacea, with violet-colored flowers; 
 /?. alba, flowers white ; y. purpurascens, flowers purple ; <J. coccinea, flowers of a 
 brilliant scarlet, f 
 
 2. Z. MULTIFLORA. Hds. on long peduncles; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, on short 
 petioles. Native of the Southern States. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow 
 flowers, is also found in cultivation, t 
 
 34. HELIANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. 17X10?, the sun, ay$o?, flower; from the resemblance of the flowers. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray-fls. neutral, disk $ ; scales of the invol- 
 ucre imbricated in several series ; receptacle flat or convex, the chaff 
 persistent, embracing the achenia ; pappus of 2 chaffy awns, decidu- 
 ous ; achenia compressed or 4-sided, not margined. Herbs mostly %, 
 rough. Lvs. opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. 
 Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. 
 
 Disk dark purple. 
 
 1. H. ANNCUS. Common Sunflower. Lvs. all cordate, 3- veined, only the 
 lowest opposite; fed. thick; fls. nodding. This well-known annual is from S. 
 America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is increased by the fertility 
 of it in direct proportion, until it reaches the height of 10 and even 20 feet. The 
 common height may be stated at 7 feet. The enormous size of the flowers with 
 their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. An 
 edible oil has been expressed from the seeds. Jl. A splendid variety occurs 
 with the flowers all radiate. 
 
 2. H. ANGUSTIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved Sun/lower. 
 
 Erect, slender, glabrous or hispidly hirsute ; Ivs. sessile, linear, tapering 
 to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often alternate, margin sub- 
 denticulate, often revolute; hds. pedunculate, Tew; scales lance-linear, the long 
 point spreading ; chaff linear, 3-toothed. Sandy or rocky places, N. J. ! Ky. 
 and Southern States, common. Stem 2 3f high, subsimple. Leaves 2 5' by 
 3 6", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 1218, expanding about 2'. Disk 
 flowers brown at the summit. 
 
 3. H. RIGIDUS. Desf. (H. scaberrimus. Ell. H. crassifolius. Nutt.} Stiff- 
 leaved Sunflower. SI. erect, rigid, simple or with few branches, scabrous 
 
 or smoothish, nearly naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, petio- 
 late, mostly opposite, tripli-veined, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous both 
 sides; hds. few; scales ovate, acute, regularly imbricate, shorter than the disk; 
 e^ajT obtusish ; pappiis 2 squamae. Prairies, &c., Wis. Lapham, to Mo., La., &c. 
 Plant 2 4f high. Leaves 36' by J 1', very rough with papillose hairs, but 
 less so than in H. divaricatus. Rays 12- 20, expanding 2 3', light yellow. 
 
 Disk yellow. * Leaves opposite. 
 
 4. H. L^ETIFLORUS. Pers. Splendid Sunflower. 
 
 St. rough and branched above ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 tripli-veined, very rough on both sides, on short petioles, upper ones often alter- 
 nate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, appressed, a little shorter than the disk ; 
 chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 1220. Barrens, &c., la. Ohio. Torr. <$ Gray. 
 A rough, but showy plant, 3 4f high. Leaves thick, 5 8' by 1J 2'. Rays 
 nearly 2' in length. Disk yellow. Aug. Oct. f 
 
 5. H. OCCIDENTALIS. Riddell. Western Sunflower. 
 
 St. slender, simple, nearly naked above ; Ivs. opposite, oval, scabrous, ob- 
 scurely serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles, upper ones small 
 and few, entire; hds. pedunculate; scales lance-oval, appressed. Sand prairies, 
 
340 LXXV. COMPOSITE. HELIANTHUS. 
 
 Western States ! Stem 3 5f high, scape-like, slender. Leaves 35' by 1 2', 
 upper ones 1 2' long. Heads lew, middle size. Rays 1215, light yellow. 
 Jl. Sept. 
 
 6. H. CINEREUS. Torr. & Gray. Sullivant's Sunflower. 
 
 " Rough with a cinerous pubescence ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, rather acute, ap- 
 pressed to the stem, serrulate, sessile, the lower narrowed to a winged petiole ; 
 ped. naked, slender ; scales lanceolate, canescent ; acfi. villous at summit. 
 
 0. Sullivantii. Larger and more branched; st. scabrous-hirsute; Ivs. ob- 
 scurely serrate, acute, the uppermost entire, often alternate. Near Columbus, 
 Ohio. Sullivant. Stem 2 31' high, virgate, sometimes a little branched, bear- 
 ing a few heads nearly as large as those of H. mollis." Fl. Am. II. p. 324. 
 
 7. H. MOLLIS. Lam. (H. canescens. Michx.) Soft-leaved Sunflower. 
 St. villous; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasping, entire or 
 
 subserrate, tomentose-canescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes alternate ; 
 scales of involucre lanceolate, villose-canescent ; chaff entire, acute and canes- 
 cent above. Prairies and barrens, Ohio ! la. ! Mo., common. A hoary and 
 villose species, 2 4f high, nearly simple. Leaves 3 5' long, f as wide. 
 Rays 1525, J 1' by \' wide. JL Sept. 
 
 8. H. DORONicolDEs. Lam. Leopard's-bane Sunflower. 
 
 St. branched, rough or hirsute above ; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, or the upper 
 alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tripli-veined, 
 serrate, scabrous above, smooth or pubescent beneath ; scales lance-linear, cili- 
 ate, a little longer than the disk; rays 12 15. A large species, common in 
 the Western ! and Southern States. Stem 4 7f high, with irregular, alternate 
 branches. Leaves 3 10' by 1 3'; petioles i 1' long. Rays very showy, 
 1520" by 46". JL Sept. 
 /?. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile. 
 
 9. H. STRUMOSUS. Downy Sunflower. 
 
 St. smooth below, scabrous above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, 
 scabrous above, smooth or tomentose-canescent beneath; hds. few, about 10- 
 rayed ; scales ciliate, equaling the disk, squarrose-spreading at tip. 7}. Grows 
 in swamps, &c., Can. and U. S. Stem 3 5f high, erect, branching above. 
 Leaves petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower surface va- 
 rying in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in 
 length. Scales hairy. Jl. 
 
 10. H. DECAPETALUS, Ten-rayed Sunflower. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-veined, scabrous 
 above, smooth or nearly so beneath ; invol. scales lanceolate-linear, subciliate, 
 spreading, nearly equal ; rays 10 12, pale yellow. Copses, along streams, 
 Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 3 4f high, purplish. Involucre varying in all 
 degrees of leanness between the present form and the variety following. Aug.-f- 
 p.frondosus. Hook. (H. frondosus. Linn.} Outer scales larger and leaf-like. 
 
 11. H. TRACHELIIFOLIUS. Willd. 
 
 St. strict, branching, scabrous or with scattered hairs ; Ivs. opposite, those 
 of the branches mostly alternate, thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veined, ap- 
 
 3 6f high. Leaves 3 6' by 3' ; petioles \ !' long. Heads middle size, 
 at top of the slender, suberect branches. Rays expanding 2 3'. 
 
 12. H. HIRSUTUS. Raf. (H. diversifolius. Ell.) 
 
 St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute ; Ivs. opposite, petio- 
 late, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, very sca- 
 brous above, hirsute beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, as 
 long as the disk ; rays 11 15. Dry soils, Western and Southern States. Stem 
 4 7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 310' by 13', petio- 
 les !_i' long. Rays very showy, 15 18" by 46". Jl. Sept. 
 /?. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile. 
 
TAGETES. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 341 
 
 13. H. DIVARICATUS. Spreading Sun/tower. 
 
 St. smooth, branching or simple ; Ivs. nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; panicle trichotomous, slender, 
 few-flowered. Not uncommon in rocky woods, brooksides, U. S. and Brit. Am. 
 Stem 5f high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long, 
 acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for the ge- 
 nus, few, yellow and very showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forked. This 
 plant is much improved by cultivation. Aug. Sept. 
 
 /?. scaberrimus. St. subsimple ; Ivs. thick, exceedingly rough and rigid. Bar- 
 rens, la. ! 
 
 y. Lvs. ternately verticillate. Otherwise as in /?. Barrens, la. ! 
 
 Disk yellow. * * Leaves alternate. 
 
 14. H. GIGANTEUS. (H. altissimus. Linn.) 
 
 Lvs. alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sca- 
 brous, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short, ciliate, winged petioles ; 
 scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, ciliate ; pappus of 2 short, slightly fringed 
 scales. Can. to Car. and Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stem 4 8f high, 
 purplish, branching above into a corymbose panicle of large, yellow flowers. 
 Leaves 2 5' by 1', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12 20. 
 Variable. 
 
 " /?. ambiguus. T. & G. Lvs. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base. 
 L. I." Torr. $ Gray. 
 
 15. H. TOMENTOSUS. Michx. Downy-leaved Sunflower. 
 
 St. stout, pubescent, branched above ; Ivs. thin, large, acuminate, obscure- 
 ly serrate, scabrous above, tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, lower ones 
 ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subsessile ; Ms. long-pedunculate ; 
 scales lance-linear, long-acuminate, villous, squarrose; chaff 3-tooihed, hirsute 
 at summit. Dry soil, 111. to Ga. A large species, 4 8f high, with ample 
 leaves and flowers. Leaves 6 12' by 2 6', some of them tripli-veined. Rays 
 elliptical lanceolate, 18" by 5". Aug. Oct. f 
 
 16. H. GROSSE-SERRATUS. Martens. Notch-leaved Sunflower. 
 
 St. smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. mostly alternate, lanceolate or lance-ovate, 
 long-acuminate, sharply serrate, scabrous aboye, hoary and softly pubescent be- 
 neath, abruptly contracted into naked petioles ; scales lance-subulate, loosely 
 imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as long as the disk. Ohio, Sullivant, &c., la. 
 Plummer, 111., Mead, to La. Allied toH. giganteus. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 
 6 9' by 1 2' broadest near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. Rays 
 15 20," expanding near 3'. Aug. Sept. 
 
 17. H. TUBEROSUS. Jerusalem Artichoke. Lvs. 3-veined, rough, lower ones 
 opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate, alternate ; petioles ciliate at 
 base. 9| Native of Brazil. The plant has been cultivated for the sake of its 
 tuberous roots, which are used as a substitute for potatoes. It is naturalized in 
 borders of fields, hedges, &c. Sept. j 
 
 35. TAGETES. 
 
 Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity, son of Genius and grandson of Jupiter. 
 
 Heads heterogamous ; involucre simple, tubular, of 5 united 
 scales ; ray-flowers 5, persistent ; receptacle naked ; pappus of 5 
 erect awns. Herbs of tropical America. Lvs. pinnately divided. 
 
 1. T. PATULA. French Marigold. St. erect, with spreading branches; seg- 
 ments of the leaves linear-lanceolate ; ped. elongated, subcylindric, one-flowered ; 
 invol. smooth. Plant about 2f high. Flowers orange-yellow. 
 
 2. T. ERECTA. African Marigold. Segments of tJie leaves lanceolate, ciliate- 
 serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, ventricose and thickened at the summit ; invol. angu- 
 lar. The heads are twice larger than in T. patula, and on shorter peduncles. 
 These are well known and popular garden flowers with several varieties. 
 
342 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ACHILLEA. 
 
 36. HELENIUM. 
 
 Named for the celebrated Helen, who is said to have availed herself of its cosmetic properties. 
 
 Involucre double, the outer of leafy, narrow scales, the inner chaffy ; 
 rays pistillate ; pappus of several 5-awned, chaffy leaves ; receptacle 
 globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only ; ray-flowers 
 half 3-cleft ; seed villose. Lvs. alternate, decurrent. Rays yellow. 
 
 H. AUTUMNALE. American Sneeze-wort. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate-serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, decurrent ; /s. loose- 
 ly corymbose. 1J. In damp places. Stem 2 3f high, branching, strongly 
 winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves tapering to each end or elliptic-lance- 
 olate, more or less deeply serrate. Flowers large, numerous, terminal, with 
 drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globose 
 disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug. 
 
 /?. canaliculatum. T. & G. (H. canaliculatum. Lam.} Rays concave, ca- 
 naliculate or 3-furrowed. 
 
 37. ANTHEMIS. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, with nearly equal scales ; rays. numerous, 
 pistillate ; receptacle chaffy, convex or conic ; achenia crowned with 
 a slight border. European herbs, with much divided leaves. 
 
 1. A. ARVENSIS. Corn Chamomile. 
 
 St. erect, hairy ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, hairy and canescent, segments linear- 
 lanceolate; ach. crowned with a narrow margin; chaff of the receptacle lanceo- 
 late, cuspidate, longer than the flowers. (g) Grows in dry, cultivated fields. A 
 pilose, inodorous plant, somewhat naturalized in the Northern States. Stems 
 diffusely branching, 815' high. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy 
 summits of the branches. Disk yellow, rays white. July. 
 
 2. A. NOBILIS. Chamomile. St. prostrate, branching from the base, woolly ; 
 Ivs. decompound-pinnatifid, segments linear, subulate ; chaff scarions, lanceolate, 
 scarcely as long as the flowers. 7J_ Native of Britain and other parts of Europe. 
 Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens. The strong and 
 agreeable scent of the chamomile is well known, also its tonic and anodyne 
 qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. July Sept. 
 
 38. MARUTA. Less. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricated ; rays neutral ; disk perfect ; 
 receptacle conical, chaffy (at least at the summit) ; pappus ; anche- 
 nia smooth. European Jierbs, with alternate, much divided leaves. 
 
 M. COTULA. DC. (Anthemis. Linn.} May-weed. 
 
 St. erect, nearly smooth ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subulate ; chaff 
 bristly, shorter than the flowers. Naturalized in all waste places, in hard, 
 dry soils, especially by roadsides, in patches of great extent, presenting almost 
 a uniform whitish surface when in blossom. Stem branching, diffuse, a foot 
 high, with alternate leaves divided and subdived into a multitude of segments. 
 Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Lin- 
 naeus says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies. 
 June Sept. 
 
 39. ACHILLEA. 
 
 Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, who first used the plant. 
 
 Involucre ovoid, of unequal, imbricated scales; rays 5 10, short, 
 pistillate ; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia without a pappus. % Eu- 
 ropean herbs, with much divided, alternate leaves. 
 
 1. A. MILLEFOLIUM. Millfoil. Yarrow. 
 
 Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments ; invol and st. 
 furrowed. The yarrow abounds in fields, pastures, &c., N. Eng. to Oregon and 
 Arc. Am. It is called also millfoil, from its leaves being cut and parted into so 
 
CHRYSANTHEMUM. LXXV. COMPOSITES. 343 
 
 numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stem a foot high, branching at top into 
 a dense, flat-topped corymb of white or rose-colored flowers. It has an agreea- 
 ble, pungent taste and smell. June Sept. 
 
 2. A. PTARMICA. Sneezewort. 
 
 Lvs. linear, acuminate, equally and sharply serrate, smooth. Found in 
 moist grounds and shady places, Can. and N. Y. Pursh. Mass. Nichotts. Plant 
 about 15' high, branching at top into a diffuse corymb of white flowers. The 
 leaves are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. The dried powder of the leaves 
 used as snuff provokes sneezing. A variety with double flowers occurs, which 
 is quite ornamental in pots. Aug. f 
 
 40. LEUCANTHfiMUM. 
 
 Gr. \EVKOS, white, avSos, flower ; the heads have large, white, conspicuous rays. 
 
 Involucre broad, depressed, imbricated ; rays pistillate, numerous ; 
 receptacle flat, naked ; achenia striate ; pappus 0. Herbs, with alter- 
 nate leaves. 
 
 L. VULGARE. Lam. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Linn.') White- 
 iceed. Ox-eye Daisy. Lvs. amplexicaul, lanceolate, serrate, cut-pinnatifid 
 at base ; st. erect, branching. 7J. The common white- weed is an annoyance to 
 farmers, rapidly overspreading pastures and neglected fields, U. S. to Arc. Am. 
 Stems 2f high, simple or with one or two long branches, furrowed. Leaves 
 comparatively few and small, obtuse, the lower ones petiolate, with deep and 
 irregular teeth ; upper ones small, subulate, those of the middle sessile, clasp- 
 ing, deeply cut at base, with remote teeth above. Heads large, terminal, soli- 
 tary. Disk yellow. Rays numerous, white. July. Sept. 
 
 41. PYRETHRUM. 
 
 An ancient name of a certain plant, supposed to be of Anthemis. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; scales with membranous mar- 
 gins ; receptacle naked ; pappus a membranous margin crowning the 
 achenia. European herbs, chiefly perennial, with alternate leaves. 
 
 P. PARTHENITJM. Feverfew. Lvs. petiolate, flat, tripinnate, the segments ovate, 
 cut ; ped. branching, corymbose ; st. erect ; invol. hemispherical, pubescent. 
 Several varieties of the Feverfew are cultivated, and are in great favor with 
 many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted with a 
 corymb of pure white, double flowers, which retain their beauty for several 
 weeks. 
 
 42. CHRYSANTHEMUM. 
 
 Gr. KpvffoSj gold, avSos ; many species bearing golden colored flowers. 
 
 Involucre imbricate, hemispherical, the scales with membranous 
 margins; receptacle naked ; pappus 0. Ornamental plants from China 
 and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate, lobed. 
 
 1. C. CORONARIUM. St. branched; Ivs. bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, 
 acute. Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. The variety with double flow- 
 ers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. Stem about 3f high, striate, 
 smooth, erect, with alternate, clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, soli- 
 tary. Aug. 
 
 2. C. CARINATCM. Willd. (C. tricolor. Andr.} Three-colored Chrysanthemum. 
 Lvs. bipinnate, fleshy, smooth ; invol. scales carinate. Native of Barbary. 
 
 Heads large and beautiful ; disk purple, rays white with a yellow base. A va- 
 riety has flowers entirely yellow. Jl. Oct. 
 
 3. C. SINENSE. Sabine. (Pyrethrum Sinense. DC.} Chinese Chrysanthemum. 
 Lvs. coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous ; rays very 
 
 long. A native of China, where it has been long cultivated and highly esteemed 
 for its beauty. A great number of varieties have been produced, with double, 
 semidouble and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. It is of very 
 easy culture in any common soil. The plants are propagated by divisions, by 
 
344 LXXV. COMPOSITE. COREOPSIS. 
 
 suckers and by cuttings. Although they grow in any soil, yet it is better to 
 give them a rich loam, and water them with liquid manure. 
 
 43. LEPTOPODA. Nutt. 
 
 Gr. \eirros, slender, TTOVS , foot ; alluding to the elongated peduncle. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, cuneate, 3 4-cleft ; disk ; 
 scales spreading, numerous, attenuate ; receptacle conical ; chaff ; 
 pappus of 6 10 fringed squamae. % North, American herbs, with 
 the habit of Helenium. 
 
 L. BRACHYPODA. T. & G. (Helenium quadridentatum. Hook.} False 
 Helenium. St. leafy, corymbose at summit; Ivs. decurrent, lanceolate, 
 subentire, the lower toothed, obtuse ; hds. on short peduncles ; scales lance-line- 
 ar ; about half as long as the 8 12 drooping rays ; disk brownish-purple. A 
 plant separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. It grows in 
 damp soil, from the southern counties of 111. to Tex. and Southern States. Stem 
 about 2f high. Heads several or numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rather 
 deeply and irregularly toothed, 7 9" by 4 5". 
 
 Section 2> Heads discoid and radiate in the same genus. 
 
 44. ACTINOMfiRIS. Nutt. 
 
 Crr. otKTtv, a ray, pripig, apart; partially radiate. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 14, rarely ; involucre scales 
 foliaceous, subequal, in 1 3 series ; receptacle conical or convex, 
 chaffy ; achenia compressed', flat, obovate, 2-awned. % Plants tall. 
 St. winged with the decurrent leaves. Hds. corymbose, yellow. 
 
 1. A. HELIANTHOIDES. Nutt. (Verbesina. MickxJ) 
 
 St. hirsute, winged except near the base ; Ivs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 
 decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous ; corymb contracted ; rays 
 6 14, long and narrow ; scales erect. Rather common in barrens and prairies, 
 Western States ! It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem 
 conspicuously winged with the decurrent leaves, 2 4f high. Leaves 2 4' by 
 6 14", grayish. Rays often irregular, 1' long. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. A. SQUARROSA. Nutt. (Coreopsis alternifolia. Linn.} 
 
 St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent; Ivs. alternate, 
 often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acumi- 
 nate end, scabrous, decurrent on the petiole and stem ; hds. small ; scales spread- 
 ing or reflexed ; rays 4 8 : receptacle very small. Dry, alluvial soils western 
 N. Y., and Western States ! common. It is a tall, unsightly weed, 5 lOfhigh. 
 Leaves 6 14' by 1 3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays ' long. 
 Aug. Oct. 
 
 45. COREOPSIS. 
 
 Gr. Kopis, a bug, oipis, appearance; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia. 
 
 Involucre double, each 6 10-leaved; receptacle chaffy; achenia 
 compressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2-toothed pappus. 
 Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays rarely wanting. 
 
 Rays 0: 
 
 1. C. DISCOIDEA. Torr. & Gray. Rayless Tick-seed. 
 
 Glabrous, much branched, erect ; Ivs. ternate, long-petiolate ; Ifts. ovate- 
 lanceolate, strongly dentate, petiolulate ; hds. loosely paniculate, on slenderj3e- 
 duncles ; outer involucre 3 5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts, inner of many 
 linear, appressed scales ; ach. linear-oblong, tapering below, twice longer than 
 the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards ! Ohio, Sullivant ! to La. Stem 
 and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 35' by li', lateral much small- 
 er. Heads small (i' diam.), about 30-flowered. Jl. Sept. 
 
COREOPSIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 345 
 
 Rays and disk yell&w. 
 2. C. TRICHOSPERMA. Michx. Tick-seed Sunflower. 
 
 St. glabrous, square, dichotomous ; Ivs. pinnately 5 7-parted, briefly pe- 
 tiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate ; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, 
 linear, long as the inner ; rays entire,, large ; ach. narrow-cuneate, 2-awned. 
 (1) in wet grounds, N. Y., Mass, to Car. A smooth, branching plant, 1 2f high, 
 with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Branches and leaves mostly op- 
 posite. Leaves thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Leaflets narrow, tapering 
 to a long point, with a lew unequal, remote serratures. Achenia ' long, 
 crowned with stout, hispid awns. Jl. Aug. 
 
 3. C. ARISTOSA. Michx. 
 
 Sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5 9-parted, segments lance-linear, 
 incisely serrate or pinnatifid ; hds. small, with conspicuous rays ; outer invol. of 
 10 12 linear, green scales, about as long as the inner, villous at base ; awns 
 about as long as the achenium. Low woods, Western States ! Stem obtusely 
 4-angled, 2 3f high. Leaves thin, 4 6' long, petioles 1'. Rays 8, orange- 
 yellow, expanding !'. 
 
 /?. (C. involucrata. Nutt. ?) Scales of the outer involucre about 13, a third 
 longer than those of the inner. la. ! 
 
 4. C. TRIPTERIS. (Chrysostemma. Less.) 
 
 Glabrous; st. simple, tall, corymbose at summit; Ivs. coriaceous, opposite, 
 petiolate, 3 5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute ; Ms. small, on 
 short peduncles. A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and 
 Western States, common in la. ! Stem 4 8f high, slender, terete. Divisions 
 of the leaves 3 5' by f If. Rays spreading, J' long. Outer scales linear, 
 obtuse, spreading, as many as the inner. Jl. Oct. 
 
 5. C. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Coreopsis. 
 
 Glabrous, branched; Ivs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions pinnately 
 parted, segments linear, obtuse ; rays acute or (in cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 
 3-toothed ; ach. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. 1\. Moist places, Md. and Western 
 States ! Stem 1 3f high. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with 
 bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at 
 base. June Aug. 
 
 6. C. PALMATA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.) 
 
 Nearly smooth ; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the sum- 
 mit ; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft, rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft ; 
 rays obovate-oblong ; ach. linear-elliptic, incurved. Dry prairies, W. States ! 
 Stem 1 2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1 2' long, some of 
 them undivided, lobes 2 4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays. 
 Outer scales linear-oblong, obtuse. Jn. Jl. 
 
 7. C. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Coreopsis. 
 
 St. ascending, often branched below ; lower Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, the 
 tipper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; hds. solitary, on 
 very long, naked peduncles ; rays 4 5-toothed at apex ; ach. suborbicular, with 
 2 small teeth. 7J. Native of the Southern States ! Heads showy. Rays about 
 8,1' by I'. Jn.-Aug.f 
 
 $ Rays or disk purple. 
 
 8. C. DRUMMONDII. T. & G. (Calliopsis. Don.) Drummond's Coreopsis. 
 Pubescent; Ivs. pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) 
 oval, entire ; scales lanceolate-acuminate ; rays unequally 5-toothed, twice longer 
 than the involucre ; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. From Texas. 
 Stems 10 20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a purple spot at base, f 
 
 /?. atrosanguinea, a garden variety, with dark orange flowers. 
 
 9. C. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Coreopsis. Lvs. attenuate, radical ones subbipinnate ; 
 Ifts. oval, entire, smooth; cauline subpinnate, Ifts. linear; rays two-colored ; ach. 
 naked. A handsome border annual, native of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 3f 
 high, with light, smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored 
 with purple at their base. Flowering all summer, f 
 
346 LXXV. COMPOSITE. BIDENS. 
 
 10. C. ROSEA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.} Rose-red TicTcseed. 
 
 St. branched ; Ivs. opposite, 1-veined, linear, entire ; ped. short ; outer 
 scales very short ; rays obscurely tridentate. Tj. A very delicate species, in wet 
 grounds, Mass. Dr. Bobbins I to N. J. Stem slender, erect, 8 16' high. Leaves 
 1 2' long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. Heads few, small. Rays rose- 
 color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl. Aug. 
 
 46. BIDENS. 
 Lat. lidens, two-toothed ; the achenia have 2 (or more) barbed teeth. 
 
 Involucre nearly equal, double, scaly or leafy at the base ; rays 
 few, neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle chaffy, fiat ; pappus of 2 4 
 awns, rough backwards ; achenia quadrangular. Lvs. opposite. Rays 
 
 * Rays inconspicuous or 0. 
 
 1. B. FRONDOSA. Leafy Burr-Marigold. 
 
 Fls. discoid ; outer invol. 6 times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate 
 at base; Imver Ivs. pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. A com- 
 mon weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can. and U. S., often called 
 beggar ticks, from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every one who passes 
 by it. Stem 2f high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves in 
 3s or 5s. Flowers in clusters at the end of the, branches, without rays, yellow, 
 surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2. B. CONNATA. Willd. (B. tripartita. BwJ Trijid Burr-Marigold. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones most- 
 ly trifid ; outer scales longer than the head, leafy ; ach. with 3 awns. (|) I n 
 swamps and ditches, Can., N. Eng. to Mo. Stem 1 3f high, smooth and4-fur- 
 rowed, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite, smooth, serrate, the lower 
 ones often divided into 3 segments, the rest generally entire, lanceolate, sharply 
 serrate and somewhat connate. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, con- 
 sisting only of the tubular, yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aug. 
 
 3. B. CERNUA. Water Burr-Marigold. 
 
 Ms. subradiate, cernuous ; outer invol. as long as the flower ; Ivs. lanceo- 
 late, subconnate, dentate. In swamps and ditches, Can. to Penn. Stem 1 2f 
 high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above, branches opposite, leaves 
 opposite, somewhat connated at base. Flowers yellowish-green, finally droop- 
 ing, generally with yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug. Oct. 
 
 4. B. BIPINNATA. Spanish Needles. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; Ms. subradiate ; outer 
 invol. the length of the inner. Grows in waste places, N. Y. Sartwell, Conn. 
 Robbins. Stem 2 4f high, branching, smooth. Leaves bipinnately dissected, 
 nearly smooth. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 4 (or 0) ob- 
 scure, obovate, yellow rays. Jl. Sept. 
 
 * * Rays conspicuous. 
 
 5. B. CHRYSANTHEMolDEs. Radiate Burr- Marigold. 
 
 Fls. radiate ; rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal involucre ; Ivs. ob- 
 long, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. A low plant, with 
 large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places, Can. and U. S. Stern 6 20' 
 high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, oppo- 
 site, with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, 
 spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept. Oct. 
 
 6. B. BECKII. Torr. Beck's Burr-Marigold. 
 
 Si. subsimple ; submersed Ivs. capillaceous-multifid ; emersed ones lanceo- 
 A ate, connate, acutely serrate or laciniate ; fls. radiate ; rays, longer than the 
 involucre. 1\. In water, N. Y. Sartwell, &c. Vt. Chandler, N. to Can. Stem 
 2 3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower leaves dis- 
 sected as in Ranunculus aquatilis ; upper 12' long, as wide, deeply serrate. 
 f lead solitary, terminal, yellow. July. Aug. 
 
SENECIO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 347 
 
 47. VERBESINA. 
 
 Heads few or many-flowered ; rays 9 , few or ; disk 5 ; scales in 
 2 or more series, imbricated, erect ; chaff concave or embracing the 
 flowers ; achenia compressed laterally, 2-awned. ^ American plants, 
 sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decurrent, serrate or lobed. Hds. solitary 
 or corymbose. 
 
 1. V. SIEGESBECKIA. Michx. (Coreopsis alata. Ph. Actinomeris alata. 
 
 Nutt.} St. 4- winged ; Ivs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, acumi- 
 nate, tripli- veined, tapering to a winged petiole ; hds. radiate, in trichotomous 
 cymes ; rays 1 5 ; ach. wingless. Roadsides and dry fields, Western and South- 
 ern States, common. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 5 8' by 3 4', thin. Heads 
 about 25-flowered, with yellow corollas and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter 
 about f long. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2. V. VIRGINICA. Virginian Crown-beard. 
 
 St. narrowly winged, pubescent above ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate or lance- 
 ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base ; 
 lower ones decurrent ; corymbs compound, dense ; rays (oval) and diskfls. white ; 
 ach. winged. Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem (3 5f high) and leaves beneath 
 often more or less tomentose. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or 4 rays scarce- 
 ly I' long. Aug. Sept. 
 
 48. DYSODIA. Cav. 
 
 Heads many-flowered; rays 9; disk cT; involucre of a single series 
 of partially united scales, usually calyculate ; achenia elongated, 4- 
 angled, compressed ; pappus scales chaffy, in one series, fimbriately 
 and palmately cleft into bristles. (D Lvs. mostly opposite andpinnate- 
 ly parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbose. Fls. yellow. 
 
 D. cHRYSANTHEMolDEs. Lagasca. (Tagetes papposa. Vent. Boebera chr. 
 Willd.} St. glabrous, much branched ; Ivs. pinnately parted, lobes linear, 
 toothed; hds. terminal ; scales campanulate, united at base ; bracts at base 7 9, 
 linear; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. Prairies, &c., 111., Mo. 
 to La. An ill-scented plant, above If high, resembling a Tagetes. Flowers 
 bright yellow. 
 
 49. SENECIO. 
 
 Lat. senex, an old man ; the word is synonymous with Erigeron. 
 
 Involucre of many equal leaflets or invested with scales at base, 
 the scales withered at the points ; receptacle not chaffy ; pappus 
 simple, capillary and copious. A vast genus, embracing 600 species of 
 herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the 
 involucre. 
 
 * Heads discoid. 
 
 1. S. VULGARIS. Common Groundsel. 
 
 St. paniculate, erect, angular ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, amplexi- 
 caul. A common weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. 
 Introduced from Europe. Stem 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth. 
 Leaves alternate, thin, bright green, the radical ones stalked. Flowers without 
 rays, terminal, scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. 
 
 * Heads radiate. 
 
 2. S. ATTREUS. Golden Senecio. 
 
 Radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones pinnati- 
 
 fid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbellate, thick ; rays 8 12. 
 
 Tj. A handsome and very variable plant, in meadows, woods, &c. (U. S. and 
 
 Brit. Am.) with golden-yellow flowers. Stem smoothish. striate, erect 1 2f 
 
 high, simple or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, simple or 
 compound corymb. Lower stem leaves lyrate, upper ones few and slender. 
 oU 
 
348 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CAOALIA. 
 
 Peduncles more or less thickened upwards. Scales linear, acute, purplish at 
 apex. Rays 4 5" long, spreading. May Aug. 
 
 ft. Balsamita. (S. Balsamitae. Mutt.} St. villous at base ; Ivs. few, small 
 and distant, pubescent, radical ones oblong-lanceolate ; ped. villous at base. 
 Rocky hills and pastures. 
 
 y. gracilis. (S. gracilis. Ph.} Radical Ivs. orbicular, on long petioles, cau- 
 line few, linear-oblong, incisely dentate ; ped. short, pilose, with small, few- 
 rayed heads. A slender state of the species, on rocky shores. 
 
 J. obovatus. (S. obovatus. Wittd.} Radical Ivs. obovate ; ped. elongated. 
 Meadows, &c. 
 
 t. lanceolatus. Oakes. Radical Ivs. lanceolate, acute, cauline lanceolate, pin- 
 natifid at base. Shady swamps, Vt. Robbins. 
 
 3. S. PSEUDO-ELEGANS. DC. (S. elegans. Linn.} Purple Jacobeza. Lvs. 
 equal, pinnatifid, pilose-viscid, spreading ; ped. somewhat scaly ; invol. calyc- 
 ulate with leafy scales ; scales mostly withered at the tips. Native of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Flowers of the disk yellow, 
 of the rays of a most brilliant purple. A variety has double flowers, with colors 
 equally brilliant. Another variety has white flowers. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 Section 3. Heads discoid. 
 
 50. HYMENOPAPPUS. L'Her. 
 
 Gr. V//W, a membrane, TraTTTrofjpappus; from the character. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; flowers all 5, tubular; scales 6 12, in 2 
 series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous, colored ; receptacle small, naked ; 
 anthers exserted ; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the 
 base ; pappus of many short, obtuse, membranaceous scales in one se- 
 ries. (D or % North American, villose herbs. St. grooved and angled. 
 Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. 
 
 H. SCABIOS^US. L'Her. 
 
 Hoary-villose, or nearly glabrous ; Ivs. pinnately or bipinnately parted, 
 segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed ; hds. collected in simple 
 corymbs; scales of the invol. obovate, 7 11, white, greenish at base, undulate 
 on the margin, longer than the disk ; cor. deeply lobed ; ach. pubescent. 111. 
 Mead ! and Southern States. Stem 1 2f high, whitish with soft cotton when 
 young, at length purplish and glabrous. Segments 1 \\' by 1 2", rather 
 acute. Heads whitish, about 21-flowered. (Apr. May. T. <$ G. Aug. Mead.} 
 
 51. CACALIA. 
 
 An ancient Gr. name of an uncertain plant. 
 
 Flowers all $ involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate with 
 small scales at the base ; receptacle not chaffy ; pappus capillary, 
 scabrous. M?s% %.. ' Smooth. Lvs. alternate. Hds. offls. corymbed. 
 mostly cyanic. 
 
 1. C. SUAVEOLENS. Wild Caraway. 
 
 Glabrous; st. striate-angular ; Ivs. petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, 
 smooth, green on both sides Jls. corymbed, erect; invol. many-flowered. Tj. 
 Western N. Y. to Conn., Robbins ! to Ga. ! and 111. Stems 4 5f high, striate, 
 leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed ; cauline ones on winged stalks. 
 Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and peduncles 
 smooth, with setaceous bracts beneath the involucre, and beneath the divisions 
 of the peduncles. Aug. Resembles a Nabalus. 
 
 2. C. ATRIPLICIFOLIA. OrocJte-leaved Caraway. 
 
 St. herbaceous ; Ivs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, radical ones cor- 
 date, dentate, cauline ones rhomboid, sub-bidentate on each side ; Jls. corymbed, 
 erect ; invol. 5-flowered. N. Y. to Ga. and 111. ! Stem 3 5f high, round, 
 leafy, subramose. Leaves alternate, the lower ones as large as the hand, with 
 large, unequal teeth. Heads of flowers small, ovoid-cylindric, whitish, loosely 
 corymbose at the tops of the branches. Jl. Sept. 
 
ARTEMISIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 349 
 
 3. C. RENIFORMIS. Muhl. 
 
 St. sulcate-angled ; Ivs. palmately veined, nearly smooth, green both sides, 
 petiolate, lower ones reniform, upper flabellifbrm ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; 
 hds. 5-flowered. Woods la. ! 111., Penn., S. to Car. Stem 3 6f high, nearly 
 simple, glabrous. Leaves 3 12' by 5 18', repand-dentate, lower petioles very 
 long. Scales of involucre 5, obtuse, whitish. July. 
 
 4. C. TUBEROSA. Nutt. 
 
 St. angular-sulcate; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5 7-veined, obtuse or 
 subacute, entire or repand-denticulate, not glaucous, lower ones tapering into 
 long petioles, upper ones on short petioles ; /ids. in compound corymbs. Marsh- 
 es, Western States ! Stem 2 5f high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, 
 3 7 long, f as wide, veined like those of the plantain. Heads oblong, 5-leaved 
 and 5-flowered, white. May Jl. 
 
 5. C. COCCINEA. Curt. (Emilia sagittata. DC.} Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel 
 Flcncer. Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, cauline amplexicaul, crenate; invol. 
 ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed ; ach. ciliate ; pappus in several 
 rows. A pretty garden flower, native of the E. Indies, &c. Stem If or more 
 high. Flowers bright scarlet. Jn. Sept. A bed or patch sown thickly makes 
 a fine appearance. 
 
 52. ARTEMISIA. 
 
 Probably from Artemis, one of the names of the goddess Diana. 
 
 Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with dry, connivent scales ; receptacle 
 naked or subvillous ; disk flowers numerous, , tubular, ray flowers 
 few, often without stamens, and with a subulate corolla or ; ache- 
 nia with a small disk ; pappus 0. Bitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. Cor. 
 yellow. 
 
 1. Receptacle naked. Disk flowers sterile. 
 
 1. A. DRACUNCULUS. Taragon. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, acuminate at each 
 end ; hds. subglobose, pedunculate, erect. A culinary herb, native of S. Eu- 
 rope. Stem herbaceous, 2 3f high. Jl. Aug. It is of the easiest culture, and 
 is used for pickles, salad, and for seasoning soup. 
 
 2. A. DRACUNCULOIDES. Ph. (A. cernua. Nutt.} 
 
 Erect, much branched, whitish pubescent when young ; lower Ivs. 3-cleft, 
 upper entire, narrowly linear, attenuated at both ends ; hds. globose, small, nod- 
 ding, pedicellate, in paniculate racemes; scales with scarious margins. St. 
 Louis, Mo. to the Saskatchawan. Stem shrubby, 6 8f high, with numerous 
 slender branches. Leaves I 4' by 1 3", radical trifid or sometimes 2 or 3 
 times trifid. 
 
 3. A. BOREALIS. Pallas. (A. spithamsea. Ph.} 
 
 Caespilose, silky- villose or smoothish; st. simple (6 10' high); lower Ivs. 
 petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately or bi- 
 pinnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper Ivs. linear, 3 5-cleft or entire ; 
 hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemose-paniculate. Keweena Point, Lake Su- 
 perior. Dr. Houghton in T. & G. PL ii. 417. 
 
 4. A. CANADENSIS. Michx. Sea Wormwood. 
 
 St. erect or decumbent ; Ivs. pinnatifid with linear segments ; As. subglo- 
 bose, sessile, in crowded panicles resembling spikes. 7J. Shores of the great 
 lakes. Plum Island, Bigelow. Near Amherst College, Hitchcock. Willoughby 
 Mt., Vt., Wood. Stem 2 4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly 
 erect. Leaves all much divided into linear-setaceous segments. Heads nume- 
 rous, small, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous 
 margin. Aug. 
 
 5. A. CAUDATA. Michx. 
 
 St. herbaceous, simple, densely and pyramidally paniculate ; radical and 
 lower cauline Ivs. subbipinnate, pubescent, upper ones subpinnate, segments sub- 
 setaceous, alternate ; hds. ovoid-globose, pedicellate, erect. On the sea coast, 
 N. H. to R. I. Stem 3 6f high, strict. Leaves in many attenuated and some- 
 
350 LXXV. COMPOSITE. GNAPHALIUM. 
 
 what fleshy segments. Heads small. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, ellip- 
 tical. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2. Receptacle naked. Flowers all fertile. 
 
 6. A. ABROTANUM. Southernwood. St. erect ; lower Ivs. bipinnate ; upper ones 
 capillary, pinnate ; invol. downy, hemispherical. A well known shrubby plant 
 in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into very narrow, 
 linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of S. Europe. ^ 
 
 7. A. LUDOVICIANA. Nutt. 
 
 Herbaceous, canescently tomentose ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower incisely and 
 remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire ; hds. ovoid, subsessile, arranged 
 in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. Lake and river shores, Mich, to Mo. W. 
 to Oreg. Stem 2 5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite variable in size, 
 and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small and crowded. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 8. A. VULGARIS. Common Artemisia or Mugwort. 
 
 Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones pinnatifid, segments lanceolate, 
 acute, subdentate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate ; Ms. erect, ovoid, sub- 
 sessile ; invol. tomentose. 7J. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in fields, 
 roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt. N. H. Stem 2 3f high, branching 
 into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable, but never nearly so 
 attenuated as in A. Canadensis. Heads lew, purplish. 
 
 9. A. BIENNIS. Willd. 
 
 Erect, herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid, 
 all with linear, acute and mostly incised lobes ; Ms. sessile, arranged in a close, 
 narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes. Ohio to Mo. and the Saskatchawan. 
 T. <$ G. Aug. Oct. 
 
 3. Receptacle mllous or hairy. Flowers all fertile. 
 
 10. A. ABSINTHIUM. Common Wormwood. 
 
 Lvs. multifid, clothed with short, silky down, segments lanceolate ; hds. 
 hemispherical, drooping ; receptacle hairy. Naturalized in the mountainous dis- 
 tricts of New England, growing among rubbish, rocks and by roadsides. Stems 
 angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers. The whole 
 plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic, 
 stomachic, &c. 
 
 11. A. PONTICA. Roman Wormword. Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones 
 bipinnate, leaflets linear ; hds. roundish, stalked, nodding. Common in gar- 
 dens, where it arises 3 or 4f, with simple branches and racemes of yellow flow- 
 ers. Head with 24 flowers, those of the ray about 6. From Austria, f 
 
 53. TANACETUM. 
 
 Said to be a corruption of a 6a.va.Tos, deathless; for the durable flowers. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute j recep- 
 tacle convex, naked ; pappus a slight, membranous border ; achenia 
 with a large, epigynous disk. Lvs. alternate, much dissected. Fls. 
 yellow. 
 
 T. VULGARE. Tansey. Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate, 
 pinnatifid and incisely serrate; hds. fastigiate-corymbose. 7J. Native of Europe, 
 and naturalized in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2 3f high, 
 branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug. The whole 
 plant has a strong and aromatic smell and a very bitter taste. The seeds are 
 anthelmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped 
 leaves. 
 
 54. GNAPHALIUM. 
 
 Gr. yva.(f>a\ov, cotton or wool ; from the soft, cottony surface of the herbage. 
 
 Heads discoid, heterogamous ; involucre imbricate with scarious, 
 colored scales ; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, in several rows ; 
 
ANTENNARIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 351 
 
 central flowers ; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus simple, scabrous, 
 capillary. Lvs. alternate, entire. 
 
 1. G. POLYCEPHALUM. Michx. Fragrant Life-everlasting. 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, whitish totnentose beneath, 
 as well as the paniculate stem ; has. capitate, corymbose ; scales of the involucre 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute. Common in fields, &c., Can. and U. S. It is dis- 
 tinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color. Stem 1 2f 
 high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Leaves sessile, cottony 
 beneath. Flowers in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches. Involucre 
 with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug. 
 
 2. G. DECURRENS. Ives. Decurrent-leaved Life-everlasting. 
 
 St. erect, stout, much branched, viscidly pubescent ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 
 very acute, decurrent, naked above, white and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense, 
 roundish, terminal clusters. 7J. A stout species, covered with a dense, hoary 
 pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, &c., N. H., Vt. to N. J. Stem 2f high, 
 with scattered leaves and spreading branches. Leaves on the upper side green, 
 scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yellow corollas. Aug. 
 
 3. G. PURPUREUM. (G. Americanum. Willd.) Purple Life-everlasting. 
 St. erect, simple or branched from the base, tomentose ; Ivs. linear-spatu- 
 
 late or obovate-spatulate, downy-canescent beneath, green above ; hds. sessile, 
 crowded, terminal and axillary. Grows in sandy fields and pastures, N. H. to 
 la. and La. Stem 812' high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads with 
 purplish scales and yellow corollas. June. 
 
 4. G. ULIGINOSUM. Mud Life-everlasting. 
 
 St. diffusely branched, woolly; Ivs. linear-lanceolate; Ms. in terminal, 
 crowded, leafy clusters ; involucre scales one-colored, inner acute ; ach. smooth. 
 (J) A small, spreading plant clothed with whitish down, common in sandy 
 places where water occasionally stands, N. Mid. and W. States. Stem 4 6' 
 high. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at the base. Scales of the involucre 
 oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug. 
 
 55. ANTENNARIA. Br. 
 
 Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antenna. 
 
 Heads dioecious ; involucre of imbricate, colored scales ; pistillate 
 corollas filiform ; receptacle subconvex, alveolate ; pappus simple, 
 bristly. % Tomentose. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. corymbose, with 
 white scales. 
 
 1. A. MARGARITACEA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.') Common Life-everlasting. 
 St. erect, simple, corymbosely branched above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 
 
 acute, 3-veined, sessile, and beneath the stem woolly ; corymbs fastigiate ; invol. 
 scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white. 7J. Named for its dry, imperishable, pearl- 
 white flower-scales. In fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 1 2f 
 high, and with its numerous, scattered 'leaves, clothed with white and cotton- 
 like down. Heads of flowers numerous, hemispherical, much adorned by the 
 fadeless, imbricated scales of which the outer are downy at the base. Flowers 
 yellow. July. The plant. is slightly fragrant. 
 
 2. A. PLANTAGINIFOLIA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) Mouse-ear Life-ever- 
 lasting. Stolons procumbent ; st. simple ; radical Ivs. ovate, mucronate, 3- 
 
 veined, silky-canescent ; stem Ivs. small, lanceolate ; invol. scales ovate, obtuse. 
 7|. Borders of woods, &c., U. S. and Brit. Am., common. Whole plant, whit- 
 ish with down. Stem 5 8' high, often branched at base into several from the 
 same root. Root-leaves much larger than those of the stem, rounded at apex, 
 tapering to a petiole. Stem-leaves few, bract-like. Heads clustered, terminal, 
 purplish- white. May Aug. 
 
 ^.dioica. (A. dioica. Br.) Radical Ivs. much smaller, spatulate; stem Ivs. 
 linear-lanceolate ; inner scales linear, acute. Abundant in old pastures. Apr. 
 July. A variety (too ?) strongly marked. 
 30* 
 
352 LXXV. COMPOSITE. XANTHIUM. 
 
 56. FILAGO. Tourn. 
 Apparently from the Lat. Jlla, on account of the cottony fibres or hairs. 
 
 Heads heterogamous ; involucre of a few villous scales ; marginal 
 flowers 9 5 receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chaffy at base ; 
 achenia terete ; central ones with a hairy pappus. Downy-canescent 
 herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. 
 
 F. GERMANICA. (Gnaphalium. Linn.} German Cud-weed. 
 St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, crowded, erect ; hds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal 
 and lateral ; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the palese of the receptacle, 
 each with a pistillate flower in the axil. A European plant, sparingly natu- 
 ralized in fields and roadsides, Ms. Stem 6- 10' high. Scales straw-color, with 
 a green line outside. July Oct. 
 
 57. ERECHTITES. Raf. 
 Gr. pe%$(>), to trouble ; the species are troublesome weeds. 
 
 Flowers all tubular, those of the margin pistillate, of the disk per- 
 fect ; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate ; receptacle 
 naked ; pappus of numerous fine, capillary bristles. CD Lvs. simple, 
 alternate. Fls. corymbose, whitish. 
 
 E. HIERACIFOLIUS. Raf. (Senicio hieracifolius. Linn.) Fire-weed. 
 St. paniculate, virgate ; Ivs. oblong, amplexicaul, acute, unequally and 
 deeply toothed with acute indentures ; invol. smooth ; ach. hairy. (I) A well 
 known, rank weed, growing in fields, (Can. and U. S.) particularly and abun- 
 dantly in such as have been newly cleared and burnt over, and hence it is called 
 fire-weed. Stem thick and fleshy, branching, 3f high, roughish. Leaves of a 
 light green, large, irregularly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers 
 terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Involucre large and tumid at base. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 58. XANTHIUM. 
 
 Heads heterocephalous. Sterile. Involucre imbricate ; anthers 
 approximate, but distinct ; receptacle chaffy. Fertile. Involucre 2- 
 leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-flowered ; sta- 
 mens 0. (D Coarse weeds with alternate leaves. 
 
 1. X. STRUMARIUM. Clotweed. 
 
 St. unarmed, branching ; Ivs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate, 
 rough ;fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stiff thorns, and ending with 2, spread- 
 ing, straight horns. A coarse, rough plant, in old fields, &c., N. Eng, and Mid. 
 States. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2 3f high. Leaves large, on long 
 stalks, rigid. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fertile, in 
 sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered 
 with stiff, hooked prickles, which, like those of the common burdock, serve to 
 disperse the seeds. Aug. 1 
 
 2. X. ECHINATUM. Murray. (X. macrocarpon. DC.) 
 
 St. rough and strigose, spotted ; Ivs. scabrous, obscurely lobed, obtuse, 
 "broad and subcordate at base, repand-toothed ; fr. oval, densely armed with ri- 
 gid, uncinate bristles ; horns incurved. A very coarse plant in marshes near 
 the seacoast, Mass, to Car. Stem thick, 1 2f high. Fruit very large, hairy. 
 Aug. Oct. 
 
 3. X. SPINOSUM. Prickly Clotweed. 
 
 St. branched ; spines at base of the leaves triple, slender ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- 
 late, cuneate at base, petiolate, 3-lobed or dentate or entire, under surface and 
 veins above whitish, twice longer than the spines ; invol. oblong, with slender, 
 uncinate spines. Roadsides and fields, Mass, to Penn. ! and Ga. Plant about 
 If high, very conspicuously armed with straw-colored spines 1' long. Heads 
 sessile, sterile in the upper, fertile in the lower axils. Sept Nov. 
 
CALENDULA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 363 
 
 59. AMBROSIA. 
 
 Gr. a///?poeria, food of the gods ; a term strangely applied. 
 
 Heads heterocephalous. Sterile. Involucre of several united 
 scales, hemispherical, many-flowered ; anthers approximate, but dis- 
 tinct ; receptacle naked. Fertile. Involucre 1 -leaved, entire or 5- 
 toothed, 1 -flowered, corolla ; styles 2 ; stamens 0. Herbaceous 
 plants with mostly opposite Ivs. and unsightly flowers. 
 
 1. A. TRIFIDA. Tall Ambrosia. 
 
 Hairy, rough ; Ivs. three-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolote, acumi- 
 nate ; fr. with 6 lines below the summit. (T) A very tall, herbaceous plant, not 
 very common in N. Eng., found in hedges and low grounds in the valley of 
 Connecticut river. In the W. States it is abundant! Stem 5 lOf high, erect, 
 branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes with long points 
 and close serratures. Flowers mean and obscure, in long, leafless spikes, axil- 
 lary and terminal. Aug. 
 
 0. integrifolia. T. & G. (A. integrifolia. Muhl.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at base, often some of them 3-lobed ; roc. 
 terminal, single or ternate. 
 
 2. A. ARTEMISI.EFOLIA. (A. elatior. Ph.) Hog-weed. 
 
 Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth ; petioles ciliate ; roc. terminal, pani- 
 cled; st. virgate. A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, fields, 
 &c. (Can. to Ga.) far more worthy of its English than its Latin name. Stem 
 2 3f high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute 
 and parallel. Barren flowers, small, green, in terminal racemes, the fertile 
 ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug. Sept. 
 
 3. CORONOPIPOLIA. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Canescent-strigose, branched ; Ivs. crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bi- 
 pinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pinnatifid ; sterile hds. spicate, fertile clus- 
 tered at the base of the sterile spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves; fr. hairy. 
 (I) Prairies, Wis. to Tex. Stem 1 5f high, at length very branching and 
 leafy. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. A. BIDENTATA. MlChX. 
 
 Very hirsute ; st. branching ; branches simple ; Ivs. crowded, mostly alter- 
 nate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a single tooth 
 or short lobe on each side near the base; sterile hds. densely spicate, fertile axil- 
 lary ; fr. 4-angled, acutely pointed, the 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines. 
 Prairies, 111. to La. Stem 1 3f high, with numerous leaves and very dense, 
 terminal spikes. Jl. Sept. 
 
 60. I V A . 
 
 A name of barbarous origin. 
 
 Heads discoid ; involucre 3-leaved ; marginal flowers 5, fertile, the 
 others sterile ; receptacle hairy ; achenia obconic, obtuse ; pappus 0. 
 Herbs or shrubs. Lower Ivs. opposite. 
 
 I. FRUTESCENS. High-water Shrub. Marsh Elder. 
 
 St. shrubby ; Ivs. lanceolate, punctate, deeply serrate, rough. 1\. In the 
 borders of salt marshes, Mass, to La., common. Stem thick, 3 8f high, with 
 numerous opposite branches. Leaves numerous, 3-veined, upper ones entire. 
 Flowers green, small, drooping, in close, leafy clusters. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 5. CYNAREJB. 
 
 Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homogamous (rarely dioecious), or hete- 
 rogamous with the marginal flowers in a single series. Style in the perfect 
 flowers often tumid near the summit. 
 
 61. CALENDULA. 
 
 Lai. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. 
 
 Heads radiate ; involucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series ; 
 
354 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CARTHAMUS. 
 
 receptacle naked ; achenia of the disk membranaceous ; pappus 0. 
 An oriental genus of annual kerbs. Lvs. alternate. 
 
 C. OFFICINALIS. Pot Marigold. Viscid-pubescent ; st. erect, branched ; Ivs. 
 oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the mar- 
 gin ; hds. terminal, solitary ; ach. carinate, muricate, incurved. A common 
 and handsome garden plant, from S. Europe. It has double, lemon-colored, and 
 other varieties. Flowers large and brilliant, generally orange-colored. Jn. Sept.f 
 
 62. CENTAUREA. 
 
 The centaur Chiron, it is said, cured with these his foot wounded by Hercules. 
 
 Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray flowers larger than the 
 rest, sterile, often wanting ; receptacle bristly ; pappus of filiform, 
 scabrous bristles in several series. A genus of oriental herbs, with al- 
 ternate leaves. 
 
 1. C. NIGRA. Black Knapweed. 
 
 St. erect, branched, pubescent above ; lower Ivs. angular-lyrate, upper lan- 
 ceolate, dentate ; scales of the involucre ovate, with an erect, capillary fringe. 
 1\. A troublesome weed in meadows and pastures, Mass. Introduced from Eu- 
 rope. Stem about 2f high, simple or oftener divided into elongated branches. 
 Heads few, large, terminal, solitary. Scales dark brown. Flowers purple. 
 Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. C. CYANUS. Blue-bottle. Bachelor's-button. 
 
 St. erect, branching, downy ; Ivs. linear, entire, downy, the lowest subden- 
 tate ; invol. scales serrate. (I) Introduced from Europe, cultivated and sparingly 
 naturalized in old fields. It is a hardy annual, justly popular for its handsome 
 flowers, which are very variable in color. Heads ovoid, solitary on the ends 
 of the branches. JL Sept. 
 
 3. C. AMERICANA. Nutt. (C. Nuttallii. Spreng.) 
 
 St. erect, sulcate, sparingly branched ; lower Ivs. oblong-ovate, repand-den- 
 tate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous ; hds. few or solitary, 
 very large ; ped. thickened at summit ; invol. depressed-globose, scales with a 
 pectinate-pinnate, reflexed appendage. (T) Native in Ark. and La., naturalized 
 in 111. Mead. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 4f high, with very showy, pale- 
 purple heads. { 
 
 63. AMBERBOA. DC. 
 
 Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers wanting or larger 
 than the rest, sterile ; pappus of oblong or obovate paleae, attenuated 
 to the base, all similar, rarely small or 0. Eastern herbs, with alter- 
 nate leaves. 
 
 -1. A. MOSCHATA. Willd. (Centaurea. Linn.} Sweet Sultan. Lvs. lyrate- 
 dentate ; invol. subglobose, smooth ; scales ovate ; ray-Jlowers scarcely enlarged, 
 not exceeding the disk ; pappus 0. A handsome border annual from Persia. 
 Flowers purple. A variety has white flowers. July Oct. 
 
 2. A. ODORATA. a. amboracea. DC. (Centaurea suaveolens. Willd.) Yellow 
 Sweet Sultan. Lower Ivs. broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper lyrate at base ; 
 hds. globose ; ray-fls. enlarged upwards, longer than the disk-; pappus chaffy, a 
 little shorter than the fruit. From Levant. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid. Flow- 
 ers yellow. 
 
 0. glaiica. (Centaurea glauca. Willd.) Lvs. often deeply pinnatifid ; Jlowers 
 purple. 
 
 64. CARTHAMUS. 
 
 Arabic qorthom, to paint ; from its coloring property. 
 
 Heads discoid ; involucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous ; 
 flowers all tubular and $ , filaments smooth ; pappus ; receptacle 
 with setaceous palese; achenia 4-angled. Oriental herbs. 
 
CYNARA. LXXV. COMPOSITE". 355 
 
 C. TJNCTORIUS. Common Saffron. St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, 
 spinose-denticulate. CD Native of Egypt, but long cultivated in other lands on 
 account of its orange-colored flowers. Stem branching, striate, 1 2f high. 
 Leaves subamplexicaul, smooth and shining. Heads large, terminal, with nu- 
 merous long and slender flowers. The latter are useful in coloring, and as a 
 nursery medicine. July. 
 
 65. XERANTHEMUM. 
 Gr. ripos, dry, avSos; on account of its dry, imperishable flowers. 
 
 Heads discoid ; involucre hemispherical, with radiant, colored, 
 opaque, scarious scales ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus paleo-setace- 
 ous. (D Native of S. Europe. 
 
 X. ANNUUM. Willd. Eternal Flower. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, obtusish, alternate, entire ; hds. large, terminal, solitary ; scales of the 
 involucre obtuse, scarious, inner ones of the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. 
 A singularly beautiful plant, half hardy, of easy culture. Stem 2 3f high. 
 The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are varieties with 
 red, white, blue and yellow rays. The splendid flowers retain their beauty 
 through the winter. 
 
 66. C NIC US. Vaill. 
 
 Gr}'. KVi$b>, to prick; well applied to these herbs. 
 
 Heads discoid ; involucre ventricose, imbricate with doubly spi- 
 nous scales ; ray-flowers sterile ; receptacle very hairy ; pappus in 3 
 series, the outer 10-toothed, the 2 inner each 10-bristled. Oriental 
 herbs. 
 
 C. BENEDICTUS. Blessed Thistle. Lvs. somewhat decurrent ; dentate and 
 spiny ; invol. doubly spinous, woolly, bracteate. (T) Native of Persia, Tauria 
 and Greece. About 2f high, with yellow -flowers. Sparingly naturalized. 
 June. It was formerly in great estimation in medicine, but is now considered 
 worthless. $ 
 
 67. ONOPERDON. Vaill. 
 
 Gr. ovo$, and rrspjo), the application to the present noble genus is not obvious. 
 
 Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre ventricose, imbricate with 
 spreading, spinous scales ; receptacle deeply alveolate ; pappus copi- 
 ous, capillary, scabrous ; achenia 4-angled. Large, branching herbs, 
 with decurrent leaves. 
 
 0. ACANTHIUM. Cotton TTiistlc. 
 
 Invol. scales spreading, subulate; l-vs. ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate, 
 spinous, woolly on both sides. (g) This fine looking thistle occurs naturalized 
 in waste grounds, and is about 3f in height. The whole plant has a white, 
 cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves, which are unusually 
 large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug. 
 
 68. CYNlRA. 
 
 Gr. Kvav, a dog ; the stiff, hard spines of the invol. resemble a dog's teeth. 
 
 Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre dilated, imbricate, scales 
 fleshy, emarginate, pointed ; receptacle setaceous ; pappus plumose ; 
 achenia not beaked. Natives of the Old World. 
 
 1. C. SCOLYMUS. Garden Artichoke. 
 
 Lns. subspinose, pinnate and undivided ; invol. scales ovate. ^ Native 
 of S. Europe, naturalized in gardens and cultivated grounds. A well known. 
 garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the in- 
 volucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed 
 in rows. 3 feet apart. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2. C. CARDUNCULUS. Cardoon. Lvs. spiny, all pinnatifid ; invol. scales 
 ovate. 7J. Native of Canada. Flowers purple. This plant is blanched by 
 
356 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CIRSIUM. 
 
 having earth heaped up around it, and then the petioles become tender, crisp, 
 eatable, like celery. Aug. Sept. 
 
 69. CIRSIUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. Kipffos, a swelling of the veins, which this plant was supposed to heal. 
 
 Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre subglobose, of many rows 
 of spinose-pointed, imbricated scales ; receptacle bristly ; style scarce- 
 ly divided ; pappus copious, plumose ; achenia compressed, smooth. 
 Herbs with alternate leaves, generally armed with spinose prickles. Fls. 
 cyanic. 
 
 1. C. ARVENSE. Scop. (Cnicus arvensis. Ph.) Canada Thistle. 
 
 Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; st. panicled ; invol. round or ovate, with 
 minute spines, scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. 9]. A very common this- 
 tle in fields, roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Ohio. It is one of the 
 severest pests of the farmer, requiring his constant vigilance to extirpate it from 
 his fields. In England it is called cursed thistle. Root creeping, very long and 
 exceedingly tenacious of life. Stem 3f high, with a branching panicle at top. 
 Leaves alternate, thickly beset with thorns. Heads rather small, purple, the 
 involucre nearly thornless, and is the only part of the plant that can be safely 
 handled. July. 
 
 2. C. DISCOLOR. Spreng. (Cnicus discolor. Muhl.) Tall Thistle. 
 
 Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath, the segments 2-lobed, 
 divaricate, spinose ; invol. globose, the scales ovate, appressed, with spreading 
 spines at the tips. -() A slender thistle, 3 5f high, much branched, and leafy 
 at the summit. Found in thickets, N. Eng. to 111. Heads terminating the 
 branches, an inch in diameter, with reddish-purple corollas. July, Aug. 
 
 3. C. MUTICUM. Michx. (Cnicus glutinosus. Bw.) Glutinous Thistle. 
 Lvs. pinnatifid with divaricate segments ; invol. ovate, with unarmed, 
 
 villous-arachnoid, glutinous scales. (g) A fine looking thistle found in damp 
 soils, Can. and U. S. Stem branching, 3 7f high. Leaves armed with spines 
 at each angle. Heads ' diam., with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed 
 and glutinous on the back. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. C. HORRIDULUM. Michx. (Cnicus horridulus. Linn.) Yellow Thistle. 
 
 Lvs. sessitej pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinose ; hds. invested with an exter- 
 nal involucre of about 20 very spinose bracts scales unarmed. (g) Found in 
 meadows and hills, N. Eng. to Flor. The stem is 1 3f high, invested with 
 wool. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed with stiff spines. 
 Heads large, with yellowish- white corollas surrounded by a whorl of lanceolate 
 or linear leaflets tipped with stiff thorns, the scales webbed. Aug. 
 
 5. C. PUMILUM. Spreng. (Cnicus odoratus. Muhl.) Pasture Thistle. 
 Hairy; Lvs. green on both sides, clasping, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
 
 the segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, spinose; invol. round-ovate, spinose, 
 naked. () A common, low, turgid thistle in roadsides, pastures, N. Eng. and 
 Mid. States. Stem 1 2f high, stout, striate, with 1 3 very large heads of 
 fragrant, purple flowers. Aug. 
 
 6. C. LANCBOLATUM. Scop. (Cnicus. Ph. Carduus. Linn.) Common Thistle. 
 Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate and spinose ; 
 
 invol. ovate, villous ; scales lanceolate, spreading. (g) Common in borders of 
 fields, roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States, always distinguished by the decur- 
 rent leaves. Stem 3 4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves which are white 
 and woolly beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Fls. numerous, 
 large, purple. Involucre scales webbed, each ending in a spine. July Sept. 
 
 7. C. ALTISSIMUM. Spreng. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Willd.) 
 
 Tall, branched, villose-pubescent, leafy; Ivs. whitish beneath, spinose- 
 ciliate, sessile, lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, lower ones pinnatifid, petio- 
 late : lobes or teeth spinescent ; invol. ovoid-oblong ; scales close-compressed, ovate- 
 lanceolate, outer ones with a spreading spine at apex. Fields and barrens, 
 Penn. and Western States ! common. Stem 3 8f high. Leaves 6 8' by 1 6'. 
 
KRIGIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 357 
 
 Heads about 1' diam., with linear-lanceolate bracts at base. Flowers purple or 
 purplish-white. Aug. 
 
 8. C. VIRGINIANUM. Michx. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Ph.') 
 Slender and mostly simple ; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, entire 
 or repand-dentate, teeth spinescent, or sometimes remotely sinuate-lobed or pin- 
 natifid, upper surface glabrous, under surface tomentose-canescent ; hds. small; 
 inxol. subglobose ; scales tipped with a short, spreading prickle. Woods, Ohio, 
 T. <f* G., and Southern States. Plant about the size of the Canada thistle, 
 clothed with an arachnoid pubescence, with few or many head^s (sometimes but 
 one) which are about ' diam. Flowers purple. Apr. Sept! 
 
 70. LAP PA. Tourn. 
 Lat. lappa, a burr, from Gr. Aa/foiv, to lay hold of; a characteristic term. 
 
 Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre globose, the scales imbri- 
 cated and hooked at the extremity ; receptacle bristly ; pappus bristly, 
 scabrous, caducous. (D Coarse, European herbs. Lvs. alternate, large. 
 
 L. MAJOR. Gaert. (Aretium Lappa. Linn.} Burdock. 
 
 Lvs. cordate, unarmed, petioled. Common in waste and cultivated 
 grounds, fields, N. Eng. Mid. and W. States. Each plant is a large, conical, 
 ill-scented and coarse looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching, 
 irregular -panicle of ovoid heads with tubular corollas of an exceedingly deli- 
 cate pink color. The leaves are very large, with wavy edges. This plant is 
 an instance of design in the dissemination of seeds, such as cannot be mis- 
 taken. The scales of the involucre all end in a minute, firm hook, which seizes 
 hold of everything that passes by. Thus men and animals are made the unwil- 
 ling agents of scattering widely the seeds of this unsightly plant. July, Aug. ty 
 3. Leaves pinnatifid. Penn. Dr. Darlington. 
 
 SUBORDER 2. L IGUL.IFL.ORJE. 
 
 Flowers all perfect, ligulate, in a radiatiform or radiant head. 
 TRIBE 6. CICHORACE^J. 
 
 Branches of the style uniformly pubescent. Plants with a milky juice. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 71. CICHORIUM. Tourn. 
 
 The Egyptian name chttcouryeh, whence Gr. Kt^eopi;, and Eng. succory. 
 
 Involucre double, the outer of 5 leafy scales, the inner of about 8 
 linear ones ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus scaly ; achenia not rostrate, ob- 
 scurely 5-sided. Oriental herbs with bright blue fls., about 20 in a head. 
 
 1. C. INTYBUS. Succory. Fls. in pairs, axillary, sessile ; lower Ivs. runcinate. 
 7J. A European plant 2 3f high, with large, showy, sky-blue flowers, natu- 
 ralized in grass fields, by roadsides, and becoming quite common in many 
 localities. Stem round, with few long branches, rough. The upper leaves 
 become cordate acuminate, sessile, inconspicuous, only the radical ones runci- 
 nate. The flowers are 1 2' diam., and placed rather remote on the long naked- 
 ish branches. Corollas flat, 5-toothed. The root is used in France as a substi- 
 tute for coffee. July Sept. 
 
 2. C. ENDIVIA. Endive. Ped. axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and 
 1 -headed, the other very short, about 4-headed ; hds. capitate. A hardy annual, 
 from the E. Indies, esteemed and cultivated for salad. The French physicians 
 have recently found it a remedy for jaundice. 
 
 72. KRIGIA. Schreb. 
 
 Dedicated to Dr. Daniel Krieg, a German botanist. 
 
 Involucre many-leaved, nearly simple, equal; receptacle naked; 
 pappus double, or consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales surround- 
 ing 5 8 bristles several times as long as the 5-angled achenia. 
 Small acaukscent herbs. Heads solitary, with 20 30 yellow flowers. 
 
358 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CATANANCHE. 
 
 K. VIRGINICA. Willd. (Hyoseris. Me. Cynthia. Beck.} Dwarf Dandelion. 
 
 Scape 1 -flowered; Ivs. lanceolate, lyrate, smooth; invol. smooth. This 
 
 little plant is found on sandy hills and by roadsides, Can. to La. Scapes 1 
 
 several, smooth, slender, 18' high. After flowering it becomes longer than 
 the leaves. The primary leaves are roundish, entire ; the rest irregularly lyrate. 
 Scales of the involucre 10 15, linear-lanceolate, arranged in a somewhat sim- 
 ple series. Corollas yellow. Ach. turbinate, scabrous, reddish-brown. May J] 
 
 73. CYNTHIA. Don. 
 
 One of the names of Diana; its application to this genus is not obvious. 
 
 Involucre nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales ; receptacle flat, 
 alveolate ; pappus double, the outer minute, scaly ; inner copious, 
 capillary ; achenia short. *4- Lvs. alternate or all radical. Hds. with 
 15 20 yellow flowers. 
 
 C. VIRGINICA. Don. (Tragopogon. Linn. Krigia amplexicaulis. Nutt.} 
 St. mostly simple, scape-like ; radical Ivs. sublyrate or pinnatifid, on short, 
 winged petioles ; cauline ones lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire. In barrens and 
 dry soils, Western N. Y. to 111. ! &c. The plant is smooth and glaucous. Stem 
 1 2f high, often dichotomously divided, with 1 2 clasping leaves at the forks. 
 Radical leaves 3 5' long, sometimes nearly entire. Heads terminal on the 
 bracteate and subumbellate peduncles, with deep yellow flowers. Scales united 
 at base in a somewhat double series. May July. 
 
 74. LEONTODON. 
 
 Gr. Xcwi/, a lion, oSovs, a tooth; in reference to the deeply toothed leaves. 
 
 Involucre imbricate, the outer scales very short ; receptacle na- 
 ked ; pappus plumose, persistent on the somewhat rostrate achenia. 
 Acaulescent herbs, with white fls. many in a head. 
 
 L. AUTUMNALIS. (Apargia. Willd.) Autumnal Hawkweed. 
 Scape branching ; ped. scaly ; Ivs. lanceolate, dentate-pinnatifid, smoothish. 
 A European plant, naturalized and common in the eastern parts of N. Eng- 
 land, growing in grass-lands and by roadsides. The flower resembles those of 
 the dandelion (Taraxacum). Root large, abrupt. Scape round, striate, hol- 
 low, decumbent at base, 6 18' high, with a few .branches and scattered scales. 
 Leaves all radical, spreading, 6' long, with deep, round sinuses, and covered 
 with remote hairs. Heads 1' diam. yellow, appearing from July to Nov. 
 
 75. TRAGOPOGON. 
 
 Gr. rpayof , a goat, Trcoycoi', beard ; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus. 
 
 Involucre simple, of many leaves ; receptacle naked : pappus plu- 
 mose ; achenia longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filiform 
 beak. (D European herbs, with long, linear, grass-like Ivs. 
 
 T. PORRIFOLIUS. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster. Invol. much longer than the corol- 
 la; fos. long, linear, undivided, straight ; ped. thickened upwards. Stem 3 4f 
 high. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, bluish-purple. This exotic is cultivated 
 in gardens for the root, which is long, tapering and nutritious. When properly 
 prepared it has a mild, sweetish taste, which has been compared to that of the 
 oyster. 
 
 76. CATANANCHE. 
 
 Gr. Kara, avayKrj, from necessity : it must necessarily be admired (?). 
 
 Involucre imbricated, scarious ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus pale- 
 aceous, 5-leaved \ palese awned. (D Oriental herbs, with alternate, 
 lanceolate Ivs. 
 
 C. CCERULEA. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, villous, somewhat bipinnatifid at 
 base ; lower scales of the involucre ovate, mucronate. From S. Europe. A hand- 
 some annual, 2 31' high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles with blue, spread- 
 ing, ligulate corollas toothed at apex. Jl. Sept. f 
 
HIERACIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 359 
 
 77. L ACT tJC A. 
 
 Lat. lac, milk ; from the milky juice in which all the species abound. 
 1. L. ELONGATA. Wild Lettuce. Trumpet Milkweed. 
 Lvs. smooth and pale beneath, lower ones amplexicaul, runcinate, upper 
 lanceolate, entire, sessile ; Us. racemose-paniculate. A common, rank plant, 
 growing in hedges, thickets, &c., where the soil is rich and damp. Stem hol- 
 low, stout, 3 6t' high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes co- 
 rymbose-spreading panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Leaves very varia- 
 ble, the lower 6 12' long, commonly deeply runcinate, often narrow-lanceolate, 
 with a few narrow-lanceolate divisions. Corollas yellow. Achenia oblong, 
 compressed, about the length 01" the beak. July, Aug. 
 
 (3. inlegrifolia (L. integrifolia. Bw.~) Lvs. nearly all undivided, lanceolate, 
 sessile, the lowest often sagittate at base. 
 
 y. sanguinarea (L. sanguinarea. Bw.~) Lvs. runcinate, amplexicaul, mostly 
 pubescent, glaucous beneath ; fls. purple. Stem 2 3f high, often purple (but 
 this character is not peculiar to this variety). 
 
 2. L. SATIVA. Garden Lettuce. St. corymbose ; Ivs. suborbicular, the cauline 
 ones cordate. The varieties of this exotic are every where well known and 
 cultivated for salad. It is annual, with very smooth, yellowish-green foliage, 
 which in one variety (capitata) is so abundant as to form heads like the cab- 
 bage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky juice con- 
 tains opium, and if this salad be eaten too freely, unpleasant narcotic effects are 
 the consequence.*;}: 
 
 78. MULGEDIUM. Cass. 
 
 Lat. mulgeo to milk ; in allusion to the lactescent qualities of the plants. 
 
 Involucre somewhat double, the outer series of scales short and 
 imbricated : receptacle naked, faveolate ; pappus copious, soft, capil- 
 lary, crowning the short-beaked achenia. Lvs. mostly spinulose. Hds. 
 with many yellow or cy&nic flowers. 
 
 1. M. ACUMINA-^M. DC. (Sonchus acuminatus. Wittd.) 
 
 Radical Ivs. subruncinate ; cauline ones oyate, acuminate, petiolate, den- 
 tate; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat scaly peduncles. In hedges and 
 thickets, N. Y. to la. ! and S. States. A smooth plant, 3 6f high, with the 
 stem often purplish. Leaves 3 6' long, the lower ones often deltoid-hastate or 
 truncate at the base, sinuate-denticulate, narrowed at base into a winged pe- 
 tiole. Heads small. Peduncles with a few scale-like bracteoles. Scales dark 
 purple, with blue corollas. Pappus white, on the short-beaked, ovate-acumi- 
 nate achenia. Aug. Sept. 
 
 2. M. LEucopHjEUM. DC. (Sonchus floridanus. Ait. Agathyrsus leuco- 
 phaeus. Don.} Lvs. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate; hds. 
 
 paniculate, on squamose-bracteate peduncles. Moist thickets, N. and W. 
 States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. Stem 4 lOf high. Leaves 5 12' 
 long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the segments re- 
 pand-toothed, the radical ones on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often un- 
 divided. Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas, a tawny- white 
 pappus, and arranged in a long, slender panicle. Aug. Sept. 
 
 3. M. FLORIDANUM. DC. (Agathyrsus. Beck. Sonchus. Linn.} 
 Glabrous ; st. erect, paniculate above, purple or glaucous ; cauline Ivs. 
 
 runcinately pinnate-parted, segments few, sinuate-dentate, upper ones triangu- 
 lar, acute or acuminate ; panicle loose, erect, compound. Western ! and South- 
 ern States, hedges and waste grounds. A handsome plant with a terminal pani- 
 cle of blue flowers. Stem 3 5f high. Leaves 4 8' long, variable in form. 
 Heads small. Rays expanding 9". Jl. Sept. 
 
 79. HIERACIUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. lepa, a hawk; supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey. 
 
 Involucre more or less imbricated, ovoid, many-flowered ; recepta- 
 31 
 
360 LXXV. COMPOSITE. NABALUS. 
 
 cle subalveolate-fimbrillate ; scales very unequal ; pappus of scabrous, 
 
 fragile, copious, 1 -rowed bristles. 1\- Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed. 
 
 Involucre imbricated. 
 
 1. H. CANADENSE. Michx. (H. Kalmii. Spreng.') Canadian Hawkweed. 
 
 St. erect, subvillose, leafy, many-flowered ; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate or ob- 
 long-ovate, acute, divaricately and acutely dentate, the upper ones somewhat 
 amplexicaul, with an obtuse base ; panicles axillary and terminal, corymbose, 
 downy. In open dry or rocky woods. N. Eng., N. Y., Can. Stem stout, 
 1 2f high, more or less pubescent, the peduncles downy but not glandular. 
 Leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy. Heads large and showy, with yellow 
 flowers. Involucre sometimes with a few glandular hairs. Aug. 
 
 Involucre calyculate. 
 
 2. H. VENOSUM. Veiny-leaved Hawkweed. 
 
 Scape or st. naked or with a single leaf, smooth, paniculate ; Ivs. obovate, 
 somewhat acute, entire, a little hairy above, nearly glabrous beneath, ciliate on 
 the margin, veins colored; invol. glabrous, about '20-flowered; acJi. linear. In 
 woods, &c. N. Eng. to W. States. Stem 1 2f high, dark brown, slender. 
 Panicle diffuse, several times dichotomous, corymbose. Heads rather small, 
 on slender pedicels, with bright yellow flowers. Jl. Aug. 
 
 3. H. GRONOVII. Gronovius' Hawkweed. 
 
 St. leafy, hirsute, paniculate ; invol. and pedicels glandular-pilose ; radical 
 Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, entire, strigose, the midvein beneath very villous ; 
 upper ones oblong, closely sessile. A hairy plant, found on dry hills, Can. and 
 U. S. Stem about 2f high, furnished with a few leaves below, naked above 
 and bearing a narrow, elongated panicle. Lower leaves tapering into a long 
 stalk. Flowers yellow, on glandular, slender pedicels. Achenia tapering up- 
 wards to a slender point, but scarcely rostrate. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. H. SCABRUM. Michx. (H. Marianum. Willd.} Rough Hawkweed. 
 St. leafy, scabrous and hispid j Ivs. elliptic-obovate, scabrous and hirsute, 
 
 lower ones slightly dentate ; ped. thick, and with the invol. densely glandular- 
 hispid ; Ms. 40 50-flowered. A rough plant, on dry hIRs, borders of woods, 
 Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 1 3f high, round, striate, rather stout. Lower 
 leaves petiolate, upper sessile, subacute, often purplish as well as the stem. 
 Heads large, with yellow flowers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with a 
 tawny pappus. Aug. 
 
 5. H. PANICULATUM. Slender Hawkweed. 
 
 St. slender, leafy, paniculate, whitish tomentose below ; Ivs. lanceolate, 
 glabrous, membranaceous, acute; panicle diffuse; ped. very slender; hds. 10 
 20-flowered. A smooth, slender plant, in damp woods, Can. to Ga. Stem 1 
 3f high, several times dichotomous. Leaves thin, 2 4' long. Heads small, 
 numerous, with yellow flowers. Pedicels long ai\d filiform, forming a ver} r 
 diffuse panicle. Aug. 
 
 6. H. LONGiPiLUM. Torr. (H. barbatum. Nutt.") 
 
 Plant densely pilose with long, straight, ascending, bristly hairs; st. strict, 
 simple, smoothish and nearly leafless above ; Ivs. crowded near the base of the 
 stem, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to the base, entire; hds. glandular-tomen- 
 tose or hispid, 20 30-flowered, in a small, terminal panicle. Barrens and 
 prairies, Western States. Plant 1 2f high, remarkable for the long, brownish, 
 straight hairs with which the lower part is thickly clothed ; otherwise it more 
 nearly resembles the last. July Sept. 
 
 7. H. AURANTIACUM. St. leafy, hispid ; fls. densely corymbose ; Ivs. oblong, 
 somewhat acute, pilose, hispid. Native of Scotland. Flowers numerous, 
 large, orange-colored. One of the few species worthy of cultivation, -f 
 
 80. NABALUS. Cass. 
 " Nomen omnino sensus expers, forte mutandum." De Candolle. 
 
 Involucre cylindric, of many linear scales in one row, calyculate 
 with a few short, appressed scales at base ; receptacle naked pappus 
 
NABALUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 361 
 
 copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed ; persistent ; achenia not beaked, 
 smooth, striate. Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bitter root. Hds. 
 5 18-flowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. 
 
 Heads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves very variable in the same species. 
 
 1. N. ALBUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.} Lion's-foot. 
 
 White Lettuce. St. smooth and somewhat glaucous, corymbose-panicu- 
 late above ; radical Ivs. angular-hastate, often more or less deeply lobed ; stem 
 Irs. roundish-ovate, dentate, petioled, the lobes or leaves obtuse ; hds. pendulous ; 
 invol. of 8 scales, 9 12-flowered. A conspicuous and not inelegant plant, in 
 moist woods and shades, N. Eng. to Iowa, and Can. to Car. Stem stout, 2 4f 
 high, purplish, often deeply so in spots. The leaves are very variable, the low- 
 est 3 5-lobed or only hastate, the uppermost lanceolate, and between these the 
 intermediate forms, hastate and ovate, all irregularly toothed. Scales purplish. 
 Corollas whitish. Pappus brown. Some of the varieties have the reputation 
 of curing the rattlesnake's bite. Aug. 
 
 /?. serpentaria. (Prenanthes serpentaria. P.) Radical Ivs. palmate-sinuate, 
 those of the stem on long petioles, with the middle segment 3-parted ; upper Ivs. 
 lanceolate. 
 
 2. N. ALTISSIMUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.} Tatt 
 Nabalus. St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above ; Ivs. more or 
 
 less deeply 3 5-cleft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged, the 
 lobes acuminate ; kds. pendulous ; invol. of 5 scales and about 5-flowered. A 
 tall species, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, found in woods, New- 
 foundland to N. Eng. and Ky. Stem 3 5f high, bearing a narrow and elon- 
 gated panicle. Heads in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Aug. 
 
 0. ovatus. Riddell. Cauline Ivs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles. 
 
 y. cordatus. (Prenanthes cordata. Willd.} Lrs. cordate, on slender petioles. 
 
 <5. deltoidea. (Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell.} Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely 
 denticulate. 
 
 e. dissectus. T. & G. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deep- 
 ly cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes. 
 
 3. N. FRASERI. DC. (P. rubicaulis. Ph.} Frascr's Nabalus. 
 
 St. smooth, corymbosely paniculate above ; Ivs. subscabrous, mostly del- 
 toid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lanceolate, sub- 
 sessile ; invol. of about 8 scales, 8 12-flowered ; pappus straw-colored. 7|_ In 
 dry, hard soils, Conn, and Mid. States (rare) to Flor. Stem 2 4f high, with 
 paniculate branches. The leaves are as variable as in our other species, some- 
 times all being lanceolate, with only irregular indentures instead of lobes. 
 Heads drooping, with purplish scales and cream-colored corollas. It is most effec- 
 tually distinguished from N. albus by the more lively color of the pappus. Aug. 
 
 4. N. NANUS. DC. (P. alba. /?. nana. Die.} 
 
 St. simple, low, smooth ; Ivs. on slender petioles, the lowest variously 
 lobed or parted, the others successively deltoid-hastate, ovate and lanceolate ; 
 hds. in small, axillary and terminal clusters, forming a slender, racemose pani- 
 cle ; invol. greenish-purple, of about 8 scales and 1012 flowers ; pappus dingy 
 white. This form of Nabalus is common on the White Mts., N. H. ! where 
 we find it with the same sportive character of foliage as appears in other species. 
 Stem 5 10' high. Heads with whitish flowers. Aug. 
 
 5. N. BOOTTII. DC. Booths Nabalus. 
 
 St. simple, dwarf; lower Ivs. subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse, the 
 middle ones oblong, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire ; hds. slightly nodding ; 
 invol. 10 18-flowered, of 10 15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at base with 
 lax, linear scales half their length ; pappus straw-color. White Mts., N. H.. 
 Whiteface Mt, Essex Co. N. Y. Macrae. N. Am. FL, II., 482. Stem 58' high, 
 bearing the heads in a subsimple raceme. Flowers whitish and odorous. 
 
 6. N. VIRGATUS. DC. (Prenanthes. MX. Sonchus. Desf. Harpalyce. Beck.} 
 Glabrous and glaucous, slender and simple ; lov;er Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, 
 
 petiolate, middle ones toothed, sessile, upper entire, partly clasping, gradually 
 
362 LXXV. COMPOSITE. TARAXACUM. 
 
 reduced to the minute, subulate bracts ; hds. clustered, in a long, compound, 
 virgate, somewhat secund raceme ; invol. with about 8 scales and 10 flowers ; 
 pappus straw-colored. A remarkably slender, wand-like species, in sandy 
 soils, N. J. to Flor. Stem 2 41" high, racemose half its length. Leaves gradu- 
 ally reduced and simplified from the base upward, as in most of the species. 
 Sept. Oct. 
 
 $ Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves undivided. 
 
 7. N. RACEMOSUS. Hook. '(Prenanthes. MX. Harpalyce. Don.'} 
 Glabrous, simple, slender ; Ivs. all undivided, lower oval-lanceolate, sharp- 
 ly denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping, entire; hds. in 
 nodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interruptedly spicate panicle ; invol. of 
 89 scales, with 9 12 flowers ; pappus straw-color. N. J., N. W. States and 
 Can. Stem 2 4f high. Flowers pale red-purple. 
 
 8. T. & G. Lvs. deeply and irregularly pinnatifid. 
 
 8. N. CREPIDINEUS. DC. (Prenanthes crepidinea. Michx.) 
 
 Nearly glabrous ;* st. tall, stout, corymbosely paniculate ; Ivs. large, irreg- 
 ularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovate, somewhat hastate or 
 
 high. Leaves 4 12' by 2J 7', obtuse or acute. Heads large but not nume- 
 rous, with brown scales and yellowish flowers. Aug. Oct. 
 
 9. N. ASPER. T. & G. (N. Illinoensis. DC. Prenanthes asper. Michx. 
 
 Choudrilla 111. Poir.} St. strict, simple, scabrous; Ivs. simple, scabrous- 
 pubescent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lance- 
 oblong and lance-linear, subentire, sessile ; hds. erect, in small fascicles, in a 
 slender, elongated, compound raceme ; invol. strongly hirsute, of 710 scales 
 and with 11 14 flowers ; pappus straw-color. Dry prairies and barrens, West- 
 ern States, Dr. Skinner ! common ! Stem 2 4f high, nearly smooth. Leaves 
 3 5' long, pubescent or glabrous. Raceme 1 2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept. 
 
 81. TROXIMON. Nutt. 
 Gr. rpo(po , eatable ; applied to this genus with little propriety. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; involucre campanulate, scales loosely imbri- 
 cate, lance-ovate, membranaceous, in 2 3 rows ; achenia oblong- 
 linear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate ; pappus setaceous, copious, 
 white. %- Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single, large, showy head 
 with yellow flowers. 
 
 T. CUSPIDATUM. Ph. (T. marginatum. Nutt.} 
 
 Rt. fusiform ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins tomentose, often 
 undulate ; scales acuminate-cuspidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series, the outer nearly 
 equal to the inner. Prairies, Wis., Lapham, 111., Mead, W. to the Rocky Mts., 
 Nuttall. Apr. Jn. 
 
 82. TARAXACUM. Desf. 
 
 Gr. rapcLKTiKOS, cathartic ; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties. 
 
 Involucre double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the 
 inner, appressed row ; receptacle naked ; achenia produced into a 
 long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary pappus. Acau- 
 lescent herbs, with runcinate leaves. 
 
 T. DENS-LEONIS. Less. (Leontodon Taraxacum. Linn.} Dandelion. 
 
 Outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; Ivs. runcinate, smooth, dentate. 
 1}. In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons except winter. Leaves all 
 radical, and examples of that peculiar form termed runcinate, that is, re-unci- 
 nate, the teeth or claws inclining backwards towards the base of the leaf rather 
 than the summit. Scape hollow, round, bearing a single yellow head. After 
 the flower is closed and decayed, the scape rises higher and bears a head of 
 
LOBELIA. LXXVI. LOBELIACE^. 363 
 
 perfected seeds and seed-down, the airy, globular form of which is very con- 
 spicuous among the tall grass. The leaves in spring furnish an excellent pot- 
 herb. April Nov. 
 
 83. SONCHUS. 
 Gh'. ffon<pos, hollow or soft ; in allusion to the tender, feeble stem. 
 
 Involucre imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid 
 at the base ; receptacle naked ; pappus of simple, copious, white-silky 
 hairs in many series ; achenia not rostrate. Lvs. mostly spinulosc. 
 Heads with many yellow flowers. 
 
 1. S. OLERACEUS. Common Sow Thistle. Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runci- 
 nate, subspinulose, dentate ; ped. downy ; invol. at length smooth. (T) A sordid 
 looking plant, native of Europe, naturalized in waste grounds, among rubbish, 
 &c. The whole plant has a glaucous hue. Stem angular, hollow, fragile, 
 2 3f in height. Leaves apparently clasping, with large, retreating lobes at 
 base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth ending in weak spines. 
 Involucres dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. 
 
 2. S. ASPER. Vill. (S. spinulosus. Bw.} Rough Sow Thistle. 
 
 St. glandular-hispid above; Irs. cordate-amplexical, oblong-lanceolate, 
 undulate, spinulose, dentate ; ped. suburnbellate. Found in similar situations 
 with the former, but less common, U. S. Stem 1 2f high, smooth except at 
 the summits of the branches, where it is covered with stiff hairs, each support- 
 ing a little gland at top. Leaves with numerous short, spiny teeth, wavy or 
 slightly runcinate, the upper ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales 
 with few, scattered hairs. Aug. Sept. 
 
 3. S. ARVENSIS. Corn Sow Thistle. 
 
 Rt. creeping, perennial; st. glabrous, erect; Ivs. runcinate-pinnatifid, 
 spinulose-dentate, cordate-clasping at base, with short and obtuse auricles; 
 panicle umbellate-corymbose ; ped. and invol. hispid ; ach. somewhat 4-angled, 
 the ribs transversely rugulose. 1\. Waste grounds, naturalized, Eastern Mass. 
 and Southern N. Y., rare. Stem angular, about 2f high. Heads large, with 
 deep yellow flowers. 
 
 ORDER LXXVI. LOBELIACE^. LOBELIADS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice. Lvs. alternate, without stipules. 
 
 FI'S. axillary and terminal. 
 
 Cal. superior, the limb 5-lobed or entire. 
 
 Cor. Limb irregular, 5-lobed, the tube inserted into the calyx. 
 
 Sta. 5, inserted with the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
 
 Anth. coherent into a tube. Pollen oval. 
 
 Ova. adherent to the calyx tube. Style simple. Stig. surrounded with a fringe. 
 
 Fr. a capsule, 2 or 3-(rarely l-)celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Most abundant in countries near the tropics, as W. Indies, Brazil and the Sandwich Islands, but they 
 are found also throughout the temperate zones. 
 
 Properties. All the species are poisonous, being pervaded by an acrid, narcotic juice. The common 
 Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) is an exceedingly active medicine, emetic, sudorific and expectorant. It 
 should be used, however, with great caution, since " less than a teaspoonnil ot the seeds or the powdered 
 leaves would destroy bfe in a few hours." Dr. Gray. The other species produce similar effects, but in a 
 less degree. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Corolla tube cleft on the upper side to near the base, limb subbilabiate Lobelia. 1 
 
 Corolla tube short, entire, limb bilabiate Clintonia.2 
 
 1. LOBELIA. 
 
 In honor of Matthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I. Died 1616. 
 
 Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper 
 side ; stamens with the anthers united above into a curved tube ; 
 stigma 2-lobed ; capsule opening at the summit ; seeds minute. Her- 
 baceous plants, with thefls. axillary and solitary r , or in terminal^ bracted 
 racemes. 
 
 1. L. CARDINALIS. Cardinal Flower. 
 
 St. erect, simple, Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, acute or acuminate, 
 o 1 
 
304 LXXVI. LOBELIACEJE. LOBELIA. 
 
 sessile ; fls. in a terminal, bracted, secund raceme ; sta. longer than the corolla. 
 A tall species of superior beauty, frequent in meadows and along streams, 
 Can. to Car., W. to 111. ! Stem 2 4f high, often quite glabrous as well as the 
 whole plant. Leaves 2 4' by 8 15", usually denticulate. Flowers ^on short 
 pedicels, few or numerous, in a superb, nodding raceme. Bracts line'ar-subu- 
 late, much shorter than the flowers. Corolla deep scarlet, near 2' in length. 
 Jl. Aug. f 
 
 /?. Whole plant glabrous; Ivs. entire. Potsdam, N. Y. ! 
 
 y. Cor. white, the segments rather narrower. Mass. ! 
 
 2. L. INFLATA. Indian Tobacco. 
 
 St. hairy, branched, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrate, pilose ; 
 caps, inflated. () In fields and woods, Can. and U. S. Root fibrous. Stem 
 erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched in proportion to the 
 luxuriance of its growth, 10 15' high. Leaves elliptical, sessile, hairy and 
 veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peduncled. Corolla small, pale blue, 
 leaving an oval, turgid capsule in the calyx. July Sept. This plant is ren- 
 dered famous by the Thomsonian physicians, in whose practice it appears to 
 be too indiscriminately used. Its specific action, as above stated, is that of a 
 violent emetic. In small doses it is powerfully expectorant. To its salivating 
 property is probably owing the driveling of horses in autumn. 
 
 3. L. DORTMANNA. Dortmann's or Water Lobelia. 
 
 Lvs. submerged, linear, entire, fleshy, 2-celled, obtuse ; scape simple, 
 nearly naked ; fls. in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding. QJ. A 
 curious aquatic, growing in ponds, N. States to Ga., the flowers only rising 
 above the water. Stem erect, hollow, nearly leafless, long, bearing above the 
 surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicellate flowers. Leaves mostly radical, 
 spreading, obtuse, submerged, having 2 longitudinal grooves. Flowers droop- 
 ing, pale blue. July. 
 
 4. L. SYLPHILITICA. Blue Cardinal flower. 
 
 St. erect, simple ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally 
 serrate, somewhat hirsute ; roc. leafy ; cal. hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses re- 
 flexed. 7J- A fine, showy plant, but inferior in beauty to L. cardinalis, growing 
 in wet meadows and along streams, U. States and Can., more common in the 
 Western States. Stem erect, 2 4f high, simple, angular, with short hairs. 
 Leaves lanceolate, broader at base, acute at each end, somewhat erosely den- 
 tate, pilose. Flowers large, on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an 
 ovate-lanceolate bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish. Capsule half supe- 
 rior. July. 
 
 5. L. PUBERULA. Michx. Downy Lobelia. 
 
 Pubescent ; st. erect, simple ; Ivs. ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile, 
 repand-denticulate ; roc. spicate, secund ; cal. ciliate, the segments longer than 
 the tube of the corolla. % Native of mountains, &c., N. Y. to Ga. Stem 12 
 30' high, scarcely furrowed. Leaves covered with a short, downy or silky pubes- 
 cence, 1 2' inches in length and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards 
 the end. Flowers large, on very short pedicels, each solitary in the axil of an 
 ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a somewhat one-sided raceme, leafy below. 
 Calyx hairy at base. Corolla of a bright purplish-blue. July. 
 
 6. L. SPICATA. Lam. (L. Claytoniana. MX. L. pallida. MuM.} Clay- 
 ton's Lobelia. Puberulent ; st. erect, simple ; Ivs. oblong, sessile, mostly 
 
 obtuse, obscurely denticulate, radical ones spatulate ; fls. (small) in a long, 
 slender raceme ; pedicels as long as the flowers or entire, subulate bracts ; sep. 
 subulate, as long as the tube of the corolla. Ij. Fields and prairies, Can. and 
 U. S. Stem 1J 2f high, somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a long, 
 wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, crowded, each axillary to a short, incon- 
 spicuous bract. Corolla pale blue, the palate bidentate. Aug. 
 
 7. L. KALMIA. KalmJs Lobelia. 
 
 Smooth ; st. simple, slender, erect ; radical Ivs. spatulate, stem Ivs. linear- 
 lanceolate, obtuse, remotely denticulate; roc. lax, few-flowered, leafy ; fls. pe- 
 dicelled. A small and delicate species, inhabiting the rocky banks of streams, 
 
CAMPANULA. LXXVII. CAMPANULACE.E. 365 
 
 Maine, Miss Towle ! to Niagara ! Stem 6 12' high, commonly simple. Leaves 
 mostly linear, sessile, an inch long and I 2" wide, upper ones entire, lower 
 with minute teeth. Flowers remote, alternate, on axillary pedicels which are 
 but little shorter than the leaf-like bracts. Corolla pale-blue, the 3 lower seg- 
 ments obovate. Aug. 
 
 8. L. LEPTOSTACHYS. DC. Slender-spiked Lobelia. 
 
 Glabrous ; st. erect, virgate, simple ; Irs. oblong-lanceolate, minutely 
 denticulate, rather acute, sessile ;fls. subsessile, small, in a long, slender spike; 
 col. segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla ; bracts 
 lance-linear, denticulate, much longer than the pedicels. Prairies, Western 
 States ! common. Stem 1 &' high. Leaves 1 3' by by 4 8". Raceme 6 
 12' in length, the bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Flowers light blue. 
 Much resembles L. spicata. July. 
 
 9. L. NUTTALLII. DC. (L. gracilis. Nutt.} Nuttatt's Lobelia. 
 Glabrous ; st. erect, very slender, almost filiform, subsimple ; Ivs. few and 
 
 remote, subentire, radical linear-spatulate, cauline linear, rather acute ; fls. 
 few, remote ; pedicels twice longer than the corolla or the 2 subulate bracts at 
 base ; col. segments shorter than the tube of the corolla. An exceedingly slender 
 plant, around sandy swamps, N. J. ! 1 2f high., often branched. Leaves 6 
 12" by 11 \". Pedicels 310" long, blue as well as the flowers. July, Aug. 
 
 2. CLINT ONI A. Douglass. 
 
 Calyx 5-sepaled, subequal ; corolla bilabiate, lower lip cuneate, 3- 
 lobed, upper erect, 2-parted ; stamens incurved, united into a tube ; 
 capsule silique-form, dry, chartaceous, 1 -celled, many-seeded, dehis- 
 cent by 3 strap-shaped valves. Procumbent herbs with small leaves 
 and axillary, solitary flowers. 
 
 C. ELEGANS. Doug. Glabrous, sparingly branched ; st. slender, angular ; Ivs. 
 sessile, ovate, 3-veined; ova. sessile, long-acuminate, triangular, contorted, 
 much longer than the leaves ; cor. blue, with a white spot in the middle of the 
 lower lip. Native of the Rocky Mts., &c. A beautiful annual, with flowers 
 of the most brilliant blue, f 
 
 ORDER LXXVII. CAMPANULACE^. BELLWORTS. 
 
 Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves and without stipules. 
 
 Fls. mostly blue, showy. Cal. superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. 
 
 Cor. regular, campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. inserted with the corolla upon the calyx, equal in number to, and alternate with, its lobes. 
 
 Anth. Distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spherical. 
 
 Ova. adherent to the calyx, 2 or more-celled. Style- covered with collecting hairs. 
 
 FT. Capsule crowned with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. 
 
 Genera 28, species 500, chiefly abounding in the northern temperate zone and in South Africa. Of its 
 300 species, aexjording to Alphonse DeCandolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone. The campanulaceae are 
 interesting chiefly for their beauty, being destitute of any important known properties. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Calyx tube short. Corolla campanulate or subrotate Campanula. 1 
 
 Calyx tube long, prismatic. Corolla rotate Specularia. 2 
 
 1. CAMPANULA. 
 
 Lat campanula, a little bell ; from the form of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx mostly 5-cleft ; corolla campanulate, or subrotate, 5-lobed, 
 closed at base by the broad valve-like bases of the 5 stamens ; stigma 
 3 5-cleft ; capsule 3 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. Mostly % 
 Fls. generally in racemes, sometimes spicate, or few and axillary 
 
 1. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Rock Bell-flower. Hair Bell. 
 
 St. weak, slender; radical Ivs. ovate- or reniform-cordate ; cauline ones 
 linear, entire ; /Is. few, nodding. An exceedingly delicate plant, with blue, bell- 
 shaped flowers. On damp rocks and rocky streams, N. States and Brit. Am. 
 Stem a foot or more high, smooth. The root leaves generally decay on the 
 opening of the flowers, so that a specimen with these (710" by 47") is rather 
 
366 LXXVil. CAMPANULACE^E. SPKCULAUU. 
 
 rare. Cauline leaves smooth, linear, 2' long and scarcely a line in width. 
 Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. C. APARINOIDES. Ph. (C. erinoides. Michx.) Prickly Bell-flower. 
 
 St. flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles inversely acu- 
 leate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; fls. terminal. A slender annual, found in wet 
 meadows, Can. and Wise. ! to Ga. Stem 12 18' high, its 3 angles rough 
 backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among the grass. 
 Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough 
 backwards. Flowers small, white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the 
 top of the stem. June Aug. 
 
 3. C. AMERICANA. (C. acuminata. Michx.} American Bell-flower. 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, the lower 
 ones often cordate ; petioles ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile ; sty. exsert. A tall, 
 erect, ornamental species in fields, hills, &c., in Western N. Y. ! and Penn. to 
 111. ! common. Also cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 3f high, nearly smooth. 
 Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers blue, flat, on 
 short stalks or sessile, numerous, solitary or several in each upper axil, forming 
 a terminal, leafy raceme. Corolla spreading. Aug. j- 
 
 4. C. ILLINOENSIS. Fresen. in DC. 
 
 St. angular, with spreading branches ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi- 
 nate, sharply serrate, reflexed, upper ones hairy ; fls. sessile, 1 3 together in 
 the upper axils ; cal. segments subulate, serrate at base, spreading ; cor. rotate ; 
 caps, prismatic-clavate. Prairies of Illinois. Stem 3 5f high. Segments of 
 the corolla hairy outside near apex. Capsule opening by 3 pores. 
 
 5. C. GLOMERATA. Clustered Bell-flower. St. angular, simple, smooth ; Ivs. 
 scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, cordate-sessile, lower petiolate ; fls. glomerate, in a 
 dense head ; cat. lobes acuminate, half as long as the funnel-shaped corolla. A 
 European species, cultivated in gardens, naturalized at Danvers, Vt., Oakcs. 
 It is a handsome plant, about 2f high, with numerous bell-shaped flowers of an 
 intense violet-blue, varying to pale purple. In cultivation it has many varieties. f 
 
 G. C. MEDIUM. St. simple, erect, hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate, ses- 
 sile, 3-veined at base ; fls. erect. (g) An ornamental border flower, from Ger- 
 many, and of the easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in height, 
 undivided, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, the base broad, limb 
 reflexed, of a deep blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers, 
 of blue, red, purple and white corollas. June Sept. f 
 
 7. C. PERSICIFOLIA. Peach-leaved Bell-flower. St. angular, erect; Ivs. rigid, 
 obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong-obovate, cauline lance-linear; fls. 
 large, broadly campanulate. A beautiful species, native of Europe, with very 
 large, blue (varying to white) flowers, f 
 
 8. C. PLANIFLORA. DC. (C. hitida. Ait.} Very glabrous; st. simple; Ivs. 
 sessile, coriaceous, shining, radical crowded, ovate or obovate, obtuse, crenu- 
 late, cauline linear-lanceolate, acute, subentire ; fls. in a spicate raceme ; cal. 
 lobes ovate, acute, as long as the campanulate-rotate corolla. Native about 
 Hudson's Bay, Pursh. A smooth species, with numerous blue flowers, f 
 
 9. C. LANUGINOSA, with ovate, crenate, rugose and somewhat woolly leaves is 
 sometimes cultivated, and also a few other species. 
 
 2. SPECULARIA. Heist. 
 Lat. speculum, a mirror ; alluding to the flower of S. speculum. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, 
 distinct, half as long as the corolla, filaments hairy, shorter than the 
 anthers ; style included, hairy ; stigmas 3 : capsule prismatic, 3- 
 celled, dehiscing in the upper part. Fls. axillary and terminal, 
 sessile, erect. 
 
 1. S. PERFOLIATA. Lam. (Campanula amplexicaulis. Mr. and of 1st edit.') 
 
 St. simple, rarely branched, erect; Ivs. cordate, crenate, amplexicaul ; fls. 
 
 sessile, aggregate, axillary. Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high, found in fields 
 
LXXVI1I. ERICACEAE. 
 
 367 
 
 and roadsides, Can., N. Eng. ! to Ga. and 111. ! The strict, upright stem, is 
 furnished with distant, short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem-clasping 
 leaves, containg 1 4 crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper surface. 
 Flowers axillary and terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or pur- 
 ple, with spreading segments, calyx segments acute, lanceolate. June, July. 
 
 2. S. SPECULUM. Venus' Looking-glass. St. diffuse, very branching ; Ivs. ob- 
 long-crenate ; Jls. solitary ; scales at the base of the corolla sometimes wanting. 
 A pretty border flowernamed from the form of the blue corolla, which, resem- 
 bles a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug. 
 
 ORDER LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. HEATHWORTS. 
 
 Plants shrubby or suffruticose, sometimes herbaceous. 
 
 Lvs. simple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, entire or toothed, without stipules. 
 
 Inflorescence various. Cal. inferior or superior, 5- (seldom 4 C-) leaved or cleft, rarely entire. 
 
 Cor. regular or spmewhat irregular. 45- (rarely 6-) cleft, the petals rarely almost distinct. 
 
 Sta. Generally distinct and inserted with the corolla. [appendaged. 
 
 Anth. as many or twic as many as the lobes of the corolla, 2-celled, generally opening by pores, often 
 
 Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, or in the end of fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 66, species 1086, diffused throughout all countries, but comparatively rare in the torrid zone. The 
 true Ericaceae (Heaths) are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, there being none in Asia, New 
 Holland, and but one or two in America. The Tribe Vaccineae are chiefly natives of N. America. 
 
 Properties. The Ericaceae are, in general, astringent and diuretic. Some of them yield a stimulating 1 
 and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry, (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi) is a well-known remedy in 
 nephritic complaints. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, demulcent and diuretic. Similar properties 
 are also possessed by the Pipsissiwa (Chimaphila umbellata). The species of Rhododendron and Kal- 
 mia are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering them (particularly their leaves) often actively poison- 
 ous. The honey collected from their flowers by bees appears to have been so to some of the soldiers in 
 the retreat of the immortal ten thousand (Xenophon's Anabasis). The berries of the Vaccineae (Whor- 
 tleberries, Blueberries and Cranberries,) and of Gaultheria procumbens (spicy Wintergreen) are esculent 
 and wholesome. 
 
 9 
 
 FIG. 48. 1. Azalea. procumbens. 2. A flower enlarged. 3. A stamen much enlarged, showing the 
 longitudinal dehiscence of each of the cells. 4. Cross section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododendron, 
 showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 5. Pyrola secunda. 6. A flower enlarged. 7. A stamen 
 enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 8. Cross section of a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. 
 8. Gaultheria procumbens. 10. A flower enlarged. 11. A berry. 12. Vertical section of the ovary, show- 
 ing the free, fleshy calyx. 13. Anther of Vaccinium Vitis Ideae. 14. Stamen of Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. 
 15. Awned stamen of a Vaccinium. 
 
368 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. VACCINIUM. 
 
 Conspectus of ihe Genera. 
 
 (. Cor. urceolate. Erect undershrubs, . Vaccinium. 1 
 
 < t segments reflexed. Oxycoccus. 2 
 Ovary adherent to the Calyx tube. ( Cor. deeply 4-cleft, \ segments spreading. Chiogenes. 
 
 f Berry the matured, fleshy calyx. Seeds 00. . Gauttheria. 7 
 
 1 Drupe the matured ovary, 5-seeded. . . . ArctostaphylusA 
 
 ( opening betw. cells(septicidal, 115, 1,2). Menziesia. 6 
 
 4 Sta. 10. Andromeda. 5 
 
 Capsule ( op'ng into the cells (loculicidal). \ Sta. 8. Erica. 16 
 
 ( anthers free. Prostrate undershrub. Epigcca. 9 
 
 Shrubs 
 verdant, 
 erect or 
 prostrate. 
 
 Herbs . . 
 
 uoroiia saiver-iorm, ( noiuing tne antners in lupits. . 
 rPetals . $ Anth. opening by clefts, 
 united. I Corolla funnel or bell-form. ( Anth. opening by pores. 
 ^ Lvs.deciduou.s, serra 
 \ Caps.S-celled. Lvs. evergreen, entir 
 Ovary ^ regular \ Capsule 5-celled 
 
 j\.an>ua. 
 Azalea. 11 
 Rhododendron.^ 
 te.C/ethra. S 
 e. Leiophyllum. 14 
 Ledum. 15 
 Rhodora. 12 
 Pyrola. 17 
 Moneses. 18 
 Chimaphila. 19 
 Monotropa. 20 
 . Hypopltys. 2t 
 . Pterospora. 22 
 
 .free. 1 Petals subdistinct, \ very irresrular 
 (. Flowers racemed 
 < Flowers solitary 
 'verdant, leaves mostly all radical. (Flowers corymbed. . . 
 \ Flower solitary. 
 $ Petals distinct. { Flowers racemed. . 
 , destitute of leaves or verdure. ( Petals united. Flowers racemed. 
 
 SUBORDER 1. VACCINEJE. 
 
 Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or drupe- 
 like fruit. Shrubs with scattered leaves. 
 
 1. VACCINIUM. 
 
 Calyx superior, 5-toothed ; corolla urceolate, campanulate or cyl- 
 indric, limb 4 5-cleft, reflexed ; stamens twice as many as the lobes 
 of the corolla, generally included ; anthers with 2 awns on the back, 
 or awnless ; style erect, longer than the stamens ; berry invested with 
 the calyx, 4 or 5 (rarely 10)-celled, cells many-seeded. Shrubs or 
 undershrubs with scattered Ivs. Pis. solitary or racemose, white or red- 
 dish. Fr. generally eatable. 
 
 ^ Flowers racemose. Corolla urceolatc, ovoid or oblong-cylindric. 
 
 1. V. RESINOSUM. Ait. Black Whortleberry or Huckleberry. 
 
 Branches cinerous-brown, villose when young ; Ivs. oblong-ovate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate, with resinous dots beneath ; roc. 
 lateral, secund ; pedicels short, subbracteolate ; cor. ovoid-conic, at length sub- 
 campanulate, 5-angled ; berries black. This common shrub of our woods and 
 pastures is about 2f high, very branching. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide, rare- 
 ly acute, shining beneath with resinous patches and spots. Petioles 1" in 
 length. Flowers in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small, drooping. Corol- 
 las contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the sta- 
 mens but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, sweet and eatable, ripe 
 in August. May. 
 
 /3. Lvs. and berries covered with a glaucous bloom. 
 
 y. Lvs. larger ; pedicels longer than the corolla. 
 
 2. V. CORYMBOSUM. (V. fuscatum. Ait.} Blue Bilberry. High Wimilc- 
 berry. Flowering branches nearly leafless ; hs. oblong-oval, acute at each 
 
 end, mucronate, subentire, pubescent when young; roc. short, sessile; cor. 
 ovoid-cylindrical. A tall shrub, 4 8f high, growing in shady swamps and by 
 mud ponds. Branches few, the young ones green or purplish. Leaves smooth 
 on both sides except a slight pubescence on the veins beneath, tipped with a 
 glandular point, formed by the prolonged midvein. Flowers numerous, nod- 
 ding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves. Pedicels shorter than the 
 corollas, with colored scales or bracts at base. Corolla large for the genus, pur- 
 plish-white, slightly contracted at the mouth. Stamens included. Style often 
 exserted. Berries large, black, often with a tinge of purple, subacid. Jn. 
 
 j3. 1 (V. dismorphum. Michx.} Fls. and/;-, much smaller; cat. very obtuse ; 
 sty. exserted; berries black. Grows with the other; frequent! 
 
VACCINIUM. LXXVIII. ERIC ACE JE. 369 
 
 3. V. VIRGATUM. Muhl. (V. Pennsylvanicum. DarL Beck, and 1st. edit, 
 in part.} Blue Whortleberry. Branches angular, green ; Ivs. oblong or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, sessile, mucronate, often serrulate, smooth and shining on both sides; 
 rac. numerous, dense-flowered, subterminal, sessile, mostly naked ; cor. ovoid. 
 Hilly woods and thickets, N. Eng. ! to Va. W. to Wis. Lapham ! Stem 1 
 3f high, bushy. Leaves pale green, 12 18" by 7 10", often slightly pubes- 
 cent when young, thin, at length very smooth. Flowers in numerous, small 
 racemes, on the upper, nakedish branchlets ; pedicels shorter ("1 3") than the 
 corolla. Corolla yellowish and reddish-white, longer than me stamens, but 
 equaling or shorter than the styles. Berries bluish-black, sweet. May, Jn. 
 
 4. V. PENNSYLVANICUM. Lam. (V. tenellum. Ait.) Common Low Blue- 
 berry. Branches green, with 2 pubescent lines ; Ivs. subsessile, crowded, 
 
 elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous and shin- 
 ing, with the veins beneath puberulent ; fls. in short, bracteate, dense, subter- 
 minal racemes ; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. Thickets and pastures in hard soils, 
 Can. to Penn., common in N. Eng. A low under-shrub, 612' high, growing 
 in dense patches. Leaves 8 12" by 4 6". Flowers reddish-white, 3" long. 
 Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue, sweet and nutritious. May. 
 
 (3. Lvs. dark green ; berries black and shining, destitute of bloom. With va- 
 riety a. 
 
 5. V. LiausTRlNUM. Michx. Privet Whortleberry. 
 
 Branches angular, slender, strict, erect ; Ivs. subsessile, erect, thick, lance- 
 olate, veiny, pubescent, mucronate, serrulate; fascicles sessile; pedicels very 
 short, glomerate; cor. ovoid-oblong. Mountains, Penn. to Va. Pursh, who re- 
 marks that the leaves are very variable, the corolla reddish-purple, and the 
 berries black. May, June. 
 
 6. V. BUXIFOLIUM. Salisb. 
 
 St. low ; Irs. obovate, crenate-aentate, smooth ; rac. axillary and terminal, 
 dense, subsessile; cor. orbicular-ovoid; fil. glandular; stig. capitate. Near 
 Winchester, Va. Stem 6 10' high. Corolla white, with purple lines. Calyx 
 braoteate. 
 
 fy Flowers solitary. Corolla urceolate. 
 
 7. V. ULIGINOSUM. Mountain Blueberry. 
 
 Procumbent ; Ivs. obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, glaucous and veiny 
 beneath ; fls. mostly solitary, axillary ; cor. ovoid-globose, 4-cleft ; sta. 4 ; anth. 
 awned at the base. A low, alpine shrub, White Mts. Stems with numerous, 
 rigid branches. Leaves 3" by 2", broadest near the apex, scarcely petiolate, 
 crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. Flowers half 
 as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Berries oblong, deep- 
 blue, crowned with the style. June, July. (Apr. May. Beck.) 
 
 8. V. c.ESPiT6suM. Michx. Turfy Vaccinium. 
 
 Dwarf, caespitose ; Ivs. obovate, attenuate at the base, thin, serrate, reticu- 
 late with veins, shining; ped. subsolitary, 1-flowered; cal. very short; cor. ob- 
 long, suburceolate ; pores of the anthers long-tubular. White Mts., N. H. Oakes, 
 N. tc Hudson's Bay. Stem a few inches high. Flowers numerous, nodding, 
 on short pedicels. Anthers with 2 long awns at the back. Berries large, gla- 
 brous, blue, eatable. 
 
 $ Corolla campanulate. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 9. V. STAMINEUM. (V. stamineum and album. Ph.) Deerberry. 
 Young^ branches pubescent ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath ; 
 
 pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanula te-spreading, segments 
 acute, oblong ; anth. exserted, 2-awned near the base. Dry woods, Can. to 
 Flor. Shrub 2 3f high, very branching. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, 
 broadest in the upper half, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles ; 
 those on the slender, flowering branches very much smaller. Flowers on long, 
 slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spreading, 
 stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large, 
 greenish-white, bitter. May, June. 
 /?. (V. elevatum. Banks.) las. pale, pubescent beneath ]fls. smaller. N. J. 
 
370 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. OXYCOCCUS. 
 
 10. V. FRONDOSUM. Willd. (V. glaucum. Mr.) Blue Tangles. High 
 Blueberry. -^-Lvs. oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath, covered 
 
 with minute, resinous dots ; rac. loose, bracteate ; pedicels filiform, bracteate 
 near the middle ; cor. ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens. Grows in 
 open woods, N. Eng. to Car. A shrub 3 5f high, with round, smooth and slen- 
 der branches. Leaves twice as long as wide, tapering to each end but broadest 
 in the upper half, the margin slightly revolute. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. 
 Pedicels 5 10" in length. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish- white, suc- 
 ceeded by large, globose, blue and sweet berries, covered with a glaucous bloom 
 when mature. May, June. 
 
 11. V. CANADENSE. Rich. Canadian Blueberry. 
 
 Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; Ivs. subsessile, elliptic-lanceo- 
 late or oblong, acute at each end, villose beneath, tomentose on the veins above, 
 entire ; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal ; corymb campanulate ; col. lobes 
 acute. A shrub 8 12' high, not uncommon in rocky fields and thickets, N. H. ! 
 Me. ! to Hudson's Bay and to the Rocky Mts. Leaves 8 12" by 35". Flow- 
 ers about 3" long. Style and stamens included. Berries blue and sweet, simi- 
 lar to those of V. tenellum. May. 
 
 12. V. DUMOSUM. Andrews. (V. frondosum. Michx. V. hirtellum. Bw.~) 
 Branchlets, Ivs. and pedicels sprinkled with minute bristles and resinous 
 
 dots ; Ivs. obovate-oblong, subsessile, subcoriaceous, obtuse, mucronate, entire or 
 ciliate-serrulate ; rac. bracted with small, floral leaves ; pedicels bracteolate in 
 the middle ; cor. cylindric-campanulate, including the stamens and style. 
 Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. Bobbins ! S. to Flor. A small shrub 
 If high, with leafy racemes. Leaves about 16" by 7", cuneate at base, shining 
 but minutely hispid above. Flowers white or purplish, each from the axil of a 
 small, roundish-ovate leaf. Berries black, insipid, large (shining, Don., 
 hairy, Bw). 
 
 2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers. 
 
 Gr. ovs, acid, KOKKOS, berry. 
 
 Calyx superior, 4-cleft ; corolla 4-parted, with sub-linear, revolute 
 segments ; stamens 8, convergent ; anthers tubular, 2-parted, open- 
 ing by oblique pores ; berry globose, many-seeded. Slender^ prostrate 
 shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous Ivs. and eatable fruit. 
 
 1. O. PALUSTRIS. Pers. (O. vulgaris. Ph. and 1st. edit. Vaccinium Oxy- 
 coccus. Linn.) Common Cranberry. St. filiform, prostrate ; Ivs. ovate, 
 
 entire, revolute on the margin ; pedicels terminal, 1-flowered ; segments of the 
 corolla ovate. A prostrate under shrub, found in alpine bogs, Can. and N. 
 States. Stems creeping extensively, smooth, purple, with erect branches. 
 Leaves somewhat remote, 2 3' long, and half as wide, smooth and shining 
 above, paler beneath. Flowers several together on the summits of the branches. 
 Pedicels red, an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. 
 Corollas light pink, the 4 segments abruptly reflexed. Stamens purple. Fruit 
 smaller than in the next species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 
 
 2. O. MACROCARPUS. Pers. (V. macrocarpon. Ait.) Larger Cranberry. 
 
 St. creeping, filiform; Ivs. oblong, scarcely revolute, obtuse, glaucous be- 
 neath ; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; segments of the corolla linear-lan- 
 ceolate. A prostrate, shrubby plant, in sphagnous swamps and meadows. 
 Stems 8 15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Leaves numerous, 
 4 6" by 2 3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides, 
 subentire. Flowers flesh-colored, pedicels 5 15" long, solitary in the axils of 
 the upper leaves, the 4 segments generally abruptly reflexed. Berry large, bright 
 scarlet, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 
 
 3. CHIOGENES. Salisb. 
 
 Gr. %ton>, snow, yi'of, offspring; in allusion to its evergreen habit. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft, persistent ; cor. broadly campanulate, limb deeply 4- 
 cleft ; stam. 8, included, anth. fixed by the base, the 2 cells awnless 
 
ANDROMEDA. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 371 
 
 on the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally ; ovary ad- 
 herent, except at the summit, 4-celled ; fruit white, 4-celled, many- 
 seeded. A prostrate, evergreen under shrub, with alternate haves. FLs. 
 solitary, axillary, 
 
 C. IIISPIDULA. Gray. (Vaccinium hispidulum. Linn. Gaultheria hisp. 
 
 Muhl. and 1st. edit. Phalerocarpus serpyllifolia. Don. Glyciphylla hisp. 
 Raf. &c. &c.) Mountain Boxberry. A delicate woody creeper, in old shady 
 woods, mountains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligne- 
 ous, slender, creeping extensively, with numerous branches, and clothed with 
 short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, roundish-oval, 
 4 6" by 3 1", abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Corolla 
 white, its parts in 4s. The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy 
 flavor like those of Gaultheria procumbens. May, June. 
 
 SUBORDER 2. E RICIXE^. 
 
 Ovary free from the calyx. Testa conformed to the nucleus of the 
 seed. Mostly shrubs. Leaves often evergreen. 
 
 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans. 
 
 Gr. apKTOf, a bear, ora^vXoj, a cluster of grapes ; that is, bear-berry. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, 
 limb with 5 small, recurved segments ; drupe with a 5-celled puta- 
 men, the cells 1 -seeded. Trailing shrubs, with alternate leaves. 
 
 1. A. UVA-URSI. Spreng. (Arbutus Uva-ursi. Linn.') 
 
 St. procumbent; Ivs. entire, obovate, smooth, alternate, on short petioles, 
 evergreen, coriaceous, shining above, paler beneath ; fls. in short, terminal, 
 drooping clusters ; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly 
 insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together. A shrub 
 growing on mountains, in the N. States and British America. Stem prostrate 
 except the younger branches, which arise 3 8'. The leaves are about an inch 
 in length, 2 3" wide, often spatulate in form ; medicinally they are astringent, 
 and much valued in nephritic complaints. 
 
 2. A. ALPINA. Spreng. (Arbutus alpina. Linn.y Alpine Bear-berry. 
 Procumbent ; Ivs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when 
 
 young ; fls. in short, terminal racemes ; bracteoles ovate, broad, ciliate, about 
 equaling the pedicel. On the alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. Flow- 
 ers white. Berries black. 
 
 5. ANDROMEDA. 
 
 Named for Andromeda of ancient fable. 
 
 Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid-cylindric ; the 
 limb 5-cleft. reflexed ; stamens 8 10 ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, the 
 dissepiments produced from the middle of the valves. Shrubs pros- 
 trate or erect. Lvs. mostly alternate. 
 
 1 . Col. naked. Caps, valves bifid. Minute evergreen shrubs. CASSIOPE. 
 
 1. A. HYPNolDES. (Cassiope. G. Don.") Moss-like Cassiope. 
 
 St. filiform, spreading ; Ivs. evergreen, subulate, smooth, crowded ; ped. 
 solitary, terminal ; cor. globose, campanulate. One of the smallest and most 
 delicate of shrubs, a tree in miniature, resembling some of the mosses, found 
 on the alpine summits of the White Mts. ! Stems woody, much branched at 
 base, 2 3' high. Leaves minute, evergreen, spirally arranged, and so closely 
 as to conceal the stems. Flowers small, but large in proportion, nodding ; pe- 
 duncles colored, smooth, round, an inch long in fruit. Calyx purple. Corolla 
 light red, twice as long as the calyx, lobes erect. Stamens included. June. 
 32 
 
372 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. ANDROMEDA. 
 
 2. Cal. bracteate at base. Capsule valves double. Lvs. evergreen, 
 entire. CASSANDRA. 
 
 2. A. CALYCULATA. (Cassandra. G. Don.) Bracted Cassandra. 
 
 Erect ; Ivs. oval-oblong, obtuse, obsoletely serrulate, subrevolute, ferrugi- 
 nous beneath; roc. terminal, leafy, subsecund. An evergreen shrub, 2 4f 
 high, flowering early, in wet situations, Can. and most of the U. S. The leaves 
 are coriaceous, shining, dotted, about an inch long and half as wide, those of 
 the racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous, 20 30 in each raceme, 
 white, each from the axil of a small leaf. Calyx double, the outer of 2 bracts, 
 the inner of 5 acute sepals. April, May. 
 
 $ 3. Cal. naked. Anth. 2-awned. Lvs. evergreen, revolute. EUANDROMEDA. 
 
 3. A. POLIPOLIA. Marsh, Andromeda. Wild Rosemary. 
 
 Erect; Ivs. entire, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, revolute on the margins, 
 glaucous beneath ; fls. subglobose, in a dense, terminal corymb. A beautiful 
 evergreen shrub, 1 2f high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps, N. 
 Eng. to Wise. Lapham! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very smooth, 2 3' long and 
 less than ' wide, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluish- 
 white beneath. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red. 
 Corolla rose-colored. June. 
 
 4. Cal. naked. Anthers Pawned. Leaves mostly deciduous. ZENOBIA. 
 
 4. A. RACEMOSA. (Zenobia. G. Don.) Clustered Zenobia. 
 
 l/vs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, serrulate; rac. terminal, secund 
 elongated, sometimes branched; cal. acute; eor.cylindric; anth. 4-awned at the 
 summit. A shrub 4 6f high, growing in wet woods, Can. to Flor. W. to Ky. 
 It is remarkable for its naked racemes, 2 4' in length, consisting of about a 
 dozen flowers, which are arranged in a single row, with much regularity. 
 Leaves 1 2' in length, as wide, minutely notched. Pedicels short, with two 
 ovate-acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Corolla white, 4 or 5 
 times as long as the calyx. Anthers 2-cleft, about half as long as the corolla. Jn. Jl. 
 
 $ 5. Cal. naked. Anthers aivnless. Caps, valves simple. Leaves 
 (mostly) deciduous. LEUCOTHOE. 
 
 5. A. MARIANA. (Leucothoe. G. Don.) Maryland Lcucothoe. 
 Glabrous ; Ivs. oval, subacute at each end, flat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler 
 
 beneath ; flowering branches leafless ; pedicels fasciculate ; calyx lobes linear, foli- 
 aceous ; cor. ovate-cylindric ; sta. 10; fll. villous. Woods and dry, sandy soils, 
 N. J. to Flor., common. A beautiful shrub, 2 3f high, with very smooth, 
 deciduous foliage, and large, white or pale red flowers. Capsule depressed-glo- 
 bose. Seeds angular. June, July. 
 
 6. Corolla subglobose. Capsule with 5 supernumerary valves. LYONIA. 
 
 6. A. LiousTRlNA. Muhl. (Lyonia paniculata. Nutt.) Panicled Lyonia. 
 
 Pubescent ; Ivs. obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrulate ; fls. some- 
 what paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes ; anth. awnless. A deciduous 
 shrub, 4 8f high, in swamps, &c., Middle and Southern States. Leaves ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2- 3' long and nearly half as wide, on short 
 petioles. Flowers small, nearly globose, white, in dense panicles, succeeded 
 by globular capsules. June. 
 
 7. Sepals acuminate. Capsule pyramidal^ pentangular. Leaves 
 
 acid. OXYDENDRON. 
 
 7. A. ARBOREA. (Oxydendron. DC. Lyonia. Don.) Sorrel Tree. 
 Arborescent ; branches terete ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, acuminate, serrate ; 
 
 panicles terminal, consisting of numerous spicate racemes ; fls. pedicellate, 
 secund, spreading, at length reflexed ; cor. ovate-oblong, pubescent externally. 
 Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany Mts.Jo Flor. A fine tree, 40 50f high, 
 trunk 1015' diam. Bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 5 7 by H 2', 
 villous when young, at length smooth, with a distinctly acid taste. Flowers 
 white. Capsule pyramidal, 5-sided. June, July, f 
 
EPIQJSA. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 373 
 
 G. MENZIESA. Smith. 
 
 In honor of Menzies, companion of Vancouver in his voyage round the world. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ovoid 4 5 cleft; stamens 8 10, 
 inserted into the receptacle ; capsule 4 5-celled, the dissepiments 
 made by the introflexed margins of the valves ; seeds many. Low, 
 heath-like, shrubby plants, with evergreen leaves. 
 
 \. M. TAXIFOLIA. Robbins. (M. coerulea. Swartz. Phyllodoce tax. Salisb, 
 
 Andromeda tax. Pall. Andromeda coerulea. Linn.} Mountain Heath. 
 St. prostrate at base ; Ivs. linear, obtuse, with minute, cartilaginous teeth ; ped. 
 terminal, aggregate, one-flowered ; fls. campanulate, decandrous ; cal. acute. 
 A small shrub, a few inches high, found on the summit of the White Mts. It 
 resembles a Heath in its flowers and some of the fir tribe in its leaves and 
 stems. Stem decumbent at base, with crowded, scattered leaves above, which 
 are 5 7" in length. Flowers drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch, 
 on colored peduncles. Calyx in 5 segments, purplish. Corolla of 5 segments, 
 emarginate, rather longer than the stamens. July. 
 
 2. M. GLOBULARIS. Salisb. 
 
 Branches and pedicels with scattered hairs ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate 
 above and on the veins beneath, apex tipped with a gland; cal. 4-cleft; cor. 
 globose ; sta. 8 ; caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Mountains Penn. to Car. Abundant 
 near Winchester, Va. Pursh. Shrub 4f high. Flowers yellowish-brown, nod- 
 ding and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel. June. 
 
 7. GAULTHERIA. Kalm. 
 
 Named for one Gaulthier, a French physician at Quebec. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft with 2 bracts at the base ; corolla ovoid-tubular, limb 
 with 5 small, revolute lobes ; filaments 10, hirsute ; capsule 5-celled, 
 invested by the calyx which becomes a berry. Suffruticose. mostly 
 American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate. 
 G. PROCUMBENS. Box-berry. Checker-berry. Wintergreen. 
 St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending ; Ivs. obovate, mucro- 
 nate, denticulate, crowded at the top of the stem ; fls. few, drooping, terminal. 
 A little shrubby plant, well known for its v spicy leaves and its well-flavored 
 scarlet berries. Common in woods and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. The 
 branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem, or rhizoma, which is usually con- 
 cealed. Leaves thick, shining, acute at each end, with remote and very obscure 
 teeth. Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Filaments white, bent towards 
 the corolla. Fruit well flavored, consisting of the capsule surrounded by the 
 enlarged calyx, which becomes of a bright scarlet color. June Sept. 
 
 8. CLETHRA. Gaert. 
 
 Gr. name of the alder, which these plants somewhat resemble. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 10, exserted ; style 
 persistent ; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the 
 calyx. 'Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, racemose. 
 C. ALNIFOLIA. Sweet-pepper Bush. 
 
 Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, 
 smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; fls. in terminal, elongated, simple or 
 branched racemes ; bracts subulate. A deciduous shrub, 4 8f high, growing 
 in swamps. Leaves 2 3' long, as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped 
 base, tapering into a short petiole. Racemes 3 5' long. Peduncles and calyx 
 hoary-pubescent, the former 3" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as 
 long. Corolla white, spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles. Jl. Aug. 
 
 9. EPIG^EA. 
 
 Gr. errt, upon, and yr), the earth ; from its prostrate habit. 
 
 Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocrateri- 
 
374 LXXV1II. ERICACEAE. AZALEA. 
 
 form, tube villous within, limb 5-parted, spreading; stamens 10; 
 anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal openings ; capsule 5-celled, 5- 
 valved. Suffruticose. trailing. Lvs. evergreen. *'' ". 
 
 E. REPENS. Trailing Arbutus. May Flower. 
 
 Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire ; cor. tube cylindrical. 1\. Woods, Newfound- 
 land to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground, 
 10 15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. Leaves 
 alternate, 2 2' by !', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very 
 short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, 
 in small clusters on short stalks. Calyx green, supported by 3 large bracts at 
 base. Tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the calyx, the border in 5, 
 rounded, spreading segments. Apr. May. 
 
 10. KALMIA. 
 
 Named by Linnaeus in honor of Peter Kalm, prof at Abo, Finland. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla with 1 prominences beneath and 1 cor- 
 responding cavities within, including the 10 anthers; border 5-lobed ; 
 filam. elastic ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Beautiful shrubs, na- 
 tives of N. America. Lvs. entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemose 
 corymbs, white and red. 
 
 1. K. LATIFOLIA. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. 
 
 Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and 
 green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. One of our most 
 beautiful shrubs, sometimes attaining the height of a small tree. It is found in 
 all the Atlantic States from Maine to Georgia, and W. to Ohio and Ky. in 
 woods. The wood is usually very crooked, fine-grained and compact. 'The 
 leaves are 2 3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flow- 
 ers in splendid corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abundant. The 
 corolla has a short tube with a spreading limb 9 10" diam. and a 5-lobed mar- 
 gin. Leaves narcotic, and poisonous to some animals. May, June. 
 
 2. K. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Narrow-leaved Laurel. Sheep-poison. 
 
 Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; 
 corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. A beautiful little shrub, smaller than 
 the foregoing, 2 4f in height, in marshes and by ponds, Can. to Car. W. to 
 Ky. The leaves are acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, entire, 
 smooth, 1 2' long and as wide, on short petioles. The flowers are of a deep 
 purple, growing in small, axillary fascicles and apparently whorled among the 
 leaves, in structure resembling those of the last species, but about half as large. 
 Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. This is also said to be poi- 
 sonous to cattle. June. 
 
 3. K. GLAUCA. Glaucous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel. 
 
 Branches ancipitous ; Ivs. opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, polished, glau- 
 cous beneath, revolute at the margin ; corymbs terminal, the peduncles and bracts 
 smooth. A delicate shrub, 2f high, found in swamps, &c., Penn., Ky., N. Eng. 
 N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches rendered distinctly 2-edged by an 
 elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to the next node 
 below. Leaves smooth and shining, white underneath, about an inch in length. 
 Flowers 8 10 in each corymb. Corolla about \' diam., pale purple. Calyx 
 red, as is also the very slender peduncle. At the base of each peduncle is a pair 
 of concave, obtuse bracts. June. 
 B. rosmarinifolia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 
 
 11. AZALEA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, lobes equal ; cor. subcampanulate, 5-parted, regu- 
 lar ; sta. equal, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anth. dehiscing late- 
 rally from the apex ; ovary roundish ; sty. straight, included ; cap- 
 sule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved, many-seeded. A little branching, pro- 
 
RHODODENDRON. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 375 
 
 cumbent shrub, with opposite, petiolate, evergreen, entire Ivs. Pedicels 
 terminal, solitary, I -flowered. Cor. rose color. 
 
 A. PROCUMBENS. (Loiscleuria. Dcsv. Rhododendron. 1st edit.') 
 An exceedingly delicate shrub, native on the alpine summits oi the White 
 Mts., N. H. ! Stems 3 6' long, very branching and leafy. Leaves elliptical, 
 thick, shining, not more than 3" By 1", margin strongly revolute. Flowers 
 glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the midst of the leaves. Jn. Jl. 
 
 12. RHODORA. 
 
 Gr. poSov, a rose ; the shrub bears only flowers at flowering time. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, persistent ; cor. adnate to the calyx, deeply divided 
 into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2 3-lobed at the 
 apex, in aestivation enfolding the 2 lower, entire segments ; sta. 10, 
 declinate ; fil. unequal ; anth. opening by 2 pores ; caps. 5-celled, 5- 
 valved ; cells many-seeded ; dissepiments formed by the introflexed 
 margins of the valves. A shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves, and 
 pale purple flowers. 
 
 R. CANADENSIS. (Rhododendron Rhodora. Don.) 
 
 A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain, Can. to Penn., 
 frequent. Stems 2 3f high, clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing 
 at top into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of 
 foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3 5 sessile flowers. Corolla 1' long, about 
 equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-oblong, downy- 
 canescent beneath. Apr. May. 
 
 13. RHODODENDRON. 
 
 Gr. fiotiov, arose, dsvfyov, a tree. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; cor. infundibuliform or cam- 
 panulate, regular or irregular, 5-lobed ; sta. 5 10, mostly declinate 
 and exserted; anth. opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5-celled, 
 5-valved, opening at the summit : dissepiments introflexed from the 
 margin of the valves. Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen or decidu- 
 ous leaves. Fls. mostly in terminal, corymbose clusters. Cor. variously 
 shaded from blue through purple to white. 
 1. Corolla infundibuliform, tube long, cylindric, more or less viscid ; 
 
 limb unequal, spreading ; stamens 5 or 6. Lvs. deciduous. AZALEA. 
 
 1. R. NUDIFLORUM. Torr. (Azalea nudiflora. Linn.} Swamp Pink. 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate ; fls. rather naked, slightly viscid ; 
 
 lube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; sta. much exserted. A beautiful and 
 fragrant flowering shrub, 4 6f high, rather frequent in the forests and thickets 
 of the Northern States as well as the Southern. Stems crooked, much branched. 
 Leaves 2 3' by 1J', margins ciliate, upper surface with minute, scattered hairs, 
 lower paler and pubescent, with the mid vein hispid. Flowers appearing before 
 the leaves are fully grown, in rather naked umbels. Pedicels 68" long. 
 Calyx minute, with rounded, ciliate segments. Corolla tube 8 10'' in length, 
 hairy, and, with the spreading, unequal limb variously shaded from pale pink 
 to purple. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. Style nearly 
 3 times as long. It varies in the number of stamens, color of corolla, &c. 
 Apr. May. -f 
 
 2. R. VISCOSUM. Torr. (Azalea viscosa. Linn.') Clammy Swamp Pink. 
 Lvs. obovate and oblong-lanceolate ; fls. accompanied with leaves, very 
 
 viscid ; tube of the corolla, twice as long as the lobes ; sta. a little exserted. Less 
 frequent than the last, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Shrub 4 6f 
 high, much branched above, the branches hispid. Leaves 1 2' long and about 
 half as wide, smoothish, hispid, ciliate on the petiole midvein and margin. 
 32* 
 
376 LXXVII1. ERICACEAE. RHODODENDRON. 
 
 Flowers fragrant, in terminal umbels, on hairy pedicels, not appearing until 
 the leaves are fully grown. Calyx minute and ciliate. Corolla white, tube an 
 inch in length, clothed with glandular hairs, and very clammy, limb unequal. 
 Stamens and style declined, the latter longest. May, June, -f 
 /?. glaucum. Ph. (Azalea glauca. Lam.) Lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath. 
 
 3. R. NITIDUM. Torr. (Azalea nitida. Linn.) Shining Swamp Pink. 
 Lvs. oblanceolate, coriaceous, smooth both sides, shining above, margins 
 
 revolute ; fls. accompanied with leaves, viscid ; tube much longer than the seg- 
 ments ; sta. exserted. In mountain swamps, N. Y. Starrs ! to Va. Shrub 3 6f 
 high, with nearly smooth branches. Leaves dark green above, 1 2' in length, 
 J as wide, roundish and submucronate above, tapering at the base into very short 
 petioles, midvein hispid beneath. Flowers large, pale pink, fragrant. " Tube 
 an inch or more long, glandular-hairy. Pedicels ' long. Calyx segments ob- 
 solete. Style 2' long. Jn. Jl. 
 
 4. R. CALENDULACEUM. Torr. (Azalea calendulacea. MX.) Flame Azalea. 
 
 Branchlets subvillose ; fas. oblong, attenuated to the base, mucronate, pu- 
 bescent both sides, ciliate on the margin ; corymbs nearly leafless ; cal. teeth 
 oblong ; tube of the cor. hirsute, not viscid, shorter than the lobes. A splendid 
 flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, Penn. to Ohio, Sullivant! and Ga. 
 Stems 3 6f high. The leaves at flowering time are about 3' by !' or smaller. 
 Flowers large and numerous, the corolla 2J' in length, limb expanding nearly 
 2', usually yellow and bright crimson, showing at distance like flame. May. 
 Cultivation has produced numerous varieties, of every shade from golden-yel- 
 low to dark crimson, single and double, f 
 
 5. R. ARBORESCENS. Torr. (Azalea arborescens. Ph.) Tree Azalea. 
 
 Branches smooth ; Ivs. obovate, obtuse, both sides glabrous, glaucous be- 
 neath, margin ciliate, veins nearly glabrous ; corymbs leafy ; cal. lobes oblong, 
 acute ; cor. tube not viscid, longer than the lobes ; sta. and sly. exsert. Rivulets 
 near the Blue Mts., Penn., Pursk. Shrubs 10 SOf high. Flowers large, rose 
 color, scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed, white 
 border. May Jl. 
 
 6. R. HispiDUM. Torr. (A. hispida. Ph.) Hispid Azalea. 
 
 Branches hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hispid above, 
 glabrous beneath, glaucous both sides, ciliate, midvein beneath hispid; corymbs 
 leafy; pedicels glandular-pilose; cal. teeth oblong, obtuse; cor. very viscid, tube 
 scarcely longer than the lobes ; sta. and sly. exsert. Shrub of a bluish appear- 
 ance, very upright, 10 15f high, mountains and lake shores, N. Y. and Penn. 
 Pursh. Flowers white, bordered with red, tube reddish-white. Stamens often 
 10. Jl. Aug. 
 
 7. R. FLAVUM. Don. (Azalea pontica. Linn.) Yellow Azalea. Lvs. oblong- 
 obovate ; rac. corymbose, with deciduous bracts ; cor. viscid-pilose without, not 
 leafy ; sta. exsert, declinate. Native of the Caucasian Mts. A splendid shrub, 
 with golden-yellow flowers, varying to orange, copper-color or ochroleucous. f 
 
 2. Corolla campanulate, tube short, smooth, lobes rounded-obtuse, spread- 
 ing. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 
 
 8. R. MAXIMUM. American Rose Bay. 
 
 Lvs. obovate-oblong, smooth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevolute 
 on the margin ; corymbs terminal ; cor. somewhat campanulate, unequal ; pet. 
 roundish. A splendid flowering shrub, not uncommon in N. England, but most 
 abundant in the Middle States. The stems are crooked, 6 15f or more in 
 height. The 3 r oung leaves are downy, becoming very smooth when full grown 
 and 4 7' long, entire, thick and leathery, permanent, remaining on the stem 2 
 or 3 years. Corymbs 15 20-flowered, in the midst of the evergreen leaves. 
 At first each cluster appears in the form of a large compound bud enveloped in 
 numerous bracts. These bracts are near an inch long, abruptly acuminate. 
 Corolla pink or rose-colored, sometimes dotted with yellow, 1 2' diam. The 
 wood is hard and fine grained. July, Aug. 
 /?. album. Ph. (R. Purshii. Don.) Cor. white, segments oblong-obtuse. 
 
ERICA. LXXVII1. ERICACEAE. 377 
 
 9. R. LAPPONICUM. Wahl. (Azalea Lapponica. Linn.) Lapland Rhodo- 
 dendron. Dwarf; Ivs. elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures ; fls. 
 in terminal, leafy clusters, carnpanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed ; sta. 5, ex- 
 serted. An erect" shrub 8 10' high, native of the White Mts. ! Branches nume- 
 rous, with a rough bark. Leaves about 5" by 2J", acute, with an obtuse angle, 
 revolute, ferruginous beneath, all fasciculated at the summits of the branches. 
 Flowers 7 9" diam. Peduncle bracted at base. Calyx pubescent. Corolla 
 deep purple, regular, lobes roundish, as broad as the leaves. Style very long, 
 ascending. June, July. 
 
 10. R. ARBOREUM. Smith. St.- arborescent; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, with 
 shining white spots beneath ; fls. densely corymbose ; caps, pubescent, 8 10- 
 celled. A most beautiful tree or shrub, from the Himmaleh Mts. Flowers 
 purple, red, white, cinnamon-color, &c. f 
 
 11. R. PONTICUM. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to each end, smooth 
 and scarcely paler beneath ; corymbs short, terminal ; cor. campanulate-rotate ; 
 col. lobes subacute, very short. From Asia Minor. Flowers large, often 2' 
 diam., purple but in cultivation very variable, f 
 
 12. R. INDICUM. Sweet. (Azalea Indica. Linn.} Branchlets, petioles, veins 
 and sepals strigose, but not glandular ; Ivs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acumi- 
 nate at each end ; fls. terminal, 1 3 together, on short pedicels. From Java. 
 Flowers scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c., in cultivation very brilliant, f 
 
 14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers. 
 Gr. \eioS) smooth, 0vXXoj>, leaf. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, equaling the length of the capsule ; pet. 5, ovate- 
 oblong; sta. 10, exserted ; fil. subulate; cells of anthers dehiscing 
 by a lateral cleft ; ovary globose ; sty. filiform ; caps 5-celled, 5-valved, 
 many-seeded. Small, smooth shrubs, with, erect branches. Lvs. alter- 
 nate, entire, oval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Fls. white. 
 
 L. BUXIFOLIUM. Ell. 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. oval or obovate, subsessile ; caps, glabrous. Pine barrens, 
 N. J. to Car. Shrub 812' high, much branched. Leaves 45" by 2 or 3", 
 very smooth and shining, margin strongly revolute. Flowers numerous and 
 small. May, June. 
 
 15. LEDCTM. 
 
 Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla 5-pefcaied, spreading ; stamens 
 5 10, exserted; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 5- 
 celled, 5-valved, opening at the base. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, ever- 
 green, entire, ferruginous-tomentose beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal 
 corymbs, white. 
 
 L. PALUSTRE (andL. latifolium. Ait.') Labrador Tea. 
 
 Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong-linear ; sta. 5 10, more or less exserted. 
 Mountain bogs, Penn. to Lab and Greenland, White Mts. ! Not uncommon. 
 A shrub 2 3f high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above, 
 clothed beneath with a dense, ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or repli- 
 cate at the margin. The petioles and the younger twigs are also covered with 
 down. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a 
 dozen flowers. Petals 5, white. Pedicels nearly as long as the leaves. Sta- 
 mens 5 10, as long as the petals. Style somewhat declined. July. 
 0. angustifolium. Lvs. narrower, almost linear ; sta. mostly 10. 
 
 16. ERICA. 
 
 Gr. epiKb), to break; in allusion to the brittleness of the branches and stems. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft ; cor. tubular, globose, ovoid, urceolate, campanulate 
 or hypocrateriform, limb short, 4-lobed ; stam. 8 ; style filiform ; caps. 
 4, rarely 8-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal ; seeds 2 00 in each cell, 
 
378 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. PYROLA. 
 
 affixed to the axillary placentae, usually conformed to the smoothish 
 or shining testa. European, or chiefly South African shrubs, branch- 
 ing, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear, acerose, margin revolute, verticillate, 
 rarely alternate. Fls. axillary, solitary, verticillate, or terminal, corym- 
 bose or capitate, mostly nodding. Cor. of the cyanic series, from purple 
 through red to white, very rarely orange or yellow. 
 
 Ofts. Of this vast and beautiful genus, 429 species are described by Mr. Bentham in the Prodromus of 
 DC., Part vii., pp. 613693. All these species have been cultivated in Europe, and many in this country, 
 but their successful culture is attended with more care than that of most other plants, and they have 
 never as yet received general attention. To describe so few species as the limits of this work would 
 permit, where BO many are rarely and none generally met with, would be of little satisfaction to the 
 student. 
 
 SUBORDER 3. P Y R O L< E JE . 
 
 Ovary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct. Fruit a capsule. 
 Mostly herbaceous. 
 
 17. PYROLA. Salisb. 
 
 Lat. diminutive from Pyrus; as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear-tree. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; pet. 5, equal; sta. 10; anth. large, pendulous, 
 fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top ; sty. 
 thick ; stig. 5-rayed, 5-tubercled at apex ; caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, 
 opening at the angles, many-seeded. Low, scarcely suffruticose, ever- 
 green herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scape mostly racemose. 
 1. Stamens ascending. Style declinate, longer than the petals. 
 
 1. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA. R&und-leaved Pyrola. 
 
 Lvs. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; 
 scape 3-angled ; segments of the cal. lanceolate, acute ; stig. clavate, obscurely 5- 
 toothed. Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to Wise. Leaves all radical, 
 round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' in diameter, smooth and shining, with 
 conspicuous, reticulate veins. Petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes 
 much longer than, the leaf. Scape 6 12' high, bracteate at base and in the 
 middle. Flowers drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme. 
 
 2. P. ASARIFOLIA. Michx. Asarum-leaved Pyrola. 
 
 Lvs. renifbrm-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the 
 dilated petiole; scape angular, furrowed; roc. lax, many-flowered; segments, of 
 tJie cal. ovate, acute, appressed; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated and 5- 
 lobed. In old woods, Can. and N. States. Leaves all radical, 1J If diam., 
 smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice 
 as long as, the margined petioles. Scape 510' high, purplish, bracteate at 
 base and near the middle, racemose one half its length. Flowers nodding, re- 
 mote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Style of about the 
 same length and curvature as pedicel. June. 
 
 3. P. CHLORANTHA. Swartz. Green-flowered Pyrola. 
 
 Las. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole ; roc. few- 
 flowered ; segments of the cal. very short, obtuse ; pet. oblong ; pores of the anth. 
 tubular; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated, and 5-lobed. In woods, Can. 
 and N. States, common. Leaves smaller than in either of the preceding species, 
 often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, 1' diam., 
 smooth, shining, coriaceous. Petioles 1 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 12' 
 high, bearing a long, open raceme. Flowers nodding, large, remote, pedicels J' 
 long, each in the axil of a very short bract Petals greenish- white. Anther 
 tubes conspicuous. June, July. 
 
 4. P. ELLIPTICA. Nutt. Pear-leaved Wintergreen. 
 
 Lvs. elliptical, membranaceous, obscurely dentate, longer than the peti- 
 oles; scape mostly naked; cal. small, with ovate, obtuse segments; pores of the 
 anth. short, tubular. In woods, Can. and N. States to Wise. Leaves 12' 
 long, more than half as wide, mostly acute and subentire, thin, smooth and light. 
 
CHIMAPHILA. LXXVIII. ERICACE^. 379 
 
 green. Scape 5 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes. 
 Flowers nodding, very fragrant. Pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half 
 as long as the declinate, recurved style. Petals white. July. (See Appendix.} 
 
 2. Stamens erect. Style straight. 
 
 5. P. SECUNDA. One-sided Pyrola. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole; rac.secund. In dry 
 woods, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 3' high, bearing one or two fascicles of 
 leaves near the summit. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at each end, with ap- 
 pressed, pointed serratures. Petioles 1' long. Peduncles scape-like, 5 7 high, 
 bearing a 1-sided cluster of 10 15 greenish-white flowers. Petals oblong, . 
 shorter than the style. June, July. 
 
 6. P. MINOR. Smaller Pyrola. 
 
 Lvs. roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate ; petiole dilated at base, 
 shorter than the lamina; rac. subspicate ; bracts equaling or exceeding the pedi- 
 cel; col. lobes short, subacute; sty. included; s^g-. 5-lobed. White Mts., N. H., 
 Mich, and Brit. Am. Scape angular. Leaves mucronulate at apex. Corolla 
 globose, white, slightly tinged with purple. 
 
 18. MONESES. Salisb. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate ; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred 
 at base, at length inverted, opening by 2 pores at apex ; sty. rigid ; 
 stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed ; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, many- 
 seeded. % Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenu- 
 late, petiolate, veiny. Peduncle terminal, one-flowered, longer than the 
 stamens. Fls. white. 
 
 M. GRANDIFLORA. Salisb. (Pyrola uniflora. Linn, and 1st edit.') 
 Woods, among mosses, &c., Keene, N. H., Bigelow. Dexter, Jeff. Co., 
 N. Y., Vasey! Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves 
 7 9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the 
 middle. Flower 9" diam. June. 
 
 19. CHIMAPHILA. 
 
 Gr. %^a, winter, <f>i\eo}, to love; equivalent to the English name, Wintergreen. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted; pet. 5, spreading; sta. 10; fil. dilated in the 
 middle ; anth. as in Pyrola ; sty. short, thick ; caps. 5-celled, open- 
 ing from the summit ; seeds 00. Small, suffruticose, evergreen plants, 
 with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or 
 irregularly verticillate. Fls. terminal. 
 
 1. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Pyrola. Linn.) Prince's Pine. Pipsissiwa. 
 
 Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s 6s ; fls. corymbose ; bracts linear- 
 subulate ; sty. immersed in the ovary. 7J_ In dry woods, flowering in July. 
 A common and beautiful evergreen, N. Eng. to Ohio 1 and Can. Leaves in 2 
 or more irregular whorls, 2 3' long, i as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate, 
 on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a uniform dark green color. Pedun- 
 cle terminal, erect, 3 4' long, bearing 4 7 light purple flowers on nodding 
 pedicles 8" long. Both this and the following species are tonic and diuretic. 
 Bio. July. 
 
 2. C. MACULATA. Pursh. (Pyrola. Linn.) Spotted Wintergreen. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely serrate, discolored, 
 opposite or in 3s ; ped. corymbose, 2 3-flowered ; fil. woolly. Can. to Car., 
 Ohio, in sandy woods. Habits much like the last, but it is readily distinguished 
 by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 4' high. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, 
 marked with a whitish line along the midvein and veinlets. Flowers purplish- 
 white, on nodding pedicels. June, July. 
 
380 LXXVIII. ERICACE^S. PTEROSPORA. 
 
 SUBORDER 4. M ONOTROPEJB. 
 Ovary free from the calyx. Leafless herbs, destitute of verdure. 
 
 20. MONOTROPA. 
 Gr. JJLOVOS, one, Tf>Eiru, to turn ; term inapplicable, as the genus is now modified. 
 
 Calyx represented by 1 3 bracts ; pet. 5, erect, persistent, gib- 
 bous at base ; sta. 10 ; fil. persistent, alternating with 10 reflexed ap- 
 pendages of the torus ; stig. orbicular, naked ; caps. 5-celled. Para- 
 sitic herbs. St. or scape l-flowered, scentless. 
 
 M. UNIFLORA. Indian Pipe. Bird's-nest. 
 
 St. short ; scales approximate ; /. nodding ; /;-. erect. Common in woods, 
 Can. to Car. W. to 111. A small, succulent plant, about 6' high, yellowish- 
 white in all its parts. Stem furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transpa- 
 rent leaves, or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal, solitary flower. Common 
 in woods, near the base of trees, on whose roots it is said to be parasitic. Jn. 
 
 21. HYPOPITYS. Dill. 
 
 Gr. 7J7ra>, under, KITVS, a pine tree ; its place of growth. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, colored ; pet. as many as sepals, a little longer and 
 of the same color, erect, deciduous, gibbous at base; sta. 8 10; fil. 
 subulate, persistent ; anth. 2-celled, small ; stig. discoid, umbilicate ; 
 caps. 4 5-celled, 4 5-valved, many-seeded. Parasitic herbs, of a 
 tawny white. Root scaly. St. simple. Fls. racemed, lateral ones tetra- 
 merous, terminal one pentamerous. 
 
 1. H. MULTIFLORA. Scop. (H. Europsea. Don. Monotropa. Linn.') 
 Pet., sta. and sty. hirsute ; caps, oval-oblong. 
 
 /?. Americana. DC. (H. Europaea. Nwtt.) Plant smaller, yellowish-brown. 
 In pine woods, Can., Penn.,*Car., DC. Is not this rather a variety of the fol- 
 lowing 1 It seems to be lost to recent botanists. 
 
 2. H. LANUGINOSA. (Monotropa. Michx. and 1st edit.} Pine Sap. 
 Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than 
 
 the flower ; caps, subglobose. Woods, N. Y. ! Can to Car. W. to Wise. ! The 
 whole plant is of a tawny white, similar to the last. The root is a tangled mass 
 of fibres. Sc"a"pe 6 10' high, with many concave scales, covered with down. 
 Flowers 7 12, in a terminal raceme, yellowish, drooping at first, becoming 
 erect. Pedicels 1 2" long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the ter- 
 minal flower is generally decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 
 petals. Woods. Aug. 
 
 22. PTEROSPORA. 
 
 Gr. irrepos, a wing, <rrropa, a seed ; alluding to the winged seeds. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted; corolla roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and re- 
 flexed ; stamens 10 ; anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned ; capsule 5- 
 celled, 5-valved ; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. 
 ^1- Plant leafless, brownish-red. Fls. racemed. 
 
 P. ANDROMEDEA. Nutt. (Monotropa procera. Ea.~) Albany Beech-drops. 
 
 In various parts of N. Y. ! and Vt., rare. First discovered by Dr. D. S. C. 
 H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 12 30' high, dark purple, clothed 
 with short, viscid wool. Raceme 612' long, with 50 or more nodding flowers. 
 Pedicels irregularly scattered, 6 8" long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Co- 
 rolla shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campanulate, open at the throat, 
 white, tipped with red at the summit. July. 
 
PRINOS. LXXIX. AQ.UIFOLIACE.a3. 381 
 
 ORDER LXXIX. AQUIFOLIACEJE. HOLLYWORTS. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. 
 
 Fls. small, white or greenish, axillary, solitary or clustered, sometimes dioecious. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 46, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Cor. regular, 4 6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in estivation. 
 
 Sta. inserted into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnate. 
 
 Ova. free from the calyx, 2 6-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. 
 
 Fr. drupaceous, with 26 stones or nucules. Albumen large, fleshy. 
 
 Genera 11, species 110, natives of America and S. Africa, only one, Ilex (the Holly), being found in 
 Europe. 
 
 Properties.- The bark and leaves of Prin9S verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and 
 tonic, as well as those of the holly. The berries are emetic and purgative. The leaves of Prinos glaber, 
 and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 <, Petals united, mostly hexamerous Prinos. 3 
 
 ( unarmed. I Petals distinct, mostly pentainerous. Nemopantnw.2 
 
 Leaves ijspinose, evergreen, coriaceous. Hex. 1 
 
 1. ILEX. 
 
 The ancient Lat. name of the Holm Oak, the derivation uncertain. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-toothed, persistent; corolla subrotate, 4 5-parted; 
 stamens 4 5 ; stigmas 4 5, subsessile, united or distinct ; berry 
 4 5-seeded. Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate and spinose-dentate. 
 
 Fls. often cf 9 by abortion. 
 
 I. OPACA. 
 
 Lvs. evergreen, oval, acute at end, with strong, spinous teeth, coriaceous, 
 smooth and shining; fascicles of fls. lax, peduncles compound; col. teeth acute; 
 /r. ovate ; fls. small, greenish- white. A tree of middle size, quite generally dif- 
 fused throughout the U. S. from Mass. ! to La. It is chiefly interesting for its 
 foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining, perennial green. The flowers 
 appear in June, in scattered clusters at the base of the older branches, and the 
 fertile ones are succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn.' 
 The wood is fine grained and compact, useful in turnery, &c. 
 
 2. NEMOPANTHUS. Raf. 
 
 Gr. vrjfia, thread, irovs, foot-stalk, ai>-9-o? ; that is, a flower on a filiform peduncle. 
 
 Calyx minute ; petals 5, distinct, linear, oblong ; stamens 5 ; ovary 
 hemispherical ; stigmas 3 4, sessile ; fruit a 3 4-celled, subglobose 
 berry. Shrub, with alternate, entire, deciduous leaves. Fls. mostly 
 dicecw-polyga?nous by abortion. 
 
 N. CANADENSIS. Raf. (Ilex. Michx.) Canadian Holly. 
 
 Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed ; ped. nearly 
 solitary, very long ; fr. somewhat 4-sided. A shrub, 4 6f high, with smooth 
 branches, growing in damp or rocky woods, Can., N. Eng. ! to Mich. Leaves 
 oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles f as long. The flowers, grow- 
 ing on long, slender, axillary peduncles which are seldom divided, are small, 
 greenish-white. Segments of the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary 
 of the barren flowers pointed, of the fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, 
 red. May, June. 
 
 3. PRINOS. 
 
 Gr. Trptw, to saw; alluding to the serrated leaves. 
 
 Flowers often cf 9 or & $ 9 ; calyx mostly 6-cleft ; cor. 6-parted ; 
 sta. 4 6 ; berry roundish, much longer than the calyx ; seeds bony, 
 convex on one side, angular on the other. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate. 
 Pedicels axillary, \-flowered. 
 
 1. P. VERTICILLATUS. (P. Gronovii. Michx.} Winter Berry. Black Alder. 
 
 Lvs. deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fls. axillary, 
 the fertile ones aggregate, the barren subumbellate. This shrub is found in 
 moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States, usually growing about 
 
382 LXXX. EBENACEvE. DIOSPYROS. 
 
 8f high. Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole, uncinately serrate, with 
 prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white, dioecious," small, in im- 
 perfect umbels or heads, sometimes monoecious. Berries scarlet, in little 
 bunches (apparently verticillate), roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent. Jl. 
 
 2. P. AMBIGUUS. Michx. Dubious Winter Berry. 
 
 Lvs. deciduous, oval, entire, acuminate at both ends; parts oftliejls. in 4s, 
 the sterile ones crowded, the fertile solitary. A shrub or small tree, 8 15f 
 high, in wet grounds, Mid. States. B.ark whitish, smooth. Leaves elliptic-oval, 
 mucronate-pointed, petiolate, subpubescent beneath, 1 2' long and half as wide. 
 Flowers polygamous, 4 5-cleft, the fertile ones on long peduncles. June. 
 
 3. P. LJEVIGATUS. Pursh. 
 
 Lvs. deciduous, lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous on both sides, 
 shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath ; fls. hexamerous, 9 
 axillary, subsessile, ^ scattered,pedicellate. In swamps and marshes, Northern 
 and Western States ! S. to N. J. Shrub 6 91 high, with grayish and warty 
 branches. Leaves 23' by 8 12", acute at each end ; petioles 6 10" long. 
 Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near 1' long, the iertile pedicels 
 scarcely \ as long. Berries large, red. June. 
 
 4. P. LANCEOLATUS. Pursh. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, finely and remotely serrulate, glabrous 
 both sides; tf flowers aggregated, triandrous, 9 generally in pairs, peduncu- 
 late, 6 numerous ; berries small, scarlet. Barrens and marshes, Western (fiid- 
 fallj and Southern States ! Shrub 6 8f high. 1 am wholly unacquainted with 
 this species as a western plant, but have specimens collected in N. J. 1 by Dr. 
 Robbins. The leaves are paler beneath, 2 3' (including the petiole 3 6") by 
 | 1 1', veins beneath pubescent, ferruginous. Pedicels of the barren flowers 
 are J' long, of the fertile %' long. June. 
 
 5. P. GLABER. Ink Berry. Evergreen Prinos. 
 
 Lvs. evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, shining, serrate 
 at the end. A beautiful shrub 3 4f high, found in swamps, Mass. ! R. I. ! to 
 N. Y. and Car. Leaves very smooth, leathery, shining, 1 !' by 5 7", broad- 
 est above the middle. Pedicels subsolitary, 1 3-flowered. Flowers white, 
 mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. June, July. 
 
 ORDER LXXX. EBENACEJE. EBONADS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. 
 
 Fls. by abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Col. free, 3 6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, persistent. 
 
 Cor. regular, 3 6-c|eft, often pubescent, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. twice or four times as many as the lobes of the corolla, 
 
 Ova. with 3 or more cells. Style with as many divisions. 
 
 Fr. a fleshy, oval or globose berry. 
 
 Genera 9, species 160, mostly natives of the Indies and the tropics, one only being found as for north as 
 New York. 
 
 Properties. Diospyrus is remarkable for the hardness and dark color of the wood. Ebony is the wood 
 of D. Ebenus, Ebenaster, and other species, natives of Africa. The fruit of the species below is eatable 
 when fully ripe, although extremely bitter and astringent before maturity. The bark is eminently febri- 
 fugal and astringent. 
 
 DIOSPYROS. 
 
 Gr. Atos nvpos, the fruit of Jove ; the fruit, although excellent, hardly merits the name. 
 
 Fls. c? 9. Cal. 4 6-lobed; cor. tubular or campanulate, 4 6- 
 cleft, convolute in aestivation. cT sta. 8 50, mostly 16 ; fil. shorter 
 than the anthers ; ova. abortive ; sty. 0. 9 sta. mostly 8, without 
 anthers; sty. 2 4-cleft; berry ovoid or globose, 4 12, mostly 8- 
 celled, cells 1 -seeded. A large genus of shrubs or trees : mostly tropical. 
 
 D. VIRGINIANA. Persimmon Tree. 
 
 Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire, smooth, petiole, veins and mar- 
 gin puberulent ; rac. axillary, 3 1 -flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers ; 
 cat. 4-parted ; sta. 8. In woods, lat. 42 to La., frequent. A shrub or small 
 
LXXX1I. PRIMULACEjfc. 
 
 383 
 
 tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions at the South. Leaves 3 5' long, 
 entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, psde greenish-yellow, the fertile 
 ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the garden plum, and 
 containing 68 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palatable by the 
 frost, although very austere when green. The bark is tonic and astringent. Jn. 
 
 ORDER LXXXI. STYRACACE^E. 
 
 Tiees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves destitute of stipules. 
 
 Fls. or racemes solitary, axillary, bracteate. 
 
 Cat. 5, rarely 4-lobed, imbricated in .aestivation. 
 
 Cor. 5, rarely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. definite or 00, unequal in length, usually cohering. Anth. innate, 2-celled. 
 
 Ova. adherent, 2 5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre. 
 
 Fr. drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Sds. 51. 
 
 Genera 6, species 115, sparingly distributed through the tropical and subtropical regions of both conti- 
 nents, only a few in colder latitudes. Stnrax and benzoin, two fragrant gum resins, regarded as stimu- 
 lant and expectorant, are the products of two species of Styrax, viz. of S. officinale, a Syrian tree, and S. 
 benzoin, native of Malay and the adjacent Islands. 
 
 HALESIA. Ellis. 
 
 In honor of the learned and venerable Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., 1730. 
 
 Calyx obconic, briefly 4-lobed ; cor. inserted into the calyx, cam- 
 panulate, with a narrow base. 4-cleft or 4-parted ; sta. 8 12, connate 
 into a tube below ; sty. filiform, pubescent ; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings 
 equal or alternately smaller ; seeds 1 3. N. American shrubs. 
 
 1. H. TETRAPTERA. Four-winged Snowdrop Tree. 
 
 Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, serrulate; fascicles 3-flowered, lateral, leafless, 
 from the wood of the preceding year ; cal. subentire ; sta. 12 ; fr. with 4 equal 
 wings. Native of S. Car. to Flor., Miss E. Carpenter! Branches leafy at the 
 summit. Leaves thin, 2 5' by 1| 2', obtuse or acute at base. Flowers pen- 
 dulous, white, about 10" long, f 
 
 2. H. UIPTERA. Two-winged Snowdrop Tree. 
 . Lrs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, acuminate at each 
 
 end, serrulate, softly pubescent beneath ; fascicles 
 2 3-flowered, lateral ; pedicels and cal. pubescent ; 
 sta. 8 ; fr. with the alternate wings half as large 
 or obsolete. Native in Car. and Ga. Leaves 
 somewhat larger than in the last, with rather 
 smaller flowers. Corolla white, f 
 
 ORDER LXXXII. PKIMULACEJE. 
 
 PRIMWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, annual or perennial, sometimes suffruticose. 
 
 Lvs. usually radical, otherwise mostly opposite. Stipules 0. 
 
 Fls. on scapes and in umbels or variously arranged in the axils of 4. 
 
 the leaves. 
 
 Cal. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, inferior, regular, persistent. 
 Cor. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, regular. 
 Sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and 
 
 opposite to them. 
 Ova. 1-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style and Stigma 
 
 simple. 
 Fr. Capsule many-seeded, the fleshy placenta attached only to 
 
 the base of the cell. 
 
 Genera 29, species 215, common in the northern temperate 
 regions, growing in swamps, groves, by rivulets and often among 
 the snow of cloud-capped mountains. Many are beautiful, and 
 highly prized in culture. Properties unimportant. 
 
 __ FIG. 49. 1. Primula Mistassinica. 2. A flower laid open, show- 
 ing the 5 stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. 4. Plan of 
 the ftower. 6. Ovary and calyx. 5. Vertical section of the ovary, 
 showing the free central placenta. 
 
 33 
 
384 LXXXH. PRIMULACEJE. PRIMULA. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( 7-cleft. Leaves in one whorl. Trientalw. 4 
 
 < 5-cleft. Flowers paniculate, 
 f Corolla white, ( 4 -cleft. Plants 2 inches high. 
 
 Stamens 6. Racemes axillary. 
 
 ] Corolla yellow. ( Stamens 5 
 
 I Corolla scarlet. Plant prostrate. Fls. solitary, axillary 
 
 Samoltts. 10 
 Csntunculus. 9 
 Nawnburgia. 6 
 Lysimachia. 7 
 Anagallis. 8 
 
 j undivided. Corolla wanting, calyx colored, white Glaux. 5 
 
 f cauline, pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed in water Hottonia. 1 
 
 < $ Corolla segments spreading. .... Primula. 2 
 Leaves ( all radical. Scape umbellate. ( Corolla segments reflexed Dodecathe&n. 3 
 
 1. HOTTONIA. 
 
 In honor of Peter Hotton, professor in the University of Leyden, died 1709. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. salver-form, with a short tube and a flat, 5- 
 lobed limb ; sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, included ; stig. 
 globose ; caps, globose-acuminate. ^ Fleshy, aquatic herbs, with pec- 
 tinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical Ivs. 
 
 H. INFLATA. Ell. (H. palustris. Ph. not Linn.) Water Feather. 
 
 Scape articulate, the internodes and lower parts inflated; fls. verticillate, 
 pedunculate. A curious aquatic plant, in swamps and stagnant waters, Ms., 
 R. I. and Ct., N. Y. to Flor. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy, with a 
 whorl of long and beautifully pectinate leaves at or near the surface of the water. 
 Peduncles or scapes several (610) together, arising in a sort of umbel from 
 the top of the stem, 8 10' long, inflated between the joints, forming the most 
 remarkable feature of the plant. Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils, 
 generally 4 in each. Pedicels ' long. June. 
 
 2. PRIMULA. 
 
 Lat. primus, first ; because its blossoms appear earliest in spring. 
 
 Corolla salver-form, with an open orifice ; capsule opening with a 
 10-cleft dehiscence; stamens 5, not exserted; stigma globose. Herbs 
 (mostly European) with radical Ivs. Fls. in an involucrate umbel on a 
 scape, showy. 
 
 1. P. MISTASSINICA. Michx. (Fig. 49.) 
 
 Lvs. spatulate, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acute, attenuate at base ; invol. 
 1 8-flowered ; bracts 3 times shorter than the pedicels, linear-subulate ; cal. 
 much shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate. 
 Shores of Seneca Lake, N. Y., Dr. Sartwell ! Lake Mistassins, Can. and through- 
 out Brit. Am. A very delicate plant, about 3' high. Leaves about 5, 5 8" by 
 3 4", almost petiolate. Flowers 5" diam., white. Pedicels 7" in length. 
 
 2. P. FARINOSA. /?. Americana. Torr. Bird's-eye Primrose. 
 
 Lvs. narrow, veiny, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate at apex, attenu- 
 ate at base, under surface covered with a yellowish- white, farinaceous dust ; 
 invol. farinaceous, 3 20-floAvered, shorter than the pedicels ; bracts long-acumi- 
 nate ; cal. segments lanceolate, acute ; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate, bifid, 
 obtuse. Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, Nutt., Houghton, N. to lat. 66. 
 Scape 6 12' high. Flowers purple or flesh-color. 
 
 3. P. AURICULA. Aurided Primrose or Auricula. Lvs. obovate, entire or ser- 
 rate, fleshy ; scape many-flowered, central, as long as the leaves ; invol. of short 
 leaves ; cal. powdery. 1 Native of the Alps. A well known favorite of the 
 florist. The cultivated varieties are innumerable, and many of them of exqui- 
 site beauty and fragrance. May. f 
 
 4. P. ELATIOR. Jacq. Oxlip Primrose. Lvs. toothed, rugose, hairy on each 
 side ; umbel many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding ; cor. flat. 1|_ Native 
 of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape 
 a foot high. Apr. May. f 
 
 5. P. OFFICINALIS. Jacq. (P. veris. Cam.) Cowslip Primrose. Lvs. toothed, 
 rugose, hairy beneath ; umbels many-flowered, flowers all nodding ; .cal. angular ; 
 cor. concave, 7J. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells strongly 
 
TRIENTALIS. LXXXIL PRIMULACE^E. 385 
 
 of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silk- 
 worms. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seed. June, -f 
 
 6. P. PURPUREA. Royl. Purple Primrose. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, very smooth, 
 covered beneath with yellowish farina, margin undulate, revolute ; scape thick, 
 glabrous, longer than the leaves ; invol. 00-flowered, as long as the pedicels, fari- 
 naceous beneath ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse, not emarginate. Native of the 
 Mountains of Napaul, Asia. Flowers dark purple, f 
 
 7. P. cALYClNA. Duby. Double-cupped Primrose. Lvs. lanceolate, thin, smooth, 
 entire, acute, surrounded with a white margin ; invol. 3 5-flowered, as long as 
 me pedicels ; col. tube ventricose ; cor. lobes obcordate, emarginate. Native of 
 Mts. in Austria. Flowers purple, very beautiful, f 
 
 8. P. GRANDIFLORA. Lam. (P. vulgaris. Huds.} Common Primrose. Lvs. 
 obovate, oblong, rugose, villous beneath, toothed ; umbel radical ; fl. stalks as 
 long as the leaves; CJT. flat. 1\. Native of Europe. An interesting garden 
 plant, esteemed for its early flowering, and for its being prolific in variation. 
 In its wild state its flowers are yellow and single, but by cultivation they be- 
 come double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple, 
 &c., and the umbels, in numerous instances, are on a scape. The roots and 
 leaves smell of anise seed, and when dried and powered, are used as a sn~uff, 
 and also as an emetic. The number of varieties is vast, and is readily increased 
 by cultivation from seed. April, f 
 
 3. DODECATHEON. 
 
 G-r. <Wa, twelve, Seof, god ; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12? 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, reflexed ; cor. tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted, 
 segments reflexed ; sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ; fil. 
 very short ; anth. large, acute, connivent at apex ; style exserted ; 
 caps, obloug-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. ^ with radical, oblong Ivs., 
 an erect, simple scape, and a terminal umbel of ?wddi?ig flowers. 
 
 1. D. MEADIA. American Cowslip, or Mead's Cowslip. 
 
 Lvs. oval or oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base into a marginal petiole, gla- 
 brous, entire or repandly dentate ; scape 9 20-flowered ; bracts of the invol. ovate, 
 inner ones lanceolate ; sep. lanceolate, acute, entire ; fil. united into a tube much 
 shorter than the subulate anthers. A singular, elegant herb, on prairies, dry or 
 rocky soils, Penn. to Ind. Dr. Skinner! 111., Wise, and throughout the Western 
 States. Whole plant very smooth. Leaves all radical, 7 10' by 1 2$', on 
 the margin usually undulate or repand-toothed. Scape 1 2f high. Involucre 
 much shorter than the pedicels which are very slender, 1 2' in length. Corol- 
 la white or purplish, abruptly reflexed. Anthers 5" long, yellow, purple at 
 base. May, Jn. f I have specimens gathered in Tenn. by Miss E. Carpenter, 
 with leaves perfectly even and entire. 
 
 2. D. INTEGRIFOLIUM. MicllX. 
 
 Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, subentire, obtuse, petiolate ; scape 
 few-flowered ; fls. suberect ; bracts of the invol. lanceolate or linear acute ; col. 
 segments lanceolate, acute, entire ; fil. connate into an elongated tube, nearly as 
 long as the anthers. A much smaller plant than the preceding. Nuttall. I 
 have specimens of this species 1 collected in 111. by Rev. E. Jenney. Scape 
 6 10' high, thick. Leaves 3 5' long, on naked petioles. Flowers 5 11, 
 somewhat crowded, on shorter pedicels. Corolla bluish-white. It may be onlv 
 a variety of D. Meadia. 
 
 4. TRIENTALIS. 
 Lat. trtens, the third part of a foot (40 ; alluding to the height of the plant 
 
 Calyx and cor. 7-(6 8-) parted, spreading ; sta. 7 (68) ; fr. cap- 
 sular, somewhat fleshy, many-seed. St. low. simple. Lvs. subverticil- 
 late. Fed. I -flowered. 
 
 T. AMERICANA. Ph. (T. Europaea. Michx.} Chickweed Wintergreen. 
 St. erect, simple, leafless at base ; Ivs. glomerate, few, narrow-lanceolate, 
 
386 LXXXII. PRIMULACEjE. LYSIMACHIA 
 
 serrulate, acuminate ; sep. linear, acuminate. This little plant is common in 
 the rocky woods of N. Eng., N. Y., and Brit. Am. Stem 3 6' high, with an 
 irregular whorl of 4 8 lanceolate, smooth and shining ieats at the top. In 
 the midst of these are 14 white, star-like flowers, borne on simple, filiform 
 pedicels. The leaves are mostly acuminate at each end, 3' long and 1' wide. 
 Segments of the corolla longer than the acute calyx leaves. Seeds attached to 
 a central, spongy placenta. May, Jn. 
 
 5. GLAUX. 
 
 Gr. yXav/cof, bluish or glaucous ; from the hue of the plant. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored ; corolla ; stamens 5 ; cap- 
 sule roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5-valved, 5-seeded. "A- Mari- 
 time^ branching, glabrous. 
 
 G. MARITIMA. -Black Saltwort, 
 
 A small, smooth, fleshy plant, found occasionally in the salt marshes on 
 our seacoast, Can. to N. J. Root perennial. Stem more or less procumbent at 
 base, 4 6' high, smooth, branching, and very leafy. Leaves f in length, 
 roundish-ovate, obtuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly 
 glaucous. Flowers small, sessile, axillary, solitary. Calyx white, tinged with 
 red. July. 
 
 6. NAUMBURGIA. Moench. 
 
 Calyx and cor. deeply 5 -6-parted ; pet. linear-lanceolate, spread- 
 ing, separated by minute, intervening teeth sta. 5 6, inserted into 
 the base of the corolla, exserted ; anth. cordate ; caps, globose, 5- 
 valved ; seeds few, on a globose placenta. ^ with opposite Ivs. Pis. 
 small) in dense, thyrsoid racemes. 
 
 N. THYRSIFLORA. Moench. (Lysimachia. Linn, and 1st edit. L. capitata. 
 
 Ph.} An erect,, smooth herb, about 2f high, in swamps, Mass., Vt., N. 
 Y. ! W. to Ohio ! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves many pairs, sessile, lanceolate, 
 acute, entire, punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2 3' by 1'. Racemes 
 somewhat capitate, on filiform, axillary peduncles. Flowers yellow. Stamens 
 much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn. 
 
 7. LYSIMACHIA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanulate, tube very short ; sta. 5, in- 
 serted into the corolla at base ; fil. often somewhat connate, or with 
 intervening sterile ones; caps, globose, 5 10-valved, opening at the 
 apex ; seeds 00. Herbs mostly 7]., with opposite or verticillate, entire Ivs. 
 
 1. L. STRICTA. Ait. (L. racemosa. MX. Viscum terrestre. Linn.) 
 Simple or branched, erect; Ivs. opposite or ternate, lanceolate or lance- 
 linear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile ; fls. verticillate, in a long, lax, termi- 
 nal raceme ; pet. lanceolate, spreading. % In low, wet grounds, Can., N. Eng. 
 to Va. and Ohio. Common. Plant smooth, 1 2f high, bearing at top a regu- 
 lar, cylindric or conical raceme, 6 8' long. Peduncles an inch in length, 
 quite spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3 
 short, united at base. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple. Capsules 5-seed- 
 ed. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which 
 will produce new plants the following spring. July. 
 
 2. L. CILIATA. Fringe-stalk Loosestrife. Heart-leaved Loosestrife. 
 Subsimple, erect; Ivs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, subcordate or 
 
 ovate-lanceolate, petioles cilia'te upper side ; fls. nodding, mostly opposite ; sta. 
 distinct, with 5 abortive filaments. % In gravely soils and near streams, U. S. 
 and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2 3f high, simple or with 
 a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on 
 petioles fringed with cileae, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers 
 large, yellow, axillary. Stamens inserted into a ring, nearly equal, with 5 al- 
 ternate and intermediate, rudimentary filaments or teeth. July. 
 
CENTUNCULUS. LXXXII. PRIMULACEjE. 387 
 
 3. L. HYBRIDA. Michx. Hybrid Loosestrife. 
 
 Smooth, erect, branched above ; Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each 
 end, opposite, petioles ciliate, short; fls. nodding; ped. axillary; sta. united in 
 a very short tube at base, with intermediate processes. % Grassy meadows 
 and prairies, Can., N. H. ! to Car., W. to la. ! and 111. Mead. Its stem and 
 flowers resemble those of L. cilia ta, from which species it is chiefly distinguish- 
 ed by its narrower, lanceolate, never cordate leaves, and its more numerous and 
 leafy branches, each of which bears a whorl of 4 leaves and 4 flowers at the 
 end. Stamens with intermediate processes. Jl. 
 
 4. L. Q.CADRIFOLIA. Four-leaved Loosestrife. 
 
 Simple, erect ; Ivs. verticillate, in 4s, rarely in 5s or 3s, sessile, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, punctate ; ped. axillary, 1-flowered, in 4s (3s or 5s) ; pet. oval, ob- 
 tuse. Tj. In low grounds, river banks, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 18' high, 
 somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of 4 5 leaves, each bearing a flow- 
 er-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Stamens unequal, 
 united at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jn. 
 
 5. L. HETEROPHYLLA. Michx. Various-leaved Loosestrife. 
 
 Erect, subsimple ; Ivs. opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin 
 not reflexed, ciliate at base and on the short petiole, lower ones shorter, oval, 
 obovate or even roundish ; distinctly petiolate ; fls. on long peduncles, opposite 
 or apparently quaternate at top of the stem; sta. subequal, with intervening 
 teeth. Hills and woods, Ohio, Clark ! 111. Jcnney ! to Ga. Stem 1218' high, 
 branched from the base if at all. Leaves about 2i' by 5", lower 1' by J', all 
 paler beneath. Flowers very similar to those of L. ciliata. Jn. Jl. 
 
 6. L. LONGIFOLIA. Pursh. (L. revoluta. Nutt.) Prairie Moneywort. 
 
 St. slender, 4-angled, flexuous, branched above ; Ivs. opposite, linear-ob- 
 long, sessile, margin revolute ; fls. opposite or mostly quaternate and terminal 
 on the stem and branches ; sep. lance-linear, acuminate ; pet. longer than the 
 calyx, roundish-ovate, erose-dentate, abruptly acuminate. Common in low 
 prairies, W. States ! The large yellow flowers are very conspicuous among the 
 grasses. Stems 12 20' high, purple. Leaves 2 3' by 2 3", coriaceous, deep 
 green. Flowers numerous, 9" diam., of a brilliant yellow. Anth. large. Jl. 
 
 8. ANAGALLIS. 
 
 Gr. ovaytXao), to laugh ; it is said to be medicinally efficacious in expelling hypochondria. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted, longer than the ca- 
 lyx, tube ; sta. 5, hirsute ; anth. introrse ; caps, globose, membra- 
 naceous, circumscissile. Herbs with square stems and (mostly) opposite 
 Ivft. Ped. axillary, solitary. 
 
 A. ARVENSIS. Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-glass. 
 
 Procumbent, branched ; Ivs. broad-ovate, opposite or ternate, sessile ; ped. 
 longer than the leaves; sep. linear-lanceolate, about equaling the petals; pet. 
 crenate-glandular. A beautiful trailing plant, in fields, roadsides, &c., U. S. 
 (except the colder parts of N. Eng.) and in almost all other countries. Stem 
 6 20' long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves 6 S" by 4 6". 
 Flowers opposite, small but beautifuj, with scarlet petals, opening at 8 o'clock, 
 A. M., and closing at 2 P. M., in damp weather not open at all. Jn. Aug. 
 
 9. CENTUNCULUS. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the ca- 
 lyx ; sta. 4, beardless, united at base ; caps, globose, circumscissile ; 
 seeds very minute. CD Very diminutive, with, alternate Ivs. Fls. 
 axillary, solitary, subsessile. 
 
 C. MINIMUS. (C. lanceolatus. Michx.) Bastard Pimpernel. 
 Erect, branched ; Ivs. subsessile, ovate or lance-ovate, obtusish, entire, al- 
 ternate, lower opposite ; sep. linear-subulate, equaling the capsule. Wet places, 
 111. Mead ! and Southern States. Scarcely more than 1 2' high (4 6" Rid- 
 dell). Leaves about 2" by 1". Flowers reddish ? Jl. 
 33* 
 
388 LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACE^E. PLANTAQO. 
 
 10. S A M L U S . 
 
 Celtic san, salutary, mos, a. pig; a specific for the diseases of swine, says Pliny. 
 
 Calyx partly adherent, 5-cleft ; cor. hypocrateriform, 5-cleft ; sta. 
 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile filaments) ; caps, dehiscent at top 
 by 5 valves, many-seeded. Herbs with alternate leaves. Fls. corym- 
 bose or racemose. 
 
 1. S. VALERANDI. Water Pimpernel. 
 
 St. subsimple ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper ses- 
 sile ; fls. racemed ; pedicels with a minute, obtuse bract near the middle ; pet. 
 twice longer than the sepals. 7J. In wet, gravely places, throughout the world, 
 frequent but not abundant. Stem If high, round, with alternate, entire, broadly 
 lanceolate leaves an inch in length, and tapering to short petioles. Racemes 
 terminal, long. Flowers small, white, their pedicels having a small bract near 
 the middle. Corolla twice the length of the calyx, th tube broad, the limb 
 bearing the barren filaments between its deep-cleft, obtuse lobes, and the true 
 stamens opposite the latter and alternate with the former. July Sept. 
 
 2. S. FLORIBUNDUS. Kunth. Ma,ny-flowered Samolus. 
 
 St. branched above ; Ivs. obtuse, entire, radical obovate-spatulate, petio- 
 late, round-obtuse, cauline oblong, obtuse, lower petiolate, upper subsessile ; fls. 
 paniculate-corymbose ; pedicels filiform, with a minute, acute bract near the 
 middle ; pet. scarcely longer than the sepals. R. I. Olney! to La., Ohio, Clark! 
 and la. ! Stem 10 15' high. Lower leaves 14" by 6", upper 8" by 5". Flow- 
 ers numerous, white, twice smaller than in the last. Pedicels 6 8" in length. 
 July Sept. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACE^E. RIBWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, usually acaulescent. Lvs. mostly rosulate. Fls. in spikes. 
 Cal. 4-cleft, persistent. 
 
 Cor. membranaceous, the limb 4-parted, persistent. 
 
 Sta. 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla, alternate with its segments. Anth. versatile. 
 Ova. 2-celled, sessile. Style single. 
 Fr. Pyxis membranaceous, cells 12 or several-seeded. 
 Genera 3, species 120, scattered throughout all countries of the globe. Properties unimportant, 
 
 PLANTAGO. 
 
 Calyx 4 (rarely 3)-parted ; corolla marescent, with a 4-cleft, re- 
 flected border ; stamens mostly exserted and very long ; capsule 
 ovoid, 2-celled, circumscissile. Acaulescent herbs. Lvs. all radical. 
 Fls. spicate. 
 
 * Leaves dilated. 
 
 1. P. CORDATA. Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, somewhat toothed ; spikes very long, 
 flowers somewhat imbricate, lower ones scattered, with ovate, obtuse bracts. 
 7J. Can. to Tenn. and N. J. Well marked by its broadly heart-shaped leaves 
 and its elongated spikes which are 6 8' Jong, and on scapes twice as high. 
 Leaves 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Corolla white, with obovate seg- 
 ments. Pyxis a third longer than the calyx, with 2 seeds in each cell. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. P. MAJOR. Common Plantain or Ribwort. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, with rather long footstalks ; 
 scape round ; fls. imbricated ; sds. numerous. % This species is a native of 
 Japan, Europe and America, is very common, always at the door and by the 
 wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wounds, &c. 
 The seeds are eaten by sparrows and other small birds. The root consists. of 
 long fibres. Leaves broad, flat, with about 7 veins, each containing a strong 
 fibre, which may be pulled out. Scape 1 3f high, with a very long (5 20'), 
 cylindric spike. Fls. white, inconspicuous* appearing in succession all summer. 
 
 3. P. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, tapering at each end ; spikes ovate, naked ; scape angular. 
 
LXXXV. PLUMBAGINACEJE. 389 
 
 fy Can. to Ga. Common in pastures and grass-lands. Easily known by its 
 longer leaves tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with from 3 to 5 
 strong ribs; by its shorter spike (1 2' long), with dark colored calyxes and 
 whitish, projecting stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8 15' long) with 
 prominent angles. Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle. 
 
 4. P. MEDIA. Hoary Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, pubescent ; spike short, cyliadric ; scape round ; sds. solitary in 
 each cell of the pyxis. 1\. Grows in pastures and roadsides, N. Y. and Penn., 
 flowering all summer. It has broad, flat leaves 2' long, covered with a hoary 
 down, and with short footstalks. Spikes shorter than those of P. major, being 
 1 3' long and about half a foot high. Flowers white, with pink filaments and 
 yellow anthers. 
 
 5. P. VIRGINICA. Virginian or Lesser- Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary-pubescent, subdenticulate ; scape angular ; 
 spike cylindric, pubescent, with flowers somewhat remote. A biennial species, 
 on sandy or stony hills in the southern parts of N. England and N. Y. to La., 
 much smaller than the preceding. The whole plant is covered with a soft, gray 
 pubescence. Scape 48' high, very hairy. Leaves 2 3' long, narrowed at 
 base into the petiole, obtuse at the end. Corolla yellowish, with very acute seg- 
 ments including the stamens. Jl. 
 
 6. P. CUCULLATA. Lam. (P. maxima. Jacq.} Hood-leaved Plantain. 
 Lvs. ovate, slightly denticulate, 9-veined, cucullate at base, contracted into 
 
 a long petiole ; scape terete ; spike cylindrical, short, dense-flowered ; sta. exserted. 
 In wet, rocky situations, Me., Pursh. Scape 1 3f high, with a spike 2 3' 
 in length. Leaves large, conspicuously rolled in or hooded at base. A doubt- 
 ful native of this country. 
 
 7. P. GLABRA. Nutt. Smooth Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. glabrous, ovate, denticulate ; scape slender, somewhat compressed, 
 nearly as long as the leaves ; fls. scattered ; bracts ovate, acuminate. In arid 
 places, Ohio, Frank. , Mo., Nuttall. 
 
 8. P. GNAPHALIOIDES. Nutt. (P. lagopus. Ph. not of Linn.) 
 
 Whole plant clothed with a long silky wool ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire 1 , 
 very acute ; spike long, cylindric and dense-flowered : sta. included : caps. 2- 
 celled, 2-seeded. Ark. 
 
 /?. Nutt. (P. aristata. Michx.} Bracts very long and spinulose. Prairies and 
 roadsides, 111., Mead. 
 
 * * Leaves linear. 
 
 9. P. MARITIMA. (P. pauciflora. PA.) 
 
 Lvs. linear, channeled, nearly entire, woolly at base ; spike cylindrical, 
 
 inside, and 6 10' lortg. Spike slender, of numerous, sub-imbricate, whitish 
 flowers. Aug. 
 
 10. P. PUSILLA. Nutt. 
 
 Minutely pubescent ; Ivs. linear-subulate, flat, entire, somewhat fleshy ; 
 scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves ; spike interrupted, subcylindrical, 
 loose-flowered below ; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. (I) A diminu- 
 tive species, low grounds, Penn. Leaves crowded, about 1' long the scape 2 3', 
 spicate its length. 
 
 ORDER LXXXV. PLUMBAGINACE^E. LEADWORTS. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or suffruticose, variable in appearance. 
 Lvs. undivided, alternate, or sometimes all radical and the flowers on a scape. 
 Cal. tubular, 5 toothed, plaited, persistent. 
 
 Cor. regular, hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base or sometimes almost distinct 
 Sta. 5, hypoeynous and opposite the petals or inserted on their claws. 
 Ova. l-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). 
 Fr. an utricle, or dehiscent by valves. Seed inverted. 
 Genera 8, species 160, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found in all latitudes. 
 
390 LXXXVI. LENTIBULACE.E. PINGUICULA. 
 
 Properties.-- The root of Statice Limonium is one of the best and most powerful of all astringents. 
 The species of Plumbagp are acrid and escharotic, so much so, that the roots of P. Europasus are said by 
 Lindley to be employed in Europe by beggars, to raise blisters on the face, in order to excite compassion. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Inflorescence an involucrate head. Armeria. 1 
 
 Inflorescence a panicle of racemes Statice. 2 
 
 1. ARMERIA. Willd. 
 
 Flowers collected in a dense head ; invol. 3 many-leaved ; cal. 
 tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, carious and 
 plaited ; petals 5, almost distinct ; sta. 5, inserted on the base of the 
 petals ; styles 5, distinct ; fr. indehiscent, invested with the calyx. 
 ^ Lvs. radical, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above. 
 
 A. VULGARIS. Willd. (Statice-Armeria. Linn.'} Thrift. 
 
 Scape terete, smooth, Ivs. linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts of the invol. ovate, 
 acute, shorter than the sheathing appendage at their base. A neat and elegant 
 plant, native near the sea-coast, Brit. Am. Hook, N. Eng. 7 Middle and South- 
 ern States. Often cultivated. Leaves 3 4' by 2 3", numerous, crowded. 
 Scape about If high, bearing a singular sheath at top; formed, according to 
 Lindley, by the adherent bases of the involucral leaves. Involucre about 3- 
 leaved. Flowers showy, rose-colored. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 2. STATlCE. 
 
 Gr. crania), to stop ; for, used medicinally, it stops the diarrhoea, says Pliny. 
 
 Flowers scattered in a paniculate or spicate inflorescence, otherwise 
 essentially the same as in Armeria. % Lvs. radical or cauline, dilated, 
 mostly entire. Invol. 0. 
 
 1. S. LIMONIUM. (S. Carolinianum. Walt.} Marsh Rosemary. 
 
 Scape terete, paniculate; Ivs. all radical, ovate-lanceolate, undulate, 
 smooth, obtuse, mucronate below the tip. Salt marshes, R. I. Olney ! to Md. I 
 and Car. Scape about a foot high, with several lanceolate, clasping bracts, 
 and supporting at top a broad, branching panicle composed of close, secund 
 spikes of sessile, blue flowers. Petals obpvate, unguiculate, bearing the sta- 
 mens on their claws. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, broader in the upper half, 
 smooth, veinless, on long petioles. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astrin- 
 gent, much valued in medicine. Aug. Oct. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVI. LENTIBULACEJE. BUTTERWORTS. 
 
 or compound, root-like and bearing 1 vesicles of air. 
 w or many showy flowers, 
 t at base. 
 
 Cor. irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred. 
 
 Sta. 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. 1-ceiled. 
 Ova. l-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style 1. Stigma cleft. 
 Fr. Capsule many-seeded. Sds. minute ; embryo none. 
 
 Genera 4, species 175, natives of swamps, pools and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly all countries. 
 Properties unimportant. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft, capsule 5-celIed Pinguicula 1. 
 
 Calyx 2-parted, subequal. Capsule l-celled Utricularia 2. 
 
 1. PINGUICULA. 
 
 Lat. pingufe, fat; from the greasy appearance of the, leaves. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate, upper lip trifid, lower bifid ; cor. bilabiate or rare- 
 ly subregular, upper lip bifid or 2-parted, lower trifid or 3-parted, spur- 
 red at base beneath ; sta. 2, very short ; stig. sessile, 2-lobed ; caps, 
 erect ; seeds 00. % In wet places. Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire. 
 Scapes ] -flowered, nodding. 
 
 P. VULGARIS. Butkerwort. 
 
 L/vs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctious-puberulent above ; scape and cal. 
 subpubescent; cor. lips very unequal, lobes obtuse; spur cylindrical, shorter 
 
UTRICULARIA. LXXXVI. LENTIBULACE.&. 391 
 
 than the corolla. Wet rocks and thin, damp soils, N. Y. (near Rochester, 
 Dewey, Beck.} N. to Arctic Am. Hooker. Scape 6 8' high, with solitary, nod- 
 ding flowers. Leaves all springing from the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate, 
 -with a tapering base, fleshy and unctious to the touch. Corolla with a purple 
 tube, lined with soft hairs. Flowering early in April and May. 
 2. UTRICULARIA. 
 
 Lat. utricula, a little bottle ; alluding to the air-vessels appended to the roots. 
 
 Calyx 2-parted, subequal ; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate, 
 spurred; sta. 2; stig. bilabiate; caps, globular, 1 -celled. Herbs 
 aquatic, loosely floating or fixed in the mud. Lvs. radical, multiftd or 
 linear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated vesicles. Scape erect. 
 Floating. Leaves capillaceous, multifid. Roots few or 0. Branches 
 producing turions at apex. 
 
 1. U. INFLATA. Walt. (U. ceratophylla. MX.) Whorled Bladder-wort. 
 
 Upper Ivs. in a whorl of o or 6 at the surface of the water ; petiole and mid- 
 vein inflated, lower Ivs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged ; scape 4 5-flowered. 
 % In ponds, Mass, to Car., W. to Ohio. The proper stem (rhizoma 7) is 
 very long, branching, suspended in the water by a single, irregular whorl of 5 
 or 6 floating, inflated leaves which are oblong, cleft, and pinnatifid at the end. 
 Flowers 4 5 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, with sheathing 
 bracts. Spur nearly as long as the corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate, 
 emarginate. Cor. yellow, the upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3 lobed. Aug. 
 
 2. U. VULGARIS. (U. macrorhiza. Le Conte.) Common Bladderwort. 
 Lvs. all submersed, capillaceous, multifid, fibrillose or setaceous; vesicks 
 
 numerous, small; st. or rhizoma very long, floating; scape simple, 5 11-flower- 
 ed ! spur conical, obtuse, shorter than the corolla. % In stagnant pools, U. S. 
 and Can. Floating stems several feet long, very branching. Leaves very nu- 
 merous, 1' in length. Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture, 
 usually inflated. Scape 5 10' high, stout, arising out of the water. Flowers 
 alternate, showy, yellow, 5 6" long, low T er lip larger, with a projecting palate, 
 striped M T ith brown. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. U. INTERMEDIA. Hayne. 
 
 Lvs. all submersed, in 2 rows, dichotomously many-parted, without vesi- 
 cles, roundish in outline, segments ciliolate-denticulate ; leafless branches with 
 lateral vesicles and terminal turions ; fls. few ; lips entire ; spur conical, acute, 
 appressed to the lower lip. 1J. Pools, Mass. Bobbins ! R. I. Prov. Frank. Soc. 
 Floating stems branched, a foot long. Leaves about 3" long, numerous. Turions 
 much larger than the vesicles, green, scaly, producing new plants like bulbs. 
 Flowers 4 5" long, sulphur-yellow. . 
 
 4. U. STRIATA. Le Conte. 
 
 Lvs. numerously subdivided, submerged, with vesicles ; scape 2 6-flower- 
 ed, with a few scales ; flowers large, yellow, upper lip broad, divided into 3 
 lobes, the middle lobe striate with red, lower lip crenate, sides reflexed, having 
 dark spots upon the palate; spur slender, obtuse, with a notch at the end, 
 pressed against the lower lip of the corolla and nearly, as long. Native of 
 swamps, Mass, to Flor. Root submerged, slightly attached to the mud. Leaves 
 (radicles'?) few, capillary, appendaged with few air vessels. Scape a foot high, 
 generally with 2 flowers. June. 
 
 5. U. GIBBA. Linn, (and Le Conte.') 
 
 Minute, floating, leafless ? with few utricles and turions ; scape about 2 
 (4 7, Lc C.)-flowered, naked, segments of the yellow corolla roundish, upper 
 lip emarginate, lower subtrilobate, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute ; spur gib- 
 bous in the-middle. 7J. In pools, R. I., Olney, Mass., N. Y. to Car. Submersed 
 stems dichotomous. Scapes 2 3' high, generally with but 2 small, yellow 
 flowers. Spur swelling outward in the middle. Jl. 
 
 6. U. FORNICATA. Le Conte. (U. minor. Ph.) 
 
 Sts. numerous, fibrillose-branched, floating, utriculate ; scape naked, 1 2- 
 flowered ; upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, central lobe incurved over the palate, 
 
392 LXXXVII. OROBANCHACE^E. OROBANCHE. 
 
 lateral lobes appressed, lower lip entire ; spur incurved, conical, obtuse, appressed 
 to the" lower lip. Stagnant waters, N. Y. to Ohio, Clark! S. toGa. The plant 
 appears to be leafless, unless the hair-like lateral branches be considered leaves. 
 Utricles very small. Scapes 3 5' high, filiform, dividing near the top, with a 
 very minute bracteole at the ibrk. Flowers yellow. 
 
 7. U. PURPUREA. Walt. Purple-floivered Bladdcrwort. 
 
 St. long, floating, branched; Ivs. submersed, fibrillose, verticillate, pin- 
 nately dissected, segments capillary, utriculate ; scape assurgent, 2 3-flowered ; 
 upper lip roundish-truncate, lower lip larger, its lateral lobes cucullate, smaller 
 than the central; spur conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter than the upper 
 lip. Pools, Mass. ! to Flor. W. to Wis. Readily known by the large, bright 
 purple flowers. Stem 1 3f long. Leaves about 1J' long. Utricles small. 
 Scape 3 5' high. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug. 
 Roots fixed in the mud or earth. Leaves simple, linear, with few utricles. 
 
 8. U. RESUPINATA. Green. (U. Greenii. Oakes.) 
 
 Sts. creeping, fibrillose, rooting; Ivs. linear-capillary, erect, undivided and 
 entire ; scapes numerous, simple, 1-flowered, with a minute clasping bract near 
 the top ; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the elongated tube of the 
 corolla. Muddy shores of ponds, Tewksbury, (Green,) Plymouth and Uxbridge, 
 Mass., Bobbins! Leaves generally numerous, 6 15'' high, the bract 1' below 
 the flower. Corolla light purple, 4" long, lips roundish, entire, remote from 
 the spur. Jl. 
 
 9. U. SUBTJLATA. (U. setacea. Michx.) 
 
 St. fibril] ose, creeping, rooting, utriculate; Ivs. few and minute, among 
 the fibrillose roots, entire, linear, petiolate, glandular-obtuse, sometimes 1 
 scapes few, filiform, 1 5-flowered; bracts ovate, clasping; pedicels 4 5 times 
 longer than the ovate, obtuse, veined sepals ; cor. upper lip ovate, entire, lower 
 3-lobed; spur acute, appressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip. A minute 
 species, in swamps and ditches, Can., Mass. ! to Flor. and La. Scapes 2 4' 
 high. Leaves 23" by i". Flowers yellow, 34" broad. Jn. 
 
 10. U. CORNUTA. Michx. Horned Bladderwort. 
 
 Scape rooting, rigidly erect, scaly, with about 2 sessile flowers ; spur subu- 
 late, acute, longer than the corolla. % Native of damp, boggy soils, but never 
 floating, growing abundant in its localities, Can. to Mass, and Mich. Scape 
 8 12' high, leafless, but furnished with a few small, distant, pale, ovate scales, 
 and bearing at the top 2 3 large, yellow flowers issuing from between bracts. 
 The calyx consists of 2, ovate, colored leaves. Lower lip of the corolla much 
 larger than the upper, broad, deflexed, emarginate ; spur rigid, 'acute twice the 
 length of the calyx. Jl. Aug. 
 
 11. U. PRSONATA. Le Conte. Snap-dragon Bladderwort. 
 
 St. strict, simple : roots few ; Ivs. ; fls. ^2 10 ; pedicels shorter than the 
 acute lobes of the calyx; cor. uppet lip oblong, obovate, emarginate ; palate very 
 large; spur, linear-subulate, subacute, dependent, as long as the rest of the 
 corolla. Bogs, N. Eng. to Flor. Resembles the last, but distinguishable by its 
 more numerous and smaller flowers, acute sepals, emarginate upper lip, and the 
 more slender and acute spur of the yellow corolla. Stem or scape 10 18' high. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVII. OROBANCHACEJ3. BROOMRAPES. 
 
 Plants herbacepus, leafless, growing- parasitically upon the roots of other plants. 
 St. furnished with scales and bearing solitary or spicate flowers. 
 
 Cat. 4 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Cor. irregular, persistent, imbricate in aestivation. 
 Sta. 4, didynamous. Anth. 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel, often bearded at base. 
 Ova. 1-celled, free from the calyx, with 2 parietal placentae Style \. Stigma 2-lobed. 
 Fr. Capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved, each valve bearing one simple or 2- 
 Sds. very numerous and .minute. [lobed placenta in the middle. 
 
 Genera 12, species 116, mostly natives of the northern temperate zone. Properties astringent and bitter. 
 
 OROBANCHE. 
 
 Gr. opo/?off, a vetch, ay%eiv, to choke ; being supposed hurtful to the vetch and other plants. 
 
 Calyx 2 5-cleft, the segments often unequal ; corolla ringent, limb 
 
TECOMA. LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEJE. 393 
 
 4 5-lobed ; ovary seated in a fleshy disk ; capsule ovoid, acute, 1- 
 celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. ^ Stems mostly simple. 
 
 1. O. UNIFLORA. (O. biflora. Nutt.) One-flowered Broomrape. 
 
 Scapes in pairs, naked, each 1-flowered. A small, leafless plant, with the 
 general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. 
 Root short, thick, smooth, scaly, surmounted by a stem not exceeding ' in length. 
 This divides at its top, generally into 2, scape-like, erect, round^ simple, naked 
 peduncles 4 5' high, downy, purplish-white, with a nodding flower at the top, 
 of the same hue. A dozen or more such flower stalks are often found clustered 
 together. June, July. 
 
 2. O. AMERICANA. American Broomrape. 
 
 St. simple, covered with oval-lanceolate, imbricated scales ; spike smooth, 
 terminal ; corolla recurved ; sta. exsert. Woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem 
 very thick, 4 6' high, very smooth, brownish-yellow, leafless, closely imbri- 
 cated with pale, polished, oval scales. The spikes are dense. Bracts pale and 
 smooth like the scales of the stem. Corolla tubular, bent downwards, the upper 
 lip vaulted, yellow. Calyx irregularly divided into jagged segments, with 2 
 bracts at base. July. 
 
 2. EPIPHEGUS. Nutt. 
 Gr. CTTI, upon, 0j?yuf, the beech; being supposed parasitical on the roots of that tree. 
 
 Monceciously polygamous ; calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed. cT Co- 
 rolla ringent, compressed, 4-cleft. lower lip flat. 9 Corolla minute, 
 4-toothed, deciduous; capsule truncate, oblique, 1 -celled, 2-valved, 
 opening only on one side. ^ with virgate, simple branches which are 
 Jloriferous their whole length. 
 
 E. VIRGINIANUS. Eaton. (E. Americanus. Nutt and 1st edit.) Beech-drops. 
 
 St. branched, leafless ; fls. remote, alternate ; cor. 4-toothed, deciduous.- 
 This is said .to be a parasitic plant growing from the roots of beech trees. 
 Woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Root a scaly ball covered with stiff, short and 
 brittle radicles. Stem a foot high, with slender and irregular branches given 
 off the whole length of it. Instead of leaves it has only a few small, ovate scales, 
 one at the base of each branch. Flowers alternately scattered on each branch, 
 the upper ones barren, with recurved corollas, brownish- white, with darker 
 stripes above. Fertile ones smaller, deciduous. The whole plant is of a dull 
 red color. Aug. Sept. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEJE. BIGNONIADS. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often climbing or twining. 
 Lvs. opposite, either simple or compound, without stipules. 
 Fls. terminal. Cai. divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. 
 Cor. Tube broad, with an irregular, 5-lobed or bilabiate limb. 
 Sta. 5, 1 or 3 sterile, often didynamous. Anthers 2-celled. 
 Ova. 2-celled, seated in a fleshy disk. Style 1. Stigma of 2 plates. 
 Fr. Capsule coriaceous, 1 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 Sds. generally winged, destitute of albumen. 
 
 Genera 44, species 450, mostly North American. Others are diffused in all countries, particularly within 
 the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia afford a valuable timber. But this order is best 
 known for the beauty of its flowers. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 4, fertile. Climbing shrubs Tecoma. 1 
 
 Calyx 2-parted. Stamens 2 fertile, with 2 or three abortive. Trees. v Catalpa. 2 
 
 1. TECOMA. Juss. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb 
 5-lobed, subbilabiated or equal ; sta. 4, didynamous, with the rudi- 
 ment of a fifth ; anth. cells 2, diverging ; caps. 2-celled, 2-valved ; 
 seeds winged. Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. opposite, digitate 
 or unequally pinnate. 
 
394 LXXXIX. PEDALIACE^. MARTYNIA. 
 
 1. T. RADICANS. Juss. (Bignonia radicans. Linn.) Trumpet Flower. 
 
 Climbing by radicating tendrils ; Ivs. unequally pinnate ; Ifts. 4 5 pairs, 
 ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the veins ; corymbs 
 terminal ; cor. tube thrice longer than the calyx ; sta. included. A splendid 
 climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. Penn. to Flor. W. to 111. ! Stem 
 20 80f! in length, ascending trees. Leaves 10 15' long, leaflets 2 3' by 
 1 2'. Flowers ' long, of a bright, scarlet red. Fruit about 3 ; long, curved. 
 One variety has yellow-scarlet flowers, another bright scarlet. Jn. Aug. f 
 
 2. T. GRANDIFLORA. Delaun. (Bignonia Chinensis.) Chinese Trumpet-flow- 
 er. Climbing, glabrous ; Ivs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 3 5 pairs, ovate-acumi- 
 nate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicels nodding, biglandular; cor. tube 
 scarcely longer than the 5-cleft calyx. Native of China and Japan. Flowers 
 of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans. -f- 
 
 2. CAT ALP A. Scop. 
 
 Calyx 2-parted ; corolla campanulate, 4 5-cleft, the tube inflated ; 
 stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile ; stigma 2-lipped ; capsule 2-celled, 
 long, cylindric. Trees. Lvs. opposite or ternate-verticillate, simple, pe- 
 tiolate. Panilces terminal. 
 
 C. BiGNONiolDES. Walt. 1788. (C. cordifolia. Jaum.} Catalpa. 
 
 Lvs. membranaceous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, sub- 
 entire ; branches of 'the panicle di-trichotomous ; cal. lips mucronate. A fine, 
 wide-spreading tree, native in the Southern States, but cultivated in many 
 places at the North, for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances, it 
 attains the height of 50f, with a diameter of nearly 2f. It exhibits a wide- 
 spreading top, with comparatively few branches. Its leaves are beautifully 
 heart-shaped, and smooth, resembling those of the lilac, but much larger. In 
 color the bark is a light, shining gray. In May it puts forth blossoms in great 
 profusion. Their form is campanulate, color white, with yellow and violet 
 spots. Capsule cylindric, pendent, a foot in length ; seed winged. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIX. PEDALIACE^E. PEDALIADS. 
 
 Herbs mostly strong-scented and glandular-hirsute. Stipules 0. 
 
 Lvs. opposite or alternate, undivided, angular or lobed. Fls. axillary, solitary, large. 
 
 Cor. hypogvnous Jrregular, tube ventricose, limb 3 5-lobed, mostly bilabiate. 
 
 Sta. 4 (with ine rudiment of a 5th), didynamous. 
 
 Ova. ] 2-celled, of 2 carpels. Style 1. Stigma divided. 
 
 Fr. drupaceous or capsular, often 2 4-horned, sometimes with 48 spurious cells formed by the divergent 
 
 Jobes of the placenta cohering with the walls of the pericarp. 
 Sds. few, large, wingless. 
 
 Genera 12, species 27, natives of tropical America, &c. Some of them have been introduced into the 
 United States. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves suborbicular Martynia. 1 
 
 Corolla 3-lobed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate Sesamum. 2 
 
 1. MARTYNIA. 
 
 In honor of John Martyn, botanical author and professor, Cambridge, Eng. 1760. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, 2 3-bracteolate at base ; cor. campanulate, tube 
 gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal ; sta. 5, one rudimentary and 
 sterile, 4 didynamous ; caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each 
 valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. chiefly southern, branch- 
 ing, viscid-pilose. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish. 
 
 M. PROBOSCIDEA. Glox. (M. altemifolia. Lam.') Unicorn Plant. 
 Branches mostly decumbent ; Ivs. cordate, entire, suborbicular, villous, up- 
 per ones alternate; fls. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks much longer than the 
 capsule. Native along rivers, Penn. to La. Stem 1 2f long. Leaves paler 
 beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the 
 leaves, spotted with brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, exserted. Aug. Sept. 
 
 Other ornamental species are M. diandra, flowers pink, spotted with purple ; 
 and M. lutea, flowers deep yellow. 
 
RUELLIA. XC. ACANTHACEJE. 395 
 
 2. SESAMUM. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, 3-cleft, the lower lobe the 
 longest ; stigma lanceolate ; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the 
 inflexed edges of the valves. of India. 
 
 S. INDICUM. DC. Oily-seed. Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, up- 
 per ones undivided, serrate. Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high. 
 Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple. 
 The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury. 
 It is used in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds 
 "ield about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient. 
 
 ORDER XC. ACANTHACE^J. ACANTHADS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple, undivided, exstipulate leaves. 
 
 Fls. opposite or alternate, spicate, 3-bracteate, showy. 
 
 Cal. of 5 sepals united more or less, persistent. Cor. 5-lobed, subequal or bilabiate. ' 
 
 Sta. 4, didynamous, or more usually only 2 fertile with 2 rudimentary. 
 
 Ova. 2-celled, with the placenta; parietal, adhering in the axis. Styles united. 
 
 Fr. Capsule 2-celled, cells 2 or many-seeded. 
 
 Sds. roundish, supported by hooked, ascending processes of the placenta;, without albumen. 
 
 Genera 105, species 750, chiefly tropical, only a few species ever extending into the United States. They 
 are mostly mere weeds, but many are highly ornamental. Properties mucilaginous and slightly bitter, but 
 of little importance to man. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Stamens 2. Flowers in pedunculate, axillary clusters Diclvptera. I 
 
 Stamens 4, didynamous. Flowers sessile, axillary Rutilia. 2 
 
 1. DICLIPTERA. Juss. 
 
 Gr. &ig, double. KaXvirTrip, a cover ; alluding to the 2 remarkable valves. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, often 2 3-bracteolate ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip 
 emarginate, lower 3-cleft ; fil. 2, each with a double anther ; stig. 1 ; 
 caps, attenuated below, half 2-celled, with 2 elastic valves ; dissepi- 
 ment growing from the centre of each valve ; seeds 4, lenticular. 
 Herbaceous or shrubby. 
 
 D. AMERICANA. Wood. ( Justicia pedunculosa. Michx. Dianthera Ame- 
 ricana. Linn.) St. simple; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end; 
 spikes capitate, dense, on long, opposite or alternate, axillary peduncles. Tj. On 
 sluggish streams, Can. to Ga., W. to Ohio! la. Plummer! 111. Mead. Stem 
 1 3f high, grooved. Leaves opposite, 2 -5' by J I/, wavy, glabrous, contract- 
 ed to a short petiole. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Flowers pale 
 purple, small. Valves of the capsule recurved elastically when mature, lower 
 half attenuate and abortive ; processes of the placentas ascending, supporting 
 the lens-shaped seeds in their grooves. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. RUELLIA. 
 
 In honor of John Ruelle, physician to Francis I., and botanic author. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, generally" bibracteate at base ; cor. subcampanu- 
 late with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb ; sta. 4, didynamous, ap- 
 proximating by pairs ; caps, attenuated to each end, bursting by elas- 
 tic, tooth-like valves ; seeds few. ^ or h. Fls. axillary and terminal. 
 1. R. STEEPENS. (R.hirsuta. Ell. R. ciliosa. Wittd.l R. hybrida. Ph. ? 
 R. oblongifolia. MX. ?) Hirsute, erect, branched ; Ivs. ovate, oval or ob- 
 long, acutish, margin entire, undulate, lower ones briefly petiolate, upper ses- 
 sile ; fa. subsessile, axillary, 2 3 together ; col. segments linear-subulate, his- 
 S'd, half as long as the slender tube of the corolla. In dry barrens and prairies, 
 hio! Ind.'! 111. ! to Penn. and Southern States. Stem S--24' high, often sim- 
 ple, clothed with white, bristly hairs. Leaves l 2' long, | as wide. Calyx 
 segments 8 10" long. Corolla caducous, limb light bluish-purple, 1 1 J' broad, 
 funnel-shaped, with a long and slender tube. July. Varies to subglabrous. 
 
396 
 
 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEJE. 
 
 ft. Corolla smaller (limb 1' broad) ; plant smoothish. 
 
 Obs. There is much confusion in this genus. All my specimens, collected by myself and others in Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee and Alabama, are plainly referable to R. strepens alone. 
 
 ORDER XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. FIGWORTS. 
 
 Herbs, under shrubs, or rarely shrubs, scentless or foetid, rarely aromatic. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, verticillate or alternate. Flu. axillary or racemose, rarely spicate. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4 or 5, unequal, more or less united at base, inferior, persistent. 
 
 Cor. bilabiate, personate or otherwise irregular, the lobes imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 4, clidynamous, rarely with the rudiment of the 5th ; sometimes 2 only, the 3 others either rudimen- 
 
 Ova. free, 2-celled, many-seeded. Style simple. Stigma 2-lobed. Itary or wholly wanting. 
 
 Fr-. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, with central placenta?. 
 
 Sds. indefinite, albuminous. Embryo straight. 
 
 Genera 176, species 1814, found in every part of the world, from the equator to the regions of perpetual 
 frost. They constitute about 1-36 of the Phacnogamia of N. America. Lindley. 
 
 Projie.rties. Generally acrid, bitter and deleterious planls. The most remarkable officinal species of 
 the tribe is the foxgjove (Digitalis), which exercises a wonderful control over the action of the heart, in 
 regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, hemorrhage, &c. Taken in excess it 
 speedily causes death. The Veronica Virginica, (Culvers Physic) and Linaria vulgaris (toad-flax) are 
 purgative and emetic. Numerous species are cultivated for ornament. Nearly all of them turn black in 
 drying. 
 
 FIG. 50. 1. Dasystoma pubescens. 2. Mature fruit. 3. Cross section of the 2-celled capsule. 4. A 
 stamen, enlarged. 5. Mimulus ringens. 6. Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showing the didyna- 
 mous stamens in pairs, with the stigma above the highest pair. 7. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seeded 
 capsule. 8. Plan of the flower, showing the position of the 5th rudimentary filament. 9. Linaria vulga- 
 ris, leaf and personate-bilabiate, spurred flower. 10. A winged seed. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 f Flowers $ Corolla deeply and variously lobed and colored. . . Schizanthus. 1 
 diandrous. Corolla 4-cleft. Flowers spicate. Peduncle scape-like. Synthiris. 17 
 
 $ spurred at base. . . Linaria. 
 
 f Corolla personate-bilabiate, (saccate at base. . . Antirrhinum. 4 
 $ Corolla yellow. Pedicutaris. 28 
 $ Bracts green. ( Corolla purple. Schwalbea. 26 
 1 Corolla ringent-bilabiate. Bracts lobed and colored. . Castilleja. 
 Fls. didy- | Corolla large, tubular-campanulate, subequal. . . Digitalis. 
 Herbs with alter- namous. I Corolla equally 5-cleft. Minute mud plants. . . . Limoseiia. 
 nate leaves Flowers pentandmui. Corolla rotate, ueaily regular. . . . Veroawum. 
 
VERBASCUM. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 397 
 
 f Calyx $ Sterile fils. minute or 0. Gratiola. 13 
 
 (Corolla <5-parted. (Sterile fils. forked. . llysanth'us. 14 
 
 < bilabiate. (JCalyx 4-parted. Fl. minute. . Hemianthus. 15 
 
 Flowers diandrous. ( Corolla subequally 4-lobed ..... Veronica. 19 
 
 i Leaves serrate.- . Mimulus. 10 
 
 ( Stamens < Leaves multirid. . Conobea. 11 
 
 I included. ( Leaves entire. . Herpestis. 12 
 
 < Sta. ascending ( Fls. spicate. Rhinanthus. 27 
 Corolla I beneath the galea. I Fls. solitary. Melampyi-um.29 
 
 bilabiate. (.Sta. declinate in lower lip. . Collinsia. 7 
 
 $ Lvs. ovate-lanceolate. . Buchnera. 20 
 
 Cor.5- (purple. (Lvs. linear, entire. . . Gerardia. 22 
 
 toned,] $Cii\.5-peirte<l.Seymcria. 21 
 
 . { Cal.5-looth'd.Dasystoma. 24 
 
 Herbs with oppo- 
 site leaves 
 
 sub- | $ Anth. equal. ... 
 
 I or minute. I equal, I yellow. I Anthers unequal. . , Otophylla. 23 
 < Sterile filament scale-like, adherent to the ovoid corolla. Scrophularia. 6 
 Fls. didy- Sterile filament shorter, glabrous. Seeds winged. . Chelcme. 8 
 
 namous. LSterile filament long, exserted. bearded. Sds. apterous. Pentstemon. 9 
 Trees with large cordate leaves, and panicles of tubular, scarlet flowers. . . . Paulownia. 5 
 
 TRIBE 1. SAL.PIGLOSSEJ]:. 
 
 1. SCHIZANTHUS. Ruiz & Pavon. 
 Gr. ffvi^a, to cut, av6o$, a flower; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the showy corolla. 
 
 Corolla irregula'r, the upper lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, low- 
 er much smaller, 3-parted : filaments 4, 2 of them sterile ; capsule 
 2-celled. from Chili. Lvs. pinnatifid, alternate. Cymes supra- 
 axillary. 
 
 S. PINNATUS. Ruiz & Pavon. Lvs. 1 2-pinnately cleft ; cor. tube shorter 
 than the calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, cucullate, lateral 
 segment falcate-spatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emarginate, late- 
 ral 4-lobed; sta. exserted. Plant 1 2f high, with delicate and beautiful flowers 
 in clusters opposite the leaves. Calyx and peduncles viscid-pubescent. Corolla 
 purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst, f 
 
 TRIBE 2. VERBASCEJE. 
 
 2. VERBASCUM. 
 Lat. barba, beard ; a name significant of the beard with which the plant is covered. 
 
 Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 5, decimate, all perfect ; 
 capsule ovoid-globose, 2-valved. rarely Q or suffruticose. Lvs. al- 
 ternate. Fls. in spikes or paniculate racemes. 
 
 1. V. THAPSUS. Common Mullein. 
 
 Lvs. decurrent, densely tomentose on both sides ; rac. spiked, dense ; three 
 of the stamens downy, two of them smooth. The tall, dense, club-shaped spikes 
 of the common mullein are very conspicuous in every slovenly field and by all 
 roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, 3 5f high, woolly, its angles winged 
 by the decurrent base of the leaves, generally simple, occasionally with one or 
 two branches above. Leaves very rough with dense woolbn both sides. Flow- 
 ers rotate, of a 1 golden yellow, nearly sessile. Notwithstanding its frequency, 
 the mullein is generally supposed to "have been introduced. Jn. Aug. 
 
 2. V. BLATTARIA. Moth Mullein. 
 
 Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, solitary. () Grows 
 in waste grounds, roadsides, N. Eng. to la.! not common. Stem 3f high, 
 branching above, bearing a terminal, leafy raceme 2 4' long. Lower leaves 
 oblong, obovate; upper ones cordate-ovate, all coarsely and doubly serrate. 
 Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla yellow or white, marked 
 with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish, the filaments all hairy. 
 . Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. V. LYCHNITIS. 
 
 Whitish subtomentose ; st. and paniculate branches angular ; Ivs. green 
 above, crenate, lower petioled, narrowed to the base, upper ones sessile ; panicte 
 pyramidal, fascicles loosely many-flowered ; cat. small, with lance-subulate seg- 
 ments ; fit. wi^h white wool. Banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, Pursh. 
 Ky. McMurt. Leaves very canescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow. 
 
398 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. ANTIRRHINUM. 
 
 4. V. PHCENICEUM. (V. ferrugineum. Andr.) St. pubescent or glabrous; 
 Ivs. smooth above, radical petiolate, ovate or oblong, serrate or entire, cauline 
 few; roc. glandular-pilo.se, simple or subramose; pedicels solitary, remote, ma- 
 ny times longer than the calyx ; fil. with purple wool. Native of Europe and 
 Asia, duite variable both in the form of the leaves and the color of the flow- 
 ers, the latter being violet, red or copper color, f 
 
 TRIBES. AXTIRRHItfEJB. 
 
 Corolla tubular, often saccate or calcarate (spurred). Capsule dehiscing by 
 pores. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves (at least the lower) opposite or ver- 
 ticillate (upper often alternate). Benth. 
 
 3. LINARIA. Juss. 
 
 Lat. linum, flax ; from the resemblance of the leaves of some of the species. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflexed ; lower 
 lip 3-cleft ; throat closed by the prominent palate ; tube inflated, 
 with a spur behind ; capsule 2-celled, bursting at the summit. Herbs. 
 Lower Ivs. generally opposite, upper alternate. Fls*. solitary^ axillary, 
 often forming terminal, leafy racemes. 
 
 1. L. VUI.GARIS. Mill. (Antirrhinum Linaria. Linn.) Toad Max. Snap- 
 dragon. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spikes terminal ; fls. dense, im- 
 bricate ; col. smooth, shorter than the spur. 1\. A very showy plant common by 
 roadsides, N. Eng. to Ky. Stems erect, smoothish, 1 2f high, very leafy and 
 with numerous, short, leafy branches. Flowers large and numerous, crowded 
 in a long, terminal spike. Corolla of a curious and grotesque form, furnished 
 with a long tail or spur, the mouth closed by a prominent palate from the un- 
 der lip. By lateral pressure it opens, closing with a spring when the pressure 
 is removed. Color a brilliant yellow except the palate which is of a rich 
 orange. July, Aug. 
 
 2. L. CANADENSIS. Dumont. (Antirrhinum Canadense. Linn.) Cana- 
 dian Snap-dragon. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; fls. racemed ; st. 
 
 simple ; scions procumbent. A smaller, annual species in roadsides, fields, Can. 
 to Car. and Ky. Stem very slender, nearly simple, curving upwards from the 
 decumbent base, about a foot high, smooth, furnished with small, remote leaves. 
 A few leafy, prostrate or ascending shoots are given off from the base of the 
 stem. Flowers small, blue, in a loose raceme at the end of the stems. Throat 
 closed by the light blue palate. Spur filiform, as long as the corolla. Jn. Sept. 
 
 3. A. ELATINE. 
 
 Procumbent, hairy; Ivs. alternate, hastate, entire; ped. solitary, very long. 
 Fields, Can. to Car. A small, slender species. Stem creeping, 1 2f in 
 length. Leaves 6 8" by 3 4", with a conspicuous auricle each side at base. 
 Corolla yellow, the upper lip bright purple beneath, on long stalks. Calyx 
 hairy, as well as the whole plant. Jn. Sept. 
 
 4. L. TRIORNITHOPHORUM. Willd. ( Antir. triorn. Linn.) Three-bird Snap-dragon. 
 Erect, spreading, smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. all verticillate in 3s or 4s, broad- 
 lanceolate, acute ; fls. interruptedly racemose, generally verticillate, on long 
 pedicels. 1}. Native from Portugal to Austria. A showy plant 2 4f high, 
 remarkable for the form and hue of the corolla which resembles three little birds 
 seated in the spur, f 
 
 5. L. BiPARTlTA. Willd. (Antirrhinum bipartita. Vent.) Glabrous, erect; 
 Ivs. linear ; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; sep. lance-linear, acute, mem- 
 branaceous at the margin ; cor. upper Up deeply 2-parted ; spnr slender, arcuate.- 
 A beautiful plant from Barbary. Corollas 8 10" long, violet-blue, palate 
 orange, f 
 
 4. ANTIRRHINUM. 
 
 Gr. avri, like, ptv, a nose ; from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of some animal. 
 
 Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor. gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip 
 
COLLINSIA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 399 
 
 bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the prominent palate ; caps, 
 valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores. European herbs with the lower Ivs. 
 opposite, the upper alternate. Inflorescence as in Linaria. 
 
 1. A. MAJUS. Great Snap-Dragon. Lvs. lanceolate, opposite; fls. racemed; 
 sep. glandular-hairy, lanceolate, acute.- An elegant and popular garden flower, 
 native of England. Grows 1 or 2f high. Flowers large, pink-colored, the lower 
 lip white and the mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at base beneath. 
 There are varieties with scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers, f 
 
 2. A. ORONTIUM. 0. grandiflorum. Chav. Glabrous or hairy above, spread- 
 ing; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; yfo. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemose; 
 col. segments equaling the corolla, and ovoid and very oblique capsule. Native 
 of Europe, Asia, and North America'? Bentham. A showy garden plant, 1 
 2f high. Corolla 6" long, rose-color or white, with purple spots and veins, f 
 
 TRIBE 4. CHEL.ONEJE. 
 
 Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule 2 4-valved. Calyx seg- 
 ments or lobes imbricate in sest. Inflorescence compound (general centripe- 
 tal, partial centrifugal). Benth. 
 
 5. PACJLOWNIA. Siebold. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy ; cor. tube long, declinate, enlarged 
 above, limb oblique, with rounded segments ; sta. 4, arched downwards, 
 with no rudiment of a 5th ; caps, ligneous, acuminate, valves septi- 
 ferous in the middle ; seeds 00, winged. Tree, native of Japan. 
 
 R. IMPERIALIS. Sieb. (Bignonia tomentosa: Tkunb.} A splendid tree with 
 the habit of Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this country ! 
 Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Leaves 7 12' by 4 9', opposite, petio- 
 late, broad cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both 
 sides, smoothish above when full grown. Panicles large, terminal, many- 
 flowered. Corolla 1 2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spot- 
 ted within, f 
 
 6. SCROPHULARIA. 
 
 So named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumors. 
 
 Calyx in 5 acute segments ; corolla subglobose, limb contracted, 
 sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament) ; 
 capsule 2-celled ; valves with 2 inflated margins. Herbs or suffrutt- 
 cose, often foetid. Lvs. opposite. Cymes in simple or compound terminal^ 
 thyrsoid panicles. 
 
 S. NODOSA (and S. Marilandica. Linn. S. lanceolata. Purs/i.) Figwort. 
 
 Glabrous; st. angled; Ivs. ovate, ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, 
 acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish ; Ihyrse 
 oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base ; cymes pedunculate, loosely many- 
 flowered; cat. segments broadly ovate, obtuse", slightly margined; sterile anlh. 
 broadly orbicular. Bentham. 7J. In woods and hedges, Can. U. S. and Cal. ; 
 also in Europe. Rare in N. Eng. Stem square, 4 6f high, with paniculate, 
 opposite branches above. Leaves 3 7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acumi- 
 nate. Flowers ovoid, 3 4" long. Limb very small, sublabiate, having a 
 green scale (sterile filament) adnate to the upper side. July Oct. The plant 
 is quite variable in the form of the upper leaves and in the development of the 
 panicle; but having observed it in numerous localities in the Middle and 
 Western States, I cheerfully concur in the present view of Mr. Bentham. 
 
 7. COLLINSIA. Nutt. 
 
 Named by Mr. Nuttall in honor of Z. Collins, Esq., of Philadelphia. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla bilabiate, orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower 
 trifid, with the middle segment carinately saccate and closed over the 
 34* 
 
400 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. PENTSTEMON. 
 
 declinate style and stamens ; capsule ovoid or globose, with 2 mem- 
 branaceous, bifid valves ; seeds large, concavo-convex. with oppo- 
 site or verticillate Ivs., axillary and terminal inflorescence. 
 
 C. VERNA. Nutt. Venial Collinsia. Tall Pink. 
 
 Minutely puberulent ; lowest Ivs. ovate or oblong, petiolate,. middle and 
 upper sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-amplexicaul, dentate, floral ones lance- 
 linear, entire ; verticillasters 2 6-flowered ; pedicels many times longer than 
 the flowers. Banks of streams, shaded or open, N. Y. near Utica, Gray, to 
 Ohio, Locke! la., Plummer! A tender herb, 8 18' high, branched from the 
 base. Leaves 12' By 1', dilated at base. Pedicels 1 !' long. Corolla 
 5" long, variegated with blue and white. 
 
 8. CHELONE. 
 Gr. %E\<>)vri, a tortoise ; from a fancied resemblance of the flower to the head of that animal. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, with three bracts at base ; corolla inflated, 
 bilabiate, the fifth filament abortive, smooth above, shorter than the 
 rest ; anthers woolly ; caps, valves entire ; seeds broadly membrana- 
 ceous, winged. ^ with opposite Ivs., distinguished from Pcntstemon 
 chiefly by the seeds. 
 
 C. GLABRA. Snake-head. Salt-rheum Weed. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; fts. densely 
 spiked. A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers 
 shaped much like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended. 
 Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Leaves opposite, of a dark and shining 
 green above, with irregular serratures, and sessile or nearly so. Flowers large, 
 in a short, terminal, dense spike. Corolla white, often tinged with red, inflated, 
 contracted at the mouth, with short, gaping lips. Filaments hairy. Style 
 long, exsert, bending downwards. Aug. Sept. 
 
 /?. purpurea. (C. purpurea. MM?) Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate; 
 cor. rose-purple. This variety prevails in the Western States ! It is larger in 
 its leaves and flowers. Petioles | 1' long. Flowers very beautiful. 
 
 9. PENTSTEMON. 
 
 Gr, irevrc, O-TJJ//OJ/, five stamens (4 perfect and 1 abortive) ; from the character of the flower. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ventricose, bilabiate ; the fifth filament 
 sterile, bearded, longer than the rest ; anthers smooth ; seeds 00, 
 angular, not margined. ^ rarely h, of N. America, branching, pa- 
 niculate. Lvs. opposite. Pis. showy, red, violet, blue or white. 
 
 1. P. PUBESCENS. Soland. (Chelone Pentstemon. Linn.) Beard-tongue. 
 
 Hirsute or glabrous ; radical Ivs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, cauline lanceo- 
 late-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile ; panicle loose ; cor. lube dilated up- 
 wards, upper lip shortest; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded. River banks, 
 bluffs, hills and barrens, Western N. Y. ! to Ohio ! la. and 111. A handsome 
 plant, 1 2f high. Stem round, smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely 
 branched panicle of bluish-purple flowers. Corolla 1' in length, the barren fila- 
 ment broadest at end. June. 
 
 a. Lvs. narrow and thinly pubescent. 
 
 /?. (P. lasvigatus. Soland.) . Lvs. dilated and subamplexicaul, glabrous. 
 
 2. P. DIGITALIS. Nutt. (Chelone digitalis. Sweet.) Fox-glove Pentstemon. 
 Very glabrous or rarely puberulent ; radical Ivs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or 
 
 oblong, cauline lanceolate, dilated and amplexicaul at base, serrate or rarely 
 entire ; panicle loose ; ped. erect, spreading ; cor. tube campanulate-dilated up- 
 wards, upper lip scarcely shorter than the lower; sterile sla. longitudinally 
 bearded. Rich soils, Ohio, la. ! to Tenn., Miss Carpenter! Large and splen- 
 did, 3f high. Leaves 6' by 2', broadest at base and tapering to a long point. 
 Flowers numerous. Corolla 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn. Jl. 
 I am strongly inclined to regard this also as a luxuriant variety of P. pubescens. 
 
MIMULUS. XC1. SCRQPHULARIACE^. 401 
 
 3. P. GRACILIS. Nutt. (Chelone gracilis. Spreng.) Slender Beard-tongue. 
 Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong, cauline 
 
 linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire or remotely serrulate; panicle pubescent, 
 slender; ped. erect; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube long 
 and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, upper lip shorter than the lower ; sterile 
 sta. longitudinally bearded. River bottoms, near Chicago, 111., Mead, also Mo. 
 and C. W. Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Peduncles 3 7-flowered. Flow- 
 ers nodding, 910" long, pale blue. June. 
 
 4. P. GRANDIFLORUS. Fraser. (Chelone grandiflora. Spr.) Great-flowered 
 Beard-tongue. Erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical Ivs. petiolate, obo- 
 
 vate-oblong, cauline broadly ovate, the highest orbicular, amplexicaul, not con- 
 nate ; panicle long, slender and racemose, interrupted ; ped. short, solitary or 
 fasciculate, rigid ; cor. broadly campanulate ; sterile fil. dilated and puberulent 
 at apex. 111. near Prairie du Chien, RiddeU, Mo., Nuttall. Stem 3f high. 
 Flowers 1 3 together in the upper axils. Corolla 15" long, much dilated at 
 the mouth, variously shaded with blue and purple. 
 
 5. P. SPECIOSUS. Doug. Showy Pentstemon. Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radi- 
 cal Ivs. petiolate, oblong-spatulate, cauline sessile, lanceolate ; panicle elongated, 
 slender, virgate, secund; cal. segments ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin mem- 
 branaceous ; car. tube enlarged upwards ; 'sterile fil. filiform, glabrous. Oregon. 
 Height 3 4f. Flowers !' long, blue, f 
 
 6. P. CAMPANULA-TUB. Willd. (Chelone campanulata, augustifolia, rosea, 
 atropurpurea, of authors.) Glabrous; Ivs. acutely serrate, lance-linear or lance- 
 ovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base ; panicle long, loose and secund ; 
 cor. tube ventricose above, lobes subequal ; sterile fil. bearded. Mexico. A very 
 variable species, 2 3f high, with large flowers varying from light purple to 
 dark red or purple, t 
 
 7. P. BARBATUS. Nutt. Scarlet Pentstemon. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. en- 
 tire, lower oblong, upper lance-linear ; panicle long and loose ; cor. tube long, 
 scarcely dilated upwards ; lower lip and sterile fil. densely bearded. Mexico. 
 Height 2 3f. Corolla scarlet, 13" long, f 
 
 Obs. P. gentiairoides, with the panicle long, leafy at base, flowers violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other 
 species are rarely found in gardens. 
 
 TRIBE 5. GRAT1OL.EJE. 
 
 Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule bivalved, rarely indehiscent. 
 
 Calyx lobes or segm. imbricate in sest. Inflor. centripetal, uniform. Benth. 
 
 10. MIMtJLUS. 
 
 Gr. fit pa, an ape ; from the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed ; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected 
 at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent ; capsule 2-celled, 
 many-seeded ; stigma thick, bifid. Herbs prostrate or erect, with square 
 stems and opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, I -flowered. 
 
 1. M. RINGENS. Monkey Flower. 
 
 Las. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer than the 
 flowers. Tj. A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils, Can. and U. S., 
 with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 2f high. 
 Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as 
 the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubular, 5- 
 angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. M. ALATUS. Wing-stem Monkey Flower. 
 
 Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, shorter than the 
 flowers; st. winged at the 4 corners. l\. In N. Y. to la., Plummer ! and S. 
 States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and 
 grows to nearly the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth and winged 
 at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate. Flow- 
 ers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucronate. Aug. 
 3. M. LUTEUS. (M. rivularis, lyratus, variegatus and guttatus of authors.} 
 
402 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. HERPESTIS. 
 
 Yellow Monkey Flower. Ascending or erect ; Ivs. orbicular-ovate or oblong, 
 lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many- veined ; ped. 
 longer than the leaves ; col. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest ; cor. tube broad, 
 twice longer than the calyx. California and Chili. Flowers yellow, often 
 spotted with rose or purple, f 
 
 4. M. CARDINALIS. Doug. Cardinal Monkey Flower. Erect, branched, vil- 
 lous; Ivs. ovate, erose-dentate, narrowed and amplexicaul at base, many- 
 veined ; ped. longer than the leaves ; cal. tube large, inflated ; cor. lobes reflexed. 
 California. Stem loosely branched, 2 3f high. Corolla scarlet, the tube 
 hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant, f 
 
 11. CON QBE A. Aublet. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, equal ; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 
 3-parted ; fertile sta. 4 ; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel ; 
 caps, globose, ovoid, valves breaking away from the placentiferous dis- 
 sepiment ; seeds 00, ovoid. American, branching herbs, with opposite 
 Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary or. in pairs, 1 -flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex. 
 
 C. MULTIFIDA. Benth. (Capracia. Michx. Leucospora. Nutt.) 
 Low, diffusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. petiolate, pinnately dissected, 
 segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. lobes entire ; caps, ovoid, 
 valves at length 2-parted. (I) 1 Along the banks of the Ohio, (Clark!} and other 
 western rivers, common. A plant 4- 6' high, with finely divided leaves, and 
 of a grayish aspect. Leaves 1' long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as 
 the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 1" long. Jl. 
 
 12. HERPESTIS. Gaert. 
 Gr. lf)7r>7<rr7J, a creeper ; from the prostrate habit of the plants- 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, unequal ; cor. subbilabiate, upper lip emarginate 
 or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed ; sta. 4, didynamous, parallel ; caps. 2-fur- 
 rowed, 2-celled, valves parallel with the dissepiment, the margins in- 
 flexed ; seeds 00, small. Obscure weeds with opposite Ivs. Ped. 1- 
 Jlowered, axillary or subracemose, often with 2 bracteoles near the calyx. 
 
 1. H. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Ph. (Monneria rotundifolia. Michx.') 
 
 St. mostly glabrous, creeping ; Ivs. orbicular-obovate, entire, glabrous, 
 many-veined ; pedicels ebracteate, 1 3-together, 2 or 3 times longer than the 
 calyx ; lower cal. seg. ovate ; cor. % longer than the calyx. A prostrate mud 
 plant, in ponds, 111. Mead! to La. Stem If in length. "Leaves 6 12" diam., 
 about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as the leaves. Calyx 
 23" in length. Flowers blue. 
 
 2. H. MICRANTHA. Pursh. 
 
 Glabrous, prostrate ; Ivs. oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many- 
 veined ; pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves ; cal. lower seg. cor- 
 date ; cor. scarcely longer than the calyx. Borders of pools and rivers, N. J. 
 Penn. to Va. A minute weed, 2 4' in length, with minute flowers. Leaves 
 about 3" by 2", 5 7- veined. Flowers less than 2" long, blue 1 Aug. 
 
 3. H. AMPLEXICAULIS. Ph. (Monneria amplexicaulis. Michx.} 
 
 St.' floating, woolly ; Ivs. amplexicaul, ovate, obtuse, entire, many-veinec, 
 glabrous above ; ped. solitary, shorter than the calyx ; cal. lower seg. cordate ; 
 cor. J longer than the calyx j'hypog -ynous d-isk long, 10-toothed at apex. Swamps 
 and ditches, N. J. to L,a. A few inches in length, with leaves 6 8" long. 
 Flowers nearly 5" long. Style dilated at the end. Aug. 
 
 4. H. MONNERIA. Humboldt. (H. cuneifolia. Ph. Monneria cuneifolia. 
 Michx.} Glabrous, fleshy, prostrate ; Ivs. cuneate-obovate, obscurely cre- 
 
 nate or entire ; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx ; 
 lower cal. seg. ovate. An obscure weed, on inundated banks, Penn. to Car. 
 Beck, and La. Eaton. Leaves 6 8'' long, obscurely veined, subclasping. 
 Flowers very small, pale purple. Aug. 
 
HEMIANTHUS. . XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 403 
 
 13. GRATIC-LA. 
 
 Lat. gratia, iavor : alluding to its medicinal virtues. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, subequal ; cor. upper lip entire or slightly bifid, 
 lower trifid, the palate not prominent ; sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3 
 sterile filaments ; caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, valves infiexed at margin. 
 Herbs with opposite Ivs. . Ped. axillary, l-Jlowered, usually bibracteo- 
 late near the calyx. 
 
 1. G. AUREA. Muhl. Golden Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, half-clasping ; sterile fil. 2, mi- 
 nute. A small, perennial herb, 6 8' high, frequenting the borders of muddy 
 ponds and other moist places, Mass. ! N. Y. ! to Flor. Stem declining and 
 rooting at the base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Leaves opposite, ses- 
 sile, a little clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, often with a few 
 teeth near the end. Flowers yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks, as 
 long as the leaves. Filaments 4, adhering to the corolla, 2 of them minute, 
 without anthers. Aug. 
 
 2. G. VIRGINICA. (G. aurea. Ph. G. Missouriana. Deck. G. officinalis. 
 MX.) St. ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, subacute ; ped. as long or 
 
 longer than the leaves ; sterile fil. none. -7J. U. S. and Can. Stem 4 8' high, 
 more or less pubescent, round, declining and branching at base. Leaves 1 2' 
 long, and as wide, smooth, lanceolate, sessile, dentate or nearly entire near 
 the ends, subconnate or amplexicaul. Corolla white or pale-yellow, pubescent 
 within, twice as long as the calyx, and on long, pubescent stalks. " Calyx with 
 5 equal segments, and 2 bracts which are linear-lanceolate and rather longer 
 than the sepals. July. 
 
 3. G. SPH;EROCARPA. Ell. (G. Carol iniensis. Le Conte.} Round-fruited 
 Hedge Hyssop. Glabrous, ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, 
 
 attenuate to the base, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 Low grounds, Western States ! to Ga. Plant a few inches high, differing from 
 the last chiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c. 
 Flowers whitish, 5 6" long. June. 
 
 14. ILYSANTHUS. Rafinesque. 
 
 Gr. tXvj, mud, avSos, flower; from the habitat of the plants. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower lip larger, 
 spreading, trifid ; sta. 2 fertile, 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the di- 
 visions glandular, obtuse, the other acute, or rarely with half an an- 
 ther ; caps, ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx. <> with oppo- 
 site lvs.j and axillary, \-flowered ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. 
 
 I. GRATioLolDEs. Benth. (Lindernia dilatata. Ell. L. attenuata. MuJd. 
 
 L. pyxidaria. Ph. Gratiola anagalloidea. Michx.} Glabrous, ascending, 
 much branched; Ivs. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to 
 a petiole ; cor. erect, twice longer than the calyx, on bractless peduncles ; sterile 
 fit. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle. In wet places, Can., N. 
 Y. ! Ohio. ! la., 111. ! to Tex., frequent. A lofr, inconspicuous plant, 3 6 or 
 8' high. Leaves 5 8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower 
 distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. July, Aug. 
 Varies with the leaves somewhat dilated at base and sessile, and the pedun- 
 cles longer or shorter, being sometimes a little longer than the leaves. 
 
 15. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt. 
 Gr. fyii, half, avSoj, flower; alluding to the absence Of the upper lip. 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed ; cor. upper lip very short or obsolete, lower 3- 
 cleft, the middle segment long, spreading; cells of the 2 anthers 
 divaricate ; sterile fil. ; caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved. Minute gla- 
 brous, creeping. Lvs. opposite. 
 
404 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. DIGITALIS. 
 
 H. MICRANTHEMOIDES. Nutt. (Herpestis micrantha. Ell.) 
 
 Inundated banks, Del., Nuttall. Stems a few inches in length, dichoto- 
 
 mously branched." Leaves roundish-ovate, opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 
 
 3-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute. Aug. Sept. 
 
 TRIBE 6. SIBTHORPEJ3. 
 16. LIMOSELLA. 
 
 Lat. limus, mud ; the plant grows by the edge of puddles and muddy places. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla shortly camparmlate, 5-cleft, equal ; stamens 
 approximating in pairs; capsule partly ,2-celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. Minute, aquatic herbs. Scape l-floivered. 
 
 L. TENUIFOLTA. Nutt. (L. subulata. Ives and 1st edit.') Mudwort. 
 Acaule'scent ; Ivs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole ; scape as long 
 as the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx. R. I. ! 
 Mass. ! N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the 
 muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Flowers very small, 
 blue and white. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 7. DIGITALEJ3. 
 
 Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves all alternate, the lower crowded, 
 
 petiolate. Benth. 
 17. SYNTHYRIS. Benth. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted ; cor. subcampanulate. segments 4, erect-spreading 
 or ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted ; anth. 
 cells parallel, distinct ; caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate, locu- 
 licidal, seeds plano-convex. % N. American, with a thick root. Radi- 
 cal Ivs. petiolate, cauline bract-like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Pis. 
 racemed or spicate. 
 
 S. HOUGHTONIANA. Benth. (Gymnandra Houghtoniana. Torr. fy Gray, 
 in edit.') Hirsute ; radical Ivs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenulate, obtuse ; 
 scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above ; cor. as long 
 as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. Dry hills, 
 Wis., Lapham! Leaves 2 3' by 1J 2', on petioles about I' long, some of the 
 leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, 
 clasping. Scape 9 12' high. Spike elongating in fruit. 
 
 18. DIGITALIS. 
 
 Lat. digitabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, ventricose, in 5 subequal 
 lobes ; capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. 
 Herbs or shrubs of Europe arid Asia. Lower Ivs. crowded, petiolate, 
 upper alternate. Fls. in showy racemes. 
 
 1. D. PURPUREA. Purple Foxglove. Lvs. oblong, rugose, crenate ; cal. seg- 
 ments ovate-oblong; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire ; ped. as long as the calyx. 
 Native of Europe. A well known, showy border flower of easy culture. It is 
 a biennial plant 2 3f high, with large, rough, downy leaves. Flowers nume- 
 rous, in a long, simple spike, large, crimson, often white, with beautiful eye- 
 like spots within. The whole plant is a violent and dangerous poison when 
 taken in considerable quantities, producing delirium, convulsions and death. 
 But in the hand of the judicious physician it becomes a valuable medicine, act- 
 ing as a sedative and diuretic. July. $ f 
 
 2. D. FERRUGINEA. Iran-colored Foxglove. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, very smooth; 
 rac. many-flowered ; cal. segments oval-elliptical, obtuse ; cor. limb subglobose, 
 woolly, lower segment ovate. 7J. in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla 
 rust-colored, 16" long, lower lip longest, densely bearded, f 
 
VERONICA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 405 
 
 3. D. GRANDIFL5RA. Allioni. Great Yellow Foxglove. Lvs. ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul ; roc. tomentose, lax; col. segments 
 lanceolate, acute; cor. ventricose-campanulate, segments broader than long, 
 lowest twice broader than the lateral. %. in Europe. Plant 2 3f high. Flow- 
 ers !' long, yellow, varying to brownish or orange, f 
 
 4. D. LUTEA. Small Yellow Foxglove. Very smooth ; Ivs. oblong or lanceo- 
 late, denticulate; roc. secund, many-flowered; col. segments lanceolate, acute; 
 cor. glabrous, tube subventricose, lower segment half as long again as the rest. 
 7J. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers 810" long, yellow, varying to white, f 
 
 5. D. ORIENTALIS. Lam. Oriental Spotted Foxglove. St. and lance-linear Ivs. 
 glabrous ; spike interrupted, glandular- villose ; pedicels very short ; col. segments 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute; cor. pubescent, lower segments oblong, obtuse. Tj. 
 Bythinia. Height 3f. Corolla purplish, spotted. 
 
 Obs. Several other species are sometimes seen in gardens, among which are D. Thapsi,with mullein- 
 like lea vea all radical and flat on the ground; D. leucophaa, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of 
 dusky white fls. Numerous hybrids also occur in gardens, produced between the above species which are 
 often difficult to distinguish. 
 
 TRIBE 8. VERONICEJ3. 
 19. VERONICA. 
 
 Etymology doubtful ; perhaps named for St. Veronica. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subratate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments 
 mostly narrow ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube, exserted ; sterile fil. 
 ; caps, compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. 
 Herbs or shrubs (the following species herbs}. Lvs. opposite. Fls, 
 solitary ', axillary or in racemes, blue, flesh-colored or white. 
 1. Erect, tall. Lvs. verticillate ; racemes dense, terminal, often pani- 
 cled ; corolla tube longer than the limb. LEPTANDRA. Benth. 
 
 1. V. VIRGINICA. (Leptanclra Virginica. Nutt.) Culver's Physic. 
 Erect, tall, glabrous ; Ivs. briefly petiolate, in 4s, 5s or 6s, lance-ovate to 
 
 , lance-linear ; spikes mostly several, paniculate, Woods, thickets and barrens, 
 Can. to Ga., W. to the Miss. ! A conspicuous plant arising 2 5f. Stem sim- 
 ple, straight, smooth, with whorls of lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate leaves 
 which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneath, and 4 6 in a whorl. Flowers 
 numerous, nearly sessile, in long, terminal and verticillate, subterminal spikes. 
 Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as 
 the corolla. Jl. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short. 
 * Racemes axillary. 
 
 2. V. ANAGALLIS. (V. tenerrima. Schmidt.) 
 
 Glabrous, erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish, 
 entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite or alternate axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly 
 notched. f l\. A smooth, succulent plant, frequenting the borders of brooks and 
 pools, Can. and U. S. ! not common. Stem fleshy, 12 20' high. Leaves about 
 2 3' by 5 1". Racemes longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2 3") scarce- 
 ly longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn. Jl. 
 
 3. V. AMERICANA. Schwenitz. (V. Beccabunga Am. authors.) Brooklime. 
 Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above; Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong,. 
 
 acute or obtusish, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base; rac. opposite, loose; 
 ca.ps. roundish, turgid, emarginate. 7J. in brooks and clear waters, Can. and 
 U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 18' long, more or less decumbent 
 and rooting at base. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, petioles 1 3" long, mar- 
 gined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (35") twice longer than 
 the bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn. Jl. This plant is variable, 
 some of its species approaching V. Anagallis, others V. Beccabunga, of Europe. 
 
 a. Lvs. ovate, acute, acutely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base. Fre- 
 quent ! 
 
 ft. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, rounded at base, petiolate. Common ! 
 
406 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEjE. VERONICA. 
 
 4. V. SCUTELLATA. Skull-cap or Marsh Speedwell. 
 
 Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, re- 
 motely denticulate ; roc. in alternate axils, very loose ; pedicels divaricate ; caps. 
 compressed, broadly obcordate. Tj. slender and weak, in swamps and marshes, 
 N. Eng. and Western States, and Brit. Am., common. Stem 1016' high. 
 Leaves (2 3' by 2 3") much longer than the internodes. Peduncles and ped- 
 icels filiform, the latter (6 9") six times longer 'than the bracts. Flowers 
 rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn. Aug. 
 
 5. V. OFFICINALIS. Officinal Speedwell. 
 
 Roughish-pubescent ; st. prostrate, branched; Ivs. briefly petiolale, and 
 subsessile, obovate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly narrowed to the 
 base ; rac. dense, many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; caps, puberu- 
 lent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate. Tj. in dry woods and open fields, 
 Can. to Ga. Plant trailing, 6 12' long, with ascending branches. The leaves 
 vary from ovate to obovate, but are generally elliptical, 1 1 \' in length. The 
 flowers are pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes. 
 Found in dry woods and open fields. May Jl. 
 * * Raceme terminal. 
 
 6. V. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved or Smooth Speedwell. 
 Subglabrous, much branched below ; s/s. ascending; Ivs. oval, subcrenate, 
 
 obtuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into ob- 
 long, entire, alternate bracts ; ped. as long as the ovate sepals ; caps, obcordate, 
 broader than long. 1\. Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, &c., U. S. and 
 Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined, 
 orbicular and oval and ovate, 4 12" long, petioles 2". Racemes bracted, 
 rather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 25'. Corolla scarcely exceed- 
 ing the calyx, blue and white, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May 
 August. 
 
 * ** Annual. Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemed. 
 
 7. V. jpEREGRlNA. (V. Marilandica. Willd.} Purslane Speedwell. 
 Ascending, subglabrous ; lowest Ins. petiolate, oval-oblong, dentate-serrate, 
 
 obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, floral ones oblong-linear, 
 entire, longer than the subsessile flowers ; caps, suborbicular, slightly notched,, 
 the lobes rounded. Throughout N. America, in fields or clayey soils. Plant 
 often branched from the base, 4 10' high. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper 
 cauline 6 11" long, floral much smaller. Sepals oblong, longer than the pale 
 blue or white corolla. Capsule hardly broader than long. May, June. 
 
 8. V. ARVENSIS. Field Veronica. Corn Speedwell. 
 
 Puberulent-pilose, simple or branched, erect or assurgent ; Ivs. cordate- 
 ovate, incisely crenate, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceo- 
 late, crenate, sessile. Frequent in dry fields, N. H. to Car. W. to the Miss. 
 A small, pubescent, pale green plant, 2 6' high. Stem nearly erect, branching 
 from the base, the leaves assurgent. Flowers on short peduncles, corolla shorter 
 than the calyx, pale blue, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May, June. 
 
 /?. 1 (V. renitbrmis. Raf.} Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. 
 
 9. V. AGRESTIS. Neckweed. Field Speedwell. 
 
 St. procumbent, diffusely branching ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, petiolate, deeply 
 serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; ped. as long as the leaves. In cultivated 
 fields, Can, to Ga. and La. A small, pilose plant, 2 8' long, with a round, 
 leafy, hairy stem, branching mostly at the base. The leaves are roundish- 
 ovate, shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Flowers small, light 
 blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segments of the calyx fringed, 
 ovate, equal. Seeds concave beneath. May Sept. 
 
 10. V. HEDER.KFOLIA. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. 
 
 Prostrate, pilose ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, mostly 3 5-toothed or 
 lobed; ped. scarcely longer than the leaves; sep. triangula'r, subcordate, acute, 
 at length erect. Dry or rocky soils, L. I. to Del. Stem diffusely branched. 
 Leaves rather fleshy, the lower smaller, opposite, upper cauline broadly cor- 
 date or truncate at base, alternate as well as the floral. Calyx somewhat 4- 
 
GERARDIA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 407 
 
 angled in fruit, segments ciliate at edge. Corolla smaller than the calyx, blue, 
 caducous. Capsule turgid, broader than long, 4-seeded. Mar. May. 
 
 11. V. SPICATA. Spiked Speedwell. Erect, tall; Ivs. petiolate, ovate-oblong 
 or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire at 
 apex; roc. mostly solitary ; pedicels much shorter than the sepals; cal. mostly 
 hoary-pubescent. 1\. Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with nu- 
 merous varieties. * Flowers blue, roseate, &c. f 
 
 TRIBE 9. BUCHXEREJE. 
 
 20. BUCHNERA. 
 Named by Linnaeus, in honor of J. G. Buchner, a German botanist, 1743. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla tube slender, limb flat, in 5 cordate, sub- 
 equal lobes ; capsule 2-valved. Herbs with the lower Ivs. opposite, the 
 upper alternate. Flowers in a terminal spike (sta. 4, included). 
 
 B. AMERICANA. Slue-hearts. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, 3-veined, sessile ; fls. remotely 
 spiked. 7J. In low grounds, N. Y. to Mo. and Ga. Stem 1 2f high, simple or 
 slightly branched, slender and terete, ending in a long, loose and somewhat 
 virgate spike of purple flowers. Leaves 1 2' long, very rough, appressed to 
 the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile. Stamens inserted, 2 in the throat of 
 the corolla, and 2 in the middle of the tube. Calyx half as long as tube of 
 corolla. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 10. GERARDIE^J. 
 
 Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. 
 Corolla tube dilated, limbs spreading, lobes flat, subregulaj. Stamens ap- 
 proximating in pairs. 
 
 21. SEYMERIA. Pursh. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; cor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate 
 or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube ; sta. 4, subequal ; 
 valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire ; seeds 00. Herbs erect, 
 branching. Cauline Ivs. mostly opposite and incised.. Fls. yellow. 
 S. MACROPHYLLA. Nutt. Large-leaved Seymeria. 
 
 Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent; Ivs. large, the lower deeply pinnatifid, 
 segments lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanceolate, ser- 
 rate or entire ; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb ; sty. short, di- 
 lated and slightly bifid at apex ; caps, ovate-acuminate. 1\. In woods, White 
 River Valley, la. ! Ohio, Clark ! to Ark. The plant has much the aspect of 
 Dasystoma. Height, 4 6f. Lower leaves (5 7' by 2 3') lance-ovate in 
 outline, floral (2 3') mostly opposite. Corolla J' long, very woolly within. 
 Capsule a little shorter and broader. July. 
 
 22. GERARDIA. 
 
 Named by Linnaeus, in honor of John Gerard, an English botanist of the 16th century. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed ; cor. tubular, ven- 
 tricose or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire lobes ; 
 sta. didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, anth. all equal ; 
 caps, obtuse, or briefly acuminate ; seeds 00. American herbs, rarely 
 suffruticose. Lvs. opposite. F^s. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. 
 . 1. G. PURPUREA. Large-flowered Purple Gcrardia. 
 SL angular, much branched ; Ivs. linear, narrow, acute ; fls. subsessile, 
 scattered ; cal. segments subulate. (T) Found in wet pastures and swamps, N. 
 Eng. to 111. and Ga. Stem slender, branching, erect, smooth, obtuse-angled, 1 
 2f high. Leaves entire, roughish, 8 15" long, and about 2" wide, coiled up 
 in drying. Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple, on very short stalks. 
 Aug. 
 
 35 
 
408 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. DASYSTOMA. 
 
 2. G. MARITIMA. Raf. Marsh Gerardia. 
 
 St. angular; Ivs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse; fls. stalked; cal. 
 truncate ; upper segments of the corolla fringed. Native of salt marshes, 
 Mass, to N. J., also shores of L. Mich. Houghton. This species resembles the 
 foregoing, of which Pursh describes it as a variety. It is a smaller plant 6 
 12' in height, "and with smaller flowers. The leaves -are shorter and thicker. 
 The calyx segments are cut square off, not acute as in the preceding. Corolla 
 purple. Flower-stalks axillary and terminal. July Sept. 
 
 3. G. TENUIFOLIA. Vahl. Small-flowered Purple Gerardia. 
 Branching ; Ivs. linear ; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers ; cal. teeth 
 
 short, acute. A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, but 
 often simple, in fields and woods, U. S. Stem 6 12' high. Leaves about an 
 inch long, very narrow (scarcely a line in width), entire, rough, obtuse, often 
 coiled. Flowers opposite, axillary, on slender stalks an inch or more in length. 
 Corolla purple, spotted within, the border much spreading, smooth and nearly 
 equal. Calyx teeth short and acute. Aug. Sept. 
 
 4. G. ASPERA. Doug. Rough Gerardia. 
 
 St. a little branched ; Ivs. long and narrowly linear, floral ones exceeding 
 the calyces ; ped. twice longer than the calyx ; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute, about 
 as long as the tube; cor. glabrous. Illinois, Buckley in DC., Prod. x. 518. 
 Peduncles sometimes but little exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long. 
 Flowers as large as those of G. purpurea, to which species this is perhaps too 
 nearly allied. 
 
 5. G. SETACEA. Walt. 
 
 Branches slender, roughish; Ivs. setaceous, roughish; fls. few; ^.alter- 
 nate and opposite, very long ; cal. teeth short and setaceous ; caps, ovate, larger 
 than the calyx. Penn. 1 to Car. NuttalL? Scarcely darkens in drying. 
 
 6. G. SKINNERIANA. Wood. (G. aphylla. Benth. in part, not Nutt.} 
 Scabrous, pale green ; st. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4 angles mar- 
 gined ; Ivs. remote, linear, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter 
 than the very long peduncles ; cal. teeth very short, glandular- acute ; cor. infun- 
 dibuliform-campanulate, lobes short, spreading ; caps, roundish-ovoid, scarcely 
 exceeding the calyx. Barrens, la. ! Plant 12 18' high, the stem and few- 
 branches quite slender and rough on the slightly winged angles. Leaves (8 12" 
 by f") much shorter than the internodes, margin slightly revolute. Pedun- 
 cles 1 If long, erect. Corolla (5 6") glabrous, light purple or rose-color. 
 Capsule loculicidal, about 30-seeded. Jl. Aug. 
 
 Obs. I detected this delicate species in July, 1846, in Greene Co., la., on land belonging to Dr. A. G. 
 Skinner, whose zeal in botanical pursuits deserves more than this slight notice.- It does not turn black in 
 drying. 
 
 23. OTOPHYLLA. Benth. 
 
 Gr. ovs (oroj), ear, <f>v\\ov, leaf; alluding to the auriculate leaves. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, sepals leafy, unequal ; cor. tube enlarged 
 upwards, lobes broad, entire ; sta. didynamous, the upper pair with 
 smaller abortive anthers ! caps, subglobose, many-seeded. Erect, hairy 
 herbs with opposite leaves. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. 
 
 O. MICHAUXII. Benth. (Gerardia auriculata. Michx.} Mickaux's Gerardia. 
 
 Scabrous-hirsute, subsimple; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, lower entire, upper 
 mostly auriculate-lobed ; fls. sessile. Penn. to 111., Rev. E. Jenny! in prai- 
 ries and low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 9 18' high. Leaves (1- If by 
 t- I') entire on the margin, sessile; floral ones with an oblong-lanceolate lobe 
 each side at base. Flowers alternate or mostly opposite, calyx deeply cleft, 
 corolla purple or rarely white, pubescent, dilated at the mouth, 9 12" long. 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 24. DASYST<3MA. Raf. 
 
 Gr. 6aavs, hairy, ffTopa, mouth ; alluding to the character of the corolla. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, halt 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation ; cor. tube 
 
CASTILLEJA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE. 400 
 
 dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes ; sta. included, didynamous ; 
 anth. all equal, awned at base ; caps, ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing 
 the septum in the middle, seeds 00. ^ erect, N. American. Lower 
 Ivs. opposite, upper generally alternate and entire. Cor. large, yellow, 
 villous within as well as the stamens. 
 
 1. D. QUERCIFOLIA. Benth. (Gerardia quercifolia. Ph. G. flava. Linn. 
 G. glauca. Eddy.} Oak-leaved Dasystoma. Glabrous ; st. paniculate- 
 branched; Ivs. paler beneath, petiolate, lower ample, bipinnatifid, upper oblong- 
 lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire . fls. pedunculate ; cal. lobes lanceolate, acute, 
 longer than the tube. Woods and barrens, Northern and Western States ! fre- 
 quent. It has a tall, smooth, glaucous, branching stem 3 5f high. Leaves 
 sinuate-pinnatifid; the upper ones only cut-dentate, all acute at each end, 
 stalked, paler beneath. Flowers large and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and 
 axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Corolla trumpet- 
 shaped. The flowers resemble in form those of the foxglove, while the leaves 
 may be likened to those of the oak. The whole plant turns black in drying, 
 making but a shabby appearance in the herbarium. Aug. 
 /?. integrifolia. Benth. Lv s. lanceolate, entire ; cor. smaller. Ohio. 
 
 1. D. PUBESCENS. Benth. (Gerardia flava. Ph.} Downy Dasystoma. (Fig. 50.) 
 Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; Us. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or sinu- 
 ate-lobed ; cal. segments oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube. In woods through- 
 out the U. S. A tall and very showy plant. Stem 2 3f high, erect, pubescent. 
 Lower leaves variously pinnatind, or cut and toothed ; upper ones very entire 
 or toothed, obtuse ; all opposite and sessile. Flowers large," yellow, opposite, 
 axillary, trumpet-shaped. This also with the next species, turns black in dry- 
 ing. Aug. Sept. 
 
 3. D. PEDICULARIA. Benth. (Gerardia pedicularia. Linn.} Lousewort Da- 
 systoma. St. panicled, pubescent; Ivs. oblong, pinnatind, the segments 
 serrate ; cal. seg. leafy, cut-dentate. One of the most elegant species, found in 
 woods and mountains, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Stem tall and bushy, 2 3f high, 
 covered with a scattered, woolly pubescence. Leaves numerous, pinnatifid 
 with serrate lobes, opposite, on short, hairy stalks. Flowers large. Corolla 
 trumpet-shaped, yellow, with roundish, spreading, leaf-like segments. The 
 leaves have the general appearance of those of the lousewort, or some of the 
 ferns. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 11. EUPHRASIES. 
 
 Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Corolla upper lip galeate or concave, erect 
 
 or incurved. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip. 
 
 25. CASTILLEJA. 
 
 Named for one Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 2 4-cleft ; cor. galea (upper lip) linear, very long, 
 crenate-concave, lower short, 3-lobed ; sta. beneath the galea, didyna- 
 mous ; anth. oblorfg-linear, with unequal lobes, cohering in the form 
 of an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the middle, interior pendu- 
 lous. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Lvs. alternate, thejloral often colored 
 at the apex. Fls. subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 
 
 1. C. COCCINEA. Spreng. (Euchroma Nutt. Bartsia. Linn.} Painted-cup. 
 
 Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, with linear and divaricate segments ; bracts about 
 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla; cal. 2-cleft, nearly 
 equal with the corolla, segments retuse and emarginate. 7|_ Wet meadows, 
 Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A very beautiful plant, remarkable for its 
 large, bright scarlet bracts. Stem angular, simple, 8 12' high. Leaves alter- 
 nate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Bracts crowded 
 near the summit of the stem, in 3 segments, the middle onPlarger than the 
 linear lateral ones. Flowers one in the axil of each bract. Calyx and corolla 
 tubular, dull yellow, the former tinged with scarlet towards thlfcip. May, Jn. 
 
410 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. PEDICULARIS. 
 
 2. C. SESSILIFLORA. Ph. (Euchroma grandiflora. Nutt.} Great-flowered 
 Painted-cup. Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly 
 
 cuneate-trifid, lobes divaricate ; cat. sessile, elongated ; spikes dense ; cor. long, 
 exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate. A plant of curious ap- 
 pearance, prairies, Wis., Lapham ! to the plains of the upper Missouri. Stem 
 8 14' high, several from the same root, simple, leafy. Leaves grayish, 2 2' 
 long. Flowers crowded, pubescent. Corolla tube slender, 2 3' in length, 
 greenish-white, with a slight tinge of purple. Style and stamens enfolded by 
 the upper lip, and a little exserted. May. 
 
 3. C. SEPTENTRIONALIS. Lindl. (Bartsia pallida. Ph. not 1 of Linn.} 
 Lvs. alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones lanceolate, the floral ones 
 
 subovaje, subdentate at the end, all 3-veined ; cal. with acute teeth. 7J. This 
 hardy plant inhabits the alpine regions of the White Mts. in N. H. ! particular- 
 ly the heights of Mt. Clinton, where it may be found in blossom in Aug. It is 
 also a native of Siberia and Hudson's Bay. Stem about a foot high, furrowed, 
 simple. Leaves alternate, sessile, smoothish, the lower ones linear, becoming 
 broader towards the upper part of the stem, where they are lanceolate and all 
 usually with but 3 veins. Tuft of flowers at top of the stem. Bracts broader 
 and shorter than the leaves, 5 7- veined, with about 3 teeth at the end, of a pale 
 straw-color, tipped with purple. Flowers straw-colored, nearly concealed by 
 the bracts. 
 
 26. SCHWALBEA. 
 
 Named by Linnaeus in honor of Schwalbe, a German botanist. 
 
 Calyx tubular, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, 
 lower division large, emarginate or 2-toothed ; corolla ringent, upper 
 lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed ; seeds many, chaffy. % with al- 
 ternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. 
 
 S. AMERICANA. Chaff-seed. 
 
 In sandy barrens and marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 1 2f high, pubes- 
 cent, square, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3-veined, 
 with a -ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, diminishing upwards. Flow- 
 ers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long spike. Corolla dull 
 purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1 1|') as the calyx. Jn. 
 
 27. RHINANTHUS. 
 
 GT. fitv, nose, avSos ; alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed galea. 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed, ventricose : cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the 
 calyx, limb ringent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader, 
 deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments ; caps. 2-valved, compressed, 
 obtuse. (D erect , with opposite Ivs. 
 
 R. MINOR. Ehrh. (R. Crista-galli. Linn.) Yellow Rattle. 
 
 Mostly glabrous ; Ivs. oblong or lanceolate ; cor. scarcely a third longer 
 than the calyx ; appendages of^tlie galea transversely ovate, broader than long. 
 (T) Meadows and pastures, Mass., N. Y. to Arc. Am. Stem a foot high, 
 smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acute- 
 ly serrate, rough. Flowers axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Calyx in- 
 flate*, contracted at the mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter 
 than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large after flowering. July. 
 
 28. PEDICULARIS. 
 
 Lat. pediculus, a louse ; probably from its efficacy in destroying that insect. 
 
 Calyx ventricose, 2 5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sometimes ob- 
 liquely truncate ; corolla vaulted, upper lip compressed, emarginate ; 
 lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, mucronate ; 
 seeds angular. Herbs. Lvs. alternate, rarely sub-opposite,' often pinna- 
 tiftd. Fls. s&ate. 
 
VERBENA. XC1I. VERBENACE^E. 411 
 
 1. P. CANADENSIS. (P. gladiata. Michx.) Lausewort. 
 
 Hirsute; st. simple; Ivs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinnafifid, 
 lobes oblorjg-ovate, crenate-dentate ; spike short, dense, leafy; cal. truncate 
 downwards ; cor. galea abruptly incurved, with 2 setaceous teeth ; caps, acu- 
 minate. 1\. Pastures and low grounds, U. S. ! & Can. Stem erect, afoot high. 
 
 Leaves 3 6' by 1 2', chiefly radical. Spike short, hairy, with a few small 
 
 leaves at the base. Calyx truncated in an oblique direction downwards. Co- 
 rolla yellowish and purple ; the upper lip long, erect, forming a galea or helmet 
 cut square off at the end, with a bristle-like tooth at each corner. Capsule pro- 
 longed into a lanceolate point f long. May July. 
 
 /?. gladiata (P. gladiata MX.). Caps, prolongated into an ensiform point 
 which is 1' in length. Plant rather taller. 
 
 2. P. LANCEOLATA. Michx. (P. pallida. PA.) Branching Lousewort. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; st. branched ; Ivs. subopposite, briefly petiolate or ses- 
 sile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised-crenate ; spike rather dense ; cal. 2-lobed ; 
 cor. galea as long as the lip, incurved at apex, ending in a short, conical beak. 
 1\. In alluvial woods, &c. N. Y. ! to Wis. Lapham ! S. to Va. Stem 1 2f in 
 height, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite leaves and a few axilla- 
 ry branches. Leaves 3 5' by 1 !'. Spikes 1 2' in length, with ovate-lan- 
 ceolate bracts. Calyx and corolla smooth, the latter greenish-yellow, an inch 
 in length, with the galea somewhat emarginate at the end. Capsule short, 
 broadly ovoid. Sept. 
 
 29. MELAMPYRUM. 
 Gr. //eXaf, black, irvpos, wheat ; the seeds blacken the flour of wheat if ground with it. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla compressed, the margin 
 folded back; .lower lip grooved, . trifid ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, 
 opening laterally, cells 2-seeded ; seeds cylindric-oblong, smooth. 
 Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. 
 
 M. PRATENSE. 0. Americanum. Benth. CM. Americanum. Me.) Cow 
 \Vheat. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, the upper ones 
 toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct. (j) Inhabits woods, Can. to Ga., W. to 
 Ky. Stem with opposite branches, 8 10' high, round, erect. Leaves opposite, 
 1 U' by 3 5", the flbral ones broader, with setaceous teeth at base "and taper- 
 ing to an obtuse point. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, 
 slender, the corolla twice the length of the calyx. Capsules acute, declined, 4- 
 seeded. Jl. 
 
 ORDER XCII. YERBENACE^]. VERVAINS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs. Lvs. generally opposite, simple or compound, exstipulate. 
 
 Fls. in axillary corymbs or dense heads, or alternate-spicate. 
 
 Cal. tubular, 4 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. 
 
 Cor. tubular, the limb bilabiate or irregularly 4 5-cleft, de'ciduous. 
 
 Sta. 4, didynamous, seldom equal, occasionally only 2. 
 
 Ova. 2 4-celled ; ovules erector pendulous, solitary or twin. Style I. 
 
 Fr. drupaceous, baccate or dry, dividing into 2 or 4 1-seeded portions. 
 
 Seeds with little or no albumen. 
 
 Genera 56, species 610, the herbs chiefly natives of temperate regions and the shrubs and trees of the 
 tropics, where they are in some instances very large. The teak-wood (Tectona grandis), native of India, 
 justly styled the " Oak of the East," is a timber tree of immense size and great durability, often attaining 
 the height of 100 feet. The wood contains silex. The medicinal properties of the tribe are little known or 
 unimportant. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 < Corolla subequal, funnel-form Verbena. 1 
 
 $ in spikes or spiked corymbs. (Corolla bilabiate, nodding in fruit Phryma. 3 
 
 Flowers in small pedunculate, axillary heads Lippia. 2 
 
 I. VERBENA. 
 
 Celtic farfaen, to remove stone, hence Ehg. vervain and Lat. verbena. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often truncate ; corolla 
 funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, nearly equal ; stamens 4 (rarely but 2) ; 
 seeds 2 4, enclosed in a thin, evanescent pericarp. Herbs with op- 
 posite lus. Fls. mostly alternately spicate, rarely capitate or corymbed. 
 35* 
 
412 XCI1. VERBENACE2E. VERBENA. 
 
 . . 1. V. HAST ATA. Vervain. Simpler 's Joy. 
 
 Erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate, the lower 
 oneslobed or hastate ; spikes erect, slender, panicled \fls. tetrandrous. 7J. An erect, 
 tall and elegant plant, frequent by roadsides and in low grounds, mostly through- 
 out the U. S. and Can. Stem 3 4f high, with paniculate, opposite branches 
 above. Leaves rough in appearance and to the touch, opposite, lower ones 
 often somewhat hastate. Flowers small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbri- 
 cated spikes, which are somewhat fascicled at the summit of the stem, erect 
 and parallel to each other. Seeds 4. July Sept. 
 
 /?. pinnatijida. Lvs. incisely pinnatifid and coarsely dentate. Western States ! 
 common. 
 
 y. oblongifolia. Nutt. (V. paniculata. Lam.} Lvs. lance-ovate or lance-ob- 
 long, sharply serrate ; spikes filiform, loosely paniculate ; fls. smaller. Penn. 
 to la. ! and Mo. I have frequently observed this tall (4 6f) variety, and many 
 others, on the sandy prairies of Indiana. They appear to be hybrids between 
 V. hastata and V. urticaefolia. 
 
 2. V. URTJC.EFOLIA. Nettle-leaved Vervain. 
 
 Erect, subpubescent ; Lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petio- 
 late ; spikes axillary and terminal, loose, filiform ; fls. tetrandrous. 1 About 
 roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting appearance, 2 3f high, with 
 leaves resembling those of the nettle. It has long, slender, weak, green, diver- 
 gent spikes, remotely filled with small, white, distinct flowers. Seeds 4. Jl. Aug. 
 
 3. V. SPURIA. Spurious or Jagged-leaved Vervain. 
 
 St. decumbent at base, divaricately branching, hairy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- 
 late, petiolate, laciniately lobed and toothed ; spikes slender, loose ; bracts a 
 little longer than the calyx. Conn. Eaton, Md. ! to Ga. and Western States. 
 An unsightly plant, with a square stem 1 2f high, half erect, di- and tricho- 
 tomous above. Spikes 3 6' long, the bracts and flowers minute. Calyx 1' in 
 length. Corolla blue. Aug. Sept. This plant appears to be constantly though 
 slightly different from V. oflicinalis of Europe. 
 
 4. V. BRACTEOSA. Michx. (Zapania. Lam.} Prostrate Verbena. 
 
 St. decumbent, branched, divaricate, pilose ; Ivs. laciniate, hirsute, ru- 
 gose ; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered ; bracts, linear, squarrose, much 
 longer Itfan the calyx. Dry fields and roadsides, Middle and Western States ! 
 Whole plant hairy, 8 16' long, remarkable for its squarrose-bracteate spikes. 
 Leaves 1 2' long. Flowers small, blue. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds 
 bony. June Sept. 
 
 5. V. STRICTA. Vent. Mullein-leaved Verbena. 
 
 Hirsute and hairy ; st. thick, rigidly erect, branched above ; Ivs. ovate, 
 oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute, rugose ; spikes erect, strict, 
 imbricate, subfalcate. An erect, rigid, and rather handsome species,' in dry 
 fields, Western States ! common. Very hirsute, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 3' by 
 1 2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Corolla blue, thrice larger than 
 in V. hastata. July. 
 
 6. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx. (V. rugosa. Willd.) Narrow-leaved Vervain. 
 Erect, mostly simple ; Ivs, lanceolate-linear, tapering to the base, remotely 
 
 serrate, with furrowed veins ; spikes fililbrm, solitary, axillary and terminal. 
 A small, hairy species, found on rocky hills and in other dry soils, N. Y. to Va. ! 
 W. to the Miss. Stem not more than a foot high, with narrow (3' by 5"), rough 
 leaves and slender spikes of deep blue flowers. July. 
 
 7. V. AUBLETIA. Garden Verbena. SI. weak, assurgent; spikes solitary, 
 imbricate, long-pedunculate; divisions of the cor. emarginate ; Ivs. oval, deeply 
 serrate and divided, petiolate. Native at the South. A slender and delicate 
 plant of the green-house, producing numerous, successive clusters of rose- 
 colored or scarlet flowers. Stem square, viscidly pubescent, 1 2f high, with 
 opposite branches and leaves. Leaves deeply cut and toothed, rhombic- 
 oval, on short stalks. Flowers larger than others of the genus, in corymbose 
 spikes. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx, narrow, permanent, downy as well 
 as the calyx. May. 
 
XCill. LABIATE. 413 
 
 2. LIPPIA. 
 
 In honor of Augustus Lippi, a French physician. 
 
 Flowers in dense, pedunculate heads ; calyx 2-parted, compressed? 
 erect, membranaceous, shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor- 
 funnel-shaped, limb subbilabiate, upper lip entire or emarginate? 
 lower 3-lobed ; sta. 4, didynamous, included ; drupe dry, thin, en- 
 closed in the calyx, 2-seeded. Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite 
 leaves. Heads on axillary peduncles. 
 
 L. NODIFLORA, Michx. (Zapania nodiflora. Ph. and authors.) Fog-fruit. 
 
 Glabrous, procumbent ; si. 4-angled, geniculate, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the pe- 
 duncles. Tf. On river banks, Penn. to la. ! 111. and La. Stems If or more long. 
 Leaves with conspicuous veins, 1 2' long, as wide, petioles 3 6". Pe- 
 duncles 2 3'. Heads ovoid or roundish. Flowers small, purplish-white. 
 July, Aug. 
 (3. lanceolata. (Lippia lanceolata. MX.) Lvs. linear-lanceolate. 
 
 3. PHRYMA. 
 
 Calyx cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2- 
 toothed ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, much smaller than 
 the 3-lobed lower one ; seed solitary. Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. 
 opposite, spicate, dejlexed in fruit. 
 
 P. LEPTOSTACHYA. (Priva. Lindl.) Sander-spiked Phryma or Lopseed. 
 
 bvs. stalked, ovate, serrate ; spikes long and slender; col. in fruit reflexed. 
 0|_ Found in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves large, 
 (3 6' long), thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Flowers small, oppo- 
 site, light-purple,- in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, 
 the rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts below. After 
 flowering the calyx closes upon the fruit and becomes reflexed backwards close 
 to the stem. Hence the common name lopseed. The specific name refers to 
 the slender spikes. Seeds solitary, rather large, invested with a thin, membra- 
 nous capsule, and enclosed in the matured calyx. July. 
 
 ORDER XCIII. L ABI AT M LABIATE PLANTS. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs with 4-cornered stems and opposite branches. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, without stipules, replete with receptacles of aromatic oil. 
 
 Fls. in axillary, subsessile verticillasters, sometimes as if in whorls, spikes or heads. 
 
 Color almost always ofthe cyanic series, blue, purple, red, white, &c. 
 
 Cal. tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate, persistent. [3-cleft one 
 
 Cor. bilabiate (rarely regular, 5-toothed), the upper lip bifid or entire, overlapping in aestivation the lower 
 
 fSta. 4, didynamous, or sometimes only 2, the upper pair being abortive or wanting, situated on the corolla 
 
 tube. Anth. mostly 2-celled. 
 
 Ova. free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising from the base ofthe lobes. 
 Fr. 14 hard nuts or achenia. 
 Sds. erect, with little. or no albumen. Embryo erect. Cotyledons flat. 
 
 Genera 125, species 2350, chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes 
 40 and 50 of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Properties. This well-known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, volatile oil, and a bitter 
 principle ; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial and stomachic ; the latter, where it pre- 
 vails, febrifugal. The pennyroyal, lavender, sage, hoarhound, thyme, spearmint, peppermint, horse- 
 mint, rosemary, $-c., $-c., plants whose qualities are toowejl known to require particular mention here, 
 are all members of this useful family. Not one species is poisonous or even suspicious. 
 
XCIII. LABIATE. 
 
 11 
 
 FIG. 51. 1. Monarda didyma. 2. An anther enlarged. 3. Flower of Galiopsis Tetrahit. 4. One of its 
 stamens, much enlarged. 5. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia. 6. Flower of Salvia Sclarea. 
 8. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 9. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma. 10. A pair of the anthers forming a 
 cross. 11. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath. 12. One of its stamens. 13. The ovaries 
 with the rudimentary filament. 14. Flower of Teucrium Canadense. 15. Flower Nepeta Cataria. 
 16. One of its anthers. 17. Cunila Mariana. 18. A calyx and style. 
 
 * Flowers diandrous. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Bracts whitish. 
 $ Corolla not yellow. ( Bracts green. . 
 $ Connectile erect short ( Corolla yellow 
 
 Blephilia. 
 Hedeoma. 
 Collinsonia. 
 
 s 
 18 
 
 If) 
 
 {bilabiate. ( Connectile transverse, long ; anthers dimidiate. . 
 <> Herbs. 
 ! Upper lip emarginate. if Shrubs. 
 $ Corolla bilabiate. ( Upper lip linear, embracing the filament, 
 subequal. ( Corolla subregular, 4-lobed 
 
 Salvia. 
 Cunila. 
 Rosmarinus. 
 Monarda. 
 Lycopus. 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 10 
 7 
 G 
 
 * * Flowers didynamous. 
 
 ( Lips of calyx <, Filaments simple. Melissa. 20 
 
 < toothed . . . \ Filaments forked. Prunella. 22 
 
 ("Tube of corolla < Stamens ascending. ( Lips of the calyx entire. . . Scutel/aria. 21 
 
 I exserted. ... (Stamens very long, arching the 5-cleft limb of corolla. Trichostemma. 35 
 
 Calyx (, Stamens scarcely exsert. Thymus. 13 
 
 bilabiate. L Tube of the corolla scarcely longer than calyx. Stamens exserted. , Origanum. 12 
 
 J equal. Hyssopus. 15 
 
 ( Cal. 15-nerVed, ( oblique. Lophanthus. 24 
 5 { Dracocephalum. 25 
 
 Satureja. 14 
 
 Pycnanthemum. \ l 
 
 Flowers 
 
 f Bracts < spicate. ( Calyx 10-nerved. . 
 < green. ' Flowers capitate, involucrate. 
 . ( Bracts colored 
 
 Ill 
 
 (Corolla bilabiate 
 
 S f Stamens erect< Corolla limb of 4 subequal lobes, one of them emarginate. 
 
 " or divergent. ( Corolla limb of 5 equal lobes 
 
 $ Calyx 5-ribbed. . . 
 fLeaves crenate. (Calyx 15-ribbed. 
 J $ Plants glabrous. 
 
 C included beneath j Leaves sharply serrate. ( Plants hairy. 
 Stamens as-< the upper lip. . . (.Leaves entire, lance-linear and elliptic. . 
 cending and ( exserted through I he fissure of the upper lip of corolla. . 
 
 $ Upper lip of the corolla 2-!obed. 
 J Corolla not spurred. ( Upper lip of the corolla 4-cleft. 
 
 Stamens declinate. ( Corolla tube spurred 
 
 ( Leaves J Lower lip of the corolla with 2 lateral teeth. 
 
 Origanum. 
 
 Mentha: 
 
 Isanthus. 
 
 Lamium. 
 
 Nepeta. 
 
 Phyftostegia. 
 
 Ballota. 
 
 Microrneria. 
 
 Teucrium. 
 
 Lavandula. 
 
 Ocimum. 
 
 Plectranthus. 
 
 Galeopsis. 
 
 ~3 . \ undivided. (Lower lip of ^the cor. with lateral lobes reflexed. Stachys. 
 
 O Uhe teeth spinescent. ( Leaves mostly 3-lobed Leonurun. 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed. Upper pair of anthers cohering, half empty Synandra. 
 
 Calyx subentire, very large, campanulate Molucella. 
 
 Calyx 10-toothed, the alternate teeth shorter. . . Marrubium. 
 
MENTHA. XCIII. LABIATE. 415 
 
 TRIBE 1. OCIMOIDEJE. Corolla subbilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly 
 equal, the lower one declinate, flat or concave, carinate or saccate. Stamens 
 4, declined. 
 
 1. OClMUM. 
 
 Gr. oa, to smell; on account of the powerful scent of the plants. 
 
 Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 4-fid ; corolla resupmate, one 
 lip 4-cleft, the other undivided ; exterior filaments with a process at 
 their base. 
 
 O. BASILICUM. Royal Ocimwn. Sweet Basil. Lvs. smooth, ovate-oblong-, 
 subdentate, petiolate ; cal. ciliate. An exotic from Persia, cultivated. Plant 
 about a foot high, with peculiarly smooth and soft leaves variously colored, ex- 
 haling a delightful odor. Stem retrorsely pubescent above, branched. Flow- 
 ers white, in simple, terminal racemes. Jl., Aug. 
 
 2. LAVANDULA. 
 
 Lat. lavare, to wash. The use of the distilled water of this plant is well known. 
 
 Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short teeth, the upper one often 
 largest ; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly 
 equal ; tube exserted ; stamens included. 
 
 L. SPICA. Lavender. Lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, 
 re volute at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than 
 the calyx ; spike interrupted ; bracts subulate. 7J. Plant 12 18' high, suffruti- 
 cose, branching, from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches, 
 clothed with a whitish down. Calyx villose. Corolla much exserted and of a 
 lilac color. The plant is well kno'wn as an aromatic of a delightful fragrance. 
 It is stimulant and tonic, and the oil extracted by distillation enters into many 
 compositions in medicine. Jl. 
 
 3. PLECTRANTHUS. L'Her. 
 
 Gr. -K\r)KTpovj a cockspur, avSos ', from the spur-like appendage of the corolla. 
 
 Calyx upper lip largest ; cor. resupinate, ringent, with the tube 
 gibbous or spurred on the upper side at base. Half shrubby plants, 
 with purple flowers. Natives of hot climates. 
 
 P. PARVIFLORUS. " Sage Geranium." St. suffruticose, smoothish, branched ; 
 roc. compound, terminal, leafless ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate ; corolla 
 gibbous. S. America. Sometimes seen in house cultivation and called Sage 
 Geranium! It is a large, coarse plant. 2 3f high, with large, soft, ovate, cre- 
 nate leaves, and terminal racemes of very delicate bluish-purple flowers. 
 
 TRIBE 2. MEXTHOIDEJE. Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel- 
 form ; tube scarcely exserted, limb subequally 4 5-lobed. Stamens 4, some- 
 times 2, distant, straight, diverging. 
 
 4. MENTHA. 
 
 Mintha, the daughter of Cocytus, is fabled to have been changed into one of these plants. 
 
 Calyx equally 5-toothed ; cor. nearly regular, 4-cleft, the broadest 
 segment emarginate ; sta. 4, straight, distant ; anth. cells parallel ; 
 filaments naked. 
 
 1. M. CANADENSIS. (M. borealis. Michx.} Horsemint. 
 
 Ascending, pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each 
 end; fls. in axillary cymes; sta. generally exserted. 7J. Can. to Ky. and Penn. 
 An herbaceous, grayish plant, 1 2f high, growing in muddy situations. The 
 stem is square and usually branched, the angles beset with reversed hairs. 
 Leaves serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks, and punctate with resinous dots 
 at each end. Flowers apparently in whorls, pale purple, usually distinguished 
 by the projecting stamens which are sometimes twice as long as the corollas. 
 Calyx hairy. Aromatic like the other species. June, July. 
 0. stamens equaling the corolla. 
 
416 XCIII. LABIATE. LYCOPUS. j 
 
 2. M. VIRIDIS. (M. tenuis. Michx. M. gracilis. MiM.} Spearmint. 
 Jjvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; bracts setaceous, 
 
 and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhat hairy ; spikes slender, interrupted, 
 attenuate above. Tj. Can. and U. S. A well known plant, highly esteemed for 
 its agreeable, aromatic properties. It grows in wet soils, rapidly spreading by 
 its creeping roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1 2f high. The 
 spikes are somewhat panicled, long, composed of distinct, axillary cymes, ap- 
 parently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round, 
 shining. Corollas pale purple. Styles much exserted. 
 
 3. M. PiPERlTA. Smith. Peppermint. 
 
 Lvs. smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate ; bracts lanceolate ; cat- 
 quite smooth at base, punctate. 7J. This species, introduced from Europe, has 
 become naturalized in wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more 
 penetrating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the 
 tongue followed by a sensation of coldness. The essence of peppermint is a 
 well known medicine, acting as a cordial, used in flatulency, nausea, &c. It 
 has a purplish stem, 2 3f high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Leaves sharply 
 serrate, dark green. Corolla purplish. July. 
 
 4. M. ARVENSIS. Corn Mint. Field Mint. 
 
 St. ascending, much branched; Ivs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, hirsute; 
 verticils axillary; pedicels smooth; cat. hirsute. Naturalized in Penn. Ohio, 
 &c., native in Europe. Stem stout, often erect, about If in height. Leaves 
 varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, about twice 
 longer (1 2') than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Flowers 
 small, numerous, pale purple. Stamens exserted. The plant smells like de- 
 cayed cheese. July. 
 
 5. ISANTHUS, DC. 
 
 Gr. to-of, equal, cu/Sof, the flowers being regular, a character very rare among the labiates. 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate ; corolla 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, 
 segments of the border ovate and equal ; stamens subequal ; stigma 
 linear, recurved. 
 
 I. CCBRULEUS. Blue Gentian. 
 
 Viscid, hairy ; ITS. oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-veined ; ped. 1 
 2-flowered. 7J. A branching, leafy herb, in dry fields, Northern and Western 
 States ! with the aspect of the pennyroyal. Stem rounded, slender, 12 18' 
 high with branches and leaves opposite. Leaves an inch or less in length, and 
 a fourth as wide, distinctly triple-veined. Flowers numerous, blue, with in- 
 cluded stamens. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. July. 
 
 6. LYCOPUS. 
 
 Gr. AvKOf, a wolf, TTOVJ, a foot ; a fanciful name. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 4 5-cleft ; cor. subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as 
 long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emarginate ; sta. 2, dis- 
 tant, diverging, simple ; sty. straight, as long as the stamens ; ach. 
 4, obliquely truncate at apex. % 
 
 1. L. SINUATUS. (L. Europasus. Michx. L. Americanus. Muhl.} Water 
 Hoarhound. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, lower ones incised ; 
 
 teeth of^ the calyx acuminate-spinescent ; st. square, 1 2f high \fls. small, white, 
 many in a whorl. A perennial plant, widely diffused throughout the U. States, 
 growing in damp grounds. In habits and general appearance it resembles the 
 Menthoe, but is sufficiently distinguished by the number of stamens, form of 
 the flattened triquetrous achenia, and its being inodorous. Stem sharply 4- 
 angled, the sides concave, 1 2f high. Lower leaves deeply and pinnatifidly 
 toothed. Verticils dense. Calyx teeth longer than the achenia. It dyes a 
 permanent black. Aug. 
 
 2. L. VIRGINICUS. Virginian Water Hoarhound. Bugle-weed. 
 
 Lvs. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at the base ; calyx leet/i 
 
MONARDA. XCIll. LABIATE. 417 
 
 spineless, usually 4, shorter than the achenia. A plant as widely diffused as 
 the preceding, growing in wet soils. Stem smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the 
 sides concave, 12 18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute, 
 purplish flowers. Leaves with coarse, tooth-like serratures, sessile. The 
 whole plant often changes to purple. It is reputed a remedy for blood-spit- 
 ting. July, Aug. 
 
 TRIBES. MONARDEJE. Corolla bilabiate ; tube exserted. Stamens 2, fer- 
 tile, ascending, the upper pair abortive ; anthers linear with the 2 cells con- 
 tiguous, or halved with the 2 cells widely separated on opposite ends of a 
 long, transverse connectile. 
 
 7. MONARDA. 
 Name in honor of Monardus, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century. 
 
 Calyx elongated, cylindric, striate, subequally 5-toothed ; cor. rin- 
 gent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe narrowest ; sta. 2, fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and 
 mostly exserted ; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apex. ^i- 
 
 1. M. DIDYMA. (M. purpurea. Lam. M. coccinea. Michx.} Mountain Mint. 
 St. acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough and 
 
 villous, on short petioles, veins and veinlets hairy beneath ; fls. in terminal, 
 often proliferous heads; bracts colored. A handsome, fragrant plant, 2 3f 
 high, with crimson or scarlet flowers. Stem mostly branching. Leaves 2 5' 
 long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate, with scattered hairs above, and 
 prominent, hairy veins beneath. Flowers in heads which are often proliferous, 
 with large, ovate-lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the corollas. 
 Calyx colored. Corollas large and showy. Styles 4, 2 of which are minute 
 and abortive ; hence the specific name. A beautiful plant in cultivation 
 Swamps, Can. to Ga'. 
 
 2. M. FISTULOSA. ("M. oblongata,rugosa, clinopodia, allophylla, mollis, pur- 
 purea, of authors?) Horsemint. Wild Bergamot. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent ; hds. of fls. terminal, few, 
 but many-flowered ; bracts sessile ; cal. slightly curved with the throat hirsute. 
 A handsome, variable plant, growing in hedges, thickets, rocky banks, Mass, 
 to Ga. W. to the Saskatchawan. The stem is 2 4f high, quadrangular with 
 the sides somewhat concave, hollow in various degrees, nearly smooth or pubes- 
 cent above, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves obtuse at base, 
 ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 
 2 4' long and on petioles their length. Flowers in involucrate, terminal 
 heads, 20 50 in a head. Outer bracts leafy, often partially colored. Calyx 
 slender, ' in length. Corolla much exserted, varying from greenish- white and 
 pale purple to blue, the upper lip long and linear, enfolding the 2 stamens, 
 which, with the style are somewhat exserted at its end. Jl. Aug. 
 
 a. St. simple, hollow; hds. simple qr proliferous; cor. pale yellow. 
 
 /?. (M. allophylla. Me.) St. branched, hollow, or solid with pith ; Ivs. oblong- 
 lanceolate ; hds. simple ; bracts partially colored ; cor. pale blue. 
 
 y. (M. clinopodia. L.} St. solid; Ivs. tapering at base, remotely serrate; 
 hds. simple; cal. short; cor. pale purple. 
 
 t. purpurea. St. tall (3 5f ), glabrous, dark purple.- la. ! common. 
 
 . mollis. Lvs. softly pubescent ; upper lip of cor. densely bearded. 
 
 3. M. PUNCTATA. (M. lutea. Michx.} Horsemint. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; st. obtusely angled, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. oblong-lan- 
 ceolate to oblong, remotely and obscurely serrate; verticils axillary, dense; 
 bracts lanceolate, colored, longer than the verticils ; cal. teeth unequal. Pine 
 barrens, N. J., common, to Car. and Western States. Stem 2 3f high, branched. 
 Leaves punctate. Corolla yellow, with brown spots, upper 1 ip villous at the 
 apex. Bracts large, yellow and red. Sept. It contains an essential oil which 
 is valuable in medicine. 
 
418 XCIII. LABIATE. SALVIA. 
 
 4. M. BRADBURIANA. 
 
 St. simple, glabrous ; Iv s. ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, rounded 
 at base, hirsute-pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute ; cal. pilose, 
 densely bearded at throat, segments subulate-spinose ; hds. large, terminal, outer 
 bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored. Ohio to 111. Mead ! Stem slender, 
 about 3f high. Leaves sometimes slightly petiolate, 2 3' long. Bracts purple. 
 Corolla purple. Jl. 
 
 8. BLEPHILIA. Raf. 
 
 Gr. @\E(papis, the eyelash ; probably referring to the ciliate bracts. 
 
 Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 
 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, 
 oblong, obtuse, entire ; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the 
 lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. 
 
 1. B. HIRSUTA. (Monardahirsuta. Ph. M. ciliata. Michx.} Hairy Blephilia. 
 Whole plant hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; 
 
 fls. in axillary verticillasters and terminal heads ; bracts colored, shorter than 
 the flowers, oblong, acuminate. 7{. In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in 
 the W. States. Stem 1 2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Peti- 
 ole i J' long, leaves 3 or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers 
 small, forming several dense whorls near the ends of each branch. Corolla 
 scarcely %' long, pale purple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than sta- 
 mens or corolla. Jn. Jl. 
 
 2. B. CILIATA. (Monarda ciliata. Linn, not Michx.} 
 
 St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. few, ovate-lanceolate, tapering 
 to an obtuse point, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent ; fls. in dense, ap- 
 proximate, inyolucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils ; bracts ovate, veiny, 
 glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx. Fields, barrens, Penn. to the Miss., 
 very abundant in the Western States ! Plant 2 4f high, generally simple, 
 rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Leaves 1 2' long, 1' wide. Flowers small, 
 numerous. Verticils subglobose. Outer bracts 5" by 3 4", whitish. Calyx 
 subbilabiate. Jn. Aug. 
 
 9. SALVIA. 
 
 Lat. salveo, to be in health ; probably from its salutary qualities. 
 
 Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 2 3-toothed or entire, lower lip 
 divided ; corolla ringent ; stamens 2 ; connectile transversely articu- 
 lated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate 
 anther ; achenia 4. A large genus of which but few species are native. 
 The transverse connectile constitutes the essejitial character. 
 
 1. S. LYRATA. Wild or Meadow Sage. Cancer-weed. 
 
 Radical Ivs. lyrate, erosely dentate ; upper lip of the cor. very short, straight. 
 7J. in shady woods, Can. to Ga. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless, 
 1 2f high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radi- 
 cal leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-pintiatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but 
 1 2 pairs, just below the raceme. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, con- 
 stituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. 
 Native of shady woods. May, June. 
 
 2. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Sage. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ; 
 whorls few-flowered ; cal. mucronate ; upper lip of the cor. as long as the lower 
 and somewhat vaulted. A well known garden plant, with a shrubby stem, 
 rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in 
 whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and 
 viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Europe. Very useful 
 in domestic economy and medicine. July. ^ 
 
 3. S. SCLAREA. Clarry. Lvs. oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate : 
 bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx. (g) A strong-scented exotic, 1 3t 
 high, with viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts are 
 
PYCNANTHEMUM. XC1II. LABIATE. 419 
 
 variegated Vith pale purple and yellowish- white, in whorled spikes. Calyx 
 with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. 
 
 4. S. MEXICANA. Willd. 'I Mexican Salvia. St. branching at base, weak, 
 ascending, pubescent ; Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate- ' 
 dentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; fls. opposite, in terminal racemes ; 
 bracts deciduous ; col. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire ; cor. fim- 
 briate-ciliate, 34 times longer than the calyx ; sty. exserted. 1|_ Mexico. A 
 beautiful and popular house plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' 
 long. There are several varieties, f 
 
 5. S. SPLENDENS. Ker. 1 St. erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-ovate and ovate, peti- 
 olate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ; 
 fls. opposite, racemose ;- bracts deciduous ; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla, 
 pubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. 1\. Mexico. Gar- 
 dens. Plant 2 4f high, branched. Flowers large, scarlet. After flowering 
 the calyces enlarge, and become as showy as the corollas, f 
 
 10. ROSMARlNUS. 
 An ancient Latin name, compounded of ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea. 
 
 Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divis- 
 ions of which the middle is the largest ; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, as- 
 cending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. 
 
 R. OFFICINALIS. Rosemary. Lvs. sessile, linear, margins revolute. An erect, 
 evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-ob- 
 long, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes 
 whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, 
 like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distil- 
 lation a large proportion of fragrant oil. 
 
 TRIBE 4. SATUREINEJB. Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with 
 the upper lip trifid and the lower bifid. Corolla subbilabiate, upper lip 
 erect, flat, entire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequal ; tube about 
 as long as the calyx. Stamens 24, distant, straight, diverging. 
 
 11. PYCNANTHfiMUM. Benth. 
 
 Gr. VVKVOS, dense, avSos, alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence. 
 
 Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed ; upper lip of corolla nearly en- 
 tire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest ; sta. distant ; anth. with 
 parallel cells. 
 
 1. P. INCANUM. Michx. (Clinopodium^ Willd.') Mountain Mint. Wild 
 Basil. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base with 
 
 short petioles and hoary tomentum ; hds. of fls. compound, terminal and lateral 
 pedunculate ; bracts subulate. Tj. Grows in rocky woods and hills, Can N ' 
 Mid. and W. States. Stem 2 4f high, obtusely 4-angle.d, erect, and, like the 
 rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath 
 * lowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense 
 heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are setaceous beard- 
 ed at the end ; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. Jl. Aug. 
 0. St. taller, branched ; upper Ivs. with white blotches. Ind. ! 
 
 2. P. ARISTATUM. Michx. (Nepcta Virginica, Linn. ?) Wild Basil, 
 
 _ St. hirsute-pubescent, brachiate-corymbose ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate briefly 
 petiolate, acute at base, subserrate, pubescent, acuminate ; verticils terminal 
 capitate and subterminal, hirsute ; bracts lance-subulate, and with the calvx 
 terminated by awns. -Woods and barrens, N. Y, Mass, to Miss. ! Stem l-3f 
 high subsimple or much branched. Leaves 12*' by _f ' srenerallv with 
 small, remote serratures and ciliate on the margin. Each branch terminates 
 in a small ($ diam.) head with one or two dense whorls just below it It is a 
 more spreading and hairy plant than P. muticum. Jl. Aug. 
 36 
 
420 XCIII. LABIATE. THYMUS. 
 
 3. P. PILOSUM. Nutt. Hairy Pycnanthemum. 
 
 St. and Ivs. beneath pilose ; st. subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, nearly entire, 
 sessile ; fls. in large, terminal, sessile heads ; bracts lanceolate, and, with the 
 calyx, canescently villous and awnless; cor. pubescent; sta. exserted. 7J. Low 
 grounds, 111. Mead, to Tenn. Nuttall. I am unacquainted with this species, 
 but it is probably distinct, closely allied to the last. " Stem a little branched at 
 the summit. Bracts shorter than the calyx, acute but not awned. Calyx teeth 
 minute. Corolla white,' without spots." 
 
 4. P. MUTICUM. (Brachystemum muticum. Michx.') Awnless Pycnanthe- 
 mum. St. pubescent, paniculate-branching above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 subdentate, sessile, nearly smooth ; hds. terminal ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, awnless; sta. included. i\. Found in woods and dry hills, Penn. toGa. 
 and W. States. Stem 2f high, square, with larger, opposite leaves and white 
 flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate. 
 Heads mostly terminal, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubes- 
 cent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Aug. 
 
 5. P. LANCEOLATUM. Pursh. (P. verticillatum. Pers. Brachystemum 
 Virginicum. MX. ?) St. straight, corymbosely branched, pubescent on 
 
 the angles ; Ivs. subsessile, ovate -lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, feather- vein- 
 ed, entire ; verticils sessile, fasciculate-corymbed ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate ; sta. exserted. 7J. This species much resembles the next, but is distinct 
 in several important characters. Grows in dry woods and hills, abundant 
 "W. and Mid. States. Stem 2 or more feet high, square, with obtuse angles, 
 somewhat scabrous. Branches corymbed, downy above. Leaves varying in 
 width from one-sixth to one-half of their length. Flowers collected in dense, 
 canescent heads. Corolla purplish- white with darker spots. Aug. 
 
 6. P. LINIFOLIUM. Pursh. Flax-leaved Pycnanthemum. 
 
 St. straight, smooth ; branches trichotomous, fastigiate ; Ivs. linear, very 
 entire, 3-veined, smooth ; hds. terminal, dense, in a fasciculate corymb. 9| An 
 erect plant with fastigiate branches, l^f high, growing in exsiccated swamps, 
 Penn., N. Y. to the Miss, and S. States. Stem often purplish, slightly 4-an- 
 gled, corymbose at the summit. Leaves very narrow, entire, smooth and punc- 
 tate, with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, in nu- 
 merous, small, roundish heads, mostly terminal, and with imbricated bracts. 
 Aug. I have generally found this species nearly destitute of the mint-like fla- 
 vor of the foregoing. The statement in a former edition was made on the 
 authority of others. 
 
 12. ORIGANUM. 
 Gr. opos, a mountain, and yavof, joy. 
 
 Flowers collected into dense clusters, imbricated with bracts ; up- 
 per lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly 
 equal segments. 
 
 1. O. VULGARE. Wild Marjoram. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate ; spikes roundish, panicled, fascicu- 
 late, smooth, erect ; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, colored. 7J. grows in 
 fields and thickets. Stem 12 18' high, purple, leafy, branching above. Leaves 
 a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. 
 Petioles hairy one-fourth as long as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. 
 Flowers purplish-white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. Jl. Aug. 
 
 2. O. MAJORANA. Ph. (Majorana hortensis. Maznch.) Sweet Marjoram. 
 Lvs. oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary-pubescent; spikes roundish, 
 compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the branches; bracts roundish. 
 7J. Native of Portugal, cultivated in gardens. It has a pleasant aromatic fla- 
 vor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft-downy, a foot 
 high. Flowers pink-colored. Jl. Aug. ^ 
 
 13. THYMUS. 
 
 Gr. Svpos, courage ; on account of its invigorating smell. 
 
 Flowers capitate or verticillate ; calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate, 
 
CUNILA. XCIII. LABIATE. 421 
 
 10-ribbed, the throat closeAwith hairs ; upper lip of the corolla flat, 
 emarginate, shorter than IR lower. 
 
 1. T. VULGARIS. Garden Thyme. Si. procumbent at base, erect; Ivs. revo- 
 
 other species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Blossoms in summer. 
 
 2. T. SERPYLLUS. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme. 
 
 St. decumbent; Ivs. flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base; fls. capitate. 
 7J. Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An aromatic plant, similar to the preceding, but 
 milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Sterns suffruticose, wiry, slender 
 and wavy, with leafy, downy and ascending branches, each terminating in a 
 small, dense, oblong head of purple flowers, much frequented by bees. Leaves 
 entire, petiolate, punctate, smoothish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. 
 Cultivated and naturalized. 
 
 14. S A T L T R E J A. 
 
 Arabic tsaiur the general name for labiate plants. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 1 0-ribbed ; segments of the bilabiate corolla nearly 
 equal ; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. 
 
 S. HORTENSIS. Summer Savory. Si. branching; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire, 
 acute at the end; ped. axillary, cymose. 7|_ Native of Italy. Cultivated as a 
 culinary aromatic. Stem branching and bushy, lf high, woody at base, fre- 
 quently changing to purple. Leaves numerous, small and narrow, with axil- 
 lary cymes of pink-colored flowers. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Jl. Aug. $ 
 
 15. HYSSOPUS. 
 
 Hebrew ezol; Arabic azzof; Eng. hyssop. 
 
 Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, 
 the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens 
 exserted, diverging. 
 
 H. OFFICINALIS. Hyssop. DCS. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; cal. 
 teeth erect; fls. in racemose, secund verticils, middle division of the corolla 2- 
 lobed, entire. Ti The common hyssop is a native of S. Europe, often met with 
 in our gardens, being cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. It is a 
 handsome plant, growing in tufts, 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue 
 flowers. July. 
 
 16. COLLINSONIA. 
 
 Name in honor of John Collinson, an English botanist. 
 
 Corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal 
 lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate ; stamens 2, (rarely 3) 
 much exserted, divergent. 
 
 C. CANADEXSIS. Horse Balm. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate. glabrous ; teeth of the cal. 
 subulate, shorter than the tube ; rac. paniculate, terminal. 7J. A tall herb with 
 large leaves and yellow flowers, woods and fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 4- 
 sided, 3 4f high, smooth or a little pubescent. Leaves thin, 6 8' long and 3 4' 
 wide. Flowers ' in a large, compound raceme, with opposite branches and 
 pedicels. Corolla greenish-yellow, the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style 
 and stamens very long. Flowering in summer. 
 
 17. CUNlLA. 
 
 The ancient Roman name for pennyroyal. 
 
 Calyx 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed. throat densely villose ; upper 
 lip of corolla flat, emarginate : stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. 
 C. MARIANA. (Ziziphora. R. <$ &) Dittany. 
 Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile ; cymes pedunculate, corymbose, axillary and 
 
422. XCIII. LABIAT^E. MELISSA. 
 
 termiaal. 7]. Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 
 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smooth**, 1 2f high. Leaves small, 
 nearly smooth, roundish or subcordate at base^apering to a point and punctate 
 with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base of the 3-iorked 
 pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pubes- 
 cent, pale red. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as the corolla. 
 The herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. Jl. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 5. MELISSIIVEJE. Calyx bilabiate ; .corolla bilabiate ; upper lip 
 straight, lower lip spreading, cleft into 3 flat lobes, of which the middle one is 
 often broadest. Stamens 4, sometimes 2, ascending. 
 
 18. HE DEO MA. Pers. 
 
 Gr. fifcta, sweet or agreeable, coy/;?, smell; on account of the fragrance. 
 
 Calyx gibbous beneath at base, 13-ribbed, throat hairy ; upper lip 
 of corolla erect, flat, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 2, fertile, 
 ascending. 
 
 H. PULEGIOIDES. Pers. (Cunila. Linn. Ziziphora. R. <$ S.) Pennyroyal. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, few-toothed ; Jls. axillary, whorled. A small, strong-scented 
 herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia medica. Stem erect, branch- 
 ing, half a foot high. Leaves opposite, with 1 2 teeth each side, on very short 
 petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower 
 divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, N. Eng., Can. to Ga. and Ark. 
 Flowering all summer. 
 
 19. MICROMERIA. Benth. 
 
 Gr. ntxpog, small, ^epos, division; on account of the slightly 2-!ipped calyx and corolla. 
 
 Calyx 13 (rarely 15)-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal ; corolla sub- 
 bilate, tube exserted, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower subequally 
 3-lobed ; stamens ascending, the upper pair shorter. 
 
 M. GLABELLA. Benth. (Cunila. Michx. Hedeoma glabra. Nutt.) 
 Glabrous ; st. branching above, and mostly surculose at base ; Ivs. entire, 
 those of the suckers elliptic-ovate, of the stem linear-oblong, obtuse ; verticillas- 
 ters about 6-flowered. 1}. A delicate little herb nearly or quite smooth, growing 
 on lime-stone rocks near the base of Niagara Falls ! W. to the Falls of St. An- 
 thony. Rare. It has the general aspect and fragrance of pennyroyal. Stem 
 erect (prostrate at base), 4-angled, slender, 6 10' high. Suckers at the base 
 often numerous and se-veral inches in length, with leaves about 3" by 2 /7 , brown- 
 ish-purple beneath. Stem leaves 9 12"" long, very narrow, the lowest some- 
 times with a few teeth. Flowers somewhat regular, on pedicels ' long, with 
 linear bracts at the base. Corolla pale purple. Stamens 4, the upper pair 
 much the shortest, all antheriferous. July, Aug. 
 
 20. MELISSA. Benth. 
 
 Gr. name of the bee, from /<^, honey, which is sought in these flowers by bees with avidity. 
 
 Calyx 13-ribbed, flattish above, the upper lip 3-toothed, lower bifid ; 
 upper lip of the corolla erect, flattish, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, 
 the middle lobe mostly broadest ; stamens ascending. 
 
 1. M. OFFICINALIS. Balm. 
 
 Pubescent ; st. erect, branching ; Jls. in dimidiate verticils, subsessile ; Ivs. 
 ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose ; bracts few, ovate-lanceolate, pe- 
 tiolate. r 4 N. Eng. ! to la. ! found in the deepest forests ! A well known gar- 
 den plant. Stem 1 2f high. Flowers white or yellowish. The plant is a 
 stomachic and diuretic, generally administered in the form of tea. For medi- 
 cinal use it should be cut before flowering, which occurs in June and after. $$ 1 
 
 2. M. CLINOPODIUM. Benth. (Clinopodium vulgare. Linn.') Wild Basil. 
 
 Villose ; Ivs. ovate, subserrate ; verticils many-flowered, hairy ; bracts, nu- 
 merous, subulate. 7J. Low woods, Northern and Western States. A common 
 plant, 1 2f high. Stem square, simple or sparingly branched, and, as well 
 
SUUTELLARIA. XCIII. LABIATE. 4-23 
 
 as the whole plant, clothed with a whitish wool. Leaves petiolate. taper- 
 ing to an obtuse point, pale, with whitish down beneath. Flowers purplish, in 
 very hairy, mostly terminal whorls or heads. Peduncles cymosely branched, 
 short. Involucre of narrow and bristle-like bracts, about equaling the hairy, 
 subulate calyx teeth. July. 
 
 TRIBE 6. SCUTELLiARINEJE. Calyx bilabiate, upper lip truncate. Co- 
 rolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, tube ascending, exserted. ' Stamens 4, 
 ascending beneath the upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 21. SCUTELLARIA. 
 
 Lat. scutella, a small vessel ; from the resemblance of the calyx with its appendages. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips entire, upper one appendaged on 
 the back and closed after flowering ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, 
 lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending ; sta. ascending 
 beneath the upper lip; anth. approximate in pairs. 
 
 * Flowers axillary, solitary. 
 
 1. S. GALERICULATA. Common Scull-cap. 
 
 St. erect, simple, or branched ; Ivs. lanceolate-cordate, remotely crenate- 
 serrate ; fls. axillary, solitary. 7J. Meadows and ditches, Can. to Penn. Abun- 
 dant. The whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12 18' high. Leaves trun- 
 cate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, !' by '. Flowers 
 much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the same axil, with a 
 vizor- like calyx like that of the other species. Cor. an inch in length, blue. Aug. 
 
 2. S. NERVOSA. Pursh. (S. gracilis. Nutt.} 
 
 St. slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous ; Ivs. broad-ovate, subcordate, 
 crenate-serrate, sessile, glabrous, 3 5-veined, lower roundish-ovate, upper ovate 
 and lance-ovate, slightly petioled ; fls. axillary, solitary. Rocky shades, along 
 streams, Penn. ! to 111. ! and La. Roots creeping, often sending out long, fili- 
 form stolons. Stem 8 15' high, weak, often with a few filiform branches. 
 Leaves 2 15" by 5 12", the middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral 
 leaves entire, small. Flowers few, sometimes on the slender branches only. 
 Corolla pale blue, 4 6" long. May Jl. 
 
 3. S. PARVULA. Michx. (S. ambigua. Nutt.) 
 
 Si. simple or branching at base, square, puberulent ; lower Ivs. suborbicu- 
 lar, petiolate, upper oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile, axillary, opposite. 
 Pastures, Mid. ! and Western States ! Plant 3 6' high. Root generally (not 
 always 7) with tuberous internodes, and fibrous at each joint. Leaves 3 6" 
 long, as wide, lower 3" diam. Flowers 4 6" long, rather numerous, longer 
 than the leaves, blue. June. 
 
 * * Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 
 
 4. S. LATERIFLORA. Mad-dog Scull-cap. 
 
 St. branching, nearly glabrous ; Irs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 petiolate ; roc. lateral, axillary, leafy. Meadows and ditches, lat. 38 to Arc. 
 Am. Stem square, 1 2f high, very branching. Leaves opposite, rounded at 
 base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Ra- 
 cemes opposite, axillary, somewhat one-sided, on long stalks, and consisting of 
 numerous small, blue flowers intermixed with small leaves. The English 
 name is due to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes 
 upon the seeds like a cap or vizor. July, Aug. 
 
 5. S. PILOSA. Michx. Darl. (S. ovalifolia. Bart.') 
 
 St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent; Irs. pubescent, rhomboid- 
 ovate or oval, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs ; rac. terminal, rather 
 short ; bracts elliptic-ovate. Open woodlands, Penn. to Car. Stem 11 $f high, 
 purplish. Leaves few, 1 2 by f H', cuneately narrowed to the petiole, 
 rather obtuse. Raceme generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, el- 
 liptical bracts. Pedicels and calyx hairy. Corolla tube nearly white below, 
 blue at summit, 6 9" long. June Aug. 
 36* 
 
424 XCIII. LABIATE. NEPETA. 
 
 6. S. RUG&SA. Wood. (Nov. sp.) 
 
 St. decumbent at base, diffusely branched, pubescent ; Ivs. oval and ovate, 
 rugose, pubescent, petiolate, obtuse at each end, subcordate, crenate-serrate ; 
 roc. simple, elongated, terminal on the stem and branches ; bracts broad-ovate, 
 petiolate, subcordate, as long as the calyx. At Harper's Ferry, on the rocky 
 shores of the Shenandoah ! A rough, diffuse plant, about If high. Stem with 
 the angles obtuse and the sides grooved. Leaves rather numerous, 12 18" by 
 9 13", scarcely longer than the petioles, the bracts 2 3" diam. Racemes 5 
 8' long, rather dense-flowered. Corolla 8" long. July Sept. 
 
 7. S. INTEGRIFOLIA. (S. hyssopifolia. Pcrs. S. Caroliniana. Ph.} 
 
 St. erect, nearly simple, and, with the whole plant, densely pubescent ; Ivs. 
 ovate-lanceolate, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute. entire, 
 subsessile ; roc. loose, leafy ; bracts lanceolate ; fls. large. 7J. Mid. States to 
 Ark., on dry hills. Stem 1 2f high, with large, blue flowers in terminal ra- 
 cemes. The leaves (1 2' long) vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being 
 sometimes ovate arid crenate. Corolla bright blue at the summit, nearly white 
 at base, 8 9" long. June, July. The plant is intensely bitter. 
 
 8. S. CANESCENS. Nutt. (S. serrata and S. incana. Spr. fide Hook.} 
 
 St. erect, tall, pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or 
 attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenate, 
 apex acute, the lower cordate ; rac. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, panicu- 
 late ; bracts lanceolate and lance-linear ; fls. canescent. Dry grounds, Middle 
 and Western States, abundant. Stem usually purple, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 
 3' long, | as wide, often with a purple margin and purplish spots. Flowers 
 rather numerous, large and showy. Corolla 10" long, tube white, lips blue. 
 
 9. S. CORDIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. versicolor'? Nutt.) 
 
 Stout, branching, clothed with a soft, glandular pubescence in all its parts; 
 Ivs. broadly cordate, large, obtusely dentate, nearly smooth ; petioles very long ; 
 rac. ternate, terminal ; bracts ovate ; fls. smaller. Nuttall. Open woods and 
 prairies, Western States. I have specimens essentially agreeing with the 
 above, in which the leaves are 3 4' long, 2 3' wide. Flowers in a large, dif- 
 fuse panicle, less showy than in the last species. Bracts broad-ovate and near- 
 ly sessile, viscidly pubescent. Corolla 8" long, upper lip blue, lower white. 
 
 22. PRUNELLA. 
 
 Calyx about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short 
 teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate teeth ; filaments forked, one point 
 of the fork bearing the anther. 
 
 P. VULGARIS. Self-heal. Blue-curls. 
 
 St. ascending, simple ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; upper lip of 
 cor. truncate, with 3 awns. 7J. A very common plant, in meadows and low 
 grounds, N. Am., lat. 33 to the Arc. Sea. The stem is nearly a foot high, 
 (2f in la. ! and 111. !) obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched. 
 Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter 
 from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large 
 ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each 
 verticil. Flowering all summer. 
 
 TRIBE 7. NEPETE.E. Calyx oblique, upper teeth longer. Corolk bilabi- 
 ate, upper lip vaulted, lower spreading, throat mostly inflated. Stamens as- 
 cending or diverging, the upper pair longer. 
 
 23. NEPETA. 
 
 Said to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany. 
 
 Calyx arid, striate ; upper lip of the corolla emarginate, lower 3- 
 lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice re- 
 flected ; stamens approximate. 
 
DRACOCEPHALUM. XCIII. LABIATE. 425 
 
 1. N. CATARIA. Catnep. Catmint. (Fig. 51.) 
 
 Erect, tall, hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, coarsely crenate-ser- 
 rate ; fls. spiked, the whorls slightly pedunculated. 1\. This common plant is 
 naturalized everywhere about old buildings and fences. Cats are very fond of 
 it and will often devour it with the greatest avidity. Stem square, pubescent, 
 branching, 2- 3f high. Leaves very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenate 
 serratures, and as well as the whole plant, covered with a soft, hoary down, 
 paler beneath. Flowers many, white or purplish, the lower lip dotted with 
 crimson. July. 
 
 2. N. GLECHOMA. Benth. (Glechoma hederacea. Linn.} Gtil-over-the- 
 ground. Ground Ivy. (Fig. 51.) Lvs. reniform, crenate; cor. about 3 
 
 times as long as the calyx. 7L A creeping plant, naturalized about hedges, 
 walls, &c. Stems prostrate, radicating at base, square, varying in length from 
 a few inches to 1 2f. Leaves petiolate, opposite, roundish, cordate-reniform, 
 hairy and glaucous. Flowers axillary, about 3 together. Corolla bluish-pur- 
 ple, with a variegated throat. The 2 anthers of each pair of stamens meet 
 with their 2 divaricate cells, forming the appearance of a cross. The plant is 
 aromatic, and was formerly used in ale, also in medicine. May. 
 
 24. LOP HA NTH US. Benth. 
 
 Gr. Ao<2of , a crest, av$o$ ; flowers in dense, terminal spikes. 
 
 Calyx 15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longer; corolla 
 bilabiate, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe broader and crenate ; stamens diverging. 
 
 1. L. NEPETolDEs. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.} 
 
 St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and slightly winged ; Ivs. 
 ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate; petioles smoothish. 1|. Middle! 
 and Western States ! A tall, branching, pale green herb, common about fences 
 and dry hedges. Stem 3 6f high, the sides somewhat concave, and the angles 
 prominent. Leaves acuminate, about 4' by 2'. Flowers in crowded, axillary 
 verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous above. 
 Corolla greenish-yellow. Stamens exserted. July, Aug. 
 
 2. L. SCHROPHULARIFOLIUS. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.} 
 
 St. pubescent, quadrangular, with the angles obtuse ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, 
 crenate-serrate ; petioles ciliate-pubescent. Tj. Tall, stout and branching, with 
 the general aspect of the former species, and found in similar situations. The 
 herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem 2 if high, purple. Leaves 
 about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers in crowded, axillary ver- 
 ticils, forming a long, dense, terminal .spike. Corolla pale purple, more con- 
 spicuous than in the first. Stamens and style exserted. July, Aug. 
 
 25. DRACOCEPHlLUM. 
 
 Gr. SpaKw, dragon, K<pa\os, head ; from the resemblance of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx subequal, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments larger ; cor. bila- 
 biate, upper lip vaulted, emarginate, throat inflated, lower lip spread- 
 ing, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, rounded or subdivided ; sta. 
 distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer than the lower. Flowers 
 axillary and terminal, usually with large, conspicuous bracts. 
 
 1. D. CORDATUM. Nutt. Cordate-leaved Dragonliead. 
 
 Stoloniferous ; st. and elongated petioles pubescent ; Ivs. cordate, obtusely 
 crenate, sparingly hirsute above ; spike unilateral ; bracts broad-ovate, entire, 
 nearly as long as the calyx ; ped. bibracteolate, mostly 1-flowered ; col. segments 
 acute, almost pungent. -2J. Islands of the Ohio, 40 miles below Pittsburg, NiiM- 
 att. Stem about If high, quadrangular. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, obtusely cor- 
 date, almost as broad as long, petiole about as long as the lamina (I'), upper 
 pairs subsessile. Flowers secund. Corolla pale blue, about 1' long orifice 
 much dilated. June. 
 
426 XCIII. LABIATE. LAMIUM. 
 
 2. D. PARVIFLORUM. Nutt. Small-flowered DragonJiead. 
 
 Subpubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, petiolate ; bracts leafy, 
 ovate, ciliate, mucronate-serrate ; cal. upper segment much the largest ; fls. 
 small, verticillate, subcapitate, corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. (g) Woods, 
 Watertown, N., Y. Vasey. Mo., Nuttall. Saskatchewan River, Richardson. 
 Very rare. Flowers whitish, very small, the verticils involucrate and almost 
 spicate. Calyx dry and membranaceous. Upper lip of the corolla arched, 
 emarginate, central lobe of lower lip crenate. July. 
 
 TRIBE 8. STACHYDEJB. Calyx oblique or rarely subbilabiate, 3 10- 
 toothed. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip galeate or flat, lower lip unequally 3- 
 lobed. Stamens ascending, upper pair shorter. 
 
 26. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth. 
 Gr. tyvaa, a bladder, and orijyjj, a covering; from the inflated corollas. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-toothed ; corolla tube mucli ex- 
 serted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, middle division of lower 
 lip largest, roundish, emarginate ; sta. 4, unconnected, ascending be- 
 neath the upper lip, the two lower rather longer. Flowers opposite, in 
 a terminal, bracteate, k-rowed spike. 
 
 P. VIRGINIANA. Benth. (Dracocephalum Virg., denticulatum, variega- 
 tum and obovatum of auth. fide Benth.) Lion's Heart. Calyx teeth acute, 
 subequal. 1\. A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and W. States ! often adorn- 
 ing our gardens, where it spreads rapidly. It is 2 3f high, very smooth, dark 
 green. Stem square, thick, rigid. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, 4 5' by f ', 
 with remote and shallow teeth, of a shining dark green. Flowers in 4-rowed 
 spikes, numerous, dense, or often subremote. Bracts subulate. Corolla pale 
 purple, about an inch long, spotted inside. Aug. Sept. 
 
 27. SYNANDRA. Nutt. 
 
 Gr. <rvv, together, avfysg ', in allusion to the coherence of the anthers. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft, segments unequal, subulate, converging to one side ; 
 upper lip of cor. entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely and unequally 
 3-lobed ; throat inflated ; upper pair of anthers cohering, having the 
 contiguous cells empty. 
 
 S. GRANDIFLORA. Nutt. Large-flowering Synandra. 
 
 St. subsimple, nearly smooth, subterete ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, ob- 
 tusely dentate, often dilated at base, upper ones smaller, cauline sessile, lower 
 subpetiolate ; fls. solitary and sessile; cal. seg. ovate, setaceously acuminate, 
 two upper larger than the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-form, mouth 
 much inflated, upper lip entire, vaulted, lower 3-lobed, lobes entire. Banks of 
 the Ohio, Cincinnati, Nutt. Woods, near Vermillion River, 111. ! Stem about 
 If high. Corolla about I/ long, yellowish-white, lower lip elegantly striated 
 with purple lines. June. 
 
 (3. 1 petiolata. Wood. St. quadrangular, hirsute ; Ivs. hirsute, deltoid, trun- 
 cate-cordate, all long-petiolate, lower petioles 4 6' long, upper 1 4'. Calyx 
 hirsute, almost hispid. Cincinnati, Clark ! This is, perhaps, a distinct species. 
 
 28. LAMIUM. 
 
 Lat. lamia, the name of a sea monster, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened. 
 
 Upper lip of the corolla vaulted, galeate, nearly entire, lower lip 
 broad, emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side 
 near the margin of the dilated throat. 
 
 L. AMPLEXICAULE. HcnbU. 
 
 Lvs. roundish, incisely crenate, floral ones broadly cordate, obtuse, sessile, 
 amplexicaul, lower ones petiolate. A small, slender herb, found in culti- 
 vated grounds. Stems ascending, several from the same root, 610' high, with 
 
STACHYS. XCIII. LABIATE. 427 
 
 opposite, short, broad, hairy leaves deeply crenate or cut ; lower ones on stalks 
 an inch or more in length. Flowers in dense verticils, closely sessile in the 
 axils of the upper leaves. Calyx hairy. Corolla purple, downy, the tube much 
 exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. May Nov. 
 
 29. LEON0RUS. 
 
 Gr. \d)v, a lion, ovpa, tail ; from the appearance of the spikes of flowers. 
 
 Calyx teeth subspinescent ; upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, 
 concave, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate ; anthers 
 sprinkled with shining dots. 
 
 1. L. CARDIACA. Motherwort. 
 
 Lower stem Ivs. palmate-lobed, uppermost lanceolate, often trifid, all of 
 them toothed, cuneiform at base ; cor. longer than the calyx, the tube with a 
 hairy ring within. 7J. Tartary, whence it was first introduced into Europe and 
 thence to America, ever following the footsteps of civilized man. It is common 
 about rubbish, stone walls and waste places. Stem 3 5f high, downy, square, 
 large, purplish, bearing its opposite, stalked, rough leaves arranged in 4 vertical 
 rows. Flowers in many whorls. Calyx rigid and bristly. Corolla purplish, hairy 
 without, variegated within. July. It has a strong and pungent smell, and has 
 considerable reputation as an ingredient in herb drinks for colds, coughs, &c. 
 
 2. L. MARRUBIASTRUM. Hoarhound Leonurus. 
 
 Cauline Ivs. oblong-ovate, incisely and coarsely serrate, the floral lanceo- 
 late, tapering at each end, incisely dentate ; cor. shorter than the calyx teeth, 
 tube naked within, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent. Naturalized in 
 
 Penn. Darlington ! and la. ! A plant of vigorous growth, 2 4f high, with op- 
 posite, ascending branches. Leaves 2 3' in length, the lowest on long petioles. 
 Verticils many-flowered, remote but numerous, forming an interrupted, leafy 
 
 spike. Corolla reddish- white. July, Aug. 
 
 30. GALEOPSIS. 
 
 Gr. yaAfj, a weasel, ot//t j, appearance ; its grotesque flowers are likened to that animal. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, spinescent ; upper lip of the corolla vaulted, subcre- 
 nate, lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, haying 2 teeth on its upper side, 
 middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate ; sta. ascending beneath the 
 upper lip. 
 
 1. G. TETRAHIT. Hemp Nettle. (Fig. 51.) 
 
 St. hispid, the internodes thickened upwards ; Ivs. ovate, hispid, serrate , 
 cor. twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip nearly straight, concave. A 
 common weed, naturalized in waste and cultivated grounds, 1 2f high. Stem 
 obtusely 4-angled, remarkably swelled below the joint, and covered with prickly, 
 deflexed bristles. Leaves hairy on both sides, ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers 
 in dense verticils. Calyx with 5 acute, bristly teeth. Corolla variegated with 
 white and purple, upper lip concave, purple, longer than the 3-lobed lower one. 
 June, July. This plant is so prevalent in many parts of N. Eng. as to nearly 
 ruin some farms. 
 
 2. G. LADANUM. Red Hemp Nettle. 
 
 St. hairy, internodes equal; Ivs. lanceolate, subserrate, hairy; upper lip 
 of the cor. slightly crenate. (J) A smaller species, naturalized, growing among 
 rubbish in gravely soils, &c. Stem about a foot high, not swollen below the 
 joints, with opposite branches. Flowers in dense, remote whorls. Corollas 
 usually rose-colored, often white or variegated, spotted with crimson. Aug., 
 Sept. 
 
 31. STACHYS. 
 Gr. ora^vs, a spike ; this being the inflorescence of all the species. 
 
 Calyx tube angular, 5 or 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, upper teeth often 
 larger ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, spreading or somewhat vaulted, 
 lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. middle lobe largest; sta. ascending, 
 lower ones longer ; anth. approximated in pairs. 
 
428 XCIII. LAB1ATJE. BALLOTA. 
 
 1. S. ASPERA. Michx. (S. hispida Ph ?) Hedge Nettle. Wound-wort. 
 
 St. erect, the angles retrorsely hispid or rough ; Ivs. subpetiolate, oblong- 
 lanceolate, acutely serrate, smooth or nearly so ; verticils of the spike about 6- 
 flowered ; cal. smoothish, with spreading teeth, at length spinescent. 1\. Fields 
 and roadsides. About a foot high and rather slender. Stem erect> square, 
 generally hispid backward' on the angles, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 
 smooth, membranaceous, generally rounded at base and acute at apex. Spike 
 terminal, leafy, composed of verticils, each with 48 pale purple flowers. 
 Variable in pubescence. July. 
 
 2. S. SYLVATICA. (S. aspera. M\M. <%> Bw. S. hispida. Nukt.) Wood Sta- 
 chys. St. very hispid on the angles ; Ivs. on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 sometimes cordate at base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, hirsute ; verticils 2 6 
 flowered ; floral Ivs. very small, lanceolate-linear, hispid-ciliate ; cal. hirsute, 
 with ciliate, spinescent teeth. Ij. A very rough and hairy herb, 'in low woods 
 and on shady banks. Stem erect, 12 18' high. Leaves 3 4' long and as 
 wide, with rounded or uncinate serratures, the upper surface with short, bristly 
 hairs. Petioles \' long, and with the veins beneath, hispid. Spike long, 
 slender, terminal, very rough and hairy. Corolla exserted, purple, spotted. 
 July., Aug. 
 
 3. S. HYSSOPIFOLIA. Michx. (S. palustris. Walt.') 
 
 Si. scarcely pubescent, slender, erect ; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
 slightly dentate ; verticils about 4-flowered ; cal. subspinescent. Ij. A slender 
 species 6 12' high, in meadows, N. Y. and Ms., rare, West to la. where it is 
 frequent ! Leaves very narrow, often linear, 2 3' by 4 10", with minute teeth 
 or finely serrulate. Flowers sessile. Corolla a little hairy, purple. July. A 
 smoother and elegant plant compared with the last. 
 
 4. S. INTERMEDIA. Ait. 
 
 ,81 somewhat villose; Ivs. oblong, subcordate, crenate; verticils many- 
 flowered; cal. somewhat spinescent. 111. Jn., Jl. 
 
 32. MARRUBIUM. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 10-ribbed, with 5 or 10 subequal teeth; cor. 
 bilabiate, upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or bifid, lower lip 
 spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, einarginate, tube included ; 
 sta. included beneath the upper lip. 
 
 M. VULGARE. Hoarhound. 
 
 St. ascending, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate, 
 downy-canescent beneath ; cal. of 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth. 7J. Introduced 
 into fields and roadsides. Stem 1 2f high, branching at base, or several 
 from the same root, covered with a white, downy pubescence. Leaves petio- 
 late, 1 2' in diameter, whitish and rough-veined above, very woolly beneath, 
 rounded and toothed. Flowers white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verti- 
 cils. Calyx woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. The hoar- 
 hound is an aromatic and bitter herb, well known as an ingredient in cough 
 candy. It is tonic and diuretic, and much used in pulmonary affections. 
 
 33. BALLOTA. 
 
 GT. /?aXXw, to reject; on account of its offensive odor. 
 
 Calyx hypocrateriform, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed ; cor. bilabiate, tube 
 cylindrical, as long as the calyx ; upper lip concave, crenate, lower 
 lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate ; ach. ovoid-triangular. 
 
 B. NIGRA. Black or Foetid Hoarhound. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate ; cal. somewhat truncate, throat 
 dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate. 7J. Said to have been introduced, but is 
 frequently met with about hedges, &c., in Ms. and Conn. Stem 2 3f high, 
 pubescent as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in 
 axillary verticils. This plant has the general appearance of hoarhourid (Mar- 
 rubium) but not its fragrance. July. 
 
XCIV. BORRAGIJNACEjK. 429 
 
 34. MOL UCCELLA. 
 
 Brought from the Molucca Islands, &c. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often 
 repand-spinose ; cor. much smaller, included within it. 
 
 M. LJEVIS. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. St. ascending, subsimple, gla- 
 brous ; Irs. petiolate, roundish-ovate, dentate ; fls. in a terminal, leafy raceme ; 
 cal. campanulate, equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth 
 
 awnless. Syria. A curious plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of 
 
 a glaucous green, 1 2f high. It is chiefly remarkable for its ample, bell- 
 shaped calyx, in the bottom of which is seated the yellowish-green flower. 
 
 TRIBE 9. AJUGOIDEJE. Corolla upper lip very short, or split to the base, 
 or rarely erect and vaulted, lower lip longer. Stamens ascending, much 
 exserted. Achenia reticulately rugose. 
 
 35. TRIG HOST EM A. 
 
 CrT. OpiJ;, TpiKog, hair, ffTri^a, a stamen ; for its long, hair-like stamens. 
 
 Calyx resupinate, oblique, unequally 5-cleft ; upper lip (lower by 
 the twisting of the peduncle) of 2 short, acute teeth, lower (at length 
 the upper) twice as long, 3-toothed ; cor. tube slender, very short, 
 unequally 5-cleft, lobes oblong, declined ; sta. much exserted, lower 
 ones longer. 
 
 T. DICHOTOMA. Blue-curls. 
 
 Lrs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire, pubescent ; fls. 
 resupinate ; sta. very long, exserted. Found on dry or rocky hills and in 
 sandy soils, Mass. ! to Md. ! Ga., La., 111. An interesting plant, a foot high. 
 Stem obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite, divided, the upper 
 pair generally forming a dichotornous division of the stem. Leaves petiolate, 
 of a rhombic, ovate-lanceolate form. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming 
 inverted by the twisting of the petiole. Corolla purple. Stamens slender, of a 
 delicate purplish hue, gracefully bending frorn the lower lip of the corolla to 
 the upper, forming a beautiful arch. Aug. 
 
 36. TEUCRIUM. 
 
 Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally. 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate, and subregular, in 5 acute segments ; co- 
 rolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish ; 
 stamens exserted from the cleft in the upper side of the tube. 
 T. CANADENSE. Wild Germander. 
 
 Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate; bracts 
 linear-lanceolate, longer than the calyx ; spike long, of many crowded verticils 
 of flowers ; upper teeth of cal. broader. 1\. Can. and U. S., fields and roadsides. 
 Stem about 2f high, simple or branched, square, with concave sides. Leaves 3 
 times as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green above, hoary with down 
 beneath. Bracts longer than the calyx. Flowers disposed in axillary verticils, 
 each of 4 6. Calyx with 5 broad, nearly equal segments, the 2 lower ones 
 narrower. Corolla purplish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which 
 is a fissure through which the stamens are exserted. July. 
 
 0. Virginicum. Upper Ivs. ovate-oblong, nearly sessile ; bracts about as long 
 as the calyx. Habits similar to the last. 
 
 ORDER XCIY. BORKAGLNACEJE. BORRAGEWORTS. 
 
 Herbs, shruls or trees, with round stems and branches. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, often rough with stiffhairs which are scale-like and indurated at base. [flowers expand. 
 
 Stip. none. Spikes, racemes or corymbs generally secund, and circinate before flowering, evolving as the 
 
 Fls. of the cyanic series, white, blue, red, &c.. rarely yellow. 
 
 Cal Sepals 5, regular, more or less united at base, persistent 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, regular (very rarely irregular), united at base, hypcxrynous. imbricate in aestivation. 
 
430 
 
 XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. 
 
 ECHITJM. 
 
 Sta. 5, inserted into the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
 Ova. deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the base of the lobes. 
 Fr.--Nuts 91- achenia 4, distinct, l-seeded. Seeds without albumen. 
 Embryo with a superior radicle. Cotyledons plano-convex. 
 
 anorS thpTrSf 8 6 i ? vei j^ mds -^ in *e south of Europe and middle of Asia, becoming rare as we 
 approach me arctic circle. All our native species are herbaceous. 
 Properties. Mucilaginous and emollient plants, never poisonous. 
 
 FIG. 52. i. Borrago officinalis. 2. A petal with its appendage at base, and anthers produced at apex. 
 3. Calyx with the 4 achenia and style. 4. Vertical section of one of the achenia, showing the seed, em- 
 bryo and albumen. 5. Plan of the flower. 6. Lithqspermum (Batschia) canescens. 7. Corolla laid open, 
 showing the stamens inserted on the tube. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 irregular. ..." Echium. 
 
 ("Corolla rotate, blue. . . Borrago. 
 I Corolla campanulate. . . Symphyt 
 excavated | Cor. funnel or ( tube straight. Anchusn. 
 at base. I salver-form, \ tube twice bent. Lycopsis. 
 
 fAch.free, 
 f Ovary I unarmed, 
 
 $ Lvs. rough. Onosmodium. 
 1. I Lvs. smooth.Mertensia. 
 
 (dilated 
 
 ("Cor. throat < nar- Uobes erect. . Pulmonaria. 
 not ex- 1 open and ( row. \ lobes spreaiding.Lithospermum. 
 cavate | Cor. closed $ yellow, large. . Pentalophus. 
 
 lall. . 
 
 at base. Cat throat, \ white, smal 
 
 i Corolla saiver-form. 
 
 r , = . ^ Corolla funnel-fon 
 
 Corolla I regular. I Ovary entire (partible in fruit) bearing the style at the top. 
 
 J deeply , 
 
 1 4-parted. I Achenia echinate, cohering. I Corolla funnel-form. 
 
 Myosotis. 11 
 
 Echinospertnum. 12 
 Cynoglossum. 13 
 IleHotrvpiwm. 14 
 
 TRIBE 1. BORRAGE-E. Ovary consisting of two bipartible (rarely 2-celled) 
 carpels. Style arising from the base between the segments of the ovary. 
 Fruit deeply 4-(rarely 2-)parted. Seeds without albumen. 
 
 1. ECHIUM. Buek. 
 Gr. c%'J, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect ; corolla campanulate, ob- 
 liquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice ; 
 stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, imperforate. Herbs or shrubs. 
 Fls. irregular, in spicate, panided racemes. Cor. cyanic. 
 
 E. VTJLGARE. Viper's Bugloss. 
 
 St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles ; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, 
 and rough with bristles ; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected. A rough plant, with 
 large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N. 
 States. Stem 18 20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are 
 2 6' long, and ^ as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexicaul. Flow- 
 ers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and 
 July. 
 
LYCOPSIS. XCIV. BORRAGINACE.&. 431 
 
 2. BORRAGO. Tourn. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, with acute segments; orifice 
 crowned ; filaments converging ; achenia rounded, imperforate at base, 
 inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle. European herbs. 
 
 1 B. OFFICINALIS. Common Barrage. Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones 
 petiolate ; col. spreading ; ped. terminal, many-flowered. Native of England, 
 and with us a common inhabitant of the garden. The whole plant is rough 
 with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high, with terminal clusters of handsome, sky- 
 blue flowers during summer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial. 
 The young leaves form a good salad and pot-herb. 
 
 2. B. ORIENTALIS. (Psilostemon. DC.} Oriental Barrage. Lvs. cordate, peti- 
 olate ped. many-flowered ; sta. exserted, villous. An ornamental garden 
 plant' native of Turkey. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in 
 the spring months. 
 
 3. SYMPHYTUM. 
 
 Gr. cvpQvais, a joining or healing ; from its reputation for healing wounds. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5, 
 subulate scales, converging into a cone ; achenia gibbous, imperfo- 
 rate. Tj. Oriental herbs. Flowers cyanic. 
 
 S. OFFICINALE. Comfrev. 
 
 Pilose ; st. branching 4roove ; Ivs. extensively decurrent, frie lower ana 
 radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, 
 acuminate ; cor. limb with 5 recurved teeth. A large, coarse-looking but showy 
 exotic, in our gardens and shrubberies, also naturalized in low grounds, Middle 
 States'. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3 4f high, winged by the 
 decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white, pink and 
 red, appearing all summer. Root perennial. It abounds with mucilage and has 
 long been regarded as an efficient vulnerary. 
 
 4. ANCHUSA. 
 
 Gr. ay^ovo-a, paint; the root of one species was once used for staining the features. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted ; tube straight, 
 orifice closed with 5 prominent scales ; achenia perforate at the base 
 and their surfaces generally rugose ; stamens included ; stigma emar- 
 ginate. Handsome herbs, mostly European. Fls. cyanic. 
 
 A. OFFICINALIS. Bugloss, or Ox-tongue. Lvs. lanceolate, strigose ; spikes one- 
 sided, imbricated; cal. as long as the tube of the corolla. 7J. A rough garden 
 plant, native of Britain. The English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek, 
 signifying ox-tongue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stem 2i high, rough 
 with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, with a melliferous corolla 
 very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilaginous, used 
 in medicine to promote the eruption of the small-pox. Blossom^ all summer, f 
 
 5. LYCOPSIS. 
 
 Gr. \VKOS, a wolf, and or//, the eye ; name suggested by the small blue flowers. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with 
 ovate, converging scales ; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. 
 Distinguished from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube. 
 
 L. ARVENSIS. Wild Bugloss. 
 
 Plant hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; roc. leafy ; fls. sessile ; 
 cal. shorter than the tube of the corolla. A very hispid, almost bristly plant, 
 found in fields and roadsides, Northern States, probably introduced. Stem 
 erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as . 
 wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers small. Calyx erect. 
 Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. June, July. 
 o / 
 
432 XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. LITHOSPERMUM. 
 
 6. ONOSMODIUM. Michx. 
 
 From Onosma, another genus of this order, and eidos, appearance or resemblance. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments ; corolla subcampanu- 
 late, having a ventricose, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments con- 
 verging and the orifice open ; anthers sessile, sagittate, included ; 
 style much exserted ; achenia imperforate, shining. '4 North Ameri- 
 can. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white. 
 
 1. O. VIRGINIANUM. Alph. DC. (O. hispidum. Michx. Lithospermum 
 Virg. Linn.) False Gromwell. St. with appressed hairs ; Ivs. oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, minutely strigose ; col. lubes lanceolate, pilose both sides, half as long as 
 the corolla ; cor. lobes lance-subulate, clothed externally with long, hispid hairs. 
 N. Y. to Flor., in dry, hilly grounds. A very rough, erect plant about lf 
 high. Leaves 1 2' by J f, 3 5- veined, often oval and even ovate-lanceo- 
 late. Flowers greenish- white, in leafy racemes which are recurved at first but 
 finally erect. Styles (6 7") twice longer than the corolla. 
 
 2. O. CAROLINIANUM. DC. (O. molle. Michx. Lithospermum Carol. Lam. 
 L. molle. Muhl.) Villose-canescent ; Ivs. oblong-oval, rather obtuse, each 
 
 side whitish with scattered hairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate; cal. segments lanceo- 
 late, half as long as the glabrous corolla; cor. segments ovate, acute. Rocky 
 hills, N. Y. to Car. and Tenn. Plant a foot or more high, clothed with a soft, 
 white pubescence. Anthers silky-pubescent, as long as the glabrous filaments, 
 its lobes scarcely diverging. Jl. Aug. % 
 
 3. O. STRIGOSUM. G. Don. 
 
 St. erect, simple, pilose-hispid, very leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, very 
 long, 3- veined, with appressed hairs ; bracts lance-linear, silky ; cal. lobes linear, 
 acute, silky with appressed hairs both sides, very long ; cor. cylindrical, a third 
 longer than the calyx, silky-puberulent outside ; sta. included ; sty. exserted. 
 111., (Mead,) in wet prairies and woods. Leaves 3' long, ' wide, nearly gla- 
 brous beneath the veins. Corolla yellowish- white. Fruit smooth and shining. 
 
 7. LITHOSPERMUM. 
 Gr. Xi^oj, a stone, and <T7Tp//a, seed ; the seeds being hard and shining like little pebbles. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnel-form or salver-form; 
 limb 5-lobed, orifice open ; stamens included ; stigma obtuse, bifid ; 
 achenia bony, rugose or smooth, imperforate at base. Herbaceous or 
 su/ruticose, generally with a thick, reddish root. Fls. spiked or racemedj 
 bracted, white or yellow. 
 
 * Flowers white. 
 
 1. L. OFFICINALE. Officinal Gromwell. 
 
 St. herbaceous, erect, very branching above; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, vemy; 
 cal. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla ; ach. smooth. 1|- A rough, weed-like 
 plant, introduced from Europe. Grows in dry, gravely soils. Stems much branch- 
 ed, clustered, arising 1 2f from a white, fusiform root. Leaves grayish-green, 
 rough on the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2 3' by f '. Flow- 
 ers small, white, axillary, solitary, 'pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Ache- 
 nia ovate, white or grayish, polished, stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. Jl. 
 
 2. L. LATIFOLIUM. Michx. Broad-leaved Gromwell. 
 
 Herbaceous, erect, subsimple, scabrous ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at 
 each end, veined, scabrous ; roc. leafy, few-flowered ; sep. lance-linear, longer 
 than the corolla and spreading in fruit ; ach. punctate, shining- white, ovoid-tur- 
 gid. Woods and thickets, N. Y., Torrcy, to Ohio and 111., Mead! and Va., 
 
 Flowers small, white. 
 
 3. L. ANGUSTIFOLITJM. 
 
 St. herbaceous, procumbent; Ivs. linear, strigose with an appressed pubes 
 
MERTENSIA. XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. 433 
 
 cence ; fls. scattered, lateral, axillary ; ach. turgid, ovoid, shining, impressed- 
 punctate. Banks of streams, sandy prairies, Ohio river, Michaux, 111. Mead. ? 
 An obscure species, wholly unknown to me. 
 
 4. L. ARVENSE. Cam GromweU. Wheat-thief. 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy; cat. nearly equal to the corolla, 
 with spreading segments ; ach. rugose. (T) A rough, pilose weed, introduced 
 into our fields and waste grounds, much to the annoyance of the farmers. The 
 stem is branching, erect, 12 15' high, from a fusiform root with reddish bark. 
 Leaves bright green, rough, sessile, 1 2' in length, with only the central vein ; 
 the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base ; upper ones subacute. Flowers 
 small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. May, Jn. 
 * * Flowers yellow. 
 
 5. L. CANESCENS. Lehmann. ("Batschia canescens. Michx.} Puccoon. 
 St. erect, subsimple, softly viilose; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent 
 
 above, villous beneath"; fls. axillary ; tube of the corolla thrice as long as the 
 very short calyx. 7J. A handsome plant, with bright yellow flowers, found in 
 prairies, fields and dry hills, Can., N. Y. ! to 111. ! and Southern States. Stem 
 8 12' high, erect, simple, rarely a little branched above, hoary-villose. Leaves 
 sessile, 2 3" wide and 4 times as long, 1-veined. Flowers crowded near the 
 summit of the stem. Calyx segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla bright 
 orange-yellow, including the subsessile stamens and short style. Jn., Jl. The 
 root is used to dye red by the Indians. 
 
 6. L. HIRTUM. Lehm. (Anchusa. Muhl. Batschia Carolinensis. Gmel.} 
 Herbaceous, erect, simple, hairy above ; ITS. sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
 
 obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral ovate-lanceolate ; col. lobes linear, hir- 
 sute, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla ; cor. segments spreading, 
 obovate, entire, tube hispid inside at base ; ach. ovoid, shining. Tj. Can., Penn., 
 to La. Stems 8 12' high, clustered. Flowers crowded, racemed. Corolla 
 orange-yellow, large. 
 
 7. L. APULUM. Vahl. (Myosotis. Linn. M. lutea. Lam.} 
 
 St. herbaceous, erect, rough with hairs; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 erect, rough and hairy; spikes hispid ; bracts foliaceous; cor. longer than the 
 calyx; ach. muricate. Dry woods, Ohio., Pursh. Stem 2 & high, gene- 
 rally simple at base, branched above. Corollas small, yellow, in the axils of 
 lanceolate bracts. 
 
 8. PENTALOPHUS. Alph. DC. 
 
 Gr. nevre, fine, Xo^os, crest; from the character. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, with linear segments ; cor. hypocrateriform, tube 
 cylindric, much longer than the calyx, throat closed with 5 glabrous 
 valves alternating with the stamens, segments ovate, spreading, much 
 shorter than the tube ; achenia solitary by abortion, ovoid, white, 
 smooth. American herbs. 
 
 P. LONGIFLORUS. Alph. DC. (Lithospermum. Spreng. Batschia. Nutt.) 
 Erect, strigose with a cinerous pubescence ; lower Ivs. lance-linear, attenu- 
 ated to the base, obtuse, upper ones linear, acutish ; rac. leafy, terminal ; col. 
 seg. linear, much longer than the pedicel ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx, 
 a little dilated upwards. 7|. Prairie du chien to Mo. ! Stem 1015' high, 
 slender, branched near the top. Leaves 1 !' by 2 3", the floral ones about as 
 long as the flowers. Corolla yellow, the tube 8 10" long, lobes crenulate. 
 Style scarcely exserted. Fruit much shorter than the calyx, smooth, white. Jl. 
 
 9. MERTENSIA. Roth. 
 
 Calyx short, 5-cleft; cor. tube cylindric, twice longer than the 
 calyx, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5 
 folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens ; sta. inserted 
 at top of the tube ; anth. subsagittate ; ach. smooth or reticulated. 
 
434 XCIV. BORRAGINACE.E. MYOSOTIS. 
 
 ^ St. and leaves usually glabrous and pellucid-punctate, the radical ones 
 many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 
 
 1. M. VIRGINICA. DC. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum pulchrum. 
 Lehm.} Virginian Lungwort. Plant erect, smooth; cal. much shorter 
 
 than the tube of the corolla, limb longer than the tube ; radical Ivs. (large) 
 obovate-elliptical, obtuse ; cauline ones long-lanceolate. A smooth, erect, and 
 elegant plant, about 20' high, native in N. Y. to Ga. and W. States, sometimes 
 cultivated. The leaves of the stem are sessile, much narrower than those of 
 the root, whose width is of their length. Flowers in terminal clusters. 
 Corolla blue, funnel-form, sitting upon a short, 5-toothed calyx. Stamens and 
 style included. May. 
 
 2. M. MARITIMA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum. Lehm.} 
 Glabrous ; sts. and branches procumbent or ascending ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, 
 
 fleshy, glaucous, the radical petiolate, cauline sessile ; rac. leafy ; cal. deeply 
 cleft, scarcely half as long as the glabrous corolla. Sea shore, Northern States, 
 Pursh, N. to Greenland. Stem diffusely branched. Flowers purplish-blue, 
 limb longer than the tube. Jl. 
 
 3. M. DENTICULATA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Roem. Lilhospermum. 
 Lehm.}- St. erect ; Ivs. glaucous, rather fleshy, acute-mucronate, ciliate- 
 
 denticulate, radical ovate, petiolate, cauline oblong, sessile, 3-veined at base ; 
 cal. segments acute; pedicels as long as the flower; sty. finally exserted. N. Y. 
 MuM. Torrey. Stems 6 12' high, clustered. Peduncles many-flowered. 
 Corolla pale purple. 
 
 10. PULMONARIA. 
 
 Probably named from its having been used in lung complaints. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed ; cor. infundibuliform, with a 
 cylindric tube, orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens ; 
 ach. imperforate. ^ European herbs. 
 
 P. OFFICINALIS. Common Lungwort. Plant rough ; cal. the length of the 
 tube of the corolla ; radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, scabrous, cauline ones ovate, ses- 
 sile. Native of England, but naturalized and cultivated in our gardens. 
 Flowers blue, in terminal clusters. Stem a foot high. This as well as other 
 foreign species of this genus, is a rough-leaved plant, while the several Ameri- 
 can species are uniformly smooth. "May. 
 
 11. MYOSOTIS. Dill. 
 Gr. jjivog, a rat, and (<m) oroy, an ear; from the form of the leaves. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, the 5 lobes slightly emar- 
 ginate, orifice closed with short, concave scales ; achenia ovate, 
 smooth, with a small cavity at base. Herbs, slightly villous. Rac. 
 at length elongated. 
 
 1. M. CJESPITOSA. Schultz. a. laxa. DC. (M. palustris. Roth. M. scor- 
 poides. Willd.} Marsh Scorpion Grass. Nearly smooth, somewhat branched, 
 
 erect; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs; rac. without bracts ; 
 pedicels divaricate in fruit, twice as long as the short, spreading, smooth seg- 
 ments of the calyx. 1\. Grows about ditches and marshes, Can. and U. S., often 
 called water-mouse-ear from the leaves, which are roughish with appressed hairs. 
 Stem about a foot high, with scattered hairs, ascending from long, creeping 
 roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 3' long, as wide. Racemes terminal, or 
 often one of them supra-axillary, one-sided. Flowers small, blue, on pedicels 
 i' long. May Aug. 
 
 2. M. STRICT^ . Link. (M. arvensis. Rich, and 1st edit. M. inflexa. Engelm.) 
 Forget-me-not. St. branching ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, hairy ; rac. long ; pedi- 
 cels in fruit suberect, about as long as the calyx; cal. segments oval, acuminate, 
 hairy, closed, about the length of the corolla. () Found in sandy woods, N. 
 Eng. ! to 111. ! Whole plant of a grayish hue from its dense pubescence. Stem 
 410' high, at length much branched. Leaves i 1' in length, sessile, acutish, 
 
HELIOTROPIUM. XCIV. BORR AGIN ACE ;E. 435 
 
 the lower ones oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short petiole. Racemes revo- 
 lute at the end, not secund, short at first, but arising at length 6', 8', or even 12'. 
 Flowers very small, white. June. 
 
 12. ECH1NOSPERMUM. Swartz. 
 
 Gr. e^ti/oj, the sea-urchin, <nrp//a, seed; from the character. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice closed with con- 
 cave scales ; seeds echinate, compressed or angular, fixed to a central 
 column. Herbs erect. Lvs. oblong or linear. Rac. bracted. Pedicels 
 shorty erect. 
 
 E. LAPPULA. Lehm. (Rochelia. Roem. Cynoglossum. >cop.) Burr-seed. 
 St. branched above ; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, hairy ; cor. longer 
 than the calyx, the border erect-spreading ; ach. each with 2 rows of hooked 
 prickles on the margin. (I) An erect herb, in dry soils, roadsides, N. States to 
 Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect from its dense hairs, about a foot 
 high, undivided except at the top where it branches into a kind of panicle. 
 Leaves V by 1 2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue. Jl. 
 
 13. CYNOGLOSSUM. 
 
 Gr. KVUV, a dog, yAoo-tro, tongue; from the form of the long, soft leaves. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted ; orifice 
 closed by 5 converging, convex scales ; achenia depressed, fixed late- 
 rally to the style. Cor. blue, purple or white. 
 
 1. C. OFFICINALE. Hound's-tongue. 
 
 Silky-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, radical ones alternate at the base, 
 petiolate, cauline ones sessile ; sta. shorter than corolla. % An erect, downy 
 plant, of a dull green color, 18 20' high, and emitting a disagreeable smell, 
 which several distinguished botanists have compared to the smell of young 
 mice ! Grows in waste grounds and roadsides. Stem erect, hairy, 1 2f high. 
 Leaves hoary with soft down on both sides, entire, upper ones clasping, with 
 broad bases, lower ones 6 10' by 1 2', tapering into a long, attenuated base 
 (winged petiole 1), pointed at apex. Clusters terminal, panicled, recurved at 
 the end. Flowers with a downy calyx and a dull red corolla. Calyx leaf-like 
 in fruit. Seeds rough, with hooked prickles. Jl. 
 
 2. C. VIRGINICUM. (C. amplexicaule. MX. and 1st edit.) 
 Hirsute-pilose; Ivs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasping, cordate at 
 
 oase ; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long peduncle. % Inhabiting woods and 
 thickets, Vt, ! to Md. ! W. to 111. ! rare in N. Eng. A very hairy plant, 2f high, 
 simple, bearing at the top of its leafless summit, a small, panicled corymb of 
 pale purple flowers. Radical leaves 5 6' long and half as wide. Calyx and 
 pedicels very hairy. Jn. 
 
 3. C. MORRISONJ. DC. (Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. and 1st edit.) 
 Virginian Mouse-ear. St. much branched ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, scabrous above ; roc. divaricate, dichotomous ; fruit densely covered with 
 hooked prickles. An erect, hairy weed, in rocky grounds and rubbish, Can. 
 to Flor. Stem furrowed, 2 3f high, with many slender, remote, wide-spread 
 branches, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemose inflorescence. Leaves 
 entire, remote, large (34' long), tapering to each end, the lower ones petioled. 
 Flowers very small, white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. Jl. 
 
 TRIBE 2. HEL.IOTROPEJ3. Ovary bearing a simple, terminal style. 
 Fruit dryish, drupaceous, partible. Seeds without albumen. 
 
 14. HELIOTROPIUM. .Tourn. 
 
 Gr. jjAtof, the sun, Tpeirw, to turn ; the flowers were said to be always turned towards the sun. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice naked, limb 5-cleft, 
 with the sinuses plaited ; stamens included ; stigma peltate ; achenia 
 
 37* 
 
436 XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. HYDROPHYLLUM. 
 
 cohering without a common receptacle, at length separable. Herbs 
 or shrubs. Spikes unilateral. Flowers never yellow. 
 
 1. H. EUROPIUM. Heliotrope. Herbaceous.; Ivs. ovate, entire, rugose and 
 tomentose; spikes in pairs. A delicate annual, native of Europe and 
 still growing on the banks of the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry ! where Nuttall 
 saw it in 1818. Cultivated among stove-plants. Stem 8 12' high. Leaves 1 
 2' by 8 15". Flowers white, mostly in 2, terminal, long, scorpoid racemes. 
 2. H. PERUVIANUM. Peruvian Heliotrope. Shrubby ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; 
 fls. in numerous, aggregated spikes. Native of Peru. A small, elegant green- 
 house shrub, 1 2f high. Leaves rough, serrulate, twice as long as wide, on 
 short petioles. Flowers small but numerous, very fragrant, white or tinged 
 with purple. 
 
 ORDER XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. HYDROPHYLLS. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often hispid. Lvs. alternate, or the lower opposite, often lobed. 
 Fly. in circinate racemes or unilateral spikes, rarely axillary and solitary. 
 Cal. 5-cleft, the sinuses usually with reflexed appendages, persistent- 
 Cor. 5-lobed, regular, with 10 melliferous scales near the base. 
 Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes. 
 
 Anth. 2-celled, versatile. [from the base of the cavity. 
 
 Ova. free, simple, l-eelled. Style single, terminal, bifid. Stigmas 2. Placenta 2, parietal or on stalks 
 Pr. Capsule invested with the permanent calyx. 
 
 Sds. few, crustaceous. Embryo conical, in abundant, cartilaginous albumen. 
 Genera 16, species 75, chiefly American. Of no known use. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 (Placenta large, fleshy, free. . . Hydrophyllum. 1 
 
 ( appendag'd inside with { Sta. exserted. ( Placentae on the middle of the valves. Pftacelia. 4 
 
 < 5 melliferous grooves. { Stamens included. Sepals very large. . . . Ellisia. 2 
 
 Corolla ( destitute of grooves or scales inside. Stamens as long as the corolla. . . Cosmanthtis. 3 
 
 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. v6(>)p, water, and (f>v\\ov, a leaf; the leaves in Spring hold each a quantity of water. 
 
 Sepals slightly united at base ; corolla campanulate, with 5 longi- 
 tudinal, margined, nectariferous grooves inside; stamens exserted; 
 capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly 
 abortive ; placenta fleshy, free. North American herbs. Radical Ivs. 
 on long petioles, pinnately or palmately veined^ cauline alternate. Cymes 
 scorpoid, bractless. 
 * Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla. 
 
 1. H. APPENDICULATUM. Michx. (Ncmophila paniculata. Spreng.} 
 
 Lvs. hairy, lower ones pinnatifid, cauline palmately 5-lobed, dentate, lobes 
 diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. and cal. hispid ; sep. lance-subulate, 
 the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter ; cor. glabrous except 
 the minute appendages inside; sta. included. (g) Mich, to la., Plummerl and 
 111. to Va., moist woods and bottoms. Stems 1 lf high, branched. Petioles 
 1 4' long. The leaves are of a singular form, roundish in outline, the broad, 
 acute lobes diverging in a stellate manner ; teeth mucronate. Calyx 4 5" long, 
 appendages deflexed, 1' long. Corolla blue, on long peduncles. May. 
 * * Calyx not appendaged. filaments much exserted. 
 
 2. H. VIRGINICUM. Virginian Water-leaf. 
 
 Plant nearly smooth; Ivs. pinnatifid and pinnate, the segments oval- 
 lanceolate, incisely serrate ; fascicles conglomerate ; ped. as long as the peti- 
 oles. ^ An inhabitant of wet or moist woods, Can. to Car. and Western 
 States. Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufts of flowers peculiarly 
 distinguished by their exserted stamens and style, which are twice the length 
 of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves few, on long, clasping petioles, with about 
 5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly 
 toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. June. 
 
 3. H. CANADENSE. Canadian Water-leaf. Burr-flower. 
 
 Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5 7 shallow lobes, unequally 
 
COSMANTHUS. XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 437 
 
 dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate; fls. in crowded fascicles ; peds. shorter than the 
 petioles. Tj. Gluite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods, 
 Can. to Car. W. to Ohio ! Stem 12 18' high, with large, roughish leaves, 
 divided into 5 7 lobes. Fascicles of flowers dense, axillary and terminal. 
 Corollas white or variously tinged with purple. Stamens and style much 
 exserted, as in the last. Jn., Jl. 
 
 4. H. MACROPHYLLUM. Nutt. (H. hispidum. Riddell.} 
 Whole plant reversely hispid with white hairs ; Ivs. oblong-oval in outline, 
 pinnatifid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised into rounded, 
 mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or tew, much smaller ; cymes terminal, long- 
 pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. Ij. Ohio, 
 Locke ! to the Alleghany Mts. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a termi- 
 nal, globose cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 8 12' (including the 
 petiole 3 4') by 3 5', the segments ovate-oblong. Corolla twice longer than 
 the ovate, acute sepals, half as long as the capillary filaments which are 9" in 
 length. Jn. 
 
 2. ELLISIA. 
 
 In honor of Joseph Ellis, F. R. S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnaeus. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-campanulate, caducous corol- 
 la ; tube with 10 minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed ; sta. 
 included ; nectary annular, 5-toothed ; sty. bifid, with linear lobes ; 
 caps, ovoid-globose, 2-valved; seeds 4. (D North American herbs, 
 with pinnatifid Ivs. Cor. white. 
 E. NYCTEL.EA. 
 
 Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs ; Ivs. pinnatifid, petiolate, 
 upper ones alternate, segments linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate ; 
 ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as the sepals ; cal. seg. trian- 
 gular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. 111. 
 Mead! to Va., woods and river banks. Stem 4 10' long. Leaves 1 2' long 
 | as wide. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly 
 an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base 
 inside. 
 
 3. COSMANTHUS. Nolte. 
 
 Gr. Kovpos, elegance, av$os, & flower. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube 
 without appendages ; sta. 5, about equaling the corolla ; nectary 
 minute ; ova. hairy except at base, 1 -celled ; sty. bifid ; caps. 2-valved, 
 valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds 4 10, rugulose. CD .ZV". Ame- 
 rican herbs, with alternate Ivs. Rac. long, bractless. Fls. small, white 
 or pale blue. 
 
 17 C. PARviFLoRus. Alph. DC. fPhacelia. Ph. Eutoca. Dr.} 
 
 Diffuse, pubescent ; lis. subsessile, pinnatifid or trifid, segments oblong 
 or ovate, sparingly lobed or entire; roc. solitary; pedicels in flower longer than 
 the calyx; sta. subequal to -the corolla ; placenta 6 8-ovuled. Penn. to Va. 
 Stem 68' high. Flowers pale blue, 4" diam., the lobes rounded and entire. 
 Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. May. 
 
 2. C. PURSHII. Wood. (C. fimbriatus. Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata. Ph. 
 
 not MX. P. Purshii. Buckley.) Miami Mist. Nearly glabrous; lower 
 Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper 
 Ivs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with oblong, acute lobes; roc. terminal, sim- 
 ple, 5 10-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals ; lobes of tlie car. 
 fimbriate. Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., W. to la. ! and Ky. Plant 
 8 12' high, slender and with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuse 
 lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Flowers light blue, 4 5" broad, spread- 
 ing. May, Jn. 
 
438 XCVI. POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOX. 
 
 4. PHACELIA. 
 
 Gr. ^a/fcXof, a bundle or fascicle ; alluding to the fasciculate racemes. 
 
 Calyx 5 parted ; cor. tubular-campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, tube 
 within furnished with 5 melliferous grooves ; sta. 5, mostly exserted ; 
 ova. 1 -celled, hispid; sty. bifid; caps, ovoid, 2-valved, valves placen- 
 tiferous in the middle ; seeds 4. American herbs, hispid, with alter- 
 nate Ivs., and loose or dense, one-sided racemes. 
 
 P. BIPINNATIF1DA. Michx. 
 
 Hairy, suberect; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid, long-petiolate, lateral segments 
 3 4, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid ; roc. elongated, bifid or sub- 
 paniculate ; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than the 
 stamens. Tj. or (g) Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ohio ! and la. ! Plant 
 sometimes nearly smooth, 1 2f high, bearing several leafless racemes at top. 
 Leaves 3 6' long, including the petiole. Corolla 6" broad, blue, the grooves 
 bordered with narrow, pubescent margins. May, Jn. 
 
 /?. Plummeri. St. ferruginous-hirsute ; fls. much smaller ; cor. scarcely longer 
 than the calyx. Richmond, la. Plummer ! 
 
 ORDER XCVI . POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOXWORTS. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite, occasionally alternate, compound or simple leaves. 
 
 Cal. 5 united sepals, inferior, persistent, sometimes irregular. 
 
 Cor. 5 united petals, regular, the lobes imbricate or twisted in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 5, inserted into the midst 9f the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes. 
 
 Ova. 3-celled, free. Styles united into 1. Stigma trifid. 
 
 Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, valves also separating from the 3-cornered axis. 
 
 Sds. few or many. Albumen horny. Embryo foliaceous. 
 
 Genera 17, species 104, chiefly North American. They are valued only in cultivation as ornamental 
 plants. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 (. hypocraterifbrm. Phlox. 1 
 
 < infundibuliform. Gilia. 2 
 
 Corolla ( campanulate. Polemonium. 3 
 
 1. PHLOX. 
 
 Gr. foot-, aflame ; from the color and profusion of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, the tube 
 more or less curved ; stamens very unequal, inserted in the tube of 
 the corolla above the middle ; capsule 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded. A 
 highly ornamental, North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, 
 simple, entire. Fls. in terminal corymbs or panicles. 
 
 1. P. PANICULATA. Panicled Phlox or Lychnidea. 
 
 St. glabrous, erect ; Ivs. glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate 
 at each end, rough-edged, flat ; corymbs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flow- 
 ered ; col. teeth setaceous-acuminate, shorter than the tube ; pet. roundish, obovate, 
 entire. 1\. This well-known favorite of gardens is found native in woods and on 
 river banks, Western States ! to Penn. and Car. It flourishes in rich, moist 
 soil, or in leaf- mould or peat. Stem 2 3f high, ending in a large, oblong- 
 pyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentless flowers. Leaves 3 
 5' by 9 16", lower ones distinctly petioled, the highest sometimes subcordate 
 at base. July Sept. f 
 
 2. P. ACUMINATA. Ph. Acuminate Lychnidea. 
 
 St. erect, paniculate, branching above; Ivs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, the upper ones subcordate at base, all pubescent beneath, as well as 
 the stem ; panicle pyramidal-corymbose, many-flowered ; cal. teeth briefly seta- 
 ceous-acuminate. % This species', whose numerous varieties are common in 
 gardens, is a native of Mo., Ky. and 111. Although distinguishable at sight 
 from P. paniculata, being stouter and rougher, its chief technical distinction is 
 its pubescence and shorter calyx teeth. Petals rounded at the end, light purple, 
 varying to deep purple and red. June Aug. f 
 
PHLOX. XCVI. POLEMONiACE^. 439 
 
 3. P. MACULATA. (P. pyramidalis. Sm. P. latifolia. Michx.*) 
 
 St. erect, subsimple, scabrous or nearly smooth ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, the 
 highest ovate, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, roughish or smooth; panicle 
 oblong or subpyramidal ; col. teeth lanceolate, acute ; pet. orbicular. 7|_ Moist 
 fields, Penn. to Car. and Western States. Stem 2 3f high, mostly punctate, 
 with purple spots. Lower branches of the panicle shorter than the leaves, or 
 often elongated. Corolla tube more or less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or 
 retuse, purple, varying in gardens from white to crimson, f . . 
 
 /?. suaveolens. (P. suaveolens. Ait.*) Fls. white, fragrant, f 
 
 4. P. CAROLINA. (P. revoluta. Aiken. P. nitida. Ph.~) Carolina Lychnidea. 
 Glabrous, erect or ascending; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, attenuated to the apex, 
 
 subcoriaceous, margins revolute, lower attenuated to the base, upper rounded 
 at base ; panicle corymbose, puberulent or smooth ; cal. teeth short-acuminate ; 
 cor. tube awned, segments obovate, entire. Tj. A very smooth species, fields and 
 barrens, Ohio, la. ! common ; also Md. to Car. Stem slender, 1 2f high. 
 Leaves 2 4' long, mostly quite narrow (34"), thick and shining. Panicle 
 few (15 25)-flowered. Corolla purple. May Aug. 
 0. ovata. Benth. (P. ovata. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate. Car. -f 
 
 5. P. GLABERRIMA. Ohio Lychnidea. 
 
 Glabrous ; st. branching at base, the branches subsimple ; Ivs. lance-linear 
 or lance-oblong, rather obtuse, thin, sessile, flat, upper ones lance-ovate, often 
 rounded at base ; panicle corymbose, few-flowered, glabrous ; cal. teeth lanceo- 
 late, subacuminate, half as long as the corolla tube; pet. obovate, entire. TJ. 
 Pine barrens, Ohio ! Very distinct from the former by its shorter, obtuse, never 
 acuminate or revolute leaves and its much larger calyx. Stem 2f high. Leaves 
 li2A' by 3 5". Flowers purple. June, July. 
 
 6. P. REPTANS. Michx. Creeping Lychnidea. 
 
 Stolons creeping ; sts. low, assurgent ; Ivs. ovate, obovate or oblong ; cor. few- 
 flowered ; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; pet. obovate, entire. 1\. 
 Hill-sides and mountains, la. PLummer ! to S. Car. Flowering-stems 6' high, 
 with small (4 9" by 2 4") and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2 3 times 
 larger, somewhat crowded at the end. Flow r ers 3 8. Corolla bluish-purple, 
 tube scarcely twice longer than the calyx. June. 
 
 7. P. DIVARICATA. Early-flowering Lychnidea. 
 
 Low, diffuse, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, ovate or oblong ; panicle corym- 
 bose, loose ; cal. roughish -puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; cor. segments 
 emarginate-bifid. 1|_ Can., N. Y. ! to Va. Stems loosely branched, a foot or 
 more long, flaccid. Leaves 1 2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base, 
 the upper broad and clasping at base, the floral linear-setaceous. Pedicels di- 
 verging, longer than the calyx which is half as long as the corolla tube, Corol- 
 la of a peculiar light but brilliant grayish-blue. May. 
 
 01 Laphami. Lvs. ovate; pet. obtuse, entire. Wis. Lapham! Western Re- 
 serve. Cowles! Intermediate between P. divaricata and P. glaberrima, and 
 may prove distinct from both. 
 
 8. P. PILOSA. (P. aristata. Michx. Benth.*) 
 
 Pilose-puberulent. erect or decumbent at base ; Ivs. lance-linear, margin 
 subrevolute, subamplexicaul ; panicle corymbose; cal. hirsute, segments seta- 
 ceous-acuminate; pet. obovate, entire. 7]. Penn. to Ohio, Clark ! Wis. Lap- 
 ham! and Southern States. Stem 12 18' high, rigid. Leaves 1 -3' by 2 4", 
 attenuated to the apex. Corolla pale red or bluish-white, the tube a third 
 longer than the long, slender, awn-like teeth of the calyx. May, June. 
 /? Lvs. shorter, broadest at base, sessile ; fls. smaller. Indiana ! 
 
 9. P. BIFIDA. Beck. Beck's Lychnidea. 
 
 Low, assurgent, diffusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. amplexicaul, subre- 
 volute on the margin, acutish, lower lance-ovate, upper lance-linear ; corymbs 
 very loose, 2 5-flowered; cal. segments linear, acute; cor. tube curved, seg- 
 ments deeply bifid. A very distinct species, and very rare, in Mo. Beck, Cass 
 Co., 111., Mead I Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Leaves 12 15" by 
 1 2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Tube of corolla much curved, 
 segments cleft nearly half way down, purple. Apr. 
 
440 XCVL POLEMONIACE^E. POLEMONIUM. 
 
 10. P. DRUMMONDII. Drummond's bychnidea. 
 
 Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose ; Ivs. oblong or lance- 
 olate, scabrous; corymb dense-flowered; cal. hairy, segments lanceolate, seta- 
 ceous, elongated, revolute; cor. tube pilose, segments obovate, entire. One of 
 the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation. Whole plant 
 glandular-scabrous, 8 12' high. Flowers very showy, all shades from white 
 to dark purple, f 
 
 11. P. SUBTJLATA (and P. setacea. Linn.} Moss Pink. 
 Procumbent, caespitose, much branched, pubescent; Ivs. rigid, subulate 
 
 or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in the axils ; cal. teeth linear-subulate, very 
 acute; cor. lobes cuneate, emarginate. Rocky hills and mountains, Penn. to 
 Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turfy masses, sprangled over 
 in May with rose-colored flowers. Flowering branches, 2 4' long, numerous 
 and fascicled. Corymb 3 6-flowered. Corolla white or pink, deeper purple 
 in the centre. May. -f 
 
 2. G I L I A . Ruiz & Pavon. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, segments acute ; cor. tube long or short, limb regu- 
 larly 5-lobed ; sta. 5, equally inserted at top of the tube ; disk cup- 
 form ; caps, oblong or ovoid, few or many-seeded. Herbs with 
 alternate, pinnatifid Ivs. Fls. paniculate^ capitate or scattered^ generally 
 bractless. 
 
 1. Corolla subrevolute, tube included in the calyx. 
 
 1. G. TRICOLOR. Benth. Tri-colored Gilia. St. erect, nearly smooth; Ivs. 
 twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments; cymes paniculate, 
 3 6-flowered ; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, tube very 
 short. An elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Flowers 
 numerous, limb pale lilac-blue, throat purple and tube yellow, t 
 
 2. IPOMOPSIS. Corolla infundibuliform, tube much exserted. 
 
 2. G. (IPOMOPSIS) CORONOPIFOLIA. Pers. 
 
 Erect, tall ; st. strict, hairy ; Ivs. crowded, pinnatifid with subulate divi- 
 sions ; thyrse elongated, with very short branches; cor. elongated, segments 
 oval-oblong, erect-spreading ; sta. exserted. @ Southern States ! A splendid 
 herb, 2 4f high, bearing at 'top a long (If) thyrse of scarlet-red flowers. Co- 
 rollas li' long, f 
 
 3. POLEMONIUM. 
 
 Gr. 7roX//of , war ; Pliny relates that two kings fought for the merit of its discovery. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft : corolla rotate-campanulate, limb 
 5-lobed, erect, tube short, closed at the base by 5 stameniferous 
 valves ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells many-seeded. Herbs with 
 alternate , pinnately-divided Ivs. Fls. terminal. 
 
 1. P. REPTANS. American Greek- Valerian. 
 
 St. smooth, branching, erect; Ivs. pinnately 7 11-foliate, leaflets oval- 
 lanceolate, acute ; fls. terminal, nodding ; cells of caps. 2 3-seeded. Tj. A 
 handsome plant of woods and damp grounds in N. Y. to 111. ! and sometimes 
 cultivated. Stem 12 18' high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, 
 smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Flowers numerous, 
 rather large, on short petioles. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, per- 
 sistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, 
 rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping. 
 
 2. P. C03RULEUM. Greek Valerian. St. smooth, simple, erect; Ivs. pinnately 
 11 17-foliate, segments acuminate; fls. erect; cal. equaling the tube of the 
 corolla ; cells of caps. 6 10-seeded. (g) A handsome, cultivated plant, native 
 in England. Stems clustered, several from the same root, about 2f high, hol- 
 low, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbose panicle. Leaves mostly radi- 
 cal, on long, grooved petioles ; leaflets all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite, 
 oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fls. terminal, suberect. Cor. blue, about $' diam. 
 
CONVOLVULUS. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE.E. 441 
 
 ORDER XCVIL DIAPENSIACE^B. 
 
 Under shrubs, prostrate, with crowded, heath-like leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. 
 
 Col. Sepals 5, much imbricated, surrounded at base with imbricated scales. 
 
 Cor. Petals 5, united, regular, imbricated in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 5, equal, the filaments petaloid and inserted on the corolla tube. 
 
 Anth. 2-celled, transversely valved. 
 
 Ova. 3-.celled, free. Styles united into 1. Stigma 3-lobed. 
 
 Pr. Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds many, small, albuminous. 
 
 Genus l, or 2 according to many authors, species 2, natives of the north of Europe and the northern 
 parts of North America. 
 
 DIAPENSIA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, calyculate with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocra- 
 teriform, limb 5-cleft, flat ; stamens 5, from the summit of the tube ; 
 stigmas 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Low, evergreen 
 undershrubs. 
 
 J . Anthers awnless. 
 
 1. D. LAPPONICA. Northern Diapensia. 
 
 Caespitose ; Ivs. dense, spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire ; fls. 
 pedunculated. fy A little, leafy plant, 2 3' high, growing on the summits of 
 the White Mts. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leaves 
 crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 8" by 1" with a revolute margin, clasping 
 base, and broadly obtuse point. Flowers on short, terminal, solitary peduncles, 
 which are an inch long in fruit. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the 
 leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July. 
 
 2. PYXIDANTHERA. Anthers with the lower valves beaked. 
 
 2. D. BARBULATA. Ell. (Pyxidanthera barbulata. Michx. D. cuneifolia. 
 PA.) Branches short, ascending; Ivs. lance-cuneiform, acute, pubescent 
 
 at base ; fls. terminal, sessile ; lower valve of the anther beaked or awned at base. 
 A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens.- N. J. to Car., forming 
 dense beds. It has also been found by Dr. Peck on the White Mts. {fide Torr.) 
 Stems 3 6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1 2" by J 1". Flowers white, 3" diam. 
 Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May, Jn. The beak of the 
 anther appears to be quite variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point. 
 
 ORDER XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^]. BINDWEEDS, 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice, mostly twining, sometimes erect. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, without stipules, sometimes wholly wanting. Fls. showy. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5, much imbricated, usually united at base, persistent. 
 
 Car. regular, limb 5 lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
 
 Ova. 2 4-celled, free. Styles united into 1. 
 
 Fr. Capsule 2 4-celled. valves with septifragal dehiscence. 
 
 Sds. few, large, with thin mucilaginous albumen. Cotyledons fohaceous, or wanting. 
 
 Genera 43, species 660, very abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold. 
 
 Properties The roots abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongjy purgative. Jalap of the shops 
 
 is the product of the root of Exogonium purga of Mexico, and other species. Scammony of Convolvulus 
 
 Scammonia, native of Levant. The drastic qualities of both depend upon the presence of a peculiar 
 
 resin. The sweet potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at the South. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ Style simple Convolvulus. I 
 
 Stamens included. ( Styles 3 or 2 Stylisma. 3 
 
 $ Calyx naked. ( Stamens exserted. Corolla scarlet . . . Quamoclit, 2 
 
 (leafy, green. { Calyx enclosed in two large, leaf-like bracts. . . '. . . Calystegia. 4 
 
 Plants ( leafless, parasitic, orange-colored Cuscuta. 5 
 
 SUBORDER 1. C OXVOLVTJIvE-E. 
 
 Embryo with cotyledons. Carpels united. Fruit capsular, dehiscent. 
 1. CONVOLVULUS. 
 
 Lat. convolvere, to entwine ; from the habit of most of the plants. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 small bracts near the base ; cor. 
 campanulate. or funnel-form, limb 5-plaited ; sta. shorter than the 
 limb, rarely a little longer ; ova. 2 4-celled 5 cells 1 2-ovuled ; sty, 
 
442 XCVII1. CONVOLVULACEJE. CONVOLVULUS. 
 
 simple ; stig. simple or 2-lobed ; caps, valvate, 2 4-celled, 4 6- 
 seeded. A large genus of twining or 'prostrate, herbs, rarely shrubby or 
 arborescent. 
 
 Obs. The generic distinctions adopted by Choisy in the Prodromus of De Candolle, Vol. ix., appear to 
 me to be too indefinite to be generally useful in a work like the present. I have adopted them merely as 
 sections of the present genus. 
 
 1. Stigmas 2, linear-cylindric, often revolute. Capsule 2-celled. 
 
 1. C. ARVENSIS. Small Bindweed. 
 
 St. striate, angular, generally prostrate ; Ivs. sagittate, somewhat auricu- 
 late ; ped. mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate near the apex ; sep. roundish-ovate ; 
 caps, smooth. 'ij. A twining plant, growing in fields and pastures, Maine to 
 Car., not common. Stems several feet long, climbing or prostrate, a little hairy. 
 Leaves 1 2' long, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers small, white, often with a 
 tinge of red. The small, acute bracts are near the middle of the peduncle. Jn. 
 2. C. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Bindweed. St. ascending, villose; Ivs. lance- 
 obovate, subspatulate, sessile, ciliate at base ; ped. 1-flowered, bracteate, longer 
 than the leaves ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute ; cor. tricolored ; capsule villose. 
 (> About the Mediterranean. Stem weak, ] 3f long. Corollas yellowish in 
 the centre, white in the middle, and of a fine sky-blue on the upper part of the 
 border. July. 
 
 2. IPOMGEA. Stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, ^-seeded. 
 
 3. C. PANDURATUS. (Ipomcea. Meyer.} Wild Potato. Man-of-the-earth. 
 St. twining ; Ivs. broad-cordate or panduriform ; ped. long, 1 4-flowered ; 
 
 cal. smooth; cor. tubular-campanulate. 1\. In sandy fields, N. Y. toGa. Stems 
 several from the same root, 4 8f long, slender, smooth. Leaves 2 3' long and 
 of about the same width, acute or obtuse, with rounded lobes at the base, some- 
 times lobed and hollowed on the sides .and becoming fiddle-shaped. Petioles 
 2 3' long. Peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles, generally branching 
 at the top, and bearing several large flowers. Corolla 2' long, purple and white. 
 July, Aug. 
 
 4. C. LACUNOSUS. (C. micranthus. Riddell.} Small-flowered Bindweed. 
 Minutely pubescent ; st. twining ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, angular-lobed 
 
 or entire, on long petioles ; ped. 1 3-flowered, half as long as the petioles ; sep. 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla, ciliate, lobes acute; caps. 
 pilose. (T) Penn., Md. ! to Flor., W. to Ohio and 111. A small, prostrate spe- 
 cies, 2 6f long, in dry fields and hills. Leaves 2' by 1J', deeply cordate, often 
 deeply 3-lobed ! petioles 1 3' long. Flowers 8" diam., 9" long, white with a 
 purplish rim. Aug. Sept. 
 
 3. PHARBITIS. Stigma capitate, granulate. Ovary 3- rarely ^-celled, 
 
 cells 2-seeded. 
 
 5. C. PURPUREUS. (Ipomcea. Ph. Pharbitis hispida. Choisy.} Common 
 Morning Glory. St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilose; Ivs. cordate, 
 
 entire; /.nodding; ped. 2 5-flowered; pedicels thick; cal. hispid. (I) In fields, 
 Mid. and W. States. Stems climbing many feet. Leaves roundish, heart- 
 shaped. Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue, 
 flesh-colored, striped, &c. A well known and favorite climber and free flower, 
 of the easiest culture. Jn. f 
 
 6. C. NIL. (Pharbitis. Choisy.} Morning Glory. 
 
 Lvs. cordate, 3-lobed; fls. half 5-cleft; ped. shorter than the petioles, 1 3- 
 flowered. A very beautiful twining plant, found wild, Penn. to Flor., but best 
 known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. . Calyx very 
 hairy, the segments long-acuminate. Flowers large, the tube white and the 
 border of a clear blue color (whence its specific name, Anil or Nil, indigo). 
 It is of the easiest culture, and raised from the seed. Blossoms from July to 
 September, f 
 
 4. BATATAS. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Ova. 4-, or by abortion, 3 2-celled. 
 
 7. C. JALAPA. (C. macrorhizus. Ell. Batatas Jalapa. Choisy.} 
 
 St. creeping or twining ; Ivs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed, tomentose- 
 
CALYSTEGU. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^E. 443 
 
 pubescent beneath ; ped, scarcely equaling the long petioles, 1 3-flowered ; sep. 
 roundish-ovate, pubescent ; seeds villose, with long hairs. 7J. Western States ! 
 
 is tuberous and mildly purgative. 
 
 8. C. BATATAS. (Batatas edulis. Choisy.} Sweet Potato. St. creeping, 
 rarely twining; Ivs. cordate, hastate, angular, 5-veined, smoothish; ped. long; 
 As fascicled ; sep. lanceolate, acuminate. The sweet potato is native of 
 both Indies and cultivated in all tropical climates. Not only the tubers, but 
 the leaves and tender shoots are boiled and eaten. The tubers are sweet and 
 considered nutritive. This is the potato of the old English botanists, of Shake- 
 speare, and their cotemporaries, the Solanum titberosum then being unknown. 
 The stem is round, hispid, prostrate, creeping, sending out scattered, oblong 
 tubers which are purplish without. Flowers large, purple or white. $ 
 
 2. GIUAM6CLIT. Tourn. 
 Gr. Kvapos, & bean, KAtroj, dwarf; resembles the climbing tean, but smaller. 
 
 Sepals 5, mostly mucronate ; cor. tubular-cylindric ; sta. exserted ; 
 sty. 1 ; stig. capitate, 2-lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Twin- 
 
 ing herbs, mostly American. 
 
 1. Q,. VULGARIS. Choisy. (Ipomsea. 'Linn. Convolvulus. 1st. edit.} Jasmine. 
 
 Bindweed. Cypress Vine. Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, 
 parallel, acute; ped. 1-flowered; sep. ovate-lanceolate. An exceedingly 
 delicate vine, Penn. Eaton, Southern States ! generally cultivated. Stems gla- 
 brous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 lOf. Flowers 
 much smaller than 'those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to 
 crimson and rose-color. Trained upon twine it forms a most delicate and 
 beautiful awning. July, Aug. 
 
 2! Q.. COCCINEA. Mcench. (Ipomaea. Linn. Convolvulus. Spreng.} 
 
 Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; ped. elongated, about 
 5-flowered ; cal. awned. (T) Southern States, naturalized in the Western, occa- 
 sionally cultivated. Flowers varying from yellow to scarlet, f 
 
 3. STYLISMA. Raf. 
 
 The name has reference to the plurality of the styles. 
 
 Sepals 5, eqtfcl ; cor. campanulate ; ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, rarely 
 3. stigmas thick ; sta. included. ^ Slender, creeping. . 
 
 S. TENELLUS. Wood. (S. evolvuloides. Choisy. Convolvulus tenellus. 
 
 Lam. C. Sherardi. PA.) Dry, sandy or rocky soils, Ohio, to Flor. Stem 
 
 long, prostrate, branching, pubescent. Leaves lance-linear or linear, obtuse, 1' 
 
 in length, with short petioles. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 1 5-flowered. 
 
 Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3" long. Corolla 'twice longer, hairy outside. 
 
 4. CALYSTEGIA. Br. 
 
 Gr. KO\V%, calyx, crreyjy, a covering ; alluding to the conspicuous calycine bracts. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 large, foliaceous bracts ; cor. cam- 
 panulate, 5-plicate ; sta. subequal, shorter than the limb ; ova. half 
 bilocular, 4-ovuled ; sty. simple ; stig. 2, obtuse ; caps. 1 -celled, 4-seed- 
 ed. Herbs twining or prostrate. Ped. \-floicered, solitary. 
 
 1. C. SPITHAMJEUS. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn. C. stans. Michx.} Erect 
 Bindweed. St. erect or assurgent; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, 
 hoary-pubescent; ped. 1-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. 7J. An 
 erect, downy species, (a span) 8 10' high, found in fields and hilly pastures, 
 Can. to Penn., W. to 111. Stem branching, leafy, bearing one, often two or 
 more large, white flowers, on peduncles 2 4' long, issuing from near the root. 
 Leaves 2 3' long, as wide, oval, with an abrupt, cordate base, and on peti- 
 oles t as long. Bracts concealing the calyx. June. 
 
 38 
 
444 XCIX. SOL AN ACE ^E. 
 
 2. C. SEPIUM. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn.} Hedge Calystegia. Rutland 
 Beauty. St. twining ; Ivs. sagittate, the lobes being truncate and the apex 
 generally acute; ped. quadrangular, 1 -flowered; bracts cordate, much longer 
 than the calyx. 1\. A vigorous climber, in hedges and .low grounds, Can. to 
 Car., W. to 111. Stems 5 8f in length. Leaves cordate-sagittate, 2- 4 long, 
 J as wide. Flowers numerous, large, white, with a reddish tinge, appearing 
 in long succession. The bracts are so close to the corolla as to appear like the 
 calyx which they entirely conceal. It is cultivated as a shade for windows, 
 arbors, &c. June, July. 
 
 SUBORDER 2. CUSCUTE^J. 
 Embryo without cotyledons. Leafless, parasitic herbs. 
 
 5. C U S C tJ T A. Tourn. 
 
 Calyx 5 (rarely -4)-clefb ; corolla globose-campanulate, 4 5-cleft, 
 marescent ; stamens 4 5, inserted upon the corolla at the clefts ; 
 stigmas, 2 ; capsule 2-celled, circumscissile at the base ; cells 2-seeded. 
 Herbs without verdure, germinating in the soil, at length withering at 
 the root, and deriving their nourishment from other plants about which 
 they twine from right to left. Stem yellowish or reddish. Leaves none, 
 or minute scales instead. Fls. variously aggregated. 
 
 1. C. GRONOVII. Willd. (C. Americana. Linn. C. vulgivaga and sau- 
 ruri. Eng.y St. filiform, thick; fls. densely glomerate, in paniculate 
 
 spikes, sessile ; sep. broad-ovate, obtusish ; cor. 5-cleft, segments short, spread- 
 ing or reflexed, withering at the base of the capsule ; scales oblong, fimbriate ; 
 sty. diverging ; stig. capitate. An extremely delicate vine, found in damp 
 places, by rivulets, Can. and U. S. The stem is smooth, slender, 3 5f long, 
 springing from the soil at first, but after having twined itself about the low 
 plants in its way, and becoming fixed upon them by its lateral radicles, it with- 
 ers away at base, and is henceforth disconnected with the soil. It is of a light 
 orange color, wholly destitute of green, furnished with a few minute scales, 
 branching, always turning from right to left, or hanging in festoons. Flowers 
 nearly globose, about a line long, and on peduncles of about the same length. 
 Calyx segments round-obtuse. Corolla twice as long, yellowish-white. Aug. 
 
 2. C. LEPIDANCHE. Wood. (C. glomerata. Choisy. L^pidanche composi- 
 tarum. Engelm.) St. filiform ; fls. in compact masses surrounding the 
 
 stem, sessile, with scarious bracts intermixed ; cal. 5-sepaled, scarious ; cor. 
 tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx, lobes lanceolate, acute, 
 spreading or reflexed ; anth. elongated ; scales fimbriate. (J) Abundant in Mo., 
 111. ! and la. ! on the Labiates, composites, &c. Flowers about 2" long, form- 
 ing compact, cylindrical masses while the stems decay, appearing as if spring- 
 ing from the stems of other plants. Corolla white and scarious. Anthers 
 partly exserted. July. 
 
 13. adpressa. Chois. (Lepidanche adpressa. Eng.} Bracteate ; sep. obtuse 
 or orbicular-ovate. 111. 
 
 3. C. EPiLlNUM. Weih. (C. Europaea. Darl. $> others.} Flax Dodder. 
 Fls. sessile, in small, dense, remote heads ; cal. 5-parted, segments rather 
 
 obtuse ; cor. globose-cylindric, scarcely longer than the calyx, withering around 
 the capsule ; scales minute, crenate-dentate. Europe, introduced into the 
 Mid. States, growing on flax. Torr. Darl. Stems reddish-orange. Flowers 
 yellowish-white. Calyx thickish ; stamens included. Stigmas acute. Cap- 
 sule depressed-globose, surrounded with the withering corolla. June. 
 
 ORDER XCIX. SOLANACE^B. NIGHTSHADES. 
 
 Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with a colorless juice. Lvs. alternate, the floral ones sometimes collateral 
 
 Inflorescence often supra-axillary ; pedicels bractless. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 45, more or less united, mostly persistent. 
 
 Cor. regular, limb 4 5-cleft, plaited in aestivation, deciduous. 
 
 Sta. 45 (sometimes 1 abortive), inserted on the corolla, alternate with its segments. 
 
NICOTIANA. XC1X. SOLANACE^E. 445 
 
 Anth. bursting longitudinally, rarely by terminal pores. 
 
 Ova. free (superior), 2-celled, (4-celled in Datura) with the placenta in the axis. 
 
 Styles and stigmas united into 1. 
 
 Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds numerous. Embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 60, species 900, diffused throughout the world, except the frigid zones, but most abundant in 
 .the torrid. 
 
 Properties. These are highly important. A large portion of the genera are pervaded by a narcotic 
 principle, rendering the herbage and fruit dangerously poisonous, yet furnishing some of the most active 
 medicines; as the henbane (Hyoscyamus), belladonna (Atropa), ttrtttnanium (Datura), tobacco (Nicoti- 
 ana), &c. At the same time several species of Solanum aflbrd wholesome and nutritious food, not 
 because they are free from the narcotic principle, but because it is expelled in the process of cooking or 
 ripening in the sun. Such are the tubers of the invaluable potato, the fruit of the tomato and egg plant. 
 The genus Capsicum is entirely free from narcotine, and produces the well-known stimulant fruit, 
 Cayenne pepper. 
 
 Conspectus oj trie Crencra. 
 
 (Fruit ( sitting on the calyx SoJanum. 8 
 
 rotate, with a < baccate, J enclosed in the calyx. ... . . Physalis. 6 
 
 very short tube. ( Fruit capsular, dry. Capsicum. 7 
 
 \ Sepals lanceolate- Atropa. 
 
 campanulate. c Sepals leafy, sagittate Nicandra. 5 
 
 <> Capsule spinose Datura. 3 
 
 C regular, 
 
 Herbs. (. Capsule smooth, Nicotiana. z 
 
 . .. Trailing shrubs Lycium. 10 
 
 <, salver- form, lower segments larger Petunia. 1 
 
 funnel-form. . (. Trailing shru 
 
 , . 
 
 Corolla ( irregular, I funnel-form, upper segments larger ........ Hyoscyamtis. 4 
 
 1. PETUNIA. Juss. 
 
 The Brazilian name is petun, Latinized, petunia. 
 
 Calyx tube short, the limb 5-cleft, foliaceous ; corolla hypocrateri- 
 form, the tube cylindric, limb in 5, unequal, flat, plicate lobes ; sta- 
 mens 5, unequal, included, arising from the middle of the corolla 
 tube; capsule 2-valved. Herbs with simple Ivs. and axillary, solitary, 
 showy fls. 
 
 1. P. VIOLACEA. Si. weak, viscid-pilose; Ivs. acute, on short petioles; cor. 
 ventricose, cleft into rounded, acute lobes. () A pretty, trailing or climbing 
 plant, becoming quite popular in cultivation, native of Brazil. Whole plant 
 clothed with clammy hairs. Stems simple, several from the same root, 2 8f 
 long. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly as broad, tapering at base into a winged peti- 
 ole, fleshy, nearly smooth beneath. Sepals obtuse. Peduncles as long as the 
 leaves, and scarcely longer than the corolla tube. Limb of the corolla bright 
 purple, an inch or more broad, upper segment smallest. Capsule furnished 
 with a tube each side of the sutures. 
 
 2. P. ALBA. St. weak, viscid-pilose ; Ivs. ovate, acute, upper ones sessile ; 
 cor. tube cylindric, scarcely dilated above, 2 or 3 times longer than the obtuse, 
 spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading, greenish-white. () (g) Brazil. Usually 
 regarded as a variety of the first, and perhaps it may have originated from that 
 species by cultivation. It is usually a stouter plant, with larger leaves and 
 flowers, the latter constantly yellowish or greenish- white, with a long, slender 
 tube. 
 
 2. NICOTIANA. Toum. 
 
 In honor? of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who seems to have introduced it into Europe. 
 
 Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft ; corolla infundibuliform, regular, limb 
 5-lobed ; stamens 5 : stigma emarginate ; capsule 2-celled, 2 4 
 valved. CD Coarse, narcotic herbs, with simple Ivs. and terminal fls. 
 Cor. white,tinged with green or pur ph. 
 
 1. N. RTJSTICA. Common Tobacco. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent ; ITS. petioled, ovate, entire ; tube of the cor. cylindric, 
 longer than the calyx, segments round, obtuse. For the purposes of tobacco 
 this plant is considered inferior to the Virginian. Stem 12 18' high. Flowers 
 greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. In western N. Y., &c., said 
 to have been introduced by the Indians. Aug. 
 
 2. N. TABACUM. Virginian Tobacco. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, decurrent ; cor. tube inflated at 
 the throat, lobes acute. Native of Central America, particularly the Island of 
 Tobago, and the Province of Tabasco in Mexico, whence it was first exported 
 
446 XCIX. SOLANACE.E. NICANDIU. 
 
 to Europe, 1586. It is extensively cultivated in the Middle and Western 
 States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4 6f high, paniculate above. 
 Leaves 1 2f by If entire. Flowers rose-color, not inelegant. July. 
 
 Obs. Sir "Walter Raleigh has the honor of first introducing the practice of smoking into England, more 
 than 200 years ago, and in his house at Islington is still to be seen a shield bearing his arms, with a tobacco 
 plant at the top. London. The use of this nauseous weed has bec6me almost universal, and furnishes 
 a striking illustration of the force of habit. Its first use, whether smoked or chewed, produces a deadly 
 sickness ; and it is only by repeated and painful trials that it can be tolerated. At length, however, it 
 becomes so necessary to the comfort of its victim, that, at all times and places, its precious smoke or 
 extract must be flowing continually from his mouth. Taken into the stomach, it is a powerful narcotic 
 poison. July. 
 
 3. DATURA. 
 
 An alteration of the Arabic name Tatorah. 
 
 Calyx large, tubular, ventricose. 5-angled, deciduous, with a persis- 
 tent, orbicular, peltate base ; corolla infundibuliform, tube cylindric, 
 long, limb 5-angled and plaited ; stamens 5 ; stigma obtuse, bilamel- 
 late ; capsule 2-celled, 4-valved ; cells 2 3-parted. (D herbs, with 
 bluish-white or purple, solitary, axillary Jlowers. 
 
 1. D. STRAMONIUM. Thorn Apple. 
 
 St. dichotomous ; Ivs. ovate, smooth, angular-dentate ; caps, spiny, erect. 
 A well-known poisonous plant, growing among rubbish in waste places. Stem 
 about 3f high, smooth, hollow. Leaves large, situated at the base of the dichoto- 
 mous branches, their sides unequal, with large, irregular teeth and sinuses. 
 Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a plaited, 
 5-toothed border, the color white with a slight tinge of purple. Fruit egg-shaped, 
 the size of a small apple, covered with spines. Aug. Every part is poisonous, 
 but, when used with certain restrictions, is a useful medicine for asthma, &c. 
 /?. Tatula. St. and_/?s. purple. This variety has advanced along the national 
 road to la., Piummer! and 111., Mead. 
 
 2. D. METEL. 
 
 bvs. cordate, nearly entire, pubescent ; fr. prickly, globose, nodding. 
 Banks of the Ohio, Locke. Doubtless introduced, having escaped from gardens. 
 Plant 2f high. Flowers white. f 
 
 4. HYOSCYAMUS. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. v$, voj , a pig, and Kva/ios, bean ; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to swine. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft ; corolla infundibuliform, irregular ; one of 
 the 5, obtuse lobes larger ; stamens 5, declinate ; stigma capitate ; 
 capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit. Coarse, 
 weed-like kerbs, native in eastern countries. 
 
 H. NIGER. Common Henbane. 
 
 St. branching, erect, very leafy ; Ivs. sinuate, clasping ; fls. sessile. @ A 
 tall, well known, icetid weed, growing about the rubbish of old houses, road- 
 sides, &c. The whole plant is hairy, viscid, and of a sea-green hue, emitting 
 a Icetid odor. Stem 2f high, round. Leaves large, oblong, cut into acute, sinu- 
 ate lobes. Flowers in terminal, one-sided spikes ; the corolla straw-color, finely 
 reticulated with dark purple veins. The whole plant is reputed poisonous, but 
 has long been regarded as an excellent medicine in nervous diseases, coughs, 
 convulsions, &c. Jl. fc 
 
 5. NICANDRA. Adans. 
 In honor of Nicander, a Greek physician, who lived about 50 years B. C. 
 
 . Calyx 5-cleft, 5-angled, the angles compressed, sepals sagittate ; 
 corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, incurved ; berry 3 5-celled, en- 
 veloped in the persistent calyx. (D Peruvian herbs. 
 
 N. PHYSALolDEs. Adans. (Atropa physaloides. Linn.) Apple of Peru. St. 
 herbaceous ; Irs. glabrous, sinuate, angular ; fls. solitary, axillary, on short pe- 
 duncles; cat. closed with the angles very acute. Native of Peru, cultivated in 
 gardens, from whence it has in a few instances strayed into the neighboring 
 
CAPSICUM. XCIX. SOLANACE^E. 447 
 
 fields. It is a large, coarse herb, 2 5f high, very branching. Leaves large, 
 oblong, decurrent. Corolla slightly lobed, pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots 
 in the centre. July Sept. 
 
 6. PHYSlLIS. 
 
 GT. <pv<n$j a. bladder ; the inflated calyx enclosing the fruit. 
 
 Calyx 5-eleft, persistent, at length ventricose ; corolla campanu- 
 late-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens 5, con- 
 nivent ; berry globose, enclosed within the inflated, 5-angled, colored 
 calyx. Herbs, rarely shrubs, with axillary or supra-axillary flowers. 
 
 1. P. VISCOSA. Aikin. (P. viscosa, obscura, pubescens, Pennsylvanica and 
 Philadelphica, of authors.} Yellow Henbane. Ground Cherry. Pubescent; 
 
 st. decumbent, herbaceous ; branches somewhat dichotomous and angular ; Ivs. 
 solitary or in pairs, ovate, more or less cordate, repand-toothed or entire ; Jis. 
 solitary, axillary, pendulous. Dry fields, roadsides, &c. Stem more or less 
 decumbent, about a foot high, often viscid as well as the whole plant. Leaves 
 very variable in the same plant, 1 M long, of J, f , or even of equal breadth, 
 acute, acuminate, or often obtuse at the apex, often abrupt at base, sometimes 
 nearly or quite entire on the margin, twice as long as the petioles ; when in 
 pairs one of them is much smaller. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, green- 
 ish-yellow, with 5 brownish spots at base inside. Fruit yellow or orange-colored, 
 not unpleasant to the taste, enclosed in the enlarged, inflated, angular calyx. Jl. 
 a. Lvs. somewhat viscid, oval, subcordate, geminate. 
 
 0. (P. Pennsylvanica. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate, subentire, nearly 
 smooth, geminate. 
 
 y. (P. obscura. Michx.) Lvs. pubescent, broad-ovate, subcordate, subsolitary. 
 
 Obs. Many other varieties have been noticed as species, but having examined specimens in numerous 
 localities, 1 am but confirmed in concurring with Dr. Aikin in the above view. 
 
 2. P. LANCEOLATA. Michx. Lance-leaved Physalis. 
 
 St. herbaceous, dichotomously branched, densely pubescent ; Ivs. mostly 
 in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, unequal at base ; fls. solitary, nod- 
 ding ; col. villose. 7J. Penn., Western States, S. to Ga. Stem 1 2f high. 
 Leaves 3 6' by 1| 3', often very unequal at base. Flowers nodding. Calyx 
 half-cleft, with lanceolate, acuminate segments. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, 
 with dark spots at base. JL- Darl. Fl. Cest, p. 139. I strongly suspect this to 
 be only another variety of the preceding. 
 
 P. ALKEKENGI. Winter Cherry. St. somewhat branching below ; Ivs. in pairs, 
 entire, acute ; col. of the fruit red or reddish. Native of S. Europe, cultivated 
 for ornament. Plant about a foot high. Flowers white. Berries acid and 
 somewhat bitter. | 
 
 7. CAPSICUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. KaTrrw, to bite ; from the acridity of the fruit. 
 
 Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent ; cor. rotate, tube very short, limb 
 plaited, 5-lobed ; anth. connivent ; fr. capsular, dry, inflated, 2 3- 
 celled ; seeds flat, very acrid. A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby 
 plants, pervaded by a heating, acrid principle. Lvs. often in pairs. 
 Ped. axillary, solitary. 
 
 1. C. ANNUCM. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. St. herbaceous, angular, 
 branching above ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, glabrous ; ped. smooth, 
 axillary ; col. angular, with short, acute lobes ; cor. lobes spreading, longer than 
 the stamens; berry oblong or subglobose, red. India. Cultivated for its 
 fruit, whose stimulant properties are well known. There are in gardens seve- 
 ral varieties .in respect to the fruit, a. The long, or Cayenne, /?. the depressed- 
 globose or squash pepper, best for pickling, y. the cherry pepper, used for pep- 
 per-sauce and in seasoning meat, <J. the sweet Spanish pepper, used as a salad. 
 Sown in March in hot-beds, transplanted in May. Kcnrick, Am. Orch., p. 374. \ 
 
448 XCIX. SOLANACE^E. SOLANUM. 
 
 8. SOLANUM. 
 
 Calyx 5 10-parted, persistent ; cor. rotate, subcampanulate, tube 
 very short, limb plicate, 5 10-lobed; anth. erect, slightly cohering 
 or connivent, opening at the top by 2 pores ; berry 2 6-celled, sub- 
 globose or depressed, often torose ; seeds 00. Herbs or shrubs, un 
 armed or prickly. Lvs. sometimes geminate, pinnatifid or undivided. 
 Ped. solitary or several, 1 QQ-Jlowered. 
 
 1. Berry 2-celled. Stem and leaves unarmed. 
 
 1. S. DULCAMARA. Bittersweet. Woody Nightshade. 
 
 St. shrubby, fiexuous, thornless ; Ivs. ovate-cordate, upper ones hastate ; 
 clusters cymose. A well-known, shrubby climber, with blue flowers and red 
 berries, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem branching, several feet in length, climbing 
 about hedges and thickets in low grounds. Lower leaves entire ; the upper 
 ones becoming auriculate or hastate. Flowers drooping, on branching pedun- 
 cles from the side of the stem. Corolla of 5 reflexed segments, purple, with 2 
 green spots at the base of each segment. Berries bright red. The root being 
 chewed, gives at first a sensation of bitterness, then of sweetness. The ber- 
 ries are poisonous. The leaves and twigs have been used medicinally with 
 good effect. July. 
 
 2. S. NIGRUM. /?. Virginicum. Black Nightshade. 
 
 St. herbaceous, thornless; Ivs. ovate, toothed and waved; umbels lateral, 
 drooping. (g) A weed-like plant without beauty and of suspicious aspect, 
 about rubbish, in old fields, N. and W. States. Stem erect, branching, angu- 
 lar, a foot high. Leaves almost always with the lamina perforated and the 
 margin erose as if gnawed by insects. Peduncles branching into a sort of um- 
 bel, from the side of the stem, generally remote from the leaves. Flowers 
 white, anthers yellow. Berries globose, black. It is reputed poisonous, but is 
 used medicinally. Flowers in summer. 
 
 3. S. TUBEROSUM. Common Potato. fit. tuberous ; st. herbaceous ; segments 
 of the Ivs. unequal, the alternate ones minute ;fls. subcorymbed; cor. 5-angled. 
 () This most valuable plant is supposed to be a native of S. America, where 
 it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes so large a portion of the food 
 of civilized man, it was scarcely known until the 17th century, and was not 
 extensively cultivated before the middle of the 18th. The varieties of the po- 
 tato are very numerous, differing in their time of ripening, quality, color, form, 
 size. &c. New varieties are readily procured by sowing the seeds, which, with 
 care, will produce good tubers the third year. Potatoes thus reared, are now 
 thought to be less liable to the " potato rot." ^ 
 
 4. S. PSEUDO-CAPSICUM. Jerusalem Cherry. St. shrubby ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 
 late, subrepand; ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves. Tj A small, ornamental 
 shrub, native of Madeira, cultivated. Stem 2 4f high, branching into a sym- 
 metrical summit. Leaves dark evergreen, smooth and shining, about 2' long. 
 Flowers white, with orange anthers, drooping, succeeded by a few scarlet, glo- 
 bose berries of the size of small cherries, f 
 
 2. Berry 2-celled. Stems and leaves prickly. 
 
 5. S. CAROLINENSE. Horse Nettle. 
 
 St. and petioles aculeate ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, petiolate, strigose, angular- 
 lobate, acute, midvein beneath with a few spines ; roc. loose, supra-axillary, 
 few-flowered ; berries globose. 7J. Roadsides, &c., Penn. to Car. ! W. to la. ! 
 and 111. ! A rough weed, 1 2f high, armed with straw-colored, scattered 
 prickles. Leaves 4 6' by 2 3', usually in unequal pairs, with a few large, 
 repand lobes or teeth. Flowers white, lateral and terminal. Corolla white, 
 12 15" diam. Berries yellowish. June. 
 
 6. S. MELONGENA. (S. insanum. L.) Egg Plant. St. prickly ; Ivs. ovate, 
 subsinuate, downy, prickly ; fls. many-parted. An herbaceous, branching 
 plant, about 2f high. The fruit, with which it is heavily laden, consists of 
 ?gg-shaped berries, from the size of an egg to that of an ordinary water melon, 
 
LYCIUM. XCIX. SOLAN ACE^E. 449 
 
 smooth, and of a glossy purple. It is prepared for food in various ways, and 
 considered wholesome and delicious eating. Like the tomato, it is cultivated 
 from the seed sown early in warm, dry and mellow soil. 
 
 /?. Fr. smaller, white. Cultivated for the curiosity of the fruit, which when 
 ripe can scarcely be distinguished by its appearance from a hen's egg. 
 
 3. Berries 3 6-celled, often torose. 
 
 7. S. LYCOPERSICUM. Tomato. Hairy; st. herbaceous, weak; Ivs. unequal- 
 ly pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath ; fr. torulose, furrowed, smooth. 
 (1) This plant resembles the potato in its general aspect. It grows 3 4f high, 
 with jagged leaves, greenish-yellow flowers, and an unpleasant odor. The 
 fruit is large and abundant, with acute furrows, at first green, becoming when 
 ripe of a beautiful red. This plant has come into high repute, and its cultiva- 
 tion is rapidly extending. The fruit is prepared in various ways, for sauces, 
 stews, &c., having an agreeable acid taste. | 
 
 Obs. Cultivation has produced numerous varieties. One has large, torulose, bright-yellow fruit; 
 another has small, globose, golden-yellow fruit, not torulose; the fruit of a third is small, pear-shaped, 
 less juicy, &c. 
 
 9. ATRtfPA. 
 
 Name of one of the three Fates in Grecian mythology, whose office was to cut the thread of human life. 
 
 Calyx persistent, 5-cleft ; corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, distant ; 
 berry globose, 2-celled, sitting on the calyx. Herbs, shrubs or trees, 
 natives of the Old World. 
 
 A. BELLADONNA. Deadly Nightshade. St. herbaceous ; Ivs. ovate, entire ; 
 berries black. This foreigner is far less repulsive in its appearance than most 
 others of its order. The lurid, pale purple of the flower, indeed, looks suspi- 
 cious, but not its smell ; nor is there any warning of its deadly nature given 
 by the aspect, taste or smell of the berries, which are larger than cherries, round, 
 green, at length of a fine glossy black, full of a purple juice. Stem 5f high, 
 branching below, and with the large leaves, inclines more or less to a purplish 
 hue. Every part of the plant, especially the berries, is poisonous, f 
 
 10. LYCIUM. 
 
 Named from Lycia, the native country of the original species. 
 
 Calyx 2 5-cleft, short ; corolla tubular, limb mostly 5-lobed, 
 spreading, orifice closed by the beard of the filaments ; stamens 4 
 5, exserted ; berry 2-celled ; seeds several, reniform. Shrubs, the 
 branches ending in a spinose point, and often having axillary spines. 
 Fls. axillary, solitary, or in pairs. 
 
 L. BARBARUM. Matrimony Vine. St. angular; branches long, pendulous, 
 somewhat spiny ; Ivs. often fasciculate, lanceolate ; cal. mostly 3-cleft. Native 
 of Barbary, cultivated and nearly naturalized. It is a shrub, with long, slen- 
 der, trailing or hanging branches which overspread walls, &c., with a thick, 
 tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 3 times as long as wide, often broadest above, 
 acute or obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Flowers greenish-purple. Berries 
 orange-red, f 
 
450 
 
 C. GENTJANACE^S. 
 
 SABBATIA. 
 
 ORDER C. GENTIANACE^B. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, generally smooth, sometimes twining. Juice colorless. 
 
 Lvs. opposite, entire ami smooth. Stip. 0. 
 
 FIs. conspicuous, terminal or axillary, regular or sometimes irregular. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 4510, united at base, persistent. 
 
 Cor. usually regular, limb divided into as many lobes as there are sepals, mostly twisted in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. issuing from the tube of the corolla, as 
 many as its lobes and alternate with 
 them. 
 
 Ova. l-celled, sometimes rendered appar- 
 ently 2-celled by the introflexed pla- 
 centse. 
 
 Sty. united into I, or wanting. Stig. 12. 
 Fr. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds small. 
 Embryo straight, with fleshy albu- 
 men, 
 
 Genera 60, species 450, found in every 
 part of the world. 
 
 Properties. An intensely bitter princi- 
 ple, railed gcntianine, pervades the whole 
 order without exception, residing in every 
 part, rendering them tonic and febrifugal. 
 The gentian of the shops is most com- 
 monly the product of Gentiana lutea, but 
 almost any of our species may be substitut- 
 ed tor it. (Dr. Gray.) In the other genera 
 of the order, the buck-bean (Menyanthes 
 trifoliutii), Limnanthemum nymphoides, 
 Sabbatia angularis, Frasera Carolinensis, 
 &c.,are valued in medicine for the same 
 properties. Many are cultivated for orna- 
 ment 
 
 FIG. 53. 1. Gentiana Saponaria. 2. The 
 calyx and capsule.- 3. The corolla laid 
 open, showing the folds (2-lobed) between 
 the proper petals, and the stamens attached 
 at base. 4. Capsule cut across. 5. Seed 
 magnified, with its large, loose testa. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Petals 5, or 4 and fringed. 
 ( Anthers < Pet. 4, $ Sep. 4, subulate. 
 < straight. ( entire. (. Sep. 9, leaf-like. 
 ( tubular. ( Anthers spirally twisted. . 
 (Corolla with- \ $ Petals with no gland. 
 
 < out horns, . . ( rotate. ( Petals with a glandular pit. 
 'opposite. ( Corolla without 4 horns at base. 
 
 Gentiana. 
 
 Cicendta. 
 
 Obolaria. 
 
 Erythraa. 
 
 Saubatia. 
 
 Swertia. 
 
 Halenia. 
 
 verticillate in whorls of 4s, 5s and 6s Frasera. 
 
 Leaves 
 
 \ none, or reduced to small opposite scales ........ Centaurella. 
 
 A simple, floating in water ...... Limnanthemu/m. 10 
 
 I alternate and radical, i trifoliate .......... Menyanthes. 11 
 
 TRIBE 1. Corolla imbricate from right to left in oestivation. Testa of the seed 
 
 membranaeeous. Terrestrial herbs with opposite leaves. 
 
 1. SABBATIA. Adans. 
 
 In honor of Sabbati, a distinguished Italian botanical author. 
 
 Calyx 5 12-parted; corolla rotate, limb 5 12-parted ; stamens 
 5( 12) ; anthers erect, at length recurved, 2-celled, cells distinct ; 
 stigma 2-parted, with spiral divisions ; capsule l-celled, the valves 
 a little introfle'xed. Slender herbs, with pedicellate, mostly ^oseatejls. 
 Native of the temperate regions of North America. 
 
 1. S. GRACILIS. Salisb. (S. campanulata. Torr. Chironia. Linn.} 
 
 St. slightly angular, internodes twice longer than the leaves; branch 
 alternate, spreading; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, the lowest lance-ovate; pani- 
 ck few-flowered; col. segments linear-setaceous, about equaling the corolla; 
 cor. 5-parted, lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Wet meadows, Penn. to Flor., W. 
 to Ky. Stem a foot high, with long, diverging branches. Flowers terminal, 
 subsolitary, purple, on long peduncles. July, Aug. 
 
 2. S. CORYMBOSA. Baldwin. (S. paniculata. a. PK. Chironia. Walter. 
 Swertia. Linn.} St. slightly 4-angled, internodes twice longer than the 
 
 leaves ; branches opposite Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, acutisli, upper ones 
 
ERYTHRJSA. C. GENTIANACE^. 451 
 
 lanceolate; cyme fastigiate, terminal; sep. linear, 3 times shorter than the 
 corolla ; cor. 5 6-parted, white, lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse. Pine barrens, 
 N. J. to Ga. Stem a foot high, branching near the summit. Leaves an inch 
 in length, closely sessile. Flowers few, generally pentamerous. 
 
 3. S. CONCINNA. Wood. (Nov. sp.) Elegant Star Flower. 
 
 St. slender, subquadrangular, internodes 2 4 times longer than the leaves ; 
 branches opposite, suberect; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, lower ones ovate, all 
 acutish, sessile ; panicle oblong ; cat. segments linear, twice longer than the 
 tube, twice shorter than the corolla ; cor. 5-parted, segments oblong-obovate, 
 obtuse, light purple. Dry, grassy prairies, la. ! abundant. Stem a foot high, 
 few or many-flowered. Leaves 912" by I 3", Flowers 15" diam., of a deli- 
 cate blush-purple, the star in the centre yellow, bordered with green. Jl. Aug. 
 
 4. S. STELLARIS. Ph. (S. gracilis. Ell. Chironia amoena. Raf.) 
 
 St. erect, terete ; branches dichotomous, elongated, 1-flowered ; Ivs. lanceo- 
 late, acute, seg. of the ecJl. subulate, half as long as the corolla ; seg. of the cor. 
 obovate. Frequent in salt marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stems somewhat angular, 
 12 18' high, with many forked divisions, forming a sort of loose corymb. 
 Leaves somewhat fleshy, 1 2' long, sessile. Flowers rose-color, with a yellow 
 star in the centre bordered with a purple ring. Aug. 
 
 5. S. CALYCOSA. Ph. (Chironia dichotoma. Walter.) 
 
 St. erect, leafy, few-flowered ; Ivs. oblong, 3-veined, obtuse ; fls. solitary, 
 7 9-parted ; col. leafy, longer than the corolla ; pet. oblanceolate. Fields and 
 meadows, N. Y. to Ga. Stem a foot high, subangular, with a few axillary, 
 spreading branches. Leaves 1 2' long, sessile, mostly obtuse, oval, thin. Flow- 
 ers large, terminal, often solitary, variable in the number of its parts, but mostly 
 in 7s. Corolla pyik-colored. Sepals acute. This species is quite variable. 
 
 6. S. ANGULARIS. Ph. (Chironia. Linn.} Angular-stemmed Star Fl. 
 
 St. quadrangular, with winged angles ; Ivs. ovate, amplexicaul, 5-veined ; 
 panicle corymbose; ped. elongated; sep. lance-linear, half as long as the corolla, 
 distinct almost to the base ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse. Wet meadows and 
 prairies, Can. to Car. and Ark. Stem 10 18' high, much branched, branches 
 opposite. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 2' by i !', as long as the 
 internodes or often shorter. Flowers numerous, 1$ !' diam., deep rose-color, 
 the star in the centre greenish. July, Aug. 
 
 7. S. CHLOROIDES. Ph. (Chironia dodecandra. Linn.) 
 
 St. slender, weak, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, erect ; branches few, 1-flower- 
 ed ; fls. 7 12-parted ; sep. linear, shorter than the corolla. An elegant plant, 
 with large, showy flowers, in wet grounds, Mass., R. I. ! to Car. The stem is 
 2 3f high, somewhat angular, with few, opposite, spreading branches. Leaves 
 1 !' long, opposite, entire, smooth, closely sessile, acute, veinless. Flowers 
 solitary, terminal. Corolla nearly 2' diam., much larger than the calyx, bright 
 purple, with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end, varying in 
 number with the other parts of the flower. June. 
 
 Obs. The species of this genus are very ornamental, some of them perhaps among the most beautiful 
 of our native plants. 
 
 2. ERYTHR^SA. Renealm. 
 
 Gr. spvSpos red ; from the color of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx 5, rarely 4-parted ; cor. infundibuliform, twisted and wither- 
 ing above the capsule, tube cylindric, limb 5 4-parted ; sta. 5 4, 
 inserted near the top of the tube ; anth. exserted, spirally twisted ; 
 sty. 1 ; stig. bilamellate or capitate ; caps. 2-valved, 1 or partly 2- 
 celled. St. subangular. Lvs. connate at base. Fls. cymose, roseate, 
 white or yellow. 
 
 1. E, MUHLENBERGII. Griseb. (E. Centaurium. Beck ? E. pulchella. Hook. 
 
 Chironia dubia. WilldJ) St. simple below, dichotomously branched above ; 
 Ivs. ovate-oblong, obtusish ; cymes loose, dichotomous ; fls. pedicellate ; cor. tube 
 a little longer than the calyx, segments oblong-lanceolate, acutish. N. Y., 
 Penn. Very rare. Stem 38' high, 1 3 times forked, sometimes with oppo 
 
452 C. GENTIANACEJE. GENTIANA. 
 
 site or brachiate branches. Leaves 4 7" by 1 3", closely sessile. Flowers 
 lateral and terminal and central, the pedicels in the forks near ' long, the 
 others shorter. Corolla bright purple, tube yellowish-green, slender, persistent 
 and withering on the caps ale. July Sept. 
 
 2. E. PICKERINGII. Oakes. Pickering's Erythr&a. 
 
 St. dichotomously branched, erect ; Ivs. clasping and slightly decurrent, 
 lower ones oval, obtuse, upper lanceolate, acute ; fls. sessile, mostly lateral on 
 the long branches; sep. linear, acute, erect; cor. tube slender, contracted at the 
 neck, lobes spreading, obtuse ; anth. linear-oblong, finally twisting outwards. 
 (1) Coast of Maryland. Dr. Pickering. Sandy margins of the sea-shore, Nan- 
 tucket, Mr. Oakes. Whole plant very smooth and intensely bitter, 6 12' high. 
 Leaves 1' long, fleshy, pale green. Corolla 8" long, rose or nearly white. 
 
 3. CICENDIA. Adans. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-parted ; cor. infundibuliform, marescent, tube cylin- 
 dric, limb 4 5-parted ; sta. 4 5, inserted into the throat of the 
 corolla ; anth. erect, roundish, scarcely exserted ; sty. deciduous ; 
 stig. capitate ; caps. 1 or partly 2-celled, 2-valved. Low herbs, with 
 yellow or rose-colored flowers. 
 
 C. 1 PULCHELLA. Griseb. (Exacum. Pfi.} 
 
 Lower Ivs. suborbicular, upper subulate; panicle corymbose; ped. filiform; 
 cal. 4-parted, segments subulate. Sea coast, N. J. This plant appears not to 
 have been detected by any botanist since Pursh, and from his brief description 
 it is impossible to ascertain its true position in the order. 
 
 4. OBOLARIA. 
 
 Gr. o/?oAos, a small coin, with which the leaves of these plants are compared. 
 
 Calyx of 2 cuneate-oblong sepals or bracts ; corolla tubular-cam- 
 panulate, marescent, 4-cleft, lobes entire or crenulate ; stain, inserted 
 on the corolla at the clefts; stigma subcapitate, bifid; capsule 1- 
 celled, 2-valved ; seeds 00, very minute. % Leaves opposite. Fls. 
 axillary aud terminal, sessile, with leaf-like sepals. 
 
 0. VIRGINICA. Penny-wort. 
 
 Penru to Car., W. to Ky., in woods. Stem 4 8' high, often in clusters, 
 subsimple or with a few opposite branches above. Leaves cuneate-obovate or 
 roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base, fleshy, obtuse or truncate 
 at apex, lower ones small and remote, upper crowded, glaucous-purple, sepals 
 or bracts similar. Corolla pale purple or whitish, longer than the stamens. 
 Capsule ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the withered corolla. Apr., May. There 
 is some doubt in respect to the order of this genus. It has more recently been 
 referred to Orobanchaceae. 
 
 5. GENTIANA. Tourn. 
 
 From Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus. 
 
 Calyx 5 4-parted or cleft ; cor. marescent, tubular at base, limb 
 4 5-parted, segments either spreading, erect or convergent, often 
 furnished with intermediate, plicate folds ; sta. 5 4, inserted in the 
 corolla tube ; stig. 2, revolute or erect ; sty. short or ; caps. 2- 
 valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Herbs of various habit. Lvs. oppo- 
 site. Fls. terminal or cymose. 
 
 1. Flowers 5 W-merous. 
 
 1. G. PNEUMONANTHE. (G. saponaria. Griseb.) 
 
 St. ascending ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, or the lower oblanceolate, the mar- 
 gin smooth ! cyme terminal ; fls. aggregated, or in a racemose cyme, sessile ; 
 cal. 5-cleft, the lobes linear, equaling the tube; cor. clavate, connivent at apex, 
 twice longer than the calyx, lobes ovate-obtuse, much longer than the interme- 
 
GENTIANA. C. GENTIANACEjE. 453 
 
 diate folds. Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A fine plant, with large, showy 
 flowers. Stem simple, 8 15' high, often purple. Leaves 1 2' by 2 3", 
 thick, entire, sessile, acute. Flowers 2' in length, 2 4 together at top of the 
 stem and a few solitary ones in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla blue. 
 Calyx segments 6 9" long, acute, distant. Aug., Sept. 
 
 0. riibricaulis. (G. rubricaulis. Sckw.) Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; folds of the 
 cor. more or less cleft. 
 
 2. G. SAPONARIA. Linn, in part. (G. Andrewsii. Griseb.) Soapwort Gen- 
 tian. bvs. oval-lanceolate, 3- veined, acute ; fls. in whorled heads, sessile ; 
 
 cor. ventricose, clavate-campanulate, closed at top, 10-cleft, the inner segments 
 plicate and fringed, equaling the exterior. 1\. Brit. Am. to Car. A handsome 
 plant, conspicuous in meadows and by brook-sides. Stem 12 18' high, sim- 
 ple, erect, smooth, with opposite, smooth leaves, scabrous on the margin, resem- 
 bling those of the common soapwort. Flowers large, bright-blue, erect, 1J' 
 long, subsessile, in bunches at the top of the stem, and often solitary in the 
 upper axils. The inflated corollas are so nearly closed at' the top as to be 
 easily mistaken for buds ; and the young botanist waits in vain to see them 
 expand. Calyx of 5 ovate segments, shorter than the tube. Sept., Oct. 
 
 3. G. OCHROLEUCA. Froel. Ochroleucous or Straw-colored Gentian. 
 
 St. ascending ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margins slightly sca- 
 brous ; cymes terminal, aggregated ; col. 5-cleft, lobes unequal, as long as the 
 tube ; cor. clavate, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse, 
 the folds entire, acute, short ; anth. free. Can., Western States ! to Flor. 
 Stems 1 1J' high, stout. Leaves amplexicaul or sessile, 2 M by I !', 
 acute, or slightly acuminate. Flowers 2' in length, f ' thick. Corolla open at 
 top, ochroleucous or straw-color. Seeds smooth, wingless. Aug., Sept. 
 
 4. G. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx. (G. purpurea. Walt.) Narrow-leaved Gen- 
 tian. Si. erect, slender, 1-flowered ; ft. pedunculate ; Ivs. linear-obtuse, 
 
 smooth, the lower ones subcuneate ; cor. funnel-form, narrow, open, 5-cleft, 
 twice as long as the calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the 
 lacerate folds. 7J. N. J. to Car., in sandy fields. Stem a foot high. Flower 
 large, sky-blue. Calyx deeply cleft, with linear segments. 
 
 5. G. QUINQUEFLORA. Five-flowered Gentian. 
 
 St. 4-angled, branching; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined ; fls. termi- 
 nal and axillary, about in 5s, pedicellate ; cor. tubular-campanulate, in 5, 
 lanceolate, setaceously acuminate segments ; cal. very short. (g) Woods and 
 pastures. Stem a foot high, smooth, generally branched. Leaves 3 5-veined, 
 half-clasping, acute, smooth. Flowers small, on pedicels half an inch in 
 length. Corolla pale blue, 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. Sept., Oct. 
 0. parviflora. Raf. Cal. enlarged, lobes foliaceous, lance-linear, half as long 
 as the smallish corolla. This variety prevails in Ohio ! la. ! and Ky. 
 
 6. G. LUTEA. (Swertia. Vent.} Yellow Gentian. 
 
 St. tall, strict ; Ivs. oval and ovate, margin smooth ; cymes umbellate, 
 dense-flowered, pedunculate, axillary and terminal; cor. yellow, rotate, seg- 
 ments oblong-linear, acuminate, spreading, without folds. Tj. In alpine and 
 hilly lands, N. Y. and N. J. Eaton. Doubtless not native. It is a handsome 
 plant, often cultivated, both for ornament and for the sake of its powerfully 
 tonic virtues, f 
 
 2. Corolla 4:-cleft, segments fimbriate. CROSSOPETALUM. 
 
 7. G. cRiNlTA. Froelich. Blue Fringed Gentian. 
 
 St. terete, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute ; fls. tetramerous ; seg. of the cor. 
 cut-ciliate. U The Fringed Gentian is among our most beautiful and interest- 
 ing native plants ; not uncommon in cool, low grounds, Can. to Car. The 
 stem is about If high, round and smooth. The branches are long, and, with a 
 slight curve at base, become perfectly erect and straight, each bearing 2 leaves 
 at the middle, and a single, large, erect flower at the top. Leaves broadest at 
 base, tapering to the apex, 1 2' long and as wide. Calyx square, segments 
 acuminate, equaling the tube of the corolla. Cor. of a bright bluish-purple, the 
 segments obovate, finely fringed at the margin, and expanded in the sunshine. Aug. 
 
454 C. GENTIANACE^E. SWERTIA. 
 
 8. G. DETONSA. SJwrn or Slightly-fringed Gentian. 
 
 St. nearly strict, simple or branched ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or linear, the 
 lowest rosulate, spatulate ; ped. 1-flowered, very long, subsolitary; cal. 4( 5)- 
 cleft, lobes ovate and lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla ; cor. lobes round- 
 ish-obtuse, ciliate and crenate-ciliate, erect-spreading ; stig. distinct. N. Y., 
 Wis. Laphaml N. to Hudson's Bay. A fine species, with large blue flowers. 
 Stem a loot high. Leaves 1 2' by 1 3'', tapering to an acute point. Pedun- 
 cles 4 7' long, each with a single large, erect, showy flower. Cor. 15 20" 
 long, obconic or bell-shaped, blue. 
 
 6. CENTAURELLA. 
 
 Name a Latin diminutive of Centaurea. 
 
 Flowers tetramerous ; sepals appressed ; corolla subcampanulate ; 
 petals slightly united, nearly erect, stigma thick, glandulous, some- 
 what bifid ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, invested by the permanent 
 calyx and corolla ; seeds many. .2V. American, slender, erect herbs 
 with scale-like leaves and small white flowers. 
 
 1. C. AUTUMNALIS. Pursh. (Bartonia tenella. Muhl. C. paniculata. Me.) 
 Screw-stem. St. smooth, branching above, branches subdividided ; Ivs. 
 
 subulate, minute; panicle erect, many-flowered; cal. equaling the corolla; sly. 
 much shorter than the ovary. A slender and nearly naked plant, 5 8' high, of 
 a yellowish-green color. Native in wet grounds, Mass, to Ga. Stem square, 
 often twisted, with very minute, bract-like leaves, which are mostly opposite. 
 Peduncles opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Pedicels bracteate at base, 
 i' in length. Calyx segments linear-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the oval 
 segments of the corolla. Cor. white, small, bearing the stamens at its clefts. Aug. 
 /?. fcstivalis. (C. aestivalis. PA.) Cor. segments oblong, obtusish, twice longer 
 than the calyx ; ova. attenuated at apex. In Penn. Pursh. 
 
 2. C. MOSERI. Stendel. Moser's Centaurella or Screw-stem. 
 
 Cyme racemiform ; branches alternate, spreading, racemiform ; cor. seg- 
 ments ovate, acute, twice longer than the calyx segments ; ovary oblong, obtuse ; 
 sty. 0; Ivs. mostly alternate. In Penn., Moser, in DC. Prod. 9; 121. 
 
 7. HALENIA. Borkh. 
 
 Flowers tetramerous ; corolla short campanulate, petals spurred at 
 base, with glands at the base of the spur within ; stigmas 2, termi- 
 nating the acuminate ovary 5 capsule 1 -celled ; seeds indefinite, fixed 
 to the sutures of the valves. Erect, branching. 
 
 H. DEFLEXA. Griseb. (Swertia corniculata. MX. S. deflexa. Shit.) Fel- 
 wort. St. erect, leafy; Ivs. 3 5-veined, radical ones oblong-spatulate, 
 tapering into a petiole, cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; spurs 
 cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as long as the corolla. () Swamps, Can., Ban- 
 gor, Maine, Miss Towle! N. Y., rare. Stem about 18' high, obtusely 4-angled, 
 smooth, with few branches above. Leaves opposite, 1J 2' long, as wide, 
 smooth. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal fascicles. Sepals linear-lanceo- 
 late, half as long as the petals. Corolla persistent, with 4, spreading horns or 
 spurs descending betwen the sepals. Seeds numerous, obtuse, yellow. Aug. 
 
 8. SWERTIA. 
 
 Calyx 5 4-parted ; cor. marescent, rotate, 5 4-parted, without 
 crown or folds, each segment with a glandular pit fringed at the mar- 
 gin ; sta. 5 4, inserted in the throat ; anth. nodding ; ova. 1-cellcd ; 
 sty. ; caps. 1 -celled, many-seeded. i\- 
 
 S. PUSILLA. Ph. 
 
 St. simple, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong; cal. segments obtuse, half as long as 
 the large corolla; cor. rotate, segments oblong-acuminate. White Hills, N. H., 
 Pursh. Stem an inch or two high, with one or two pairs of small leaves and a 
 
MENYANTHES. C. GENTIANACE^E. 455 
 
 single large, terminal, blue flower. Jn. I understand that this interesting plant 
 has been rediscovered on the White Mts. by Mr. Abel Starrs. 
 
 9. FRASfiRA. Walter. 
 
 In honor of John Fraser, an American cultivator of exotics. 
 
 Flowers mostly tetramerous ; petals united at base, oval, spread- 
 ing, deciduous, each with 1 or 2 bearded, orbicular glands in the mid- 
 dle ; style 1 ; stigmas 2, distinct ; capsule compressed, 1 -celled ; seeds 
 few, imbricate, large, elliptic, margined. ^ Showy and tall, with oppo- 
 site or verticillate leaves. 
 
 F. CAROLINENSIS. Walt. (F. Walteri. MX. and 1st edit.') Columbo. 
 
 SI. tall, erect, glabrous, branched above ; Ivs. verticillate, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acutish, sessile, feather-veined, entire or wavy; panicle compound, pyra- 
 midal, leafy, verticillate ; col. segments acute, shorter than the oblong, obtusish 
 petals; gland solitary, oval-orbicular. A tall and showy plant, in moist woods, 
 Western N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio ! la. ! Ky., 111. Stem dark purple, 4 7 9f! 
 high, perfectly straight, 1 -2' thick at base. Leaves smooth, subcarnose, 3 12' 
 by 1 3', in whorls of 4 6, rarely opposite. Branches of the panicle, also 
 whorled, spreading-erect. Flowers tetramerous, li' diam. Petals greenish 
 with blue dots and a large purple gland near the base. June, July. Highly 
 valued as a tonic. 
 
 TRIBE 2. MEXYANTHEJE. ^Estivation of the corolla induplicate. Aquatic 
 
 or marsh herbs. Sheaths of the leaves alternate. 
 
 10. LIMNANTHfiMUM. Gmel. 
 
 Gr. \tpvT), a lake, ai/-&of, a flower; from its aquatic habitat. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla subcampanulate, with a short tube and 
 spreading, 5-lobed limb, deciduous, segments obtuse ; stamens 5, alter- 
 nating with 5 glands ; capsule 1 -celled, without valves ; placentae 
 fleshy, many-seeded. ^ submersed, generally in stagnant water. Lvs. 
 floating, on long petioles. 
 
 L. LACUNOSA. Gmel. (Villarsia. Ph. V. trachysperma. Mr.) Lake-flower. 
 Floating; Ivs. reniform, subpeltate, scabrous above, spongy and lacunose 
 beneath; fls. umbellate, from the summit of the stem (petiole?) ; cor. smooth; 
 glands from the base of the petals, stipitate ; col. shorter than the capsule; seeds 
 muricate. A curious aquatic, in ponds and lakes, N. Y. ! to Car. The stems 
 are 1, 2 or 3f long, according to the depth of the water, bearing at the top three 
 kinds of organs ; the summit is prolonged into a petiole bearing a leaf about an 
 inch in diameter, resembling that of Nymphaea ; on the upper side is an umbel 
 of small white flowers, blossoming successively at the surface of the water, and 
 beneath, a cluster of short, simple, tuberous radicles, each of which is capable 
 of producing a new plant. July. 
 
 11. MENYANTHES. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. fiTjvri) a month ; avSos ; in allusion to its supposed properties as an emenagogue. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnel-form, limb spreading. 5-lobed, vil- 
 lous within ; stamens 5 ; style 1 ; stigma bifid ; capsule 1 -celled. 
 
 M. TRIFOLIATA. Buck Bean. 
 
 Lvs. trifoliate. Grows in swamps, margins of ponds, &c., N. Am. N. of 
 latitude 38. This fine plant arises from large, black roots descending deep 
 into the boggy earth. Stem 812' high, round. Leaves on long, round foot- 
 stalks stipuled at base. Leaflets obovate. Peduncle long, naked, terminal, 
 bearing a pyramidal raceme of flesh-colored flowers. Pedicels thick, bracteate 
 at base. Sepals obtuse, about a third as long as the corolla. Petals acute, 
 about as long as the stamens, remarkably and beautifully distinguished by the 
 soft, fringe-like hairs at the base and in the throat of the tube. Bitter herbs, 
 actively medicinal, sometimes substituted for hops. May. 
 
Cl. APOCYNACE^. 
 
 APOCYNUM. 
 
 ORDER 01. APOCYNACE^E. DOGBANES. 
 
 Trees, shrubs and herbs with a milky juice. Lvs. opposite, entire, without stipules. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. 
 
 Cor. 5 lobed, regular, twisted in aestivation, deciduous. 
 
 Sta. 5, arising from the corolla and alternate with its segments. 
 
 Fil. distinct. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise, 
 
 sometimes slightly connected. 
 Pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed, immediately ap- 
 plied to the stigma. 
 
 Ova. 2, distinct or rarely united. Styles distinct or 
 united. Stigmas united into 1 which is com- 
 mon to b ot jj gtyies. 
 
 Fr. Follicles 2, rarely l of them abortive. 
 Sds. numerous, pendulous, with or without a coma, 
 albuminous. Embryo foliaceous. 
 
 Genera 100, species 566, chiefly natives of the torrid 
 zone. 
 
 Properties. 'These plants possess active and often 
 suspicious qualities residing in the white juice with 
 which the order is pervaded, and in the seeds which 
 are often deadly poisons. The alkaloid strychnine or 
 strichnia^ one of the most violent of poisons, is the 
 active principle of the seeds of the Strychnos Nux- 
 vomica of India. It is sometimes administered as a 
 medicine, but with doubtful success. S. Tieute of 
 Java is one kind of Upas. Cerbera Tanghin, a tree of 
 Madagascar, is powerfully poisonous, a single seed 
 being sufficient to destroy twenty persons. The App- 
 cynese are emetic, and becoming highly valued in 
 hydrocephalus, &c. The juice contains caoutchouc in 
 small quantities, but in Sumatra this is obtained 
 largely from the juice of Urceola elastica. 
 
 FIG. 54. 1. Apocynum androsa;mifolium. 2. A 
 
 flower, somewhat enlarged. 3. The flower cut ope 
 showing the stamens with distinct filaments and united 
 4. The ovaries and stigma. 5. Plan of the 
 7. A seed with the long, 
 
 Herbs 
 Shrubs 
 
 anthers. 
 
 flower. 6. Matured follicles. 
 
 silky coma. 
 
 Conspectiis of the Genera. 
 
 with white or flesh-colored flowers Apocynwtn. 1 
 
 with blue flowers Amsonia. 2 
 
 with opposite leaves and bluish-purple flowers Vinca. 3 
 
 with ternately ver dilate leaves and rose-colored flowers Nerinm. 4 
 
 1. APOC^NUM. 
 
 Gr. two, away, KVUV, dog; Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs. 
 
 Calyx very small ; corolla campanulate, lobes short ; stamens 
 included ; filaments short, arising from the base of the corolla, and 
 alternate with 5 glandular teeth ; anthers sagittate, connivent, coher- 
 ing to the stigma by the middle ; ova. 2 ; stigmas connate ; follicles 
 long, sublinear, distinct. Herbs, suffrutescent, erect, with opposite, 
 entire, mucronate Ivs. Cymes terminal and axillary. Pedicels not 
 longer than the palejlowers. 
 
 1. A. ANDROS.KMIFOLIUM. Dog's-bane. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. ovate ; cymes lateral and terminal ; limb of cor. spreading, 
 the tube longer than the calyx. A smooth, elegant plant, 31 high, in hedges 
 and borders of fields. Stem reddened by the sun, erect, branching above. 
 Leaves dark green above, paler beneath, opposite, rounded at base and acute at 
 apex, 2 3' long and f as wide, on petioles \' long. Cymes paniculate, at the 
 top of the branches and in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels \' long. 
 Calyx much shorter than the corolla. Corolla as long as the pedicels, bell- 
 shaped, white, striped with red, with 5, acute, spreading segments. Medicinal. 
 U. S. and Brit. Am. June, July. 
 /?. incanum. Lvs. hoary pubescent beneath. 
 
 2. A. CANNABlNUM. Indian Hemp. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronate ; cymes paniculate, many- 
 flowered, terminal and lateral ; cal. seg. lanceolate, equaling the tube of the 
 corolla; cor. seg. erect. A species with smaller leaves and erect flowers, found 
 
NERIUM. CI. APOCYNACE^E. 457 
 
 in low shades and hedges, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 2 4f high, generally 
 dividing above into long, slender branches. Leaves li 2 7 by 8 11", oppo- 
 site, on petioles 2" long, and, when young, downy beneath. Cymes terminal, 
 with linear bracts. Flowers about half as long as those of the last species. 
 Sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla white, with straight, obtuse segments. The 
 fibres of the bark are strong and pliable, said to be used by the Indians in 
 various ways as hemp. July, Aug. 
 /?. pubescens. LTS. beneath and cymes pubescent. 
 
 3. A. HYPERICIFOLIUM. St. John* s-wort. Dog's-bane. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. oblong, on very short petioles, obtuse or subcordate at base, 
 mucronate ; cymes terminal, shorter than the leaves ; cat. nearly as long as the 
 tube of the corolla. Gravely banks of streams. Stem erect, 2f high, with 
 opposite branches. Leaves 2 4' long, as wide, lower ones often sessile and 
 cordate, smooth both sides but paler beneath. Flowers very small, in dense 
 cymes at the ends of the stems and branches. Sepals lance-linear, about as 
 long as the tube of the greenish- white, erect corolla. Aug. 
 
 2. AMSONIA. Walt. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly 
 funnel-form, bearded inside, hispid at throat ; segments linear, con- 
 volute in aestivation ; sta. 5 ; sty. 1 ^ ova. 2, connate at base ; folli- 
 cles 2, erect, slender, fusiform ; seeds in one row, cylindric, truncate 
 at each end. Lvs. alternate, entire, subsessile. Cymes terminal, corym- 
 bose. Fls. blue. 
 
 A. TABERN^MONTANA. Walt. (A. latifolia. Michx.} 
 Erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, briefly petiolate, 
 margin slightly revolute ; sep. glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. pilose out- 
 side near the top of the tube. A plant of singular appearance, in prairies and 
 damp grounds, Western ! and Southern States ! Stem terete, smoothish, 2f 
 high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3 4' by 1 !', conspicuously 
 veined beneath. Flowers pale blue, in several terminal, cymose clusters. 
 Corolla 8" diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs, 2 3' long, 
 about 6-seeded. May, June. 
 
 3. VINCA. 
 
 Lat. vinculum, a band ; from the long twining branches. 
 
 Corolla hypocrateriform, contorted, border 5-cleft, with the lobes 
 oblique, orifice 5-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ovary ; capsule 
 follicular, erect, fusiform ; seed oblong. Trailing shrubs. Lvs. 
 evergreen. 
 
 1. V. MINOR. Lesser Periwinkle. Sts. procumbent; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, 
 smooth at the margins ; fls. pedunculate ; seps. lanceolate. Native in Europe. 
 A handsome evergreen, flowering in Ma)''. Stems several feet in length, round, 
 smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long. 
 Flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, violet, inodorous. 
 
 2. V. MAJOR. Greater Periwinkle. Sts. nearly erect ; Ivs. ovate, ciliate ; fls. 
 pedunculate ; sep. setaceous, elongated. Native in Europe. Shrub with nume- 
 rous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light masses of ever- 
 green foliage flourishing best beneath the shade of other plants. Leaves 1 2' 
 in length, rounded or somewhat cordate at base. Flowers blue, appearing in 
 May and June. 
 
 4. NERIUM. 
 
 Calyx with 5 teeth at the base outside of the corolla ; corolla hy- 
 pocrateriform^ segments contorted, orifice with a corona consisting of 
 5, laciniate leaflets ; filaments inserted into the middle of the tube ; 
 anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle. Oriental 
 shrubs. Lvs. evergreen. 
 
458 
 
 GIL ASCLEPIADACE^E. 
 
 ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 N. OLEANDER. Rose Day-tree. Oleander. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; sep.squa.T- 
 rose ; corona flat, its segments 3-toothed. Native in S. Europe and the Levant. 
 Stem branched. Leaves 3 together, on short stalks, smooth, very entire, coria- 
 ceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Flowers terminal, corym- 
 bose, large and beautiful, rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another 
 variegated, and a third, double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine, 
 (Rev. S. Hebard!} growing by rivulets, &c. It is commonly supposed by travel- 
 ers to be the plant to which the Psalmists alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35. 
 
 ORDER OH. ASCLEPIADACEJE. ASCLEPIADS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Lvs. almost constantly opposite, entire, exstipulate. 
 Fls. somewhat umbeled, fascicled or racemose. Sep. 5, slightly united, persistent. 
 
 Cor. petals 5, united at base, regular, deciduous, 
 
 twisted -imbricate in activation. 
 
 75 /JliPiiAiNv* Sfefc 5 > inserted into the base of the corolla and alter- 
 
 nate with its segments. 
 Fil. connate. Anth. 2-celled, cells sometimes nearly 
 
 divided by partial septa. 
 
 Pol. when the anther bursts cohering in masses 
 which are as many as the cells, or confluent into 
 pairs and adhering to the 5 processes of the 
 stigma either by 2s, by 4s or singly. 
 Ova. 2, styles 2, approximate, often very short. Stig- 
 mas united into 1, which is common to both 
 styles, and with 5 glandular angles. 
 Fr. Follicles 2, one of them sometimes abortive. 
 Sds. numerous, pendulous, almost always comose at 
 
 the hilum. Albumen thin. 
 
 , Embryo straight. Cotyledons foliaceous. RadicJe 
 
 I superior. 
 
 Genera 141, species 910, chiefly natives of tropical 
 regions, and especially abundant in S. Africa, S. India 
 and New Holland, but are not uncommon in tempe- 
 rate regions. 
 
 Properties. Similar to those of the Apocynaceae, 
 is acrid and stimulat- 
 A few 
 nch con- 
 sequence. 
 
 FIG. 55. 8. Asclepias cornuti. 9. A flower, the 
 petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 10. 
 One of the segments of the corona with the horn bent 
 inwardly. 11. A pair of pollen masses suspended 
 from the glands at an angle of the antheridium. 12. 
 The two ovaries. 13. A mature follicle. 14. A seed 
 with it* 'ong silky coma. 
 
 ropertes. mar to tose o te Apocy 
 but far less active. The juice is acrid and st 
 ing, and generally to be, at least, suspected. 
 01 the species are medicinal, but none of mu 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 $ each with a horn. 
 
 (erect. Segments of the corona 5, distinct, I without horns. Fls. greenish. 
 ( Corona leaflets 5, distinct, each 2-lobed. Fls. white 
 < Corona annular, undulate, 0-awned. Fls. purple. 
 Herbs I twining and climbing. ( Corona urceolate, 5-cleft, 5-awned. Fls. purple. 
 
 Asclepias. 1 
 
 Acerates. 2 
 
 Enslenia. 3 
 
 Gonolobus. 4 
 
 Periploca. 5 
 
 1. ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 The Gr. name, from Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, valvate in aestivation, 
 finally reflexed ; staminal corona 3-leaved, leaflets cucullate, with an 
 averted, horn-like process from the base, curved towards the stigma ; 
 antheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening 
 by 5 longitudinal fissures ; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct 
 pairs, fixed by the attenuated apex, pendulous ; follicles 2, ventri- 
 cose ; seeds comose. "A- Mostly North American, with opposite, verti- 
 cillate, rarely alternate leaves. Umbels between the petioles. 
 
 * Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. A. CORNUTI. Decaisne. (A. Syriaca. Linn, and 1st edit.) Common Silk- 
 weed. St. simple ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, gradually acute, 
 tomentose beneath ; umbels nodding ; seg. f the corona bidentate ; follicles muri- 
 cate. A coarse, very lactescent plant, common by roadsides, and in sandy 
 
ASCLEPIAS. CII. ASCLEPIADACE/E. 459 
 
 fields. Stem 3 4f high, seldom branched. Leaves 5 8' by 23', tapering at 
 both ends. Umbels several, axillary, subterminal, dense, globose, each of 20 
 or more sweet-scented flowers. Calyx segments lanceolate. Corolla pale pur- 
 ple, reflexed, leaving the corona, which is of nearly the same hue, quite con- 
 spicuous. But few of the flowers prove fertile, producing oblong, pointed, 
 rough pods or follicles, which contain a mass of long, silky fibres with seeds 
 attached. July. 
 
 2. A. PHYTOLACcolDES. Ph. Poke-leaved Silkweed. 
 
 St. simple, erect, puberulent ; Ivs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and 
 apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous beneath ; ped. terminal, subequal- 
 ing the leaves, whitish-puberulent, many-flowered ; pedicels slender, loose ; 
 antheridium stipitate ; seg. of the corona, truncate, bidentate ; horns exserted. 
 A tall and elegant species, found in low, shady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. 
 Stem 4 5f high, smooth and slender. Leaves acuminate at each end, 6 9' 
 long and nearly half as wide. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles, 4 6' 
 long and consisting each of 10 20 large flowers, on pedicels about 2' in length. 
 Petals green. Corona flesh-colored, each segment truncate, with its inner mar- 
 gin 2-toothed, and with a long, slender, incurved horn. June. 
 
 3. A. OBTUSIFOLIA. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.} Blunt-leaved Silkweed. 
 St. simple, erect; Ivs. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, mucronate, sessile, 
 
 cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides ; umbels termi- 
 nal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate ; corona horns arcuate, falcate, 
 indexed. In shady grounds, prairies, Mid. ! W. ! and S. States. Stem 2 3f 
 high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30 40 large, reddish-green 
 flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin, 4 5' long, as wide, with a 
 broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Corolla light purple. Corona nearly white, 
 its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. July. 
 
 4. A. PURPURASCENS. Purple Silkweed. 
 
 St. simple, erect, puberulent ; Ivs. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mu- 
 cronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentose-pubes- 
 cent and paler beneath ; corona segments oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse ; horns 
 falcate, acute, resupinate. In hedges and thickets, N. H. ! Mass. ! to la. ! Stem 
 3f or more high, simple or slightly branched at top. Leaves paler and downy 
 beneath, the midvein purple, smooth above. "Flowers in terminal, erect um- 
 bels. Calyx small, green. Corolla dark purple, with reflexed segments. 
 Corona purple, twice as long as the antheridium, its horns abruptly bent in- 
 wards to a horizontal position and lying close upon it. July. 
 
 5. A. INCARNATA. (A. amcBna. Mittix.} Rose-colored Silkweed. 
 
 St. erect, branching above ; Ivs. lanceolate, on short petioles, slightly to- 
 mentose ; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; seg. 
 of the corona entire, horns exsert. A handsome species, found in wet places, 
 Can. and U. S. Stern 3 4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Leaves 4 7' by !', 
 rather abrupt at base, tapering to a yery acute point, on petioles i' long. Um- 
 bels close, 2 6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or 
 more in diameter, on a peduncle 2' long, and consisting of 1020 small flow- 
 ers. Corolla deep purple, corona paler. Horns subulate, curving inwards over 
 the summit of the antheridium. July. 
 
 /?. pulchra. St. and Ivs. densely tomentose, the latter elliptical-lanceolate, 3 
 4 times as long as wide, sessile or on very short, hairy stalks. Stem 4 5f 
 high. A remarkable variety. 
 
 6. A. auADRiroLiA. Pursh. 
 
 St. erect, simple, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, thin, petiolate, ovate, acuminate, 
 mostly in 4s ; umbels few, lax, on long, terminal or axillary peduncles ; corona 
 long, segments 2-toothed, horns short. An elegant species, in dry woods, Can. 
 and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, often with 1 2 hairy lines. Leaves 
 opposite, the middle or upper pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2 3' 
 long, | as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2 4' long. Flowers small, 
 white, on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Corona twice as long as an- 
 Iheridium. July. 
 
 39* 
 
460 OIL ASCLEPIADACE^:. ACERATES, 
 
 0. lanceolata. Decaisne. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base and nar- 
 rowed into the petiole. Ohio, la., Dr. Plummer ! 
 
 7. A. PARVIFLORA. Ph. (A. debilis. Mr.) Small-flov.iered Asclepias. 
 Suffrutescent and branched at base ; sts. ascending, terete, smooth ; Ivs. 
 
 lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, petiolate, smooth both sides, thin ; ped. 
 shorter than the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered ; umbels small, pubescent ; 
 corolla 3 or 4 times snorter than the pedicels; horns filiform, acute. A very 
 delicate species, with small, white flowers. Woods, along rivers, N. Y. to Ga., 
 W. to la. ! Stems often clustered, 1| 3f high, very leafy. Leaves 4 6' (in- 
 cluding the 1' petiole) by 1 !'. Umbels several, 1' diam., 15 20-flowerea. 
 July, Aug. 
 
 8. A. VARIEGATA. (A. hybrida. Michx.} 
 
 St. simple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. ovate ' or obovate, mucronate, glabrous, 
 glaucous beneath ; ped. lateral or terminal, one-third as long as the leaves, um- 
 bellate, many-flowered; cor. segments ovate; corona segments rounded at apex; 
 horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect ; follicles oblong, with 
 a long and slender point, minutely puberulent. Woods, N. Y. to Carolina. Stem 
 3 4f high. Leaves with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. 
 Umbels about 2, 20 30-flowered. Corolla white, slightly tinged with purple. 
 
 9. A. PAUPERCULA. Michx. (A. laurifolia. Ph. not MX. A. lanceolata. 
 
 Wall.} St. virgate, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. linear and linear-oblong, mar- 
 gin narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole; ped. 1 
 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few-flowered; corona segments ovate, 
 dilated above ; horns short, included. N. J. to La. in wet woods. Stem 3 4f 
 high, very smooth. Leaves green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly 
 very narrow. Flowers greenish-red, petals linear-oblong, half as long as the 
 pedicel. 
 
 10. A. RUBRA. (A. laurifolia. MX. A. acuminata. Ph. A. periplocaefolia. Nuit.) 
 St. simple, erect ; Ivs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rounded 
 
 at base, subsessile, glabrous ; umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles ; corona 
 segments acute, rather longer than the suberect horns. A small and elegant 
 species, in Penn., N. J. to Car., not common. Stem I 2f high, with a pubes- 
 cent line on one side. Leaves 35' by 1 2', in remote pairs, the upper some- 
 times alternate. Peduncles 1 5, 2 3' long, pedicels about 1'. Flowers green- 
 ish-purple. Follicles veritricose-acuminate, smoothish. July, Aug. 
 * Leaves alternate. 
 
 11. A. TUBEROSA. Tuber-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed. 
 
 St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top ; Ivs. alternate, ob- 
 long-lanceolate, sessile ; umbels numerous, forming large, terminal corymbs. 
 Found in sandy fields, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. Root large, fleshy, 
 sending up numerous stems. These are about 2f high, leafy, erect or ascend- 
 ing, hairy and colored. Leaves hairy, scattered, only the upper ones quite ses- 
 sile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 4' by J 1'. The co- 
 rymb consists of numerous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals 5, oblong, 
 reflexed, concealing the small calyx. Pods or follicles lanceolate, pointed, and 
 like the other species, containing long, silky down, uniting the flat, ovate seeds 
 to the placentae. Aug. Medicinal. 
 
 * * Leaves verticillate. 
 
 12. A. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Asclepias. 
 
 St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines ; Ivs. generally verticillate, 
 very narrowly linear, revolute ; segs. of the corona short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, 
 exsert. A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows. 
 Can. and U. S. Leaves in whorls of 4 6, 35' long and a line in width. 
 Flowers small, greenish-white, in small, lateral umbels. Peduncles half as 
 long as the leaves. July. 
 
 2. ACERATES. Ell. 
 Gr. a, privative, Keparcs, horns; the corona being destitute of these processes. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, limb spreading or reflexed ; 
 
PERIPLOCA. GIL ASCLEPIADACE^. 461 
 
 staminal corona 5-leaved, leaflets without horns, concave, appressed to 
 the angles of the antheridium ; pollinia 5 pairs, pendulous ; follicles 
 smooth or muricate. % Herbs differing from Asctepias only in the ab- 
 sence of the horn-like processes of the corona. Lvs. mostly opposite. 
 
 1. A. VIRIDIFLORA. Ell. (and A. lanceolata. Ives, and 1st. edit. Asclepias. 
 Pursh.) Suffruticose at oase, pubescent above; Ivs. elliptical, varying to 
 
 oblong and lanceolate, briefly petiolate, scabrous above and on the margin, to- 
 mentose-pubescent beneath; umbels sessile, globose, many-flowered ; pedicels pu- 
 bescent ; pet. ovate, reflexed ; segments of the corona erect and adnate to the 
 antheridium. Can., Conn, to Ark., in dry, stony soils. Stem 2 3f high, as- 
 cending and often branched at base, clothed with dense, close hairs. Leaves 
 3 6 or 8' long, \ as wide, obtuse or acute, or even acuminate, scarce- 
 ly petiolate. Flowers green, small, inelegant, in 2 or 3 small, subglobose um- 
 bels. July. The plant varies greatly in respect to its leaves. 
 
 2. A. LONGIFOLIA. Ell. Long-leaied Acerates. 
 Scabroue-puberulent ; st. ascending, simple ; Ivs. alternate, numerous, 
 
 linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute ; umbels half as long as the leaves, 
 numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate ; corona scales 
 shorter than the antheridium. Mich, to la. ! and Miss., in meadows and prai- 
 ries. Stem stout, 2 3f high. Leaves 3 5' (including the 1 3" petiole) by 
 3 5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels 
 about 1' long. July, Aug. 
 
 3. ENSLENIA. Nutt. 
 In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States. 
 
 Calyx small, 5-parted ; cor. 5-parted. segments erect ; corona 5- 
 leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 
 filiform, flexuous lobes ; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, 
 pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ; follicles cylindraceous, smooth. 
 '2J- A twining herb, with opposite, cordate-ovate, acuminate Ivs. Ped. ra- 
 cemose-umbellate, many-floicered. Fls. white. 
 
 E. ALB1DA. Nutt. 
 
 Ohio, Clarke ! to Va. and Ark. Stems slender, with an alternate, pubes- 
 cent line. Leaves thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 3' 
 diam., margin entire. Peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles. Flowers 
 ochroleucous, sweet-scented. July, Aug. 
 
 4. GONOL6BUS. Michx. 
 
 Calyx much smaller than the corolla ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted ; 
 corona small, shield-form, undulate, 5-lobed ; antheridium depressed, 
 discoid, pentangular, terminated by a membrane ; pollinia transverse, 
 5-pairs ; follicles 2 ; seeds comose. % St. climbing. Lvs. opposite, cor- 
 date. Ped. inter petiolar, racemed or corymbose. 
 
 G. MACROPHYLLUS. (and G. hirsutus. Michx. Cynanchium obliquum. 
 
 Jacq. C. macrophyllus. MM.} St. tomentose-pubescent and with soft, 
 scattered hairs ; Ivs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, tomentose-pu- 
 bescent ; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2 5-flowered, with linear bracts at sum- 
 mit ; pet. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth above, minutely puberulent 
 beneath. Thickets, along streams, Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio ! Ky. Vine 
 trailing or climbing, 3 5f. Leaves 3 5' by 2 4', the lobes at base rounded, 
 and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Flowers 
 dark purple. Petals 5 1" by I". June, July. 
 
 5. PERIPLOCA. 
 
 Gr. irept, around, irAcJK>7, a binding or twining ; from the habit of the plant. 
 
 Calyx minute ; corolla rotate, flat, ^-parted, orifice surrounded by 
 
462 CIV. OLEACE^E. SYRINGA. 
 
 a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns ; filaments 
 distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back ; pollinia solitary, 4- 
 lobed ; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate ; seeds comose. Twining shrubs. 
 Fls. in umbels or cymes. 
 
 P. GRJECA. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; corymbs axillary ; cm: villous within. A climb- 
 ing shrub, 10 15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also culti- 
 vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3 4' long, | as wide, and on petioles J' 
 long. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lan- 
 ceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Folli- 
 cles about 2' long. Aug. 
 
 ORDER CIII. JASMIN AC E.E. JASMINWORTS. 
 
 Shrubs, often with twining stems. Lvs. opposite or alternate, mostly compound. 
 
 Fls. opposite, in corymbs, white or yellow f mostly fragrant. 
 
 Cal. divided or toothed, persistent. 
 
 Cor. regular, hypocraterifbrm, limb in 58 divisions, twisted-imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. 
 
 Ova. free, 2-celled, each cell with l erect ovule. Sty. l. Stig. 2-lobed. 
 
 Fr. either a double berry, or a capsule separable into 2. Sds. 2. 
 
 Genera 5, species 100, ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades 
 the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this account, as well as for their 
 beauty, many of these plants are cultivated. 
 
 JASMINUM. 
 
 Gr. laepn, perfume ; from the fragrance of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, 
 limb flat, 5 10-cleft; berry double; seeds 2, solitary, ariled. 
 Shrubs bushy or climbing. Lvs. opposite^ compound. Petioles articu- 
 lated. Fls. paniculate. 
 
 1. J. FRUTICANS. Yellow Jasmine. Glabrous, erect; branches angular ; Ivs. 
 alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple; Ifts. curved; fls. few, subterminal ; cat. seg- 
 ments subulate; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes. 
 S. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers yellow, inodorous, tube about 6" long. 
 Propagated by layers, f 
 
 2. J. OFFICINALE. White Jasmine. Smooth, scarcely climbing ; branches sub- 
 angulate ; Ifts. 3 7, lanceolate, acuminate ; panicles terminal, few-flowered, 
 corymbose ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx. Asia. Stem several feet in 
 length. Flowers white. Both species are beautiful and much cultivated. The 
 deliciously fragrant oil of Jasmine of the shops is extracted from this plant, f 
 
 ORDER CIY. OLEACEJE OLIVES. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate leaves. 
 
 Fls. perfect (sometimes dioecious). Sepals united at base, persistent. [vation ; rarely 0. 
 
 Cor. Petals 4, united below, sometimes distinct but connected in pairs by the filaments, valvate in aesti- 
 
 Sta. 2. alternate with the petals. Anth. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. 
 
 Ova. free, 2-celled. Ovules in pairs, pendulous. Style 1 or 0. Stigma entire or bifid. 
 
 Fr. drupaceous, baccate or samara, usually 1-seeded by abortion. 
 
 Sds. Albumen dense, fleshy, abundant, twice as long as the straight embryo. 
 
 Genera 24, species 130, natives of temperate climates. The ash is very abundant in N. America. The 
 Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental. 
 
 Properties. Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of the olive (Olea Europsea). The bark of this 
 tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentle purgative, is the 
 concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European F. Ornus. The spe- 
 cies of the ash are well known for their useful timber. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Corolla tube long, including the short stamens. .... Syringa. 1 
 
 S limb of spreading, ovate segments. . . . Lygustrum. 2 
 
 $ colored. ( Corolla tube short, ? limb of long, linear segments Chionanthus. 3 
 
 Flowers { green. Fruit a simple samara. Trees with pinnate leaves, .... Fraxinus. 4 
 
 1. SYRINGA. 
 
 Gr. orvpiv%, a shepherd's pipe ; from the use once made of its branches. 
 
 Calyx small, teeth erect; ofolla hypocrateriform, tube several 
 
FHAXINCS. CIV. OLEACE^J. 463 
 
 times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading 
 segments ; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 
 2 valved. Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 
 
 1. S. VULGARIS. Common Lilac. Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green 
 both sides ; inflorescence thyrsoid ; limb of cor. subconcave. Hungary. There 
 are many varieties of this beautiful shrub, o. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense 
 thyrse. ~/3. ccerulea. Fls. purplish-blue, y. alba. Cor. white, thyrse subcom- 
 pdund. One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and flowers. 
 
 -2. S. PERSICA.- Persian Lilac. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides 
 green, sometimes pinnatifid; limb of the cor. flattish. Persia. A smaller shrub 
 than the first, with smaller thyrses o f white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves 
 vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr. May. 
 
 2. LIGUSTRUM. 
 
 Lat. ligo, to bind, from the use made of its shoots. 
 
 Calyx minutely toothed ; cor. tube short, limb with spreading, 
 ovate lobes ; sta. 2 ; sty. very short ; berry 2-celled, 2 4-seeded ; 
 seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. Shrubs with simple 
 Ivs. Fls. in terminal panicles, tetramerous. 
 L. VULGARE. Privet. Prim. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle 
 dense, terminal. A smooth shrub, 5 6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y. ! to 
 Va. W. to the Miss. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark 
 green leaves which are 1 2' long, \ as wide, varying from obovate to ellipti- 
 cal, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white. 
 Anthers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to 
 have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June. 
 
 3. CH1ONANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. %twv, snow, avSos ', alluding to the whiteness of the flowers. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted, short ; cor. tube very short, limb 4-parted, lobes 
 linear, elongated ; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included ; sty. 
 very short; drupe fleshy; putamen bony, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. Trees 
 with opposite leaves. Branchlets compressed. Racemes terminal and 
 axillary. 
 
 C. VIRGINICA. Virginian Fringe-Tree. 
 
 Lvs. oval and oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels long, 1-flowered ; cal. glabrous ; 
 cor. segments linear, acute, flaccid. An ornamental shrub or small tree, 8 25f 
 high, Penn. to Tenn. ! on mountains. Leaves coriaceous, smooth. Flowers in 
 rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8 10" in length. Drupes 
 oval, purple. May, Jn. f 
 
 /?. maritima. Pursh. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent; 
 panicles very loose. In low, maritime woods, N. J. -f 
 
 4, FRAXlNUS. 
 
 Gr. 0pais, a separation ; in allusion to the easy separation of its annual layers into laminse. 
 
 Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Staminate fls. (often perfect). 
 Calyx or 3 4-parted ; corolla or 4-petaled ; stamens 2. Pistil- 
 late fls. Calyx and corolla as the perfect ; samara 2-celled, by abor- 
 tion 1 -seeded. Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the 
 staminate ones densely so. 
 
 1. F. AMERICANA. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash. 
 
 Lfts. petiolate, oblong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glau- 
 cous beneath ; fls. calyculate. The white ash is one of the most desirable ten- 
 ants of our forests. It is chiefly confined to the northern parts of the U. States 
 and Canada. Few trees exceed it in the beauty and magnitude of its proper- 
 
464 CIV. OLEACE.E. FRAXINUS. 
 
 tions. The trunk arises often more than 40f without a branch and then expands 
 into a regular summit of an equal additional height. The leaves are a foot or 
 more in length, opposite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in 
 loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The 
 wood is light, firm, elastic and durable, furnishing a most excellent timber for 
 carriage frames, agricultural implements, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May. 
 
 2. F. JUGLANDIFOLIA. Lam. (F. viridis. Mtchx.} 
 
 Lfis. 3 4 pairs, petiolulate, ovate, serrate, opaque, green above and with 
 the branchlets, glabrous and glaucous beneath, pubescent in the axils of 
 the veins ; fls. calyculate ; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse. A small tree, 
 15 25f high, in wet woods from the banks of the Ohio to Car., not common. 
 Leaves 10 15' long, consisting of 7 15 leaflets which are green both sides, 
 with a glaucous hue beneath, margin denticulate. Flowers greenish. Fruit 
 much smaller than in the other species. May. 
 
 3. F. PUBESCENS. Walt. (F. tomentosa. Michx.} Red, Ash. 
 
 Lfis. petiolate, elliptical-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense 
 tomentum beneath, as well as the petioles and branchlets; fls. calyculate. The 
 red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, resembling 
 the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It arises GOf, with a straight 
 trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, 
 which become reddish underneath! The wood is similar to that of the white 
 ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May. 
 
 4. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA. Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash. 
 
 Lfts. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique 
 at the base ; axils of the veins villous beneath ; fls. naked. This species is com- 
 mon in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost uni- 
 versally known as black ash. It prefers moist woods and even swamps, which 
 it sometimes almost exclusively occupies. It grows to the height of 60 70f, 
 with a diameter of 2f. The bark is of a darker hue than that of the white ash 
 and less deeply furrowed. Buds of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former. 
 Leaves 9 16' in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and 
 red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood is purplish, very tough and elastic, 
 but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisi- 
 tion for hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May. 
 
 5. F. CIUADRANGULATA. Michx. Blue Ash. 
 
 Lfts. 3 4 pairs, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; 
 branchlets glabrous, quadrangular-winged, at length subterete ; buds velvety ; 
 samara oblong, obtuse at each end, apex slightly emarginate. A tall tree, in 
 rich woods, Ohio to Tenn., E. to the Alleghanies. Trunk often 60 80f high, 16 
 20' diam. at base. Leaves 12 18' long, consisting of 7 11 leaflets. Leaflets 
 vary from oval to lanceolate, distinctly serrate, 3 4' long. The branchlets are 
 furnished with 4 membranous margins 2 or 3" wide, which disappear when 
 the twig is older. Samara slightly narrowed towards the base. Sterile pani- 
 cles compound, much shorter than the leaves. May. The wood possesses the 
 same strength and elasticity that characterize the other species. 
 
ARISTOLOCHIA. CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. 465 
 
 SUBCLASS III. APETALJE. 
 
 Corolla none ; the floral envelops consisting of a single series of 
 organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting. 
 
 ORDER CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. BIRTHWORTS. 
 
 rbaceous or shrubby, the latter often climbing. Wood without concentric layers. 
 rnate, simple, petiolate, often with a stipule opposite the leaf, or exstipulate. 
 ct, axillary, solitary, brown or of some dull color. 
 
 Plants her 
 
 Lvs. alternat 
 
 Fls. perfect, , , 
 
 Col. Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in aestivation 
 
 Sta. 612. epigynous or adhering to the base of the short and thick styles. 
 
 Ova. 3 6-celled. Stig. radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. 
 
 Fr. capsule or berry, 3 6-celled many-seeded. 
 
 Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 8, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, and thinly diffused through- 
 out the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Properties. Ionics and stimulants. Both the following genera are successfully employed in medicine. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( equal. Asarum. 1 
 Calyx limb i unequal. Aristolochia. 2 
 
 i. AS ARUM. 
 
 Said to be from the Gr. a, not, and ffctpw, to bind ; because not used in garlands. 
 
 Calyx campanulate ; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary; anthers 
 adnate to the middle of the filaments : style very short ; stigma 6- 
 rayed ; capsule 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. Herbs with creeping 
 rhizomas ajid 1 2 Ivs. on each branch. Fls. solitary. 
 
 1. A. CANADENSE. Wild Ginger. Asarabacca. 
 
 Lvs. 2, broad-reniform ; cal. woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segments reflected. 
 1\. A small, acaulescent plant, growing in.rich, shady soil, Can. to Ga. and 
 W. States. The leaves are radical, large, 2 4' by 3 5', with a deep sinus at 
 base, on long, hairy stalks, and having a soft, velvet-like surface. The flower 
 grows from between the bases of the leaf-stalks, solitary, on a nodding pedun- 
 cle, and is close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface. 
 Calyx purplish, of 3, broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. The 
 12 filaments bear the anthers on their sides just below the extremity. The root 
 or rhizoma is aromatic, and has been considered useful in whooping-cough, 
 May July. 
 
 2. A. VIRGINICUM. Michx. Sweet-scented Asarabacca. 
 
 Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, cordate, entire, obtuse ; 
 JL. subsessile ; cal. short, subcampanulate, glabrous externally. Grows in light 
 soils among rocks, N. J. to Ga. A low, stemless plant, very similar in habit to 
 the preceding. Each branch of the rhizoma bears a terminal leaf and a flower. 
 Leaf 3 4' diam., very smooth, clouded with spost, the petiole 2 or 3 times 
 longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shorter 
 than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, greenish outside. Apr. 
 
 2. ARISTOLOCHIA. 
 
 Gr. aptjroj, excellent, Ao^eoj, pertaining to parturition ; alluding to the medicinal properties. 
 
 Calyx ligulate, with an inflated base and an unequal border ; an- 
 thers 6, subsessile upon the style ; stigma 6-cleft ; capsule 6-celled, 
 many-seeded. St. erect or twining. 
 
 1. A. SERPENTARIA. Virginia Snake-roof,. 
 
 St. erect, flexuous ; Ivs. oblong, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical ; lip of the 
 cal. lanceolate. A curious vegetable of low growth, in hedges and thickets, 
 Penn. to 111. and La. Stem 8 13' high, subsimple, jointed, herbaceous. Leaves 
 2 4' by f 2', rarely larger, petioles 3 9" in length. Flowers few, near the 
 
466 
 
 CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. 
 
 SALICORNIA. 
 
 base of the stem. Calyx dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular, bent almost 
 double, gibbous at the base and at the angle, limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed. 
 
 Capsule obovate, 6-angled, 6 9" long, with numerous small seeds. June. 
 
 The dried root is a valuable stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic, containing cam- 
 phor. It has a warm, bitter, pungent taste. 
 
 2. A. SIPHO. L'Her. Dutchman's pipe. 
 
 St. twining, shrubby; Ivs. ample, suborbicular, cordate, entire, acute, 
 petiolate; ped. 1-flowered, furnished with a single, ovate bract; cal. tube bent, 
 ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal. A vigorous climber in mountainous woods, 
 Western Penn. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody, twining, and ascending trees 
 30 or 40f. Leaves 612' diam., alternate, sprinkled with soft hairs. Flowers 
 solitary, the tube long and bent at nearly a right angle, in the form of a (siphon 
 or) tobacco pipe, and of a dull brown color. It is highly ornamental in culti- 
 vation, for arbors. June, j- 
 
 ORDER CVI. CHENOPODIACEJE. CHENOPODS. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves without stipules. 
 
 Fls. inconspicuous, generally perfect, often dioecious or polygamous. 
 
 Cal. deeply divided often tubular at base, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. from the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes or fewer, and opposite to them. 
 
 Ova. l, with I ovule attached to its base within. Styles 24, rarely 1. 
 
 F}'. a utricle. Embryo usually curved around fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 63, species 360, often maritime plants, and more generally weeds, abounding in the northern 
 temperate zone. 
 
 tain 
 
 Properties. Some are useful for food, as the beet, mangel-wurtzel, orache, spinach, fyc. Others con- 
 in an essential oil, which renders them tonic, antispasmodic and anthelmintic ; as Chenopodium 
 
 , , ; as enopoum 
 
 botrys, C. ambrosioides, C. anthelminticum : the latter yields the officinal worm-seed oil. Salsoli, Sali- 
 cornia and other sea-side species yield soda from their ashes in great abundance. 
 
 FIG. 52. 1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two 
 (hypogynous) stamens. 3. Cross section of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch of Salicor- 
 nia herbacea. 5. Two joints magnified. 6. Ovary of a flower. 7. Flower of Blitum capitatum, wilh 
 the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris. 
 
 'Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 {Fruit partly invested I Seed lenticular. Chenopodium. 7 
 
 in calyx ( Seed renifbrm. Beta. 8 
 
 Fr. wholly invested in cal. Lvs. subulate Salsola. 2 
 
 Styles 1. Leafless plants. . . . Sa/icornia. 1 
 
 Call perfect. ( Stamens 12 1 Styles 2. Leafy plants. . . . Blitum. 6 
 
 ! dioecious. ( Stigmas sessile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. . . Acnida. 4 
 
 I Stamens 5. ( Stig. on capillary styles. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate. . Spinacia. 3 
 
 Flowers I polygamous. Stamens 5 Atriplev. 6 
 
 1. SALICORNIA. 
 
 Lat. sal, salt, cornu, horn ; in allusion both to its locality and appearance. 
 
 Calyx turbinate, fleshy, closed, entire ; sta. 1 2; style 1, bifid ; 
 utricle invested in the calyx, 1 -seeded. Salt marsh herbs^ rarely 
 shrubby, destitute of haves. 
 
 1. S. HERBACEA. (S. mucronata 7 Bw.} Herbaceous, Samphire or Saltwort. 
 
 St. erect, herbaceous, spreading ; joints compressed ; internodes dilated 
 upwards, truncated ; branches numerous, opposite, light green, jointed, succu- 
 lent, smooth, terminating in a spike ; spikes lateral and terminal, tapering 
 upwards ; fls. small, sessile, about three on each side of the base of every 
 joint. A leafless plant with succulent and jointed branches, about a foot high, 
 growing abundantly on sea shores and salt marshes, N. Eng. ! to Ga. ; also, at 
 Salina, N. York. This and other species are said to make a good pickle for 
 the table. When burned, its ashes yield soda. Ang. 
 
ATRIPLEX. CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. 467 
 
 2. S, AMBIGUA. Michx. Dubious or Prostrate Samphire. 
 
 Perennial, procumbent, branching ; joints small, crescent-shaped ; spikes 
 opposite and alternate ; cal. truncate ; anth. purplish-yellow ; stig. 2. A small 
 species, found in the vicinity of New Bedford, Ms. Dewey. 
 
 2. SALS OLA. 
 
 Latin salsus, salt. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. persistent, embracing the fruit with its base, and 
 crowning it with its enlarged limb ; styles 2 ; seed horizontal ; 
 embryo spiral. Salt-marsh herbs, with linear or subulate leaves. 
 
 1. S. KALI. 
 
 Herbaceous, decumbent; Ivs. subulate, channeled, spinose, smooth; cal. 
 margined, axillary. A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea- 
 coast, N. Eng. ! to Ga. Stem 1 2f high, diffuse. Leaves about an inch long, 
 sessile, ending with a spine. Flowers green, succulent, sessile, bracteate. 
 Seed cochleate, enclosed in the calyx. Aug. Used in the preparation of soda. 
 ft. Caroliniana. (Nutt. S. Caroliniana. Walt.}; Ivs. dilated; cal. with a 
 broader margin ; st. smooth. 
 
 2. S. SODA. 
 
 Herbaceous, glabrous; branches ascending; Ivs. semiterete, rather acute; 
 cal. in fruit transversely connate, somewhat membranaceous. In N. Y. Muh- 
 lenbcrg, who also attributes S. Tragus, another European species, to the shores 
 of N. J. But this is very uncertain. July. 
 
 3. SPINACIA. 
 
 Lat. spina, a prickle ; on account of the spiny processes of the fruit. 
 
 Flowers d* 9- cT Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 2 4-cleft ; 
 styles 4, capillary ; utricle contained within the indurated and some- 
 times muricated calyx. 
 
 S. OLERACEA. Spinage. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate, petiolate ; Jr. sessile, prickly 
 or unarmed. Native country unknown, but it has long been a common 
 plant in gardens, and in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1 2f high, with 
 leaves between hastate and sagittate, 2 3' long, and nearly half as wide, taper- 
 ing at base into a long petiole. Flowers greenish, the sterile ones in a ter- 
 minal-panicle, the fertile ones in dense, sessile, axillary racemes. June, July. 
 
 4. ACNlDA. Mitchell. 
 
 Gr. a. not, KviSri, the nettle ; a nettle-like plant which does not sting. 
 
 Flowers tf 9 cT Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 3-parted ; 
 stig. 3 5, sessile ; utricle t -seeded. Herbaceous weeds, mostly aquatic. 
 
 1. A. CANNABINA. Water Hemp. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; caps, smooth, acute-angled. (T) In salt marshes 
 and inland swamps, Can. and U. S. Stem furrowed, smooth, 2 4f high. 
 Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2 5' long, tapering to a long point. Panicles 
 axillary and terminal, with numerous small, green flowers. Aug. 
 
 2. A. RUSCOCARPA. Michx. 
 
 Lvs. oval-lanceolate ; caps, obtusely angled, rugose. (I) Can. and U. S. 
 A tall, branching, unsightly plant in similar situations with the last. Stem 
 6 Sfhigh, angular. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes. Jl. 
 
 5. ATRlPLEX 
 
 Fls. mono3ciously polygamous. $ Calyx 5-parted ; sta. 5 ; style 
 
 bipartite ; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. 9 Calyx 2-leaved ; 
 
 sta. ; style and fruit as above. Mostly CD, rarely shrubby plants. 
 
 Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, paniculate, c? and 9 on the same plant. 
 
 1. A. HORTENSIS. Garden Orache. Golden Orache. 
 
 St. erect, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular, toothed, of a uniform color both 
 sides ; cal. of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire. (J) Sparingly naturalized in 
 40 
 
468 CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. CHENOPODIUM. 
 
 cultivated grounds. Stem 3f or more high, with thick leaves of variable 
 shape, and 2 3' long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or 
 spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. July. 
 
 2. A. PATULA. Spreading Orache. 
 
 St. spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, acuminate ; cat. of the 
 fruit submuricate on the disk. A very branching plant, 1 2f long, found 
 in salt marshes, N. Y. to Ga. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous. 
 Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearly 
 entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals 
 of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug. 
 
 3. A. ARENARIA. Nutt. Sand Orache. 
 
 St. spreading, herbaceous; Ivs. entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, silvery- 
 white beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate ; fls. aggregated, axillary ; col. 
 of the fertile fls. muricate, dentate, retuse. Grows on sandy shores, N. Y. to 
 Car. Stem about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves 
 often wedge-shaped. Flowers monrecious, the sterile ones in short, dense 
 spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July. 
 
 4. A. LACINIATA. Frosted Sea Orache. 
 
 Stem spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary 
 pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite ; $ tetrandrous ; cal. of the fruit, rhom- 
 boid, 3-veined, denticulate. () In salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. Stem a foot long, 
 mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. Leaves stalked, entire at 
 base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, ses- 
 sile clusters, their ovaries about 5. Pistillate flowers axillary, 2 3 together. Jl. 
 
 5. A. HALIMUS. Common Orache. 
 
 St. shrubby; Ivs. often subopposite, oblong-rhomboidal, entire, attenuated 
 into the margined petiole. A tall, shrubby species, 6f high, said by Dr. Muh- 
 lenberg to be naturalized on the sea-coasts of N. J. It is ornamental on account 
 of its silvery foliage, and sometimes cultivated. 
 
 6. BLITUM. 
 
 Gr. /?A>?roi', insipid; in allusion to the fair but insipid berries. 
 
 Fls. . Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal ; sta. 1, exserted ; 
 sty. 2 ; ova. ovoid, acuminate ; seed 1, contained in the calyx which, 
 becomes a berry. Herbaceous weeds. Fls. and Jr. in capitate clus- 
 ters terminal and axillary. 
 
 1. B. CAPITATUM. Strawberry Elite. 
 
 Lvs. triangular-hastate, toothed; Ms. in a terminal, leafless spike; fr. 
 consisting of the reddened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple 
 juice, taste insipid. Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant, about a -foot in 
 height, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated for borders in 
 the flower garden. Heads of flowers sessile, near together, on the branches and 
 summit of the stem. June, f 
 
 2. B. VIRGATUM. Slender Elite. 
 
 St. with spreading branches ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate ; glo- 
 merules scattered, lateral. Fields and waste places. Stem 2f in length, spread- 
 ing'or procumbent. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2' coarsely toothed, on petioles half as 
 long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, never terminal. Calyx finally 
 fleshy and red in fruit. Jn. 
 
 3. B. MARITIMUM. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate ; hds. axil- 
 lary, sessile, spiked ; cal. membranaceous. A coarse, unsightly plant, in 
 salt marshes, N. Y. Stem 1 2f high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 2 
 or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not be- 
 coming red in fruit. Aug. 
 
 7. CHENOPODIUM 
 
 Gr. %T)v, a goose ; irovs, a foot ; from the resemblance of the leaves. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, free, partially enveloping the 
 
CHEXOPODIUM. CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. 469 
 
 fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utricle membranaceous ; seed lenticular, 
 vertically depressed. Mostly weeds with alternate leaves. Fls. 
 glomerate, paniculate. 
 
 1. C. ALBUM (and C. viride. Linn.} White Goose-foot. Hogweed. 
 
 Lvs. rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very 
 entire ; roc. branched, leafy, smooth. (p A weed, common in cultivated 
 grounds, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 3f high, furrowed, smooth, branching, 
 leaves more or less mealy as also the whole plant. Flowers numerous, small, 
 green, in irregular, terminal, erect racemes. July Sept. 
 
 2. C. RUBRUM. Red Goose-foot. 
 
 Lvs. rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate ; roc. erect, com- 
 pound, leafy. (p A* weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c., N. Eng. and Brit. 
 Am. Stem reddish, 1 2f high, with short branches, very compound, and with 
 compact clusters of small, reddish-green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper 
 on.es small, and intermixed with the flowers. July. 
 
 3. C. HYBRIDUM. Tall Goose-foot. 
 
 Lrs. cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; roc. branched, subcymose, divari- 
 cate, leafless. A weed in waste places, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ky. ! rather taller than 
 the foregoing. Stem slender, 2 3f high, bearing a loose, branching cluster of 
 unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green, 
 with large, remote teeth and a tapering point. July. 
 
 4. C. RHOMBIFOLIUM. Mllhl. 
 
 Lvs. rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-dentate, upper ones lanceolate, 
 cuneate at base ; roc. axillary, erect, mostly leafless ; bracts minute, inflexed. 
 Penn. and Ohio. Plant yellowish-green, 2 3f high. Stem branching, angular 
 with stripes of a deeper green. Leaves 2 3' by 1 !', widest near the base, 
 with a few acute dentures, petioles nearly half as long. Flowering branches 
 shorter than the leaves, axillary, nearly leafless, with several roundish, dense 
 clusters of green flowers. 
 
 5. C. AMBROsiolDEs. Ambrosia Goose-foot. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate; rac. simple, axillary, leafy. Fields and 
 roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. Plant rather fragrant. Stem 1 2f high, much 
 branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end (the upper 
 ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles \[ long. 
 Flowers green, in sessile clusters on short, erect, slender, leafy branches. Sta- 
 mens exsert. Aug. Sept. 
 
 6. C. BOTRYS. Oak-of- Jerusalem. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, sinuate ; rac. much divided. Sandy fields, &c., N. Eng. to 
 111. Thisf)lant is sometimes cultivated both on account of its fragrance, and 
 the remarkable appearance, of its compound clusters of innumerable flowers. 
 Plant 1 3f high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves petiolate. the sinuses deep, giving 
 them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves 
 and short, axillary clusters on every side, forming long, leafy, cylindric, green, 
 compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June, t 
 
 7. C. ANTHELMINTICUM. Worm-seed. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; spike simple, slender, interrupted, leafless. 
 Maine ! to 111. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as 
 both its specific and common name would imply. Stem 1 \ 2f high, its branches 
 ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug. 
 
 8. C. GLAUCUM. Sea-green Goose-foot. 
 
 Lvs. oblong and ovate-oblong, repand-sinuate on the margin, glaucous be- 
 neath ; spikes simple, leafless, glomerate, axillary and terminal. N. Y. Muhl. 
 
 9. C. MARITIMUM. 
 
 Lv's. linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical ; fls. in sessile, axillary clus- 
 ters ; sta. shorter than the sepals. A fleshy plant growing in salt meadows, 
 Can. to Flor. Stem 1 2f high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute, 
 I 1' long. Flowers in Axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semi- 
 transparent, containing a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept. 
 
470 CVIII. AMARANTHACE.E. AMARANTHUS. 
 
 8. BETA. 
 Celtic bett, red ; the usual color of the beet. 
 
 Calyx 5-sepaled ; sta. 5 ; styles 2, very short, erect, with acute stig- 
 mas ; seed reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Stems jurrowed. 
 Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, green, in spikes or paniculate racemes. 
 
 1. B. VTJLGARIS. Common Beet. Fls. in dense, sessile, axillary clusters ; lower 
 Irs. ovate ; rt. fleshy. This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Europe. 
 Besides its use in salads, pickles, soups, &c., the beet yields sugar equal to that 
 of the cane. There are several varieties, of which the purple-leaved is the 
 most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug. 
 
 2. B. CICLA. Scarcity. L/vs. with very thick veins ; fls. 3 together ; rts. 
 scarcely any. Native of Portugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem ses- 
 sile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with 
 very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aug. 
 
 /?. Mangel- Wurtzel. Rt. very large. Cultivated as food for cattle, for which 
 purpose it is highly prized by many farmers. 
 
 ORDER CVII. SCLERANTHACEJE. SCLERANTHS. 
 
 Herbs small, inconspicuous, with opposite leaves, no stipules and minute, axillary, sessile flowers. 
 Cal. Tube urceolate, limb 4 5-toothed. 
 
 Sta. inserted on the calyx tube, and usually twice as many as its lobes. 
 Ova. l, free, 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 1.' Fr. a utricle, in ihe hardened calyx. 
 Seed pendulous from the apex of a funiculus which arises from base of cell. 
 Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. 
 Genera 4, species 14, natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 SCLERANTHUS. 
 Gr. crK\r)pos, hard, avSos , when in fruit, the floral envelope appears hard and dry. 
 
 Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the tube contracted at the orifice 5 sta. 
 1 0, rarely 5 or 2 ; styles 2 ; utricle very smooth, enclosed in the calyx. 
 
 S. ANNUUS. Common Knawel. 
 
 St. spreading, slightly pubescent; sta. 10; cal. ofthefr. with acute, spread- 
 ing segments. (j) weed in dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States. 
 Stems numerous, branching, decumbent, short, ending with leafy clusters of 
 sessile,green flowers. The leaves are numerous, linear, acute, short, opposite, 
 partially united at their basis. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. Jl. 
 
 ORDER CVIII. AMARANTHACE^E. AMARANTHS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, withoul stipules. 
 
 Fls. in heads or spikes usually colored, generally perfect. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 35, dry and scarious, persistent, generally with dry, colored bracts. 
 
 Sta. 5 or some multiple of 5. distinct or monadelphous, hypogynous. 
 
 Ova. 1, free, 1 or few-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigma, simple or compound. 
 
 Fr. a utricle. Seeds pendulous. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. 
 
 Genera 38, species 282, most abundant in warm latitudes. A few of them are cultivated for their richly 
 colored, imperishable flowers. Others are mere weeds. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 (Rachis 1 ere te or furrowed Amaranthiis. 1 
 
 (alternate. \ Rachis broad, flat and crest-form Celosia. 5 
 
 ^ Flowers paniculate Iresme. 2 
 
 ( Bracts whitish or greenish. Flowers spicate Oplotheca. 3 
 
 opposite. ( Bracts crimson. Flowers capitate Gomphrena. 4 
 
 1. AMARANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. a, not, fjtapaivo), to wither; the flowers of some of the species are imperishable. 
 
 Fls. cT 9 ; calyx deeply 3 5-parted, mostly colored, persistent ; 
 segments lanceolate, acute. cT Stamens 3 5. 9 Styles 2 3 ; cap- 
 sule 1 -celled, circumscissile ; seed 1. Herbs with alternate leaves. 
 Fls. in axillary and terminal clusters, rarely scattered. 
 
 * Flowers triandrous. 
 \. A. ALBUS. While Cockh-comb. 
 St. obtusely angular ; Irs. obovate, retuse ; fis. triandrous, in small, axillary 
 
IRKSINK. CV1II. AMARANTHACEJE. 471 
 
 clusters. A common garden weed, 1 2f high, simple or branched. Leaves 
 entire, varying from oval to obovate, emarginate, with a mucronate point, 
 tapering to a petiole which is nearly as long as the blade, those upon the 
 branches very small. Flowers inconspicuous, pale green, accompanied with 
 numerous, setaceous-pointed bracts. July. 
 
 2. A. BLITUM. Low Amaranth. 
 
 St. diffusely branched and spreading ; Ivs. ovate, long-petiolate, obtuse or 
 abruptly decurrent at base, entire, lower ones retuse, upper obtuse or acute ; fls. 
 in short, axillary, spicate clusters, shorter than the petioles. A weed naturalized 
 in waste places. Stem mostly prostrate and spreading. Leaves as long as the 
 petioles, | J as wide. 
 
 3. A. OLERACEUS. Pot Amaranth. 
 
 Lvs. rugose, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate; dusters axillary, branching ; 
 fls. sometimes pentandrous. Fields and waste places, Mass, to Penn. Stem 
 18 24' high. July. 
 
 * * Flowers pentandrous. 
 
 4. A. HYBRIDUS. Hybrid Amaranth. 
 
 St. furrowed, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; roc. pentandrous, decompound 
 crowded, erect. A common weed in waste and cultivated grounds, N. Eng. to 
 Miss. Stem 3f high, or more^leaves alternate, long-stalked, mostly entire, ob- 
 tuse, emarginate, mucronate, the lowest ones retuse. Flowers minute, in large, 
 green, oblong spikes becoming at length a dull red; axillary and terminal. 
 
 5. A. PUMILUS. Nutt. Dwarf Amaranth. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, often retuse ; dusters axillary ; fls. 
 pentandrous ; cal. 5-leaved, concave. Sandy sea shores, N. Y. Stem 8 12' 
 high, often decumbent. Flowers green, obscure. 
 
 6. A. RETROFLEXUS. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, undulate ; branches downy ; roc. pentandrous, triply compound, 
 compact, erect. Waste grounds, among rubbish, N.Y.toVa. Stem2fhigh. Aug. 
 
 7. A. SPINOSUS. Spiny Amaranth. 
 
 St. glabrous, much branched; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, with two stipular 
 spines at base of the petioles ; fls. in compound, terminal and axillary spikes. 
 In cultivated grounds and roadsides. Middle States. A vile weed, 2f or more 
 high, readily known by its stipular spines. Aug. 
 
 8. A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS. Prince's Feather. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, mucronate ; roc. pentandrous, compound, com- 
 pact, erect. This species is native in the Middle States, and cultivated often as 
 a garden annual. The whole plant is dark red, 3 4f high, with long, plume- 
 like clusters, f 
 
 9: A. MELANCHOLICUS. Love-lies-bleeding . Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, colored ; 
 roc. axillary, peduncled, roundish. From India. The whole plant purple, 
 18' high, t Several other species are rarely cultivated. 
 
 2. IRESINE. 
 
 Gr. eipeaiuvr] . an olive branch hound with tufts of wool, borne by suppliants ; from the resemblance. 
 
 Flowers 3" 9 & Calyx deeply 5 7-parted, subtended by 2 bracts ; 
 scales or nectaries (petals?) 5 or 7. 9 Stigmas 2, sessile; capsule at 
 length tomentose, many-seeded. Mostly % Lvs. opposite, entire, 
 Fls. paniculate, axillary and terminal. 
 
 I. CELOSlSlDES. 
 
 St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above ; Ivs. scabrous, punctate, lower ob- 
 long, acuminate, upper ovate-lanceolate ; panicle compound, large, rather dense. 
 A tall, handsome annual, 3 4f high, on river banks, Ohio, near Cincinnati, 
 &c. Leaves tapering to the base into a winged petiole, 3 6' by 2 4'. Pani- 
 cle of whitish flowers large, with opposite branches, branchlets and pedicels, 
 nearly or quite leafless. Sept. Oct. 
 40* 
 
478 CIX. NYCTAGINACE.E. MIRABILIS. 
 
 3. OPLOTHECA. Nutt. 
 Gr. OTT\O$, armor, Srixi), sheath ; alluding to the armed cover of the fruit. 
 
 Fls. $ Calyx scarious, tubular, 5-toothed, densely tomentose, 
 subtended at base by 2 truncated bracts ; sta. 5, filaments united 
 into a sheath below ; stig. simple ; utricle 1 -seeded, enclosed in the in- 
 durated, muricate calyx. (D Lvs. opposite, entire. Spikes opposite, sessile. 
 
 O. FLORIDANA. JNutt. 
 
 St. simple, erect, arachnoid-pubescent ; Ivs. linear, tapering to the base, 
 obtusish at apex ; fls. imbricated, in short, dense, cottony spikes. On sandy 
 river banks, 111. Mead ! Plant 1 2f high, with a terminal, virgate inflorescence 
 6 10' long. Leaves 1 2' by 3 5". Spikes remote, J If long. Calyx 
 white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, enclosing the utricle. 
 
 4. GOMPHRENA. 
 
 Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate ; sepals 5, vil- 
 lous, disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed ; utricle circumscissile, 1- 
 seeded. Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves. None of the species native. 
 
 1. G. GLOBOSA. Globe Amaranth. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. oblong, pubescent; 
 hds. globose, solitary, 2-leaved ; keels of the bracts winged. A tender annual from 
 India, valued for its heads of flowers, which, if gathered before too far ad- 
 vanced, will retain their beauty several years. Height 18'. Branches oppo- 
 site, axillary. Flowers purple. 
 
 2. G. PERENNIS. Perennial Globe Amaranth. Lvs. lanceolate ; hds. 2-leaved ; 
 fls. distinguished by a peculiar calyx. 1\. Plant about 2f high, native of S. 
 America. The heads 2-leaved and terminal, resemble heads of clover. The 
 crowded, purple perianths are chiefly conspicuous. Gathered like the former 
 species, its flowers are equally fadeless and durable. July Oct. 
 
 5. CELOSIA. 
 
 Gr. KTI\OS, burnt ; some of the species appear as if singed. 
 
 Sepals 3 5, colored; stamens united at base by a plicate disk 
 (nectary); style 2 3-cleft; utricle circumscissile. A genus of orna- 
 mental foreign herbs. Lvs. mostly alternate. 
 
 C. CRISTATA. Cock's-comb. Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; stip. falcate ; common ped. 
 striated ; spike oblong, compressed. This curious annual is said to have come 
 from Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot in diameter, and of an in- 
 tense, purplish-red. Height 2f. June Sept. 
 
 ORDER CIX. NYCTAGINACE^B. NYCTAGOS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. opposite, one of each pair smaller than the other. 
 
 CaL colored, tubular, the upper part resembling a corolla with a- plaited limb, falling off from the lower 
 
 part which becomes indurated in fruit. 
 Sta. hypogynous, definite. Anth. 2-celled. 
 Oca. free, with a single, erect ovule. Style l. Stigma I. 
 Fr. a thin utricle, enclosed within the enlarged and persistent calyx. 
 Seed with its testa coherent with the utricle. Cotyledons leafy. 
 
 Genera 14, species 100, natives of warm latitudes. Nearly all, except the following beautiful genus, are 
 obscure weeds. Roots purgative. 
 
 MIRABlLIS. 
 
 Calyx funnel-form, tube contracted, free from the ovary, limb plait- 
 ed, entire, deciduous ; sta. 5 ; stig. globose" 
 
 1. M. JALAPA. Four-o'clock. Marvel-of-Peru. Lvs. smooth ; fls. in clusters, 
 stalked. % This well-known and much admired plant is from the W. Indies. 
 Root large, tuberous, and is one of the substances which furnish the Jalap of 
 the shops. Stem 2f high. Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate. Flowers 
 large, very fragrant, in axillary and terminal clusters ; border wide-spreading, 
 opening at about 4 o'clock, P. M. Calyx bright purple. By cultivation it 
 
POLYGONUM. CX, POLYGONACE^E. 473 
 
 sports into many pleasing varieties with yellow and white, red and white, red 
 and yellow flowers. June Sept. 
 
 2. M. DICHOTOMA. Mexican Four-o'clock. Fls. sessile, erect, axillary, soli- 
 tary. 1\. From Mexico. Stem 2f high, dichotomous, with yellow flowers, 
 opening at 4 o'clock like the former. July, Aug. 
 
 3. M. LONGIFLORA. Long-flowered Four-o'clock. Lvs. pubescent ; fls. crowd- 
 ed ; tube of the col. very long. 9| Native of Mexico. Stem 2f high. Tube of 
 the calyx slender, hairy, twice as long as the leaves. Flowers white. Jn. Sept. 
 
 ORDER CX. POLYGONACEJE. BUCKWHEATS. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves. [base of the leaf-stalks ; occasionally 0. 
 
 Slip, of that remarkable kind called ochreae, cohering round the stem in the form ot a sheath above the 
 
 Fls. mostly perfect, and in racemes. 
 
 Cal. Sepals united at base, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. definite, inserted on the calyx near the base. 
 
 Ova. free, with a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas several. 
 
 Fr. Achenium usually triangular. 
 
 Sds. Embryo generally on one side of farinaceous albumen. 
 
 Genera 29, species 490, widely diffused throughout the world. 
 
 Properties. "The roots of these plants are nauseous and purgative. Rhubarb of the shops is the root 
 of some, unknown species of this order, native of Tartary. But the leaves and stalks of sorrel, the gar- 
 den rhubarb, &c., are agreeably tart, and contain oxalic acid ; the petioles of the latter, together with the 
 iarinaceous seeds of the buck- wheat, are well-known articles of food. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 t 6. Stigmas 3, multifid. 3 outer sepals smaller Rumex. 4 
 
 ( 6. Stamens { 9. Stigmas multifid Rficum. 1 
 
 < mostly 5, united at base, persistent and enclosing the fruit Polygonum. 3 
 
 Sepals (4. Radical leaves reniform, on long petioles Oxyria. 2 
 
 1. RHEUM. 
 
 Rfia, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native. 
 
 Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent ; stamens 9 ; styles 3 ; stigmas 
 multifid, reflexed ; achenia 3-angled, the angles margined. ^ Fls. 
 fasciculate, in racemose panicles. 
 
 R. RHAPONTICUM. Garden Rhubarb or Pie-plant. L/vs. smooth, cordate- 
 ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges. Native of Asia, 
 cultivated in gardens for the sake of the juicy, acid petioles. These are taken 
 in a green state, in the spring of the year, and made into tarts and pies, whose 
 excellence is well known to every one. Stem stout and fleshy, 3 4f high, 
 hollow, with large, sheathing stipules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1 2f 
 long, J as wide, on petioles of nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at 
 first enclosed in a white, membranous bract which at length bursts, disclosing 
 innumerable greenish-white flowers. May. 
 
 2. OXYRIA. R. Br. 
 
 Gr. o%vs, acid ; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves. 
 
 Cal. 4-sepaled,2 inner sepals largest ; achenium 3-sided, with abroad, 
 membranaceous margin ; sta. 2 6 ; styles 2, stigmas large, plumose. 
 Q Lvs. mostly radical, petiolate. Stem nearly leafless, paniculate-racemose. 
 O. RENIFORMIS. Hook. (Rumex digynus. Linn.) Mountain Sorrel. 
 Radical Ivs. reniform, on long petioles ; outer sepals oblong, half as long as 
 the inner, valvular sepals ; stamens 2 ; styles 2. Found on the summits of the 
 White Mts., in moist ravines, and N. to the Arc. Sea. The plant is acid to the 
 taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 3 4' in height. June. 
 
 3. POLYGONUM. 
 
 Gr. iroXvf, many, yovv, knee ; that is, plants with many joints. 
 
 Sepals 4 6, mostly 5, connected at base, colored or corolla-like, 
 persistent ; sta. 59, mostly 8 ; sty. 23, mostly 3, short, filiform ; 
 ach. mostly triangular, usually covered by the persistent calyx. 
 Herbaceous. Sts. jointed. Fls. in axillary and terminal fascicles and 
 spikes or paniculate racemes. 
 
474 CX. POLYGONACE^E. POLYGONUM. 
 
 1. AVICULARIA. Flowers axillary. Stamens 5 8. Stigmas 3. 
 
 1. P. AVICULARE. Bird Polygonum or Knot-grass. 
 
 St. procumbent ; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, rough-edged, acute, sessile ; 
 flowers subsessile. A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U. 
 S. and Brit. Am. Stems slender, \ l}f long, striate, smooth, branching, 
 with short, white, torn, remotely veined stipules at the joints. Leaves smooth 
 except the edges, 1' long and J as wide. Flowers reddish, small, 2 or 3 
 together in the axils of the leaves, appearing all summer. 
 
 /?. glaucum. (P. glaucum. Nutt.} Lvs. fleshy, glaucous, revolute on the mar- 
 gin. Grows on the sea-coast, Long Island. 
 
 2. P. ERECTUM. (P. aviculare. 0. latifolium. Michx.} Erect Knot-grass. 
 
 St. mostly erect, branched ; Ivs. smooth, broadly oval, petiolate ; fls. pedi- 
 cellate ; sta. mostly 5. 7|. Western and Mid. States and Brit. Am. A species 
 remarkably distinct in appearance from the last, in similar situations, but sel- 
 dom growing with it. Stem 1 2jf high, branched, smooth. Leaves 1 2' 
 long and about } as wide, rather obtuse, the petioles f long. Flowers 23 
 together, pedicellate, in the axils of the leaves, yellowish. Jn. Sept. 
 
 3. P. TENUE. Michx. (P. linifolium. MM.} Slender Knot-grass. 
 
 St. slender, erect, branched, acute-angled ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, erect, 
 acuminate ; slip, tubular, villose at top ; fls. alternate, subsolitary, axillary. 
 A small, slender plant, on rocky soils, N. Eng., Mid. States. Stem If high. 
 Leaves 1 1%' long, 1 2" wide, 3-veined, sessile. Flowers white. JL, Aug. 
 
 2. PERSICARIA. Spikes terminal or axillary. 
 
 4. P. PUNCTATUM. Ell. (P. Hydropiper. Michx. not of Linn.} Water 
 Pepper. St. branched, often decumbent at base ; Ivs. lanceolate, punctate 
 
 with pellucid dots, waved and scabrous on the margin ; spike loose, interrupted, 
 drooping; sta. 6 8; sty. 2, united half way up. Q Can. to Flor. A plant 
 well known for its acrid taste, growing in ditches, low grounds, among rub- 
 bish, &c. Stem smooth, 'swelling above the joints, 2f high, and, like the 
 leaves, sprinkled with glandular dots, in which the acrimony is said to reside. 
 Leaves 2 3' long and not more than \ as wide. Flowers green, tinged with 
 purple and white. Aug., Sept. 
 
 5. P. MITE. Pers. (P. hydropiperoides. Michx. P. barbatum. Walt.} 
 Mild or Tasteless Knot-grass. St. mostly decumbent at base, erect and 
 
 hairy above ; Ivs. narrow, lanceolate, subhirsute ; stip. hirsute, long-ciliate ; 
 spikes linear ; bracts ciliate, subimbricate ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. Ditches and ponds, 
 Can. to Car. and Tenn. Stem a foot or more high. Leaves 2 4' long, -| as wide, 
 sessile. Spikes several, crowded near the summit of the stem, composed of small 
 fascicles of reddish flowers. JL, Aug. See also Addenda, p. 638. 
 
 G. P. PENNSYLVANICUM. Pennsylvanian Knot-grass. 
 
 St. smooth, tumid at the joints; Ivs. lanceolate, petiolate; stip. glabrous, 
 not ciliate ; spikes oblong, crowded ; ped. hispid ; sta. 8; sty. 2 or 1. (J) Mar- 
 
 nof ponds and ditches, N. H. to Car. Stem geniculate, branched above, 
 f high. Leaves 3 5' long, as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes short and 
 dense, large, and somewhat nodding. Flowers large, rose-colored, pedicellate. JL 
 
 7. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM. (P. incarnatum. Ell.} 
 
 St. geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, often hoary 
 beneath; spikes numerous, rather crowded, erect, on scabrous peduncles; sta. 
 6 ; sty. 2. A rare species in swamps and ditches, N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2 4f 
 high. Leaves 3 5' long, as wide. Petioles i \' long. Flowers small, 
 white, or tinged with red, in numerous, panicled spikes. Aug. 
 
 8. P. PERSICARIA. Ladies' Thumb. Spotted Knot-weed. 
 
 St. erect; Ivs. lanceolate, the upper surface spotted; stip. fringed ;. spikes 
 dense, oblong, erect; ped.- smooth ; sta. 6; sty. 2, half united. (J) A common 
 species about buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. Stem smooth, branched, 
 leafy, 1 2f high, often colored. Leaves 2 4' long, i as wide, entire, short- 
 stalked, acuminate, generally marked with a brownish, heart-shaped spot near 
 the middle. Flowers rose-colored, in short, dense, terminal spikes. Jn.. Aug. 
 
POLYGONUM. CX. POLYGONACE^E. 475 
 
 9. P. ORIENTALS. Oriental Knot-grass. Prince's Feather. 
 
 St. erect, paniculately branched ; Ivs. large, with hairy, salver-form sti- 
 pules ; sta. 7 ; sty. 2. Native of the East, naturalized in fields and roadsides, 
 throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant, often cultivated for ornament. 
 Stem 5 8f high. Leaves 8 12' long, as wide, ovate, acuminate. Spikes 
 numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. j- 
 
 10. P. AMPHLBIUM. (P. coccinium. Muhl.} Amphibious Knot-weed. 
 
 St. assurgent, prostrate or decumbent at base, rooting at the lower joints ; 
 Ivs. oblong-lanceolate and oblong, acute, or rounded or cordate at base, petiolate, 
 smooth, acute or acuminate at apex ; spike terminal, ovoid or oblong, dense; 
 sta. 5 ; sty. 2-cleft. Marshes, ponds, N. Eng. to 111. A very variable species, 
 with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of bright red flowers. Stems 
 smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, often very long and creeping or floating and 
 rooting. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly lacerated. Leaves 5 7' by 1 2', 
 often shining. Spikes 1 2' long, the shorter mostly thicker. Aug. The prin- 
 cipal varieties are as follows : 
 
 a. coccineum. St. thick, suberect, 1 3f long ; Ivs. oblong, acute, shining 
 both sides; stipules truncate; spikes ovoid. (N. Eng. !) 
 
 /?. natans. St. very long, thick, rooting, prostrate, with erect branches ; Ivs. 
 lance-oblong, subcordate, acuminate, slip, lacerate, long ; spike long, slender. 
 (Indiana ! &c.) 
 
 y. (P. fluitans. Ea. ?) Lvs. lance-linear, tapering to each end ; ochrece, long, 
 hirsute, with a leafy, spreading summit; spike oblong. Lancasterj N. H. 
 Rickard! Wisconsin, Lapham! I. am by no means certain that these three 
 varieties are not distinct. 
 
 11. P. VIRGINIANUM. 
 
 St. simple, pilose above ; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, acumi- 
 nate, smooth, on short petioles ; roc. long, slender, few-flowered ; fls. tetrame- 
 rous, unequal, remote ; sta. 5 ; sty. 2, unequal. 1\. Shades, Can. to Flor., W. 
 to Miss. Stem 2 4f high. Leaves 36' long, as wide, petioles 1 5" long. 
 Stipules hairy. Spike or raceme terminal, simple or with one or two branch- 
 lets, leafless, 'l 2f long. Flowers small, white, Jl., Aug. 
 
 3. BISTORTA. Fls. in terminal, solitary spikes. Sta. 7 9. Stig. 3. 
 
 12. P. VIVIPARUM. Viviperous Bistort. 
 
 St. simple ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, revolute at the margin ; spike linear, 
 solitary. Stem erect, leafy, f high, bearing a single spike of white flowers 
 which are often transformed into bulblets while on the stem. % White Mts. N. 
 to Arc. Am. Leaves 1 !' by 2 3", with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. Jl. 
 
 13. P. HIRSUTUM. Walt. Hairy Knot-grass. 
 
 St. and stip. very hirsute ; Ivs. lanceolate, hirsute, punctate with pellucid 
 dots ; spikes filiform ; sta. 7 ; sty. 3-parted. On river banks, Ohio and South- 
 ern States. The whole plant is clothed with soft hairs. Stem 2f high. Flowers 
 white. July. 
 
 4. POLYGONELLA. Flowers in paniculate spikes. Stamens 8. 
 
 14. P. ARTICULATUM. Jointed Polygonum. 
 
 St. erect ; Zrs. linear ; spikes panicled, filiform ; fls. solitary, pedunculated, 
 with imbricate, truncated bracts ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. <) N. Y., Mich., found in dry, 
 hilly pastures. Stem slender, branching, straight, with numerous, racemed 
 spikes, and imbricate, sheathing bracts. Leaves \ 1' by 1 2", obtuse. 
 Flowers flesh-colored, on nodding, hair-like peduncles issuing from above the 
 bracts. Achenia acutely triangular. Aug. 
 5. FAGOPYRUM. Fls. in racemose panicles. Lvs. subcordate or sagittate. 
 
 15. P. SAGITTATUM. Scratchgross. 
 
 St. prostrate, rough-angled ; Ivs. sagittate ; fls. capitate ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. @) 
 Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Flor. and W. States. A rough, climbing species, 
 often several feet in length. Stem square, the angles very rough with prickles 
 pdftiting downwards. Leaves acute, 1 3' long, as wide, on petioles i f ' 
 long, with smooth stipules. Flowers in small, terminal heads, whitish. Jn. 
 
476 CX. POLYGONACE^E. RUMEX. 
 
 16. P. ARIFOLIU'M. Hastate Knotgrass. 
 
 St. aculeate with reversed prickles; Ivs. hastate; s'pikes few-flowered ; fls. 
 distinct ; star. 6 ; sty. 2. Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Distin- 
 guished irom the last chiefly by its larger, halbert-shaped leaves, which are 
 2 4' long and as wide. Petioles J 1' long. Clusters racemose, slender, 
 loose, few-flowered, at the ends of the branches. June, July. 
 
 17. P. CONVOLVULUS. Knot Bindweed. 
 
 St. twining, angular; Ivs. cordate-hastate; seg.ofthe cal. obtusely keeled ; 
 sta. 8; sty. 3. A common climbing species, in fields and waste grounds, Can. 
 to Ky. and Car. Stem 2 6f long, roughish, angled, with axillary branches. 
 Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, on petioles f ' long, with somewhat spreading 
 and acute lobes at base. Flowers whitish, in terminal, interrupted spikes. 
 June Sept. 
 
 /?. cilinode. (P. cilinode. MX.} Plant minutely pubescent ; stip. fringed with 
 reflexed hairs at base. 
 
 18. P. SCANDENS. Climbing Knotgrass. 
 
 St. twining, smooth ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate ; seg. of the cal. winged ; sta. 
 8; sty. 3. 71. N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 3 7f long, climbing, often colored and 
 with axillary branches. Leaves heart-shaped, with distinct, rounded lobes. 
 Flowers in long, interrupted racemes. Calyx and fruit conspicuously 3- winged, 
 the wings decurrent on the slender, jointed pedicel's. Aug. 
 
 19. P. FAGOPYRUM. Buckwheat. 'St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. cordate-sagittate ; 
 rac. panicled; sta. 8; sty. 3; angles of the ach. equal. (T) The name from the 
 "Lai.fagus, beech, and pyrum, a pear; the fruit resembles in shape a beech-nut. 
 Native of Asia, but here naturalized. A valuable grain cultivated for the flour 
 which is made into pan-cakes and eaten warm. Stems 2 4f high. Leaves 
 2 4' long, J as wide. Flowers numerous, white, very grateful to bees. 
 
 -4. RUMEX. 
 
 Calyx persistent, of 6 colored sepals, the 3 inner (valves) larger ; 
 sta. 6 ; sty. 3, spreading ; stigmas many-clbft ; achenium 3-cornered, 
 covered by the 3 valve-like inner sepals. Herbs with the flowers in 
 dense, fasciculate panicles. 
 
 1. LAPATHUM. Flowers all $ . Inner sepals (valves) granuliferous. 
 * Inner sepals entire. 
 
 1. R. CRISPUS. Yellow Dock. 
 
 L/vs. lanceolate, waved, acute; valves (inner sepals) of the cal. entire, ovate, 
 each bearing a tubercle. 1|_ Can. and U. S. A weed so common as hardly to 
 need description, growing in cultivated grounds, about rubbish, &c., much to 
 the annoyance of the farmer. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, channeled, from a yel- 
 low, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of many 
 racemes of half-whorls, interspersed with leaves. Calyx-valves 3, enclosing 
 the seed, each with a grain on the back. The root is used in medicine for cuta- 
 neous diseases. June. 
 
 2. R. SANGUINEUS. Bloody-veined Dock. 
 
 L/vs. petiolate, cordate, lanceolate ; valves of the cal. entire, one of them 
 principally bearing the granule. 7J. Can. and N. States. Stem of a reddish 
 color, branching, leafy, 2 3f high. Leaves smooth, radical ones large, mostly 
 with red veins, somewhat cordate, slightly curled at the edges. Flowers in 
 small, distant whorls. Grows in waste and shady places. July. <j 
 
 3. R. BRiTTANicus, British Water Dock. 
 
 Lvs. broad-lanceolate ; joints with nearly obsolete, torn sheaths ; fls. poly- 
 gamous ; valves entire, all bearing granules. 7J. Can., U. S. Aquatic, growing 
 in muddy places. Root yellow internally, large. Stem 3f high, furrowed, 
 angular ancf branched. Leaves large, petiolate, acute. Flowers in verticiij&te 
 fascicles, collected into a large, terminal panicle. Pedicels nodding in fruit. 
 Calyx valves large, cordate. July. 
 
CXI. PHYTOLACCACE^E. 477 
 
 4. R. VERTICILLATUS. Naked-spiked Dock. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; valves entire, all bearing granules ; spikes leafless, 
 with flowers in half- whorls. 7L Northern States. An aquatic species of muddy 
 situations. Stem 2f high, with long, tubular sheaths and few branches. Leaves 
 long, narrow, acute, flat. Whorls few-flowered. Pedicels 1' long. June. 
 
 5. R. AQUATICUS. Great Water Dock. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acute, lower ones cordate, on long petioles ; valves ovate, 
 entire, all of them bearing granules. Tj. Northern U. S. Ponds and ditches. 
 Root large, very astringent. Stem 3 4f high. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 
 the lower ones distinctly cordate at base. Flowers verticillate, in a terminal, 
 leafy panicle. Pedicels nodding. 
 
 6. R. ALTISSIMUS. Wood. (R. verticillata, Mead 7) Peach-leaved Dock. 
 Glabrous, tall, erect ; Ivs. linear-elliptic, entire, petiolate, tapering to each 
 
 end ; roc. slender, paniculate, somewhat secund, leafless or the lowest verticil 
 axillary; fls. all $; inner sep. broad-cordate, one graniferous, one abortively 
 so, and the third naked. 7J. Marshy prairies and borders of streams, Indiana ! 
 A very showy Rumex, 3 6f high, slightly branched above. Leaves 3 5' by 
 i 1', somewhat acuminate, broadest in the middle. Verticils approximate, 
 pedicels 2 3" long. Achenium exactly resembling a beach-nut in form and 
 color. June. (Nov. sp.) 
 
 * * Inner sepals toothed. 
 
 7. R. ACUTUS. Dock. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-cordate, acuminate ; whorls leafy ; valves oblong, subdentate, 
 all of them bearing granules. 1\. N. States. Ditches and waste places. Stem 
 2 3f high. Leaves large, the lower ones distinctly cordate, on long petioles. 
 Racemes paniculate, composed of dense, leafy, dimidiate verticils. Granules 
 large, red, one upon the back of each valve. May. 
 
 8. P. PALLIDUS. Bw. White Dock. 
 
 Lvs.- linear-lanceolate, acute; spikes slender; valves ovate, entire, hardly 
 larger than the granule. 7J_ Found in salt marshes, Ms. Stems numerous, 
 ascending. Leaves smooth, acute, petioled, wavy on the margin. Flowers 
 crowded, on short pedicels. Granule large, white, nearly covering the back of 
 each valve. June. 
 
 9. R. MARITIMUS. Golden Dock. 
 
 Lvs. linear, very long, entire, acute at each end ; fls. in leafy racemes ; 
 inner sepals dentate, all graniferous. Tj. " Borders of brackish ponds in Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard and Nantucket." Oakes. Plant a foot or more high. Flowers 
 yellowish-green, in crowded half-whorls on the branches and main stem above. 
 
 10. R. OBTUSIFOLIUS. Broad-leaved Dock. 
 
 St. roughish ; radical Ivs. ovate, obtuse ; valves toothed, one of them prin- 
 cipally bearing a granule on the back. 1\. N. States. A weed as troublesome 
 as the first, growing about houses and fields wherever it is least welcome. Stem 
 2 3f high, furrowed, branching, leafy. Leaves oblong, cordate, obtuse, cre- 
 nate-wavy ; upper ones narrower and more acute ; root leaves very large, 
 oblong, heart-shaped, often with stalk and veins red. Flowers in long, nearly 
 naked racemes. July. 
 
 2. ACETOSA. Flowers tf 9- Inner sepals without granules. 
 
 11. R. ACETOSELLA. Field Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate-hastate ; fls. 9 cf Q A common weed, growing in pas- 
 tures and waste grounds throughout the U. S., preferring dry, hard soils. Stem 
 I If high, leafy. Leaves halbert-shaped, very acid, but pleasant to the taste. 
 Flowering all summer. Flowers small, red or reddish, collected in panicled 
 racemes, the valves destitute of granules. " The stamens and styles are on sepa- 
 rate plants. 
 
 ORDER CXI. PHYTOLACCACE^E. PHYTOLACCADS. 
 
 Herbs or under shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves. 
 
 Fls. racemose, perfect. Sepals 45, petaloid. 
 
 Sta. 45 and alternate with the sepals, or indefinite. 
 
 Ova. l several-celled. Styles and stiftrxa eqtial in number to the cells. 
 
478 CXII. LAURACE^E. SASSAFRAS. 
 
 Pr. baccate or dry. Seeds solitary, ascending. 
 Embryo cylindric, curved around fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 9, species 60, chiefly natives of the tropics. Phytolacca decandria possesses active properties, 
 but they appear to be yet little understood and of doubtful application. 
 
 PHYTOLACCA. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. <f>VTOv, a plant, Lat. lacca, lac; from the purple juice of the berries. 
 
 Calyx 5-sepaled, resembling a corolla; stamens 7 20; styles 
 5 10; berry superior, 10-celled, 10-seeded. Herbaceous. Racemes 
 often opposite the leaves. 
 
 P. DECANDRIA. Poke. Garget. Jalap. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acute at both ends ; fls. with 10 stamens and 10 styles. 1\. A 
 common, well-known plant, growing about roadsides, hedges, U. S. and Can. 
 Root very large and branching. The stem, with the diameter of an inch, is 5 
 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature, of a fine, deep purple. 
 Leaves 5' by 2 3', smooth, of a rich green color, entire and petioled. Racemes 
 cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally opposite to the leaves. Flow- 
 ers greenish- white, consisting of 5 ovate, concave sepals, 10 stamens with white, 
 2-lobed anthers, and 10 short, recurved styles. The fruit is a dark purple berry, 
 of a round, depressed form. The juice of the berries stains paper and linen a 
 beautiful purple color, which, however, is not durable. In Spain, it is said 
 they are used to color wine. July Sept. 
 
 ORDER CXII. LAURACEJE. LAURELS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate Ivs. and umbelled or panicled fls. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 46, somewhat united, free from the ovary, imbricated in 2 series. 
 
 Sta. definite, perigynous, usually twice as many as the sepals, the 3 inner sterile or wanting. 
 
 Anth. adnate, 2 4-celled, opening by recurved valves, from the base to the apex. 
 
 Ova. Style and stigma single. 
 
 Fr. Berry or drupe on a thickened pedicel. Seed large, without albumen. Plumula conspicuous, 2-leaved. 
 
 Genera 46, species 450, chiefly natives of the tropics, but few being sufficiently hardy to endure our 
 climate. 
 
 Properties. The species of this highly important order are throughout pervaded by a warm and stimu- 
 lant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, of Ceylon, &c. Camphor 
 is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly from Camphora Officinarum, of Japan, China, &c. 
 Cassia Bark, from Cinnamomum aromaticum, of China. Persea gratissima, a tree of the W. Indies, 
 yields a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. Both of the following species are also moderately medi- 
 cinal. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ 2 valves/ Benzoin. 1 
 Anthers opening by 4 valves. Sassafras. 2 
 
 1. BENZOIN. Nees. 
 
 Flowers $ , rarely by abortion cT 9 . Calyx deeply 6-parted ; sta. 
 9, the inner row each with a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at 
 base ; anth. opening by 2 valves, detached below and reflected up- 
 ward ; sty. short, thick; drupe 1 -seeded. Lvs. deciduous, entire. Fls. 
 preceding the leaves, lateral. 
 
 B. ODORIFERUM. Nees. (Laurus Benzoin. Linn.} Fever-bush. Spice Wood. 
 
 Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous \fls. in clustered umbels, 
 often direcious; buds and pedicels smooth. A shrub 6 12f in height, in moist 
 woods, U. S. and Can. It has an aromatic flavor resembling gum Benzoin, 
 and the bark an agreeable, spicy taste. Leaves oval or obovate, cuneiform and 
 acute at base, 2 4' long and J as wide, paler beneath. Flowers pedicellate, in 
 small, sessile umbels, greenish, appearing in advance of the leaves. Calyx 6- 
 cleil, with oblong segments. Berries red. May. 
 
 2. SASSAFRAS. Nees. 
 
 Dioeciously-polygamous ; calyx colored. 6-parted. c? Sta. 9, fertile, 
 the inner row with each a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base ; 
 anth. opening by 4 valves. 9 Sta. 6, short, abortive ; sty. filiform ; 
 
PYRULARIA. CXIII. SANTALACE^E. 479 
 
 drupe superior, 1 -seeded. Lvs. deciduous^ lobed. Fls. and Ivs. ex- 
 temporary and from the same bud. 
 
 S. OFFICINALE. (Laurus Sassafras. Linn.} Sassafras. 
 
 Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base ; fls. 
 in terminal and axillary, corymbose racemes, with linear bracts. Not uncom- 
 mon in N. Eng., very abundant in the forests and barrens of the other states. 
 It varies in height from 10 40f. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young 
 shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Flowers greenish-yellow, 
 appearing in May and June, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's 
 twigs, and after the leaves have expanded. Every part of the tree has a pleas- 
 ant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of 
 the root. These qualities depend upon an essential oil which may be obtained 
 by distillation, and which has been highly valued in medicine. The young 
 shoots are a common ingredient in small beer, imparting to it a grateful flavor. 
 
 ORDER CXIII. SANTALACEJE. SANDALWORTS. 
 
 Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves. 
 
 Fls. small, in spikes, rarely in umbels or solitary. 
 
 Col. tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them. 
 
 Ova. 1-celled, 1 4-ovuled. Style l. Stigma often lobed. 
 
 Fr. hard, dry and drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. 
 
 Genera 18, species 110, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandal-wood is the 
 product of Santalum album, &c , of India. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 Herbs. Comandra. 1 
 Shrubs. Pyrularia. 2 
 Trees. Nyssa. 3 
 
 1. COMANDRA. Nutt. 
 Gr. K0)firi, hair, avSpes, stamens ; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs. 
 
 Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 5-parted ; sta- 
 mens 4 5, opposite the sepals, inserted into the top of the tube ; 
 disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternating with the stamens. 
 Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx. 
 Very smooth, suffruticose plants of N. America. Ped. axillary and ter- 
 minal. Fls. small, umbellate. 
 
 C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Thesium umbellatum. Linn.') Bastard Toad-flax. 
 Erect ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate ; fls. subcorymbed, terminal. If. Plant about a 
 foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, general- 
 ly branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1 1| 7 long, and as 
 wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels 
 of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 
 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is at- 
 tached to its opposite sepal by several hair-like, yellow filaments. June. 
 
 2. PYRULARIA. L. C. Rich. 
 
 Flowers 9 c?. Calyx 5-cleft, subcampanulate ; disk 5-toothed, 
 glandular, half adherent to the ovary ; sty. 1 ; stig. 2 or 3, sub- 
 lenticular ; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of 
 the calyx. Shrubs with the habit of Celaslrus. Lvs. alternate, entire. 
 Roc. terminal. 
 
 P. OLEIFERA. L. C. Rich. (P. pubera. Michx. Hamiltonia. MuM.) Oilnut. 
 Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to Ga. Shrub 4 6f high, hirsute- 
 pubescent. Root foetid. Leaves 23' by 1 !', oblong-ovate, entire, acumi- 
 nate, petiolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, in a terminal raceme, 
 greenish-yellow. Calyx tube short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the 
 J* flowers, the segments reflexed in the $ . Stamens alternate with the lobes 
 of the disk, opposite to those of the calyx. Drupe globose-depressed. May, 
 41 
 
480 CXIV. THYMELACE^E. DIRCA. 
 
 June. The whole plant is more or less oily, and is greedily devoured by cattle. 
 Sometimes called Buffalo Oil. 
 
 3. NYSSA. 
 The name of a nymph, according to Linnaeus. 
 
 Flowers dioecious-polygamous, c? Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 10, 
 inserted around a glandular diskj pistil 0. $9 Calyx 5-parted; 
 stamens 5 or ; pistil 1 ; drupe inferior ; nut 1 -seeded. Trees. 
 
 1. N. MULTIFLORA. Walt. (N. villosa. Michx.) Pepperidge. Tulepo. Gum 
 Tree. Lvs. oblong, obovate, very entire, acute at each end, the petiole, 
 
 midvein and margin villous ; fertile ped. 3 6-flowered ; nut short, obovate, 
 obtuse, striate. This tree is disseminated throughout the U. S. ; it is found 
 30 70f ! high, the trunk 1 3f ! in diameter, with horizontal branches forming 
 a pyramidal summit. The bark is light gray, similar to that of the white oak, 
 and, like the next species, broken into hexagons. Leaves tough and firm, 2 
 5' long, and as wide, often with 1 or more blunt teeth. Flowers small, green- 
 ish, in small clusters on a long, branching peduncle, the fertile ones succeeded 
 by a few deep blue, oblong drupes. The wood is white, fine-grained, rather 
 soft, the texture consisting of interwoven bundles of fibres, rendering it very 
 difficult to split. It is therefore useful for beetles, naves of wheels, hatters' 
 blocks, &c. Jn. 
 
 2. N. AQ.UATICA. (N. biflora. Walt.) Water Tulepo or Gum Tree. 
 
 " Lvs. oblong-ovate, entire, acute at both ends, smooth; fertile ped. 2-flow- 
 ered ; drupe short, obovate ; nut striate. This tree grows in swamps, in certain 
 sections of the Northern and Middle States. The trunk when full grown is 
 30 50f high and 15 20' in diameter, the bark divided by deep furrows into 
 hexagons. Leaves alternate, smooth, 2 4' in length. Flowers small and 
 obscure, the fertile ones producing a fruit of a deep blue color, growing in 
 pairs on a common stalk which is shorter than the leaves. The wood is dark 
 brown, similar in quality and uses to the last. Jn." Michx. abr. 
 
 ORDER CXIV. THYMELACE^B. DAPHNADS. 
 
 Shrubs with a very tenacious bark, alternate or opposite, entire leaves and perfect flowers. 
 
 Cal. free, tubular, colored, limb 4 (rarely 5)-cleft, imbricated in aestivation. [as many. 
 
 Sta. definite, inserted into the calyx and opposite to its lobes when equal to them in number ; often twice 
 
 Ova. solitary, with 1 ovule. Style 1. Stigma undivided. 
 
 Fr. hard, dry, drupaceous. Albumen or thin. 
 
 Genera 38, species 300, very abundant in Australasia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe 
 and Asia. The only North American genus is that which follows. 
 
 Properties. The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced 
 fibres which are extremely tough, but easily separable. The lace-bark tree (Lagetta) of Jamaica is par- 
 ticularly remarkable for this property. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ obsolete.' Stamens exserted. Dirca. 1 
 Corolla limb ( spreading. Stamens included. Daphne. 2 
 
 1. DIRCA. 
 
 Gr. <5ijOKa, a fountain ; the shrub grows in wet places. 
 
 Calyx colored, tubular, with an obsolete limb ; stamens 8, unequal, 
 longer than, and inserted into the tube ; style 1 ; berry 1 -seeded. 
 Lvs. alternate^ simple. Fls. expanding before the leaves, 
 
 D. PALUSTRIS. Leather-wood. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-ovate or obovate ; fls. axillary, 2 3 in a hairy, bud-like in- 
 volucre. A shrub, 5f in height, when full grown, U. S. and Can. The flowers 
 appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, 
 yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, issuing from the same bud. Leaves 
 entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stamens much longer than the 
 sepals, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part 
 of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish " rods for the fool's back," the 
 bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. 
 
ELJEAGNUS. CXV. EL^EAGNACE^E. 481 
 
 2. DAPHNE. 
 
 For the nymph Daphne, who, it is said, was changed into a laurel which this resembles. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft, inarescent, limb spreading ; stamens 8, included in 
 calyx tube ; sty. 1 ; drupe 1 -seeded. Mostly evergreen shrubs, of much 
 beauty and fragrance. Lvs. generally from the terminal buds, fls. from 
 the lateral. None are American. 
 
 1. D. MEZEREUM. DCS. deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, ses- 
 sile ; fls. sessile, about three from each lateral bud ; col. hypocrateriform, seg- 
 ments ovate, spreading ; sta. inserted in 2 rows near the top of the tube ; fit. 
 very short ; stig. sessile. A beautiful, early-flowering, European shrub. The 
 whole plant, especially the bark, is very acrid. Flowers pink-colored in one 
 variety, white in another, clothing nearly the whole plant in March. Height 
 2 3f. f 
 
 2. D. LAUREOLA. Spurge Laurel. Lvs. evergreen, lanceolate, glabrous, 
 acute, entire, subsessile; fls. 5 together in each axillary raceme. A taller 
 shrub than the preceding, from Europe. Stem 4 6f high, with ample and 
 beautiful foliage. Flowers fragrant, greenish-yellow. Mar., Apr. f 
 
 3. D. COLLINA. Lvs. evergreen, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short pe- 
 tiole, very smooth above, villous beneath ; fls. fasciculate, terminal. Apr. Jn. f 
 
 ORDER CXV. EL^EAGNACEJE. OLEASTERS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs usually covered with a leprous scurf. Lvs. alternate or opposite, entire. Stip. 0. 
 Fls. axillary, dioecious, rarely perfect. 
 
 Sterile fl. Cal. 4 -parted. Sta. 3, 4 or 8, sessile. Anth. 2-celIed. 
 Fertile Jl. CoZ. Free, tubular, persistent, limb entire or 2 4-toothed. 
 Ova. simple, 1-celled. Ovule solitary, stipitate. Stig. simple, subulate, glandular. 
 Fr-Achenium crustaceous, enclosed within the calyx, which becomes succulent and baccate. 
 Sds. ascending. Embryo straight, in thin, fleshy albumen. 
 Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed throughout the whole northern hemisphere. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ s. Shepherdia. 1 
 Stamens \ 4. Elceagnus. 2 
 
 1. SHEPHERDIA. Nutt. 
 In honor of John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool. 
 
 Flowers 9 cT. cT Calyx 4-cleft ; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. 
 9 Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, 
 limb 4-lobed ; sty. 1 ; stig. oblique ; berry globose, composed of the 
 fleshy calyx. North American shrubs, with spinescent branches, and 
 opposite, deciduous leaves. Fls. aggregated. 
 
 1. S. CANADENSIS. Nutt. (Hippophae. Wittd.) 
 
 Lvs. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate 
 hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales. A shrub 6 8f high, found in Vt, 
 N. Y. and W. to Wis., Lapham! by streams and on river banks. Leaves ob- 
 tuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs, 
 lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentose, margin entire ; 
 petioles 2 4" long, lamina 1 2' by J 1'. Flowers minute, in small, lateral, 
 nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx en- 
 closing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. Jl. A curious and orna- 
 mental shrub. 
 
 2. S. ARGENTEA. Nutt. (Hippophae. PA.) Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both 
 surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales. A small tree, 12 18f 
 high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1 2' by 49". Petioles i' long, margin 
 entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots. 
 Fruit the size of a currant, scarlet, well-flavored, f 
 
 2.ELJEAGNUS. 
 Gr. \aia. the olive ; the trees having a resemblance to the olive. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate, colored on the inner side ; sta. 4, alter- 
 
483 CXVI. ULMACE^E. ULMUS. 
 
 nate with the calyx lobes ; anth. subsessile ; sty. short ; fruit baccate, 
 consisting of the achenium enclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx tube, 
 marked with 8 furrows. Trees or shrubs^ cultivated for the silvery foli- 
 age. Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. E. ARGENTEA. Silver-leaved Oleaster. 
 
 Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, both surfaces, par- 
 ticularly the lower, silvery and shining with ferruginous scales. Missouri, 
 &c. A beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, carti- 
 laginous drupes, -f 
 
 2. E. ANGUSTIPOLIA. Narrow-leaved Oleaster. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute 
 at each end, entire, alternate, smooth, canescent ; fls. axillary, aggregate. A 
 tree of middle size from Europe, cultivated for its beautiful foliage and fine 
 fruit, which, " when dried, resembles an oblong plum with a reddish skin and 
 a flavor similar to that of a date." 
 
 3. E. LATIFOLIA. Broad-leaved Oleaster. Lvs. ovate, evergreen. E. India, f 
 
 ORDEH CXVI. ULMACEJE. ELMWORTS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous leaves. 
 
 Stip. 2 at the base of each leaf, deciduous. 
 
 Fls. sometimes by abortion dioecious, in loose clusters, never in catkins. 
 
 Cal. free from the ovary, campariulate, 4 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation. 
 
 Sta. inserted on the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them. 
 
 Ova. 1 2-celled. Ovules solitary. Stig'tnas 2, distinct. 
 
 Fr. indehiscent, either a samara or drupe, l-celled ; 1-seeded. 
 
 Seed pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons fohaceous. 
 
 Genera 9, species 60, natives of the northern temperate zone. The mucilaginous bark of the slippery 
 elm (Ulmus fulva) is the only important medicinal product. Several of the elms afford excellent timber. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Flowers all perfect. Calyx 4 5-cleft. Fruit samarae Ulmus. 1 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Calyx of sterile fl. 6-parted. Fruit a drupe Celtte. 2 
 
 1. ULMUS. 
 
 From elm, its original name in-Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Gothic, and other Celtic dialects. 
 
 Flowers $ Calyx campanulate, 4 5-cleft ; stamens 5 8 ; styles 
 2 ; samara compressed, with a broad, membranaceous border. Trees, 
 rarely shrubs. Lvs. retroi'sely scabrous, often abrupt at base. Fls. fas- 
 ciculate^ appearing before the leaves. 
 
 1. U.AMERICANA. American Elm. White Elm. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequal at the base; fls. pedicelled ; fr. fim- 
 briate. This majestic tree is common in the Northern, Middle and Western 
 States. It is a native of the forest, but often grows spontaneously in open fields, 
 where it is readily distinguished by its long, pendulous branches. The trunk, 
 with a diameter of 3 5f, towers to the height of 30, 50, and even 70f, perfectly 
 straight and naked, when it divides into 2 or more primary branches. These 
 ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing into other long, flexible 
 limbs bending in broad, graceful curves. It is a great favorite as a shade tree, 
 and is frequently seen rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over 
 the " sweet homes" of New England. Leaves short-stalked, oval-acuminate, 
 doubly denticulate, and 4 5' long. The veins are quite regular and promi- 
 nent. Flowers small, purplish, collected into small, terminal clusters, and 
 appearing in April, before the leaves. Fruit flat, fringed with a dense down. 
 The wood is tough and strong, but not easily wrought; used for the naves of 
 wheels, &c. 
 
 2. U. FULVA. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. 
 
 Branches rough ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal at base, une- 
 qually serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough ; buds covered with fulvous 
 down ; fls. sessile. Woods and low grounds, N. Eng. to Car. The slippery 
 elm is much sought on account of the mucilage of the inner bark. Its diam- 
 eter is 1 2f, and height 20 40. The leaves are larger, thicker and rougher 
 than those of the white elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Flowers collected at 
 
CELTIS. CXVI. ULMACE.E. 483 
 
 the ends of the young shoots. Calyx downy, sessile. Stamens short, reddish, 7 
 in number. April. 
 
 3. U. RACEMOSA. Thomas. Cork Elm. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, auriculate on one side ; fls. in racemes ; pedicels in 
 distinct fascicles, united at their base. A tree found in Meriden, N. H. ! to 
 N. Y. ! The twigs and branches are remarkably distinguished by their nume- 
 rous, corky, wing-like excrescences. Leaves 3 4' long, f as wide, produced 
 into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above, veins and 
 under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 24 in each of the 
 fascicles which are arranged in racemes. Calyx 7 8-cleft. Stamens 710. 
 Stigmas recurved. Samara orate, pubescent, the margin doubly fringed. 
 
 4. U. CAMPESTRIS. English Elm. Las. (small) ovate, doubly serrate, unequal 
 at base; fls. subsessile, densely clustered; sta. 5 8; cat. segments rounded, ob- 
 tuse; samara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs. From 
 Europe. Introduced and naturalized in the Eastern States to a small extent. 
 It is a majestic tree, 50 70f high. The main trunk is 2 4f diam. at base, 
 usually prolonged to the summit. The bark is more rough and broken than 
 that of the American elm, the branches more rigid and thrown off at a larger 
 angle, the foliage more dense, consisting of smaller and darker-colored leaves. 
 In form it favors the oak more than our own native elms. Many trees of this 
 kind, in the vicinity of Boston, are particularly mentioned in Emerson's Report, 
 pp. 301, 302. 
 
 5. II. MONTANA. Scotch Elm. Wych Elm. Lvs. doubly serrate, unequal at 
 base ; fls. pedicellate ; sta. 6 8 ; samara with the margin fringed. Another 
 European elm, often attaining an enormous size. The timber is highly valua- 
 ble. In form it more nearly resembles the slippery elm than the white elm. 
 
 6. U. NEMORALIS. River Elm. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, nearly smooth, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base ; fls. 
 sessile. Banks of rivers, N. Eng. to Virginia, according to Pursh, Fl. p. 200, 
 but unknown to any subsequent botanist. 
 
 2. CELTIS. 
 Celtis was the ancient name for the lotus, which this genus is said to resemble. 
 
 Flowers monoecious-polygamous. <? Calyx 6-parted ; stamens 6. 
 $ Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; stigmas subulate, elongated, 
 spreading ; drupe 1 -seeded. Trees or large shrubs. Lvs. mostly 
 oblique at base. Fls. subsolitary, axillary. 
 
 1. C. OCCIDENT ALIS. American Nettte Tree. Hoop Ash. Beaver Wood. 
 Las. ovate, acuminate, entire and unequal at base, serrate, rough above, 
 
 and rough-hairy beneath ; fr. solitary. This species is some 30f high in New 
 England, where it is rarely found, but is much more abundant at the South 
 and West. The trunk has a rough, but unbroken bark, with numerous slen- 
 der, horizontal branches. Leaves with a very long acumination, and remarka- 
 bly unequal at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary, small and white, succeeded 
 by a small, round, dull red drupe. The wood is tough, and is used for making 
 hoops, &c. 
 
 2. C. CRASSIFOLIA. Lam. Hackberry. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally cordate at base, subcoriaceous, 
 rough both sides ; ped. about 2-flowered. This tree is thinly disseminated in 
 the northern parts of the U. S. In woods it is distinguished by its straight, 
 slender trunk, undivided to a great height, covered with an unbroken bark. 
 The leaves are of a thick and firm texture, very large, heart-shaped at base. 
 Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, black drupe about the size of the 
 whortleberry. The wood is white and close-grained, but neither strong nor 
 durable. May. 
 
 3. C. PUMILA. Pursh. (C. occidentalis. /?. Muhl.} 
 
 Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth 
 on both surfaces, the younger only pubescent ; ped. mostly 3-flowered ; fruit 
 solitary. A small shrub, on the banks of rivers, Md., Va. Pursh. Leaves 
 41* 
 
484 CXIX. CALLITRICHACEJE. CALLITRICHE. 
 
 sometimes cordate, nearly as broad as long, with a very short acumination. 
 Berries brown and glaucous. 
 
 ORDER CXVII. SAURACEJE. SAURURADS. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, with jointed stems. Leaves alternate, with stipules. 
 
 Fls. in spikes, perfect, achlamydeous, each in the axil of a bract or scale. 
 
 Sta. definite, persistent; anth. 2-celled, connectile thick, continuous with the slender filament. 
 
 Ova. Carpels 35, each few-ovuled. 
 
 Fr. Capsule or berry 3 5-celled, few-seeded. 
 
 Sds. usually solitary in the cells. Embryo minute, cordate, outside of hard, farinaceous albumen. 
 
 Genera 4, species 7, natives of China and North America, growing in marshes and pools. Properties 
 unimportant. 
 
 1. SAUR0RUS. 
 
 Gr. o-avpa,alizzard, ovpa, a tail; alluding to the form of the inflorescence. 
 
 Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1 -flowered scales ; stamens 6. 7, 
 8 or more ; anthers adnate to the filaments ; ovaries 4 ; berries 4, 
 1 -seeded. 
 
 S. CERNUUS. Wilid. (Anonymus aquatica. Walt.) Lizzard Tail. 
 
 St. angular ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, petiolate. 'ZJ. An aquatic plant, with 
 neat foliage, and yellowish, drooping spikes of flowers, Can. to Car. and 
 W. States ! Stem 1 2f high, weak, furrowed. Leaves 4 & long, and J as 
 wide, smooth and glaucous, with prominent veins beneath and on petioles 1 2' 
 long. Spikes slender, drooping at summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubu- 
 lar, cleft above, white. Flowers very small and numerous, sessile, consisting 
 only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. Aug. 
 
 ORDER CXYIII. CERATOPHYLLACEJE. HORNWORTS. 
 
 Herbs submersed, with dichotomous, cellular, verticiilate leaves. 
 
 Fls. monoecious. Calyx many-parted. 
 
 Sterile. Sta. indefinite (1620). Anth. tricuspidate, sessile, 2-celled. 
 
 Fertile. Ova. free, l-celled, with a suspended, solitary ovule. Style filiform, oblique, sessile. 
 
 Fr. Achenium beaked with the indurated stigma. 
 
 Seed orthrotopous, suspended, exalbuminous, and containing 4 cotyledons. 
 
 Herbs, floating. Leaves cellular, many-cleft, verticiilate. 
 
 This order consists of the following genus only, with 6? species. They grow in ditches and pools, 
 Europe, Northern Asia, Barbary, and North America. 
 
 CERATOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Gr. Kspas, a horn, (j>v\\ov, a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves. 
 
 Character the same as that of the order. 
 
 C. DEMERSUM. Hornwort. 
 
 Lvs. 6 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back; 
 fls. axillary ; fr. 3-spined. 7J. An aquatic weed, in ditches, &c., N. Y. to Va. 
 W. to 111. Stem floating or prostrate, 8 16' long, filiform, with numerous 
 whorls of leaves. They are dichotomously divided into 2 or more filiform seg- 
 ments. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fruit an 
 oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl. Sept. 
 
 ORDER CXIX. CALLITRICHACE^E. STARWORTS. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. 
 
 F/s. axillary, solitary, very minute, monoecious, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. 
 Sta. 1, rarely 2; filaments slender; anthers l-celled, 2-valved, reniform. 
 Ova. 4-celled, 4-lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; stigmas simple points. 
 Fr. l-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. 
 Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant waters both of Europe and America. 
 
 CALLITRICHE. 
 
 Gr. KaAoj, beautiful, Sj9t, rpi^os, hair; alluding to the slender stems. 
 
 Character the same as that of the order. % 
 
 C. VERNA. (C. intermedia. Willd. C. aquatica. Bw.} 
 
 Floating; upper Ivs. oblong-r-patulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar- 
 
CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^E. 485 
 
 ginate ; caps, with the lobes obtusely margined. This little polymorphous 
 plant is common in shallow streams and muddy places, U. S. Stem floating, 
 
 \ 2f long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node, 
 
 becoming crowded above into a star-like tuft upon the surface of the water, the 
 lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers 
 white, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often monrecious. Anther a little exssiied, 
 yellow. May Sept. 
 
 /?. autumnalis. Darl. (C. autumnalis. L. C. linearis. Ph.} Floating ; Ivs. 
 nearly all linear, 1-veined, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little di- 
 lated towards the end. In similar situations with, and generally accompanying 
 the former. 
 
 y. tcrrestris. Darl. (C. terrestris. Raf. C. brevifolia. Ph.} Procumbent arid 
 diffuse; Ivs. all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy. Grows on soft mud, ever- 
 spreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality. 
 
 ORDER CXX. PODOSTEMACE^). THREADFOOTS. 
 
 Herbs aquatic, without spiral vessels, of the habit of the liverworts or mosses. 
 Lvs. capillary or linear, not articulated with the stem. 
 
 Fts. monoecious, achlamydeous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe. 
 Sta. often reduced to 1 or 2, and monadelphous. 
 Ova. free, 2 3-celled. Sty. 2 or 0. Stig. 23. 
 Fr. Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves. 
 Sds. numerous, without albumen, attached to a central column. 
 Genera 9, species 25, natives of N. America and Asia. 
 
 PODOSTEMUM. L. C. Rich. 
 
 Gr. irovs, irodos, a foot, ori7//oi/ ; the stamens being apparently on a common foot-stalk. 
 
 Stamens 2, with the filaments united below ; ovary oblong-ovoid ; 
 stigmas 2, sessile, recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds minute. Small, 
 submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. 
 
 P. CERATOPHYLLUM. Michx. (Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard.} Threadfoot. 
 
 Lvs. dichotomously dissected ; fls. solitary, axillary. Middle ! Western 
 and Southern States. Stem a few inches long, usually destitute of roots and 
 attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Leaves numerous, alternate, 
 coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Flowers on 
 short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the 
 lacerated calyx. In shallow, running streams. July. 
 
 ORDER CXXI. EUPHORBIACEJE. SPURGEWORTS. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milk. 
 
 Lvs. opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often furnished with stipules. 
 
 Fls. monoecious or dioecious, axillary or terminal. Cal. inferior, lobed or wanting. 
 
 Cor. Petals or scales equal in number to the sepals, or wanting. 
 
 Sterile fl. Sta. definite or indefinite, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled. 
 
 Fertile fl. Ova. free, of 2 9 more or less united carpels, coherent to a central prolongation of the axis. 
 
 Styles distinct, often 2-cleft. 
 
 Fr. Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastically. 
 Sd. with a large embryo in fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 191, species 2500? chiefly natives of S. America, not more than 50 species being found in N. 
 America, north of Mexico. 
 
 Properties. An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residing chiefly in the milky juice, pervades 
 the whole order This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants to the most active poisons ; but 
 it is volatile and easily expelled by heat. Tapioca is a starch-like accumulation formed in the roots ot 
 the Jatropha Manihot. When fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties by 
 washing and exposure to heat. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, Croton- 
 oil from the seeds of Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species. 
 
 FIG. 53. 1. Head or capitulum of Eu- 
 phorbia corollata, with the corolla-like in- 
 volucre, and pedicellate pistillate flower. 
 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing 
 the monandrous, staminate flowers sur- 
 rounding the pistillate. 3. One of the 
 flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4. 
 Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 
 one-seeded cells or carpels. 
 
486 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^. EUPHORBIA, 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 S Fruit in a toothed, leafy involucre. Acalypha. 2 
 
 f8 16-androus. (Fruit not in volucrate Croton. 5 
 
 polyandrous. Leaves large, glaucous, peltate Ricinus. 3 
 
 I tetrandrous. Leaves evergreen, ov..te Buxus. 7 
 
 ] pentandrous. Leaves clothed with shining scales. Crotonopsis. 4 
 
 triandrous. Leaves very small. Phyllanthus. 6 
 
 Sterile fls. Imonandrous, several in a corolla-like involucre Euphorbia. I 
 
 1. EUPHORBIA. 
 
 Euphorliu, physician to Juba, king of Mauritiana, first used these plants in medicine. 
 
 Flowers c? , mostly achlamydeous ; involucre monophyllous, sub- 
 campanulate, with 4 5 petaloid segments alternating with as many 
 external, gland-like teeth, cf 12 or more ; stamen 1 ; filament articu- 
 lated in the middle. 9 solitary, central ; ovary pedicellate ; styles 
 3, bifid ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. Herbs or shrubs, 
 with a milky juice. Lvs. generally opposite, sometimes wanting, often 
 stipulate. Invol. axillary or subumbellate. 
 
 * Heads of flowers in involucrate umbels, f Cauline leaves alternate. 
 
 1. E. COROLLATA. Flowering Spurge. 
 
 Erect; cauline and floral Ivs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; inner segments of tJie 
 invol. obovate, petaloid ; umbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous. 
 n\. In dry fields, &c. } Can. and U. S. Stem slender, erect, 1 2f high, generally 
 simple and smooth. Leaves 1 2' long, often quite linear, very entire, scat- 
 tered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in 
 other species, consists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the 
 stem, each of which is subdivided into about. 3, and finally into 2 peduncles. 
 Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. July Aug. The central head is 
 
 2 or 3 weeks earliest. 
 
 2. E. HELIOSCOPIA. Sun Spurge. 
 
 Erect ; floral Ivs. obovate, cauline wedge-form, serrate, smooth ; umbel 5- 
 rayed, then 3-rayed and forked. () A milky weed in cultivated grounds, N. 
 H. ! to Niagara ! S. to Car., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. 
 Stem smooth, erect, 8 16' high. Leaves scattered, f !' long, f as broad at 
 the rounded or retuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to 
 the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each 
 of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an umbellet of 
 
 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate 
 fascicles. Capsules smooth. June, July. 
 
 3. E. NEMORALIS. Darl. (E. pilosa. Pursh.) Hairy Spurge. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base, 
 subsessile, pilose beneath, those of the involucre ovate; umbel 5 8-rayed, rays 
 ones or twice divided; seg. of the floral invol. colored, entire, subreniform; ova. 
 verrucose. 7J. Moist woods, Can. to Va. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, rarely 
 branched below the umbel. Leaves 3 4' by 1', entire or slightly serrulate 
 above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite and nearly as broad 
 as long. Floral involucre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly 
 smooth. May, June. 
 
 4. E. OBTUSATA. Pursh. Obtuse-leaved Spurge. 
 
 Erect ; Ivs. alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth ; umbel 3-rayed, 
 rays twice dichotomous ; floral Ivs. ovate, subcordate, somewhat obtuse ; caps. 
 muricate. TJ. Grows in waste grounds, Can. to Va. Stem 12 18' high. 
 
 5. E. PEPLUS. 
 
 St. erect or ascending, branched below ; umbels 3-rayed, rays mostly di- 
 chotomous ; involucrate Ivs. ovate, acute. (f) A small species, in cultivated 
 grounds, Penn. to Va. Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Torr. 
 t Cauline leaves opposite. 
 
 6. E. MKRCURIALINA. Muhl. 
 
 St. weak and slender, simply 3-cleft; Irs. opposite and ternately verti- 
 
EUPHORBIA. CXXI. EUPHORBIACE.E. 4&r 
 
 cillate, subsessile, oval and entire ; ped. terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. 7J. In 
 rocky shades, Penn. Pursh. Jl. Aug. 
 
 7. E. LATHYRIS. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. 
 
 St. erect, stout, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, 
 sessile ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous ; glands of the invol. lunate, 2- 
 horned, the horns dilated and obtuse. (g) Cultivated grounds and gardens. 
 Stem 2 31' high. Leaves 2 4' by 3 9", numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the 
 stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. Jl. Sept. 
 
 8. E. HERRONII. Riddell. Herron's Euphorbia. 
 
 Erect, pilose, with opposite branches ; lower Ivs. rhombic-ovate, middle 
 ones lanceolate, upper lance-linear, denticulate, obtuse ai apex, acute at base; 
 umbels small, few flowered. Ohio. Plant hairy in all its parts, 1 2f high. 
 Petiole ciiiate, half as long as the leaves. Aug. Sept. 
 
 9. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Haworth 1 St. much branched at base, ascending and 
 with barren branches above ; Ivs. crowded, linear, obtuse ; umbel many-rayed, 
 proliferous ; floral invol. 2-leaved, leaflets broad-cordate. 4|. A heath-like plant 
 of the gardens, native of , If high. Leaves 1' by 1", very numerous, spi- 
 rally arranged, apparently verticillate. -j- 
 
 10. E. MARGINATA. Pursh. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, 
 mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous ; umbel 3-rayed, once or twice dicho- 
 tomous; involucrate Ivs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the 
 margin ; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish ; caps, hoary-pubes- 
 cent. (D Gardens. A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves 
 of the involucre, f 
 
 * * Heads axillary or fasciculate. Leaves opposite. 
 
 11. E. HYPERICIFOLIA. Spurge. Eye-bright. 
 
 St. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate-spreading; Ivs. 
 opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal. (I) A slender and 
 branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 10 20' high, usually pur- 
 ple, very smooth, the branches often pubescent, U. S. and Can. Leaves tripli- 
 veined. marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciiiate, 6 12" long, and | as 
 wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal 
 and axillary. July, Aug. 
 
 12. E. MACULATA. (E. depressa. Ell. E. thymifolia. Linn.') Spotted Spurge. 
 Procumbent ; branches spreading ; Ivs. serrate, oblong, hairy ; fls. axillary. 
 
 (D -A- prostrate plant, spreading flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Mass. ! 
 to Ind. ! and S. States. Stem 6 12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves 
 opposite, 3 6" long and as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, 
 often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciiiate, pale and hairy beneath, on 
 short stalks. Heads of flowers small, ciowded near the summit, involucre 
 minute, white. Jl. Sept. 
 
 13. E. POLYGONIFOLIA. Knot-grass Spurge. 
 
 Procumbent; Ivs. entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse at base; fls. in the 
 axils of the branches, solitary. (I) Sea shores, R. I. ! to Flor. A very smooth, 
 succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6 10' long, dichotomous, 
 procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3 5" 
 by 1", petioles about 1". Stipules subulate and simple. Heads small, in the 
 forks of the purple stem. June, July. 
 
 14. E. IPECACUANHA. Ipecac Spurge. 
 
 Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth ; Ivs. opposite, obovate and oblan- 
 ceolate ; ped. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered. 1J. Sandy soil, Middle ! and S. 
 States. Root perennial, very long. Stem rather thick and succulent, 3 8' 
 long. Leaves 1 2' by 3 6", sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Heads 
 solitary. Peduncles as long as the leaves. June. 
 
 15. E. DENTATA. Michx. Toothed-leaf Spurge. 
 
 Hairy; Ivs. opposite, oval, dentate ; fls. crowded at the summit of the 
 stem. (I) Shady rocks, Penn., Torrey, to Tenn., Michaux. Upper leaves 
 spotted. Probably a variety of E. hyperlcifolia. Jl. Aug. 
 
488 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE.E. CROTON. 
 
 16. E. PUNICEA. Scarlet or Splendid Euphorbia. St. suffruticose, fleshy, armed 
 with rigid, sharp thorns ; Ivs. ovate, tapering to the base, glabrous, entire, acute, 
 raucronate ; ped. axillary, 2 or 3 times dichotomous ; involucrate bracts scarlet. 
 A singular and showy garden plant. 
 
 2. ACALYPHA. 
 The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. 
 
 Fls. <?. cT Calyx 3 4-parted; sta. 816, united at base. 9 
 Calyx 3-parted, segments connivent, persistent; styles 3, elongated, 
 2 3-parted ; caps. 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Herbaceous or shrubby. 
 Lvs. alternate. 
 
 A. VIRGINICA. Three-seeded Mercury. 
 
 Pubescent, branched ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; invol. of 
 the fertile flowers cordate, broad-ovate, acuminate, veined and toothed. In 
 dry and gravely soils, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem erect or ascend- 
 ing at base, 10 18' high. Leaves 3-veined, 1 2' long, as wide, hairy, ob- 
 tusish. Pistillate flower at the base of the peduncle of the staminate spike. 
 Involucrum of the fruit axillary, on a short stalk, shorter than the leaves, its 
 margin cut half way down into long, acute segments. Aug. 
 
 0. (A. Caroliniana. Wall.) Las. rhombic-ovate, on long petioles. Penn. 
 to Ind. ! 
 
 3. RlClNUS. 
 
 Lat. ricimis, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. 
 
 Flowers . c? Calyx 5-parted ; sta. many. 9 Calyx 3-parted ; 
 sty. 3, 2-cleft ; caps, echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Herbs and shrubs 
 with peltate, palmate Ivs. 
 
 R. COMMUNIS. Castor-oil Sean. Palma Christi. St. frosted or glaucous, 
 white, herbaceous ; Ivs. peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; caps, prick- 
 ly. Native of the E. Indies, where it becomes a tree, although an herbaceous 
 annual with us. In our gardens it is a tall, smooth plant of a light bluish- 
 green color. Leaves 4 12" diam., on long petioles. From its seeds is ex- 
 pressed the well known castor oil of the shops. For this purpose it is exten- 
 sively cultivated in the U. S. July, Aug. 
 
 4. GROT ON OP SIS. Michx. 
 
 Named from its resemblance (ot//t?) to the next genus below. 
 
 Flowers <?. c? Calyx 5-parted; cor. of 5 petals; stamens 5. 9 
 Calyx 5-parted ; cor. ; stig. 3, twice bifid ; caps. 1 -seeded, indehis- 
 cent. CD Lvs. alternate, stellately pubescent and shining. Fls. aggre- 
 gate, the upper ones sterile. 
 
 C. LINEARIS. Michx. 
 
 St. erect, dichotomously branched ; Ivs. clothed with a stellate pubescence 
 above, with hairs and shining scales beneath. In the sandy swamps of N. J. 
 to Car. and 111. Nuttall. Stem 1218' high, and like the leaves sprinkled with 
 silvery, shining scales. Leaves on short petioles, linear-lanceolate or lance- 
 ovate. Flowers very minute, in terminal and axillary spikes. June. 
 
 5. CROTON. 
 
 A Greek name, synonymous with the Lat. ricinus. See genus No. 3. 
 
 Flowers c?. cT Calyx cylindrical, 5 -toothed ;'cor. of 5 petals or ; 
 sta. 10 15. 9 Calyx 5 manj-sepaled ; cor. 0; styles 3 or 6, bi- 
 fid ; capsule of 3, coherent, 1 -seeded carpels. A large genus, mostly 
 tropical, and inconspicuous weeds. 
 
 1. C. CAPITATUM. Michx. * 
 
 Si. woolly, tornentose ; Ivs oval-oblong, obtuse, rounded and entire at the 
 base, clothed with soft tomentum on both surfaces; fertile fis. at the base of the 
 
EMPETRUM. CXXII. EMPETRACE^E. 489 
 
 spikelets; sty. 6, twice bifid; staminate fls. capitate, crowded. (J) Grows in 
 sandy prairies, 111. to the sources of the Missouri. 
 
 2. C. ELLIPTICUM. Nutt. (Crotonopsis elliptica. Willd.} 
 
 Plant clothed with a stellate pubescence ; Ivs. elliptical-ovate, the older 
 ones obtuse at apex, smoothish and green on the upper surface ; fls. glomerate ; 
 sty. 3, bifid ; caps, angular, 2-seeded. 111. Mead, and Mo. 
 
 3. C. GLANDULOSTJM. 
 
 St. trichotomous ; Ivs. oblong, serrate, hairy beneath, nearly entire, and 
 bearing 2 glands at the base ; spikes of flowers situated in the division of the 
 stem. (J) 111. (Mead'), river bottoms. 
 
 6. PHYLLANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. <f>v\\ov, avSos ; the leaves of the original species bear flowers at the edges. 
 
 Flowers c? . c? Calyx persistent, with 6 spreading, colored seg- 
 ments ; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didy- 
 mous. 9 Calyx as in the c? ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-celled ; 
 cells 2-valved, 1 2-seeded. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate 
 leaves and minute, axillary flowers. 
 
 P. CAROLINENSIS. Walt. (P. obovatus. Wittd.) 
 
 St. erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; Ivs. simple, entire, gla- 
 brous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled ;/s. few, subsolitary, axillary. 
 A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn. ! to 111. ! Stem 610' high, slender, 
 the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6 8" by 4 5", of the branches 
 twice, and of the branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1 3 in each axil, 
 the tf with the 9, 1" diam., whitish. July, Aug. 
 
 7. BUXUS. 
 The Greek name of this plant was 0vof . 
 
 Flowers <?. c? Calyx 3-leaved; petals 2 ; sta. 4, with the rudiment 
 of an ovary. 9 Cal. 4-sepaled ; pet. 3 ; sty. 3 ; caps, with 3 beaks 
 and 3 cells ; seeds 2. Shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, opposite. 
 
 B, SEMPERVIRENS. Box. Lvs. ovate ; petioles hairy at edge; anth. ovate, 
 saggittate. Var. angustifolia has narrow, lanceolate leaves. Var. suffruticosa, 
 the dwarf box has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed 
 for edgings in gardens. The box with its varieties is native of Europe. 
 
 ORDER CXXII. EMPETRACEJE. CROWBERRIES. 
 
 Shrubs small, evergreen, heath-like, with exstipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. 
 
 Fls. dioecious. Cal. consisting of hypogynous, imbricated scales. 
 
 Sta equal in number to the inner sepals and alternate with them. 
 
 Ova. 3 9-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. 
 
 Styles short or 0. Stigmas Iqbed and often lacerated. 
 
 Fr. Drupe seated in the persistent calyx, containing 3 9 bony nucules. 
 
 Sds. solitary, ascending, albuminous. Radicle inferior. 
 
 Genera 4, species 4, natives of Europe, North America and the Straits of Magellan. They are acrid. 
 The berries are used for food in Greenland. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ 6 9-seeded. Empetrum. 1 
 Drupe { 3-seeded. Oakesia. 2 
 
 1. EMPETRUM. 
 
 Gr. tv y upon, irerpos, a stone ; from the places of its natural growth. 
 
 Flowers 9 c?. Perianth consisting of 2 series of sepaloid scales, 
 c? Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. 9 Styles 6 9, 
 very short, erect, or ; stigmas oblong, radiate-spreading ; drupe 
 globose, 1 -celled ; seeds 6 9. Low, alpine shrubs. 
 
 E. NIGRTJM. Crowberry. 
 
 Procumbent; branches smooth; Ivs. imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse at 
 
490 CXXIII. JUGLANDACE^E. JUGLANS. 
 
 each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin. A small, prostrate, alpine 
 shrub, found on the granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. H., and the calcare- 
 ous mountains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and 
 closely covered all around with evergreen leaves, which are J f ' long and a 
 line wide. Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper 
 leaves. Berries black, not ill-flavored. May, Jn. 
 
 2. OAK ESI A. Tuckerman. 
 
 Dedicated to William Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass., to whom N. Eng. botany is greatly indebted. 
 
 Flowers c? $ 9- cT Stamens 3, enclosed in 36 membranaceous, 
 sepaloid scales ; fil. filiform, exserted, distinct ; anth. 2-lobed, open- 
 ing by lateral clefts. 9 or $ Calyx of 3 equal, membranaceous 
 scales in the axis of a larger, ovate, ciliate scale ; stam. 3 or ; sty. 
 trifid ; ova. 3-celled ; drupe 3-seeded. 
 
 0. CONRADI. (Empetrum. Torr. Tuckermania. Klotzch.} Plymouth 
 Crowberry. A low, bushy, tufted shrub, about If high, in Plymouth, Mass., 
 
 Emerson, pine barrens, N. J., Torrey, N. Y., Vasey. Stems slender, with a 
 reddish-ash-colored bark, with short," verticillate branches. Leaves evergreen, 
 numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate, J' long, linear, revolute. Flowers 
 in terminal clusters of 10 15, with brownish scales and purple stamens and 
 styles. Plants with are less common than those with ^ or 9 . March, Apr. 
 
 ORDER CXXIII. JUGLANDACE^. WALNUTS. 
 
 Trees, with alternate and unequally pinnate leaves and no stipules. 
 
 Fls. green, inconspicuous, montecious. Sterile in aments. Corolla 0. 
 
 Cal. membranaceous, oblique, irregular. Sta. indefinite (3 36). 
 
 Fertile in small clusters. Corolla or sometimes present and 3 5-petaled. 
 
 Cal. Tube adherent, limb 3 5-parted. [dilated. 
 
 Ova. l-celled (partially 2 4-celled). Ovule solitary, erect. Styles 02, very short. Stiff, 12, much 
 
 Fr. drupaceous, l-celled, with 2 4 imperfect partitions ; endocarp bony. 
 
 Sd. 2 4-lobed, without albumen, oily. 
 
 Genera 4, species 27, mostly North American. 
 
 Properties. The well known fruit of the butternut, walnut, peecan-nut, $*c., is sweet and whole- 
 some, abounding in a rich, drying oil. The epicarp, and even the integument of the kernel, are very 
 astringent. The timber is highly valuable. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 U-cleft. Leaves 15 21 -foliate Juglans. 1 
 
 Corolla of the fertile flowers ( none. Leaves 5 9-foliate. Carya. 2 
 
 1. JUGLANS. 
 
 Lat. Jovis glans; i. e. the nut of Jove ; a name given it by way of eminence. 
 
 c? in an imbricated, simple ament ; calyx scale 5 6-parted, some- 
 what bracteate at base ; stamens about 20. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior ; 
 corolla 4-parted ; stigmas 2 ; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, in de- 
 hiscent, endocarp rugose and irregularly furrowed. Trees of large 
 size, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves. Leaflets numerous. 
 Sterile aments axillary. Fertile flowers terminal. 
 
 1. J. CINEREA. (J. cathartica. Michx.) Butternut. White Walnut. 
 
 Lfls,. numerous (15 17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft- 
 pubescent beneath ; petioles, villous ; fr. oblong-ovate, with a terminal, obtuse 
 point, viscid, hairy ; nucleus oblong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrow- 
 ed. The butternut is found throughout the N. England, Middle and Western 
 States, and Canada, growing on elevated river-banks and on cold, uneven, 
 rocky soils. It is 40 50f high, with a large, but short trunk. The branches 
 are horizontal, and unusually wide-spreading, forming a very large head. 
 Leaves 12 20' long, consisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. 
 Barren flowers in long aments ; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily, 
 pleasant-flavored, and well-known in N. England. The wood is of a reddish 
 hue, light, and is considerably used in panneling and ornamental work. From 
 the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic. April, May. 
 
CARYA. CXXIII. JUGLANDACE^E. 491 
 
 2. J. NIGRA. Black Walnut. 
 
 Lfts. numerous (15 21), ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering 
 above ; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubescent ; fr. globose, with 
 scabrous punctures. The black walnut is a common and stately forest tree 
 in the Middle and Western States, but sparingly found in the Northern. It 
 arises 60 90f ! high with a diameter of 36. In open lands it spreads widely 
 into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a 
 deep violet color, surrounded with a white alburnum. It is used extensively, 
 west of the Alleghanies, for building, and every where for cabinet work. 
 April, May. 
 
 2. CARYA. 
 
 Gr. xapvcij the walnut, from icapa, roundish ; in allusion to the shape of the nut. 
 
 c? Aments imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichoto- 
 mous ; scales 3-parted ; stamens 4 6 ; anthers hairy. 9 Calyx 
 4-cleft, superior ; corolla ; styles ; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the 
 lobes bifid ; epicarp 4-valved ; nucleus subquadrangular, even. 
 Large trees. Pubescence stellate. Lfts. few. cT aments branched. 
 
 1. C. ALBA. Nutt. (Juglans squamosa. MX. /.) Shag-bark Walnut or 
 Hickory. Lfts. 5 7, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 
 sharply serrate, villous beneath, the odd one sessile ; aments filiform, smooth ; 
 fr. somewhat quadrangular, smooth. Native throughout the Atlantic States, 
 and abundant farther west. In forests it is very tall and slender, with rough 
 and shaggy bark consisting externally of long, narrow plates loosely adhering 
 by the middle. Like other hickories, the wood is strong and elastic, compact 
 and heavy, and is much used where these qualities are required, as in making 
 hoops, whip stalks, axe handles, the keels of vessels, &c. It is considered 
 superior to all other wood for fuel. The fruit is covered with a very thick epi- 
 carp separating into 4 parts, and containing a thin-shelled, richly-flavored 
 kernel. April, May. 
 
 2. C. TOMENTOSA. Michx. (Juglans alba. Linn.} White Walnut. Mocker- 
 nut Hickory. Lfts. 7 or 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, 
 
 pubescent beneath, odd one subpetiolate ; aments filiform, tomentose ; fr. sub- 
 globose, smooth, with a very thick pericarp ; nut with a hard, thick shell and a 
 small, but agreeably-flavored kernel. This tree is found in all the Atlantic 
 States, growing 50f high in woods. The bark is thick and rugged, but never 
 scaly. In winter it may be known by its la^ge, greyish- white and very hard 
 buds. The drupes, \diich are very various in size, have a small kernel diffi- 
 cult to extract, on which account they are less sought than the shag-barks. 
 April, May. 
 
 3. C. PORCINA. Nutt. (Juglans glabra. Willd.} Hog Walnut. 
 
 Lfts. mostly 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth both sides, odd 
 one subsessile ; fr. and nucleus obcordate or oblong. Found in woods through- 
 out the U. S., growing to the height of 50 70f. The drupes afford small, bit- 
 ter kernels. The wood possesses the general properties of the hickories in 
 a superior degree, and is used wherever great strength is required. If. makes 
 excellent fuel. May. 
 
 4. C. AMARA. Nutt. (Juglans amara. Michx.') Bitternut Hickory. 
 
 Lfts. about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides 
 except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one short, petiolate, the rest ses- 
 sile ; fr. subglobose, with the sutures prominent above ; drupe smooth, subglo- 
 bose ; kernel bitter. Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in 
 Penn. and along the Ohio valley. The drupe has a thin shell which may be 
 broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely 
 touch it. 
 
 5. C. SULCATA. Nutt. (Juglans. Willd. J. laciniosa. MX. Thick Shell-bark. 
 
 Lfls. 7 9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, ter- 
 minal one subsessile and attenuate to the base ; fr. roundish, 4-angled, smooth, 
 nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously mucronate. N. Y. to Car. and 
 
 42 
 
492 CXXIV. CUPULIFER^E. GltiERcus 
 
 Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of the 
 Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other species. It is a 
 large tree, 50 70f high. The bark is divided into long strips which at length 
 are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba. 
 Leaves 10 20' in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile 
 aments 3-parted, very long. Nut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and 
 nearly twice larger than in C. alba. 
 
 6. C. MICROCARPA. Nutt. Small-fruited Hickory. 
 
 Lifts. 5 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, con- 
 spicuously acuminate ; aments glabrous ; fr. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin ; nut 
 small, slightly quadrangular. A large tree, 60 80f high, in moist woodlands, 
 Penn. Darlington. Trunk 1J 2fdiam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 
 5, often 7, 4 8' by 2 3', the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets 
 and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Arnents long and slender. Pistillate 
 flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on*a common peduncle, with conspicuous se- 
 pals. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate. 
 
 ORDER. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^E. MASTWORTS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs. Lvs. stipulate, alternate, simple, straight- veined, that is with the veinlets proceeding 
 
 straight from the midvein to the margin. 
 
 Fls. generally monoecious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together, or in fascicles. 
 Cal. Sepals regular and membranous, or scale-like. 
 
 Sta. 1 3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into their bases. [each. 
 
 Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with several cells and several ovules in 
 Stiff, several, subsessile, distinct. 
 
 Fr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cupule. 
 Sets, i, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive), pendulous. Albumen 0. 
 Embryo large. Cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex. Radicle minute, superior. 
 
 Genera 8, species 265, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and 
 of mountainous tracts within the tropics. 
 
 Properties. The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. The 
 edible fruit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beechnut, $*c., are too well known to require description. Cork 
 is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nut-galls are producd from the petioles of Q,. inlectoria of Asia Minor, 
 being caused by wounds made by insects. 
 
 Conspectus of tlie Genera. 
 
 fin an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed. .... Castanea. 2 
 
 1 in a muricate, yalvate cupule. and sharply 3-angled. .... Fagus. 3 
 
 j in a hairy, coriaceous, involucrate cupule Corylus. 4 
 
 ( enveloped I inflated .. ( membranous, closed cupule Ostrya. 5 
 
 < (acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule Quercus. 1 
 
 Nut ( naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract Carpinus. 6 
 
 1. aUERCUS. 
 
 Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree ; so called emphatically, because the sacred mistletoe grows upon it. 
 The more common Celtic name was derw ; hence druid. 
 
 tf in a loose ament; calyx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5 10. 9 Cupule 
 cup-shaped, scaly ; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed ; ovary 
 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive ; style 1 ; stigmas 3 ; nut (acorn) 
 coriaceous, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, 
 cup-shaped, scaly cupule. A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Aments 
 axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers distinct. 
 1 . Fruciificatio?i annual. Fruit pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate. 
 
 * Leaves lobed. 
 1. d. ALBA. White Oak. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, pinnatind-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, 
 dilated upwards ; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate. The white 
 oak grows in woods throughout the U. S. and Can., and for grandeur, strength 
 and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di- 
 ameter of 5 6f, it attains the height of 70 80, but its magnitude varies 
 with the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and 
 entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young. 
 Fruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim- 
 ber of great value for strength and durability. It is extensively employed in 
 
duERcus. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^E. 493 
 
 ship-building, in coopering, in carriage-making, in ploughs, mills, &c. The 
 bark is useful in tanning, and in medicine. May. 
 
 2. d. MACROCARPA. Overciip White Oak. 
 
 Lvs. tomentose beneath, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed (most deeply 
 in the middle), lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cupule deep, with the 
 upper scales setose ; acorn ovate, turgid. Most common in the Western States ! 
 frequenting limestone hills, but is occasionally met with in N. Eng. and N. Y. 
 It is 60 701' in height, clothing itself with dark green, luxuriant foliage. Leaves 
 10 15' long, being larger than those of any other species here described. The 
 acorns are also of extraordinary size, enclosed f of their length in the cup which 
 is usually bordered with hair-like filaments. May. 
 
 3. Q,. STELLATA. (d. obtusiloba. Mic/ix.~) Iron Oak. 
 
 Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath, lobes very 
 obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, 2-lobed ; cal. hemispherical ; acorn oval. The 
 iron oak, called also post oak, box white oak, turkey oak, tf*c., is common in the 
 Western! Middle and Southern States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moder- 
 ate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is grey- 
 ish-white. Leaves thick, strongly tomentose beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes which are 
 sometimes so arranged as to appear cruciform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. 
 The timber is finer grained, stronger and more durable than white oak, hence 
 it is useful for posts, staves, carriages, &c. The crooked branches afford knees 
 for ship-building. 
 
 4. d. OUVTEFORMIS. Mossy-cup Oak. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pin- 
 natifid ; cup. deeply bowl-shaped, fringed on the edge ; acorn oval-ovate. This 
 species of oak is confined to a few districts of N. Y. and Penn. It is a large 
 and majestic tree, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining 
 downwards. The leaves are so irregularly cut and lobed that scarcely two can 
 be found alike. May. 
 
 * * Leaves dentate, not lobed. 
 
 5. d. PRINUS. Willd. (Q,. Prinus palustris. Michx.} Swamp Chestnut Oak. 
 
 Lvs. on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with coarse, un- 
 equal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cup deep, attenuate at base; acorn ovate. 
 This oak is seldom met with in N. England, but abounds in the rest of the 
 U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, arising to the height of 50f 
 with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive 
 top to the height of 80 90f. Flowers appear in May, succeeded by large and 
 sweet acorns. The timber is valuable in the arts, and makes excellent fuel. 
 
 6. Q,. BICOLOR. Willd. (Q.. Prinus discolor. Michx.} Swamp While Oak. 
 Lvs. oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, coarsely toothed, entire at 
 
 the base, the teeth unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the tip ; petioles 
 short; fr. on long peduncles, in pairs, cup hemispherical, acorn oblong-ovate. 
 The swamp oak is diffused throughout most of the U. S., growing in low, swampy 
 woods. It is a beautiful tree, attaining in favorable situations the height of 70f. 
 Foliage rich and luxuriant, leaves smooth and green above and white downy 
 beneath, 5 7' by 2 1'. The trunk is covered with a grayish-white bark 
 which divides into large, flat scales. It affords excellent fuel and timber. 
 
 7. C. MONTANA. Willd. (d. Prinus monticola. Mr.) Mountain Oak. 
 Lvs. broad-ovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above, coarsely 
 
 toothed, obtuse and unequal at the base ; teeth obtuse (or rarely acute !) sub- 
 equal ; fr. in pairs, on short peduncles, cup hemispherical, with rugose and 
 tubercular scales, acorn ovate. This oak, sometimes called rock chestnut oak, 
 is native of the Northern and Middle States, growing in woods and mountain 
 sides. Its height seldom exceeds 60f, and is generally much less. In open 
 situations its top spreads widely and symmetrically. The petiole is yellow, 
 rather short. Timber valuable in ship-building, &c. 
 
 8. d. CASTANEA. Willd. (d. Prinus acuminata. Michx.} YcUow Oak. 
 Chestnut Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, 
 
 acuminate, downy beneath, with coarse, subequal. dilated, obtuse teeth; cup 
 
494 CXXIV. CTJPULIFER^E. duERcus. 
 
 hemispherical ; acorn roundish ovate. The yellow oak abounds in the Middle 
 and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, 60f 
 in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light 
 green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by" acorns usually 
 sweet-flavored. Timber little used. 
 
 9. d. CHINQUAPIN. Michx. (d. prinoides. Wittd.} Dwarf Chestnut Oak. 
 Lvs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with 
 
 coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cup hemispherical ; acorn 
 ovate. This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3 if : ' 
 in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but 
 not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, 
 very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground. 
 
 2. Fructification biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate. 
 * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 
 
 10. d. RUBRA. Red Oak. 
 
 Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- 
 tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate. The red oak is the most 
 common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide- 
 spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 10' long, 
 smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu- 
 cronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns 
 contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are 
 greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively 
 used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim- 
 ber, but excellent for fuel. 
 
 11. R. TINCTORIA. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. 
 
 Lvs. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes 
 oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; cup flat ; acorn depressed-globose. This oak is 
 found throughout the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, 80 90f 
 in height and 4 5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. 
 Leaves 6 8' long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, 
 nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of 
 this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron 
 oak. The bark is used in tanning. 
 
 12. d. COCCINEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak. 
 
 Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate, 
 dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. The scarlet oak is 
 most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the 
 more southern parts of N. England. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a 
 diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu- 
 ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they 
 are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or 
 brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. 
 Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 
 
 13. Gt. PALUSTRIS. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. 
 
 Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth ; axils of the veins 
 tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, 
 smooth ; acorn subglobose. The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States ! 
 and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in 
 swamps and wet woods. Height 60 80f, with a diameter of 24. It is remark- 
 able for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- 
 vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into 
 it; also for its light and open foliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, 
 little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. 
 
 14. d. ELONGATA. (d. rubra. Walt. d. falcata. Michx.} Spanish Oak. 
 
 Lvs. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some- 
 what falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated ; cup shallow, 
 somewhat turbinate ; acorn globose. Sandy soils, N. J. to Ga. Trunk 70 80f 
 high, 4 5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J. 
 
CASTANEA. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^B. 495 
 
 Bark blackish and deeply furrowed. Wood coarse-grained, reddish and porous. 
 Lobes of the leaves often not at all falcate in the smaller trees but always 
 clothed with a thick tomentum beneath. Acorns small, round, on peduncles 
 1 2" in length. May. The bark is highly esteemed in tanning. 
 * * Leaves dentate or slightly lobed. 
 
 15. a. TLICIFOLIA. Willd. (a. Bannisteri. Michx.} Shrub or Scrub Oak. 
 Bear Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3 5-lobed, entire on 
 
 the margin, whitish-downy beneath ; cup subturbinate ; acorn subglobose. A 
 shrub, common throughout the U. S., growing only on gravely hills and barrens 
 which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3 4f high, divided into 
 numerous, straggling branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be 
 greedily eaten by bears, deer and swine. May. 
 
 16. d. NIGRA. Willd. (a. ferruginea. Michx.} Barren-Oak. Black- Jack. 
 Iron Oak. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, 3- 
 
 lobed at apex, lobes nearly equal, entire or retuse, mucronate when young, at 
 length wholly awnless, smooth and shining above, ferruginous-pulverulent be- 
 neath, villose in the axils of the veins; Jr. with a turbinate cup and roundish 
 ovoid acorn ; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious. A small, gnarled tree, with dark, 
 massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. ! and S. States. Trunk 20 30f high, 
 with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 35' 
 by 2 4', broadest near the apex, middle lobe scarcely as wide and but little 
 longer than the other two. Petioles 3 6" long. May. The wood is very 
 valuable for fuel. 
 
 17. a. TRILOBA. Downy Black Oak. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, 
 tomentose beneath, lobes equal, mucronate with setaceous awns, middle one 
 longer ; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globose acorn. A tree of rapid 
 growth, 25 40f high, in the pine barrens of N. J. to Flor. 
 
 18. a. HETEROFtfYLLA. Pursh. (a. Leana. Clark.) 
 
 Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or oblong-ovate, acute or rounded 
 or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often only 
 wavy or entire ; lobes setaceous-acuminate ; acorn subglobose, in a hemispheri- 
 cal cup ; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse. Ohio ! I have specimens of the 
 leaves and fruit of this remarkable and long lost species from Mr. J. Clark, 
 re-discovered in Ohio, by the late Mr. T. G. Lea. The leaves are exceedingly 
 variable, usually 4 6' by 1| 2', smooth and shining above, tomentose along 
 the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt, at base. Fruit f ' diam. 
 * * * Leaves entire. 
 
 19. a. PHELLOS. Willow Oak. 
 
 Lvs. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, gla- 
 brous, mucronate at apex: acorn subglobose, in shallow cups. A tree 30 60f 
 high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Flor. and Western States. Trunk straight, 
 10 20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves, which bear con- 
 siderable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate 
 when young, 3 5' in length. Acorn f diam. May. The timber is of little value. 
 
 20. a. IMBRICARIA. Laurel Oak. Shingle Oak. 
 
 Lvs. deciduous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very 
 entire, shining-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, mucronate at apex; acorn 
 subglobose, in a shallow cup; scales of the cup broad-ovate. A beautiful tree, 
 very abundant in the Western States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. 
 Trunk 40 50f high, 1 2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large 
 head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and 
 firm in texture, 35' by 1 !', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June. The 
 timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack Oak. 
 
 2. CASTANEA. Tourn. 
 
 From Costarica, a town inThessaly, where this tree still grows to magnificent dimensions. 
 
 c?in a long, cylindric ament : cal. 6-cleft ; sta. 10 12. 9 3, within 
 a 4-lobed. densely muricatcd involucre ; cal. 5 G-lobed ; sta. 10 12 
 
496 CXXIV. CUPULIFER^E. CORYLUS. 
 
 abortive rudiments ; sty. 6 ; nut mostly 1 -seeded, invested with the 
 enlarged, echinate involucre or cupule. Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly 
 deciduous, alternate, acuminate. Sterile aments axillary, pendulous. 
 Fruit enclosed in very prickly Globed burrs. 
 
 1. C. VESCA. Gaert. /?. Americana. Michx. (Fagus Castanea. Linn.) 
 Chestnut. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smootn 
 
 both sides. Abundant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty 
 tree, with a large, straight trunk. Leaves quite large (6 9' long and | as 
 wide), with large, uniform teeth, mucronate with the prolonged, straight veins. 
 Aments as long as the leaves and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue 
 to the whole tree when in blossom. The nuts are about 3 together, of a pecu- 
 liar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset 
 on all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, 
 strong, elastic, light and very durable, hence much used for posts, &c. July. 
 The nuts are smaller, but sweeter than those of the European variety (the Span- 
 ish chestnut.) 
 
 2. C. PUMILA. Michx. Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate-serrate, hoary-tomentose be- 
 neath; nut solitary. Sterile places, N. J., Penn. to Ga. and Tenn.! Shrub 
 6 12f high, much branched. Leaves 3 5' by li 2', smooth above, generally 
 obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate with the projecting, straight 
 veinlets ; petioles 6" long ; under surface nearly white. Aments axillary, the 
 lower staminate, 6 10' long, upper fertile with remote, pistillate flowers. In- 
 volucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) solitary, small, 
 ovoid, sweet. Fl. Jn. Fr. Oct. 
 
 3. FAGUS. 
 Gr. (priyos, the beech ; it also signifies something eatable. 
 
 cT in a globose ament; cal. 6-cleft, campanulate ; sta. 5 12. 9 
 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre ; cal. single, with 4 5 minute 
 lobes ; sty. 3 ; nut 1 -seeded, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny 
 involucre or capsule. Lofty trees, with smooth, ash-colored bark. Lvs. 
 alternate, plicate in vernation. cT aments on long, pendulous peduncles. 
 
 F. SYLVATICA. Linn. /?. Americana. Nutt. (F. sylvestris. Michx. F. 
 
 ferruginia. Ait.) Beech. Lvs. broadly ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, 
 obtuse at base, ciliate with soft white hairs when young, at length nearly gla- 
 brous, margin with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate ; buds lanceolate- 
 cylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers ; 
 nuts ovoid-triangular, obtuse-mucronate. A common forest tree, abundant in 
 N. Eng., frequent in the Western States and British provinces. The trunk is 
 tall and straight in forests, 50 80f high, but lower and with an expansive 
 head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark. 
 Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 46' long, as wide, often 
 persistent through the winter. ^ aments pubescent, peduncles 2' long. Nut 
 small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Timber fine- 
 grained, with reddish duramen and white alburnum. May. 
 
 Obs. The Red Beech is now regarded only as a variety ; with the wood softer, and of more easy 
 cleavage, and perhaps a slight difference in foliage. There are several beautiful varieties in cultivation, 
 with purple foliage, silver foliage, &c. (See garden catalogues.) 
 
 4. CORYLUS. 
 
 Gr. Kopvs, a bonnet ; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared. 
 
 oT in a cylindric ament; cal. scale 3-cleft ; sta. 8; anth. 1 -celled. 
 9 Calyx obsolete ; ova. several ; stig. 2 ; nut ovoid, surrounded with 
 the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre (capsule). Shrubs. 
 Aments and capitate fertile clusters subterminal. 
 
 1. C. AMERICANA. Hazel. 
 
 Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate ; invol. roundish-campanulate, much 
 
CXXV. BETULACE.E. 497 
 
 larger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely serrate. Shrub 
 5 6f high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Leaves 3 6 7 long 
 and as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous 
 aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by 
 the large, bell-shaped involucre in which each one is enveloped. They are a 
 well-flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel or filbert. 
 
 2. C. ROSTRATA. Ait. Beaked Hazel. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate ; stip. linear-lanceolate ; invol. campanu- 
 late-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments. This 
 species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, 
 and chiefly differs from it in the involucre, which is covered with short, stiff* 
 hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1 !') narrow neck, like a bottle. 
 Nuts as in C. Americana. May. 
 
 5. OSTRYA. 
 
 Or. ovrpeov, a scale ; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments. 
 
 J* in a cylindric ament; cal. scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1 -flower- 
 ed ; anth. conspicuously bearded at the summit. 9 geminate, in a 
 loose, linear ament ; cal. ; fls. enclosed each in an inflated mem- 
 branous sac, which, at length, enlarged, contains the matured nut. 
 
 Small trees. 
 
 O. VIRGINICA. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate; fertile ament oblong, pendulous; buds 
 rather acute. A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S., 25 30f in height. 
 Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about 
 twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended 
 from the ends of the branches, consisting of membranous, imbricated sacs, 
 (cups ?) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard and strong, 
 much used for levers, &c. Apr. May. 
 
 6. CARPINUS. 
 
 Celtic car, wood, and pino, the head ; alluding to its use in making yokes for cattle. 
 
 c? in a long, cylindric ament ; cal. scale roundish, ciliate ; sta. 
 8 14, slightly bearded at summit. 9 in a loose ament ; scale large, 
 oblong, 3-lobed, 1 3-flowered ; cal. 6-toothed ; stig. 2 ; nut long, 
 ovoid, furrowed, 1 -seeded. Small trees. Scales of the 9 aments per- 
 sistent and becoming foliaceous 
 C. AMERICANA. Hornbeam. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scales of the fertile ament 
 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth. 
 A small tree (12 20f high), common in woods throughout the TJ. S. The 
 wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ash- 
 colored bark. Leaves 2 4' long, as wide, petiolate. From the ends of the 
 branches hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy aments, consisting of alternate 
 pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr. May. 
 
 ORDER CXXV. BETULACE^l. BIRCHWORTS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules. 
 
 Lvs. alternate, simple, with the veinlets running straight from the midvein to the margin. 
 
 Fis. monoecious, amentaceous, mostly achlamydeous, ternate in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. 
 
 Perianth wanting or of several small scales, sometimes resembling a real calyx. 
 
 Sterile Sta. definite, distinct. Anth. 2-celled. 
 
 Fertile. Ova. 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2, distinct 
 
 Fr. 1-celled and l seeded (by abortion), membranous and indehiscent. 
 
 Seed pendulous, without albumen. / 
 
 Genera 2, ? species 65, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties gene- 
 rally astringent. The birches are often fine timber trees. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 <\ 10 12. Scales of the fertile aments 3-flowercd. ... . Betula. 1 
 
 Stamens (4. Scales of the fertile aments 2-flowered. . . . Alnwi. 2 
 
498 CXXV. BETULACE^E. BETULA, 
 
 1. BETtfLA. Tourn. 
 
 Betu is the Celtic name for the birch. 
 
 cf in a cylindric ament ; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate ; calyx ; 
 stamens 10 12. 9 Ament oblong-ovoid: scales subtrilobate ; calyx 
 ; nut compressed, with a membranaceous margin. Trees and shrubs 
 mostly with the outer bark laminated and horizontally fibrous. Lvs. 
 ovate, serrate, alternate. 
 
 * Trees. 
 
 1. B. LENTA. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. 
 
 Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, veins beneath and petioles 
 hairy; fertile aments erect. This noble species is common in the Eastern and 
 Middle States, often exceeding 60f in height, with a diameter of 2 to 3f. The 
 trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in 
 old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor. 
 Leaves 3 4' long, about as wide. Sterile aments 2 3' long, fertile much 
 shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a delicious morsel. 
 The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a good polish. It 
 is much used in cabinet work. April, May. 
 
 2. B. EXCELSA. Ait. Lofty or Yellow Birch. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acute, serrate, on pubescent petioles, shorter than the pedun- 
 cles ; barren aments ovate, erect ; scales with rounded, lateral lobes. A common 
 forest tree in N. England, arising in woods to the height of 60 80f, with a 
 trunk 2 3f diam., invested with a thin, yellowish cuticle. Barren aments 2 
 4' long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches. The 
 wood is chiefly valuable as fuel. April, May. 
 
 3. B. NIGRA. Ait. (B. rubra. Michx.} Red Bircfi. 
 
 Lvs. rhombic-ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath ; 
 fertile ament sessile, erect, ovoid, scales villous, the segments linear, equal. A 
 tree 30 50f high, growing on the banks of streams, Methuen, Mass., Emerson, 
 to Car. W. to la. ! and 111., Mead. Trunk covered with a reddish or chocolate- 
 colored bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds, 
 and finally rough like that of the black cherry. Branches arched and slender ; 
 branchlets almost filiform, often clothing the trunk to the base. Leaves dark 
 green above, about 3' by 2', often smaller, petioles 6 8" long, pubescent. May. 
 
 4. B. POPULIFOLIA. Ait. Poplar-leaved Birch. White Birch. 
 
 Lvs. deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very smooth, on smooth 
 petioles ; fertile aments pedunculate ; scales with roundish, lateral lobes. This 
 species, like the preceding, is distinguished for the white cuticle with which the 
 trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. 
 England, where it seldom exceeds 30 40f in height. The branches are covered 
 with a reddish-brown bark, very slender, and throw out, in May, long, pendu- 
 lous aments. 
 
 5. B. PAPYRACEA. Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath ; fertile 
 aments nodding, pedunculate ; lateral lobes of the calyx short, roundish. This 
 birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. England, &c. It sometimes at- 
 tains the height of 60 70f, but is generally smaller. The trunk, which is 1 
 2f in diameter, is covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numerous laminae, 
 the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light 
 canoes. The bark upon the branches is dark brown. Leaves 23' long, as 
 wide. Sterile aments 1 2' long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, but 
 not durable, and is used in turnery and furniture work. May, June. 
 
 /?. minor. Tuckerman. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them 
 roundish-obtuse. White Mts. Shrubs 6 9f high. 
 
 * Shrubs. 
 
 6. B. PCMILA. Dwarf Birch. 
 
 Low, shrubby ; young branches pubescent, without glandular dots ; Ivs. or- 
 bicular-obovate, petioles densely pubescent beneath ; fertile ament cylindrical. 
 
CXXVI. MYRICACE^E. 499 
 
 Shrub 2 3f high, mountains, N. Y. and Perm. Pivrsh. " In several low places 
 towards fhe hills " Penn. Bartram. Cedar swamps, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant 
 (fide Tnckcrman.~) A very obscure species, unless it be the following. 
 
 7. B. GLANDULOSA. Michx. Glandular Dwarf Birch. 
 
 Low ; branches glandular-punctate, glabrous ; Ivs. obovate, entire at base, 
 obtusely serrate, glabrous ; fertile aments oblong ; scales half 3-cleft, lobes ovate- 
 oblong," middle one rather longest ; nut orbicular, with a narrow margin. A 
 beautiful shrub, inhabiting the mountainous districts of the N, and N. W. 
 States ! N. to Hudson's Bay. Height 2 4f. Leaves about 9" by 6 or 7", very 
 regularly toothed. If this shrub be distinct from the preceding, it may be known 
 by its glandular-dotted branches and its want of pubescence scarcely by its 
 variable leaves. 
 
 8. B. LITTELLIANA. Tuckerman. 
 
 Low, glabrous; branches resinous-punctate; Ivs. suborbicular, coarsely 
 serrate ; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, scales trifid, lobes oblong-obovate, mid- 
 dle one longest. White Mts., Tuckerman. Shrub somewhat erect. Leaves 2 
 4 times larger than those of B. nana. 
 
 9. B. NANA. Tiny Birch. 
 
 Low, smooth ; Ivs. orbicular, crenate, reticulated beneath ; scales of the 
 anient deeply 3-parted ; seeds orbicular, nearly wingless-. This miniature tree 
 is found on the summits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &c., of the White Mts. ! 
 It is scarcely more than a foot in height, often but a few inches, the branches 
 few and straggling, the leaves ' in diameter, smooth both sides, pale and 
 distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1 2" long. 
 
 2. ALNUS. Tourn. 
 
 tf Ament long, cylindric, composed of cuneate, truncate, 3-lobed, 
 3-flowered bracts ; cal. 4-parted ; sta. 4. 9 Ament ovoid ; bracts 2- 
 flowered ; 3-fid ; cal. ; nut wingless, compressed. Shrubs, arising 
 from large and strong roots. Buds pedunculate. Lvs. plicate in ver- 
 nation^ alternate, simple, deciduous. 
 
 1. A. INCANA. Willd. (A. glauca. Michx. Betula incana. Linn.} 
 
 Lvs. submembranaceous, oblong, acutish, obtuse at base or cordate, mar- 
 gin somewhat lobed, sharply serrate, glaucous-pubescent beneath ; veins hirsute, 
 their axils naked ; stip. oblong-lanceolate ; fertile aments oval. Not uncommon 
 in N. Eng. and Mid. States. A tall shrub or small tree, readily distinguishable 
 by the form and pubescence of the leaves. 
 
 2. A. RUBRA. Marsh. (A serrulata. Willd and 1st edit.) Common Alder. 
 Lvs. obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate, the veins and their axils hairy 
 
 beneath ; stip. elliptical, obtuse. A well known shrub growing in clumps, and 
 forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Stems 
 numerous, rather straight, 10 15f in height. Leaves 2 4' long and as wide, 
 strongly veined ; petioles ' long. Aments 2 3' long, slender, pendulous, 
 fascicled at the ends of the branches ; fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, per- 
 sistent, several together a little below the sterile ones. March, April. 
 
 3. A. CRISPA. Michx. (Betula crispa. Ait.) 
 
 Lvs. oval, acute, obtnsis"h at base, doubly serrate, clothed with a soft vis- 
 cid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on the veins and axils beneath ; stip. 
 broadly ovate ; fertile aments on long peduncles, oval. White Mts., Tuckerman, 
 Green Mts., Bobbins, Can., Michaux. An elegant shrub, 3 4f high. Leaves 
 varying to broad-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state, other- 
 wise softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr. 
 
 ORDER CXXVI. MYRICACE^E. GALEWORTS. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, aromatic, covered with resinous glands or dots. Lvs. alternate, 
 
 Fis. monoecious or dioecious, amentaceous, each axillary to a bract. 
 
 Sterile. Sta. 26. Antfi. 2 1-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 
 Fertile. Ova. 1-celled, l-ovuled, surrounded by several hypogynous scales. 
 
500 CXXVII. SALICACE^E. 
 
 Stig. 2, subulate, or dilated and petaloid. 
 
 Fr. drupaceous or dry. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen. % 
 
 Genera 3, species about 20, found in the temperate parts of North America, in India and South Africa, 
 one species in Europe. Sweet Fern is highly aromatic and astringent. The fruit of the bayberry bush 
 yields wax in abundance. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ cuneate-lanceqlate, serrate. Flowers dioecious Myrica. 1 
 
 Leaves { sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers monoecious Comptonia. 2 
 
 1. MYRICA. 
 
 Gr. //vpo), to flow; because some of the species are native of river banks and inundated places. 
 
 Flowers d* 9 Aments ovate-oblong ; scales loosely imbricate, lunate, 
 c? Stamens 4 6, short, erect; anth. large, 4-valved. 9 Ovary 1, 
 superior; sty. 2, spreading; stig. 2, acute; drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. 
 Stipules very fugacious or 0. 
 
 1. M. GALE. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. 
 
 Lvs. glabrous, cimeate-lanceolate, obtuse and serrate above, margin very 
 entire and slightly revolute below, tapering to a very short petiole ; sterile aments 
 of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate scales ; fr. in an oblong, dense, amenta- 
 ceous head. A branching shrub, 3 4fhigh, on the inundated borders of ponds 
 and mountain lakes, Northern States and Can. Leaves dark green, paler be- 
 neath with a strong midvein, 9 18" by 4 6", entire | the length, tf and 9 
 aments on separate plants, the former terminal, about 1' in length, the latter 
 axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves, when crushed, with a pungent, 
 spicy odor. May. 
 
 2. M. CERIFERA. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. 
 
 Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-oblong, rather acute or obtuse, distinctly petiolate, 
 margin entire or remotely dentate above, paler and with distinct veinlets be- 
 neath ; aments cotemporary with the leaves, lateral, naked, the $ larger, with 
 lax, roundish scales ; fr. spherical, distinct, clustered, naked, covered with wax. 
 This interesting and useful shrub is found in dry woods or in open fields, 
 Nova Scotia to Flor. W. to Lake Erie. It varies in height from 2 8f, covered 
 with a grayish bark. It has a very branching top, numerous dry-looking leaves 
 1J 2J' by $ I'. The ^ and 9 aments on separate plants, below the leaves, 
 } f long, the former much thicker. The fruit consists of a globular stone en- 
 closing a kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax, which, being sepa- 
 rated by boiling water, constitutes the bayberry tallow of commerce. May. 
 
 2. COMPTONIA. 
 
 In honor of Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London, who made an extensive collection of plants. 
 
 Flowers . cT Ament cylindric ; bract reniform-cordate, acumi- 
 nate ; cal. scale 2-parted ; sta. 3, forked ; anth. 6. 9 Ament ovate ; 
 cal. scales 6, longer than the bract ; sty. 2 ; nut ovoid, 1 -celled. 
 Low shrubs. Lvs. long and narrow, pinnatifid-lobed, with small stipules. 
 
 C. ASPLENIFOLIA. Ait. (Liquidambar, Linn.) Sweet Fern. 
 
 Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid. A well known, 
 handsome, aromatic shrub, 2f high, common in dry woods and hills. The main 
 stem is covered with a rusty, brown bark, which becomes reddish in the branches, 
 and white downy in the young shoots. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles, 
 3 4' by J'i divided nearly to the midvein into numerous, rounded lobes so as 
 to resemble those of the spleenwort. Stipules in pairs, acuminate. Barren 
 flowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fertile flowers in a 
 dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren ones. Fruit a small, 
 ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May. 
 
 ORDER CXXVII. SALICACE^E. WILLOWORTS. 
 
 frees or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules. 
 Ft*, direcious, amentaceous, achlamydeous, axillary to 1-flowered bracts. 
 Sterile. Sta. 2 several, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled. 
 Fertile. Ova. l 2-celled. Ovules numerous, erect. Styles or stigmas 2. 
 
SALIX. CXXVII. SALICACE^E. 501 
 
 Fr. coriaceous, 1-celled. 2-valved. 
 
 Sds. numerous, ascending, furnished with a silky coma. Albumen 0. 
 
 Genera 2, species 2-20, chiefly natives of the northern temperate and frigid zones, one species, Salix 
 arctica, extending farther north than any other known woody plant. 
 
 Properties The bark is astringent and tonic, possessing the febrifugal properties of the sulphate of 
 quinia. The wood is employed for various economical purposes. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ 25. Capsule l-celled. Salix. 1 
 Stamens { 820. Capsule 2-celled. Populus. 2 
 
 1. SALIX.* 
 Celtic sal, near, and lis, water ; alluding to their usual locality. 
 
 Aments cylindric, bracts imbricated, 1 -flowered, each with a nec- 
 tariferous gland at base, cT Calyx ; sta. 2 7. 9 Calyx ; ova. 
 ovoid-lanceolate, acuminate ; stig. 2, mostly bifid ; caps. 1-celled, 
 2-valved, valves acuminate, finally revolute at summit ; seeds numer- 
 ous, minute, comose. Trees, shrubs and under shrubs. Lvs. usually 
 narrow and elongated, each with 2 conspicuous stipules. Aments termi- 
 nal and lateral. 
 
 1. CINERE.E. Borrer. Upland, grayish shrubs. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, mostly 
 entire, rugose, canescent-pilose, margins often revolute. Aments oval or oval-cylin- 
 dric, expanding before the leaves, with, centrifugal inflorescence. Stamens 2. Scales 
 red, finally black. 9 aments recurved when young. Ovary pedicellate ; stigma 
 red or pale yellow, finally green. Barratt. 
 
 1. S. TRISTIS. Ait. (S. longirostris. Michx.} Sage Willow. 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate at base, entire or remotely 
 undulate-toothed, margin subrevolute, apex acute or obtusish; stip. minute, 
 narrow-lanceolate, caducous ; aments very small ; scales orbicular-oblong, 
 hairy at the margin ; ova. with grayish, silky pubescence ; sty. short. Sandy 
 or dry fields, borders of woods, pastures, N. Eng. ! to Ind. ! and 111. A small, 
 downy shrub, with a profusion of aments in spring, appearing before the 
 leaves. Leaves at length numerous, often crowded and rosulate at the ends of 
 the branches, 1 2' long, tapering from above the middle to a very short peiiole, 
 the margin often revolute, under surface glaucous, often pubescent, upper gene- 
 rally smoothish. In starved specimens the whole plant is grayish-white, with 
 very small leaves.. 
 
 13. (S. Muhlenbergiana. Ph. and 1st edit.} Shrub larger in all its parts. 
 Bark green on the stem, yellowish and downy on the new branches. Leaves 
 2 3' long, often abrupt at base. 
 
 y. Monadelphia. Barratt. Sta. united half their length. Conn. 
 
 2. S. MUHLENBERGIANA. Barratt. (S. conifera. Muhl. and 1st edit.} Muh- 
 knberg's Willow. Lvs. oblanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous above, 
 
 pubescent and not rugose beneath ; young branches smooth ; stip. lunate, sub- 
 dentate ; aments precocious, diandrous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous ; ova. 
 pedicellate, lanceolate, silky ; sty. long, bifid ; stig. 2-lobed. A shrub in dry 
 soils, Northern States, 4 8f high, with brown twigs. On the ends of these, 
 cone-like excrescences are often produced by the punctures of insects. Aments 
 covered with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April. 
 
 3. S. CANDIDA. Willd. White Willow. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, very long, obscurely serrulate at the 
 summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, revolute on the margin ; stip. 
 lanceolate, as long as the petioles ; amenls cylindric ; scales obovate, obtuse, 
 very long, hairy ; stig. 2-lobed. A beautiful species in shady woods. Stems 
 4 6f high. Leaves 812' by 1 2'. Catkins dense, white with dense wool. 
 Styles and stigmas dark red, ' in length. April, May. 
 2. DISCOLORES. Borrer. Trees or shrubs blossoming in early spring. Leaves 
 
 serrate or denticulate, smooth and shining above, glaucous and pubescent beneath. 
 
 Aments oval or cylindrical, preceding the leaves, smooth, silky or woolly, withovtjloral 
 
 * Arranged according to Dr. Joseph Barratt. See preface. 
 
503 CXXVII. SALIC ACE^. SALIX 
 
 leaves, centrifugal. Scales turning black. Stamens 2, free or united. Ova. stipi- 
 tote, subpubescent. Barratt. 
 
 4. S. DISCOLOR. Muhl. Two-colored or Bog Willow. 
 
 Lvs. oblong, rather acute, glabrous above, entire at the end, glaucous 
 beneath ; slip, lanceolate, serrate, deciduous ; aments cotemporary with the 
 leaves, oblong, downy, diandrous ; scales oblong, acute, black, hairy ; ova. ses- 
 sile, downy ; stig. 2-parted. A shrub, 8 lOf high, in swampy grounds, Can. to 
 Car., with tough brown twigs, and white, glossy catkins. Leaves 13' long, 
 finely serrate except at the end. Sterile aments about f ' long, fertile 1'. Fila- 
 ments white, anthers at length yellow. April. 
 /?. Monadelphia. Barratt. Tree 10 15f high. Filaments 3 4, half-united. 
 
 5. ERIOCEPHALA. Michx. Woolly-headed Swamp Willow. 
 
 Branchlets very pubescent, brown or purplish ; Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic or 
 oblong, cuneate at base, entire or remotely serrulate above, under surface glau- 
 cous or ferruginous, both surfaces pubescent when young, at length the upper 
 surface green and nearly smooth; stip. semicordate, with sharp serratures; 
 aments oval-oblong, densely villous. A small tree, putting forth its large and 
 exceedingly woolly catkins in April. Grows in swamps, N. Eng. 
 
 6. S. PRINOIDES. Ph. Prinos-leaved Willow. 
 
 Branchlets puberulent when young, at length glabrous and dark brown ; 
 Ivs. oval-oblong or lance-oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, cuneate at base, 
 remotely serrulate, acute or abruptly acuminate; stip. semicordate, incisely 
 serrate ; aments preceding the leaves, hairy ; ova. ovoid, acuminate, silky ; sty. 
 long"; stig. bifid. Shrub 6 8f high, N. Eng. to Penn., W. to Mich. Catkins 
 appearing in April, 1 2' long. Ovaries distinctly stipitate, tapering at apex 
 into the long, exserted style. 
 
 7. S. CRASSA. Barratt. Dense-flowered Early Willow. 
 
 Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, rather remotely serrate, entire towards the base, 
 glabrous and dull green above, veiny and clothed with short, ferruginous hairs 
 beneath, adult subcoriaceous ; stip. small, lanceolate, serrate or often wanting ; 
 (f aments ovate, sessile, densely clothed with yellowish- white, silky hairs ; scales 
 obovate. A hairy and beautiful willow, rare in N. Eng. Tree about 15f high, 
 with rough, ash-colored bark. Branches irregular and knotty, with thick, 
 densely flowered twigs in April. Leaves 3j' by 1'. $ catkins 1 2' long. 
 
 8. S. SENsiTiVA. Barratt. Frost or Tender Will&w. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate 
 at the apex, and more distantly and strongly serrate towards the base, glabrous 
 and rather thin ; stip. subfalcate, serrate ; $ aments rather lax ; scales rather lax, 
 lightly clothed with grayish-black hairs. A small tree, about 15f high, found 
 in various parts of N. Eng., &c. The aments and twigs are frequently destroy- 
 ed by irost at flowering-time, being thinly protected with hairs. Leaves smooth, 
 3 5'by'lJ 2'. Aments 1J' long. Apr. This and the three next preceding 
 species are very closely allied, as suggested by Mr. Emerson, Rep., p. 262, and 
 it is possible that they may hereafter be united under one species. 
 3. GRISEJE. Borrer. Shrubs with branches brittle at base, and an intensely bitter 
 
 bark. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, grayish-silky beneath, turning black in drying. 
 
 Aments cylindrical, rather short, preceding the leaves, with 2 or 3 minute leaves at 
 
 base. Stamens 2, beginning to appear from the middle of the ament. Ovaries 
 
 grayish-silky. Barratt. 
 
 9. S. GRISEA. Gray Willow. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, silky beneath ; stip. 
 ovate-oblong, denticulate," deflected, deciduous; scales oblong, hairy, black at 
 the tip ; ova. oblong, pedicellate, silky ; siig. sessile, obtuse. A shrub 6 8f 
 high, in inundated meadows. Branches purplish, long and slender, very tough, 
 except at the base, where they are very brittle. Leaves 2 4' by I' 9 aments 
 very abundant, \' long. Apr. 
 
 10. S. PETIOLARIS. Smith. Long-stalked Green Osier. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mostly 
 unequal, stipules lunate, dentate ; aments appearing before the leaves; scales lax, 
 obovate, obtuse, hairy, black; ova. on long pedicels,, ovate, silky; slig. sessile, 
 
 '' 
 
SALIX. CXXVII. SALICACE^E. 503 
 
 two-lobed. Low grounds, banks of streams, Conn., N. Y.,Car. A small tree, 
 with long, slender, smooth, purplish or yellowish-green, tough and elastic 
 branches, which may be useful in basket-making. 
 
 11. S. MYRicolDEs. Muhl. Gale-leaved Willow. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with 2 glands at base, obtusely serrate, 
 smooth, glaucous beneath ; stip. ovate, acute, glandular-serrate ; aments villous, 
 black ; ova. on long pedicels, glabrous ; sty. bifid ; stig. bifid. Swamps, N. Eng. 
 to Va. A small shrub, with green branches, the branchlets purple, smooth. Leaves 
 at length thick and coriaceous, the serratures each tipped with a gland. Apr. 
 
 12. S. FUSCATA. Pursh. Leaden-flowered Willow. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate-obovate, acute, glabrous, subserrate, glaucous beneath, in 
 the young state pubescent ; stip. very narrow ; aments nodding ; scales obtuse, 
 scarcely hairy within; ova. short, pedicellate, ovoid, silky; stig. sessile, 2-lobed. 
 Grows in pools, swamps and on wet banks, seldom exceeding 3 or 4f in height, 
 distinguished by the leaden hue of its aments. It furnishes excellent twigs for 
 basket-work, and is well adapted for embankments and mill-dams. 
 4. VIMINALES. Borrer. 
 
 13. S. VIMINALIS. Basket Osier. 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate, subentire, silky-canescent 
 beneath; stip. minute; branches virgate; aments precocious (appearing before 
 the leaves); scales roundish, very hairy; ova. sessile, ovoid; sty. filiform; stig. 
 undivided, acute. This beautiful willow was probably introduced from Europe. 
 Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Stems 10 I2f high, with long, straight, 
 slender and flexible branches. Leaves often a foot in length, narrow, covered 
 with a snow-white pubescence beneath. Aments very hairy. May. 
 
 5. FHAGILES. Trees. Leaves lanceolate or lance-falcate, serrate, denticulate or en- 
 tire. Aments pedunculate, cylindric, loose, acuminate, cotemporary vrith the leaves ; 
 scales greenish-yellow, pubescent or smooth. Stamens 2 5, expanding Jirst from 
 the base of the ament. Ovary smooth. Barratt. 
 
 14. S. FRAGILIS. Crack Willow. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, whole margin serrate, acuminate, petioles 
 glandular ; stip. semicordate, pointed, dentate ; ova. on short pedicels, oblong- 
 ovoid, glabrous ; sty short ; stig. bifid, longer than the styles ; scales oblong, 
 about equaling the ovaries, pubescent, ciliate ; tf with an abortive ovary. A 
 tall tree, 60 or 80f high, native in Great Britain. It has a bushy head, with 
 numerous oblique, irregular branches. The twigs break off at base by a slight 
 touch. The wood is of a salmon-color. 
 
 15. S. DECIPIENS. Hoffm. 
 
 Branches smooth, highly polished ; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, serrate, acu- 
 minate, floral ones often obovate and recurved, petioles somewhat glandular ; 
 stip. small, semi-ovate, acute, dentate, often ; ova. pedicellate, glabrous, acu- 
 minate ; sty. longer than the 2-cleft stigma. A small, elegant tree, remarkable 
 for the polished, light reddish-brown twigs, appearing as if varnished. The 
 young twigs stained wtth crimson. It is often set in rows for ornament and 
 shade. 
 
 16. S. RUSSELLIANA. Sni. Bedford Willow. 
 
 Lvs. glabrous, lanceolate, tapering to each end, whole margin serrate, very 
 pale beneath, petioles glandular or margined ; stip. semi-cordate, strongly ser- 
 rate, acuminate ; ova. glabrous, pedicellate, longer than the scales ; sty. as long 
 as the bifid stigmas ; scales narrow-lanceolate, slightly ciliate. A large tree, 
 native of Britain, often propagated in this country. It has long, green shoots, 
 long, bright green, serrated leaves. Apr. May. 
 
 17. S. PAMEACHIANA. Barratt. Pameachy Willow. 
 
 Lvs. long-lanceolate, acuminate, with fine cartilaginous serratures, glau- 
 cous beneath ; slip, small, lanceolate, often 0; <? aments cylindrical, lax and 
 somewhat recurved ; scales obtuse, yellowish ; sta. 2 ; bark of the twigs smooth, 
 yellowish and variegated, in flowering time red at the ends. Grows on the 
 banks of Pameachy river, Middletown, Conn. A tree of small size, inter- 
 mediate between S. decipiensandS. vitellina, but"certainlv distinct from either." 
 43 
 
504 CXXVII. SAL1CACE.E. SALIX. 
 
 18. S. LUCIDA. Muhl. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, rounded at base, smooth and shining ; 
 stip. oblong, serrate ; aments triandrous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, serrate and 
 smooth at the tip, hairy at the base ; ovaries lanceolate-subulate, smooth ; style 
 bifid; stigmas obtuse. A small and beautiful tree, common in N. Eng., Middle 
 States, Mich, and British Am. Trunk 13 15f high, 3 1' diam. Branches 
 smooth, dark, shining green. Leaves broad and glossy, dark green above, 
 tapering to a long point. May. 
 
 19. S. NIGRA. Marshall. Black Willow. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, smooth and green on both 
 sides, petiole and midvein above tomentose ; stip. dentate ; aments erect, cylin- 
 dric, villous ; scales oblong, very villous ; fit. 3 6 (generally 5), bearded at base ; 
 ova. pedicellate, ovoid, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. bifid. A small tree, on the 
 btnks of rivers, chiefly in N. Y. and Penn. Branches very brittle at base, pale 
 yellow. The trunk has a blackish bark. Sterile aments 3' long. May. 
 
 20. S. PURSHIANA. Spreng. (S. falcata. Hook.) Pursh's Willow. 
 
 Lvs. very long, lance-linear, often falcate, gradually attenuate to the apex, 
 acute at base, finely dentate-serrate, smooth on both sides, silky pubescent when 
 young ; stip. somewhat lunate or obliquely reniform-cordate, dentate, reflexed ; 
 ova. glabrous, pedicellate ; sty. short. Readily recognized by its very long, fal- 
 cate leaves and the broad persistent stipules. Grows in swamps and margins 
 of ponds, Middle States, N. Eng., Western States, Can. It is a shrub orsmall 
 tree, with a slender trunk sometimes 30 or 40f high. Leaves green both sides, 
 68' long. Aments 2' long. 
 
 6. ALBEJE. Borrer. Trees of the largest size, with lanceolate, serrate leaves, the 
 serratures glandular, lower surface clothed with long, appressed, silky hairs, often 
 the upper also, giving to the foliage a whitish or bluish hue. Aments lax. Stamens 
 2. Ovaries glabrous. 
 
 21. .S. ALBA. White Willow. 
 
 Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, regularly glandular-serrate, silky beneath, often 
 above, acute at apex ; ova. ovoid, acuminate, glabrous, subsessile ; stig. short, 
 recurved, deeply cleft ; sta. 2, with hairy filaments ; scales short, pubescent at the 
 margin. A large tree of rapid growth* native of Europe, introduced in Mass. 
 (Emerson) and probably in other states. 
 
 /?. cozruka. (Blue Willow.) Lvs. of a bluish hue, less silky beneath. A tree 
 of rapid growth, completely naturalized in Mass. Emerson 
 
 22. S. VITELLINA. Yellow Willow. Golden Osier. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler 
 and somewhat silky beneath ; stip. ; aments cylindric ; scales ovate-lanceolate, 
 pubescent outside ; ova. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; stig. subsessile, 2-lobed. 
 This willow was probably introduced, but is now very common by roadsides, 
 &c. It is a tree of moderate height, with shining yellow branches. May. 
 
 23. S. BABYLONICA. Babylonian or Weeping Willow. 
 
 Branches pendulous ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath , 
 stip. roundish, oblique, acuminate ; ova. sessile, ovate, smooth. This elegant 
 species has been introduced from the East, and cultivated until nearly natural- 
 ized. The long, slender, drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the Eng- 
 lish name of the tree, and give it a place in the church-yard to " weep" over the 
 remains of the departed. The Latin name was happily suggested to Linnaeus 
 by the 137th Psalm: 
 
 " By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down : 
 
 Yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. 
 
 We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof." 
 
 7. FULVJE. Borrer. 
 
 24. S. ROSTRATA. Richardson. Beaked Willow. 
 
 Branches erect, straight, pubescent, at length smooth ; Ivs. broadly or obo- 
 vate-lanceolate, acute, subentire, at length coriaceous, smooth above, glaucous- 
 pubescent beneath ; stip. semicordate, dentate ; aments short, cylindric, dense, the 
 fertile ones becoming very long and loose ; scales oblong, membranous, hairy at 
 
SALIX. CXXVIL SALICACE.E. 505 
 
 the apex; ova. narrow-lanceolate, silky, long-acuminate, on very long pedicels ; 
 sty. very short ; stig. lobed, the lobes bifid or entire. Shrub or small tree 8 lOf 
 high. Bark of the trunk dark-coloredj of the branches yellow. 
 
 8. CORDAT.E. Tall shrubs with dichotomous, Jlexuous, smooth branches. Leaves 
 cordate or attenuate at base, glabrous. Stipules semi-cordate, serrate. Aments slightly 
 pedunculate, ovoid-cylindrical, cotemporary; scales subciliate, red or yellowish. Sta- 
 mens 2 or 3. Ovaries pedicellate, glabrous. Barratt. 
 
 25. S. CORDATA. Heart-leaved Willow. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, smooth; slip, large, 
 roundish-ovate, serrate; aments triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black; 
 ova. pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. bifid. An elegant 
 shrub, 6 8f high, in swamps throughout the Middle States. Branches green 
 and smooth, with light green leaves an inch wide and 3' long. Aments an inch 
 long, accompanying the leaves in April and May. 
 
 26. S. RIGIDA. Stiff-leaved Willow. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, rigid, smooth, coarsely ser- 
 rate, the lowest serratures elongated, petioles villous ; slip, large, cordate, obtuse, 
 glandular-serrate ; aments triandrous ; scales lanceolate, woolly, black ; ova. on 
 long pedicels, lanceolate, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. 2-parted. A small tree, 
 10 15f high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red towards the end, the 
 younger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. April, May. 
 
 27. S. TORREYANA. Barratt. Tarrey's Willow. 
 
 Lvs. cordate-ovate, sharply pointed, margin wavy, finely serrate, paler 
 beneath ; slip, large, semicordate ; $ aments slender, scales lanceolate, black- 
 ish, ciliate ; sta. 2 ; fiL rather short ; ova. on short pedicels, smooth, deltoid- 
 lanceolate ; stig. 4-parted, flesh-colored ; caps, green. A fine, shrubby willow, 
 6 lOf high, river banks, N. Eng., recognized by its broad, heart-shaped, glossy 
 leaves with a wavy margin, sharp point, and very large stipules. Branches 
 of a light gray color, branchlets yellowish-green. Apr. 
 
 28. S. LONGIFOLIA. Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. 
 
 Lvs. linear, acuminate at each end, elongated, remotely toothed, smooth, 
 nearly of the same color on both sides ; stip. lanceolate, dentate ; aments 
 tomentose, pedunculate ; sta. 2 ; scales flat, retuse ; fil. bearded at base, twice 
 longer than the scales. River banks from the Conn, and Ohio to Oregon and 
 Brit. Am. It possesses a remarkable power of rooting, extending itself and 
 binding the loose sands together. Stems about 2f high, with brown branches 
 and white branchlets. 
 
 29. S. ANGUSTATA. Ph. Narrow-leaved Heart Willow. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually attenuated at base, very gla- 
 brous, serrulate, nearly the same color both sides ; stip. semi-cordate ; aments 
 erect, somewhat glabrous ; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, glabrous ; sty. bifid ; stig. 
 2-lobed. Banks of streams from the Conn, to the Miss. An excellent osier, 
 with very long and slender twigs, long and narrow leaves. 
 
 9. AHBUSCUL.E. Small shrubs, inhabiting arctic or alpine regions. Aments cotem- 
 porary with the leaves. 
 
 30. S. HERBACEA. Herb Willow. Arctic Willow. 
 
 Dwarf; Ivs. orbicular; serrate, glabrous, veiny ; aments few-flowered, ses- 
 sile; scales small, glabrous; ovaries sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; style short; 
 stig. lobes bifid. On the alpine regions of the White Mountains ! N. to Lab. 
 and the Arc. Islands. An interesting little shrub, the smallest of its tribe. 
 Stem ascending, 1 2' high. Leaves about 3" diameter, smooth and shining 
 on both sides. Stipules wanting. Roots long, creeping, branching. Jn. Jl. 
 
 31. S. MYRTiLLdlDEs. (S. pedicellaris. Ph. and auct. Am.} 
 
 Lvs. oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, rather obtuse at base, entire, both 
 sides glabrous, beneath glaucous and reticulate- veined; aments pedunculate; 
 caps, ovate-conic, glabrous, long-pedicellate ; scales short, obtuse, a little hairy ; 
 sty. very short ; lobes of the stigma cleft. Swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. A low 
 and elegant shrub, with rather a virgate habit, remarkable for its entire smooth- 
 
506 CXXVII. SALIC ACE^E. POPULUS. 
 
 ness. Leaves elliptical, revolute at edge, obtuse at base, somewhat glaucous 
 beneath. 
 
 32. S. AMBIGUA. Ehrh. Dubious Willow. 
 
 Lvs. elliptical, obovate or lanceolate, recurved at the point, entire or 
 remotely denticulate, rugose-veiny beneath, silky-villous, at length glabrous ; 
 stip. semi-ovate, straight ; aments sessile, briefly pedunculate in fruit ; caps. 
 tomentose, long-pedicellate ; sty. short ; stig. emarginate. White Mts. Tucker- 
 man. A prostrate shrub, with leaves about !' by '. 
 
 33. S. PHYLICIFOLIA. 
 
 L/vs. ovate or lanceolate, remotely repand-serrate, glabrous, glaucous 
 beneath ; stip. semicordate, oblique at apex ; aments bracteate, $ sessile ; caps. 
 pedicellate, conical-elongated, somewhat silky ; sty. long. White Mts. Tuck- 
 erman. A handsome, low shrub, spreading, with broad-elliptical, very smooth 
 leaves, the margins repand-serrate. 
 
 34. S. CUTLERI. Tuckerman. (S. Uva-ursi of 1st. edit., etc. ?) Cutler's 
 Willow. Lvs. elliptical, acute or obovate, obtuse at base, glandular-den- 
 ticulate, smooth above, glaucous-smoothish beneath, silky-villous when young; 
 aments pedunculate, cylindric, dense ; caps, ovate-conic, briefly pedicellate, gla- 
 brous ; scales obovate, black, silky ; stig. bifid, lobes at length cleft. White 
 Mts. Tuckerman. A low or prostrate shrub. 
 
 2. POPULUS. 
 
 Lat. populus, the people ; being often planted by the public ways. 
 
 Aments cylindric ; bracts lacerately fringed ; calycine scales tur- 
 binate, oblique, entire. cT Stamens 8 30. 9 Ova. superior ; style 
 very short, bifid ; stigma large, 2-lobed ; caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. 
 Trees of large dimensions. Wood soft and light. Lvs. broad, petioles 
 long, often compressed vertically and glandular. Aments lateral, preced- 
 ing the leaves. 
 
 1. P. TREMULolDEs. American Aspen. White Poplar. 
 
 Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at 
 the margin. Abundant in N. England and in the Middle States, growing in 
 woods and open lands. Stem 25 40f in height, with a diameter of 8 12'. 
 Bark greenish, smooth except on the trunk of the oldest trees. Leaves small 
 (2 2j' long, and li as wide), dark green, on petioles which are 2 3' long and 
 laterally compressed, so that they can scarcely remain at rest in any position, 
 and are thrown into excessive agitation by the slightest breeze. The trembling 
 of the " aspen leaf" is proverbial. Aments plumed with silken hairs, about 2' 
 long, pendulous, appearing in April, long before the leaves. The wood is 
 white, soft and light, of little value. 
 
 2. P. GRANDIDENTATA. Michx. Large Poplar. 
 
 Lvs. roundish-ovate, acute, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smooth, 
 villous when young. Woods and groves in the northern parts of the U. S., 
 less common than the preceding species. Stem 40f high, with a diameter of 
 If, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Branches distant, coarse 
 and crooked, clothed with leaves only at their extremities. Leaves 35' long 
 and nearly as wide, clothed with thick, white down in spring, but becoming 
 perfectly smooth. The wood is white, soft, and quite durable. May. 
 
 3. P. BETULIFOLIA. Ph. (P. Hudsonica. Michx.) Birch-leaved or Black 
 Poplar. Lvs. rhomboidal, long-acuminate, dentate, smooth ; youn- 
 
 branches pilose. This poplar is found chiefly in the valleys of the Hudson and 
 Connecticut. It is a tree of middle size, with grayish- white twigs, and dark 
 brown buds. Leaves 3j' long and 2 broad. Aments 4 5' long, without hairs. 
 April. 
 
 4. P. BALSAMIFERA. Balsam Poplar. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulate- 
 veined beneath; buds resinous. The balsam poplar, though nowhere abun- 
 
CXXVIII. BALSAMIFLU^E. 507 
 
 dant, is found in woods and fields, disseminated throughout N. England and 
 Canada. With a trunk 18' diam., it arises 60 70f. The buds of this 
 species, as well as of most of the poplars, are covered with an aromatic resin, 
 which may be separated in boiling water. April. 
 
 5. P. MONILIFERA. Ait. Necklace Poplar. 
 
 Lvs. subcordate-deltoid, smooth, glandular at base, with cartilaginous, 
 hairy, hooked serratures; veins spreading; petioles compressed above; older 
 branches terete ; fertile aments long and pendulous. Banks of the Hudson, near 
 Troy, N. Y., apparently native. Beck. A tree 60 70f high, with a cylindric 
 trunk. Leaves 2J 4' diam., on long petioles. April. 
 
 6. P. HETEROPHYLLA. Various-leaved Poplar. 
 
 Lvs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately toothed, cordate and somewhat 
 auricled at base, the sinus small, tomentose when young. A tree 60 70f high, 
 found in swamps. Branches cylindric. Leaves with auriculate lobes at base, 
 which often conceal the insertion of the petiole. May. 
 
 7. P. CANDICANS. Ait. Balm-of-Gikad. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish 
 beneath, reticulate- veined, somewhat 3-veined ; petioles hirsute; buds resinous; 
 branches terete. This tree is sometimes met with in New England, growing 
 about houses as a shade tree. It is 40 50f high, and 18 30' in diameter. 
 Bark smooth, greenish. Foliage copious, dark green. Apr. 
 
 8. P. L^VIGATA. Ait. (P. Canadensis. Michx. and 1st. edit.') River Poplar. 
 
 Cotton Tree. Lvs. roundish-ovate, deltoid, acuminate,, subcordate, une- 
 qually serrate, shining, smooth, glandular; petioles compressed ; younger branches 
 angled. The cotton-tree grows 70 80f high in N. Y. and Vt. The fertile 
 aments are 6 8' long, and pendulous. The seeds are clothed with a white, 
 cotton-like down which gives name to the tree. Buds sealed against the frosts 
 and rains with resin. April. 
 
 9. P. ANGULATA. Water Poplar. Western Cotton Tree. 
 
 Lvs. ovate-deltoid, subcordate, uncinate-serrate, acuminate, glabrous, 
 younger ones broadly cordate ; branches winged, angular. A tree of noble di- 
 mensions, growing along the rivers of the Southern and Western States. Trunk 
 40 80f high, 1 2f diam., bearing a broad summit, with coarse branches and 
 branchlets. Leaves on adult trees 2 3' long, about the same width, truncate 
 at base ; on younger trees they are 2 or 3 times larger, with a cordate base. 
 Petioles longer than the leaves, compressed near the base of the lamina. Branch- 
 lets remarkably thick, greenish, spotted with white, striate. Buds short-ovoid, 
 green, not coated with resin. Timber not valuable. March, April. 
 
 10. P. DILATATA. Lombardy Poplar. Lvs. smooth, acuminate, deltoid, ser- 
 rate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length ; trunk lobed and sulcate. 
 This tree is native in Italy as its name imports. It was early brought to this 
 country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and in village streets. 
 Its rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses, while the huge 
 worms by which it is often infested render it a nuisance. 
 
 11. P. ALBA. Abele or Silver-leaf Poplar. Lvs. cordate, broad-ovate, lobed 
 and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white-downy be- 
 neath ; fertile aments ovate ; stig'/nas 4. A highly ornamental tree, native of 
 Europe! Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the upper 
 and lower surface of the leaves. 
 
 ORDER CXXVIII. BALSAMIFLU^E. LIQUIDAMBARS. 
 
 Trees with alternate, simple or lobed leaves, with glandular serratures and deciduous stipules. 
 Ainents monoecious, roundish, with achlamydequs Mowers. 
 ^ftri/e.Anth. numerous, oblong, subsessile, with scales intermixed. 
 Fertile.- Ova. 2-celled. collected into a globe, each surrounded by a few scales. 
 fnj'es 2. long. Fr. a kind of strobile, composed of the indurated scales and capsules. 
 ",'ffp?. 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening between the beaks. Sets, several, winged. 
 
 Genus i, species 3, natives of India, Levant and North America. The fragrant resin, liquid storax, i* 
 nc prop HP* w xirae v ^e specie. 
 
 43* 
 
508 CXXX. URTICACE^E. 
 
 LiaUIDAMBAR. 
 Lat. liquidam, fluid, ambar; a resin resembling ambar flows from the trees. 
 
 Character of the genus the same as that of the order. 
 
 L. STYRACIFLUA. Sweet Gum. 
 
 Lvs. palmate, with acuminate, serrate lobes ; veins villous at their bases. 
 The sweet gum or gum-tree is thinly disseminated throughout the U. S. 
 With a diameter of 5f it arises to the height of 60. The trunk is covered 
 with a deeply furrowed bark. The young twigs are yellowish, putting forth 
 leaves of a rich green, which are deeply divided into 5 lobes more regularly 
 formed than those of the rock maple. The fruit is in a globular, compact 
 ball, suspended by a slender pedicel, consisting of numerous capsules, each con- 
 taining 1 or 2 seeds. When wounded in summer, a gum of an agreeable odor 
 is distilled from the trunk. May. 
 
 ORDER CXXIX. PL AT AN ACE JE. SYCAMORES. 
 
 Tre.es and shrubs, with alternate, palmately lobed leaves and sheathing, scarious stipules. 
 Aments monoecious, globose, with achlamydeous flowers. 
 Sterile. Sta. single, with only small scales intermixed. Anth. 2-celled, linear. 
 Fertile. Ova. terminated by a thick style with one side stigmatic. 
 Fr. Nut clavate, tipped with the persistent, recurved style. Seed, solitary albuminous. 
 Genera l, species 6? Trees of the largest dimensions, natives of Barbary, Levant and N. America. 
 
 PLATlNUS. 
 
 Gr. irXaruf, broad; in reference .to the ample foliage. 
 
 Character of the genus the same as that of the order. 
 
 P. OCCIDENTALS. Plane Tree. Button-wood. Sycamore. 
 
 Lvs. lobed, angular ; branches whitish. The plane-tree is a native of all 
 the U. S., and is by far the largest (though not the loftiest) tree of the American 
 forest. On the margins of the great rivers of the West, trees are found whose 
 trunks measure from 40 50f in circumference, or more than 13f in diameter ! 
 In N. England it also grows to magnificent dimensions. It nourishes in any 
 soil, but is most frequently met with on the stony borders and beds of streams. 
 Leaves very large, tomentose beneath when young. Flowers in globular aments 
 or balls, which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The 
 bark is yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface 
 beneath. May. 
 
 ORDER CXXX. URTICACEJE. NETTLEWORTS. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice. 
 
 Lvs. alternate or opposite, rough or covered with stinging hairs, often stipulate. 
 
 F/s. monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, in panicles, aments or dense heads. 
 
 Cat. membranous, lobed, persistent. 
 
 Sta. definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes. 
 
 Ova. free, simple, 1-ovuled. Style 1. 
 
 Fr. achenium or utricle, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx. 
 
 Genera 56, species 540, widely diffused throughout the world. 
 
 Properties. The juice is almost always deleterious, sometimes in a high degree. It contains caout- 
 chouc. The celebrated Bohon Upas, the most deadly of all poisons, is the concrete juice of Antiaris toxi- 
 caria of the Indian Archipelago. Its poisonous property is said to be due to the presence of strychnia. 
 Meanwhile the famous cwo tree of S. America yields a copious supply of milk which is rich and whole- 
 some. Gum lac is obtained abundantly from Ficus Indica The renowned Banyan tree is Ficus reli- 
 giosa. In this order are also found many excellent fruits. Figs are the fruit of Ficus Carica, &c. Bread 
 fruit is the compound fruit of Artocarpus : mulberries of Morus nigra. Fustic, a yellow dye, is the wood 
 of M. tinctoria of S. America. The use of hemp in the manufacture of cordage is well known, as are 
 likewise the uses of the hop. The nettles are remarkable for their stinging, venomous huirs. 
 
 This order is composed of four principal suborders, viz. Artocarpece, Morea, Urticeez, and Cannabinece, 
 of which the three last are represented in the following genera. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 (Fruit a compound, fleshy, purple berry Morus. I 
 
 Fruit simple, fleshy, dark red, small Broussonetia. 2 
 
 Fruit a large, compound, yellow globe Madura. 3 
 
 Fruitafig! , Ficus. 
 
 $ Fertile cal. 2-sepaled. Urtica. 5 
 
 (Fls. spicate or paniculate, f Fertile calyx 0. . Bcehniena. 6 
 
 I Lvs. simple. Sta. 4. Flowers capitate, involucrate Parietaria. 7 
 
 (erect. Leaves palmately 5 -7-foliate. Stamens 5 Cannabis. 8 
 
 Herbs < climbing, dioecious. Stamens 5. Fertile flowers in aments. . . . Humulu-s. 9 
 
MACLURA. CXXX. URTICACE^E. 509 
 
 SECTION I. MORELS. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy, composed of the 
 
 fleshy calyx or receptacle^ 
 
 1. MORUS. 
 
 Celtic mor, black ; the color of the fruit of some of the species. 
 
 Flowers <?, rarely cT V & in loose spikes; calyx 4-parted. 9 in 
 dense spikes ; calyx 4-parted ; styles 2 ; achenium compressed, en- 
 closed within the baccate calyx ; spike constituting a compound 
 berry. Trees with alternate, generally lobed leaves. Fls. inconspicuous. 
 
 1. M. RUBRA. Red Mulberry. 
 
 Lvs. scabrous, pubescent beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, equally 
 serrate, acuminate, either ovate or 3-lobed; fertile spikes cylindric ; fr. dark red. 
 This tree varies greatly in height according to its situation. In New England, 
 where it is not very common, it is but a shrub 15 20f high. In the Middle 
 and Western States, it attains the elevation of 50 60f, with a diameter of 2f. 
 Trunk covered with a grayish bark, much broken and furrowed. Wood fine- 
 grained, strong and durable. Leaves 4 6' long, f as wide, entire or divided 
 into lobes, thick, dark green. Flowers small. Berries of a deep red color, 
 compounded of a great number of small ones, of an agreeable acid flavor. 
 May. 
 
 2. M. ALBA. White Mulberry. Lvs. nearly glabrous, cordate and oblique at 
 base, unequally serrate, either undivided or lobed ; fr. whitish. Native of Chi- 
 na. Cultivated for the sake of its leaves as the food of silk worms. A tree of 
 humble growth. Leaves 2 4' long, f as wide, acute, petiolate. Flowers green, 
 in small, roundish spikes or heads. Fruit of a yellowish- white, insipid. 
 
 /?. muUicaulis. ( Chinese Mulberry.) Lvs. large (4 7' long, f as broad). Shrub. 
 
 3. M. NIGRA. Black Mulberry. Lvs. scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, 
 unequally serrate ; fertile spikes oval. Native of Persia, cultivated for ornament 
 and shade, in this as well as in many other countries. Fruit dark red or black- 
 ish, of an aromatic, acid flavor. 
 
 2. BROUSSONETIA. L'Her. 
 
 In honor of P. N. V. Broussonet, a distinguished French naturalist. 
 
 Flowers <?9. c? Ament cylindric ; cal. 4-parted. 9 Ament glo 
 bose ; receptacle cylindric-clavate, compound ; cal. 3-4-toothed, tubu- 
 lar; ovaries becoming fleshy, clavate, prominent; sty. lateral; seed 1, 
 covered by the calyx. Trees, from Japan. 
 
 B. PAPYRIFERA. Paper Mulberry. Lvs. of the younger tree, roundish- 
 ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, of the adult tree 3-lobed ; fr. hispid. A 
 fine, hardy tree, occasionally cultivated. It is a low, bushy headed tree, with 
 large, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit a little larger than peas, 
 with long, purple hairs. 
 
 3. MACLtTRA. Nutt. 
 
 Dedicated to William Maclure, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist 
 
 Flowers c?9. cT in aments. Calyx 0; ova. numerous, coalescing 
 into a compound, globose fruit, of 1 -seeded, compressed, angular, cu- 
 neiform carpels ; sty. 1, filiform, villous. A lactescent tree, with decid- 
 uous, alternate, entire, ex-stipulate leaves, and axillary spines. 
 M. AURANTIACA. Nutt. Osage Orange. 
 
 A beautiful tree, native on the banks of the Arkansas, &c. Leaves 4 5' 
 by 1 2', glabrous and shining above, strongly veined and paler beneath, on 
 short petioles, ovate or ovate-oblong, margin obscurely denticulate, apex suba- 
 ciiminate, rather coriaceous. The fruit is about the size of an orange, golden- 
 yellow when ripe, suspended by an axillary peduncle amid the dark glossy 
 
510 CXXX. URTICACE^E. URTIOA. 
 
 leaves. No tree cultivated in our climate can surpass this in richness and 
 beauty. 
 
 4. FICTJS. 
 
 Gr. avKT). L&t.,Jicus. Celtic, Jlgueren. Teutonic, Jiege. Anglo-Saxon, Jlc. English,^. 
 
 Flowers , fixed upon the inside of a turbinate, fleshy, closed re- 
 ceptacle. cT Calyx 3-parted ; stam. 3. 9 Calyx 5-parted ; ovary 1 ; 
 seed 1. A large genus of trees and shrubs, none North American. 
 
 F. CARICA. Willd. Common Fig. bvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, repand-dentate ; 
 lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. Supposed to be a native of 
 Caria, Asia, although cultivated for its fruit in all tropical climes. With us it 
 is reared only in sheltered locations as a curiosity. The delicious fruit is well- 
 known. Leaves very variable. 
 
 SECTION 2. URTICE^J. 
 
 Herbs (in cool climates), with a watery juice. Flowers spicate or 
 paniculate, with a membranaceous calyx. 
 
 5. URTlCA. 
 
 Lat, uro, to burn ; in reference to the stinging species. 
 
 Flowers <?, sometimes cT9. & Calyx 4-sepaled, with a cup-shaped, 
 central rudiment of an ovary ; sta. 4. 9 Calyx 2-leaved, persistent, 
 at length surrounding the shining, compressed 'achenium ; sty. 1. 
 Herbs often with stinging hairs. Lvs. accompanied with stipules. 
 Flowers green, in axillary or subterminal clusters. 
 
 1. U. CANADENSIS (and divaricata. Linn.} Common Nettle. 
 
 Hispid and stinging ; Ivs. on long petioles, broad-ovate, rounded or sub- 
 cordate at base, serrate, acuminate ; panicles axillary, solitary or in pairs, di- 
 varicate, mostly shorter than the petioles, lower sterile, upper fertile and sub- 
 terminal, elongated in fruit. Damp places, U. S. and Can. Stem 2 6f high, 
 mostly simple, flexuous at top. Leaves alternate, large (3 5' by 2 3^ more 
 or less hispid both sides, sometimes nearly smooth. Lower petioles 3' long. 
 Flowers minute, in panicles which vary from 1 4' in length, the fertile pani- 
 cles about 2, nearly terminal and erect, enlarged in fruit. Aug. 
 
 2. U. DIOICA. Dioecious or Stinging Nettle. 
 
 Hispid and stinging ; Ivs. cordate, lance-ovate, conspicuously acuminate, 
 coarsely and acutely serrate, the point entire, petioles thrice shorter ;fls. g or $ 9 , 
 in branching, clustered, axillary, interrupted spikes longer than the petioles. 
 Ij. Waste places, common. Stem 2 4f high, branching, obtusely 4-angled, 
 with opposite, short-stalked leaves which are 3 4' long, and about as wide. 
 Flowers small, green, in axillary clusters, of mean aspect, corresponding with 
 the insidious character of the plant. " Its power of stinging resides in minute, 
 tubular hairs or prickles, which transmit a venomous fluid when pressed." 
 Bigelow. July, Aug. 
 
 3. U. PROCERA. Willd. Tall Nettle. 
 
 St. tall, simple, 4-sided, slightly hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, rough, hispid, 
 prominently 5- veined, acutely serrate ; panicles axillary, very branching, nu- 
 merous, interruptedly spicate, lower ones sterile, upper fertile. Borders ol 
 fields, waste places, N. H., &c. Stem 3 5f high, with a tough bark. Leaves 
 densely strigose-hispid, serratures incurved, acute at each end, or somewhat 
 acuminate at apex, 3 times longer than the petioles. Flowers small, green, in 
 glomerate panicles, on the upper part of the stem. July. Does not sting. 
 
 4. U. PUMILA. Richweed. Stingless Nettle. 
 
 St. ascending, often branched, weak and succulent; Ivs. on long petioles, 
 rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, membranaceous and glabrous ; fls. , triandrous, 
 in corymbed heads shorter than the petioles. % In waste places, about build- 
 ings, and in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem fleshy, semi-transparent when grow- 
 
CANNABIS. CXXX. URTICACE.^. 511 
 
 ing in shades, smooth and shining. Leaves on long petioles, especially the 
 lower ones, smoothish, about 2' long and | as wide. Flowers in short heads 
 or corymbs, axillary. A species without stings. Aug., Sept. 
 
 5. U. URENS. Burning or Dwarf Nettle. 
 
 Lvs. broadly elliptic, about 5-veined, acutely serrate ; clusters glomerate, 
 by pairs. Weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 12 20' high, hispid with 
 venomous stings, branching. Leaves 1 2' long, f as broad, on short petioles 
 and with large serratures. Stipules small, lanceolate, reflexed. Flowers in 
 drooping, pedunculate clusters about as long as the petioles, both the sterile and 
 fertile in the same axil. Rare. June, July. 
 
 6. S. GRACILIS. Ait. Slender Nettle. 
 
 St. erect, strict, sparingly hispid; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, 
 coarsely and somewhat doubly serrate, 3-veined, smoothish above, hispid be- 
 neath on the veins ; spikes elongated, pinnately branched, a little shorter than 
 the leaves ; fls. glomerate. Tj. Northern and Western States, and Brit. Am. 
 Stem 2 3f high. Flowers minute, green. July, Aug. 
 
 6. BCEHMERIA. Willd. 
 
 Named for G. F. Boehmer, a German botanist. 
 
 Flowers $ or cT ? . & Calyx 4-parted, with lanceolate, acute seg- 
 ments ; stamens 4. 9 achlamydeous ; ovary and style 1, in the axil 
 of a bract ; achenium compressed, margined. Herbs or shrubs^ nearly 
 allied to Urtica. Lvs. opposite or alternate. Fls. clustered. 
 
 B. CYLINDRICA. (Urtica cylindrica and capitata. Linn.} False Nettle. 
 Herbaceous; Ivs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate, smooth; 
 fls. J* 9 > sterile spikes glomerate, interrupted, fertile cylindric. A coarse, nettle- 
 like plant, in swamps and bottoms, Mid. and Western States ! Stem slender, 
 obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2 3f high. Leaves 3-veined, 3 5' 
 long, as wide, on long petioles. Flowers minute, the fertile ones in axillary, 
 cylindric spikes, 1 2' in length, the barren spikes rather longer and more 
 slender. July, Aug. 
 
 0. Spikes shorter, subcapitate ; petioles somewhat shorter. 
 y. (B. lateriflora. Mnkl.} Lvs. roughish; spikes longer and much interrupted. 
 
 7. PARIETARIA. 
 
 Lat. paries, a wall ; some of the species prefer to grow on old walls, &c. 
 
 Flowers monoecious-polygamous, in clusters surrounded by a many- 
 cleft involucre ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, at first incurved, then 
 expanding with an elastic force ; ovary and style 1 ; achenium pol- 
 ished, enclosed within the persistent calyx. Herbs with usually al- 
 ternate leaves. Clusters of green Jiowers axillary. 
 
 P. PENNSYLVANIA. Pellitory. 
 
 Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse point, punctate with 
 opaque dots ; invol. longer than the flowers. (p A rough, pubescent herb, found 
 in damp, rocky places, Vt, N. Y., W. to Wise. ! &c. Stem erect, simple or 
 sparingly branched, 6 12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy and rough, 
 about J' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with an obtuse 
 acumination. Segments of the involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers dense, 
 greenish and reddish-white. Rare. June. 
 
 SECTION 3. CANNABIXE^. 
 
 Herbs, erect or twining, with a watery juice, c? racemose or panicu- 
 late, 9 in a cone-like ament. Albumen 0. 
 8. CANNABIS. 
 
 Arabic ganeb, hemp. 
 
 Flowers c? 9- & Calyx 5-parted. 9 Calyx entire, oblong-acumi- 
 nate, opening longitudinally at the side ; sty. 2 ; ach. ? 2-valved, en- 
 
512 CXXX. URTICACE^E. HUMULUS. 
 
 closed within the persistent calyx. CD Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls. 
 axillary ', c? in cymose pa?iicles, 9 in sessile spikes. 
 
 C. SATIVA. Hemp. 
 
 Lvs. palmately 5 7-foliate. The hemp was introduced originally from 
 India, but it springs up spontaneously in our hedges and waste grounds. It is 
 a tall, erect plant, with handsome petiolate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate, 
 3 5' long, ^ as wide, the middle one the largest. Flowers small, green, soli- 
 tary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in the fertile ones. It is cultivated 
 in many countries for the sake of its fibre, which is stronger than that of flax, 
 and is the best of all materials for cordage and sail-cloth. The seeds are 
 nutritious, but the leaves are stimulant and narcotic, producing intoxica- 
 tion. June. 
 
 9. HUMffLUS. 
 Lat. hwmis, moist earth ; the hop grows only in rich soils. 
 
 Flowers d* 9. cT Calyx 5-sepaled ; stamens 5 ; anthers with 2 
 pores at the summit. 9 Bracts imbricate, large, entire, concave, 
 persistent, 1 -flowered; calyx membranous, entire, persistent; styles 
 2 ; achenium invested by the thin calyx. ^ twining with the sun. 
 Lvs. opposite. Fls. in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments. 
 
 H. LUPULUS. Common Hop. 
 
 The hop vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country, and 
 is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its fertile aments, 
 which are chiefly used as a preservative in beer. It has a long, annual stem 
 of rapid growth, always twining with the sun, rough backwards with reflexed 
 prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed, deeply cordate at base, on 
 long stalks. Flowers of the barren plants extremely numerous, panicled, 
 greenish ; those of the fertile, in aments with large scales. In the cultivation 
 of the hop it tias been found profitable to plant a few layers of the barren vines 
 among the tertiie ones, as the produce is thus increased in weight through the 
 fertilization of the seeds. Aug. 
 
CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS. 
 
 OVULES not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen without 
 the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly NAKED SEEDS, the 
 carpel being represented by a flat open scale or entirely wanting. 
 EMBRYO with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. 
 
 ORDER CXXXI. CONIFER^. CONIFERS. 
 
 Trees or evergreen shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in a resinous juice. 
 
 Lvs. scattered or fascicled, linear or acerose (rarely lanceolate), parallel-veined, rigid, generally evergreen. 
 
 Fls. monoecious or dioecious, destitute of calyx or corolla. 
 
 Sterile, monandrous or monadelphous, collected in a kind of loose ament. 
 
 Anth. 2 or many-lobed, often tipped with a crest. Pollen large, usually compound. 
 
 Fertile, in aments composed of open, scale-like carpels, or solitary and without a carpel. 
 
 Ovary, style and stigma wanting. Ovules 1, 2 or many, erect or inverted. 
 
 JFV. A strobile (cone), or a solitary seed. Integuments hard and crustaceous. 
 
 Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. 
 
 Genera 29, species 150, natives of all climates, but most abundant in the temperate zones, those of the 
 southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of the northern. 
 
 Properties. Few orders can be named, ^yhich are of more importance to mankind, whether in refer- 
 ence to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin are the 
 
 product of the pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Finus sylvestris of Europe ; Venetian turpentine, 
 by the Larix ; oil of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of Europe, i 
 
 ,&c. 
 
 12 
 
 FIG. 54. l. Branch of Thuja occidental's, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with a cone of 
 Btaminate flowers. 3. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical transverse section 
 of one or the seeds, showing the embryo, &c. 5. The immature, erect ovules. 6. One of the ovules, 
 enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. 8. Scale, with the bract. 9. 
 Scale with immature ovules. 10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12. 
 Anther of Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with the ovules turned downwards. 14. Staminate 
 scale of Cupregsus, with pollen. 15. Fertile scale, with many erect ovules. 
 
514 CXXXI. CONIFERS. PINUS. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 J Scales thick and blunt at edge. 
 
 Leaves linear or acerose. . . ( Scales thin and even at edge. 
 ' Fertile scales 4 8-ovuled. 
 
 Pinus. 1 
 Abies. 2 
 Cupressus. 3 
 Thuja. 
 
 ( a woody cone. (Leaves scale-like, imbricate. (Fertile scales 2-ovuled. . Thuja. 4 
 
 < a fleshy berry with 3 bony seeds. Leaves mostly acerose. .... Jumperus. 5 
 
 Fruit ( a fleshy drupe with a single seed. Leaves linear, 2-ranked. . . . . . Taxus. 6 
 
 TRIBE 1. ABIETINEJE. 
 
 Flowers oT $ 9 cf aments numerous, deciduous. Scales peltate, each bear- 
 ing 2 sessile, 1-celled anthers. 9 Strobile ovoid ; carpellary scales closely 
 imbricated, each bearing a pair of ovules adhering to the base inside, and 
 subtended by a bract outside ; fruit a woody strobile or cone ; seeds winged, 
 cotyledons 2 15. 
 
 1. PINUS. 
 
 Celtic pin or pen, a rock or mountain ; many species of this noble genus prefer such situations. 
 
 Strobile large, conical ; carpellary scales thickened at the summit, 
 becoming strong and woody in fruit; cotyledons 4 8. Trees, often 
 of the loftiest dimensions. Branches often verticillate. Leaves evergreen, 
 acerose, in fascicles of 2 5, each fascicle invested with a membranous 
 sheath at base. 
 
 1. P. RESINOSA. Ait. (P. rubra. Michx.} Norway Pine. Red Pine. 
 
 Lvs. in pairs, channeled, elongated, with, elongated sheaths ; corns ovoid- 
 conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the leaves ; scales 
 unarmed, dilated in the middle. It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. 
 and in Canada, attaining the height of 80f, with a trunk 2f in diameter, very 
 straight and uniform. Bark smoother, and of a clearer red than other pines. 
 Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs, 
 5 8' in length, the sheaths !'. This pine affords a fine-grained, resinous 
 timber of much strength and durability, and highly valued in architecture. May. 
 
 2. P. BANKSIANA. Lambert. (P. rupestris. Michx.) Scrub Pine. 
 
 Lvs, in pairs, rigid, curved, acute, terete upon the back and channeled 
 above, margins somewhat scabrous ; cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous ; 
 scales unarmed, obtuse, smooth. A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible 
 branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. and British America. Leaves about 
 an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. 
 April, May. 
 
 3. P. INOPS. Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. 
 
 Lvs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath, 
 margins obscurely serrulate ; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the 
 leaves; scales of the cone compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, subulate 
 point. A tree 15 25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches strag- 
 gling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Leaves 12' 
 long. The wood abounds in resin. May. 
 
 4. P. VARIABIUS. Lamb. (P. mitis. Michx. /.) Yellow Pine. Spruce 
 Pine. Lvs. 2 3 together, channeled on the inner surface ; cones ovoid, 
 
 subsolitary ; scales armed with short, incurved spines. Widely diffused through- 
 out the country, attaining the height of 50 60f. Leaves dark green, 56' long, 
 covering the branchlets. Cones 23' long, rugged with the projecting point 
 of the scales. It furnishes close-grained and moderately resinous timber, 
 which is used in immense quantities for all kinds of architecture. May. 
 
 5. P. RIGIDA. Pitch Pine. 
 
 Lvs. in 3s, with short sheaths; cones pyramidal-ovoid, clustered; scales 
 with reflexed spines. Common in barren, sandy plains, which it often exclu- 
 sively occupies. It is of moderate height at the north (25 30f ), but attains 
 a great height in the Southern States. The trunk, which is seldom straight, is 
 covered with a very thick and rough bark cleft with deep furrows. Leaves 
 4 0' long. Cones usually several together, 23' long. The wood is heavy 
 
ABIES. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 515 
 
 with resin, little used in architecture except for floors, but makes excellent 
 fuel. May. 
 
 G. P. PALUSTRIS. Lamb. (P. australis. 7) Long-leaved or Broom Pine. 
 
 Lvs. in 3s, very long, conglomerate at the ends of the branches ; cone sub- 
 cylindrical, muricate, with small, recurved spines ; slip, pinnatifid, ragged, per- 
 sistent. Found in the Middle, Southern and Western States. The trunk is 
 15 20' diam., arising with a slignt diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, 
 thence 20 40f to the summit. Bark slightly furrowed. Leaves a foot in 
 length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet-colored, 2' long. Cone 
 810' long. Seeds with a thin, white testa. Timber strong, compact and 
 durable, used at the South in vast quantities. 
 
 7. P. STROBUS. White Pine. Wcynwuth Pine. 
 
 Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths ; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, 
 pendant longer than the leaves. This pine is one of the most majestic and the 
 most useful forest trees of this, or of any other country. The trunk is perfectly 
 straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 
 5 7f in diameter, and lOOf in height without a limb; then, sending out a few 
 branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. The branch- 
 es are given off in whorls which are very observable in young trees. The 
 leaves are about 4' long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an ex- 
 tremely soft and delicate foliage. The wood is soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, 
 very durable, and is used in immense quantities in various kinds of architec- 
 ture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 
 
 2. ABIES. Juss. 
 
 Name probably derived from the Celtic dbetoa. 
 
 Strobile smaller, roundish-oblong ; carpellary scales attenuated to 
 a thin, even edge ; cotyledons 3 9. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen 
 or deciduous, linear and solitary, or acerose and fasciculate, never sheathed 
 at base. 
 
 1. Leaves evergreen, solitary, linear. 
 
 1. A. CANADENSIS. (Pinus. Linn.} Hemlock. 
 
 Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows ; cones 
 ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves ; scales rounded, entire. A well 
 known evergreen inhabitant of the rocky, mountainous woods of the Northern 
 States, and Brit. Am., commonly attaining the height of 70 80f. The trunk is 
 large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and 
 nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 8" in length, less than \" 
 wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. The wood of the hem- 
 lock is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber, but 
 is sometimes substituted for pine. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May. 
 
 2. A. NIGRA. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.} Black or Double Spruce. 
 
 Lvs. 4-comered, scattered, straight, erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales 
 elliptical-obovate, erosely dentate at the edge, erect. This fine tree abounds in 
 the northern parts of the U. S., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly 
 composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty 
 pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, are of a dark green 
 color, little more than ' in length. Cones 1 2' long. The timber is light, 
 strong and elastic, and, although inferior to the white pine, is much used in ar- 
 chitecture. That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branch- 
 es. May. 
 
 3. A. ALBA. Michx. (Pinus. Ait.} White or Single Spruce. 
 
 Lvs. 4-sided, incurved ; cones lax, pendulous, subcylindric, with entire, 
 broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales. Very abundant in the northern sec- 
 tions of the U. States, preferring humid and rocky woods. Height 50f. Trunk 
 1 2f in diameter at the base, regularly diminishing upward. Lower branches 
 longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Leaves | f ' in length, 
 placed on all sides of the branches" Cones small. The timber is useful in 
 the frames of buildings, &. May. 
 44 
 
516 CXXXI. CONIFERS. CUPRESSUS. 
 
 2. Leaves solitary, evergreen. Bark smooth, with reservoirs of balsam, 
 Cones long, erect. 
 
 4. A. BALSAMEA. Willd. (Pinus. Linn, Picea. Michx.) Fir Balsam. 
 Balsam Spruce. Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous, with a grooved line 
 
 above and an elevated one beneath ; cones cylindric, erect, reflexed on the mar- 
 gin ; scales broad, compact ; bracts obovate, shorter than the scale. A beautiful 
 evergreen, common in humid forests of the northern part of the U. States. Its 
 branches are nearly horizontal, gradually becoming shorter upwards, forming a 
 regularly pyramidal head. The leaves are little larger than those of the hem- 
 lock (8 10" long) growing upon the sides and top of the branches, of a bright 
 green above, and silvery- white beneath. Cones 2 3' in length. Bark smooth, 
 abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or balsam which is considered a val- 
 uable medicine. May. 
 
 5. A. FRASERI. Pursh. Fraser's or Double Balsam Fir. 
 
 Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear, often emarginate, subsecund, erect above ; 
 strobile ovoid-oblong, erect, very small ; bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cune- 
 ate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely toothed. A smaller tree than the 
 last, much resembling it in habit, found on mountains, from N. Eng. ! to Car. 
 Leaves 3' long, and much crowded. Cones about 1 2' long when mature; 
 singularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts. 
 Sterile aments terminal. May. A highly ornamental shade tree. 
 
 3. Leaves deciduous, collected in fascicles of 20 40. 
 
 6. A. ( LARIX) AMERICANA. Michx. (Pinus pendula and microcarpa of 
 
 American Larch. Lvs. short, in dense fascicles, without sheaths, 
 
 very slender; cones oblong, inclining upwards; even when the branches are 
 pendulous ; scales thin and inflexed on the margin ; bracts elliptical, often hol- 
 lowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a slender point. A beautiful tree, 
 often seen in our shrubberies, and thinly interspersed, in forests, throughout N. 
 England. It is remarkably distinguished from the pines by its deciduous leaves. 
 the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree arises 80 lOOf, with a 
 straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches. Leaves 1 2' long,collect- 
 ed in bunches of 12 20 on the sides of the branches. Cones deep purple, J 1' 
 long. The wood is considered most valuable of all the pines or spruces, being 
 very heavy, strong, and durable. Apr., May. 
 /?. pendula. Branches slender and drooping. A most beautiful variety. 
 
 TRIBE 2. CTJPRESSINEJE. 
 
 Carpellary scales not bracteate, each with 1 8 erect ovules at base inside, be- 
 coming concreted and fleshy in a drupe-like fruit. Anthers of several cells. 
 
 3. CUPRESSUS. 
 
 From the Isle of Cyprus, where the cypress is very abundant. 
 
 Flowers S . & in an ovoid ament ; scales peltate ; anthers 4, ses- 
 sile. tf in a strobile ; scales peltate, bearing 4 8, erect (orthotro- 
 pous) ovules at base inside ; seed angular, compressed ; integuments 
 membranous ; cotyledons 2 or more. Trees, with evergreen, flat, squa- 
 mose, imbricated leaves. Fertile aments becoming indurated cones. 
 
 1. C. THYoiDES. Michx. White Cedar. 
 
 Branchlets compressed ; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate, tuberculate at base ; 
 cones spherical. This tree is thinly disseminated in N. England, but quite com- 
 mon in the Middle States. It usually occurs in swamps, which it densely and 
 exclusively occupies. Height 40 60f. The leaves consist of short, minute, 
 evergreen scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated rows, 
 and each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on the back. The wood 
 is white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft and durable. Used in the man- 
 ufacture of shingles, pails, fences, &c. Posts made of this cedar it is said will 
 last 50 year*. May. 
 
JUNIPBRUS. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 517 
 
 2. C. DISTYCHA. (Taxodium distychum. L. C. Rich.} Cypress. 
 
 Lvs. in 2 rows (distychous), deciduous, flat ; sterile aments paniculate, leaf- 
 less, pendulous; cone oblong-globose. One of the largest trees of the forest, 
 native of N. J. to Mexico. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the 
 cypress or cedar swamps of the Southern States. The trunk arises to the height 
 of 125f with a circumference of 25 40f above the conical base. The roots 
 produce large, conical excrescences, which, being hollow, are sometimes used 
 for beehives. The head is wide-spread, and often depressed. Foliage light 
 green and open. Cones 1' diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales. 
 Timber light, fine-grained and durable. 
 
 4. THUJA. 
 
 Gr. Suo), to sacrifice ; the wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifices. 
 
 Flowers . c? in an imbricated ament ; anthers 4, sessile. 9 in 
 a strobile, each scale bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside ; seed 
 winged ; integument membranous ; cotyledons 2 or more. Trees or 
 shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, squamose, imbricate. 
 
 T. OCCIDENTALIS. Arbor Vitee. 
 
 Branchlets ancipital ; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, appressed, v 
 tuberculate ; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the 
 tip. This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily 
 be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. It abounds in the British Provinces and 
 in the northern parts of the U. S. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, 
 and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, 
 throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists 
 of branchlets much more flat and broad than those of the white cedar. Cones 
 terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales, unlike the round, compact cones 
 of that tree. The wood is very light, soft and durable. Its most important use 
 is for fences. May. 
 
 5. JUNIPfiRUS. 
 
 Celtic Juneprus. rough or rude. 
 
 Flowers cT 9 , rarely <? . c? ament ovate ; scales verticillate, pel- 
 tate ; anthers 4 8f I -celled. 9 ament globose ; scales few, united 
 at base, concave ; ovules 1 at the base of each scale ; berry formed of 
 the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2 3 bony seeds ; cotyledons 2. 
 Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, mosfly acerose, opposite or in whorls 
 
 1. J. COMMUNIS. Common Juniper. 
 
 Lvs. ternate, spreading, subulate, mucronate, longer than the berry. A 
 shrub, with numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often 
 arising in a slender pyramid, 6 8f high (rarely arboreous, Dr. Robbins!) 
 Leaves arranged in whorls of 3, 5 8" long, acerose-lanceolate, ending in a 
 sharp, bristly point, channeled and glaucous on the midvein above, keeled and 
 green below. Barren flowers in small, axillary aments or cones ; fertile ones 
 on a distinct shrub, small, axillary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark 
 blue, ripening the second year from the flower. They are then sweetish, with 
 a taste of turpentine. In medicine they are diuretic and cordial. May. 
 
 2. J. VIRGINIANA. (J. Sabina. Hook.} Red Cedar. 
 
 Upper Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate-lanceolate, pungently acute, appressed, 
 older ones acerose, cuspidate, spreading ; trunk arboreous. Found throughout 
 the U. S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growing in dry, rocky situations. 
 It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal branches. Leaves 
 dark green, the younger ones small, ovate, acute, scale-like, overlaying each 
 other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets ; the older ones ' long. Flow- 
 ers inconspicuous, the staminate in oblong, terminal aments, \' long; the fer- 
 tile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a white 
 powder. The wood is fine-grained and compact, of a reddish hue, very light 
 
518 CXXXI. CONIFERS. TAXUS. 
 
 and durable. It is used for fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and in the manu- 
 facture of drawing pencils. April, May. 
 
 /?. prostrata. Lvs. ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed ; 
 berries tubercular ; st. prostrate, creeping. A shrub, on gravely shores, with 
 creeping branches 4 81' long. 
 
 TRIBE 3. TAXIXEJE. 
 
 Fertile flowers solitary, terminal, consisting of a naked ovule maturing into a 
 
 kind of drupe. 
 
 6. TAXUS. 
 
 Gr. Tal-ov, an arrow ; arrows were formerly poisoned with the juice of the yew tree. 
 
 Flowers cT 9 or , surrounded with numerous scales. cT Stamens 
 8 10, monadelphous ; anthers peltate. 6 8-celled, cells dehiscent 
 beneath. 9 solitary, consisting of a single oyule, becoming in fruit a 
 fleshy, 1 -seeded drupe. Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, alter- 
 ieaves. 
 
 T. CANADENSIS. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemlock. 
 
 Lvs. linear, mucronate, 2-ranked, revolute on the margin ; sterile recepta- 
 cles globose. A small, evergreen shrub, with the general aspect of a dwarf 
 hemlock spruce (Pinus Canadensis}. It grows on thin, rocky soils in shady 
 places, 2 3f long, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Leaves nearly an inch long, ar- 
 ranged in 2 opposite rows, on the sides of the branchlets. Staminate flowers in 
 small, roundish, axillary heads. Drupes oval, concave or open at the summit, 
 red and juicy when mature. May. 
 
SUBDIVISION SECOND. 
 
 ENDOGENS, OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 STEM not distinguishable into bark, pith and concentric zones or 
 layers of wood. GROWTH by irregular, internal accretions, consist- 
 ing of bundles of woody fibre and vessels, successively descending 
 from the leaves above, through the cellular tissue already formed. 
 LEAVES mostly with simple, parallel veins, alternate, entire, frequently 
 sheathing at base, and seldom falling off by an articulation. SEPALS 
 and PETALS, when present, commonly in 3s. OVULES produced within 
 an ovary. EMBRYO with one cotyledon, rarely with two, the second 
 being much smaller than, and alternate with, the first. 
 
 CLASS III. AGL.UMACEOUS ENDOGEXS. 
 
 Flowers without glumes. Organs developed on the usual and 
 normal plan, consisting of stamens and pistils, either or both, sur- 
 rounded by verticillate, floral envelops ; or the latter are wanting, 
 and the stamens and pistils are achlamydeous. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIV. ARACEJE. ARABS. 
 
 Herbs or tropical shrubs, with a fleshy rhizoma or cormus. 
 
 Lva. sheathing at base, often with branching veins, and sometimes compound. 
 
 Fls. mostly moncecious and achlamydeous, arranged upon a naked or spathaceous spadix. 
 
 Perianth, when present, consisting of 4 6 parts. 
 
 Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous, very short. Anth. ovate, extrorse. 
 
 Ova. free, l several-celled. Stigma sessile. 
 
 Fr. Berry succulent or dry. Seeds solitary or several, with fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 26, species 170, abundant in tropical regions, more rare in temperate, one only, Calla palustris, 
 extending to the northern frigid zone. 
 
 Properties.~A.n acrid, volatile principle pervades the order, which is, in some instances, so concen- 
 trated as to become poisonous. The corms and rhizomas abound also in starch, which in some cases, 
 when the volatile acridity is expelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutritious. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 \ Berry 1-seeded. . Peltandra. 2 
 
 ( and covered ( cyhndnc. ( Berry many-seeded. Calla. 3 
 
 < with flowers. \ oval, preceding the leaves. . Symplocarpus. 6 
 
 s Spadix in a spathe ( and naked above. Stem a conn. . . . Arum. \ 
 
 < broad. ( Spadix naked, yellow, on a clavate scape. Orontium. 4 
 
 Laves ( linear-ensiform. Scape leaf-like. Spadix lateral. Acorus. 5 
 
 1. ARUM. 
 
 Coptic aron, the name of the Egyptian species, A. colocasia. 
 
 Flowers sometimes 9 d\ Spathe cucullate, convolute at base ; 
 perianth ; spadix cylindric, naked above, staminate below the mid- 
 dle and pistillate at the base ; berry 1 -celled, many-seeded. '2J-. 
 1. A. TRIPHYLLUM. Dragon-Root. JacTe-in-tbe- Pulpit. 
 Acaulescent ; Ivs. trifoliate, mostly in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate ; spa- 
 dix clavate ; spathe ovate, acuminate, flat and deflected above. A curious and 
 well known inhabitant of wet woodlands, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. The 
 stem is a rugose, tteshj'. subterraneous conn giving off radicles in a circle from 
 44* 
 
520 CXXXIV. ARACE^. CALLA. 
 
 the edge. Scape 8 12' high, erect, round, embraced at the base by the long 
 sheaths of the petioles. Leaves 2, on long stalks, each consisting of 3 smooth 
 leaflets, 2 7' long, as wide. Spathe green without, usually variegated within 
 with stripes of dark purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter 
 than the spathe varying from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch' of bright 
 scarlet berries. The corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is 
 then valued as a carminative, &c. May, June. 
 
 0. atrorubens. Dewey. (A. atrorubens. L.) Spathe sessile, spreading hori- 
 zontally above, dark brown. Plant rather smaller, and with a disagreeable odor. 
 
 2. A. DRACONTIUM. Green Dragon. 
 
 Acaulescent; If. mostly solitary, pedate; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate; spadix 
 subulate, longer than the convolute, oblong spathe. Less common in N. Eng. 
 than the former species, found in wet places, banks of streams, U. S. Stem a 
 fleshy, subterraneous corm. Scape slender, 6 12' high. Leaf on an erect, 
 sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous above, each half bearing 2 4 leaflets 
 with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets rather smaller than in A. triphyllum. 
 Spathe green, 1 2' long, rolled into a tube at base. Spadix slender, with its 
 long, tapering point much exserted. Fruit a bunch of red berries. June, July. 
 
 2. PELTANDRA. Raf. 
 
 Gr. TreXr??, a shield or target, av6pss, stamens ; from the character. 
 
 Spathe convolute ; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above, 
 pistillate below ; perianth ; stamens peltate ; berry 1 -celled, 1 -seed- 
 ed. %. 
 
 P. VIRGINICA. Raf. (Arum. Linn. Calla. Bw. Lecontia. Cooper. Rensse- 
 laeria. Beck. Caladium. Lindl.} Acaulescent ; Ivs. oblong, hastate-cordate, 
 acute at apex, the lobes obtuse ; spathe elongated, incurved ; spadix covered with 
 staminate flowers the greater part of its length. A smooth, dark green plant, 
 in wet grounds, N. Y. and Ms. to Car. Leaves radical, numerous, 8 12' long, 
 J as wide, on petioles as long as the scapes. Scapes many from the same root, 
 8 15' long. Spathe closely involving the spadix, green, 2 3' long, lanceolate, 
 wavy on the margin. Spadix slender, acuminate, shorter than the spathe, 
 bearing the ovaries and finally the berries in a dense cluster at its base. June. 
 It is to be hoped that this persecuted plant will soon find, if it has not here found, 
 a permanent abode. Jl. 
 
 3. CALLA. 
 
 Gr. KaXXof, beautiful ; a term well applied. 
 
 Spathe ovate, spreading : spadix covered with flowers, staminate 
 intermixed with, or above the pistillate ; perianth ; berry many- 
 seeded. "A- Aquatic herbs. 
 
 1. C. PALUSTRIS. Northern Calla. 
 
 Jjvs. cordate ; spathe ovate, flat ; spadix covered with ovaries intermixed 
 with stamens. A fine plant, growing in shallow water, Mid. States, N. Eng. 
 N. to Arc. Am. Rhizoma creeping, rooting at the joints. Leaves 2 3' long, 
 as wide, on long stalks, involute at the acuminate point, smooth and entire. 
 Scape smooth, green, roundish, thick, 4 6' high. Spathe clasping at the base, 
 spreading, recurved, with an involute point, greenish-yellow without, white and 
 soft within. Spadix 1' in length. The root-stock is acrid, but Linnaeus tells 
 us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome bread stuff from it. July. 
 
 2. C. jfETHiopicA. Ethiopian Calla. Lvs. sagittate-cordate; spathe cucul- 
 late ; spadix with the sterile flowers above the fertile. A magnificent plant 
 from Cape Good Hope, often met with in green-houses and parlors. The 
 leaves are very large, smooth and entire, on long, sheathing, radical footstalks. 
 Scape smooth, round, arising a little above the leaves, 3 5f high. Spathe very 
 large, white, involute at base, reflexed and terminating abruptly in a long 
 acumination. Spadix yellowish-white, about half the length of the spathe. 
 Flowers from Jan. to May. 
 
LEMNA. CXXXV. LEMNACE.E. 521 
 
 3. ORONTIUM. 
 
 The ancient Gr. name of a plant, BO called from its growing by the Orontes, a river in Asia Minor. 
 
 Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers; perianth 4 6-sepaled ; 
 stamens 46 ; ovary free ; stigma sessile ; fruit a dry berry or utri- 
 cle. i\. acaukscent, aquatic. Fls. yellow, at the summit of the scape. 
 
 Spathe radical. 
 
 O. AdUATicuM. Golden Cliib. 
 
 Las. ovate-lanceolate ; spike or spadix cylindric, on a clavate scape. This 
 interesting plant is a native of inundated banks and pools, U. S., but not very 
 common. The leaves are large (often becoming 10 12' long and $ as 
 wide), smooth, of a deep green, velvet-like surface above, paler beneath, on 
 lon-, radical petioles. Scape thick and terete, about a foot in length, closely 
 invested by the short spathe at base, and ending in a spadix of a rich yellow 
 color, covered with small, perfect, yellow flowers of an offensive odor, the up- 
 per ones often tetramerous. May. 
 
 4. ACORUS. 
 Gr. a, privative, and KOpr], the pupil of the eye ; supposed to cure maladies of the eye. 
 
 Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers ; perianth 6-sepaled ; ovary 
 free ; stigma sessile, minute ; fruit dry, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 1\- herbs , with a fleshy rhizoma. Lvs. radical, ensiform. Scape foliaceous. 
 
 A. CALAMUS. Sweet Flag. 
 
 Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-like. Grows in 
 wet soils throughout the U. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping rhizoma is 
 highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The long, 
 sword-shaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their 
 whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3' long and 3" diam., covered 
 with small, green flowers, and bursting from the side of the leaf-like scape in 
 June and July. 
 
 5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. 
 
 Gr. vvijnr\oKi], connection, Kapiros, fruit. 
 
 Spathe ventricose ; spadix oval, covered with perfect flowers ; 
 perianth deeply 4-parted, segments cucullate. cuneate, truncate, per- 
 sistent, becoming thick and spongy ; berries globose, 2-seeded, im- 
 bedded in the spadix. % Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. 
 
 S. F03T1DUS. Nutt. (Pothos foetida. Michx. Ictodes. JBw.') Skunk Cabbage. 
 
 Dvs. cordate-oval, acute ; spadix subglobose, preceding the leaves. A com- 
 mon plant, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows 
 and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of 
 the animal whose name it bears. Early in spring, the swelling spathe is seen 
 emerging first from the ground or water, more or less covered with purplish 
 spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point incurved. It encloses the spadix, 
 which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which arise 
 after the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming verv large (often 
 20' by 12'.) 
 
 ORDER CXXXY. LEMNACEJE. DUCKMEATS. 
 
 Plants mostly floating, cellular, annual, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf in one). 
 Fls. bursting from the margin of the fronds, 2 or 3, achlamydeous, enclosed in a spathe. 
 Sterile Jte. Sea. definite, often monadelphous. 
 
 Fertile fls. Ova. I-celled, with 1 or more erect ovules, Sty. short. Stig. simple. 
 Fr. Utricle 1 several-seeded. Sds. with a fungous testa- 
 Genera 6, species 26, widely diffused. They are almost entirely destitute of spiral vessels. Some of 
 them may be regarded as the simplest of Phamogamous plants. 
 
 LEMNA. 
 
 Gr. Xf////a, a scale or husk ; from the resemblance of the frond. 
 
 Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former of 2 col- 
 
523 CXXXVI. TYPHACE^E. TYPHA. 
 
 lateral stamens, the latter of a simple, carinate ovary, with a style 
 and stigma. CD Herbs, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf confounded) 
 sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely in the 
 water, and producing from the margins the spathaceous flowers. 
 
 1. L. TRISULCA. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat. 
 
 Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at 
 the other ; roots solitary. Floating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds 
 nearly ' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendage at base, obtuse at 
 apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the 
 margin of the old. Root a solitary fibre, ending in a sheath. Flowers very 
 minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June Sept. 
 
 2. L. MINOR. Lesser Duck-meat. 
 
 Fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary. This little floating plant 
 occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, pro- 
 perly fronds, adhere 2 3 together, 1' in length, rather thick, and convex below. 
 Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute from a cleft in the mar- 
 gin of the fronds, near the base. Jn. Sept. 
 
 3. L. GiBBA. Gibbous Duck-meat. 
 
 Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above ; root solitary. 
 Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line 
 in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. June Sept. 
 
 4. L. POLYRHlzA. (Spirodela. Schleiden.} 
 
 Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous. Floating 
 in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2 4" long), 
 scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becoming 
 purplish. Roots in thick bundles of 8 10 black fibres from the under surface 
 of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. 
 June Sept. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVI. TYPHACEJE. TYPHADS. 
 
 Herbs, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without joints. 
 Lvs. ngid, ensiform, with parallel veins. 
 Fls. monoecious, arranged upon a spadix with no spathe. 
 Cat. Sepals 3 or 0. Corolla 0. 
 
 Sta. 36. Filaments long and slender. Anthers cuneiform, erect. 
 Ova. l, free, l-celled, with a solitary, pendulous ovule. Styles short. Stig. 12. 
 Fr. Utricle with an albuminous seed. 
 
 Genera 2, species 13, in ditches and marshes throughout the world. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ long and cylindrical Typha. l 
 
 Spadix of flowers I globose Sparganiwm. 2 
 
 1. TYPHA. 
 
 Gr. rv<j)os, a marsh; where all the species grow. 
 
 Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense, c? Stamens about 3 toge- 
 ther, united into a common filament. 9 flowers below the sterile ; 
 ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus. Root 
 
 '2J-. Spadix terminal. Fls. very numerous. 
 
 1. T. LATIFOLIA (and angustifolia. Linn.) Cat-tail. Reed Mace. 
 
 Lvs. ensiform, concave within near the base; sterile and fertile spikes close 
 together, or a little remote. A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the water 
 in muddy pools and ditches, U. S., Can. The stem arises from 3 to 5f, round 
 and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spikes. Spikes of a 
 brown color, 6 10' in length, composed of slender, downy flowers so compact, 
 particularly the fertile ones, as to be of considerable hardness. The upper 
 portion is smaller, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat sword- 
 shaped, erect, 2 4f long and nearly 1' wide. They are called flags, and made 
 useful for weaving the seats of chairs, &c. July. 
 ft. angustifolia. Sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (i 2'). Found in 
 
NAJAS. CXXXVII. NAIADACE.E. 523 
 
 the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing 
 only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts. 
 
 2. SPARGANIUM. 
 
 Gr. trirapyavov, a band or fillet ; in reference to the long, ribbon-like leaves. 
 
 Spadix of flowers globose, c? Calyx 3 6-sepaled. 9 Calyx 3 6- 
 sepaled ; utricle turbinate, acuminate, 1 2-seeded. Root %. Fls. 
 collected in several dense, roundish heads, the sterile htads above the fertile. 
 
 1. S. ERECTUM. (S. ramosum. Smith.} Burr Reed. 
 
 Lvs. triangular at base, their sides concave; common flower-stalks branch- 
 ed ; stig. 2, linear. Grows in pools and ditches, where it is conspicuous among 
 other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flowers. Stem 1 2f high, flexuous, 
 round, with a few branches above. Leaves 2f long, 4 8 /; wide, linear, 
 arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and sword-form upwards, 
 tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green ; fertile ones 2 5, the low- 
 est generally raised on a short, axillary stalk ; sterile ones above, more numer- 
 ous, smaller, sessile. Aug. 
 
 2. S. SIMPLEX. Smith. (S. Americanum. Nutt.} 
 
 Lower Ivs. equal with, or exceeding the stem, which is nearly simple, 
 floral ones concave at base and erect ; stig. always simple, ovate oblong, oblique, 
 scarcely more than half the length of the style. Ponds and lakes. Stem 1 2f 
 high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 2f by 3", carinate 
 at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, below the several barren ones, with 
 the simple styles conspicuous. Aug. 
 
 3. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating Burr Reed. 
 
 Lvs. floating, flat ; common flower-stalk simple ; stig. ovate, very short ; 
 head of sterile fls. subsolitary. Lakes and pools, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 
 long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water. 
 Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary, generally 2, 
 mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVII. NAIADACE.E. NAIADS. 
 
 Water plants, with cellular leaves and inconspicuous flowers. 
 Fls. perfect or monoecious. Calyx 2 4-sepaled or 0. 
 
 Sta. definite. Ovaries l, or 24, free, l-ovuled. Stisvna simple, often sessile. 
 Fr. dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. Albumen 0. 
 Genera 9, species 16, in waters and marshes, salt and fresh, in nearly all countries. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 < solitary, diclinous, monandrous. Najas. 2 
 
 !0. Flowers axillary, ( 2 together, a sterile and fertile one Zannichellia. 3 
 
 short, 2-flowered, borne on a long, tortuous peduncle, Ruppia- 4 
 
 linear, bearing the moncecious flowers in a double row Zostera. 1 
 
 cylindric, covered with perfect, tetramerous flowers Potamogetan. 5 
 
 1. ZOSTfiRA. 
 
 Gr. oj<rr7j3, a girdle ; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves. 
 
 Spadix linear, bearing the separated flowers in 2 rows on one side ; 
 perianth 0. c? Anther ovoid, sessile, parallel to the ovary. 9 Ova- 
 ries 2, ovoid; style bifid ; utricle 1-seeded. 
 
 Z. MARINA. Sea Wrack-grass. 
 
 St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints ; branches 
 floating, simple ; Ivs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1 several feet 
 in length ; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing from a 
 cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked 
 flowers. 7J. Habits aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows 
 (Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Lake 
 other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug. 
 
 2. NAJAS. 
 Gr. vaa>, to flow; hence Naif, orNat&f, Nymph of the waters ; from the habitat. 
 
 Flowers often cf 9- & Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft ; stamen 1 (rarely 
 
524 CXXXVII. NAIADACE^E. POTAMOGETON. 
 
 more) ; filament slender, often elongated ; anther 4-valved, valves 
 spreading. 9 Perianth ; style filiform ; stigma 2 3-fid ; capsule 
 1 -seeded. Fls. axillary. 
 
 N. CANADENSIS. Michx. (Caulinia flexilis. Willd. Fluvialis flexilis. 
 Pers.} Water Nymph. St. filiform, caespitose, dichotomously branching ; 
 Ivs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticu- 
 late, spreading, 1-veined. A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic 
 plant, Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted 
 stems 6 12' long. Leaves J 1' long, %" wide, sessile and sheathing at base. 
 Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an 
 oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2 3 stigmas at summit. Aug. 
 0. (Caulinia iragilis. Willd.) St. and Ivs. rather rigid, the latter mostly 
 opposite and recurved. 
 
 3. ZANNICHELLIA. 
 
 In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice. 
 
 Flowers c? . cT Stamen 1 ; filament elongated. 9 Calyx mono' 
 phyllous ; corolla ; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and 
 stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. 
 Z. PALUSTRIS. Horn Pond-weed. 
 
 SL filiform, floating ; Ivs. opposite, linear ; antli. 4-celled ; stig. entire ; ach. 
 toothed on the back. In pools and ditches, N. States. Stem round, smooth, 
 1 2f long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2 3' long, sessile. Flowers 
 issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former 
 consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4 6 
 ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2 3-toothed calyx. Jl. Aug. 
 
 4. RUPPIA. 
 
 In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist. 
 
 Flowers $ , 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheath- 
 ing base of the leaves ; perianth ; stamens 4, sessile : ovaries 4, 
 pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia. Root U. 
 
 R. MARIT1MA. 
 
 A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, fili- 
 form, branched, floating. Leaves 1 2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated 
 sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, 
 and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface 
 of the water as it rises or falls. July. 
 
 5. POTAMOGETON. 
 
 Gr. irorajjios, a river, yeirwi/, near. 
 
 Flowers $ , on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe ; calyx 4- 
 sepaled ; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals ; ovaries 4 ; achenia 
 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Mostly %, aquatic and sub- 
 mersed, only the flowers arising above, the. surface of the water. Spadix 
 (or spike) pedunculate, 3 10-ftowered. Lvs. stipulate, parallel-veined, 
 lower alternate, the upper (mostly] opposite. Fls. small, greenish. 
 
 1. Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 
 
 1. P. NATANS? (P. pulcher. Tuckerman.} Broad-leaved Pond-weed. 
 
 Floating; Ivs. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cor- 
 date at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membrana- 
 ceous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles, 
 all stipulate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fr. somewhat 
 semi-globose, roughish, more or less carinate at the back. A very common 
 species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng. ! to Wise., Lapkam! Stem slender, 
 
POTAMOGETON. CXXXVII. NAIADACE^E. 525 
 
 1 3f long according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper leaves 3 4' 
 by 8 ]6", petioles 2 8', submersed about as wide. Spike 1 2' long, 
 20 40-flowered. Jl. Aug. Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to peti- 
 oles. In the Wisconsin plant the leaves are all subcordate, fruit acutely cari- 
 nate but not lunate. 
 
 2. P. CLAYTONII. Tuckerman. (P. fluitans'? Ph., J3w., Torr., fyc.) 
 Floating; Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering to long petioles (sometimes 
 
 on short petioles, E. T.), scarcely coriaceous, submersed leaves long, narrowly 
 linear, membranaceous, acute, 1-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base; 
 spikes rather loose, on long peduncles; fr. compressed, suborbicular. Ponds and 
 slow waters, frequent. Stems round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower 
 leaves 3 6' by 1", remote, upper about 2 3' by \'. Spikes 1' long, pedun- 
 cles 24' 
 
 1 (P. heterophyllus. Torr.) Lower Ivs. approximate, lowest slightly petio- 
 late ; ped. shorter. Uxbridge, Mass., Richard ! Probably common. A beauti- 
 ful variety. Fruit not seen. 
 
 3. P. DIVERSIFOLIUS. Bart. (P. setaceum. PA.) Setaceous-leaved Pond-weed. 
 
 Upper Ivs. lanceolate, opposite, 5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones sub- 
 merged, sessile, filiform, alternate, dense, axillary. Common in pools and 
 ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper leaves arising to 
 the surface. These are 6 10" by 2 4", acute at each end, on hair-like peti- 
 oles 5 6" long. Spadices dense, short, 5 6 flowered. July. 
 
 /?. Submersed leaves few, not fascicled in the axils. 
 
 2. Leaves all submersed, uniform. 
 
 4. P. LUCENS. S/iining Pond-weed. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick mid- 
 vein; spikes long, cylindric, many-flowered. 1\. Can.,N. Eng., &c. Rivers and 
 lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when 
 dry, shining above, beautifully veined, 3 5' long, acuminate, J 1' wide, each 
 with a lanceolate bract above its base. Spadix 2' long, of numerous, green 
 flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. June. 
 
 5. P. OBRUTUS. Wood. Lyndon Pond-weed. 
 
 Lvs. glossy, linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein con- 
 spicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stipules wanting ; spikes long-pedun- 
 culate ; achenia inflated, subhemispherical, margined on the back, beak incurved 
 both sides, conspicuously umbilicate. Passumpsic river, Lyndon, Vt. ! A 
 remarkable species, differing widely from any other with which I am acquainted. 
 Stem round, slender, simple. Leaves uniform, 3 4' by ', tapering to the 
 slightly clasping base, the two upper opposite. Spike dense, !' long, peduncle 
 3' in length. Fruit with 2 little pits. 
 
 6. P. PRJELONGUS. Wolff. Long-stalked Pond-weed. 
 
 Lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many- veined, with 3 stronger veins, all reticu- 
 lately connected, base amplexicaul; ped. very long; spike cylindrical, many- 
 flowered; fr. ventricose, lunate, acutely carinate on the back. Ponds and 
 rivers, Northern States and Can. The plant is wholly submersed, sending up 
 its spike to the surface on a very long stalk. I have gathered it in Niagara 
 river, growing in depths of 6 or 8f. July, Aug. 
 
 7. P. PERFOLIATUS. Perfoliate or Clasping Pond-weed. 
 
 Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed ; spikes terminal; fls. 
 alternate, A common species growing in ponds and slow waters, wholly below 
 the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very leafy, 6 10' 
 long. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, 1 J' long, | as wide, 
 obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (12'), few flowered. Jl. 
 
 8. P. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Robbing Pond-weed. 
 
 _ Lvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adn ate stipules, 
 lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-serrulate ; spikes oblong, 
 small and few-flowered ; ped. shorter than the leaves. First discovered by Dr. 
 Rabbins! in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. H. Since found in many other 
 
526 CXXXVIII. ALISMACE./E. SAGITTARIA. 
 
 ponds in N. H. and Mass. Stem long, branched, almost wholly enclosed in the 
 sheaths. Leaves 2 4' by 2 3", very acute, somewhat crowded. 
 
 9. P. PAUCIFLORUS. Pursh. (P. gramineum. Michx.} Grassy Pond-weed. 
 St. round, dichotomous, filiform ; Ivs. linear, alternate, sessile ; fls. few in 
 
 a spadix. A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, tapering 
 to the stipulate base, 23' long, a line wide, 1-veined, of a bright green color. 
 Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 35 greenish fls. above the water, but 
 ripening the seeds below. * 
 
 10. P. COMPRESSUS. (P. zosterifolium. Schum.) 
 
 St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous ; Ivs. broad-linear, obtuse ; spike short, 
 peduncle elongated. A very distinct species, in ponds and rivers. Stem 1 2f 
 long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes. 
 Leaves 3 4' in length, 2" wide, closely sessile, remote, the margins perfectly 
 parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, 1'long, on a peduncle 
 1 2' long, and bearing 5 25 flowers. Jl. 
 
 11. P. PECTINATUS (and P. marinus. Linn.) Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. 
 St. slender, branched, striate, flexuous ; Ivs. numerous and fascicled in the 
 
 axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, on sheathing stipules; spikes cylindrical, 
 the lower fls. remote ; ped. filiform, long. Plant submersed in deep water, bushy 
 and very leafy, N. Eng. 1 Middle States ! W. to Wis. Lapham ! Leaves 4 T by 
 (less than) 1", thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish, 
 rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn. 
 
 12. P. PCJSILLTJS. Linn. 1 (P. pectinatum. Clark, MS.) Puny Pond-weed. 
 St. filiform, flexuous, branched ; Ivs. linear-subulate, membranaceous, very 
 
 acute, sessile, not narrower than the stipules ; spikes capitate, few-flowered ; fr, 
 ovoid-compressed, umbilicate each side. Shallow waters, about Cincinnati. 
 Clark! A very delicate species, wholly submersed. Leaves 1 2' by ", a lit- 
 tle longer than the internodes. Spikes 3 5-flowered, the peduncles %' long. 
 Fruit with distinct pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVIII. ALISMACEJE. ALISMADS. 
 
 Herbs, aquatic. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fls. racemose or paniculate. 
 
 Fls. perfect or monoecious, regular, not on a spadix. 
 
 Perianth. Cal. 3-sepaled, green. Cor. 3-petaled, colored (green in the suborder). 
 
 Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous. 
 
 Ova. Carpels several, l-celled and l-seeded. Styles and stigmas several. 
 
 Fr. dry, indehiscent. Seeds straight or curved, destitute of albumen. Genera 5, species 16? 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 { Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6 Alisma. 1 
 
 ( colored, sepals green. \ Flowers moncecious. Stamens indefinite. . . Sagittaria. 2 
 
 S Anthers thick, short. Leaves cauline. . . . Triglochin. 3 
 
 Petals ( green, like the calyx. (. Anthers linear. Leaves all radical. . . . Scheuchzeria. 4 
 
 1. ALISMA. 
 
 Celtic alls, water ; the place it inhabits. 
 
 Flowers ; stamens 6 ; ovaries and styles numerous, aggregated, 
 becoming in fruit numerous, distinct, compressed achenia. % caules- 
 cent. Lvs. radical. Fls. paniculate. 
 
 A. PLANTAGO. (A. parviflora. PA.) Water Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. oval, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, subcordate ; ach. obtusely 3- 
 cornered. A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. 
 Leaves resembling those of the common plantain, 4 6' long, | as wide, ending 
 in a short, abrupt point, 7 9-veined, entire, on long, radical petioles. Scape 
 1 2f high. Branches of the panicle verticillate, with bracts at base. Flowers 
 numerous. Petals 3, tinged with purple, roundish, deciduous, larger than the 
 green, ovate, persistent sepals. July. 
 /?. parviflora. Torr. Lvs. oval, acuminate, 5 7-veined; fls. small. 
 
 2. SAGITTARIA. 
 
 Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. 
 
 Flowers ; c? with about 24 stamens ; 9 with numerous ovaries 
 
SAGITTARIA. CXXXVIII. ALISMACE^E. 527 
 
 aggregated, and becoming, in fruit, as many compressed, margined 
 achenia collected into a globose head. % acaulcscent. Lvs. radical, 
 generally sagittate. Fls. in verticils of 3, the sterile ones near the sum- 
 mit of the scape, fertile below them. 
 
 1. S. SAGITTIFOLIA. Arrmcheod. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate, acute, sagittate, lobes lanceolate, acute. A curious aquatic 
 plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of 
 sluggish waters, Can. and U. S. Root fleshy and farinaceous. Leaves 3 10' 
 long including the lobes which are nearly half this length, J 4 or 5' wide, 
 smooth and entire. Scape 1 2f high, branching, obtusely 3-angled. Flowers 
 generally in 3s, the upper ones barren. Petals 3, large, roundish, white and 
 very delicate. July, Aug. The leaves, &c., are exceedingly variable, and Dr. 
 Torrey has appended the following, as varieties: 
 
 0. laiifolia. Lvs. broad-ovate, rather obtuse, with straight, ovate, slightly 
 acuminate lobes. 
 
 y. hastata. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with spreading, lanceolate, long, 
 acuminate lobes ; fls. mostly difficious. 
 
 6. gracilis. Lvs. linear, with linear, very long, acute and spreading lobes. 
 
 e. pubescens. Plant distinctly pubescent, in all its parts ; Ivs. and their lobes 
 ovate. 
 
 2. S. RIGIDA. Pursh. Brittle-leaved Arrowhead. 
 
 Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, carinate, rigid, very acute at both ends ; scape 
 branching. N. York. Growing in water even to the depth of 7 feet, accord- 
 ing to Dr. Beck. Leaves remarkably dissimilar to those of the foregoing spe- 
 cies, 5 6' in length, one in width, thick and brittle, and on stout, rigid petioles, 
 prolonged according to the depth of the water. Flowers numerous and large, 
 with 3, white, rounded petals ; fertile ones on short peduncles. July. 
 
 3. S. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. Various-leaved Arrowhead. 
 
 Lvs. smooth, linear and lanceolate, acute at each end, rarely some of them 
 elliptical and sagittate, with lobes linear and divaricate; scape simple, few-flow- 
 ered, fertile flowers subsessile. Muddy shores, Middle States. Leaves 2 4' 
 long, as wide, on petioles rather longer than the scape which is seldom a foot 
 high. Flowers few, the three lower ones fertile and very nearly sessile, all with 
 roundish bracts at base. July. 
 
 4. S. SIMPLEX, (acutifolia and graminifolia. Pursh.} Linear Sagittana. 
 Lvs. erect, simple, linear and lance-linear, sheathing, hyaline and cellular 
 
 at base, attenuated to a long, acute point ; scape simple, longer than the leaves ; 
 fls. or J* 9 , m whorls of 3, 4 or 5, subterminal and terminal ; sta. in the bar- 
 ren flowers 12 15 ; bracts minute. Muddy shores of ponds and rivers, Me. ! to 
 N. J., N. Y. ! W. to 111. A species almost as variable as S. sagittifolia, to which 
 it is indeed appended by Hooker as another class of varieties. Leaves 4 7' 
 high, usually very narrow. Scape 5 8' high. Flowers 9 18, 8 9" diam. 
 Petals roundish, white. 
 
 5. S. OBTUSA. Willd. Blunt Arrowhead. 
 
 Lvs. broad-ovate, sagittate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, lobes ob- 
 long, obliquely acuminate, approximate and not spreading ; fls. tf 9 1 scape 
 simple, the sterile branched at the base ; bracts ovate, acute. Ditches, ponds 
 and marshes, Penn. to Va. W. to Ohio. Juice milky, exuding from the wounded 
 stem or leaves, and hardening into a pellucid gum. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves 
 on long, radical, channeled petioles, lamina 3 5' by 2 3'. Flowers white, showy. 
 
 6. S. PUSILLA. Nutt. Puny Arrowhead. 
 
 Petioles (leaves 7) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous ; scape 
 simple, shorter than the leaves ; fls. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed ; sta. mostly 
 7. A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely.subu- 
 late, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2 4' high. Flowers 
 4 7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug. 
 
 7. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating Sagittaria. 
 
 Lvs. floating, oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 3- veined, tapering to the base, lower 
 45 
 
528 CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACE^J. 
 
 ones subcordate ; scape simple, few-flowered ; lower ped. elongated. In water, 
 Penn. (Muklenberg) to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3 6' long. Leaves 1 2' long. . 
 Flowers few, small, the upper sterile. Elliot. 
 
 8. S. LANCIFOLIA. Willd. (S. falcata. PA.) Lance-leaved Sagittaria. 
 
 Lvs. broad-lanceolate or ovate, acute at each end, glabrous, coriaceous, 
 and somewhat perennial ; scape simple ; ach. compressed, subfalcate. This re- 
 markable species (but unknown to me) has been found along the shores of the 
 Connecticut river, Mass, and Ct. Stem 2 3f high. 
 
 SUBORDER. JUNCAGINE.E. 
 
 Sepals and petals both herbaceous (green), or 0. Stamens 6. Ovaries 
 3 or 6, coherent, ovules 1 2 in each carpel. Seeds erect, with 
 the embryo straight. Herbaceous, bog plants. Leaves ensiform. 
 Flowers in spikes or racemes. 
 
 3. TRIGLOCHIN. 
 Gr. Tf)is, three, yXw^tf, a corner; on account of the 3-angled fruit. 
 
 Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a little 
 below the latter ; stamens 6, very short ; anthers large, extrorse ; 
 ovaries 1-ovuled ; stigmas adnate ; fruit clavate, composed of 3 6 
 united, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. *2j- Lvs. grass-like, all radical. 
 
 1. T. MARITIMUM. (T. elatum. Nutt.} Sea Arrow-grass. 
 
 Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels ; scape longer than the 
 leaves. A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast, and at, 
 Salina, N. Y., also lake shores. Wise. ! Leaves linear, semicylindric, smooth, 
 thick, 6 12' long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9 18' 
 Jong, bearing a long raceme of 30 40 green flowers on pedicels 1 8" long. 
 Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The 
 plant has a sweetish taste, and cattle are fond of it. July. 
 
 2. T. PALUSTRE. Marsh Arrow-grass. 
 
 Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels ; scape scarcely longer than the leaves. 
 In marshes, Salina, N. Y. ! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very numerous, fleshy, 
 smooth, very narrow. Scape 6 12' high, ending in a raceme with rather remote, 
 very small, green flowers on pedicels 2 3" long. The slender fruit is attenu- 
 ated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slen- 
 der carpels. July. 
 
 4. SCHEUCHZERIA. 
 In honor of the Scheuchzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists. 
 
 Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent ; sta. 6, with linear an- 
 thers ; stigmas sessile, lateral ; ovaries 1 2-ovuled ; capsules inflated, 
 compressed, 2-valved, 1 2-seeded. 1\. Lvs. cauline, linear^ sheathing 
 at base. 
 
 S. PALUSTRIS. 
 
 A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. ! to Penn. Rare. Root-stock horizontal, 
 fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semicylindric, 4 G' 
 long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal, 
 5 8-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a 
 bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIX. HYDROCHABIDACEJE. HTDBOCHARADS. 
 
 Plants aquatic, floating, with parallel-veined leaves. 
 Fls. dioocious or perfect, issuing from a spathe. 
 Perianth. Sepals 3^ herbaceous. Petals 3, colored. 
 Sta. definite or indefinite, epigynous. 
 
 Ova. adherent to the perianth, single. Stigmas 3 6. Ovules indefinite. 
 Fr. dry or succulent, indehiscent, l or more celled. Seeds without albumen. 
 Genera 12, species 20, native of Europe, N. America, and the East Indies. Of no important use. 
 
CXL. ORCHIDACE^E. 529 
 
 Conspectus of the GenerdT 
 
 ( cordate, petiolate. ' . . Hydrocharts. 1 
 
 < short and verticillate, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary Udora. 2 
 
 Leaves ( long, linear, radical. Flowers elevated on long scapes Vallimeria. 3 
 
 1. HYDROCHARIS. 
 
 Gr. vSup, water, ^aipw, to rejoice ; as water is its own element 
 
 Flowers <? 9 . Spathe 2-leaved ; calyx 3-parted ; corolla of 3 pe- 
 tals ; styles 3, abortive in the cf; sta. 10 12, infertile in 9 ; stig. 
 6 8, bifid, with several barren filaments and 3 nectariferous glands ; 
 caps, inferior, 6-celled, 00-seeded. Floating aquatics. 
 
 H. SPONGIOSA. Bosc. (H. cordifolia. Nutt.} Frogbit. 
 
 Lvs. roundish-cordate ; $ Jls. on long peduncles, 9 on short ones ; anth. 
 linear ; stig. 6 7, 2-parted nearly to the base ; segments lanceolate-subulate. 7J. 
 Braddock's bay, L. Ontario, SartweU. Stems jointed, producing offsets from 
 which new plants arise. Root somewhat fibrous. Leaves petiolate, 5-veined, 
 purplish beneath. J* peduncles about 3' long. Sepals oval, green. 9 pedun- 
 cles 1 !' long, thick. Ovary oblong. Seeds hirsute. Petals white. Aug. 
 
 2. UDORA. Nutt. 
 
 Gr. tiJwjO, water ; from its aquatic habits. 
 
 Flowers cT 9; spathe bifid ; spadix 1 -flowered, c? Stamens 9, 3 of 
 them interior. 9 Tube of the perianth very long ; abortive filaments 
 3 ; capsule ventricose, 3-seeded. Creeping. Lvs. verticillate. 
 
 U. CANADENSIS. Nutt. (Elodea. Michx. Sepicula verticillata. Muhl.} 
 Ditch Moss. Lvs. verticillate, in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or -linear, 
 serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform. Resembling a coarse moss, in still 
 waters. Stem filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very leafy, submersed. Leaves 
 3 6" by (less than) 1", thin and diaphanous, sessile, obtuse. Flowers axillary, 
 solitary, minute, of a dingy white, the slender, hair-like tube 23' long (4 6' 
 according to Nuttatt), the lower part (pedicel 7) 2-margined. Stigmas recurved 
 between the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug. 
 
 3. VALLISNERIA. 
 
 In honor of Anthony Vallisner, a French botanist. 
 
 Flowers & 9; spathe ovate, 2 4-parted. d" Spadix covered with 
 minute flowers ; corolla 0. 9 Spathe bifid. 1 -flowered ; perianth 
 elongated ; sepals linear ; stigmas 3, ovate, bifid ; capsule 1-celled, 
 many-seeded. ^i- Submersed. Lvs. all radical. Scape spiral, very long. 
 
 V. AMERICANA. Michx. Tape Grass. 
 
 Lvs. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base, floating ; 
 pedunckof the fertile flower long, of the sterile short, erect. A curious plant, in 
 slow moving or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves linear, 1 2f long, about \' 
 wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants 
 short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2 4f long when extended, thread-like, 
 thickened at top, bearing each a single, white flower at or near the surface. 
 Sepals and petals crowning the (!') long, narrow, incurved ovary, which is 
 half concealed in the spathe. July, Aug. 
 
 ORDER CXL. ORCHIDACEJE. ORCHIDS. 
 
 Herbs perennial, often acaulescent, with fleshy corms, or tuberous, fasciculated roots. 
 
 Lvs. simple, parallel- veined, entire. Fls. in terminal or radical racemes, spikes or panicles, rarely solitary. 
 
 Fls. Very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 3, usually colored, odd one uppermost by the twisting of the ovary. 
 
 Cor. Petals 3, usually colored, odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary. 
 
 Lip. (labelhim, or lowest petal.) diverse in form, often lobecl, frequently spurred at base. 
 
 Sta. 3, united into a central column, the 2 lateral ones generally abortive, and the central one perfect 
 
 more rarely the central abortive and lateral perfect. 
 Anth. 1, 4 or 8-celled, persistent or deciduous, often operculate. 
 Pol. either powdery, or cohering in waxy masses (pollmia), which are either constantly adhering to a 
 
 gland, or becoming loose in their cells. 
 
530 
 
 CXL. ORCHlDACEjE. 
 
 Li PARIS. 
 
 Ova. l-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Ovules indefinite. 
 
 Sty. consolidated with the stamens. Stig. a viscid cavity in front of the column. 
 
 Fr. Capsule 3-ribbed, 3-valved. Sds. many, without albumen. 
 
 Genera 394, species 3000 ? They are among the most interesting and curious of plants, almost always 
 remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the fragrance, brilliancy and odd 
 structure of the flowers. 
 
 The OrchidaCteEB are natives of every part of the world. In the tropics multitudes of them are epiph- 
 ytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber. 
 
 This order is remarkable for those qualities only which please the eye. Many of its species are culti- 
 vated for ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. The salep ot commerce 
 is a nutritive mucilaginous substance afforded by the roots of some Asiatic Orchis. The aromatic va- 
 nilla, used to flavor chocolate, &c., is the fruit of the West Indian Vanilla claviculata. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 
 ( cauline. 
 
 
 Microstylis. \ 
 
 
 ( ovate, ( radical. 
 
 
 Aplectrum. 4 
 
 
 C Leaf solitary, \ ensiform (rarely 2). 
 t near base of stem. 
 
 
 Calopogon. 10 
 Liparis. 2 
 
 
 1 Leaves 2 only, ( near middle of stem. 
 
 
 Listera. 13 
 
 
 ( radical, ^ ringent. 
 
 
 Goodyera. 12 
 
 
 ( Flowers | < Sepals \ erect. 
 
 
 Spvranthes. 11 
 
 
 < several. I Leaves several, ( cauline. Fls. 3 or 4. 
 
 
 Calopogon. 10 
 
 
 f Spur 0. ( Flower solitary, lip bearded within. 
 
 
 Pogonia. 9 
 
 
 $ Pollinia 2. Fls. bracteate 
 
 
 Orchis. 7 
 
 
 , Fertile 1 $ flattish. { Pollinia 4. Fls. bractless. 
 
 
 Tiputnria. 6 
 
 Leaves 1 
 or more. 
 
 anth. 1. I Lip spurred at base, (. ventricose. Flower and leaf solitary 
 ' Anthers 2 fertile, middle one sterile, petaloid. Lip saccate. 
 
 
 Calypso. 5 
 Cypripedium . 14 
 
 
 ( Plants green. Flowers solitary. Lip bearded within. 
 
 
 Arethusa. 8 
 
 Leaves 0. 
 
 ( Plants destitute of green herbage. Flowers racemose. 
 
 
 Corallorhiza. 3 
 
 SECTION 1. Pollen cohering in grains which finally become waxy, 
 and are definite in number. 
 
 1. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt. 
 
 Gr. niKpos, little, crrvXof , style ; alluding to the slender column. 
 
 Segments of the perianth distinct, petals filiform ; lip sessile, 
 concave, erect, truncate and bidentate at summit ; column minute ; 
 pollinia 4, loose. 
 
 1. M. OPHIOGLOSSOIDES. Nutt. (Malaxis orph. Wittd^ M. unifolia. 
 Michx.) Lf. solitary, ovate, amplexicaul ; st. 5-angled ; roc. short, obtuse, 
 
 capitate ; pedicels much longer than the flowers. A small plant, in woods, &c., 
 Can. and N. States. Stem 5 9' high, with a single leaf a little below the 
 middle. This leaf is rather acute, smooth, ovate or oval, about 2 7 in length, 1 
 in width. At the base of the stem is an abrupt sheath. Flowers whitish, 
 minute, numerous, in a terminal raceme an inch or more in length, dense at 
 top. Bracts minute. Pedicels about 4" long. June, 
 
 2. M. MONOPHYLLOS. Liridl. (M. brachypoda. Gray. Malaxis mon. 
 Willd.} Leaf solitary, ovate, sheathing at base; rac. elongated, with 
 
 numerous flowers on short pedicels ; bracts minute ; sep. acute, spreading ; late- 
 ral pet. reflexed, linear ; lip triangular-hastate, cucullate, acuminate with a 
 recurved point. In shady swamps, N. Y., rare. Prof. Hadley. Dr. Gray. Stem 
 2 & high, 3-angled, with a subspicate raceme of 20 46 small, greenish 
 flowers. July. 
 
 2. LIPlRIS. Rich. 
 Gr. XtTrapo?, elegant, shining ; a term characteristic of these plants. 
 
 Segments of the perianth distinct, sublinear, spreading or deflex- 
 ed ; lip spreading, flat, ascending, often exterior ; column winged ; 
 pollinia 4, parallel with each other, without pedicels or glands. 
 
 1. L. LILIFOLIA. Rich. (Malaxis lilifolia. Sw.) Tway-hlade. 
 
 Lvs. 2, ovate-lanceolate; scape triangular; inner ^/.filiform, reflexed; 
 lip concave, obovate, acute at the tip. In wet woods, Can. to Car., Ohio. 
 Leaves radical, 3 6' long, J as wide, rather acute, tapering into a sheath- 
 ing base. Scape about 6' high. Flowers 10 20, in a terminal, rather showy 
 raceme. Pedicels near an inch in length. The 3 sepals greenish-white, linear. 
 2 upper petals capillary, yellowish-white. Lip much larger than the other 
 petals, white. June. 
 
CALYPSO. CXL. ORCHIDACE^E. 531 
 
 2. L. LCESELII. Rich. (L. Correana. Spr. Malaxis Loeselii. Sw.) 
 Lrs. 2, ovate-oblong, obtuse, plicate, shorter than the few-flowered 
 racemes ; scape angular ; lip ovate, entire ; sep. and pet. linear, subequal. 
 About half as large as the preceding, in moist meadows and fields, Can., 
 Ohio, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Leaves 2 3 ; long, about I 7 wide, obtuse or 
 acute, sheathing at base. Scape 3 5' high. Flowers about 6, appressed to 
 the rachis, in a thin raceme. Pedicels about 2" in length. Sepals and petals 
 greenish-white. Ovaries clavate, as long as the pedicels. Jn. 
 
 3. CORALLORHlZA. Brown. 
 
 G-r. vopaXXiov, coral, pla, root ; its branched roots much resemble coral. 
 
 Segments of the perianth nearly equal, converging ; lip produced 
 behind ; spur short and adnate to the ovary ; column free ; pollinia 
 4, oblique (not parallel). Plants leafless. 
 
 1. C. oDONTORHizA. Nutt. (C. vema. Nutt. C. innata. J7r.) Dra- 
 gon's-daw. Coral-root. Lip undivided, oval, obtuse, crenulate, spotted ; 
 
 spur obsolete, adnate to the ovary ; capsule oblong or subglobose. A singular 
 plant, with no leaves or green herbage, inhabiting old woods, Can. to Car. and 
 Ky. The root is a collection of small, fleshy tubers, articulated and branched 
 much like coral. Scape 9 14' high, rather fleshy, striate, smooth, invested 
 with a few long, purplish-brown sheaths. Flowers 10 20, in a long spike, of 
 a brownish-green. Lip white, generally with purple spots. Capsules large, 
 reflexed, strongly ribbed. July, Aug. 
 
 0. verna. Lip white, without spots, minutely toothed each side. More deli- 
 cate and slender than the variety a. Flowers fewer (7 10). 
 
 2. C. MULTIFLORA. Nutt. Flowering Coral-root. 
 
 Scape many-flowered ; lip cuneate-oval, spotted, 3-parted ; the middle 
 lobe recurved, lateral ones short and tooth-like ; spur conspicuous, adnate; cap. 
 elliptic-obovoid. In woods, growing on the roots of trees, N. Eng. and Mid. 
 States. Root coralline. Scape 10 15' high, leafless, brownish-purple, sheath- 
 ed with a lew bracts. Flowers larger than in the other species, 15 20, erect- 
 spreading, in a long raceme. Lip showy, 3 4" long, white, sprinkled with 
 purple spots. Spur yellowish, conspicuous, but short and adnate to the ovary. Jl. 
 
 4. APLECTRUM. Nutt. 
 Gr. a, privative, irXriKrpov, a spur ; the lip being without a spur. 
 
 Segments of the perianth distinct, nearly equal, converging ; lip 
 unguiculate, not produced at base ; column free ; anther a little 
 below the apex ; pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular. 
 
 A. HYEMALE. (Cymbidium hyemale. Willd.) Adam-and-Eve. Putty- 
 root. Lf. solitary, radical, petiolate, ovate, striate ; lip. trifid, obtuse, with 
 the palate ridged. A fine plant, in woods, Can., Ohio ! to N. Eng. (rare) and 
 Flor. Root bearing large, roundish, mucilaginous tubers. Leaf rather elliptic 
 than ovate, 4 5' long, as wide, twice as long as the petiole, which arises 
 from the summit of the tuber a short distance from the scape. Scape arising 
 Wrom beneath the tuber, about If high, invested with 2 3 sheaths. Flowers 
 Resembling those of Corallorhiza, brownish-purple, erect, in a terminal raceme. 
 Lip dilated near the end. Capsule large, smooth, nodding. May, Jn. 
 
 5. CALYPSO. Salisb. 
 Named for the goddess Calypso ( Gr. Ka\VTrra), to conceal). 
 
 Segments of the perianth ascending, secund ; lip ventricosej 
 spurred beneath near the end ; column petaloid ; pollinia 4. 
 
 C. BULBOSA. Salisb. (C. Americana. Dr. C. borealis. Ph. Cypripe- 
 
 dium. Linn.) Lf. solitary, radical, broad-ovate, veined ; lip narrowed and 
 
 subunguiculate at base ; spur bifid, longer than the lip, with acute teeth ; ped. 
 
 longer than the ovary. This rare and beautiful plant is found in Vt., (Carey) 
 
 Nova Scotia, Mich.,"W. to Orcg. Scape 6 8' high, sheathed, bearing a sin- 
 
532 CXL. ORCHIDACEjE. ORCHIS. 
 
 gle, purplish flower at top, as large as that of a Cypripedium. Leaf petiolate, 
 2 3' in diameter, subcordate at base. 
 
 6. TIP UL A HI A. Nutt, 
 Tipula, the crane-fly ; from the fancied resemblance of the flowere. 
 
 Segments of the perianth spatulate, spreading ; lip entire, sessile, 
 conspicuously spurred at base ; column wingless, free ; anther oper- 
 culate, persistent ; pollinia 4, parallel. 
 
 T. DISCOLOR. Nutt. (Orchis. PA. Limodorum uniflorum. Muhl.) 
 A slender, green-flowered plant, resembling a Corallorhiza, growing in 
 pine woods, Vt., Mid. States to Car. Root bulbous. Leaf solitary, petiolate, 
 ovate, plaited, smooth, and longitudinally veined. Flowers minute, greenish- 
 white, nodding, in a terminal raceme destitute of bracts. Jl. 
 
 SECTION 2. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, which are pedicellate, 
 with glands at the base of the pedicels. Anthers of 2 distinct, 
 vertical cells. 
 
 7. ORCHIS. 
 
 The Greek name of these plants. 
 
 Perianth ringent, the upper sepal vaulted ; lip entire or lobed, 
 produced at base into a spur which is distinct from the ovary ; anther 
 terminal ; pollinia 2, adnate, pedicellate. Fls. racemose or spicate. 
 
 1. ORCHIS vera. Lip broad, entire. Glands of the pedicels of the 
 pollinia enclosed, 
 
 1. O. SPECTABILIS. Showy Orchis. 
 
 Lvs. about 2, nearly as long as the scape ; lip obovate, undivided, crenate, 
 retuse ; segments of the perianth straight, the lateral ones longer ; spur clavate, 
 shorter than the ovary, bracts longer than the flower. This pretty little plant is 
 found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, &c., U. S. and Can. Root 
 fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3 6' long, J as wide. Scape 4 6' 
 high, acutely-angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3 5 large, showy 
 flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur 
 white or whitish, each about 8" long. May, Jn. 
 
 fy 2. PLATANTHERA. Lip narrow, entire. Cells of the anther widely sepa- 
 rated at base by the broad, interposed stigma. Glands of the pedicels 
 of the pollinia naked. 
 
 2. O. ORBICULATA. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. TVr.) 
 Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular, rather fleshy ; scape bracteate ; upper sep. 
 
 orbicular, lateral ones ovate ; lip linear-subspatulate, nearly twice as long as the 
 sepals ; spur arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as long as the ovary. A re- 
 markable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in thickets, Penn. to Can. and 
 W. States. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3 & diam., rather inclining to 
 oval or ovate with the apex acute. Scape 1 2f high, sheathed with a few 
 bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish- white flowers. Lip 1' by 
 1". Spur H 2' long. Jl. 
 
 3. O. HOOKERIANA. Wood. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Torr.} 
 Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular or suboval, fleshy; scape naked; bracts lance- 
 olate, nearly as long as the flowers ; upper sepal ovate, erect, lateral ones deflexed 
 and meeting behind ; pet. acute, lip lanceolate, projecting, acuminate, a little 
 longer than the sepals ; spur subulate, arcuate, about twice longer than the 
 ovary. Woods, Can., N. Eng. ! toWis., Lapkam! rare. Resembles O. orbicu- 
 lata,"but is very distinct. Scape 812' high, without a bract below the flow- 
 ers. Leaves 45' long, nearly or quite as wide. Flowers 1218, in a straight 
 raceme, yellowish-green, the spur 9 12" in length. Jn. Jl. 
 
 4. O. IIYPERBOREA. Willd. (Habenaria hyp. & Huronensis. Spr. Pla- 
 tan th. Lindl.} Sf. leafy ; Ivs. very erect, acute ; spike somewhat secund ; 
 
ORCHIS. CXL. ORCHID ACE^E. 533 
 
 bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the flower ; sep. deflexed ; pet. and lip 
 linear, obtuse, subequal, (the latter dilated at base !) and about as long as the 
 pendulous, obtuse spur. A tall, leafy, variable species, found in mountainous 
 woods and open meadows, N. Y. to Mich, and Can. Stems thick, 2 or 3, or 
 even 4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 47' by 1 1J'. Flowers greenish in 
 shades, nearly white in open situations, forming a long, more or less dense 
 spike. July. 
 
 /?. Huronensis. More slender; Ivs. lance-oblong and lance-linear, obtuse or 
 acute; spike rather loose, often long. Vt., Dr. Phelps! W. to Mich. 
 
 5. O. DILATATA. Pursh. (Habenaria. Hook. Platanth. Lindl.) 
 
 St. slender ; Ivs. lanceolate and linear, acute ; spike loose ; bracts lance- 
 linear, about as long as the flowers ; upper sepal ovate, obtuse, the lateral nar- 
 rower and spreading; lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated at the base, about equal- 
 ing the petals and a little shorter than the obtuse, incurved spur, which is longer 
 than the ovary. Swamps, Northern States ! (rare) and Can. It is a slender 
 and delicate species, with pure white flowers. Stem 10 15' high. Leaves 
 often narrow and grass-like, the lower lanceolate. Flowers 10 20, spur about 
 4" locg. July. 
 
 6. O. OBTUSATA. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Rich.) 
 
 Lf. solitary, oblong-obovate, obtuse ; st. bearing the leaf near its base ; 
 spike loose ; upper sep. broadest ; pet. subtriangular ; lip linear, entire, with 2 
 tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur. Found in muddy ponds 
 and ditches, N. H., Starrs! N. to Lab. Stem slender, angular, 6 8' high, ter- 
 minating in a thin spike of about a dozen small, greenish- white flowers. Leaf 
 tapering at base, and usually obtuse at the summit, 2 3' in length, and 1 in 
 breadth, issuing with the stem from 2 3 radical, sheathing bracts. July. 
 
 7. O. INTEGRA. Nutt. (Habenaria. Spreng.) 
 
 St. leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; 
 . lip oblong, entire, longer than the petals ; spur subulate, longer than the ovary. 
 Swamps, N. J., Nuttall. A species very nearly allied to O. ciliaris, appa- 
 rently differing only in the flowers being smaller; and with the lip entire, not 
 fringed. Flowers orange-yellow. Jl. 
 
 3. HABENARIA. Lip dilated, variously divided. Glands of the pedi- 
 cels of the pollinia naked, distinct. 
 * Lip toothed or 3-parted, not fimbriaie. 
 
 8. O. FLAVA. (Habenaria herbiola. I3r. Platanthera. Lindl.) 
 
 St. leafy; lower Ivs. oblong, acute, upper lanceolate, acuminate; spike 
 rather dense, cylindric; bracts longer than the flowers; Up oblong, obtuse, den- 
 tate at base ; palate with 1 tuberculate tooth ; spur filiform, rather shorter than 
 the sessile ovary. A small-flowered orchis found in alluvial soil. Stem flexu- 
 ous, 12 18' high. Leaves about 3, with long sheaths, 3 6 or 7 by f 2', taper- 
 ing to an acute summit. Flowers in a long, thin spike. Sepals short, ovate, 
 green. Petals yellowish. Upper bracts about as long as the flowers, lower ones 
 2 or 3 times as long. The tubercle of the lip is a remarkable character. June. 
 
 9. O. VIRIDIS. Swtz. (O. bracteata. Muhl. Peristylusbracteatus. Lindl.) 
 St. leafy; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones acute; spike lax; bracts 2 3 
 
 times as long as the flowers ; sep. connivent, ovate ; pet. linear, erect ; lip linear- 
 cuneate, truncate, 3-toothed at the end, the middle tooth small or obsolete ; spur 
 
 short, inflated, obtuse. A small, green-flowered orchis, in shades. Stem 6 9' 
 
 high. Leaves about 3, 18 30"'by 6 12", upper bracts as short as the flower. 
 Spikes 2 3' long. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip as long as the ovary, 3 times 
 as long as the spur. Can. to Va. W. to 111. July, Aug. 
 
 10. O. TRIDENTATA. Willd. (Habenaria. Hook. Gymnadenia. Lindl.} 
 Radical If. solitary, oblong, obtuse, cauline 2 3, much smaller ; sep. cam- 
 
 panulate, obtuse, converging ; lip lanceolate, 3-toothed, at the extremity ; spur 
 filiform, curved, clavate, longer than the ovary. Grows in woods and swamps 
 Can., Mich., Penn., Va. Stem slender, 1 2f high, with small, greenish-white 
 flowers in a short and rather loose spike, appearing in July. 
 
534 CXL. ORCHIDACE^E. ORCHIS. 
 
 11. O. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Pursh. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.} 
 Lf. solitary, roundish-ovate; scape naked; spike few-flowered; bracts ob- 
 
 tuse, shorter than the ovary ; sep. and pet. obtuse ; lip 3-lobed, lateral, lobes sub- 
 falcate, middle one obcordate ; spur as long as the lip. Ct., Penn., Eaton, Can. 
 Scape about a foot high, slender, without a bract. Leaf 2 4' long, f as wide, 
 spotted, sheathing at base. Flowers about a dozen, of a greenish-white, remark- 
 able for their broad, 3 (almost 4)-lobed, pendant lip. 
 
 * * Lip fimbriate. Stem leafy. 
 
 12. O. CILIAEIS. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.} Yellow Fringed 
 Orchis. Lower Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; spike oblong, dense ; bracts shorter 
 
 than the ovary ; lip oblong-lanceolate, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the petals ; 
 spur longer than the ovary. A delicately beautiful orchis, with bright orange- 
 colored flowers, in swamps, Can. to Ga. and Ky., rare. Stem about 2f high. 
 Leaves sheathing at. base ; lower ones 3 5' long, rapidly diminishing upwards. 
 Sepals roundish, obtuse, concave. 2 petals linear, very small, incised at the 
 summit ; the lip narrow, lanceolate, conspicuously fringed, 4" long. Spur 1' 
 in length. July, Aug. 
 
 13. O. CRISTATA. Michx. (Habenaria. Brown. Platanthera. Lindl.) 
 Lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear; spike somewhat crowded, many-flow- 
 
 ered ; segments of the perianth rounded, the two lateral petals toothed, lip oblong, 
 pinnately ciliate, spur shorter than the ovary. Swamps, N. J., Penn. to Car. 
 A small species, distinguished from the foregoing by smaller and more crowded 
 flowers which are of a bright orange-yellow, and by its shorter spur, &c. Jn. Jl. 
 
 14. O. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS. Willd. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.) 
 White Fringed Orchis. Lower Ivs. lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong, 
 
 dense ; bracts linear, acuminate, shorter than the flowers ; lip lanceolate, 
 ciliate, as long as the upper sepal ; spur much longer than the long-beaked 
 ovary. A delicate orchis, in swamps, (N. Y. ! to Car.,) resembling the 
 last species, but distinguished at least, by the color of its flowers which are of 
 a pure white. Stem 1 2f high. Flowers fewer than in the last. Sepals round- 
 ish-oblong, lateral reflexed. Petals spatulate, dentate. Lip fringed in the mid- 
 dle, 2 X/ long. June, July. 
 
 15. O. FISSA. Willd. (Habenaria. 
 
 St. tall, leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear ; bracts nearly equaling the 
 ovary ; sep. roundish-ovate ; lateral petals denticulate ; lip ^parted, divisions 
 cuneiform, dentate, middle one 2-lobed ; spur filiform, clavare at end, curved. 
 Jonger than the ovary. Wet grounds and marshes, Penn. to Va., W. to Ind. ! 
 A truly beautiful species 2 4f high. Stem slightly winged. Leaves 4 & 
 long. Flowers violet-purple, large, 20 50, in a terminal spike. Ovary I 7 , and 
 spur li' long. June, July. 
 
 16'. O. LACERA. Michx. (O. -Psycodes. Spr. Habenaria. Ur. Platan- 
 
 thera. Lindl.) Ragged Orchis. Lower Ivs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones 
 narrow, acuminate ; bracts longer than the flowers ; sep. retuse ; pet. emargi- 
 nate; Up 3-parted, segments cuneate, capillaceous-multifid ; spur filiform, cla- 
 vate, as long as the oVary. Swamps and meadows, Can. to Car. Stem 1 2f 
 high, smooth, slender. Leaves few, 3 6' by \ 1', mostly acute. Flowers 
 numerous, in a long, loose spike, of a greenish- white, not showy. Sepals ovate. 
 Petals oblong-linear, entire, lip reflexed, very deeply laciniate. Readily dis- 
 tinguished from the following by its more slender habit, greenish flowers, and 
 the entire (not fringed) petals. July. 
 
 17. O. PYSCODES. (O. fimbriata. Br. Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. 
 
 Lindl.} Purple Fringed Orchis. Lower Ivs. lanceolate, diminishing up- 
 wards ; Up. 3-parted, scarcely longer than the petals, the segments cuneiform, 
 ciliate-fimbriate ; lateral pet. ovate, fimbriate-dentate ; spur filiform, clavate, 
 longer than the ovary. A beautiful plant, common in meadows, Can., N. Eng., 
 Mid. and W. States. Stem 1 2$f high, smooth, slender. Leaves 3 6' long. 
 Flowers showy, numerous, in a terminal, cylindric spike, light purple. Lip of 
 the nectary somewhat longer than the petals, its 3, fan-like, spreading segments, 
 as well as the petals, beautifully fringed. Spur an inch in length. July. 
 
POGONLU CXL. ORCHIDACE^E. 535 
 
 /?. (O. incisa. WUld.) Lateral petals subdentate, terminal one incisely den- 
 tate ; spur subulate. 
 
 18. O. LEUCOPH.KA. Nutt. Wkite-flow&red or Prairie Orchis. 
 
 St. leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to a narrow, obtuse point, channeled ; 
 bracts shorter than the ovaries ; roc. oblong ; sep. roundish-oblong, acutish ; 
 lateral petals obovate, denticulate ; lip 3-parted, flabelliform, segments deeply 
 fimbriate ; spur subulate-clavate, curved, twice as long as the ovary. Wet 
 prairies, Ohio, Ind. ! 111. Stem 1 3f high. Leaves 2 6' long. Raceme about 
 12-flowered. Sepals and spur yellowish, petals white. Ovary curved, I' long. 
 
 19. O. GRANDIFLORA. Bw. (Habenaria. Torr. Platanthera fimbriata. 
 Lindl.) Large-flowering Orchis. Lmver Ivs. oblong, oval, obtuse, upper 
 
 ones very narrow ; bracts shorter than the ovary; roc. oblong; lip dependent, 
 twice as long as the petals, 3-parted, the segments cuneiform and fimbriate, the 
 middle one largest, with connivent fimbriae ; lateral pet. fimbriate ; spur ascend- 
 ing, clavate, longer than the ovary. A superb plant, considered the most beau- 
 tiful of the genus, in wet meadows, JN". H. ! Can. Stem 2 3f high, thick, hol- 
 low, with several sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones, 4 7' 
 by 1 2', upper ones linear, an inch or two long. Flowers very large, purple, 
 in a terminal raceme, 3 6' long. Middle seg. of the lip nearly semicircular, 
 twice as long as the lateral ones. June. 
 
 SECTION 3. Pollen powdery, or consisting of loosely cohering 
 
 granules. 
 
 8. ARETHUSA. Swtz. 
 Arethu-sa was a fabulous nymph of Diana, who was transformed into a fountain. 
 
 Perianth with its segments cohering at base ; lip spurless, adnate 
 to the column at base, deflected at the end and bearded' inside ; pollen 
 angular. Small plants, inhabiting wet places. 
 A. BULBOSA. Bulbous Arethusa. 
 
 Leafless ; rt. producing a globular tuber ; scape sheathed, 1-flowered. 
 This beautiful and interesting plant is found only in wet meadows and swamps, 
 Can. to Va. Stern 6 12' high, invested with about 3, long, loose sheathes with 
 lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced into a short, linear- 
 spatulate leaf. At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower of a rich purple 
 color. A little below the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal 
 bracts. June. 
 
 9. POGONIA. Brown. 
 
 Gr. iraiyuv, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip. 
 
 Perianth with its leaflets distinct ; lip sessile or unguiculate, 
 cucullate. bearded inside ; pollen farinaceous. 
 
 1. P. opmoGLOssolDEs. Br. (Arethusa. Linn.) 
 
 Rt. fibrous ; st. furnished with an oval-lanceolate leaf and a foliaceous 
 bract near the flower ; lip fimbriate. An interesting plant, much taller than 
 the bulbous Arethusa, found in swamps and muddy shores, Can., N. Eng. to 
 Car. and Ky. The stem is very slender, 9 16' high, with 2 remote leaves, the 
 one placed about midway, 2 3' long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base; 
 the other (a bract 1) much smaller, situated near the flower. Flower large, 
 nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals and sepals (f '). June. 
 
 2. P. VERTICILLATA. Nutt. (Arethusa. Willd.) 
 
 Lvs. 5, oblong-lanceolate, verticillate ; fls. solitary, the 3 outer petals very 
 long, linear, inner ones shorter, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobes 
 undulate. Swamps. Stem 8 12' high, with a whorl of leaves near the top 
 and a flower 12' above it. Leaves !' long, J as wide, abruptly acuminate. 
 The flower is remarkable for its sepals being about 2' long, very narrow, and 
 of a greenish-brown color. Lip crested in the middle. July. 
 
 3. P. PENDULA. Lindl. (Triphora. Nutt. Arethusa. Willd.) 
 
 Rt. tuberous ; st. leafy, about 3-flowered at the top ; Ivs. clasping, ovate, 
 alternate ; fls. axillary, nodding ; Up entire, scabrous, not bearded ; fr. pendu- 
 
536 CXL. ORCHID ACE^E. GOODYERA. 
 
 lous. A small, delicate plant, in swamps, Mid. W. ! and S. States. Stem 
 scarcely 6' high, slightly angled, with about 3 flowers, which from their singu- 
 lar form suggest the common name. Leaves 3 6, f' long, as wide, 
 purplish. Flowers white or greenish, the segments of the perianth equal, con- 
 verging, and rather longer than the lip. Aug. 
 
 10. C A L O P G O N. Brown. 
 
 Gr. jcaAoj, beautiful, TrwywJ', beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip. 
 
 Segments of the perianth distinct ; lip on the upper side of the 
 flowers, unguiculate, bearded ; column free, winged at the summit ; 
 pollen angular. 
 
 C. PULCHELLUS. Br. (Cymbidium. Willd.} Grass Pink. 
 
 Rt. tuberous; If. radical, ensiform, veined; scape few-flowered ; lip erect, nar- 
 rowed at base, with an expanded border, and a concave, hairy disk. A truly beau- 
 tiful plant, in swamps and moist meadows,. U. S. and Can. Scape slender, 10 20' 
 high, furnished with a single, long leaf (8 12' by '), sheathing its base. Flow- 
 ers 3 8, large, purple, remarkable for their inverted position ; lip expanded 
 at the end and fimbriate on the upper side of the flower, while the column is 
 below. Petajs and sepals expanded. July. 
 
 11. SPIRANTHES. Rich. 
 
 Gr. erreipa, a cord; in reference to the twisted spike. 
 
 Flowers in a spiral spike ; petals connivent ; lip unguiculate, 
 parallel with the column, entire, with 2 callous processes at base ; 
 column free, clavate, bidentate at summit ; ovary oblique ; stigma 
 rostrate. 
 
 1. S. GRACILIS. Beck. (Neottia. Bw.} Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 Lvs. radical, ovate, caducous ; scape sheathed , fls. in a spiral row ; lip 
 obovate, curled. A very delicate plant, not uncommon in old woods, N. Eng., 
 Can. Scape leafless, with several remote, sheathing scales, very slender, and 
 8 12' high. Leaves 3 4, close to the ground, 1 2' long, J as wide, on short 
 petioles, mostly withering and falling away before the flowers expand. Flow- 
 ers small, white, arranged in a row which winds once or twice around the 
 stem. July. 
 
 2. S. TORTILIS. Sw. (Ophrys. MX. S. sestivalis. MX.) 
 
 Radical Ivs. linear; scape sheathed; fls. spirally secund; lip somewhat 3- 
 lobed, the middle lobe larger, crenulate. A plant mostly similar to the last, in 
 woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Car. Leaves 3 6' by 2 4" commonly dis- 
 appearing before flowering. Scape slender, a fool or more high, with a spiral 
 row of oblique, small, white flowers, forming a twisted spike 2 4 f long. July. 
 
 3. S. CERNUA. Rich. (Neottia. Willd.} 
 
 Lvs. radical, linear-lanceolate, veined; stem sheathed; spike dense; fls. re- 
 curved, drooping ; sep. and pet. cohering ; lip oblong, entire or crenulate, dilated 
 at the apex. In moist grounds, N. Eng. to Ga. Scape J lf high, rather 
 stout, pubescent above, with a dense, twisted spike at summit 1 2' long. Leaves 
 3 or more, nearly or quite radical, 38 or 10' long, 1' wide. Bracts ovate, 
 acuminate, as long as the greenish flowers. Aug. Oct. 
 
 12. GOODYERA. Brown. 
 
 Named for John Goodyer, an obscure English botanist. 
 
 Perianth ringent ; calyx herbaceous, upper sepal vaulted, the 2 
 lower ones beneath the saccate and entire lip ; column free, pollen 
 angular ; stigma prominent, roundish. 
 
 G. PUBESCENS. Br. RaUksnake Plantain. 
 
 Lvs. radical, ovate, petiolate, reticulate; scape sheathed, and with the 
 flowers, pubescent ; lip ovate, acuminate ; pet. ovate. A plant found in woods, 
 Can. and U. S. remarkably distinguished for its leaves which are all radical 
 
CYPHIPEDIUM. CXL. ORCHIDACE^E. 537 
 
 and of a dark green, reticulated above with white veins. They are ovate, 1 2' 
 in length, contracted at base into winged petioles scarcely half as long. Scape 
 erect, 6 12' high. Flowers white, in a terminal, oblong, cylindric spike. Lip 
 roundish, saccate, inflated. July, Aug. 
 
 (3. rcpcns. (G. repens. Br.') JLvs. less conspicuously reticulated ; spike some- 
 what unilateral. A reduced form of G. pubescens, certainly unworthy of being 
 exalted into a species. Stem 6 8' high. Flowers in one row, which is more 
 or less spiral. 
 
 13. LISTER A. Brown. 
 
 Named for Dr. Martin Lister, an English naturalist, died 1711. 
 
 Lip 2-lobed, pendant, with no callous processes ; column wingless, 
 minute ; anther fixed by its base, persistent. 
 
 1. L. CORDATA. Br. (Ophris. MX.} Tway-blade. 
 
 St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, deltoid-subcordate, acute ; roc. few-flow- 
 ered ; lip linear, 2-toothed at base, deeply bifid, with divaricate and acute seg- 
 ments ; column very short. Root fibrous. Stem 4 8' high, furrowed. Leaves 
 f diam., sessile, about half way up the stem. Flowers minute, greenish- 
 purple, 10 15, in a short raceme. A delicate little plant, in woods and sphag- 
 nous swamps, among mountains, &c., N. States and Brit. Am. July, Aug. 
 
 2. L. coNVALLARiolDEs. Nutt. (Epipactis. Sw.) 
 
 St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, roundish-ovate ; roc. few-flowered, loose, 
 pubescent; sep. ovate-lanceolate; lip oblong, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish 
 lobes and an intermediate minute one at the apex ; column elongated. Car. to 
 Arc. Am. Root fibrous. Stem very slender, 5 10' high, sheathed with a few 
 bracts bearing the 2 leaves near the middle. Leaves near an inch long, f as 
 wide. Flowers small, the broad, obcordate lip twice as long as the sepals. May. 
 
 SECTION 4. Lateral anthers fertile ; the middle one sterile and pe- 
 
 taloid. 
 
 14. CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 Gr. Kvtrpts, Venus, JTO&OV, a slipper; from the slipper-like form of the lip. 
 
 The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely, distinct ; lip 
 ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse ; column terminated by a peta- 
 loid lobe (barren stamen). Fls. large, very showy, distinguished for 
 the large, inflated lower petal or lip. 
 
 1. C. CANDIDUM. Willd. White-flowered- Ladies' -slipper. 
 
 St. leafy ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; fl. terminal, solitary ; sep. elliptic- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex ; pet. lance-linear, longer 
 than the compressed lip ; lobe of the style lanceolate, rather obtuse. Borders 
 
 in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May. 
 
 2. C. ACAULE. Ait. (C. humile. Sw. 7) Acaulescent Ladies' -slipper. 
 Scape leafless, 1-flowered ; Ivs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute ; 
 
 lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed ; pet. lanceolate ; 
 lip longer than the petals, cleft before. A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car. 
 to Arc. Am. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10 14' high, with a 
 single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals ' long, 
 the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip. 
 Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of the 
 flower. May, June. 
 
 3. C. PARVIFLORUM. Salisb. Yellmo Ladies' -slipper. 
 
 St. Leafy; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; lode of the column triangular- 
 oblong, acute ; sep. ovate, oblong, acuminate ; pet. long, linear, contorted ; lip 
 shorter than the petals, compressed. Woods and meadows, Newf. to Car. 
 Stems usually several from the same root, about a foot high. Leaves 36' 
 
538 CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE.E. AMARYLLIS. 
 
 by 23', veined, alternate, clasping, pubescent. Flower mostly solitary. Seg- 
 ments 4, greenish, with purple stripes and spots, the lower one bifid, composed 
 of 2 united sepals, the two lateral ones 23' by $', waved and twisted. Lip a 
 large, inflated sac, bright yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture 
 above. May, June. 
 
 /?. pubescent. Leaves lanceolate ; lobe of the column obtuse. The flowers 
 somewhat smaller. Meriden, N. EL 
 
 4. C. SPECTABILE. Sw. Showy Ladics'-slipper. 
 
 St. leafy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the column elliptic- 
 cordate, obtuse ; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. 
 A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick, 
 2 feet or more high, hairy-. Leaves 6 10' by 2 4', veined, plaited, hairy. 
 Flowers 2 3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2' 
 long, 1 broad; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals 
 completely united. July. 
 
 5. C. ARiETlNUM. Ait. (Arietinum Americanum. Beck.} JRam's-head. 
 St. leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, stri ate- veined ; sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not 
 
 united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate, acuminate; 2 lateral pet. 
 linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic.- In damp woods, Can., 
 Maine, Vt. Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8 12' high, lower part sheath- 
 ed. Leaves 35, 2 3' by J 1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, 
 with a leafy bract at base. Segments about equal in length, the upper one as 
 broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests 
 the name of this curious plant. May. 
 
 ORDER CXLYII. AMAEYLLIDACE^B. AMARYLLIDS. 
 
 Herbs, perennial. Leaves parallel- veined. 
 
 Fls. snowy, almost always either yellow or white, often on scapes and with spathaceous bracts. 
 
 Perianth mostly regular, adherent to the ovary, colored, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals. 
 
 Sta. 6, arising from the perianth segments. Anthers introrse. 
 
 Ova. 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled (sometimes l 2-ovuled). Style 1. Stig. 3-lobed. 
 
 Fr. a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 68, species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very few are 
 found in our climate. 
 
 Properties. A few of the Amaryllidaceas possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the 
 Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in the viscid juice of the 
 bulbs of Hffimanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and other species, are emetic. The 
 fermented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicating palqtie of the Mexicans. Many are highly orna- 
 mental, and are therefore cultivated. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Scape tall, with numerous flowers. ..... Agave. 4 
 
 C Corona 0. ( Scape bearing 35 small, yellow flowers Hypoxis. 5 
 
 < Corona of 3 emareinate segments Galanthus. 3 
 
 Flowers regular. ( Corona monophyllous. Narcissus 2 
 
 Flowers irregular. Stamens declined Amaryllis, l 
 
 1. AMARYLLIS. 
 
 Lat. Amaryllis, the name of a nymph, from afiapvcrffu, to shine with splendor. 
 
 Perianth irregular, funnel-shaped, nodding ; filaments declined, 
 arising from the orifice, unequal in proportion or direction ; seeds 
 flat, numerous. A splendid genus, with a few native and many 
 foreign species. 
 
 1. A. ATAMASCO. Atamasco Lily. 
 
 Spathe 2-cleft, acute ; /. pedicefled ; cor. campanulate, with nearly equal 
 petals, suberect. A pretty species found in Penn., south to Carolina, sometimes 
 cultivated. Leaves linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6' high. Spathe a little 
 colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, solitary, white and pink. Sepals 
 acuminate. June. 
 
 2. A. FORMOSISSIMA. Jacobea Lily. Lvs. radical ; fls. nodding, very ringent, 
 tube fringed ; sta. included in the involute lower segments. A splendid flower, 
 from Mexico, often grown with us in large pots of light, loamy soil. Root 
 bulbous. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, dis- 
 closing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn Aug. 
 
AGAVE. CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE^E. 539 
 
 .2. NARCISSUS. 
 Gr. vapKT), stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species which are poisonous. 
 
 Periantli regular ; corona monophyllous, funnel-form, consisting of 
 a whorl of united sterile stamens, within which the fertile ones are 
 inserted. 
 
 Obs. A well known, popular genus, whose species are easily cultivated, many of them very fragrant 
 and beautiful. They have bulbous roots, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow flowers, with a long, com- 
 pressed spathe, opening on one side, and deciduous. 
 
 1. N. JONQ.UILLA. Scape 1 3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatulate; cup 
 (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate. 
 Native of Spain. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a 
 few flowers of a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. 
 
 2. N. POETICUS. Poet's Narcissus. Scape 1-flowered ; segments imbricate at 
 base, reflexed ; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulate ; 3 anth. shorter than the 
 tube. Native of S. Europe. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same 
 length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown 
 singularly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. 
 
 3. N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, straight, striated ; seg- 
 ments sulphur color ; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice. Native of England. 
 Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scape a foot high, 
 bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona. 
 April, May. 
 
 4. N. TAZETTA. Spathe many-flowered ; corona campanulate, truncate, shorter 
 than the petals ; Ivs. flat. Native of Spain. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, 
 sword-shaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 1012 flowers. Corolla 
 white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May. 
 
 3. GALANTHUS. 
 
 Gr. yaXa, milk, ai/-&oj; on account of the delicate whiteness of the flower. 
 
 Flowers spathaceous ; sepals 3, concave ; corona formed of 3 small, 
 emarginate segments; stigma simple. Ornamental, bulbous exotics. 
 
 G. NIVALIS. Snow-drop. Lrs. linear, radical, keeled, acute ; scape 1-flowered. 
 Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in Spring. It is 
 a small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, 
 large, nodding flower white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, nar- 
 row leaves towards the top. 
 
 4. AGAVE. 
 
 Gr. ayavos, admirable ; a term eminently applicable. 
 
 Perianth tubular, funnel-form, adherent to the ovary, 6-parted ; sta- 
 mens 6, exserted ; anthers versatile ; capsule ovate, attenuate at each 
 end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, many-seeded. A splendid Ameri- 
 can genus. Root sometimes ligneous. Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly 
 radical, rigid, channeled, often spiny. Panicle large, pyramidal. 
 
 1. A. VIRGINICA. False Aloe. 
 
 Acaulescent, herbaceous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous, with car- 
 tilaginous serratures on the margin ; scape simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales 
 and sessile flowers. Rocky banks, Penn. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. 
 Scape 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicate above. Radical leaves long, 
 acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the acute seg- 
 ments. Capsule roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed, 3-valved, 3-celled. Sept. 
 2. A. AMERICANA. American Aloe. Century Plant. Acaulescent ; Ivs. spi- 
 nose-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy ; scape branched, lofty and arbo- 
 rescent; cor. tube contracted in the middle ; pedicel as long as the corolla. The 
 largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated. 
 It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known 
 to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical, 
 thick, 36 or 8f long, 4 12' wide. The scape arises from the centre of the 
 40 
 
540 CXLVIII. H^EMODORACE^E. LOPHIOLA. 
 
 mass of leaves, to the height of 15 25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle. Flowers 
 yellow. There is a variety with striped leaves. 
 
 5. HYPOXIS. 
 
 G-r. iirw, under, ovs, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fruit. 
 
 Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth persistent ; capsule elongated, narrowed 
 at the base ; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaceous in- 
 tegument. Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow flowers. Lvs. 
 radical, linear. 
 
 H. ERECTA. Star-grass. 
 
 Pilose ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves. 
 In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Leaves all radical, 6 12' by 3 5", 
 very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise 6 8'j 
 divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 5 peduncles having each a minute, 
 subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow 
 within ; segments oval, rather obtuse. June. 
 
 ORDER CXLVIII. HJEMODORACEJE. BLOODROOTS. 
 
 Herbs with fibrous, perennial roots and perfect flowers. 
 
 Lvs. permanent, ensiform, equitant, usually in 2 ranks. [cylindrical tube. 
 
 Perianth more or less woolly, adherent, the sepals and petals often indistinguishable, and united into a 
 
 Sta. arising from the perianth, either 3 and opposite the sepals, or 6. 
 
 Ova. 1 or 3-celled, cells 1, 2, or many-ovuled. Sty. and stig. simple. 
 
 Fr. Capsule covered with the withered perianth, valvular, seldom indehiscent. 
 
 Sds. definite or indefinite. Etnbryo short, straight, in cartilaginous albumen. 
 
 Genera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of 
 Lacnanthes tinctoria abounds in a red coloring matter. One of the most intense bitters known is Aletiis 
 farinosa. 
 
 Conspectus oftlie Genera. 
 
 (3 Lacnanthes. 1 
 
 < ^ Perianth woolly, 6-parted. Lophiola. 2 
 Stamens ( 6. ( Perianth mealy, 6-toothed. Aletris. 3 
 
 I. LACNANTHES. Elliot. 
 Gr. Aa^v/7, soft hair, av$os ; in allusion to the woolly corollas. 
 
 Perianth woolly, tube adherent ; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear 
 sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals ; stam. 3, equaling the 
 sepals, and opposite to them ; stig. minutely 2-lobed ; caps. 3-celled, 
 truncated, many-seeded. Lvs. lanceolate-linear. Fls. corymbose. 
 
 L. TINCTORIA. Ell. (Dilatris. Pursh.} Red-root. 
 
 Swamps and borders of ponds, R. L, Olneyl N. J. to Flor. An interest- 
 ing plant, with rush-like leaves. Stem erect, strict, 1824' high, clothed with 
 white wool above. Leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 3 4" wide and nearly as 
 high as the stem. Cauline leaves remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal, 
 close, 15 30-flowered. Flowers densely clothed with white wool outside, gla- 
 brous and yellow within. Anthers bright yellow. Jl. The root is said to be 
 employed in dyeing. 
 
 2. LOPHIOLA. Ker. 
 
 Gr. AOI//OS, a crest ; alluding to the crested petals. 
 
 Perianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent, woolly ; petals narrower 
 than the sepals, somewhat interior ; sta. 6 ; filament naked ; anthers 
 erect ; style conical, 3-partible ; stigma simple ; capsule opening at 
 the summit, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Lvs. ensiform. Fls. 
 corymbose. 
 
 L. AMERICANA. Wood. (L. aurea. Ker. Conostyles. J5r.) Golden Crest- 
 
 flower. Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. Stem 1 2f high, erect, 
 
 hoary-tomentose when young. Leaves glaucous, narrowly linear, two-edged, 
 
 glabrous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally 
 
 much expanded, many-flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, segments 
 
IRIS. CXLIX. IRIDACE.E. 541 
 
 reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising 
 from the centre of each valve. Seeds white. July, Aug. 
 
 3. ALETRIS. 
 
 G}'. (aActi'p) aAaarpoj, meal; from the powdery dust with which the plant is covered. 
 
 Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugose, persistent ; stamens issuing at the 
 top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible ; capsule opening at top, 
 many-seeded. Lvs. radical^ rosulate. Scape many-flowered. 
 
 1. A. FARINOSA. ("A. alba. MX.} Star-grass. Colic Root. 
 
 Lies, broad-lanceolate ; fls. oblong-tubular, pedicelled ; perianth in fruit 
 rugose or mealy in appearance. Grows in low grounds, in most of the States. 
 Root premorse, intensely bitter. Scape 20 30' high, with remote scales or 
 bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These 
 are 3 4' long, j as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long, 
 thin raceme. Perianth white. ' long, on very short pedicels, rugose without 
 when old. Medicinal. July. 
 
 2. A. AUREA. Walt. Yellow^ Aletris. 
 
 Lvs. lanceolate ; fls. subsessile ; perianth short, tubular-campanulate, yel- 
 low, finally rugose and very scabrous. In the pine barrens of N. J. to Car., 
 abundant. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Torrey. Scape 2 3f high, 
 with few, yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Leaves all radical. Jl., Aug. 
 
 ORDER CXLIX. IRIDACEJE. IRIDS. 
 
 Herbs perennial, arising from bulbs, corms or rhizomas, rarely from fibrous roots. 
 
 Lvs. equitant, mostly distichous. Fls. with spathaceous bracts. 
 
 Per. Tube adherent to the ovary, limb 6 parted, colored, in 2 often unequal series. 
 
 Sta. 3, alternate with the 3 petals. Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. 
 
 Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style i. Stigmas 3, dilated or petaloid. [albumen. 
 
 JFV. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous, with hardened, fleshy 
 
 Genera 53, species 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe or N. Amer. 
 
 Properties More remarkable for their beauty than their utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Iris 
 tuberosa. The aromatic orris root is the dried rhizoma of Iris florentina of 3. Europe. Saffron consist* 
 of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 Stamens distinct. Iris. 1 
 
 Petals smaller than the sepals. Stamens united. 
 
 $ Tube short. 
 
 $ suberect. ( Tube very long. 
 
 regular. I Petals and sepals subequal, spreading.flat. Tube short. 
 Flowers ( irregular. Seeds winged 
 
 Tigridia. 4 
 Lcia. 2 
 
 Crocus. 6 
 
 Sisyrinctiium. 5 
 Gladiolus. 3 
 
 1. IRIS. 
 
 Named from the Greek, signifying rainbow; on account of the varied color of the flowers. 
 
 Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals ; stamens dis- 
 tinct ; style short or ; stigmas petaloid, covering the stamens. 
 Lvs. mostly ensiform. 
 
 1. I. VERSICOLOR. Blue Flag. 
 
 St. terete, flexuous ; Ivs. ensiform ; fls. beardless ; ova. triangular, with 
 concave sides and roundish angles. Grows in wet grounds, (U. S. and Can.,) 
 where its large, blue flowers are conspicuous among the grass. Rhizoma large, 
 horizontal, acrid. Stem 2 3f high, acute on one side, often branched and bear- 
 ing several flowers. Leaves a foot long, \ 1' wide, erect, sheathing at base. 
 Sepals spatulate, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, 
 with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style 
 short, bearing 3 petaloid stigmas which are reflexed and bifid at the end, purple 
 or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong ; seeds flat. June. 
 
 0. sulcata ( Torr.} St. nearly straight ; pet. longer than the stigmas ; angles 
 of tfue ovary sulcate. 
 
 2. I. FRisMATiCA. Pursh. (I. Virginica. Torr.) Boston Iris. 
 
 St. round, slender, few-flowered ; Ivs. linear, long ; fls. beardless ; ova. tri- 
 angular, the side doubly grooved. In similar situations with the last, readily 
 
542 CXLIX. IRIDACE^E. TIGRIDIA. 
 
 distinguished by its very slender habit. Mass. ! to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem 
 smooth, 1 2" in cliam., 1 2f high, branching at top and bearing 2 6 flowers. 
 Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves -few, alternate, grass- 
 like, 6 10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple. 
 Petals linear-lanceolate. June. 
 
 3. I. LACUSTRTS. Nutt. 
 
 Lvs. ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scape ; seg. 
 of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, emarginate, the sepals scarcely crested ; 
 caps, turbinate, 3-sided, margined. Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw, 
 Nuttall. Roots extensively creeping. Leaves 2 5' by 3 4", those of the scape 
 bract-like. Scape 1 2' high. Flowers pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn. 
 
 4. I. SAMBUCINA. Flower-de-lAice. Fr., Fleur-de-lis. St. many-flowered, longer 
 than the leaves ; segments of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat ; Ivs. bent 
 inwards at ihe point ; spathe membranaceous at the apex ; fls. beardless, lower 
 ones pedunculate ; stig. with acute, serrate divisions. Native of the South of 
 Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light 
 blue, often fading to white. May. f 
 
 5. I. FUMILA. Dwarf Iris. Scape very short (3 6'), 1-flowered ; spatke 
 shorter than the tube j sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals. A small 
 species from Hungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Leaves numerous, 
 broad-ensiform, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, appearingin early spring.-f 
 
 6. 1. OCHROLEUCA. Beardless ; Ivs. ensiform, depressed, striate ; scape subte- 
 rete ; ova. 6-angled. A tall species from Levant. Stem 3 4f high. Flowers 
 ochroleucous or sulphur-yellow. July, f 
 
 7. I. CHINENSIS. China Iris. Scape compressed, many-flowered ; stigmas 
 lacerated. A small species from China. Flowers elegantly striped. A few 
 other species are rarely cultivated in gardens, f 
 
 2. IX I A. 
 CrT. t|os, sticky ; alluding to the glutinous juice of some species. 
 
 Spathe of 2 or 3, ovate, short bracts ; petals and sepals distinct or 
 slightly united, similar, regular ; sta. 3 ; filaments filiform ; stigma 
 straight or incurved, fixed by the base, subfiliform. 
 
 1. CHINENSIS. St. terete, flexuous, leafy; Ivs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing; 
 panicle somewhat dichotomous and corymbose ; perianth campanulate, segments 
 6, lance-linear. Native of S. Africa, frequent in gardens, Western and South- 
 ern States. Whole plant smooth, 3 5f high. Leaves erect, tapering to an 
 acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red inside, about \' long. Jl., Aug. -f 
 
 3. GLADIOLUS. 
 
 Lat. gladius, a sword ; in reference to the form of the leaves. 
 
 Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth irregular ; stamens distinct, ascending ; 
 stigmas 3 ; seeds winged. A large genus of bulbous plants^ with large 
 and showy flowers. None native. 
 
 G. COMMUNIS. Spike unilateral ; upper segment of the perianth covered by the 
 lateral ones. 3 lower marked by a white, linear-lanceolate spot, lowest very 
 large. A fine border flower, from S. Europe. Stem 2 3f high, with the flow- 
 ers arranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. Perianth large, deep red, 
 variegated with white. Its colors are liable to considerable variation. Jl. -f 
 
 4. TIGRIDIA. 
 
 Name in reference to the large spotted flowers. 
 
 Spathe 2-leaved ; the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals ; stamens 
 monadelphous ; filaments united into a long tube. 
 
 T. PAVONIA. Tiger Flower. St. simple, flexuous; Ivs. ensiform, veined; 
 segments flat ; pet. panduriform. A superb, bulbous plant, with large, beautiful 
 flowers, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2f high or more, erect, round, leafy, 
 somewhat branched. Leaves erect, smooth, a foot long. Flower inodorous, 
 
DIOSCOREA. CL. DIOSCOREACE^. 543 
 
 5 6' broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very 
 evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several 
 weeks. It ripens seeds, from which, or from offsets, it may be increased. Jl. Sept.f 
 
 5. SISYRINCHIUM. 
 
 Gr. avs, a hog, and pvyx s > a snout; alluding to the singular spathe. 
 
 Spathe 2-leaved ; segments of the perianth flat, equal ; stamens 
 monadelphous ; stigma 3-cleft. "A- Grass-like plants, with compressed, 
 ancipital scapes. 
 
 1. S. ANCEPS. (S. gramineum. Lam.} Blue-eyed Grass. 
 
 Scape simple, winged; valves of the spathe unequal, the longer scarcely 
 equaling the flowers; pet. mucronate. A delicate little plant, with blue flowers, 
 common in low grass-lands, Can. and U. S. Stem or scape 10 12' high, so 
 winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear, 
 about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2 5-flowered, the longer 
 valve acuminate. Flowers purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little 
 broader than the petals, spreading. Capsules globose. Jn. Jl. 
 2. S. MUCRONATUM. Michx. Blue-eyed Grass. 
 
 Scape simple, subsetaceous ; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the 
 flowers, ending in a long, mucronate point. Middle States, W. to Ky. Found 
 in wet meadows, where the grass is not luxuriant. ' Leaves radical, a line wide. 
 Scape 6 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe of 2 very 
 unequal valves, 3 4-flowered, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in 
 the preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn. 
 
 6. CROCUS. 
 
 Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower. 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a long and 
 slender tube ; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. Spathe radical, 1 2- 
 leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite ses- 
 sile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground 
 by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 
 
 1. C. SATIVUS. Saffron. Lvs. linear, revolute at the margins; stig. 3-parted, 
 as long as the corolla, reflexed. From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical, 
 with a longitudinal, white furrow above. -Flower nearly or quite sessile on the 
 bulb, with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, 
 emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and 
 coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. A variety, perhaps the 
 most common, has yellow perianths. 
 
 2. C. VERNUS. Spring Crocus. Stig. included within the flower, with 3, 
 short, wedge-shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Stem bulbous. Scape an 
 inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yel- 
 low or white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the 
 mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube. 
 Anthers yellow, sagittate. Flowers in March or April. The Crocus is propa- 
 gated in gardens chiefly by bulbs, j- 
 
 ORDER CL. DIOSCOREACEJE. YAM ROOTS. 
 
 Shmbs, twining. Lvs. usually alternate and reticulate-veined. 
 
 Fls dioecious Perianth tube adherent to the ovary ; segments ot limb 6, in 2 series. 
 
 Sterile. Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. 
 
 fertile.. Ova. 3-celled. cells i 2-ovuled. Style* and stigmas nearly distinct. 
 
 jy .capsule 3-winged, compressed, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. 
 
 Stis. flat, compressed. Embryo small, in cartilaginous albumen. 
 
 Genera 6, species 110. The only remarkable or useful product of this order is yams, an important article 
 of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea saliva, &c. 
 
 DIOSCOREA. 
 
 In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek Physician and florist of about the reign of Nero. 
 
 Flowers & 9: styles of the fertile flowers 3 ; cells of the capsule 
 46* 
 
544 CLI. SMIL ACE jE. SMILAX. 
 
 2-seeded ; seeds membranaceously margined. Slender, shrubby 
 climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or 
 palmately divided. Fls. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or 
 panicles. 
 
 D. VILLOSA. (D. quaternata. Ph.} Yarn Root. 
 
 L/vs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9 11-veined, the margin entire or 
 wavy, lower surface villose with short, soft hairs, upper surface glabrous ; 
 petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat verticillate in 4s, the next subopposite, 
 the middle and upper alternate ; tf plant with the spikes paniculate, 9 with the 
 spikes simple. A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, TJ. S. and Can., 
 rare in N. Eng. Stem woolly, smooth, reddish-brown, 1 2" diam., 5 10 
 15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 4' long, f as wide, dis- 
 tinctly cordate and acuminate. The two outside veins in some of the leaves 
 meet a little above the base, in others at the base a character of no value. 
 Petioles 2 1' long. Peduncles axillary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost 
 as broad as long. June, July. 
 
 /?. Iceviuscula. Wood. (D. quaternata. Pursh.} L/vs. smooth both sides, mar- 
 gin slightly wavy ; otherwise indistinguishable from variety a. 
 
 ORDER CLI. ' SMILACE^E. SARSAPARILLAS. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. reticulate-veined. 
 
 Fls. dioecious or perfect. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. 
 
 Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the segments. 
 
 Ova. 3-celled ; cells l or many-seeded. 
 
 Fr. Berry roundish, few or many-seeded. Seeds with cartilaginous albumen. 
 
 Genera 2, species 120, thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and demulcent sarsa- 
 paril/as are the roots of several chiefly S. American species of Smilax. 
 
 SMILAX. 
 
 GT. (r^uAj/, a grater ; the stems of some species are rough with prickles. 
 
 Flowers cT 9 ; perianth broad-campanulate. c? Anthers adnate. 
 9 Style minute ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, 1 3-seeded. % or 
 shrubby, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils^ often prickly. Lvs. entire, 
 petiolate, palmately veined. Fls. umbellate. 
 
 * Stem shrubby and prickly. 
 
 \. S. ROTUNDIFOLIA (and caduca. Linn. S. quadrangularis. Ph.} 
 St. terete or sub-4-sided, flexuous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing; Ivs. short- 
 petiolate, roundish-ovate, acuminate, snbcordate, a little paler and glaucous 
 beneath, 5 7- veined, glabrous ; ped. axillary, solitary, many-flowered, longer 
 than the petioles ; berries black, glaucous. A strong, thorny vine, extending 
 10 40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem woody, smooth, except 
 the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Leaves 
 23' by 1} 3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the top of 
 the wings of the petioles. Flowers small, greenish, in small, axillary umbels. 
 Berries round, black. June. 
 
 /3. caduca,. ' Smaller, with ovate leaves shorter than the peduncles. 
 
 y. quadrangularis. St. unarmed above, obtusely 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate. 
 
 2. S, SARSAPARILLA. Medicinal Sarsaparilla. 
 
 11 St. slightly 4-angled, aculeate above; Ivs. unarmed, elliptical-ovate, 
 cuspidate, abrupt, 3-veined, glaucous beneath; ped. longer than the short peti- 
 oles." In swampy thickets, Penn. to Car. Pursh. Root long, slender, with a 
 thick bark brown externally, white within. Stem stout, somewhat flexuous, 
 armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Leaves finally nearly orbicular, 
 2 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 strong veins and 2 lateral 
 smaller secondary ones. Petioles short, margined, with 2 tendrils. Flowers 
 in small, thin umbels, yellowish-white. Berries (red, Woodville, black, Pursh.} 
 3-seeded. 
 
 3. S. LAURIFOLIA. Laurel-leaved Green Brier. 
 
 St. aculeate, terete, branches unarmed; Ivs. coriaceous, oval-lanceolate, 
 
TRILLIUM. CLII. TRILLIACE^E. 545 
 
 slightly acuminate, 3-veined; umbels on very short peduncles, which are 
 arranged alternately on a common rachis. N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, evergreen 
 climber, ascending trees to a great height. Stem with few scattered prickles. 
 Leaves numerous, very thick and smooth. Raceme of umbels longer than the 
 leaves, peduncles shorter than the ultimate pedicels. Jn. Aug. 
 
 4. S. PANDURATUS. Pursh. (S. tamnoides. Ell.) 
 
 St. branched, terete, aculeate ; Ivs. ovate, somewhat pandurifonn, acumi- 
 nate, cordate, 3-veined ; ped. twice as long as the petioles ; umbel many-flow- 
 ered ; berries black. In sandy woods, N. J. to Car. Stem twining, 6 12f. 
 Leaves smooth and shining both sides, with shallow depressions or sinuses on 
 each edge. July. 
 
 * Stems shrubby, unarmed. 
 
 5. S. PSEUDO-CHINA. 
 
 St. terete, unarmed ; caidine Ivs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-oblong, 
 all 5- veined, on short petioles; ped. very long. Sandy woods, N. J. to 
 Car., W. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous. Stem purplish-brown, very smooth, 
 branching and climbing by tendrils which arise from the base of the petioles. 
 Leaves 24' by 1 2', slightly hispid on the veinlets beneath. Peduncles lon- 
 ger than the leaves. May, Jn. 
 
 * * * Stem herbaceous. 
 
 6. S. HERBACEA. (S. pedunculata. Muhl.} 
 
 St. herbaceous, unarmed, angular, erect, or inclining ; Ivs. ovate, 79- 
 veined, cuspidate; umbels on long peduncles. A coarse, smooth, ill-scented 
 plant, in thickets and low grounds, N. Eng. to Ky. and Wise. ! Stem slightly 
 angled, 3 6 or 8f high, usually nodding with its slender summit and few small 
 branches, and leaning on other plants or on each other. Leaves 2 4' by 1J 3, 
 often roundish, paler beneath, the petioles winged at base and producing a long, 
 slender tendril from the top of each wing. Fertile umbels simple, about 40- 
 flowered, on peduncles 6 8' long, those of the sterile umbels shorter. Flowers 
 yellowish-green, diffusing about the plant an intolerably offensive and sicken- 
 ing odor. Berries dark blue. Jn. 
 /?. St. more generally climbing by its tendrils ; Ivs. broadly ovate, subcordate. 
 
 7. S. LASIONEURON. Hook. 
 
 St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed ; Ivs. oblong, broadly ovate, cor- 
 date, rounded and mucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hispid-pubescent 
 on the veinlets beneath, glabrous and green above ; ped. a little longer than the 
 petioles, many-flowered; tendrils from the base of the petioles. Green Co., 
 Ind. ! also Can. Stem 3 6f high. Peduncle much shorter than the leaves, 
 which are often about 4' by 3'. v 
 
 ORDER CLII. TKILLIACEJE. TRILLIADS. 
 
 Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves. 
 
 Fls. 'large, terminal, solitary r perfect, trimerous, rarely tetramerous. 
 
 Cal. Sepals 3, green or herbaceous. Cor. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, colored or herbaceous. 
 
 Sta. 610. Fit. subulate. Anth. linear, with cells on their edges and the connectile extended. 
 
 Ova. free, 3 5-celled. Sty. distinct. Stig: small. Ovu'es 00, in 2 rows, ascending. 
 
 Fr. succulent, 3 5-celled. Sds. 00. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 4, species 30, in woodlands, temperate parts of Europe, Asia and N. America. The roots of 
 some species are emetic. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 $ in one whorl. Trillium. 1 
 Leaves { in two whorls. Medeola. 2 
 
 TRILLIUM. Miller. 
 
 Lat. trilix, triple ; because the sepals, petals, carpels, cells, stigmas and leaves are in 3s. 
 
 Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, 
 inner of 3 colored petals ; stamens nearly equal ; stigmas sessile, 
 distinct or approximate ; berry 3-celled ; cells many-seeded. ^ 
 Stem simple. ' Lvs. 3, ivhorled at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmate- 
 veined. Fls. solitary^ terminal. 
 
546 CLII. TRILLIACE.E. TRILLIUM. 
 
 1. T. SESSILE. Sessile-flowered Trillium. 
 
 Los. broad-ovate or suborbicular, rather acute, sessile ; fl. closely sessile, 
 erect; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute; pet. linear-lanceolate, 
 purple, a third longer than the sepals ; anth. long, erect. A small species in 
 fertile soils, Middle, Western (dark ! Plummer /) and Southern States. Rhi- 
 zoma horizontal, thick. Stem b 8' high, slender. Leaves rather thick, 1 2' 
 by 1 2', smooth and entire. Sepals green, about 8" by 3", the petals narrower 
 and much longer, dark purple. Apr. May. 
 
 2. T. RECURVATUM. Beck. 
 
 Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiole, acute ; fl. closely sessile ; 
 pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the recurved 
 sepals. A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady 
 woods, Wis., Lapham ! 111., Jenney! Mo., Beck. Stem 8 10' high, rather thick. 
 Leaves 2 2j' by 1 2', with distinct, short petioles. Petals purple, and with 
 the green, reflexed sepals about 1' long. May. 
 
 3. T. ERYTHROCARPUM. Michx. (T. pictum. Ph.} Smiling Wake-robin. 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petioled ; ped. erect ; pet. 
 
 lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals. Can. to Ga. A beauti- 
 ful flower, adorning our woods in May and June. Stem 8 12' high, with a 
 whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3- veined, rounded at base, long 
 acuminate, 3 4' long, as wide, petiole 2 3" long. Flower nearly erect. 
 Petals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The 
 root is considered medicinal. 
 
 /?. Cleavelandicum. Wood. (T. Cleavelandicum. Swallow .') -Sep. developed 
 into leaves, which are but little smaller than the true leaves; pet. 6, the 3 outer 
 but partly colored. Otherwise as in a. Brunswick, Me. ! This is probably a 
 metamorphosis ; but Mr. S. has gathered it three years in succession, and also 
 finds it thus far unaltered when cultivated from the root. Its claims to the 
 rank of a species must be tested by plants reared from the seeds. ( Dr. T. 
 Richard comm.) 
 
 4. T. PUSILLUM. Michx. (T. pumilum. Ph.} 
 
 Lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile ; ped. erect ; pet. scarcely longer than the 
 calyx. Penn., Muhlenberg. A very small species. Petals flesh-colored. This 
 plant appears to be lost to the later botanists. 
 
 5. T. NIVALE. Riddell. Snowy Trillium. 
 
 Rt. tuberous, premorse ; st. low ; Ivs. ovate or oval, rather obtuse, distinctly 
 and abruptly petiolate; /. short, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulate-obovate, 
 obtuse, white, one-third longer than the calyx. The smallest species here 
 described, in stony or dry fields, Ohio, Clark! Wis., Lapham! Stem 2 4' high, 
 from a thick, tuberous root. Leaves 8 18" by 5 12", petioles 2 4", about 
 equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals 
 which are about 8" by 4". Mar. Apr. 
 
 6. T. PENDULUM. Muhl. (T. cernuum. Dart., Ph.,'fyc.} Drooping Tril- 
 lium. Lvs. suborbicular-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, shortly petio- 
 
 liate ; fl. cernuous, on a recurved peduncle. A large species, with a small 
 flower, Mid. and W. States ! Stem slender, 10 15' high. Leaves 3 5' diam., 
 nearly round, on petioles 1" long. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves. 
 Peduncle 1 2' long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1' long. 
 Petals oblong-ovate, acute, 1%' by J', white. Stigmas erect, recurved at top, 
 lower part styloid (or styles 3, erect, with recurved stigmas !). May, Jn. 
 
 7.. T. ERECTUM. (T. atropurpureum. Curt.} Bath Flower. 
 
 Lvs. rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile; ped. inclining; fl. nodding; pet. 
 scarcely longer, but much broader than the sepals. A conspicuous plant in 
 woods, of fine appearance, but of an intolerably offensive odor. At the top of 
 the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-veined, 3 5' 
 long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly erect peduncle. 
 Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as the sepals and of a dusky 
 purple, greenish outside. May. 
 
TULIPA. CLIII. LILIACE^. 547 
 
 #. Fls. white and much smaller. N. Y., &c. 
 
 y. Ms. white and somewhat larger. Western States ! 
 
 8. T. GRANDIFLORUM. Salisb. Large-flowering Trillium. 
 Lvs. broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acuminate ; ped. inclined ; 
 fl. suberect ; pet. much longer than the calyx, spatulate-oblanceolate, connivent 
 at base. Damp, rocky woods, Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. Stem 8 12' 
 high. Leaves 3 5' diam. Flower larger than in any of the preceding species. 
 Petals 1 2' in length, broadest near the apex, with a short, abrupt acumina- 
 tion, white, varying to rose-colored. May. 
 
 2. MEDEOLA. 
 Named after the fabulous sorceress, Medea, for its supposed medicinal virtues. 
 
 Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments ; stig- 
 mas 3. divaricate, united at base; berry 3-celled ; cells 3 6-seecled. 
 Stem simple. 
 
 M. VIRGIXICA. (Gyromia. Nutt.} Cucumber Root. 
 
 Lvs. verticillate in the middle of the stem, 3 at the top. None can but 
 admire the symmetry of its form. Rhizoma white, fleshy, tuberous, thought to 
 resemble the cucumber in flavor. Stem erect, 1 2f high, invested with loose, 
 cottony wool. Leaves in two whorls, one just above the middle of the stem, 
 consisting of 6 8 wedge-lanceolate leaves (3 4' by 9 12") ; the other at the 
 top, of about 3 ovate, shorter ones. Flowers in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pen- 
 dulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed, 
 dark red. July. 
 
 ORDER CLIII. LILIACEJE. LILYWORTS. 
 
 Herbs with parallel- veined leaves. Stems often bulbous or tuberous at base. 
 
 Fls. perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored. 
 
 Perianth free from ovary, of 6 segments (rarely 4), colored. 
 
 Sta. 6 (rarely 4), inserted into the sepals and petals. Anthers introrse. 
 
 Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style? united into 1. Stigma often 3-lobed. 
 
 Fr. capsular or fleshy, with several or manyseeds in each cell. 
 
 Sds Albumen fleshy. 
 
 Genera 133, species 1200, chiefly natives of temperate regions. The flowers of most are beautiful, of 
 many brilliant, and of some truly splendid. 
 
 Properties. The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant principle and also in mucilage. Some of the 
 bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the asparagus, onion, garlic. The well known active medi- 
 cine, squills, is the bulb of Scilla maritima, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal aloes, are the 
 product of several species of Aloe. The powerful astringent, dragon's blood, is the concentrated juice of 
 Dracaena Draco of the Canary Isles. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 * Segments of the perianth scarcely cohering in a tube. 
 
 \ erect. 
 
 < solitary. I drooping, 
 on a scape, . . ( umbellate, &c. 
 
 \ Petals with a grooved line. . 
 Fls. campanulate, ( on a leafy stem. ( Petals with a honey cavity at base 
 
 (, Leaves broad, cauline 
 i Valves 0. ? Leaves linear, radical. 
 ! Valves 6, bearing the stamens. 
 
 f ra 
 < c 
 
 Branches [ < corymbose, pedicels bracted n,. ucu^. 
 
 or leafless. I Fls. subrotate, . . ( umbellate, from a leafy spathe. 
 
 Sepals and petals recurved. Seeds few. 
 Branches i Leaves ovate, &c. I Sepals and petals erect. Seeds many. 
 
 Tulipa. i 
 
 Erythronium. 4 
 
 Convallaria. 12 
 
 Lilmm. 2 
 
 Fritillaria. 3 
 
 Convallaria. 12 
 
 Phalangium. 11 
 
 Asphodelus. 10 
 
 Ornithogalum. 8 
 
 Allnim. 7 
 
 Streptopus. 15 
 
 Uvularia. 14 
 
 leafy. . . \ Leaves filiform, fasciculate. Asparagus. 16 
 
 * * Segments of the perianth cohering into a tube at base. 
 
 (Stamens inserted at the top of the incurved tube Polyanthes. 6 
 
 Flowers < Stamens inserted in i he middle of the tube Hyacinthus. 9 
 
 on a scape. ( Stamens inserted at base of tube, declined Hemerocallw. S 
 
 Flowers axillary on a leafy stem ; Polygonatum. 13 
 
 TRIBE 1. TULIP ACE JE. Bulbous. Sepals and petals scarcely adhering 
 in a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and pale. 
 
 1. TULlPA. 
 
 Persian thouliban, a turban ; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. 
 
 Perianth campanulate ; stamens short, subulate ; anthers 4-angled ; 
 stigma thick ; capsule oblong, triangular. ^ Lvs. radical, Flower 
 
548 CLI1I. LILIACE^. LILIUM. 
 
 solitary, on a scape. The species are chiefly oriental. Only 2 are 
 generally cultivated. 
 
 1. T. GESNERIANA. Common Tulip. Scape 1-flowered, smooth; Ivs. ovate- 
 lanceolate ; fl. erect, segments obtuse, smooth. Named for Gesner, a Zurich 
 botanist. It appears to have been introduced into Europe from Persia in 1559. 
 Its varieties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a 
 rich soil, and afterwards transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. After a 
 few years, the flowers become broken or variegated with colors in that exqui- 
 site manner so much admired. In catalogues there are enumerated and describ- 
 ed more than 700 varieties. May. 
 
 2. T. SUAVEOLENS, vulgo, Van Thol, differs from T. Gesnerialia, in having a 
 pubescent scape and fragrant flowers. It is moreover much smaller, and blos- 
 som* earlier. 
 
 2. LILIUM. 
 
 Or. Xsipov, Celtic, U, white ; one species is the emblem of purity. 
 
 Perianth campanulate, segments mostly recurved, each with a lon- 
 gitudinal groove within, from the middle to the base ; stam. shorter 
 than the style ; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with lat- 
 ticed hairs. % Herbs, with bulbous and leafy stems. Lvs. sessile, 
 alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal. 
 
 1. L. CANADENSE. Yellow Lily. 
 
 Lvs. most verticillate, lanceolate, the veins hairy beneath ; ped. terminal, 
 elongated, usually by 3s ; fl. nodding, the segments spreading, never revolute. 
 Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in 
 summer. The root affords a fine example of the scaly bulb. Stem round, 
 2 4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4 6 
 leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2 3' by 1'. 
 Flowers 1 3, sometimes 7 20, pendulous, yellow or orange-colored, spotted 
 with dark purple inside. July. 
 
 2. L. SUPERBUM. Superb Lily. Turk's Cap. 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous, lower ones verticil- 
 xate, upper ones scattered ; fls. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments 
 revolute. Can., Mid. and W. States ! Few cultivated plants are more orna- 
 mental than this inhabitant of prairies and meadows. Root bearing a white, 
 squamose bulb. Stem erect, round, straight, 4 6f high. Leaves 2 3"' by 
 4_9". Flowers 3 20 or more, of a bright orange color with purple spots. 
 Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully revolute. Very dis- 
 tinct, at least in appearance, from the foregoing. July. 
 
 3. L. PHILADELPHICUM. (L. Catesbaei. Walt. ?) 
 
 Lvs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 1 -veined, upper verticillate, lower 
 generally scattered ; fls. subsolitary, campanulate, terminal, erect ; pet. and sep. 
 lance-ovate, unguiculate. Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An 
 elegant and showy plant, 15 20' high. Stem terete, smooth, simple. Leaves 
 2 3' by 3 5", sessile, smooth, only the midvein often conspicuous, collected 
 into 1,2 or 3 or more whorls of about 5, with the lower scattered. Flowers 
 usually solitary, rarely 2 4 and umbellate. Sepals and petals lance-ovate 
 (the latter broadest) deep orange-color, spotted at base, 2' long, standing apart 
 on long claws. June. 
 
 4. L. CANDIDUM. White Lily. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the 
 base ; ft. campanulate, smooth inside. Native of Levant. It has a thick stem 
 4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snow-white flowers, which have 
 long been regarded as the emblems of whiteness and purity. Jl. f 
 
 5. L. BULBIFERUM. Orange Lily. Lvs. scattered, 3-veined ; fls. campanulate, 
 erect, rough within. Native of Italy. Stem thick, round, 4f high, bearing 
 small, roundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, 
 orange-colored, resembling in form those of L. candidum, but are scabrous* 
 within. July, f 
 
HEMEROCALLIS. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 549 
 
 6. L. JAPONICUM. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate ; fls. cernuous, campanulate. 
 Native of China. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower 
 is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high, -f 
 
 7. L. TiGRlNUM. Tiger-spotted Lily. Lvs. scattered, sessile, 3-veined, the 
 upper cordate-ovate ; perianth revolute, papillose inside. Native of China, 
 very common in cultivation. Stem 6f high, with a pyramid of dark orange- 
 colored, spotted flowers. Axils of leaves bulbiferous. Aug. f 
 
 3. FRITILLARIA. 
 
 Lat. fritillus, a chess-board ; alluding to the checkered petals. 
 
 Perianth campanulate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity 
 above the claw of each segment ; stamens as long as the petals. '4 
 
 1. F. IMPERIALTS. Crown Imperial. Rac. comose, naked below ; Its. entire. 
 Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 
 3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves ; the upper 
 part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, 
 nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves 
 at the base of each pedicel. May. -f 
 
 2. F. MALEAGRIS. Checkered Fritillary. Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; 
 sf. 1-flowered. Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very 
 narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and 
 beautifully checkered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. -f 
 
 4. ERYTHRONIUM. 
 
 Gr. epvSpos, red ; in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves of some species. 
 
 Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones 
 (petals) usually with a tubercle attached to each side at base, and a 
 groove in the middle ; capsule somewhat stipitate, seeds ovate. % 
 Leaves 2, subradical. Scape l-flowered. Fls. nodding, liliaceous. 
 
 1. E. AMERICANUM. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michx.) Yellow Erythroni- 
 um. Scape naked ; Ivs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point ; seg- 
 ments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base ; sty. clavate ; 
 stig. undivided. A beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal 
 flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, U. S. and Can. The 
 bulb is deep in the .ground. Scape slender, 3 4' high. The 2 leaves are of 
 equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded 
 with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, involute in the sunshine. May. 
 
 2. E. ALBIDUM. Nutt. White Erythronium. 
 
 Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate ; segments of perianth linear-lanceolate, rather 
 obtuse, inner ones without dentures at base, subunguiculate ; stig. 3-cleft, lobes 
 reflexed. About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y., 
 Storrs! to Wise., Lapham! Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the 
 base, of equal length including the petiole (4 5'), one of them twice as wide 
 as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, 
 nodding flower. Segments !' long. April, May. 
 
 3. E. BRACTEATUM. Bw. Bracted Erythronium. 
 
 Scape bracted ; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal. An alpine species, found 
 in Vt. Booit. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the 
 leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than 
 the leaves Avith a narrow, lanceolate bract \\' long, a little below the flower. 
 Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9" long, gibbous at base. Jn. 
 
 TRIBK 2. HEMEROCAULJDEJB. Bulbous. Sepals and petals united 
 
 into a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and paie. 
 
 5. HEMEROCALLIS. 
 
 Gr. fin^pa, the day, and KaXAoj., beautiful, flowers beautiful But lasting only a day. 
 
 Perianth campanulate, with a cylindric tube ; stamens declined ; 
 
550 CLIII. LILIACE^E. ALLIUM. 
 
 stigma simple, villous, small. % An ornamental genus, natives of the 
 old world. Lvs. radical. Scape corymbose. 
 
 1. H. FCJLVA. Common Day Lily. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pet. ob- 
 tuse, wavy ; veins of sep. branched. Native of the Levant, naturalized in some 
 parts of this country. A well known, showy, border flower. Leaves very nu- 
 merous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, 
 thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a 
 tawny red. Style striate. July, f 
 
 2. H. FLAVA. Yellow Day Lily. Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat, 
 acute ; veins of the sepals undivided. Native of Siberia. A foot high. Flowers 
 a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. Jl. f 
 
 3. H. JAPONICA. White Day Lily. Lvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; fls. in- 
 fundibuliform. A fine species' from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very 
 smooth, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high. 
 June. | 
 
 6. POLYANTHES. 
 
 Gr. iro\va-, many, avSos ; the flowers of the plant being numerous. 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, incurved ; filaments inserted into the throat ; 
 ovary at the bottom of the tube. % 
 
 P. TUBEROSA. Tuberose. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. oblong. A fine parlor 
 plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape 
 scaly, 2 3f high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers of a delicious 
 fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. f 
 
 TRIBE 3. SCIL.ll.EjE. Bulbous. Flowers usually smaller than in the 
 preceding. Integument of the seed black and brittle. 
 7. ALLIUM. 
 
 Celtic all, hot or burning. 
 
 Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe ; 
 perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 
 inner somewhat smaller ; ovary angular ; stigma acute ; capsule 3- 
 lobed. Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel 
 on a scape. 
 
 1. A. TRICOCCUM. Ait. Lance-leaved Garlic. 
 
 Scape terete ; Ivs. lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seed soli- 
 tary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule. % A strong-scented plant, common 
 in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and to 111. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Leaves 5 8' 
 long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and 
 disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high, 
 bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 12 white 
 flowers. June, July. 
 
 2. A. CANADENSE. Canadian Garlic. 
 
 Scape terete ; Ivs. linear ; umbel capitate, bulbil erous. 7J. In woods. Leaves 
 radical, f as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 1218' high, 
 round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at the top, with a head 
 of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract be- 
 neath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June. 
 
 3. A. VINEALE. Crow Garlic. 
 
 St. slender, with a few leaves ; caidine Ivs. terete, fistulous umbel bulbi- 
 ferous ; sta. exsert ; fil. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the 
 anther. 7]. Meadows, Mid. and W. States. Leaves 612' long. Scape 1 2f 
 high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with 
 which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. 
 
 4. A. CERNUUM. Roth. Nodding Garlic. 
 
 Scape angular ; Ivs. linear, flat, very long ; umbel cernuous ; sta. simple. 
 
HYACINTHDS. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 551 
 
 Banks of Seneca lake, N. Y., W. to Ohio, Lock ! and Wis., Lapham ! Bulb 
 6 8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15 24' high, recurved 
 at top. Umbel 12 20-flowered. Pedicels 7 8" long. Flowers rose-colored. 
 Ovary 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. July. 
 
 5. A. TRIFLORUM. Pursh. Few-flowered Leek. Mountain Leek. 
 
 Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; Ivs. lanceolate, veined ; um- 
 bel few-flowered. In shady woods on the high mountains of Pennsylvania, 
 Pursh. May, June. 
 
 6. A. SCHJENOPRASUM. Gives. Scape equaling the round, subulate leaves. 
 Gr. sxotvos, a rush, and npavov, a leek. The leaves resemble rush-leaves. Jn. 
 
 7. A. ASCALONICUM. Shallot. Scape terete ; Ivs. subulate ; umbel globose ; 
 sta. tricuspidate. Native about Ascalon, Palestine. It has a soboliferous bulb, 
 small, fistulous leaves, and seldom flowers. July. 
 
 8. A. PORRUM. Leek. St. compressed, leafy ; Ivs. sheathing at base ; sta. tri- 
 cuspidate. Native of Switzerland. Root bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. 
 Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing leaves, and at the top, 
 a large umbel of small, white flowers. July. 
 
 9. A. sATivuM. Common Garlic. Bulb compound ; st. leafy, bulbiferous ; 
 sla. tricuspidate. Native of Sicily. The bulb is composed of several smaller 
 ones surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. Stem 
 2f high. Flowers small, white. Used as seasoning and sometimes in medi- 
 cine. July. 
 
 10. A. PROLTFERUM. Scape fistulous, twisted ; Ivs. fistulous ; umbels bulbifer- 
 ous and proliferous ; sta. tricuspidate, the middle point antheriferous. A curi- 
 ous species, native of the W. Indies. Scape 2 3f high, producing several 
 bulbs among, or instead of, the white flowers. July. 
 
 11. A. CEPA. Common Onion. Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, 
 longer than the terete, fistulous leaves. (g) Cep, in the Celtic, signifies a head. 
 Native of Hungary. The root bears a tunicated bulb, compressed, or round, 
 or oblong in figure. The scape, which appears the second year, is 3 4f high, 
 straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish- white 
 flowers. Universally cultivated for the kitchen, and its peculiar merits as a 
 pot-herb are, no doubt, well known to our readers. Culture has produced nu- 
 merous varieties. 
 
 8. ORNITHOGlLUM. 
 
 Gr. opviSos, a bird, yaXa, milk; why so called is not obvious. 
 
 Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle ; filaments 
 dilated at the base ; capsule roundish, angular. Lvs. radical. Scape 
 naked, racemose or corymbose. . 
 
 O. UMBELLATTTM. Star-of- Bethlehem. Fls. corymbose; ped. longer than 
 bracts ; fil. subulate. 7J. From England, but naturalized in many parts of this 
 country. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, as long as the scape. Scape 
 near a foot high. Flowers few, in a kind of loose corymb. Petals and sepals 
 white, beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the outside. May. 
 
 9. HYACINTHUS. 
 
 Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrus, and transformed into this flower. 
 
 Perianth subglobose or campanulate, regular, 6-cleft ; 3 nectarifer- 
 ous pores at the top of the ovary ; stamens issuing from the middle 
 of the segments ; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded. Natives of 
 the Levant. 
 
 H. ORIENTALS. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricose at the 
 base. % The hyacinth is a well known, splendid flower, long prized and cul- 
 tivated. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate, 35' long. Scape twice as long as 
 the leaves, thick, bearing a dense, thyrsoid raceme of numerous blue flowers. 
 A plant peculiarly adapted to parlor cultivation in bulb glasses. 
 47 
 
- 
 
 \ ,. , 
 
 552 CLIII. LILIACE^E. CONVALLARIA. 
 
 Other ornamental species sometimes cultivated are H. BOTRYOIDES, grape 
 hyacinth, with globose flowers ; H. COMOSUS, purple grape hyacinth, with pris- 
 matic flowers ; and H. RACEMOSUS, hare-bell hyacinth, with ovoid flowers. 
 
 TRIBE 4. AKTHERICEJB. Stem subterraneous, or if developed, erect. Root 
 
 fasciculate or fibrous. Leaves never coriaceous nor permanent. 
 
 10. ASPHODfiLUS. 
 
 Gr. a, privative, o-^aXXo), to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary ; 
 sta. issuing from the valves. Fine garden plants, native of S. Europe. 
 
 1. A. LUTEUS. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel. St. leafy ; Ivs. 3-cornered. 
 7|. Native of Sicily. A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. Stem 3f 
 high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a 
 long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of stem. June. 
 
 2. A. RAMOSUS. Branching Asphodel. St. naked, branched ; ped. alternate, 
 longer than bract ; Ivs. ensiform, carinate, smooth. 7|_ Native of S. Europe. 
 Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white flowers. June. 
 
 11. PHALANGIUM. Tourn. 
 
 Gr. (ftaXavl;, tarantula, a venomous species of spider, whose bite it was supposed to cure. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading ; filaments 
 6, smooth ; caps, free from the perianth, ovoid ; seeds angular. ^ 
 Lvs. flat, linear. Fls. small, white or bluish. 
 
 P. ESCULENTUM. Nutt. Esculent Phalangium. Quamash. 
 St. bulbous ; Ivs. all radical, linear, carinate at base ; sta. subexserted ; 
 stig. minutely 3-cleft. Wei prairies, along rivers, lakes, Wis. Lapham ! 111. 
 Jenney! Ind. Skinner! &c. An interesting little plant, usually in thick grass. 
 Bulb 1 !' diam., resembling a small onion. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves 
 nearly as long as the scape, grass-like, 3" wide, smooth. Raceme short, pedi- 
 cels longer than the flowers, each with a subulate bract. Petals and sepals 
 pale blue, about 3" long. Anthers oblong, small, yellow. Seeds black. May. 
 
 TRIBE 5. COX VALiLARINEJE. Stem arising from a horizontal rhizoma 
 
 or tuber. 
 12. CONVALLARIA. 
 
 Lat. convallis, a valley ; the locality of some species. 
 
 Perianth 4 6-parted, segments spreading ; stamens 4 6, diver- 
 gent, arising from the base of the segments ; berry globose, 2 3- 
 celled. Plants somewhat various in habit, with simple stems and 
 alternate leaves. Fls. in terminal racemes or umbels, reddish or green- 
 ish-white. 
 1. MAJANTHEMUM. Perianth ^-parted. Stamens 4. Berry ^-celled. 
 
 1. C. BIFOLIA. (Smilacina. Desf. Styrandra. Raf.} Two-leaved Solo- 
 mon's Seal.Lvs. 2 3, cordate, ovate ; fls. in a terminal raceme ; Ifts. of the 
 perianth spreading. 7J. A small plant, frequent along the edges of woodlands, 
 Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis. ! Stem angular, about 6' high. Leaves 2, rarely 
 3, about 2' long, \ as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a 
 petiole. Raceme terminal, erect, an inch long, consisting of 12 20 white 
 flowers. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled with deep 
 red. May. 
 
 2. SMILACINA. Perianth ^-parted. Stamens 6. Berry ^-celled. 
 
 2. C. TRIFOLIATA. (Smilacina. Desf.} Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. 
 
 L/vs. 3 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, amplexicaul ; rac. termi- 
 nal, simple. Ij. A delicate little species in mountain swamps, Can. N. Eng. 
 (rare), W. to Wis. ! Stem 3 5' high, pubescent, angular. Leaves 2 3f 
 
UVULARIA. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 553 
 
 long, j as wide, acuminate, smooth. Flowers 4 8, white, 6-parted, the 
 segments spreading. May. 
 
 3. C. STELLATA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. numerous, 3- veined, lanceolate, amplexicaul, acute ; fls. 
 few, in a simple, terminal raceme. 1\. Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, 
 W. to the Miss. Stem 10 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves 8 10, smooth, 
 glaucous beneath, 46' by 9 12", tapering to the apex. Flowers white, about 
 8, stellate, rather larger than in the next. May, Jn. 
 
 4. C. RACEMOSA. (Smilacina. Desf.} Clustered Solomon's Seal. 
 
 St. recurved ; Ivs. oval, acuminate, subsessile ; roc. compound. Tj. A lar- 
 ger species than the preceding. Rhizoma thick, sweet to the taste. Stem 
 1 2f high, downy, gracefully recurved at top. Leaves 4 6' long, about | as 
 wide, contracted into a long acumination, veined, minutely pubescent. Peti- 
 oles 2" long. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, and 
 with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a large, compound, ter- 
 minal raceme. 
 
 3 CLINTONIA. Perianth subcampanulate, ^-parted. Berry Z-celled. 
 
 5. C. BOREALIS. (C. umbellulata. Michx. Dracaena. Ait. Clintonia. 
 
 Raj'.} Wild Lily of the Valley. Scape umbellate ; Ivs. broad-oval-lance- 
 olate ; fls. cernuous ; berries blue. 7|_ Mountainous or hilly woods, Can., N. 
 Eng. to Car., W. to the Miss. Rhizoma creeping to some extent. Leaves 
 4 7' long, as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed 
 with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 13' high, bearing at top a beauti- 
 ful umbel of 3 6 yellowish-green, nodding flowers. Perianth liliaceous, of 6 
 oblanceolate, erect-spreading segments. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. Jn. 
 
 6. C. MAJALIS. Lily of the Valley. Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric ; 
 ITS. nearly radical, ovate ;' roc. simple, 1-sided. %. An elegant, sweet-scented 
 plant, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabi- 
 tant of our gardens. Leaves 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scape 6' high, with 
 white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 
 
 13. POLYGONATUM. 
 
 Gr. iro\vs, many, yow, knee ; from the many-jointed rhizoma. 
 
 Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft ; stamens inserted near the 
 summit of the tube ; berry globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. St. 
 simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axillary. 
 
 P. MULTIFLORUM. Desf. (P. latifoliuni, angustifolium, biflorum, pubes- 
 cens and canaliculatum, of PA., &c.) St. recurved, smooth; Ivs. distich- 
 ous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1 4-flowered. 
 QJ_ in woods, free States and Can. Stem 1 3f high, most recurved in the 
 tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the 
 smallest plants, 2| 6' by 1 2j x , veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and 
 generally pubescent beneath. Peduncles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as 
 long as the leaves. Flowers 5 8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. 
 Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Jn. 
 
 a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined ; lower pedun- 
 cles 4-flowered. Plant 2 3f high. In rich, damp soils. 
 
 /?. pubescens. Lvs. pubescent beneath, slightly clasping ; st. 1 2f high. 
 This variety is most common in New England. 
 
 y. biflora. Lvs. smooth both sides, i as wide as long, sessile ; fls. greenish- 
 white, 4 5" long ; st. round, 1 IJf high. 
 
 6. canaliculata. St. channeled on the upper side. 
 
 t. latifolia. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous. Stem angled, 4 5f 
 high Middle States. 
 
 14. UVULARIA. 
 
 Perianth deeply 6-parted ; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, 
 with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each ; filaments very short ; 
 
554 CLIII. LILIACE.E. STREPTOPUS. 
 
 anthers linear, half as long as the petals ; style trifid ; capsule 3- 
 celled, many-seeded, seeds with an aril. Lvs. alternate. Fls. soli- 
 tary^ terminal and axillary. 
 
 1. U. SESSILIFOLIA. Bellwort. Wild Oats. 
 
 Lvs. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; caps, stiped, ovate. TJ. Can. 
 and U. S. A common species, found in woods and in grass lands. Stem 
 smooth, slender, 6 10' high, dividing at the top into 2 branches, one bearing 
 leaves only, the other, leaves and a flower. Leaves smooth and delicate, dark 
 green above, paler beneath, 1 !' long. The flower is cylindric, near an inch 
 long, yellowish- white, of 6, long, linear petals. May. 
 
 2. U. PERFOLIATA. (U. flava. Smith.) Mealy Bellwort. 
 
 Lvs. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth, subcampanulate, tubercu- 
 late-scabrous within ; anths. cuspidate ; caps, truncate. Tj. Can. and U. S. A 
 handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10 14' high, passing through the 
 perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves 
 2 3' by | 1', rounded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pen- 
 dulous from the end of one of the branches. Segments linear-lanceolate, !' 
 long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers f ' long. May. 
 
 3. U. GRANDIFLORA. Large-flowered Bellwort. 
 
 Lvs. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute ; fl. terminal, solitary, pendulous ; 
 segments acuminate, smooth within and without ; anth. obtuse. 7J. Can. and 
 U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stem 12 15 inches 
 high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 
 branches at top, one of which bears the large, yellow, pendulous flower. Leaves 
 almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers f long. May. Readily distin- 
 guished by the smooth petals. 
 
 4. U. LANCJGINOSA. Pers. (Streptotus. Michx.) 
 
 Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, without dots, ciliate, the lower amplexicaui, 
 pubescent beneath when young ; ped. terminal, pubescent ; fls. in pairs ; peri- 
 anth acute at base, Ifts. linear-lanceolate; sty. glabrous. 9| Mountains, Penn. 
 to Car. and L. Winipeg to Oreg. Leaves with an abrupt and long acumina- 
 tion. Flowers greenish. Berry with the cells by abortion 1 2-seeded. May. 
 
 15. STREPTOPUS. Michx. 
 Gr. ffTftefw, to turn, irovs , a foot ; a twisted footstalk or peduncle. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, campanulate ; segments with a nectariferous 
 pore at the base of each ; anthers longer than the filaments ; stigma 
 very short ; berry roundish, 3-celled ; seeds few, hilum without an 
 aril. St. branched. Fls. axillary, solitary , generally with the peduncle 
 distorted. 
 
 1. S. ROSEUS. Michx. (Uvularia. Linn.) Rose Twist-foot. 
 
 Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciHate, under sur- 
 face green like the upper ; pedicels short, generally distorted in the middle ; 
 segments spreading at apex ; anth. short, 2-horned ; stig. trifid. 1 Can. to Car. 
 and Tenn. A common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, 
 round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2 4' long, | as wide, ending in a 
 slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flow- 
 ers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. Jn. 
 
 2. S. AMPLEXIFOLIUS. DC. (S. distortus. Michx. Uvularia. Linn.) 
 Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the margin, 
 
 glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle ; sep. 
 long-acuminate, reflexed ; anth. very acute, entire ; stig. truncate. TJ. Can. and 
 Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2f high. Leaves 
 2 3 X long, \ as wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and 
 bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a 
 pale straw-color. Anthers sagittate, attenuate at the apex into a long, subulate 
 point. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. June. 
 
LEPTANTHUS. CLIV. PONTEDERIACE./E. 555 
 
 TRIBE 6. ASPARAGE J3. Stem usually fully developed, or if not, the leaves 
 
 are coriaceous and permanent. 
 
 16. AS-FAR AGUS. 
 
 Gr. oirapaffffb), to tear; some of the species are armed with strong prickles. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, erect ; ovary turbinate ; stamens erect ; style 
 very short ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. 
 
 A. OFFICINALIS. Asparagus. 
 
 St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect ; Ivs. setaceous, flexible, 
 fasciculate. 9| Native of England, and other parts of Europe, naturalized on 
 rocky shores. Stem 2 4f high. Leaves filiform, If long, pale pea-green. 
 Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globose, red. It is one of the 
 oldest and most delicate of culinary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient 
 Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. Jl. 
 
 Plants aquatic, or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly cordate or dilated at base. 
 
 Inflorescence various, often spathaceous. 
 
 Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circulate in aestivation. 
 
 ORDER CLIV. PONTEDERACEJE. PONTEDERADS. 
 
 quatic or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly co 
 
 ence various, often spathaceous. 
 
 i tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circinate in aestiv 
 8ta. 3 or 6, unequal, perieynous. 
 Ova. free or sometimes adherent to the perianth at base, 3-celled. Style I. Stig. simple. 
 Fr. Capsule 3 (sometimes l)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. 
 Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. 
 
 Genera 6, species 30, found exclusively in America, E. Indies and Tropical Africa. They are of no 
 known use. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( solitary Leptanthus. 2 
 
 $ equal, 24 together in a spathe Heteranthera. 3 
 
 Flowers (, unequal, in a terminal spike Pontederia. 1 
 
 1. PONTEDERIA. 
 
 In honor of Julius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720. 
 
 Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube perfo- 
 rated with 3 longitudinal clefts, the lower part persistent : stamens 
 unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube ; 
 utricle 1 -seeded. Fls. blue, mostly spicate. 
 
 P. CORDATA. Pickerel-weed. 
 
 Lrs. subradical, cordate-oblong; fls. spiked. 1\. Can. and U. S. A' fine 
 conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches 
 extending from the shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising 
 1 2f above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4 7' by 1J 3', very 
 smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform 
 to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. 
 Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-cleft, always blue, appearing in July. 
 0. angustifolia. Torr. L/vs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 
 
 2. LEPTANTHUS. Michx. 
 
 Gr. \ETTTOS, slender, av$os ; in reference to the long tube of the perianth. 
 
 Spathe 1 -flowered : tube of the perianth very long and slender, 
 limb 6-parted, equal ; anthers of 2 forms ; capsule 1 -celled, many- 
 seeded. Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base. 
 
 L. GRAMINEA. Vahl. (Schollera graminea. Schreb.} 
 St. floating, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. linear. A grass-like aquatic, 
 in flowing water, Northern States. Stem slender, dichotomous, 1 2f long. 
 Leaves 36' long, 1 2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. 
 Flower solitary, issuing from a short (I/) spathe. Tube 1|' long, limb in 6, 
 linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors); filaments broad, 
 one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than the thick 
 style. Jl. Aug. 
 
 47* 
 
556 CLV. MELANTHACE^. MELANTHIUM. 
 
 3. HETERANTHERA. R. & P. 
 
 Gr. krepa, otherwise, avrjp] the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower. 
 
 Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender, 
 limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms 5 capsule 3- 
 celled, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary. 
 
 H. RENIFORMIS. R. & P. (Leptanthus. Michx.) 
 
 St. prostrate or floating ; Ivs. suborbicular, reniiorm or auriculate at base ; 
 spathe acuminate, few-flowered. On muddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W. 
 States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves ' by f ', on petioles 1 2' 
 long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe 
 closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the peri- 
 anth j' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of 
 the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl. Aug. 
 
 ORDER CLV. MELANTHACEJE. MELANTHS. 
 
 Herbs perennial, with bulbs, rhizomas, corms or fasciculated roots. 
 
 St simple, often scapiform. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fls. perfect, or (by abortion) polygamous. 
 
 Perianth regular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base, generally involute 
 
 Sta. 6, with extrorse anthers. [in aestivation. 
 
 Ova. 3-celled, 9 many-ovuled. Styles distinct or p. Stigmas undivided. 
 
 Fr. Capsule or berry 3-celled, generally with septicidal dehiscence. 
 
 Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 30, species 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries. 
 
 Properties. The order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most power- 
 ful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal 
 products of the order. Their virtue is due to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found in this 
 genus, as well as in most of the others. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 Sepals and petals sessile. .... Zigadenus. 1 
 
 Sepals and 
 petals each 
 
 with 2 glands at base. ( Sepals and petals unguiculate. 
 
 Perianth calyculate. 
 
 ( Leaves linear. { Perianth naked. Amianthium. 4 
 
 ( Flowers perfect < Leaves setaceous, dry. 
 
 < or dicBcious. . . ( Leaves dilated, 
 without glands. ( Flowers polygamous. Racemes compound. 
 
 Me/anthium. 2 
 Tofieldia. 7 
 
 Xerophyllum. 5 
 Helonias. 6 
 Veratrum. 3 
 
 1. ZIGADENUS. Michx. 
 
 Gr. fovyos, a pair, adriv, a gland ; alluding to the glands of the segment. 
 
 Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 
 glands above its contracted base ; stamens inserted in contact with 
 the ovary ; capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 1. Z. GLABERRIMUS. Michx. Zigddene. 
 
 Rt. bulbous ; st. leafy ; Ivs. linear, channeled, recurved ; bracts ovate, acu- 
 minate ; segments of the perianth acuminate. Wet meadows, N. York. Found 
 near Rochester. Eaton. Southern States. Stem 2 3f high. Lower leaves 
 about 10' long ; upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and spreading. 
 Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of several greenish-white flowers. Sepals 
 ovate -lanceolate, free from the stamens, with the 2 glands at the base of each 
 distinct and conspicuous. June. 
 
 2. Z. GLAUCUS. (Z. cloranthus. Rich. Melanthium. Nutt.} 
 St. bulbous, nearly naked; Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather ob- 
 tuse; rac. subsimple; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. and pet. 
 oval or obovate, obtuse, each with an obcordate gland. Sandy shores, Can. to 
 Ark., Niagara, Lake Erie, Nuttall. Stem 1015' high. Leaves glaucous, up- 
 per gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little com- 
 pound at base. Flowers few (10 20), greenish-white, on pedicels 1' long, the 
 segments with the 2 glands united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at 
 apex, 6 8-seeded. July, Aug. 
 
 2. MELANTHIUM. 
 
 Gr. fj.E\as, black, avSos ; alluding to the dark color of the flower. 
 
 Flowers monoecious-polygamous ; perianth rotate, 6-parted, seg 
 
VERATRUM. CLV. MELANTHACE^. 557 
 
 inents unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the sta- 
 mens ; ovary often abortive ; capsule exserted, subovoid. summit tri- 
 fid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles ; seeds margined. St. 
 erect, pubcrulent above. Lvs. alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal. 
 
 1. M. VIRGINICUM. (Leiraanthium. Willd. Veratrum. Ait. Helonias.) 
 Lrs. linear-lanceolate ; panicle pyramidal ; segments of the perianth sub- 
 orbicular, hastate or auriculate at base. Native of wet meadows and margins 
 of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 3 4f high, leafy. Leaves about a foot long, 
 and an inch wide, sessile on a contracted and subclasping base. Flowers green- 
 ish-yellow, becoming brown, on short pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate 
 racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 15' in length. 
 Lower flowers generally sterile. July, Aug. 
 
 2. M. HYBRIDCM. Walt. (Leimanthium. Roem. ($ Sch.) 
 
 Lvs. long-linear-lanceolate, upper ones few and short; panicle long, of 
 simple racemes, pedicels filiform, much longer than the flowers ; segments of the 
 perianth narrowly unguiculate, roundish-rhomboidal ; glands connivent ; claws 
 channeled, stameniferous below the middle. Woods, Penn. to Ga. ! Stem 2 
 4f high, somewhat leafy. Leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate, 
 the lowest contracted to the base or subpetiolate, shorter than the stem. Perianth 
 very open, yellowish-green, segments acuminate, the long claws adhering to 
 and involving the filaments. June, July. 
 
 /?. robustior. Gray. Lower Ivs. lanceolate-oval; lower branches paniculate, 
 compound. 
 
 3. VERATRUM. 
 
 Lat. vere, atrum, truly black ; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root. 
 
 Flowers by abortion c? $ 9 ; segments of the perianth united at 
 base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands ; sta. 6, shorter 
 than the perianth and inserted on its base ; ovaries 3, united at base, 
 often abortive ; styles short ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, 00-seeded. 
 Lvs. alternate, broad and plicate, or narrow and grass-like. Fls. 
 paniculate. 
 
 1. V. VIRIDE. (V. album. Michx.} Poke. White Hellebore. 
 
 Lrs. broad-oval, acuminate ; particle compound, racemose ; bracts oblong- 
 lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels. Can. to Ga. A large- 
 leaved, coarse-looking plant, of our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy, 
 with numerous long fibres. Stem 2 if high, striate and pubescent. Leaves 
 strongly veined arid plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide, 
 sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) 
 racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle.. July. 
 The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used with cau- 
 tion. When powdered it causes violent sneezing. 
 
 2. V. WOODII. Robbins. (Nov. sp.) Indiana Veratrum. 
 
 Lvs. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and 
 plicate, acute, tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole ; st. or scape terete, 
 tall, erect, with remote, lance-linear bracts ; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, 
 many-flowered ; fls, tf ^ , subsessile ; segments of perianth oblanceolate, dark 
 brownish-purple within. Woods, Linton, Green Co., la. ! Root fasciculate. 
 Leaves 1016' long (including the 48' petiole), 2 M wide. Bracts 13' 
 long. Scape 3 6f high, paniculate \ its length. Flowers f ' diam., nearly 
 black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with 
 3 spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad, 
 loose, membranous testa. July. 
 
 3. V. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Pursh. Grass-leaved Veratrum. 
 
 Lvs. narrowly linear, flat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminish- 
 ing to subulate bracts ; fls. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the termi- 
 nal raceme (except a few of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral 
 racemes mostly sterile ; segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate. A 
 
558 CLV. MELANTHACE^l. HELONIAS. 
 
 very slender, grass-like species, in woods, Western States. Stem 3f high, solid, 
 erect, with a virgate, thin panicle of greenish- white flowers. Leaves 1 2f by 
 3 3", half-clasping. Panicle lf long, the lateral racemes 1 3', the terminal 
 one much longer ; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute 
 bract. June, July. 
 
 4. AMIANTHIUM. A. Gr. 
 
 Gr. a^ioj/roj, pure, immaculate ; avSos ', alluding to the white flowers. 
 
 Flowers $ ; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, 
 spreading, sessile and without glands ; stam. 6, inserted with the 
 segments ; anthers reniform ; ovaries 3, more or less united ; caps. 
 3-lobed, 3-partible ; carpels follicular, 1 4-seeded ; testa of the seeds 
 loose, at length fleshy. Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves 
 and numerous white flowers. 
 
 A. MusciToxicuM. Gray. (Melanthium. Walt. Helonias erythrosperma. 
 
 Michx.) Fly-poison. St. bulbous; Ivs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse, 
 upper reduced to bracts ; roc. simple ; segments oblong, obtuse ; pedicels filiform ; 
 carpels distinct above ; sty. divergent ; seeds ovoid, red. Shady swamps, N. J., 
 Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about 
 If long. Raceme 39' long, dense-flowered, pedicels 69" long. Peri- 
 anth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at 
 base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red 
 when ripe. June, July. 
 
 2. A. LEiMANTHolDES. Gray. 
 
 Rt. fibrous ; Ivs. linear, flat ; panicle simple, terminal raceme elongated ; 
 segments of the perianth broad-oval, longer than the linear styles ; sds. winged 
 at the apex, lanceolate, compressed. N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2 4f high,, 
 the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on fili- 
 form pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter 
 than the capillary filaments. July. 
 
 5. XEROPHYLLUM. 
 
 Gr. j-ripos, dry, <j>v\\ov, leaf. 
 
 Flowers $ ; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile 
 and without glands ; stam. 6 ; filaments dilated and contiguous at 
 base ; ovary subglobose ; styles 3, linear, revblute ; caps, subglobose, 
 3-lobed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. Herbs with numerous dry, setaceous 
 leaves. Racemes simple, with white, showy flowers. 
 
 X. ASPHODELolDEs. Nutt. (X. setifolium. Michx. Helonias asph. Linn.') 
 Lvs. radical and cauline, rigid, diminishing above ; pedicels with 2 alter- 
 nate bracteoles, bractless at base ; filaments at length equaling the segments of 
 
 JLIdLC UlCL^tCt-MC/Oj JLUO.^L.H-^0 O-U HJtt-ov^ j JVWlttiVGr*^V9 U>* &V*A4gbU \^^LAA i-iA-i^ ^ 
 
 the perianth. Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. Stem 3 5f high, very leafy. Radi- 
 cal leaves If long, very narrow, crowded and caespitose. Flowers in a long, 
 terminal raceme, numerous, small. Sepals and petals obtuse, the latter a little 
 
 6. HELONIAS. 
 
 Gr. eXoj, a marsh ; where some species grow. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid. the segments sessile, and 
 without glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells 
 many-seeded. Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing 
 at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. 
 
 1 . H. BULLATA. (H. latifolia. PA.) 
 
 Lvs. crowded, mostly radical, linear-spatulate, mucronate ; scape simple, 
 hollow, with few remote bracts, or naked ; rac. spicate, ovoid-cylindric, dense ; 
 anth. blue. N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 1018' high, rather thick and fleshy. 
 Leaves about as long as the scape, 1 If wide. Racemes short. Pedicels as 
 long as the flowers, colored. Flowers purple, segments obtuse. May. 
 
JUNCUS. CLV1. JUNCACEJE. 559 
 
 2. H. DIOICA. Ph. (Veratrum luteum. Linn.) Unicorn Root. 
 
 St. leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate ; rac. spiked, nodding, 
 dioecious ; ped. short, without bracts ; sta. exserted ; segments linear. In low 
 grounds, Can. to Ga. and La. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12 30' high, 
 furrowed. Radical leaves 4 8' by 1', in a sort of whorl at the base of the 
 scape. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish-white, in long, terminal, spi- 
 cate racemes which are more slender and weak on' the barren plants. Ovaries 
 as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, taper- 
 ing to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, 
 but with fewer flowers. June. 
 
 7. TOFIELDIA. Hudson. 
 In honor of Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster. 
 
 Flowers $ , calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts ; Ifts. of the 
 perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile and without bracts ; sta. 6 ; auth. 
 roundish-cordate, introrse ; ovaries 3, united ; styles distinct, short ; 
 caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; capsule 00-seeded. Lvs. equitant, subradi- 
 cat. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or racemose. 
 
 T. GLUTINOSA. Nutt. 
 
 St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple : Ivs. shorter than the stem, 
 linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse ; rac. oblong, few-flowered, close, composed 
 of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles ; caps, longer than the perianth. Woods, Ohio, 
 Sullivant ! to Wis. Lapham ! N. to Arctic Am. A plant remarkable for its 
 glutinous-glandular stem. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 lf high, dotted with 
 its dark-colored glands. Leaves 3 6' by 3 6", conduplicate. Spicate raceme 
 1 1|' long, 9 18-flowered. Pedicels nearly as long as the flowers. Involucre 
 truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals subequal, ob- 
 lanceolate, less than 2" long. Capsule of 3, half-united, inflated carpels, twice 
 longer than the perianth. 
 
 ORDER CLYI. JUNCACEJE. BUSHES. 
 
 Plants herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. 
 Lvs. fistular, or flat and channeled, with veins parallel. Inflorescence cymose, capitate or fascicled. 
 Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals) 
 Sta. 6, rarely 3, hj'pogynous. Anth. 2-celled. 
 
 Ova. 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre 1) -celled. 
 Styles united into 1. Stigmas 3. 
 
 Fr. Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. 
 Seeds few or many, with a fleshy albumen. 
 
 Genera 13, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant. 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 ( Capsule mostly 3-celled. Seeds numerous Juncus. 1 
 
 < green. \ Capsule 1-celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of cell. . . . Luzula. 2 
 Perianth fc colored, yellow Nartheciuni. 3 
 
 1. JUNCUS. 
 
 Ij&t.jungo, to join ; because ropes were anciently made of these plants. 
 
 Perianth persistent ; stamens 6 ; capsule mostly 3-celled ; seeds 
 numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. 
 * Leaves none. Cymes apparently lateral. 
 
 1. J. BALTICUS. Willd. Baltic Rush. 
 
 Rhizoma creeping, prostrate, rooting ; scapes numerous, sheathed at base, 
 opaque, terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute ; panicle small, short, lateral ; 
 perianth segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, 
 mucronate capsule. Sandy shores, Milwaukie, Wis., Lapham! N. to the 
 Sas~katchawan and Labrador. Scape leafless, 12 18' high, hard, tough, closely 
 arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3" 3' long. Panicle 2 3' be- 
 low the apex of the scape, 1' long. Flowers 20 40, reddish-brown. 
 
 2. J. ACUTUS. 
 
 Caespitose ; scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base ; panicle 
 
560 CLV1. JUNCACEJE. JUNCUS. 
 
 with an involucre of two unequal, pungent bracts ; perianth segments lanceolate, 
 acute, half as long as the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. Sandy sea- 
 coasts, N. J, to Ga. Scapes fascicled on the rhizomas, forming dense tufts, 2 
 3f high. Panicle 2 3' long. Involucre with one of the bracts longer, the 
 other shorter than the panicle. Perianth brown, the 3 sepals longest, acumi- 
 nate, reflexed at apex. July. 
 
 3. J. EFFUSUS. Soft 'Rush. Bull-rush. 
 
 Scape straight, not rigid ; panicle lateral, loose, decompound ; caps, obovate, 
 obtuse. Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and U. 
 S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2 3f high, bearing a loose, 
 spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the 
 stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white an- 
 thers and yellowish seeds. June, July. 
 
 4. J. SETACEUS. Rostkow. (J. filiformis Michx.} Bristly Rush. 
 
 Scape filiform, striate ; umbel lateral, compound, few-flowered ; ped. com- 
 pressed, several-flowered ; perianth segments very acuie. Swamps, Can. and 
 U. S. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2f high. Scapes sheathed 
 at base. Panicle small, 20 30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape 
 some distance below the summit. July. 
 
 5. J. FILIFORMIS. Linn, (not Michx.) Thread Rush 
 
 Creeping, leafless ; scape slender, filiform, minutely striate, flaccid ; pani- 
 cle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape ; sep. pale, nearly equal, 
 lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. 
 White Hills, N. H., Green. Scape a few inches in length. 
 * * Leaves nodose-articulate, subterete. 
 
 6. J. MILITARIS. Bw. Bayonet Rush. 
 
 Lf. solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; panicle terminal, proliferous; 
 Ms. about 5-flowered ; st. thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4f high. Ponds, N. Eng. ! 
 Leaf jointed, cylindrical, loosely cellular within, 2 3f long, inserted below the 
 middle of the stem, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, terminal, ccna- 
 posed of several pedunculate heads, each with 4 6 sessile flowers. 
 
 7. J. NODOSUS. (J. polycephalus. Michx. J. echinatus. Muhl.} 
 
 St. leaves subcompressed ; panicle terminal, decompound; lids, globose, 
 dense, 10 15-flowered; sep. subequal, lanceolate, rigid-, very acute, about 
 equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule ; segments 
 3 6. In boggy meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves thick, 
 jointed by internal, transverse partitions. Heads resembling small burrs, some 
 sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp 
 or awn. Aug. Sept. 
 
 a. major. St. and Ivs. thick, the latter longer, compressed ; Ms. few, 6" diam. 
 
 /?. altior. St. (2f high) and Ivs. terete, very slender ; Ms. 5 9, 4" diam. 
 
 y. minor. Lvs. almost filiform ; hds. 1 3, as large as in /?. 
 
 8. J. ACUMINATUS. Michx. ( J. acutiflorus. Hook ?} 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. terete ; panicle terminal, compound ; hds. 3 6-flowered, 
 both pedunculate and sessile; leaflets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucro- 
 nate, shorter than the acute capsule. Very common in boggy meadows, U. S. 
 Stem 1218' high, tough and wiry. Leaves few and short, with knot-like 
 joints. Panicle erect. Aug. 
 
 9. J. SUBVERTICILLATUS. Willd. (J. fluitans. Michx.} 
 
 St. few-leaved, compressed ; Ivs. compressed, fistulous, articulate ; panicle 
 subcorymbose, elongated ; fls. in dense, capitate fascicles ; hds. many-flowered, 
 pedunculate or sessile ; perianth shorter than the triquetrous, acuminate cap- 
 sules ; sep. linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Swamps and shores of 
 ponds, Penn., Dr. Darlington, to Wis., Lapham! Stem 18' 2f high, slender, 
 Leaves much shorter. Panicle 4 8' in length, the branches subverticillate, 
 diverging, very unequal. Sepals with scarious, white margins. 
 
 10. J. CONRADI. Tuckerman, in Torr., N. Y. State Fl. II. p. 328, inedit. 
 St. leafy; Ivs. few, terete, subfiliform, obscurely articulate, shorter than 
 
 the stem ; fls. single, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches 
 
JLUZULA. CLVI. JUNCACE.E. 561 
 
 of the terminal, di-trichotomous panicle; perianth segments lanceolate, margins 
 scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate capsule. R. I. Olney! to N. Y., 
 Torrey. Root fibrous. Stems erect, 6 9' high, wiry. Bracts much shorter 
 than the rather diffuse, thin panicle. 
 
 * * * Leaves not articulate, radical. 
 
 11. J. GREENII. Oakes & Tuckerman. (J. squarrosus. Muhl.?) 
 
 Scape tall, subterete, striate; Ivs. filiform-setaceous, subterete, scarcely 
 channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing bases; panicle subumbellate, 
 5-rayed ; bracts setaceous, one of them very long ; fls. single, approximate ; sep. 
 and pet. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular- acute, shining capsule. 
 Wet grounds, R. Isl. and Mass., Dr. Truman Rickard ! The handsomest of 
 the rushes, about 2f high, rigid, strict. Leaves all radical, If or more high.. 
 Panicle 2 3' long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. 
 Capsule 2" long, of a glossy mahogany color. Seeds very minute, linear-oblong. 
 
 12. J. TENUIS. Willd. Slender Rush. 
 
 St. scape-like, slender, erect ; Ivs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than 
 the stem ; bracts 2 3, much longer than the panicle ; fls. single, approximate, 
 subsessile ; perianth segments acuminate, longer than the subglobose-triangular 
 capsule. A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields 
 and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6 24' high. Leaves very narrow, 
 3 8' long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5 10-flowered, varying to subumbellate 
 and 20 30-flowered, the rays very unequal. June, July. 
 
 * * * * Leaves flattish, channeled, cauline and radical. 
 
 13. J. BUFONIUS. Toad Rush. 
 
 St. dichotomous above ; Ivs. grooved, subsetaceous ; fls. oblong, subsoli- 
 tary, sessile, unilateral. A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds, 
 ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3 8' high, with a large, few-flowered panicle 
 at top. Leaves few, 2 3' long. Perianth segments twice as long as the ovary. 
 July, Aug. 
 
 14. J. BULBOSUS. (J. uliginosus. Sibthorp.) 
 
 St. leafy, very slender, compressed ; Ivs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, 
 shorter than the stem ; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than 
 the bracts; fls. about in 3s; sep. and pet. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter 
 than the subglobose, obtuse capsule. A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to 
 the Arctic Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Stems 
 tufted, erect or decumbent and stoloniferous, about If in length, tough and 
 wiry. Leaves 3 8' long. Bracts 6 12". Flowers 12 or more, at length 
 brown or blackish. July, Aug. It makes good hay. 
 
 15. J. TRIFIDUS. Three-leaved Rush. 
 
 St. sheathed at base ; If. solitary, linear-setaceous near the top ; sheaths 
 ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved. Heads about 3-flowered, terminal. 
 White Hills, N. H., Bio. Stems crowded, thread-like, Jf high. Radical leaves 
 1 2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 braeis, apparently forming 
 with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. July. 
 
 16. J. MARIG1NATUS. RoStkoW. 
 
 St. compressed; Ivs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple, 
 proliferous ; fls. in capitate clusters, triandrous ; perianth about as long as the 
 obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat awned. In low grounds, Mass. ! 
 N. Y. to Car. Stems 1 3f high. Radical leaves numerous, sheathing ; cau- 
 line 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3 6-flowered heads both 
 pedunculate and sessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sepals edged 
 with dark purple, unequal. Aug. 
 
 2. LUZtfLA. DC. 
 
 Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. 
 
 Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6; capsule 1- 
 celled, 3-seeded ; seeds fixed to. the bottom. Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. 
 flat, grass-like, generally pilose. Fls. terminal. 
 
562 CLVII. COMMELYNACE^E. COMMELTNA. 
 
 1. L. CAMPESTRIS. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.} Field Rush. 
 
 Lvs. hairy ; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles ; Ifts. of the perianth 
 .anceolate, acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule. In meadows, 
 U. S. and Can. Stem simple, straight, 3 12' high, according to the moisture. 
 Leaves grass-like, 2 6' long, very hairy at the margins. Heads in a sort of 
 umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown. 
 An early species, flowering in May. 
 
 2. L. PILOSA. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.} Hairy Wood Rush. 
 
 Lvs. pilose ; panicle cymose, spreading ; fls. solitary ; caps, obtuse. Com- 
 mon in woods and groves, Free States. Stem 4 10' high^ Radical leaves 
 numerous, 2 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long, white hairs. 
 Panicle 8 12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5 10" long, finally de- 
 flexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May. 
 
 3. L. MELANOCARPA. Desv. (Juncus. Michx.} 
 
 SI. elongated; Ivs. sublanceolate, glabrous-; corymb decompound; ped. 
 elongated, the branches with 3 5 pedicellate flowers ; sep. ovate, acuminate, 
 longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule. Native of the 
 White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stem 1218' high. Radical leaves 8 10' by 35", 
 those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many- 
 flowered. Capsule black. June. 
 
 4. L. SPICATA. DC. (Juncus. Willd.} 
 
 Lvs. linear, hairy at the base ; spike cernuous, compound ; sep. acuminate- 
 awned, about equal in length to the subglobose capsule. White Hills, N. H., 
 Boott. Stem 8 10' high, slender, simple. Leaves 2 3' long, a line wide, 
 smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug. 
 
 3. NARTHECIUM. Moehr. 
 Gr. vapSrji-, a rod or wand ; in allusion to the slender inflorescence. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent ; stam. 6 ; fila- 
 ments hairy ; caps, prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds 00, ovate-oblong, appen- 
 daged at each extremity. ^ Root fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape 
 nearly naked. Fls. yellow. 
 
 N. AMERICANUM. Ker. (Phalangium ossifragum. Muhl.} 
 Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-en siform ; scape simple, bracted ; rac. lax, in- 
 terrupted ; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the 
 flower. An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps, Middle 
 States. Scapes 10 15' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nume- 
 rous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3 1" long. Perianth greenish 
 externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. 
 Aug. 
 
 ORDER CLVII. COMMELYNACE^E. SPIDERWORTS. 
 
 Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. 
 
 Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored petals. 
 
 Sta. 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. 
 
 Ova. 2 3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Styles and stigmas united into one. 
 
 Fr Capsule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. 
 
 Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. 
 
 Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australasia and Africa, -a few of N. America. 
 They are of little importance to man. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 <\ 3 or 4 of them sterile. Commelyna. 1 
 Stamens 6, (. all perfect. . . Tradescantia. 2 
 
 1. COMMELYNA. Dill. 
 
 In honor of the brothers Commelyn,two German botanists. 
 
 Sepals herbaceous; petals colored; stam. 6, 3 4 of them sterile 
 and furnished with cruciform glands ; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, one of 
 the valves abortive. Lvs. lance-linear , with sheaths at base. Fls. en- 
 folded in a conduplicate, persistent^ spathaceous bract. 
 
XYRIS. CLVIII. XYRIDACE^E. 563 
 
 1. C. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx/i (C. erecta. Willd.) Day Flower. 
 
 St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, 
 sheaths split to the base ; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base, en- 
 folding 2 peduncles and several flowers ; pedicels contorted ; pet. unequal, the 
 lower one much smaller, unguiculate ; sta. 2, perfect. Dry soils, Middle ! 
 Southern and Western States ! Plant nearly smooth, 12 18' high, glabrous. 
 Leaves 3 5' by 8 14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe 
 veiny, 3 5-flowered. Petals deep blue. July, Aug. 
 
 2. C. VIRGINICA. Linn. 1 (C. longifolia. Michx.} 
 
 St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, 
 sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilose ; bracts deltoid-falcate, united and entire 
 at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered ; pet. nearly equal ; sta. 3, perfect. Rocky 
 woods, thickets, Penn. (MuM.) Harper's Ferry ! to Ga. A more slender, but 
 erect species, 1 2f high. Leaves 3 5' by 6 12", usually narrow-lanceolate, 
 pilose-scabrous, the sheaths near 1' long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Pe- 
 tals blue. July, Aug. Neither of these plants agrees with the descriptions in 
 the books. 
 
 2. TRADESCANTIA. 
 
 Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. 
 
 Sepals persistent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments 
 clothed with jointed hairs ; anthers reniform. ^ Fls. in terminal, 
 close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. 
 
 1. T. VIRGINICA. Spider-wort. 
 
 St. erect, simple or branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, channeled above, sessile, 
 glabrous ; fls. in a terminal, subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and 
 reflexed; cal. pubescent. Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Middle! and Western 
 States ! common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2 3f high. Leaves numerous, 
 subpilose, 12 18' by 6 12", the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular, 
 of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May Aug. The juice of the plant is viscid 
 and spins into thread ; hence the common name. 
 
 13. 1 (T. subaspera. Sims. ?) bus. lanceolate, narrowed to the base, pilose 
 both sides, sheaths entire, ciliate with long, white hairs ; umbels both axillary 
 and terminal ; fls. small, rose-colored. Shady river banks, la. ! 
 
 2. T. ROSEA. Michx. 
 
 St. erect, simple; Ivs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul; ped. 
 elongated ; cal. glabrous. Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8 12' high. 
 Leaves 6 8' by 2 3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. 
 Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species. 
 Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. 
 
 ORDER CLVIII. XYRIDACE^l. XYRIDS. 
 
 Herbs, sedge-like, with linear or ensiform leaves. Fls. capitate at the top of a simple scape. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, uneuiculate. [ments. 
 
 Sta. 6, 3 of them with extrorse anthers and inserted on the claw of the petab, the other 3 abortive fila- 
 
 Ova. single. Style trifid. Stigmas obtuse, lobed. 
 
 Fr Capsule 3-valved, 1 celled, with parietal placentae, or 3-celled. 
 
 Seeds numerous, albuminous. 
 
 Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyru extending 
 into the United States. Of no important use. 
 
 XYRIS. 
 
 Gr. vpos , acute-pointed ; in allusion to the form of the leaves. 
 
 Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric ; sepals cartilaginous ; petals 
 equal, ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals ; cap- 
 sule 1 -celled, with parietal placentae. Lvs. narrowly linear, rigid, 
 radical, sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, 
 Is yellow. 
 
 1. X. CAROLINIANA. Lam. (X. Jupacai. MX. X. flexuosa. Ell.} Yei- 
 Imo-eyed Grass. Scape slender, compressed and ancipitous above; Ivs, 
 
564 CLIX. ERICAULONACE^:. ERIOCAULON. 
 
 linear-ensiform, more or less twisted, acute, rigid, erect, shorter than the scape ; 
 head oblong-globose, obtuse; scales coriaceous, imbricated, obtuse, concave, 
 scarious and yellowish at edge ; lower ones empty ; sep. not exserted ; claws of 
 petals as long as the scales. 7J. Meadows, swamps and prairies, U. S. not un- 
 common. Scape firm and wiry, often twisted or flexuous, 1 2f high, 1" diam. 
 Leaves few, flat, 6 12' by 2 3/' clasping or equitant at base. Petals yellow, 
 limb spreading, retuse. July, Aug. 
 
 0. brevifolia. Wood. (X. brevifolia. MX.) bus. linear-subulate, short, much 
 twisted. Evidently a variety of this polymorphous species. 
 
 y. 1 Olneyi. Wood. L/vs. larger, nearly as long as the scape ; strongly equi- 
 tant-clasping at base ; scales rather loosely imbricated ; sep. a little exserted ; 
 filaments hairy. Cumberland, R. I., Olney ! Scape 18 24' high. Leaves 3 
 4" wide. Perhaps distinct, but its claims cannot now be satisfactorily deter- 
 mined. 
 
 2. X. FIMBRIATUS. Ell. Fringed Xyris. 
 
 Scape tall, erect ; Ivs. linear-ensiform, about equaling the scape ; head ob- 
 long, with the scales loosely imbricated ; sepals much exserted, fimbriate. A 
 large species, found in N. J. (Darlington) S. to Ga., Elliott. Scape 2 3f high. 
 I have never seen this species. 
 
 ORDER CLIX. ERICAULONACEJE. PIPEWORTS. 
 
 Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves sheathing at base. 
 Fls. monoecious or dioecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 6-parted, or wanting. 
 Sta. 6, some of them generally abortive. Anthers mostly 1-celled. 
 Ova. 1 or more-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous. 
 Genera 9, species 200, chiefly South American. They are of no known use. 
 
 ERIOCAULON. 
 
 Gr. spiov, wool, KO.V\OS, stem; the stem being sometimes woolly or tomentose. 
 
 Flowers <? , collected into an imbricated head ; involucre many- 
 leaved. cT in the disk ; perianth single, 3-cleft, the 2 inner seg- 
 ments united nearly to their summit ; stamens 4 6. 9 in the 
 margin ; perianth single, deeply 4-parted ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 or 3 ; 
 capsule 2 3-celled, 2 3-lobed ; cells 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. E. SEPTANGULARE. With. (E. pellucidum. Michx.) Pipewort. 
 Smooth ; scape slender, about 7-furrowed ; Ivs. linear-subulate, pellucid, 
 
 channeled, 5- veined ; hd. small, globose ; scales of the involucre obtuse. A 
 small plant of simple structure, in water, only the scape arising above the sur- 
 face. Leaves radical, submersed, in a small tuft at the bottom, 1 3' by 1 2", 
 tapering to a point, transparent at base. Stem simple, erect, 412' high, with 
 a small, terminal, hemispherical head of close, white flowers. Jn. 
 
 2. E. DECANGULARE. Michx. Tall Pipewort. 
 
 Scape 10-furrowed ; Ivs. ensiform, glabrous ; hds. large, depressed-globose ; 
 invol. scales oval, acute, those of the receptacle mucronate. Ponds, N. J. to 
 Car. Scape 2 3f high. Flowers very white. Aug. 
 
 3. E. GNAPHALOIDES. Michx. (E. decangulare. Walt.) 
 
 Scape somewhat compressed, with 10 furrows ; Ivs. short, subulate, ensi- 
 form, glabrous ; hds. hemispheric-convex ; invol. of shining, scarious, ova], 
 round-obtuse scales. In still waters. Scape 10 14' high. July. 
 
CLASS IV. GIAJMACEOCJS ENDOGENS. 
 
 FLOWERS with glumes ; or floral organs enclosed in imbricated 
 bracts, and arranged in spikelets, having no proper perianth (calyx 
 or corolla). OVARY with one cell containing a solitary ovule and 
 becoming a one-seeded fruit (achenium or caryopsis). 
 
 ORDER CLX. CYPERACE^E SEDGES. 
 
 Herbs mostly perennial, coarse, grass-like, csespitose. Root fibrous or rarely tuberous. 
 
 Stems (culms) usually solid with pith, generally without joints or nodes, and triangular. 
 
 Lvs. with their sheaths entire. Inflorescence, mostly capitate or spicate. 
 
 Fls. perfect or monoecious, solitary in the axil of each bract (glume, scale). 
 
 Per. wanting, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles, or a cup-shaped or saccate perigynium. 
 
 Sta. definite (112), mostly 3. Anthers fixed by their base, entire, 2-celled. 
 
 Ova. generally either surrounded by bristles, or invested in the saccate perigynium. Ovule erect. 
 
 Sty. 2 or 3, more or less united. Stigmas undivided, rarely bifid. 
 
 Fr. an achenium. Embryo in the end of the albumen next the hilum. 
 
 Genera 112, species 2000. The sedges abound in almost all countries and climes of the globe, and in all 
 localities, but are more common in the meadows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About 
 25 genera and 340 species are known in North America. 
 
 Properties. They are in general little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten 
 by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sweet and nutritious properties of the grasses. The leaves 
 of some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in weaving the bottoms ot chairs. 
 Yet, although of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subserve 
 many highly important ends in the economy of nature. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 i Flowers in axillary, racemose spikelets 
 ( Spikelets linear, many-flowered, distinct, loose. 
 ( Ach. triangular. 
 Fls. all terminal. ( Spikelets 1 2-flowered,inhds. < Ach lenticular. 
 ( Perisynium of 3 ovate, unguiculate petals, with 3 bristles. 
 ' Leaves 0. Spike solitary, terminal. 
 ( Bristles 36. 
 
 lyor 
 
 irregularly < enclosed 
 . imbricated. ( Achenium 
 
 Dulichium. 
 Cyperus. 
 Mariscus. 
 Kyllingia. 
 Fuirena. 
 Eleocharis. 
 Scirpus. 
 Eriophorutn. 
 
 Fls. all I Leaves } $ Style 2-cleft. Fimbristylis. 
 
 terrain, [present., t Bristles 0. \ Style 3-cleft. Tricfielostylis. 10 
 
 $ Bristles 3 6. Sty. deciduous Scirpus. ^ 
 
 Flowers all lateral. \ Bristles 0. Leaves radical. Hemicarpha. 11 
 
 \ Style short, bulbous at base. Rhynchospora. 13 
 
 Flowers f Brist. 36. \ Style very long, horn-like. . Ceratoschcemts.U 
 
 both I I Spikelets 20 30-flowered. . Psilocarya. 12 
 
 laxil.and! < Spikelets $ Ach. corky, brown. Cladium. 15 
 
 Uermin. I Bristles 0. ( few flwrd. Ach. bony, white. Scleria. 16 
 
 closed in a saccate perigynium. Fls. declinoua. . Carex. 17 
 
 TRIBE!. CYPERE.E. Flowers $. Spikelets distichously imbricated. 
 1. DULICHIUM. 
 
 Gr. Jvcd, two, AEI^IJV, scale; alluding u the glumes in two rows ? 
 
 Spikelets linear-lanceolate, subcompressed ; glumes sheathing, 
 closely imbricated in 2 rows ; style long, bifid, the persistent base 
 crowning the compressed achenium ; ovary invested with setae. 
 Stem leafy. Spikes axillary, racemose. 
 
 D. SPATHACEUM. P.ers. (Cyperus. Linn. Scirpus. Michx.*) 
 St. round, leafy and somewhat 3-sided above, thick, sheathed below ; Ivs. 
 alternate, pointing 3 ways, 24' by 3" ; sheaths tubular, shorter than the inter- 
 nodes; spikes axillary from within the sheaths and terminal, each consisting 
 of 8 10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikelets in 2 rows ; spikelets 5 7-flowered, 
 nearly an inch in length ; glumes linear-lanceolate. % Marshes, borders of 
 streams, U. S. and Can. Aug. 
 
 2. CYPERUS. 
 
 Spikelets compressed, distinct, many-flowered ; glumes imbricated 
 in two. opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed : ovary generally 
 without setae. Mostly ^-. Stem simple, leafy at base, mostly triangu- 
 lar, bearing an involucrate. simple or compound umbel at top. 
 
566 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CYPERUS. 
 
 . 1. Style 2-cleft. Achenium compressed-lenticular. 
 
 1. C. FLAVESCENS. ~Yellow Sedge. 
 
 St. leafy, triquetrous ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 15 20-flowered, in fasci- 
 cles of 3 or 4 ; invol. of 3, unequal leaves, longer than the spikes ; glumes ovate, 
 obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; ach. mucronate, somewhat rugose, dark brown. 7|_ Marshy 
 grounds, U. S., not common. Stems and leaves about 8' high, the former with 
 yellowish-green spikes in a terminal umbel with unequal rays. Aug., Sept. 
 
 2. C. DIANDRUS. Torr. Diandrous Sedge 
 
 St. slender, reclining ; umbels sessile, 1 2-rayed ; rays unequal ; invol. 
 3-leaved, the 2 outer leaves very long ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, flat, 14 16- 
 flowered, collected into capitate fascicles ; glumes acute ; sta. 2 ; sty. 2-cleft ; ach. 
 compressed. Marshes, N. Eng. ! Mid. and W. States. Stem 6 12' long. 
 Umbel somewhat paniculate. Glumes chestnut-colored. A delicately beauti- 
 ful * 
 
 0. 1 castaneus. Torr. (C. castaneus. BW.} Rays very short ; glumes close, 
 subcoriaceous, green on the back. N. Eng. ! Stems 4 -8' high. 
 
 3. C. NUTTALLII. Torr. NuttalVs Sedge. 
 
 St. acutely triquetrous, leafy at base ; Ivs. narrow-linear, nearly as high 
 as the stem ; umbel loose, subsessile, about 3-rayed ; rays short ; invol. 4-leaved, 
 the 2 outer leaves very long ; spikelets very acute, linear-lanceolate, fasciculate, 
 brownish ; ach. oblong-obtuse. 7J. Salt marshes, N. Eng. to La. Stems 6 12' 
 high, in dense tufts. Scales minutely 3-toothed. Stamens 2. 
 
 4. C. TENELLUS. Linn. 1 Torr. Slender Sedge. 
 
 St. setaceous, very slender, 3 5' high ; Ivs. setaceous ; spikelets solitary, 
 lance-linear ; invol. mostly of one erect, setaceous leaf 1' in length ; scales 
 rather loose, 3-veined on the keel ; sta. 1 ; sty. 2-cleft ; ach. oblong-obovate, much 
 compressed, brown. Monmouth Co., N. J., Dr. Cleaver, (Torr. Gyp., p. 258.) 
 
 2. Style 3-cleft. Achenia triangular. 
 * Spikelets alternate, in pinnatiform, subdistichous spikes. 
 
 5. C. STRIGOSUS. Bristle-spiked Galingale. 
 
 St. triquetrous, leafy only at base; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-margined, 
 about as long as the stem ; umbel with elongated rays and oblong, loose spikes ; 
 involucels or setaceous ; spikelets numerous, linear-subulate, spreading hori- 
 zontally, 8 10-flowered, 7 9 7/ long ; invol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones 
 very long. Wet grounds, U. S., frequent. Stem 1 2f high, bulbous at base. 
 Umbel yellowish. Sept. 
 
 0. Rays with setaceous involucels 1' long; spikelets very numerous, subulate, 
 34" long. la. ! 
 
 6. C. MICHAUXIANA. Schultes. (C. eruthrorhizos. Torr.) 
 
 St. acutely triangular ; umbel compound, with short rays ; spikelets 6 9- 
 flowered, the lower ones compound ; rachis very broad, easily separating at the 
 joints ; ova. ovoid- triangular, enfolded by the interior, adnate scales. Brack- 
 ish swamps, generally near the sea, Middle and Southern States. Stem 12 15" 
 high, reddened at the base, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 9" long, 7 9- 
 flowered. 
 
 7. C. REPENS. Ell. (C. phymatodes. Muhl.) 
 
 Rt. creeping, bearing small, round tubers at the extremities ; st. 1 2fhigh, 
 3-angled, striate ; Ivs. subradical, as long as the stem; umbel 4 6-rayed; rays 
 often branched, bearing 12 20 linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows ; 
 sheaths obliquely truncate, involucels ; spikelets 12 20-flowered, 6 S" long, 
 the lowest generally fasciculate ; glumes yellowish. 1|. Moist fields, N. Y. to 
 la. ! and S. States. Aug. 
 
 8. C. SPECIOSUS. Vahl. Showy Sedge. 
 
 St. acutely angled, about 3f high ; Ivs. deeply channeled, half as long 
 as the stem ; umbels compound, about 8-rayed, rays alternate, 1 3' long ; 
 ochrece (sheaths) deeply 2-parted; partial umbels with numerous, compound 
 spikes, mvolucellate with setaceous bracts ; spikelets umbellate. 5 8-flowered ; 
 sta. 3. Wet places, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. 
 
MARIBCUS. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 567 
 
 * * Spikelets irregularly inserted all around the rachis. 
 
 9. C. ScHWEiNiTZIi. Torr. Scheinitz's Sedge. 
 
 St. 8 12' high, triquetrous, rough on the angles ; Im. shorter than the 
 stem, about a line wide ; umbel simple, erect, 4 6-rayed, rays elongated, une- 
 qual ; sheaths truncate, entire ; invol. 3 5-leaved, longer than the leaves, sca- 
 brous on the margin ; spikelets 6 7, alternate, approximate, 6 8-flowered, with 
 a small, setaceous bract at the base of each ; scales membranaceous on the 
 margin ; sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than the smooth achenia. Shore 
 of L. Ontario, Sartwell, of Lake Erie, Suttivant ! to Ark. 
 
 10. C. ERUTHRORHlzos. Muhl. Red-root Sedge. 
 
 St. 2 3f high, obtusely triquetrous, longer than the leaves ; umbel com- 
 pound ; rays 5 9, 3 M long, each with 34 sessile spikes ; sheaths entire ; 
 spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in the spikes, a little 
 flattened, about 13-flowered ; outer glumes mucronate, closely imbricated, chest- 
 nut-brown, veinless and shining, the inner ones entirely free from the rachis ; 
 sta. 3 ; ach. smooth and shining, much shorter than the glume. Wet grounds. 
 Penn. and Southern States. 
 
 * * * Spikelets more or less aggregated in terminal masses. 
 
 11. C. FILICULMIS. Vahl. (C. mariscoides. Ell.} 
 
 St. slender, almost filiform, tuberous at base, 8 12' long, leafy only at base ; 
 Ivs. mostly radical, carinate ; umbel simple and sessile, or with 1 or 2 rays ; spike- 
 lets linear-lanceolate, 3 8-flowered, flattened when old, collected into globose 
 heads ; glumes remote, loose, ovate, yellowish. Dry, rocky hills, N. Eng. ! to 
 Flor., W. to 111. ! Aug. 
 
 12. C. GRAYII. Torr. 
 
 St. 8 12' high, filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous at base ; Ivs. 
 radical, channeled, about \" wide ; umbel 4 6-rayed, capillary, erect, spread- 
 ing ; sheaths truncate ; hds. loose, of 6 8 spikelets ; spikelets linear, compressed, 
 8 7-flowered ; scales ovate, veined, obtuse, imbricated, interior ones lanceolate ; 
 sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate-triquetrous, the length of the scale, gray, dot- 
 ted. Sandy fields, Mass., Oakes, L. I., Kneiskern, N. J., Torrey. Sept. (Dr. 
 Sartwell comm.) 
 
 13. C. DENTATUS. Torr. 
 
 St. about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous ; Ivs. a little shorter than the 
 stem, strongly keeled ; umbel compound, 6 10-rayed ; invol. of 3 unequal leaves, 
 one of them longer than the umbel ; spikelets 3 on each peduncle, 3 1" long, 
 ovate, flat, 8-flowered ; glumes acute, spreading at the points, giving the spike- 
 lets a serrated appearance ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. triangular. % Swamps, N. Eng. ! 
 and Middle States. 
 
 14. C. INFLEXUS. Muhl. 
 
 St. setaceous, leafy at base, 2 3' high; l-vs. equaling the stem; umbel 
 2 3-rayed, or conglomerate and simple ; invol. of 3 long leaves ; spikelets ob- 
 long, 8 12-flowered, 10 20 together, densely crowded into the ovoid heads ; 
 glumes yellowish, veined, squarrose-uncinate at tip- sta. 1. Banks of streams, 
 Free States ! and British Provinces. Aug., Sept. 
 
 15. C. ACUMINATUS. Torr. & Hook. 
 
 St. 5 10' (3 4' Torr.) high, slender, obtusely triquetrous; Ivs. erect, 
 radical, as long as the stem ; umbel 16 (1 2 TVrr.)-rayed ; invol. 3 4-leaved, 
 very long ; rays unequal, each with a globose head of 15 40 spikelets ; spike- 
 lets 3 11", oblong-linear, obtuse, 15 25-flowered ; fls. very regularly imbri- 
 cated in 2 rows ; glumes acute, with the point recurved ; sta. 1 ; ach. dull-gray- 
 ish. 111. Mead! Mo. Drummond. 
 
 3. MARISCUS. Vahl. 
 
 Celtic mar, a marsh ; alluding to the place where some species grow. 
 
 Spikelets subterete, clustered in heads, rarely with but 1 or 2 fer- 
 tile flowers ; glumes imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, the lower ones 
 short and empty ; rachis margined with the adnate, persistent, in- 
 
 48* 
 
568 CLX. CYPERACE.E. FUIRENA. 
 
 terior glumes ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium triangular. ^ 
 Habit of Cyperus. 
 
 1. M. OVULARIS. Vahl. (Cyperus. Gron. Torr. Scirpus echinatus. Linn.} 
 St. triquetrous, nearly naked, 1 2f high ; Ivs. shorter than the stem, 
 
 nearly smooth ; umbel simple ; rays 3" 2' long ; hds. 1 5, globose, 1 sessile, 
 the rest on the spreading rays ; spikelets linear-subulate, 6" long, 50 100 in 
 each head ; fls. 2 4, 12 fertile ; invol. 3 4-leaved, outer leaves very long. 
 Bogs and low grounds, Middle and Western States, common. Aug., Sept. 
 
 8. tenellus. Torr. Slender and csespitose ; hds. ovate, small. 
 
 y. cylindricus. Torr. Hds. oblong, cylindrical. 
 
 2. M. RETROFACTUS. Vahl. (Scirpus. Linn.} 
 
 St. obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2 3f high ; Ivs. pu- 
 bescent, 3 4" wide, about half as long as the stem ; umbels simple ; rays 
 unequal, long, 6 8; invol. 3 5-leaved; bracts unequal, not longer than the 
 rays; spikelets 70 100, subulate, 1-flowered, finally retrorsely imbricate into 
 obovate heads ; 2 lower glumes empty. A rare species, Middle and Western 
 States. Aug., Sept. 
 
 4. KYLLINGIA. 
 
 In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist. 
 
 Spikelets compressed ; scales about 4, the two lowest short and 
 empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower; stam. 1 3; 
 style long, 2-cleft ; achenia lenticular. Stems triangular. Hds. ses- 
 sile, solitary or aggregated, involucrate. 
 
 1. K. PUMILA. Michx. 
 
 Caespitose ; st. 2 12' high, slender ; Ivs. mostly radical, shorter than the 
 stem, smooth ; hds. generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely sessile, oval or 
 oblong ; invol. 3-leaved, 1 2' long ; spikelets 1-flowered, very numerous, about 
 2" long; the lowest glume or glumes very small; sta. always 2; ach. lens- 
 shaped, fulvous. Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant!) Ky. (Short) and 
 Southern States. 
 
 2. K. MONOCEPHALA. 
 
 St. slender, 1015' high, leafy at base ; Ivs. much shorter than the stem, 
 1" wide; hd. simple, globose, dense, inclining; invol. 3-leaved, the highest 
 leaflet erect; spikelets numerous, 1-flowered; two lower glumes minute, two 
 upper striate, subequal, serrulate, ciliate on the keel. Mass., N. Y. to Ga. 
 
 TRIBE 2. HYPOLYTRE^J. 
 
 5. FUIRENA. Rottboll. 
 In honor of George Fuiren, a Dutch botanist. 
 
 Glumes awned, imbricated on all sides into a spike ; petaloid 
 scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, investing the achenium. % 
 
 St. angular, leafy. Spikes subumbeled, axillary and terminal. 
 
 1. F. SQJJARROSA. Michx. 
 
 St. 1 2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate ; Ivs. ciliate, shorter than the 
 stem ; sheaths hispid-pilose ; spikes clustered, ovate, mostly terminal, 6 12 ; 
 awns nearly as long as the glumes ; petaloid scales ovate, cuspidate with a short 
 bristle ; ach. twice the length of the stipe. Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Car. 
 Sept. 
 
 2. F. PUMILA. Spr. (F. squarrosa. /?. Torr.) 
 
 St. pubescent above, 3 6' high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, striate, as 
 long as the stem ; spikes 1, 2 or 3, thick, subtended by 2 3 long, involucrate, 
 unequal leaves ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, with short awns ; petaloid scales ovate- 
 lanceolate ; ach. pedicellate, with retrorsely hispid setae. Wet, sandy places. Ang. 
 
ELEOCHARIS. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 569 
 
 TRIBE 3. SCIRPEJE. Flowers $ Glumes of the spikelet imbricated all 
 
 around. Perigynium none, or setaceous. 
 
 6. ELEOCHARIS. R. Br. 
 
 Gr. cXoj, a marsh, %aipo>, to rejoice ; plants delighting in marshy grounds. 
 
 Spikes terete ; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3 12), rigid, 
 persistent ; styles 2 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary ; achenium 
 crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of the 
 style. Stem simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal. 
 
 Spikes cylindrical, length more, than three times the diameter. 
 
 1. E. EQUISETOIDES. Torr. (Scirpus. Elliott.') Horse-tail Rush. 
 
 St. about 2f high, papillose, terete, 2 3" diam., with about 20 joints, pro- 
 duced by internal, transverse partitions ; sheath radical, obtuse, membranous ; 
 spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly contracted at 
 oase ; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse ; bristles 6, as long as the 
 achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. brown, shining. Bogs, Cumberland, R. I., Olney ! 
 Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemale. 
 
 2. E. auADRANGULATA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.) 
 
 St. 2 4f high, acutely and unequally quadrangular, the broadest side 
 convex, the others concave ; sheaths radical, purplish ; spike I' or more in length ; 
 gluw^s roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous ; bristles 6 ; ach. obovate, of a dull 
 white. Penn., Md., Dr. Robbins, to Ga. and La. In swamps and inundated 
 banks. 
 
 3. E. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Robbins' Club Rush. 
 
 Sts. clustered, 9 25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale green, several 
 of them fruitless ; sheath truncate ; spike 3 12" long, scarcely thicker than the 
 stem, placed 2 5" below its apex ! glumes 3 9, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally 
 brownish ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. I" long, pale brown ; 
 tubercle closely sessile. Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass., Richard I Very 
 distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fine as hairs. July. 
 Spike ovate, length less than three times the diameter. * Stems terete. 
 
 4. E. PALUSTRIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.} Marsh Club Rush. 
 
 St. leafless, round, inflated ; spikelets smooth and shining, lance-oblong, 
 acute, often oblique, terminal ; glumes subacute, the lower ones larger, some- 
 times empty. Low grounds, U. S. and Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stems nu- 
 merous, 1 2f high, each with an obtuse sheath at the base. Achenium round- 
 ish-obovoid, rugose, punctate, surrounded with 3 or 4 scabrous bristles, and 
 crowned with a tubercle. July. 
 
 5. E. OBTUSA. Schultes. (Scirpus obtusus. WUld. Scirpus capitatus. Walt.') 
 St. sulcate, subterete, 615' high ; spikelet ovoid, very obtuse, often near- 
 ly globose ; glumes round, dark brown, with whitish margins ; ach. obovate, 
 compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setae as long as the glumes. Shal- 
 low waters, Can. and U. S., common. July. 
 
 6. E. TUBERCULOSA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.} 
 
 St. columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base ; spikelet ovate- 
 lanceolate ; glumes very obtuse, loose ; ach. somewhat triquetrous, smaller than 
 the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristles 6, as long as the tuber- 
 cle. Sandy swamps, N. Eng. ! to Flor. Remarkable for its large tubercle. Jl. 
 * * Stems compressed or angular. 
 
 7. E. OLIVACEA. Torr. 
 
 Sts. caespitose, 2 4' high, slender, compressed, sulcate, soft ; spike ovate, 
 acutish 2 3" long, 20 30-flowered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, with 
 scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest ; bristles 6 ; sty. 2-cleft ; 
 ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackish-olive color when ripe. Sands, 
 generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I., Olney! Mass, to N. J. 
 
 8. E. INTERMEDIA. Schultes. (Scirpus. Muhl.} Turf Club Rush. 
 
 St. csespitose^ setaceous, diffuse, compressed, furrowed, hard and wiry, 
 
570 CLX. CYPERACE^:. SCIRPUS. 
 
 69' long ; spike acute, 2 3" long, 7 9-flowered ; glumes lance-ovate, acute, 
 reddish -brown, with a green midvein ; bristles 6, white, longer than the ache- 
 nium ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, attenuated to the base, striate, of a light brown 
 color. In running water, forming a strong, dense turf, N. H. ! to Ga., W. to 
 Ohio, July. 
 
 9. E. ACICULARIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.') Hair Club Rush. 
 
 St. leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 6' high; spikelets 
 oblong-ovate, acute, 4 8-flowered ; glumes obtusish, the lowest one larger and 
 empty ; ach. obovoid, triangular, verrucose, yellow and shining. Edges of ponds, 
 often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very delicate. June, July. 
 
 10. E. TENUIS. Schultes. (Scirpus. Willd.} Slender Club Rush. 
 
 St. leafless, almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8 15' high, 
 with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike terminal, elliptic-oval, acute at each 
 end; glumes dark purple, ovate, obtuse, the lower ones larger and empty; ova. 
 roundish, tapering below, in vested with 2 or 3 or setae. Common in wet places, 
 N. Eng. and Mid. States. June, July. 
 
 11. E. MELANOCARPA. Torr. (Scirpus. Baldwin.) Black-fruited Club Rush. 
 Sts. compressed, furrowed, slender, almost filiform, wiry, 12 18' high ; 
 
 sheaths truncate ; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 6" in length, 20 40-flow- 
 ered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent, 
 yellowish midvein ; bristles 3, purple ; ach. obovate-turbinate, blackish ; tubercle 
 broad, flat, pointed in the centre. Providence, R. I., Olney ! 
 
 12. E. PIGM.EA. Torr. 
 
 St. 12' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcate; spikes ovate, compressed, 
 3 6-flowered, mostly empty ; bristles 6, longer than the achenium, slender, 
 scabrous backwards ; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, whitish and shining ; tuber- 
 cle minute. Sea coast, Mass., Oakes. Sept. (Dr. Sartwell, comm.) 
 
 13. E. ROSTELLATA. Torr. inN. Y. Fl. ined. (Scirpus. Torr. Cyp.,p. 318.) 
 St. 15 20' high, clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform, 
 
 rigid ; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest blackish at summit ; spike laiice- 
 ovate, acute, 3 4" long; glumes 12 20, lance-ovate, smooth, light brown, edge 
 scarious ; bristles 4 6 ; ach. broadly obovate, biconvex, light olive-brown, with 
 a long, slightly tuberculate beak. R. I., Olney ! N. Y., Sartwell. 
 
 14. E. COMPRESSA. Sullivant ! Flat-stemmed Club Rush. 
 
 St. 12 18' high, caespitose, much compressed, narrowly linear, striate ; 
 sheath close, truncate ; spike oblong-ovate, 3 5" in length, 20 30-flowered ; 
 glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mosily 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back, 
 with a broad, scarious margin ; bristles 0; ach. obovate-pyriform, shining, mi- 
 nutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fuscous. Wet 
 places, near Columbus, Ohio ! A very remarkable species. 
 
 7. SCIRPUS. 
 Celtic cirs, the general name for rushes. 
 
 Glumes imbricated on all sides ; perigynium of 3 6 bristles, per- 
 sistent ; sty. 2 3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous ; achenium 
 biconvex or triangular. ^1- Stems mostly triquetrous, simple, rarely 
 lea/less. Spikes solitary, conglomerated or corymbose. 
 
 1. Bristles not exceeding- the achenium, retrorsely denticulate. 
 * Spike solitary, nearly or quite terminal. 
 
 1. S. PLANIFOLIUS. Muhl. Flat-leaved Club Rush. 
 
 St. caespitose, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-angled, 510' high ; 
 Ivs. broad-linear, flat, rough on the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblong- 
 lanceolate, compressed, terminal, 4 8-flowered ; glumes ovate-mucronate, yel- 
 lowish ; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the 
 spike; ach. reddish-brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself. In cold, 
 hard soils, Mass., Robbins ! N. Y. to Del. June. 
 
 2. S. SUBTERMINALIS. Torr. 
 
 St. floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 3f long ; Ivs. very narrow, 
 
SCIRPUS. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 571 
 
 almost capillary, 2 4f long ; spike solitary, somewhat terminal (the stem being 
 continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate ; style deleft ; bristles 6. 
 Streams, &c., Mass. ! to N. Y. Aug. 
 
 3. S. CJESPITOSUS. Bracted Mountain Rush. 
 
 Sis. ccespitose, round, sheathed at base with numerous rudiments of leaves ; 
 spikes compressed, terminal ; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, as long as the spike ; 
 ach. with 6 bristles. Grows in dense tufts, 4 12' high. Spike 4 5-flowered, 
 reddish-brown. On the White Mts., N. H., Bw. July. 
 
 4. S. ROBBINSII. (auct.?) 
 
 St. 12 18' high, soft, loosely cellular, terete, leafy at base ; Ivs. submersed, 
 shorter than the stems, very narrowly linear, loosely cellular ; spike broad-ovate, 
 3 4" long, placed about 6" below the ape"x of the stem ; glumes loose, 10 13, 
 ovate, acute, green ; bristles 3 6, shorter than the achenia ; ach. globose-ovoid, 
 biconvex, smooth, of a dull brown, with a slender, conspicuous beak. Ponds, 
 "Oxbridge, Mass., Dr. Bobbins I 
 
 * * Spikes many, lateral. 
 
 5. S. DEBILIS. Pursh. Weak-stemmed Rush. 
 
 St. csespitose, roundish, deeply striate, 9 16' high, with a few subulate 
 leaves at base; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, subterminal; 
 
 flumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green ; ach. obovate, mucronate ; bristles 4 
 . Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug. 
 
 6. S. TRIQ.DETER. Michx. (S. Americanus. Pers.) Three-cornered Rush. 
 St. nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave, 
 
 about 3f high and ending in a sharp point ; Ivs. few and short, from the top of 
 the sheath ; spikes lateral, 1 5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at various distances 
 below the point ; glumes round-ovate, mucronate ; bristles 6. Ponds and marshes, 
 fresh and salt, throughout N. America. 
 
 7. S. LACUSTRIS. (S. acutus. Muhl.} Lake BuLlrush. 
 
 Scape smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5 8f high, cylindric, 
 tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp ; panicle cymose 
 near the top; ped. rough, twice compound; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate; 
 scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; bracts shorter than the panicle. The largest 
 species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds U. S. 
 to Arc. Am. July. 
 
 8. S. OLNEYI. A. Gr. Olney's Rush. 
 
 St. triquetrous- winged, leafless, 2 7f high ; slieath radical, tipped with a 
 short (12') leaf; spikes 612, sessile, aggregated, 23" long, placed 912" 
 below the triangular apex of the stem ; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronate ; 
 bristles 6 12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apex. Salt marshes, 
 Sekonk river, R. I., Olney ! Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably distin- 
 guished by its 3- winged stem. July. See also Addenda, p. 638. 
 
 * * * Spikes terminal. 
 
 9. S. MARITIMUS. Sea Bullrush. 
 
 St. acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2 3f high; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-edged, 
 carinate, taller than the stem ; spikes conglomerate, 6 10, nearly an inch long, 
 corymbose ; invol. -of about 3 very long leaves ; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle 
 segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft ; bristles 3 4, much shorter than 
 the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium. Salt marshes, 
 N. Eng. ! to Flor. Aug. 
 
 p.ftuviatilis. Torr. Umbel somewhat compound; bristles 6, as long as the 
 obovate, triangular, dull grayish achenium. Fresh water swamps and lakes, 
 Western N. Y. to Wis., Laphaml and Mo. 
 
 10. S. ATROVlRENS. Muhl. 
 
 St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high ; cyme compound, proliferous ; invol. 
 of 3 leaf-like bracts, longer than the cyme ; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 20 
 in a globose head; hds. numerous, -' diam., dark green; glumes ovate, mucro- 
 nate ; ach. white, smooth ; bristles 4. Common in meadows, Middle and Western 
 States. June, July. 
 
573 CLX. CYPERACE,E. ERIOPHORUM. 
 
 11. S. BRUNNEUS. Muhl. 
 
 SI. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 3f high ; cyme decompound, its principal 
 branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base ; spikelets clustered in 
 heads of 3 6 ; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown ; ach. smooth, yellowish- white, 
 shorter than the 4 or 5 tortuous bristles. Much resembles the last species. 
 Margins of waters, N. Eng. to Penn, W. to Ohio, rare. 
 2. TRICOPHORDM. Bristles 6, much, longer than the achenium, tortuous, 
 smoothish. Stem leafy. Umbel decompound. 
 
 12. S. ERIOPHORUM. Michx. (Tricophorum cyperinum. Pers.) 
 
 St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 5f high ; Ivs. 2f long, rough-edged ; um- 
 bel terminal, decompound, large and loose ; spikes mostly pedicellate ; bristles 6, 
 capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as the white 
 achenium. A common, stiff, rank meadow sedge, which cattle do not eat, U. S. 
 and Can. Spikes numerous, 2 3" long, ovoid, obtuse, in small clusters, in a 
 large, showy panicle. Involucre 4-leaved. Aug. 
 
 13. S. LINEATUS. Michx. (Tricophorum. Pers.) 
 
 St. triangular, very leafy, 2 3f high ; umbels terminal and axillary, de- 
 compound, at length nodding ; invol. of 1 2 bracts, longer than the leaves ; 
 spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous ; bristles 6. as 
 long as the glumes. Swamps, in most of the States. Aug. 
 
 8. ERIOPHORUM. 
 
 GT. epiov, wool, depw, to bear; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynum. 
 
 Glumes imbricated all around into a spike ; achenium invested in 
 very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs. Stem generally leafy. 
 Spikelets mostly in umbels, finally clothed with the long, silky hairs. 
 * Spikelet solitary. 
 
 1. E. ALPlNUM. 
 
 St. very slender, acutely 3-angled, naked, somewhat scabrous, 8 16' high, 
 with 3 4 radical sheaths; radical Ivs. very short, subulate ; spike oblong, ter- 
 minal, about 2" in length ; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times 
 as long as the spike. Bog meadows, often alpine, N. H. ! to N. Y. and Penn. Jl. 
 
 2. E. VAGINATUM. Sheathed Cotton Grass. 
 
 Sts. densely caespitose, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1 
 2f high; uppermost sheaths inflated; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 8" long, of a 
 blackish color, with scarious glumes ; hairs 30 40 to each flower, straight, 
 white and glossy, twice as long as the spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other 
 species, even at a distance among the meadow grass. N. Eng. to Mich., N. 
 to Arc. Am. June, July. 
 
 * * Spikelets numerous. 
 
 3. E. CONFERTISSIMUM. Wood. Dense-headed Eriophorum. 
 
 St. strictly erect, firm but slender, 2 3f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, chan- 
 neled, rigid, triangular-subulate above, 8 12' long; sheaths close; invol. 2- 
 leaved, one leaf twice, the other 4 5 times longer than the spikelets ; spikelets 
 5 8, crowded, erect, on very short (2 4"), slightly scabrous peduncles, 20 30- 
 flowered ; glumes obovate, carinate, very obtuse ; ach. compressed, oblanceolate, 
 H" long, flat on one side, carinate on the other ; bristles, 100 200, white, $' long, 
 straight and silky. Bogs, Meriden, N. H. ! Distinguished for its very large 
 and dense heads. 
 
 4. E. POLYSTACHYUM. Many-spiked Cotton Grass. 
 
 St. somewhat triangular, smooth, I 2f high ; cauline Ivs. 2 3, broad- 
 linear, flattened below, triquetrous at the end; spikelets about 10, on rough pe- 
 duncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branched ; setcs 30 40 to 
 each flower, reddish-white, 6 S" long. Very conspicuous in meadows and 
 swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am. 
 
 5. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Rich. Narrow-leaved Cotton Grass. 
 
 St. slender, leafy, smooth, 10 15' high; cauline Ivs. narrow, 3-cornered, 
 with concave sides, 1 3' long ; invol. of one bract, with a loosely sheathing 
 
HEMICARPHA. CLX. CYPERACE^. 573 
 
 base ; spikelets 2 4, on short peduncles, nodding ; seta 40 50 to a flower, long, 
 white and cottony. Swamps, N. States and Brit. Am. July. 
 
 6. E. VIHGINICUM. Virginian Cotton grass. 
 
 St. nearly round, leafy, smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. flat, few, long, with 
 scabrous margins ; invol. 2 4-leaved, outer leaves much longer ; spikelets in a 
 sort of umbel, erect, nearly sessile ; glumes ovate, brown at the sides ; keel 
 green; hairs 50 60, reddish-white, long and cottony. Wet grounds, U. S. 
 and Can. 
 
 9. FIMBRISTLIS. 
 
 Lat. Jimbria, a fringe, stylus, style ; from the ciliate style. 
 
 Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles ; style compressed, 
 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin. % 
 with the habit of Scirpus. 
 
 1. F. BALDWINIANA. Terr. (Scirpus Baldwinianus. Schult. S. ferrugin- 
 eus. Darl.} St.- 2 12' high, compressed, deeply striate, leafy at base ; 
 
 umbel mostly simple, 3 4-rayed, central spikelets sessile; invol. subulate, 
 2-leaved, as long as the umbel ; spikelets ovoid, acute ; glumes ovate, brown ; 
 sty. bifid, ciliate; ach. white, longitudinally furrowed. Swamps and damp 
 places, Middle, Southern and Western States. July. 
 
 2. F. SPADICEA. Vahl. (Scirpus spad. Linn. S. castaneus. Michx.} 
 
 St. 1 2f high, hard and rigid, compressed, nearly naked ; Ivs. 5 6' 
 high, filiform, channeled inside, semi-terete outside, lower ones rust-colored ; 
 umbel of few rays, rather exceeding the 2 3 subulate, involucre leaves; spikes 
 ovate-oblong, 3 6" long ; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, finally of a dark, 
 shining, chestnut brown ; sty. conspicuously fimbriate ; ach. whitish. Marshes, 
 N. J. to La. Aug. 
 
 10. TRICHELOST^LIS. Lestiboudois. 
 
 Gr. Tpi%r]\os , three-fold, orvXoj ; from the character. 
 
 - Glumes in 4 8 ranks, carinate ; bristles ; style 3-cleft, decidu- 
 ous below the bulb at the base ; achenium triangular. 1\- Stems leafy 
 at the base. Spikes usually in terminal umbels. 
 
 1. T. MUCRONULATUS. Torr. (Scirpus muc. Michx. Fimbristylis autum- 
 nalis. R. $ S.) St. compressed, 2-edged, caespitose, leafy at base, 3 10' 
 
 high ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; umbel compound ; invol. 2-leaved j 
 spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-side4, 2 3 together ; glumes brown, 
 mucronate ; ach. white. Wet places, along rivers, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ga., W. 
 to Mo. July. 
 
 2. T. CAPILLARIS. Wood. (Scirpus. Linn. Isolepis. JR. fy S.} 
 
 St. casspitose, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4 S' high; Ivs. subradi- 
 cal, setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikelets ovoid, 2 4, pedunculate, inner 
 one sessile ; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent ; ach. white. In 
 sandy fields, Mass, to Car., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug. 
 
 11. HEMICARPHA. Nees. 
 Gr.' f]jj.iffvsj half, Kap<f>a, straw or chaff? 
 
 Glumes imbricated all around ; bristles ; stain. 1 ; style 2-cleft, 
 not bulbous at base, deciduous ; achenium compressed, oblong, sub- 
 terete. ^ Spikes glomerate. 
 
 H. SO.UARROSA. Nees. (Isolepis subsquarrosa. Schrad. Scirpus subsq. 
 
 Muhl. S. minimus. Ph.) Scape setaceous, compressed, sulcate, recurv- 
 ed, 2 3' high ; Ivs. setaceous, shorter than the scape ; spikes 2 3, terminal 
 (apparently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long ; invol. of 2 bracts, one 
 appearing like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other ; glumes 
 00, with a short, recurved or squarrose point, finally brown ; ach. minute, of a 
 dull, brownish-white. Sandy banks, N. Eng. ! to Penn. and Ky. 
 
574 CLX. CYPERACEyE. RHYNCHOSPORA. 
 
 12. PSYLOCARYA. Torr. 
 
 Flowers . Glumes 00, imbricated all around, all fertile ; peri- 
 gynium ; stain. 2 ; filaments long, persistent ; style 2-cleft, dilated 
 or tuberculate at base ; achenium biconvex, crowned with the per- 
 sistent style. Stems leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymose. 
 P. sciRpolDEs. Torr. ft 
 
 St. slender, leafy, smooth, 3-sided, 5 9' high ; Ivs. linear, smooth, 3 5' 
 by I", cauline about 2 ; cymes terminal, and one from the sheath of each cau- 
 line leaf; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, loose clusters, 20 30- 
 flowered ; glumes chestnut-colored, thin, ovate, acute ; ach. tumid, dark brown, 
 crowned with the long style, which is much dilated at base. Borders of ponds, 
 Smithfield, R. I., Olney ! Mass., Greene. Rare. 
 
 13. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl. 
 
 Gr. pvv%os, a beak, Gxopa, seed; from the character. 
 
 Flowers $ or $ $ 9 , few in each spikelet ; glumes loosely imbri- 
 cated, the lowest small and empty j perigynium of 6 12 bristles; 
 stam. 3 ; style bifid ; achenium lens-shaped or subglobose, crowned 
 with the distinct, bulbous base of the style. *4- Stem leafy, 3-sided. 
 Inflorescence, terminal and axillary. 
 
 * Achenium smooth. 
 
 1. R. ALBA. Vahl. (Schoenus albus. Linn.') White Bog-Rush. 
 
 St. triangular above, very slender, leafy, smooth, 10 16' high ; Ivs. seta- 
 ceous, channeled; corymbose fascicles pedunculate, both terminal and from the 
 axils of the sheaths, with setaceous bracts ; spikelets lanceolate, acute at each 
 end, with crowded, lanceolate, white glumes. In wet, shady grounds ; com- 
 mon. July Sept. 
 
 2. R. CAPILLACEA. Torr. (SchcEnus. Muhl.) 
 
 St. 6 12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular ; Ivs. setaceous, much shorter 
 than the stem ; spikelets 3 6, mostly terminal, oblong, each with a setaceous 
 bract ; glumes chestnut-colored, with scarious edges ; bristles 6, much longer 
 than the oblong, substipitate achenium ; tubercle about half the length of the 
 achenium. Swamps, N. Y., Sartwell, Penn., Muhl. 
 
 3. R. FUSCA. Roem. & Schult. (Schoenus fuscus. Linn.) 
 
 St. 3-angled, about 2f high ; Ivs. linear, carinate, smooth ; fascicles alter- 
 nate, pedunculate ; bracts setaceous, longer than the ovoid spikes ; glumes brown, 
 ovate ; ach. brown, rugose, with an acute, black tubercle as long as the hispid 
 bristles. Wet places, Mass, to N. J. Rare. 
 
 4. R. GRACILENTA. A. Gr. 
 
 St. 1 2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth; Ivs. linear-setaceous, 
 much shorter than the stem ; corymbs small, fasciculate, the lateral on slender 
 peduncles exserted from the sheaths; spikelets ovoid; glumes ovate, acute, dark 
 brown ; bristles 6, a third longer than the roundish-ovoid achenium ; tubercle 
 flat, dilated at base. Dry grounds, N. Y. to Car. 
 
 5. R. GLOMERATA. Vahl. (Schcenus. Linn.) 
 
 St. slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high ; Ivs. flat, carinate, rougn- 
 edged ; corymbed fascicles very remote, in pairs, axillary and terminal ; spikelets 
 lanceolate ; glumes keeled, mucronate, brown ; ach. obovoid or cuneiform, very 
 smooth, as long as the tubercle ; seta 6, rough, backwards. In bogs, Can. to 
 Flor. July, Aug. 
 
 6. R. CEPHALANTHA. A. Gr. 
 
 St. 2 3f high, triangular, stout ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, the lower and 
 radical nearly as long as the stem ; hds. roundish, axillary and terminal, soli- 
 tary or rarely two together ; spikelets lance-oblong ; glumes ovate-oblong, dark 
 brown ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium ; ach. roundish-ovoid, a little 
 compressed, very obtuse. N. J. pine barrens. 
 
SCLERIA. CLX. CYPERACEJE. ^ 575 
 
 * * Achenium rugose. 
 
 7. R. CYMOSA. Nutt. (Schcenus. Willd.) 
 
 St. 1 2f high, triangular, angles acute ; radical Ivs. shorter than the 
 stem, cauline rising above the stem ; corymbs 3 4, the terminal largest ; spike- 
 lets ovoid, in close fascicles of about 5; glumes broad-ovate, dark brown; 
 bristles 6, } as long as the broad-ovate, transversely rugose achenium ; tubercle 
 depressed, much shorter than the ach. N. J. to La. JL, Aug. 
 
 8. R. TORREYANA. A. Gr. 
 
 SL 2f high, slender, caespitose, striate ; Ivs. setaceous, radical, 6 10" 
 long, cauline much shorter ; corymbs diffuse, the lateral, if any, on short pedun- 
 cles ; spikekts ovoid, pedicellate or sessile ; glumes ovate, mucronate, brown ; 
 bristles 6, scarcely half as long as the oblong-ovate achenium ; tubercle short, 
 nearly as broad at base as the achenium. N. J. Torrey. JL, Aug. 
 
 15. CERATOSCHCENUS. Nees. 
 
 Gr. ff>as, aros, a horn. <T%OIVOS , rush ; alluding to the long, persistent style of the achenium. 
 
 Spikelets 2 5-flowered, one flower $ , the rest cT ; glumes loosely 
 imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones empty ; perig. of 5 or 6 
 rigid, hispid or scabrous bristles ; stam. 3 ; style simple, very long, 
 persistent on the smooth, compressed achenium. ^j- Stems leafy. 
 Corymbs compound. 
 
 1. C. LONGIROSTRIS. A. Gr. (Schoenus longirostris. Michx. S. cornicula- 
 tus. Lam. Rhyncospora comic. A. Gr.} Glabrous and glaucous ; st. 
 
 3 4f high, triangular ; Ivs. 12 16' by 46", flat, rough-edged ; fls. in very 
 large, terminal and axillary corymbs, terminal one the largest ; spikelets loosely 
 fascicled in 4s or 5s on the long peduncles ; glumes brown, ovate ; bristles shorter 
 than the achenium, which is 2" long, and crowned with the (7") long, subu- 
 late, horny style. OhioltoFlor. Common in wet places Aug. 
 
 2. C. MACROSTACHYA. Torr. (Rhyncospora ejusd.) 
 
 Glabrous; st. 2 3f high, triangular; Ivs. 1 2f by 2 4", rough-edged; 
 axillary corymbs subsimple, terminal ones compound ; upper spikelets densely 
 fascicled ; ach. ovate, smooth ; bristles erectly hispid, twice as long as the ache- 
 nium ; style persistent, nearly 4 times as long as the achenium. Mass. Rob- 
 bins. ! 
 
 16. CLADIUM. Browne. 
 
 Flowers <? ? 9 ; glumes imbricated somewhat in 3 rows, lower 
 ones empty ; bristles ; stam. 2 ; style 2 3-cleft, deciduous ; ache- 
 nium subglobose, the pericarp hard, thickened and corky above. 
 ^ Stem leafy. Corymbs or 'panicles terminal and axillary. 
 
 C. MARiscolDES. Torr. (Schoenus. Muhl.) Bog Rush. 
 
 St. terete, leafy, 20 30' high, hard and rigid; Ivs. narrowly linear, chan- 
 neled above, rounded beneath, much shorter than the stems ; bracts short ; umbels 
 2 3, erect, the lateral on long exserted peduncles ; rays 37, some of them 
 very short; spikelets aggregated in heads of 4 8, lance-ovate, 3" long; glumes 
 tawny- brown, about 6, the upper usually $ , the next J, and the rest empty ; 
 ach. ovoid, short-beaked with the remains of the 3-cleft style. Bogs, Can. to 
 Penn. July. 
 
 TRIBE 3. SCL<ERE J3. Flowers monoecious or diclinous. Achenium naked 
 
 (without a perigynium), more or less hard and bony. 
 
 17. SCLERIA. 
 
 Gr. (TK\r)pos, hard; alluding to the indurated shell of the fruit. 
 
 Flowers diclinous, fertile spikelets 1 -flowered, glumes fasciculate; 
 perigynium cup-shaped or ; achenium globose, ovoid or triangular, 
 with a thick, bony pericarp ; style 3-cleft, deciduous. ^ Stems kafy. 
 Spikelets in spikes, fascicles or panicles. 
 49 
 
576 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX, 
 
 1. Perigynium cup-shaped, lobed, repand or annular. 
 
 1. S. RETICULARIS. Michx. 
 
 St. 1 2f high, triangular, rather slender ; Ivs. 1" wide, channeled, radical 
 6 12' long, cauline few, much shorter ; fascicles 2 5, lateral and terminal, 
 distant, loose-flowered, subsessile ; spikelets somewhat in pairs, the <? many- 
 flowered, at the base of the $ ; glume light brown, ovate, acuminate ; sta. 2 ; 
 perig. 3-lobed; ach. globose, of a dead white, f" diam., conspicuously reticulated 
 and deeply pitted. Borders of ponds, R. L, Olney ! to Flor. The achenium is 
 a curious and beautiful object. 
 
 2. S. LAXA. Torr. (S. reticularis. Muhl.} 
 
 St. 1 2f high, weak, diffuse, acutely triangular, slender ; Ivs. flat, 2" 
 wide, smooth ; fascicles about 3, one terminal, the others lateral and very re- 
 mote ; ped. 2 6" long, compressed, slender, often recurved ; spikelets distant, in 
 pairs, the sterile at the base of the $ ; sta. 2 ; perig. deeply 3-lobed ; ach. about 
 1" diam., globose, whitish, marked with brown, hairy, transverse ridges and 
 pits. Near the sea coast, N. J. to Flor. Sept. 
 
 3. S. PANUIFLORA. Muhl. 
 
 St. 10 16' high, triangular, slender, smoothish; Ivs. narrow, nearly 
 smooth ; sheaths pubescent ; fascicles 2 3, lateral and terminal, few-flowered, 
 the lateral ones on long peduncles ; bracts foliaceous, ciliate ; spikelets in pairs ; 
 glumes membranaceous, acute ; 9 spikelet of 3 ovate, mucronate glumes, some- 
 what ciliate on the keel ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. globose, rough, white and shining ; 
 perig. a narrow ring upon which are 6 roundish, minute, tubercles. N. Y. 
 (Bradley}, N. H. (Carey), to Car. Aug. 
 
 /?. Fascicle solitary, terminal, (apparently lateral) sometimes with a small 
 one near the base of the stem. Ohio, Sullivant ! 
 
 4. S. TRIGLOMERATA. Michx. Whip-grass. 
 
 St. erect, acutely triangular, rough, leafy, 3 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, rough-edged ; spikelets lateral and terminal, alternate, in about 3 subsessile 
 fascicles, and much shorter than the leafy bracts ; glumes ovate, cuspidate, dark 
 purple ; ach. globose, smooth and polished, white, nearly 2" diam. when ripe. 
 Swamps, in nearly all the states. June, July. 
 
 2. HYPOPORUM. Perigynium 0. 
 
 5. S. VERTICILLATA. Muhl. (Hypoporum verticillatum. Nees.) 
 
 St. 6 8 12' high, triquetrous, slender, glabrous ; Ivs. linear, narrow and 
 flat, shorter than the stem ; fascicles 4 6, sessile, few-flowered, appearing as if 
 verticillate ; bracts minute, setaceous, about as long as the fascicles, scabrous 
 upward ; scales of > ovate, smooth, scabrous and keeled ; ach. globose, rugose, 
 a little more than ' diam., abruptly mucronate and somewhat 3-sided at base. 
 Very abundant in Junius, N. Y., Sartwell, to Car., W. to Ohio, Sullivant ! 
 
 TRIBE 4. CARICEJE. Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbricated 
 on all sides. Achenium wholly enclosed in an urceolate or bottle-shaped 
 perigynium. 
 
 18. CAREX. * 
 
 Spikelets 1 or more, either androgynous (with both staminate and 
 pistillate flowers), or with the two kinds in separate spikelets, rarely 
 dioecious ; glumes single, 1 -flowered, lower ones often empty ; sta- 
 mens 3 ; stigmas 2 or 3; perigynium of various forms, 1-valved, per- 
 sistent, enclosing the lenticular or triangular achenium. 
 I. Stigmas two. Achenium double convex. 
 A. Spike single. 1. Monoecious. 
 
 1. C. CAPITATA. 
 
 Spike capitate or nearly globose, <$ at the summit ; fr. (perigynium} round- 
 ish-ovate, close, compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutish, longer than the 
 ovate and rather obtuse glume ; Ivs. slender. Heights of the White Mts., Bobbins. 
 
 * By Prof C. Dewey, D. D. See Preface. 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 577 
 
 A. Spike single. 2. Dioecious. 
 
 2. C. DAVALLIANA. Smith. 
 
 Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered; perig. ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, 
 convex, terete, recurved, longer than the ovate glume ; st. and Ivs. are usually 
 serrulate. Wayne Co., N. Y., Sartwell. 
 
 3. C. EXILIS. Dewey. 
 
 Fertile spike J* below, ovate, rather densely-flowered ; perig. ovate-lanceo- 
 late, convex on both sides, diverging, serrulate on the margin, a little longer 
 than the ovate, acute glume ; Ivs. setaceous ; st. 12 20' high. Grows in Dan- 
 vers and Ipswitch, Ms., Oakes, in N. Y. and N. J. May. 
 
 /?. squamacea. Dew. Spike often an inch long, having many <$ glumes at the 
 base and few perig. at the summit. Longer than the other, and grows with 
 it in Ipswich, Mass., Oakes. 
 
 B. Spikes several* androgynous. 
 1. Stamens variously situated above, below, or in the middle ; sometimes dioecious. 
 
 4. C. STERILIS. Willd. 
 
 Spike compound, ^ below, often dioecious ; spikelets 4^6, ovate, subap- 
 proximate ; perig. ovate, acuminate or subrostrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous, 
 scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, acutish glume ; st. 2f high, erect 
 and stiff. Wet places, common. 
 
 5. C. BROMolDEs. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets numerous, alternate, $ below, sometimes all 9 5 perig. lanceo- 
 late, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than the ovate- 
 lanceolate glume. Common in small bogs, in wet places. 
 
 6. C. SICCATA. Dewey. 
 
 Spikelets numerous, $ above, often wholly J\ ovate, close or approximate ; 
 Jr. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the 
 margin, equaling the ovate and lanceolate glume. Sandy plains, Westfield, 
 Mass., Davis; Ipswitch, Mass., Oakes; widely spread over the country, but not 
 abundant. 
 
 7. C. SARTWELLII. Dewey. 
 
 Spikelets 12 20, ovate, sessile, compact, bracteate, lower ones especially 
 fructiferous ; upper often J* ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, convexo-concave, subu- 
 late, short, 2-toothed, a little longer than the ovate and acute glume ; Ivs. flat, 
 linear, shorter than the stem. Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y., Sartwett. 
 
 2. Stamens at the summit of 
 
 a* Cephalvus, or fruit in heads. 
 
 8. C. CEPHALOPHORA. Willd. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate head, bracteate, about 5 ; 
 perig. ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, scabrous on the margin, with a short, 
 ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume which equals it ; st. 8 16' high. Borders 
 of fields and woods, common, but not abundant. 
 
 9. C. VULPINOIDEA. Michx. (C. vulpinaeformis. Tuckermati. C. multi- 
 flora. Muhl.) Spikelets ovate-oblong, obtuse ; spike decompound, bracte- 
 ate, conglomerate; perig. ovate, acuminate, densely imbricate, bifid, tripli- 
 nerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume ; st. obtusely 
 triangular, round and leafy towards the base. Common in fields. 
 
 0. microsperma. Dew. (C. microsperma. Wahl.} Spikelets closely aggregated, 
 whole spike less compact; perig. more convex, shorter, less acuminated into a 
 beak, very abundant. Grows with the other, in dry and moist situations. 
 
 10. C. SETACEA. Dewey. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bracteate; perig. ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, some diverging, about equal to the 
 ovate-lanceolate, awned glume ; st. 2f high, acutely triangular, scabrous above 
 and striate. Wet places not abundant. 
 
 11. C. MUHLENBERGII. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets alternate, obtuse, approximate, with a long bract at the lower 
 
578 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 
 
 one ; perig. ovate, convex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the 
 margin, some diverging, a little shorter than the ovate and mucronate glume ; 
 st. 12 18' high. In fields, not very common, readily distinguished from the 
 three preceding and following. 
 
 12. .C. CHORDORRHlZA. 
 
 Spikelets 3 5, aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile ; perig. ovaie, acumi- 
 nate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broad, ovate and acute glume ; 
 st. branching towards the base and sending out roots at the joints ; spikes rarely 
 bearing only stamens. Marshes, New York ; common, Sartwell. Michigan, 
 Cooley. 
 
 13. C. PRAIREA. Dew. 
 
 Spike below branched; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5 Ton a branch; perig. 
 ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, 
 equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 2 3f high, leafy towards the base. 
 Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N. England and 
 N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata. L., which has a much broader ovate glume, 
 shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has 
 been taken. 
 
 14. C. TERETIUSCULA. Good. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, acute, sessile, decompound, brownish, lower one bracteate ; 
 perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on the edge, spreading, lon- 
 ger than the ovate and acute glume ; fr. brown ; st. 18 36' high, leafy towards 
 the root. Wet places, common, in tufts. 
 
 15. C. DECOMPOSITA. Muhl. 
 
 Spike decompound or paniculate ; spikelets very many, ovate, alternate ; 
 perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangular, acutish or short-rostrate, short, 
 brownish, glabrous, about equal to the ovate and acuminate, whitish glume ; 
 st. 18 30' high. Found in swamps, Michigan, and in Yates Co., N. York, 
 Sartwell. 
 
 16. C. PANICULATA. 
 
 Spike paniculate, -often ^ 9> J n S an d spreading; spikelets ovate, sessile, 
 6 18 on a branch beloAV, short bracteate ; perig. ovate, acute, gibbous, nerved, 
 2-toothed, brownish or tawny, 2-toothed, serrulate on the margin, a little 
 shorter than the broad-ovate, short-acute glume ; st. 2f high. Found in North- 
 ern America, and hardly known in the United States. 
 "b. Perigynia radiating. 
 
 17. C. ROSEA. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets 3 5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturity, 
 lowest long bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5 12, convex above, scabrous 
 on the margin, 2-toothed, very diverging or even reflexed, twice as long as the 
 ovate-obtuse glume ; st. 8 16' high. 
 
 /?. radiata. Dew. Spikelets distant, about 3- flowered, with setaceous bracts ; 
 perig. oblong, acute ; st. 4 8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very narrow 
 leaves. Common in pastures and moist woods ; the variety is about woods, or 
 open places in woods. 
 
 18. C. RETROFLEXA. Muhl. 
 
 Spikelets about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate, sessile, bracteate and 
 stellate in maturity; perig. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, subscabrous or smooth on 
 the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to the ovate and acute glume ; 
 st. about a foot high. Readily distinguished from the preceding. Woods and 
 pastures, not abundant. 
 
 19. C. STIPATA. Muhl. 
 
 Spike often decompound ; spikelets oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracte- 
 ate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, sub- 
 scabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate 
 glume ; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides. Wet places and 
 marshes, abundant. 
 
 20. C. ALOPEcoiDA. Tuckerman. (C. cephalophora, /?. maxima. Dew.) 
 Spike compound, rather loose ; spikelets 8 10, aggregated into an oblong 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 579 
 
 head, bracteate, sessile ; peng. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acumi- 
 nate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subrostrate, a little longer than the ovate and 
 acuminate glume ; st. triquetrous, scabrous on the edges. Moist woods, Penn. 
 and N. York, Sartwell. 
 
 21. C. CEPHALOIDEA. DeW. 
 
 Spikelets 4 6, ovate, aggregated closely, sessile and bracteate; perig. 
 ovate, obtusish, bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in 
 maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. Dry fields 
 not abundant, but common over New England and New York. In hedges it 
 is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base. 
 
 22. C. SPARGAN01DES. Muhl. 
 
 Spikelets 7 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile; perig. ovate, 
 acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, 
 nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. about 2f 
 high, with long, striate leaves. 
 
 /?. ramea. Dew. has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in 
 the place of the lower spikelet, and is the C. divulsa of Pursh. About culti- 
 vated and moist fields, common. 
 
 23. C. MURICATA. 
 
 Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower ones some- 
 times remotish; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, 
 scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. 
 Fields near Boston, B. D. Greene, and common in Arctic America ; Charles- 
 town, Mass., M. A. Curtis. 
 
 c. Perigynia few. 
 
 24. C. DISPERMA. Dew. 
 
 Spikelets 3 4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracteate; perig. ovate, 
 obtuse, about two, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer 
 than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume ; st. slender, 6 18' high, with nar- 
 row and linear leaves. Perigynia 1 2, sometimes 3. Wet woods, N. Eng- 
 land, N. York, Michigan and Wisconsin Territory. 
 
 3. Androgynous ; stamens at the base of the spikelets. 
 d Perigynia radiating. 
 
 25. C. STELLULATA. Good. 
 
 Spikelets 4 6, ovate, remotish, sessile ; perig. broad ovate, contracted into 
 a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and 
 reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume; st. erect, stiff, leafy 
 below, 8 24' high. Common in wet places over the Northern States. 
 
 26. C. sciRpolDEs. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate ; 
 perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, 
 diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate*-lanceolate, acute glume ; st. 
 6 16' high, leafy towards the base. Wet places in the country. The more 
 lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the pre- 
 ceding. C. scirpaides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. 
 
 27. C. CURTA. Good. 
 
 Spikelets 4 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote ; 
 perig. round-ovate, acutish, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed, 
 slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; st. 1 2f high, 
 usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. Moist places over the 
 country. 
 
 28. C. SPH.EROSTACHYA. Dew. (C. canescens, 0. sphaerostachya. Tuck.) 
 Spikelets 3 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few fruited, 2 6 ; perig. 
 
 ovate- lanceolate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate and hyaline, white 
 glume ; st. 1 2f high, slender, flaccid, subrostrate, and with the leaves, green. 
 Common in N. England and N. York, in wet places. 
 e Ovate-lanceolate spikelets ; feio-fruited. 
 
 29. C. DEWEYANA. Schk. 
 
 SpikeleU about 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest 
 49* 
 
580 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 
 
 bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano-con- 
 vex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, 
 awned, hyaline glume; st. 1 4f long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves; 
 whole plant yellowish-green. Common in open woods or on the borders of 
 woods. 
 
 30. C. TRISPERMA. Dew. 
 
 Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate; perig. 
 ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nervecl, 
 subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute 
 and hyaline glume ; st. 1024' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender, 
 longer than the leaves. In tufts in marshes or wet woods ; common in N. 
 England and N. York. 
 
 f, Spikelets oval. 
 
 31. C. SCOPARIA. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets 5 10, usually 5 7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with 
 a long deciduous bract; perig. ovate, lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly mar- 
 gined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume ; st. 18 24' high, 
 leafy towards the root. Moist places, very common. 
 /?. aggregata. Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 
 
 32. C. LAGOPODiolDEs. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets 8 20, cylindric, ovate, rather near, alternate and sessile ; perig. 
 lanceolate, tapering at both ends, concavo-convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous 
 on the margin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. nearly 
 2f high, leafy ; the whole light green. Common. 
 
 33. C. STRAMINEA. Wahl. 
 
 Spike compound, erect ; spikekts about 6, ovate, short-oblong, alternate,- 
 sessile, subapproximate ; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, ciliate-ser- 
 rate on the margin, beaked, 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than 
 the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 12 20' high, longer than the leaves ; spikelets 
 whitish or tawny. Common in woods and fields. 
 
 a. brevior. Dew. Spikelets 3 5, often closely approximate, and more nearly 
 round ; perig. shorter-ovate, and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate- 
 lanceolate glume. This is the plant originally described by "Willdenow. 
 
 ff. minor. Dew. Spikelets small, 5 6, globose or obovate, less approximate ; 
 perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate, 
 acute glume. 
 
 34. C. TENERA. Dew. (C. adusta. Boott.} 
 
 Spike compound, recurved ; spikelets about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate, 
 sessile, brownish, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; fr. ovate, compressed, 
 somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lance- 
 olate scale ; st. 15 30' high, small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike, 
 longer than the leaves. LighVgreen. Common. 
 
 35. C. FESTUCACEA. Schk. 
 
 Spikelets 5 8, obovate and clubform, sessile and alternate, approximate, 
 lower one bracteate ; perig. roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2-toothed, 
 scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume ; st. 15 30' 
 high, erect and stiff, leafy below. Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to 
 brown. Common in fields, but not abundant. The dub-form spikelets from the 
 decurrent scales of the ^ flowers, especially mark this species. 
 
 36. C. MIRABILIS. Dew. 
 
 Spikekts 7 11, ovate-globose, alternate, sessile, often closely-aggregated, 
 and stiff-form, bracleate below; perig. ovate, sublanceolate, scabrous on the 
 margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice lon- 
 ger than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 18 36' high, erect, stiff, rough above, 
 rather slender ; plant light green. Common about fences and hedges, and has 
 a specially rigid appearance. 
 
 37. C. CRISTATA. Schw. 
 
 Spikelets G 14, globose, sessile, closely aggregated into a head of a crested 
 form, bracteate ; perig. ovate", oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate, 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^. 581 
 
 bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceo- 
 late glume ; st. I 3f high, acutely triangular. Plant yellowish-green. Com- 
 mon in fields and meadows on colder soils. 
 
 38. C. TENUIFLORA. Wahl. 
 
 Spikelets 2 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate; 
 perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline 
 or white glume ; st. a loot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the 
 flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish. Burlington and 
 Salem, Vt, in swamps, Bobbins, Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y., Kneirskern, 
 Southampton, Mass., Chapman. 
 
 39. C. CYPEROlDES. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head, with long and leafy bracts ; 
 perig. ovate, long-lanceolate, or drawn into a long awn scabrous on its edges, 
 slightly stipitate, 2-toothed, a little longer than the lanceolate and cuspidate 
 glume ; plant very pale green. Jefferson Co., N. Y. first found in our country 
 last summer, by Dr. Crawe. 
 
 40. C. MUSKINGUMENSIS. Schw. 
 
 Spikelets oval-oblong, 5 10, somewhat tapering at both ends, large and 
 approximate, close-flowered, dry and chaff-like ; perig. lanceolate, compressed, 
 thin, distinctly winged, biaentate, nerved, acuminate, twice longer than the 
 ovate-lanceolate glume ; plant light green in all its parts. Common in Ohio 
 and Mich., 1836' high. 
 
 41. C. LIDDONI. Boott. 
 
 Spikelets 5 7, oblong-ovate, closely aggregated ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, on the margin serrulate, scarcely 
 longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and hyaline on the edges ; 
 perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown; plant yellowish-green. Arctic Am., 
 Boott, Mich., Dr. CooLey. 
 
 C. Stamens and Stigmas on separate spikes. 
 1 Staminate spike single. 
 
 42. C. AUREA. Nutt. (C. pyriformis. Schw.') 
 
 tf Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, 
 subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproximate, bracteate ; perig. globose, 
 obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, 
 acute or short- mucronate glume ; st. 3 10' high, slender, often subprocumbent. 
 Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds. 
 
 43. C. SAXATILIS. 
 
 J* Spike oblong, thick ; 9 spikes 2 or 3, oblong, obtuse, sessile, lower pe- 
 dunculate ; perig. elliptic, plano-convex, obtuse, short-rostrate, about equaling 
 the oblong and obtuse glume ; st. 6 10' high, erect, with long and leafy sheaths 
 and bracts. Spikes nearly black. White Mts., N. H., Barratt; woods, Vt., 
 Pursh. 
 
 44. C. CONCOLOR. R. Br. 
 
 tf Spike erect, cylindric ; 9 spikes 2 3, erect, subsessile, cylindric ; perig. 
 oval, entire, smooth, mucronate, about equal to the oblong and obtuse glume ; 
 st. 10 15' high, smooth, leafy below ; bracts auriculate ; <$ spike sometimes 
 pistillate above. White Mts., N. H., Boott. Closely related to C. ccespitosa, L., 
 but has a smooth stem ; scales of light color. 
 
 2. Staminaie spikes one or more, and the upper part of the pistillate sometimes 
 
 staminate. 
 
 45. C. RIGIDA. Good. 
 
 c? Spike oblong, cylindric, rarely 2; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong, cylindric, 
 densely-flowered, short and thick, approximate, lower one subpedicellate, with 
 a bract surpassing the stem ; perig. ovate, obtusish, entire at the orifice ; glume 
 nearly twice longer than the mature fruit and subequal before ; st. 3 8' high, 
 thick and stiff, often recurved ; Ivs. stiff and glaucous. Ipswich, Ms., Oakes. 
 Has been confpounded with C. cccspitosa. 
 
582 CLX. CYPERACE^. CAREX. 
 
 46. C. CJESPITOSA. 
 
 tf Spike single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong, black scales ; 
 o spike 23, cylindric, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracteate, lowest one 
 short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the orifice, scarcely 
 rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume ; st. 6 14' high, 
 scabrous on the edge, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. flat. Wet places, Ipswich, 
 Mass., Oakes ; N. Y. and Michigan. 
 
 47. C. STRICTIOR. Dew. 
 
 $ Spikes 1 2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes ; 9 spikes 2 3, 
 cylindric, J* above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, 
 compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a 
 little longer than the oblong and acute glume ; st. a foot and more high, trique- 
 trous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves 
 towards the base ; Ivs. erect, close ; whole plant glaucous except the spikes. 
 Wet places, common. 
 
 48. C. STRICTA. 
 
 J* Spikes 1 2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and 
 obtuse ; 9 spikes 2 3, long-cylindric, upper half J, lower longer, short-peduncu- 
 late, loosely-flowered below ; perig. ovate-acuminate or elliptic, compressed, at 
 the orifice entire or slightly emarginate and its glume strongly ferruginous, the 
 lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and 
 narrower than the perigynia ; st. 2f high, with reticulated filaments connecting 
 the leaves, JBoott. Wet places, as bogs, common. 
 
 49. C. ACUTA. 
 
 Spikes long and slender ; J* 2 3 ; 9 34, long, slender, cylindric, short- 
 pedunculate, nodding towards maturity, remotish, bracteate ; perig. oval or ob- 
 long, obtuse, orifice protended, or very short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong, 
 acute glume ; st. acute, triquetrous, lax ; the stamens at the summit of the 
 pistillate spikes render them acute. Common. 
 
 0. erecta. Dew. (Schk. fig. 85, c.) Spikes shorter, 2 of each ; 9 nearly erect, 
 oblong, close-flowered; perig. shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Evi- 
 dently misplaced by Schkuhr. 
 
 y. sparsiflora. Dew. (Schk. fig. 92, .) 9 Spikes very long, recurved, very 
 sparsely flowered below. Common. 
 
 50. C. AQUATiLis. Wahl. 
 
 & Spikes 1 4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, ob- 
 tusish ; 9 spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1 2' long, sub- 
 erect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered ; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather 
 small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal to the ovate, 
 acutish glume ; st. 20 30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. 
 In marshes and wet places, common. 
 
 51. C. CRiNlTA. Lam. 
 
 J* Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few 9 flowers ; 9 
 spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and 
 more loosely flowered, often <? at summit ; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-ros- 
 trate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about as long as the oblong, obtusish, 
 scabrous-awned glume ; st. 1224' high, rough, triquetrous. Common in wet 
 places. 
 
 /?. gynandra. Dew. (C. gynandra. Schw.) 9 Spikes pendulous, thicker in 
 the midst ; glumes about twice as long as the perigynia. 
 
 52. C. PALEACEA. Schreb. Schk., fig. 125. 
 
 9 Spikes about 4, long-cylindric, densely-flowered, recurved, with a long, 
 reclined peduncle; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emarginate at the ori- 
 fice, convex both sides ; glumes terminated by a long, serrate point more than 
 thrice the length of the perigynia ; st. 2042' high, recurved, rough-edged, pale 
 green. Common in dry grounds. 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACEJ2. 583 
 
 II. Stigmas three. 
 
 D. Spikes androgynous. Monoecious. 
 
 ! Stamens at the summit. 
 
 a. Spike single. 
 
 53. C. POLYTRicHolDEs. Muhl. (C. microstachya. MX.} 
 
 Spike oblong, terminal ; perig. 38, oblong, alternate, subtriquetrous, gla- 
 brous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse, and rarely mucro- 
 nate glume ; st. 4 12' high, very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves. 
 Common in wet and cold grounds. 
 
 54. C. LENEOGLOCHIN. Ehrh. (C. pauciflora. Lightfoot.} 
 
 Spike about 4-flowered, with 1 or 2 ^ flowers at the apex ; perig. lanceo- 
 late, subtriquetrous and tapering, much reflexed, twice longer than the oblong- 
 lanceolate glume; st. 3 8' high, with subradical and linear leaves. In Ashfield 
 and Hawley, Mass., in a marsh, Porter. 
 
 fot One or more radical -peduncles with a single spike. 
 
 55. C. PEDUNCULATA. Muhl. 
 
 Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, long, recurved, pedunculate; perig. obo- 
 vate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than 
 the oblong or obovate, mucronate glume; st. 4 12' high, triangular, rather 
 procumbent; sta. sometimes removed a little from the 9 spike. Common in 
 woods. Flowers early in the spring. 
 
 56. C. WILLDENOWII. Schk. 
 
 Sts. or radical ped. 1 3 ; spike commonly single, stameniferous above, or 
 the stamens removed a little ; perig. 3 6, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a 
 little, tapering at the base and conic-rostrate above ; 9 glumes ovate and acute, 
 the lower ones long and leaf-like, much surpassing the stem. On dry grounds, 
 common throughout the U. S. One variety has the tf spike distinct ; another 
 is destitute of the long and leafy scales, and is frequent at the North as well as 
 in Flor. 
 
 57. C. STENDELII. Kth. 
 
 Sts. or radical ped. 1 8' long; spike commonly single, stameniferous 
 above; perig. 1 4, subglobose or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitale, 
 terete and conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice ; 9 glumes usually long and 
 leafy ; Ivs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer far than the stems. Jefferson Co., N. Y., 
 and in Ohio and the Western States. 
 
 58. C. BACKII. Boott. 
 
 Ped. radical, 1 4f high, stiff, thick or layge ; spike single, commonly sta- 
 meniferous above, short ; perig. ovate, globose, smooth, conic-rostrate, entire at 
 the orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak articulated to the fruit ; 9 glumes 
 usually long and leaf-like, enclosing the fruit ; Ivs. radical, flat, thick, rough or 
 scabrous and short. Jefferson Co., N. Y. and Arctic Am. The three preceding 
 species are closely related, and yet look very different. 
 
 2. Spikes staminate at the base. 
 c. Spikes one, often more. 
 
 59. C. SQXJARROSA. 
 
 Spikes 1 4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at first 
 by the decurrent, $ flowers, all very densely flowered ; perig. ovate, subglobose, 
 long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrose, longer than the 
 lanceolate glume ; st. 1 2f high, slender for the large spike or spikes ; lower 
 spikes pedunculate. Large and fine. It is C. typhirea MX. when only one spike 
 is present. 
 
 /?. ( C. typhinoides. Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and 
 both longer and smaller. 
 
 E. Spikes dioecious. 
 
 60. C. SCIRPOlDEA. MX. 
 
 Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish ; $ glume oblong, obtusish ; perig. ovate, 
 (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish glume, scarious 
 on the edge ; st. 4 10' high, erect ; Ivs. flat and long. White Mts., N. H., Oakes. 
 
584 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 
 
 F. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the summit ; the other pis- 
 tillate. 
 
 61. C. VIRESCENS. Muhl. 
 
 Spikes 2 4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate ; upper 
 spike very rarely wholly ^ ; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than 
 the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glume, or about equal to it ; st. I 2f high, 
 rather slender ; Ivs. towards the base. Whole plant pubescent and light green. 
 /?. costata. Schw. Perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish-brown ; Ivs. 
 numerous and larger. Both are common in open woods and hedges. 
 
 62. C. HIRSUTA. 
 
 Spikes 3, short-oblong, thick, alternate, erect, the lower subsessile and long- 
 bracteate, all approximate and densely flowered; perig. ovate, triquetrous, 
 nerved, obtuse, entire at the orifice, glabrous in maturity, about equal to the 
 ovate, acuminate, glabrous glume ; st. 12 20' high ; Ivs. and sheaths retrorsely 
 pubescent ; upper spike very rarely all tf. Moist upland meadows. Common. 
 /?. pedunculata. Torr. Spikes oblong-cylindric, pedunculate ; Ivs. slightly 
 pubescent. Common. C. TRICEPS (Me.) much resembles this, is not pubes- 
 cent but glabrous. 
 
 63. BUXBAUMII. Wahl. 
 
 Spikes about 4, cylindric, thick, upper one sometimes wholly ^, and 
 sometimes $ above and below; pistilliferous oblong, subremote, subsessile, 
 bracteate ; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, 
 entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the oblong and mu- 
 cronate glume ; st. 10 18' high, leafy towards the base. Common in wet 
 rounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed 
 y Schk., Wahl., &c., in the division having 3. 
 
 64. C. GRACILL1MA. Schw. 
 
 Spikes 3 4, long, graceful, sub-loose-flowered, distant, long-pedicellate, 
 recurved in maturity, bracteate, upper one rarely all tf ; perig. oblong, trique- 
 trous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2-lobed, longer than the oblong and 
 obtuse and short-awned glume ; st. often 2f high, reddish towards the base, 
 leafy and subprocumbent, pale green. Common in damp meadows. 
 
 65. C. FORMOSA. Dew. 
 
 Spikes 3 4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slen- 
 der peduncle, recurved; perig. oblong, triquetrous, subinflated, acutish at either 
 end, nearly entire or 2-lobed at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and 
 acute glume ; st. 1 2f high, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish 
 bright green. Common in wet meadows. 
 
 66. C. DAVISII. Torr. (C. Torreyana. Dew.) 
 
 Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flowered, remote, pedicellate, pen- 
 dulous in maturity; perig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, 
 acutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous towards maturity, about 
 equaling the oblong, scabrous-awned glume ; st. 1 2f high, triquetrous, sca- 
 brous above, with leaves equaling it ; Ivs. and sheaths pubescent, sometimes but 
 very little, light green. First found on the alluvial meadows of the Housa- 
 tonic in Mass., Dewey. Sometimes nearly pubescent. 
 
 G. Staminate spike single. 
 
 1. Pistillate spikes short and sessile or nearly sessile. Peryginia radiating or 
 
 diverging. 
 
 67. C. VARIA. Muhl. 
 
 cf Spike erect, short or subelongated ; 9 spikes 3, ovate, sessile, rather 
 near, bracteate, few-flowered ; perig. ovate or sub-globose, subtriquetrous, acu- 
 minate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubescent, about equal to the ovate, acuminate 
 glume; st. 615' high, erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale green. 
 Dry woods and hedges ; common. 
 
 13. pedicellata. Dew, has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellate, 
 erect, loose-flowered ; perig. more numerous. Grows in the same situations. 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 585 
 
 68. C. PENNSYLVANIA. Lam. (C. marginata. Muhl.) 
 
 $ Spike erect, pedunculate, subtriquetrous, with an obtuse glume; 9 
 spikes 1 3, ovate, subsessile, subapproximate, few-flowered; perig. ovate-glo- 
 bose, tomentose, short-rostrate, slightly 2-toothed, about equal to the ovate- 
 acuminate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume ; st. 4 12' high, erect, 
 stiff, with short leaves. Open woods and hedges, common much resembles 
 the preceding, but larger in all its parts, and readily distinguished by its differ- 
 ent aspect and its deep reddish-brown scales. 
 
 69. C. EMMONSII. Dew. 
 
 tf Spike sessile, short ; 9 spikes 2 3, approximate, sessile, few-flowered, 
 often one long radical peduncle ; perig. globose-triquetrous, attenuated at the 
 base, rostrate, pubescent, at the orifice oblique, about equal to the ovate glume ; 
 st. decumbent, 6 10' high, leafy at the base, pale ash-green. On dry fields 
 and hills ; common. 
 
 70. C. NOVJE-ANGLI.K. Schw. 
 
 <? Spike short, slender, oblong ; spikes 2 3, ovate, alternate, sessile, 
 remotish, few-flowered, bracteate ; peng. 3 6, oval-triquetrous, rostrate, cos- 
 tate, slightly pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mucronate glume ; st. 
 4 8' high, slender, subdecumbent, longer than the leaves. Pale green. Open 
 woods in high grounds. 
 
 /?. collecta. Dew. (C. collecta. Dew.} St. 10 16' high, very slender erect; 
 Q spikes 2 4, lower short-pedunculate ; perig. more tapering into a beak, 
 slightly bidentate. High lands of Mass. ; not abundant. 
 
 71. C. UMBELLATA. Schk. 
 
 J* Spike short, erect ; 9 spikes several, each on its radical peduncle, ovate, 
 subumbellate ; perig. ovate or globose, 5 8, acutish at either end, rostrate, 
 short-bidentate, pubescent, equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. J 4' high, 
 with very long leaves. 
 
 /?. vicina. Dew. 1 or 2 9 spikes close to the ^, sessile ; the other O spikes on 
 their own stems or radical peduncles. In small tufts on dry hills. Both varie- 
 ties grow on the same root, but Schk. saw and figured only the first. 
 
 72. C. PRJECOX. Jacq. 
 
 (? Spike erect, subclavate ; spikes 1 3, ovate, bracteate, approximate, 
 lower one short-pedunculate ; perig. 6 12, ovate and subglobose, triquetrous, 
 pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. 
 26' high, leafy at the base. On rocky hills, Salem, Mass., Pickering, Ips- 
 wich, Mass., Oakes. 
 
 2. Pistillate spikes with nearly inclosed peduncles. 
 
 73. C. VESTITA. Willd. 
 
 tf Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric, oblong ; 9 spikes 2, ovate-oblong, ses- 
 sile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above ; perig. ovate, oblong, 
 subtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the 
 ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronate glume ; st. 18 30' high, acutely triangu- 
 lar and leafy below. Common in wet places over the country. 
 
 74. C. PUBESCENS. Muhl. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest 
 pedunculate ; perig. ovate-triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubes- 
 cent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucrouate glume; st. 
 10 20' high, and with the leaves, pubescent. Moist woods and meadows ; 
 common. 
 
 75. C. FLAVA. L. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes androgynous ; perig. 
 ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentate, reflexed with a long, curved beak, 
 longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 10 20' high, rather obtusely 
 angled or triquetrous ; glabrous ; yellowish-green. Wet and cold soils ; com- 
 mon. 
 
 76. C. LEPIDOCARPA. Taush. 
 
 9 Spikes 1 3, short and round-ovate, often aggregated, sessile, dense- 
 flowered, the lowest sometimes remote and pedunculate; perig. ovate, trique- 
 
586 CLX. CYPERACE.E. CAREX. 
 
 trous, inflated, nerved, rostrate, and at last recurved, 2-toothed, diverging, twice 
 longer than the ovate and obtuse glumes ; plant yellowish-green. Mass., N. 
 Y., Mich. Formerly confounded with C. flava. 
 
 77. C. ^EDERI. 
 
 Spikes sometimes androgynous ; 9 about 4, clustered, nearly sessile, 
 short-oblong, sometimes tf above or below, bracteate ; perig. rather obovate, 
 subinflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer 
 than the ovate glume ; st. 2 10' high, leafy. Pale yellow. Mass, and N. Y. 
 abundant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls. 
 
 78. C. TENTACULATA. Muhl. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest 
 nearly sessile, densely flowered ; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, 
 nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate and small scabro- 
 mucronate glume ; st. 1 2f high, often large, triquetrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, longer than the stem. In clusters in wet or marshy places ; common. 
 
 79. C. ROSTRATA. Michx. , 
 
 cf Spike short and small ; 9 spikes 2 3, sub-globose, or capitate, bracte- 
 ate ; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic, 
 very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovate- 
 oblong, acutish glume ; st. 8 16' high, few-leaved, erect, stiff. Pale yellow. 
 At the base of the White Mts., N. H., Oakes; also in Canada, where MX. 
 found it. Has been called a variety of C. Xanthophysa WcM. 
 
 80. C. INTUMESCENS. Rudge. (C. folliculata. Schk. fig. 52.) 
 
 tf Spike oblong, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 1 3, few-flowered, approximate, 
 bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one sometimes remote and exsertly 
 pedunculate ; perig. ovate-conic, large and much inflated, acuminate-rostrate, 
 bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer than the ovate-cuspi- 
 date glume ; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff, leafy, dark green and very 
 glabrous. Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes ; common. 
 
 /?. globularis. Gray. 9 spikes large, globular, many-fruited. Grows in the 
 same situations. 
 
 81. C. FOLLICULATA. (C. Xanthophysa. Wahl.} 
 
 ? Spikes 2 4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, the peduncles 
 sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often $ at the apex, long brac- 
 teate ; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate, 
 twice longer than the oblong-ovate, acute glume ; st. 2 5f high, leafy ; Ivs. 
 linear-lanceolate, long and flat. Pale yellow. In wet or marshy places ; com- 
 mon. 
 
 82. C. LUPULINA. Muhl. (C. lurida. WaM.) 
 
 tf Spike erect, slender, subsessile; 9 s pikcs 2 4, ovate-oblong, large 
 and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedunculate, erect, densely flowered, 
 approximate, the lowest sometimes long-pedunculate and distant ; perig. 
 ovate-conic, ventricose, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about 
 thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume ; st. *1 3f high, tri- 
 quetrous, leafy ; Ivf. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge. 
 Bright green. Finely named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and about 
 ponds, common. 
 
 /?. polystachya. Torr. 9 Spikes about 5, very long-cylindric, the lowest re- 
 mote and very long-pedunculate ; perig. less inflated. Swamps, in Phillips- 
 town, N. Y., on the Highlands, Darratt. 
 
 3 Pistillate spikes exsertly pedunculate. 
 
 83. C. PLANTAGINEA. Lam. Schk., fig. 70. (C. latifolia. WaM.') 
 
 tf Spike erect, large, subclavate, with oblong and acute glumes ; 9 spikes 
 3 5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-peduncu- 
 late, the lower ones exsertly-pedunculate, with subulate bracts ; perig. oblong, 
 triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the apex, 
 and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume ; st. 8 18' high, 
 erect, triquetrous, with dark brown sheaths; Ivs. radical, broad, ensiform, strongly 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^l. 587 
 
 3-nerved. Bright green. Hedges and open woods, common, and one of the 
 first appearing species in the spring. 
 
 84. C. CAREYANA. *'-* 
 
 tf Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and obtuse glumes ; 9 spikes 2 3, 
 ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper subsessile, all bracteate ; perig. 
 ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth 
 and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronate glume ; 
 st. 1 2f high, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base; Ivs. linear-lanceolate. 
 Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., Carey, and in various places in Ohio; 
 closely related to C. plantaginea, and to C. Fraseri of the Southern States. 
 
 85. C. ANCEPS. Schk. (C. plantaginea. Mutd.) 
 
 9 Spikes 2 4, subfiliform, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote, with 
 a 2-edged peduncle, leafy-bracteate, upper one subsessile ; perig. oval-triquetrous, 
 tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, attenuate, glabrous, striate, excurved at 
 the apex, a little longer than the oblong-mucronate or ovate-acute glume ; st. 
 6 12' high, acutely triquetrous ; Ivs. radical, of medium width. Glaucous or 
 light green. Woods and hedges, common. 
 
 /?. patulifolia. Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) I/vs. radical, broad, many- 
 veined, narrower at the base ; sheaths with long and leafy bracts ; perig. longer- 
 rostrate. 
 
 Y. angustifolia. Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high ; Ivs. narrow, striate, 
 long ; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved. 
 
 86. C. BLANDA. Dew. (C. conoidea. MuJd.} 
 
 Q Spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparse-flowered, alternate, approxi- 
 mate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle ; 
 perig. obovate, subtriquetrous, nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, 
 little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume ; st. 8 12' high, trique- 
 trous, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. long as the stem. Pale green or glaucous. 
 Meadows and dry, open woods, common. 
 
 87. C. CONOIDEA. Schk. (C. granularioides. Schw.~) 
 
 $ Spikes 2 3, oblong, or ovate-oblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered, 
 bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, obtusish, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire 
 at the mouth, a little longer than the o ^ale-subulate glume ; st. 8 12' high ; Ivs. 
 towards the base, shorter than the stem. Bright green. Moist, upland mea- 
 dows, common. 
 
 88. C. TETANICA. Schk., fig. 207. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote ; perig. obovate, recurved at 
 the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, obtusish at the upper and 
 mucronate at the lower part of the spike ; st. 6 10' high, triquetrous, longer 
 than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves. Light green. Upland meadows, rare. 
 
 89. C. DIGITALIS. Willd. 
 
 9 Spikes about 3, 4 10-flowered, oblong, distant, loose-flowered, lax and 
 recurved ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alternate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, 
 entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 4 12' high, 
 triquetrous, shorter than the long, decumbent leaves. Pale green. 
 
 tf. Van Weckii. Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller. Open, 
 moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oligocarpa, Schk. ($ Muhl. 
 
 90. C. RETROCURVA. Dew. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 4. on long, filiform and recurved peduncles, bracteate, sub- 
 dense-flowered, short and thick, oblong ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, ob- 
 tusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume ; st. 6 12' high, prostrate ; Ivs. 
 radical and wide. Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. 
 digitalis, Willd., but is different. 
 
 91. C. OLIGOCARPA. Schk. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, erect, 3 4-flowered, bracteate ; perig. obovate, roundish- 
 triquetrous, short-rostrate, entire at the mouth, longer than the oblong-mucro- 
 nate glume; st. 612' high; Ivs. flat and shorter towards the base; plant light 
 green. Open woods or hedges, rare. Differs from the following species in its 
 fruit and pubescence. 
 
 50 
 
588 CLX. CYPERACE.E. CAREX. 
 
 92. C. HITCHCOCKIANA. Dew. 
 
 g Spike erect, pedunculate ; 9 spikes^ 3, erect, few-flowered, lowest dis- 
 tant ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at 
 the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equaling or 
 shorter than the oblong or ovate, mucronate glume ; st. 10 24' high, erect, stiff, 
 scabrous above, with long and leafy bracts ; st. Ivs. and bracts scabrous and sub- 
 pubescent. Borders of woods. Can-not be the C. oligocarpa figured by Schkuhr. 
 
 93. C. LAXIFLORA. Lam. 
 
 cf Spike oblong, slender ; 9 spike 2 4, oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered, 
 erect, remote ; perig. ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusish, glabrous, ventricose, 
 nerved, sub triquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabro- 
 mucronate glume ; st. 10 18' high, triquetrous, leafy. Bright to pale green. 
 Woods, hedges and meadows, common. 
 
 94. C. GRANULARIS. Mllhl. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 4, cylindric, oblong, dense-flowered, suberect ; perig. round- 
 ish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly 
 twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume ; st. 8 16' high, erect or subdecum- 
 bent, smooth, leafy. Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist 
 soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant. 
 
 95. C. PANICEA. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, loose-flowered, remotish, lowest long-pedunculate ; perig. 
 subglobose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute 
 glume ; st. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base ; Ivs. shorter than the stem. 
 Light green. Near Boston, Pickering. 
 
 96. C. BINERVIS. Smith. 
 
 9 Spikes 3, oblong, cylindric, subdense-flowered ; perig. ovate, round, 
 short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, sub- 
 acute glume ; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards the base. 
 Pale green. Near Boston, D. D. Greene. 
 
 97. C. GREENIANA. Dew. 
 
 (^ Spike one and erect, sometimes 2 ; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong, bracteate, 
 pedunculate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, 
 subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glume ; st. 1 2f high, 
 scabrous above, leafy towards the base. Light green. Resembles C. fulva, 
 Good, but differs in its fruit and glume. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. Rare. 
 
 98. C. GRAYANA. Dew. 
 
 $ Spike oblong ; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong-cylindric, subloose-flowered ; perig. 
 ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, 
 longer than the obtuse, oblong glume ; st. 6 16' high, erect, triquetrous, striate, 
 with leaves about its own length. Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near 
 Utica, N. Y., Gray ; cedar swamp, N. J., Torrcy. Has been supposed to be 
 C. livida, Wakl., from which it differs in several respects. 
 
 99. C. HALSEYANA. Dew. 
 
 cf Spike oblong, erect, sessile, often 2, approximate ; 9 spikes 1 2, oblong- 
 cylindric, erect, loose-flowered, sometimes $ above ; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, 
 subtriquetrous, inflated, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the 
 ovate, subacute glume ; st. 1 2f high, acutely triquetrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, shorter towards the base. Dark green. Upland meadows, Westfield, Ms., 
 Davis; plains of N. J., Kneiskern. 
 
 100. C. CAPILLARIS. 
 
 J* Spike small ; 9 spikes 23, ovate, oblong, about 6-flowered, loose- 
 flowered, long and recurved pedunculate ; perig. oval, short-rostrate, oblong, 
 oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume ; st. 2 7' 
 high, leafy at the base ; Ivs. narrow, long. Grows in tufts. Pale green. Alpine 
 regions of the White Mts., Robbins. 
 
 101. C. EBURNEA. Boott. (C. alba. 0. setifolia. Dew.') 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, erect, 3 6-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths, 
 and the upper higher than the tf spike ; perig. ovate-globose, rostrate or slightly 
 obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate, 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 589 
 
 hyaline glume ; st. 4 10' high, erect, with subradical and bristle-form leaves. 
 Pale green, common. Abundant along the banks of the Genesee. 
 
 102. C. DEBILIS. Michx. (C. flexuosa. Schk.) 
 
 cf Spike erect, filiform ; 9 spikes 3 4, filiform, loose-flowered, flexuous, 
 nodding, remotish, 1 2' long ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, alter- 
 nate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twice longer than the ovate-lanceo- 
 late glume ; st. 1 2f high, triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the 
 base. Bright green. Moist woods and meadows, common. 
 
 103. C. ARCTATA. Boon. (C. sylvatica. Dew.} 
 
 9 Spikes 3 4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote ; 
 perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventricose, bifid, gla- 
 brous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume ; st. 10 
 20' high, scabrous above and leafy below. Pale green. In the same situations 
 as the preceding, common. 
 
 104. C. FLEXILIS. Rudge (C. castanea. Wahl. C. blephoriphora. Gray.) 
 9 Spikes 2 4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nodding; perig. ovate, subconic, 
 
 rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume ; st. 
 12 18' high, erect, striate ; ITS. short, and shorter below; Ivs. and bracts ciliate. 
 Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y., Gray. 
 
 105. C. WASHINGTONIANA. Dew. 
 
 <? Spike erect, with oblong and obtuse black glumes; 9 spikes 2 5, 
 oblong, cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, black or dark brown, sub- 
 distant, upper sessile ; perig. oval, acutish at both ends, glabrous, short-rostrate, 
 entire at the orifice, about equaling the ovate-oblong, subacute, blackish glume 
 with a white edge ; st. a foot or more high, triquetrous, subscabrous above. 
 Light green. Seed distinctly triquetrous. Near summit of Mt. Washington, 
 N. H., Barratt. Is distinct from C. saxalilis, L., already described as found 
 on the White Mts. 
 
 106. C. SULLIVANTII. 
 
 9 Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cylindric, rather loose-flowered, bracteate, and 
 the lowest long-pedunculate and sparsely flowered below ; perig. ovate, acute 
 and subrostrate, subtriquetrous and 2-toothed, equaling the ovate-oblong and 
 mucronate glume; plant light green. Ohio. 
 
 107. C. KNIEISKERNII. Dew. 
 
 9 Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax-flowered, with recurved 
 peduncles; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2- 
 toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume, which is obtusish and 
 short-mucronate. 
 
 108. C. WOODII. Dew. 
 
 9 Spikes 1 3, ovate-oblong, loose-flowered, erect, lower long-peduncu- 
 late, recurved ; perig. obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, closed at the orifice, 
 tapering below, twice longer than the ovate and acutish glume ; Ivs. narrow 
 and linear, and with the stem closely and slightly pubescent. Jefferson Co., 
 
 4. Pistillate spikes scarcely sheathed. 
 
 109. C. PALLESCENS. L. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, oblong, short, cylindric, distant, nodding towards maturity; 
 perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate 
 glume ; st. 6 16' high, hardly erect ; bracts sometimes transversely rugose. 
 Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common. 
 
 110. C. UNDITLATA. KunZC. 
 
 9 Spikes 2, erect, ovate-oblong; perig. oblong, round, triquetrous, obtuse, 
 striate, very short-beaked, bidentate, longer than the oblong, cuspidate, mucro- 
 nate glume; st. 12 18' high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous; lower bract trans- 
 versely waved-plicate ; Its. pubescent. In the same situation as the preceding, 
 and scarcely to be distinguished from it. 
 
 111. C. TORREYI. Tuckerman, 
 
 <? Spike oblong, short pedunculate ; 9 spikes 2 3, short, oblong, subses- 
 
590 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 
 
 sile, erect ; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriquetrous, entire 
 at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute glume ; st. 12 18' high, 
 erect, triquetrous, with subradical and pubescent leaves. Pale green. N. Y. 
 Tttckerman. 
 
 112. C. MILIACEA. Muhl. 
 
 cf Spike erect, slender; 9 spikes 2 3, long-cylindric, slender, loose-flowered 
 below, nodding ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the 
 orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate or obcordate, awned glume; st. 
 12 24' high, slender, scabrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate. Yellowish-green. Wet 
 meadows; common. 
 
 113. C. LIMOSA. 
 
 9 Spikes 1 3, ovate or oblong, long-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, 
 smoothish, pendulous ; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at 
 the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 
 8 16' high, ascending, obtusely triquetrous, with subradical, flat and narrow 
 leaves. Glaucous green. Marshes; common. 
 
 114. C. RARIFLORA. Smith. (C. limosa. /?. rariflora. Wahl.} 
 
 9 Spikes about 2, linear, quite loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; 
 perig. ovate-oblong, triquetrous, depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate, 
 brown glume ; st. 10' high. Glaucous. White Mountains, N. H., BarraLt. 
 
 115. C. IRRIGUA. Smith. (C. limosa. /?. irrigua. Wahl.} 
 
 9 Spikes 2 3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding; perig. roundish-ovate, 
 short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, red-brown 
 glume ; st. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subrecurved leaves ; glau- 
 cous. g Spike rarely 9 at the summit, or 9 spikes with stamens at the base. 
 Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y., Gray ; also in marshes in Mass, and Mich., 
 CooLey. Rare. 
 
 116. C. HYSTERIClNA. Willd. 
 
 tf Spike rarely pistillate at the summit ; 9 spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, 
 attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheathed; perig. ovate, 
 inflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong, 
 emarginate, submucronate glume ; st. 12 24' high, scabrous above, with long, 
 linear-lanceolate leaves. Yellowish green. Wet places ; very common. 
 
 117. C. PSEUDO-CYPERUS. 
 
 tf Spike cylindric and elongated ; 9 spikes 3 4, cylindric, long-peduncu- 
 late, rather remote, recurved-pendulous, with long and leafy bracts; perig. 
 ovate, lanceolate, bidentate, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate-lance- 
 olate or setaceous glume. Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller in 
 all its parts than C. comosa, Boott; and, besides, the fruit of the latter is 
 deeply and widely bifurcate, and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have 
 been confounded in our country, though long known. 
 
 118. C. COMOSA. (C. furcata. Ell. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 1st edit.} 
 
 $ Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above ; 9 spikes 2 5, long- 
 cylindric, pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts ; 
 perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rostrate, 2-forked, reflexed, triqaetrous, gla- 
 brous, generally longer than the lanceolate, mucronate, setaceous glume ; st. 
 18 30' high, large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts. Plant 
 very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches ; 
 common. 
 
 119. C. COOLEYI. Dew. 
 
 tf Spike short and small, with oblong-lancelate glumes ; 9 spikes 2 4, 
 cylindric, oblong, or ovate and short, rather dense-flowered, upper sessile, lower 
 on very long, recurved peduncles ; perig. ovate-rostrate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 bifurcate, nerved, about equal to the ovate, awned, scabrous glume ; st. filiform 
 and scabrous, subrostrate, a foot or more high, much shorter than the subradi- 
 cal, narrow leaves. Light green. Marsh in Macomb Co., Mich., Cooky. 
 
 120. C. SCABRATA. Schw. 
 
 9 Spikes 3 6, cylindric, subrecurved, remotish, long-pedunculate ; perig. 
 ovate-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the 
 
CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 591 
 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, short-bidentate, ciliate glume ; st. I 2f high, 
 acutely triquetrous, rough above, longer than the leaves towards The base. 
 Bright green. Along brooks and streams ; common. 
 
 121. C. CRAWEI. Dew. 
 
 9 Spikes 3 6, cylindric, short and thick, densely flowered, sometimes 
 aggregated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-peduncu- 
 late ; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice 
 longer than the ovate and obtusish glume ; $ spike with one or two small ones 
 at its base. 
 
 122. C. POLYMORPHA. Muhl. 
 
 cP Spikes long cylindric, upper one pedunculate, with oblong and ovate 
 scales ; 9 spikes 2, oblong, cylindric, close-fruited, erect, nearly sessile, upper 
 one staminate at the apex, with nearly enclosed peduncles ; perig. ovate, acu- 
 minate, bilobate, scarcely rostrate, striate, longer than the ovate glume. N. J. 
 and the Southern States. Differs from D. Haheyana in its $ spikes and obtuse 
 glume, in its acuminate, not rostrate fruit, and its larger, fertile spikes. 
 
 H. Staminate spikes usually two or more. 
 
 123. C. SCHWENITZII. Dew. 
 
 cf Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perigynia 
 at the base ; 9 spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, subapproximate, subrecurved, 
 subloose-flowered, lowest often long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering 
 above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate, 
 subulate, subsetaceous glume; st. 6 12' high, scabrous above, very leafy. 
 Pale yellowish-green. Wet sandy grounds. Not abundant. 
 
 124. C. RETRORSA. Schw. 
 
 $ Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perigynia at the base ; Q 
 spikes 4 6, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-flowered, with long and leafy 
 bracts, the lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-inflated, sub- 
 globose, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reflexed, twice longer than the lanceolate 
 glume; st. 15 30' high, scabrous above, large, stiff and leafy. Bright green. 
 In clusters, about pools of water, common. The lower spikes sometimes have 
 1 or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 
 
 125. C. ARISTATA. R. Br. 
 
 9 Spikes 2 4, cylindric, distant, close-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, 
 oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long-rostrate, longer than the 
 oblong, awned glume ; Ivs. and sheaths villose on the under side ; st. a foot or 
 more high. Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., Torr. <$ Gray. Is not this 
 very closely related to the following species 1 
 
 126. C. TRICHOCARPA. Muhl. 
 
 tf Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or 9 above, cylindric, lower shorter; 9 
 spikes 2 4, erect, long-cylindric, smoothish, rather loose-flowered ; perig. ovate, 
 conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pubescent, about twice lon- 
 ger than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 15 30' high, scabrous above, and 
 with pubescent leaves and sheaths. Light green. In wet and marshy places ; 
 common. 
 
 /?. turbinata. Dew. 9 Spikes ovate, or short-oblong, thick, remote, dense- 
 flowered; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovate- 
 oblong, mucronate glume ; st: 2 3f high. Glaucous green. In a pond in 
 Beckman, N. Y., there abundant. 
 
 127. C. LONGIROSTRIS. Torr. 
 
 tf Spikes 3, short; 9 spikes 2 3, cylindric, quite loose-flowered, pendu- 
 lous, subdistant, with filiform peduncles ; perig. ovate, globose, inflated, gla- 
 brous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate, cuspi- 
 date glume ; st. 15 30' high, rather slender, stiff, leafy below. Bright green. 
 On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York. Common. 
 
 128. C. LANUGINOSA. Michx. (C. pellita. Muhl.) 
 
 tf Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect ; 9 spikes 2 3, cylindric, erect, dense- 
 flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate; perig. ovate, short- 
 rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriquetrous, thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling 
 50* 
 
592 CLX. CYPERACEJE. CAREX. 
 
 the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume ; st. 12 24' high, nearly round below, with 
 flat, linear-lanceolate leaves and bracts. Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet 
 places and marshes. Common. 
 
 129. C. FILIFORMIS. Gooden. 
 
 tf Spikes 2 3, with oblong glumes ; 9 spikes 2 3, ovate, oblong, short- 
 cylindric, close-flowered, remotish, erect; perig. ovate, villose, short-rostrate, 
 bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume ; st. 20 30' high, erect, slen- 
 der stiff 1 , with convolute leaves and bracts. Pale green. Marshes. Common. 
 
 130. C. LACUSTRIS. Willd. 
 
 c? Spikes 3 4, erect, sessile ; 9 spikes 2 3. erect, oblong, cylindric, 
 short-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, bifurcate, gla- 
 brous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate glume ; st. 2 3f high, sca- 
 brous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts. Light 
 green. Marshes. Common. 
 
 131. C. RIPARIA. Gooden. 
 
 & Spike 3 5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile ; 9 spikes 2 3, erect, oblong, 
 often long-cylindric ; perig. ovate-elliptic contracted into a short, bifurcate 
 beak, glabrous, about equaling or shorter man the ovate, mucronate, or oblong- 
 lanceolate glume ; st. 2 3f high, scabrous above, leafy below. Bright green. 
 
 132. C. OLIGOSPERMA. Michx. (Oakesiana. Dew.) 
 
 $ Spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cylindric, with 
 an oblong obtusish glume ; 9 spikes 1 3, ovate, globular, sessile, distant ; 
 perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, 
 glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 1 2f high, sca- 
 brous above, leafy below; Ivs. involute and rush-like. Light |~een. About 
 the lakes of N. Eng. and N. Y. Abundant in the marshes of Midi. 
 133. C. VESICARIA. 
 
 J* Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; 9 spikes 23, cylindric, erect, dense- 
 flowered, alternate, long-bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete, inflated, 
 rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly twice longer than the 
 oblong-lanceolate glume ; st. about 2f high, shorter than the leaves. Bright 
 green. Marshes. Not common. 
 
 (3. utriculata. Dew. (C. utriculata. Boott.~) Perig. oblong-elliptic, nerved, 
 cylindric-rostrate, bicuspidate, more or less longer than the lanceolate, sca- 
 brous-awned glume. Marshes, with the other. 
 
 134. C. AMPULLA CE A. Gooden. 
 
 tf Spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, erect; 9 spikes 2 3, long-cylindric, 
 erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate, sometimes tf above ; perig. subglobose, 
 inflated, diverging, nerved, glabrous, setaceous, rostrate, bifurcate, little longer 
 than the lanceolate glume ; st. 2 3f high, obtusely triquetrous, leafy. Light 
 green. Marshes. Common. 
 
 135. C. MONlLE. Tuckerman. 
 
 tf Spikes 2 4, long, slender, cylindric, with a long, lanceolate glume ; 9 
 spikes 2, long, cylindric, short-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, erect ; perig. 
 ovate, long-conic, subtriquetrous, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, more than 
 twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume ; st. 15 30' high, erect, with 
 long leaves and bracts. Bright green. Marshes. Not common. More loose- 
 flowered and fruit longer than that of C. msicaria. L. 
 
 136. C. BULL ATA. Schk. 
 
 tf Spikes 3, erect, slender, cylindric, with oblong-lanceolate glumes ; 9 
 spikes 2 3, rather long, cylindric, nearly erect ; perig. ovoid-globose, inflated, 
 glabrous, costate, with a long, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the lance- 
 olate glume ; st. 20 30' high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy 
 and shorter than the leaves. Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Com- 
 mon. 
 
 137. C. TUCKERMANI. Dew 
 
 tf Sp-ikes 2 3, cylindric, lower ones sessile and short, with an oblong, 
 acutish glume ; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong, cylindric, thick and large, pedunculate, 
 subloose-flowered ; perig. inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, gla- 
 
CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 
 
 593 
 
 brous, nerved, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st, about 2f high, 
 erect, scarcely scabrous; bracts and Ivs. long, not wide; light green. Wet 
 places in meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. bullata. 
 138. C. MIRATA. Dew. (C. arista. Dew. not of R. Br.} 
 & Spikes 2 or more, long-cylindric ; 9 spikes about 2, long-cylindric, pe- 
 dunculate, subdense-flowered, suberect ; perig. ovate, conic, long rostrate, cos- 
 tate, bifurcate, glabrous, subinflated at the base, about equaling the ovate, 
 long-setaceous or long-awned glume ; st. about 2f high, rough ; Ivs. and bracts 
 longer than the stem ; light green. Shores of lake Ontario, N. Y. Sartwell. 
 Also found in the State of Georgia. 
 
 FIG. 55. l. Carex ; a single, fertile flower ; a, the glume ; b, the perigynium, containing the ovary with 
 (c) the three stigmas. 2. Scirpus lacustris ; the inflorescence. 3. A single (magnified) flower, showing 
 the 6 hypogynous bristles of the perigynium, ovary with three stigmas, and the three stamens. 
 
 ORDER CLXI. GRAMINEJE. GRASSES. 
 
 Herbs perennial, with fibrous or bulbous rhizomas, or often annual or biennial. 
 Stems (culms) cylindrical, fistular, closed at the nodes, covered with a coat of silex, often solid. 
 Lvs. narrow and undivided, parallel-veined, alternate, with a sheath split down to the nodes, and a mem- 
 branous ligula or stipule at the juncture of the blade and sheath. 
 Inflorescence arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles. 
 
 Fts. generally perfect, in little spikelets composed of bracts imbricated in 2 rows. 
 Glumes. Outer bracts (calyx, Linn.) generally 2 and unequal, sometimes 1 only. 
 PaletB. Inner bracts (corolla, Linn.) 2, alternate, the lower (exterior) one simple, the upper (interior) 
 
 often doubly carinate, being composed of 2 pieces united by their edges. 
 
 Scales. Innermost bracts (nectary, Linn, rudimentary petals) 13, distinct or united, membranous, hy- 
 Sta. l^-e, commonly 3. Anthers versatile. [pogynous. 
 
 Ova. simple, with 2 styles and 2 feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis. 
 Seed with the embryo situated on the outside of farinaceous albumen, at the base, next the hilum. 
 
 Genera 291, species about 3800, universally diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than 
 those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters are widely different in dif- 
 ferent climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of the earth's surface with a com- 
 pact, soft, green, carpet-like turf; but in tropical regions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the 
 grasses become larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with broader 
 leaves and more showy flowers. - 
 
 Properties. This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others 
 combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen of the seed and in 
 the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them, with the single exception of 
 Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal ergot or spurred rye is only a parasitic fungus, and 
 therefore forms no exception to this remark. The sterns of many grasses contain sugar, as the maize and 
 sugar cane. Silex is also a frequent ingredient. To this order belong the common grains, maize, wheat, 
 rye. rice, barley, oats, &c. The most important of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, 
 several kinds of Poa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, Panicum, Cinna, Briza, &c. 
 
594 
 
 CLXI. GRAMINE^l. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 
 fl-fruited, . . (in spikes, 
 
 ( in panicles, 
 Spikelets 12 OO-fruited, ( in spikes. 
 
 < with awns. . l 
 in panicles, fc without awns. 2 
 ' with awns. . 3 
 without awns. 4 
 with awns. . 5 
 without awns. 6 
 
 7 
 
 $ Fr. white. Oryzopsis. 
 $ sessile. ( Fr. black. Piptatherum. 
 ("cartilaginous, (stipitate. Fr. black Stipa. 
 ' naked. Stam. 1. Cinna. 
 hairy. Stam. 3. Calamagrostis. 
 Agrostis. 
 Aristida. 
 
 } herbaceous, . 
 
 s with lawn, Imembranaceous, 1-keeled. 
 Pales 2, (. the lower with 3 awns, often twisted. 
 
 ( Glumes t 1-flowered. \ Pales 3, upper one with an awn. Flowers polygamous. Sorghum. 
 I large, (2-flowered (one flower abortive), longer than the paleae. . . . Holcus. 
 
 \ { unequal, one of them hardly perceptible Muhlenbergia. 
 
 Glumes minute, (subequal, one of them awned Tricliochloa. 
 
 Si. I Glumes 0. Aquatic grasses Zizania. 
 
 \ Fr. coated. Agrostis. 
 $ Stig. 2. { Fr. naked. Sporobolus. 
 $ membran'ous. ( Stigmas 3. . . Psamma. 
 
 \ Paleae 2, ( coriaceous Milium. 
 
 Glumes 2. (Paleae 1. Panicle mostly capillary. . . Trichodium. 
 
 { Spikelets 1-flowered. 
 1 Spikelets 2-flowered. 
 
 Glumes 0. Leaves retrorsely scabrous. 
 
 Leersic 
 
 Glumes 2, very unequal, resembling the outer abortive pales. Panicum. 
 
 Glumes 2, equal, longer than the pales. . . . Phalaris. 
 
 2. L Spikelets 3-flowered, 2 of the flowers staminate, the other perfect. . . . Hierochloa. 
 
 $ Pal. with awns 13 times their length. Alopecurus. 
 ( Involucre 0. ( Pales with awns 5 times their length. Hordeum. 
 < Spikelets with an invojucre of 2 or more bristles. Setaria. 
 ( subsimple. ( Spikelets with a burr-like involucre. . . . Cenchrtis. 
 
 \ Both glumes and pales awned. . . Polypogon. 
 
 i Spike solitary, ( paniculate or lobed. (Glumes awnless, pales awned. . . Anthoxanthum. 
 < Spikes 00, not bearded, unilateral, panicled. Pales cartilaginous. . . . Oplis'/nenus. 
 3. ( Spikes 200, polygamous. Sterile flowers plumosely bearded. . . . Andropogon. 
 
 ( solitary, terminal. . . . Phleum. 
 
 (Spikes cylindrical, ( several, terminal and lateral. Crypsis. 
 fl 00; spikelets suborbicular. Paspalum. 
 ! digitate or verticillate, linear. Disritaria. 
 I pedunculate in a 2-sided panicle. Bpartina. 
 CFls. perfect or polygamous. L Spikes unilateral, L sessile in a unilateral panicle. Lepturus. 
 
 \ all terminal, stenle above, fertile at base. . . Tripsacum. 
 4. ( Spikes monoecious, . . { fertile ones lateral, sterile ones terminal, panicled. Zea. 
 
 $ Apex bifid. Awn bent. . 
 (" near the base. (Apex multifid. 
 
 ( which has two bristly teeth 
 < which is merely bifid. 
 
 f Lower palea awned on the back I near the apex ( which is entire. . 
 f which is entire. Fruit coated. 
 
 j < with a cusp each side of it 
 
 5. I Lower palea awned at the apex ( between the two teeth : awn twisted. 
 Pales entire, not mucronate, bristly at base. . 
 Pales bidentate, outer one mucronate. . 
 
 Pales entire, outer one mucronate 
 
 Pales cartilaginous, outer cuspidate, coating rruit. 
 
 Outer palea bifid and tricuspidate 
 
 Outer palea erose-denticulate. Spikelets terete. . 
 Pales not mucronate, inner one bifid. 
 
 Outer palea truncate-mucronate, inner bifid. . 
 
 I perfect. . . ' Spikelets cordate at base, tumid, pendulous. .... 
 I Panicle contracted. 
 
 6. (.Terminal flower abortive or a mere pedicel. ( Panicle large, diffuse. 
 
 $ one (in the top spikelet 2). . 
 
 ( Glumes broad, . . ( two in each spikelet 
 
 C collateral : spikelets in 2s, &c. 
 ("Spikes 2-ranked, ( Glumes subulate, (opposite : spikelets solitary. 
 
 ( Spikelets 
 f Terminal fl. < not cordate. 
 
 4 Spikelets in two rows, 
 r Spikelets in one row. . 
 
 Avena. 
 
 Aira. 
 
 Trisetum. 
 
 ~Bromus. 
 
 Gymnopogon. 
 
 Festuca. 
 
 Uralepis. 
 
 Danthania. 
 
 Arundo. 
 
 Ceratochloa. 
 
 Festuca. 
 
 Diarrhena. 
 
 Tricuspis. 
 
 Glyceria. 
 
 Poa. 
 
 Uniola. 
 
 Sriza. 
 
 Koeleria. 
 
 Melica. 
 
 Lolium. 
 
 Triticwm. 
 
 Elymus. 
 
 Secaie. 
 
 Eleusine. 
 
 Cynodon. 
 
 Atheropogon. 
 
 Dactylis. 
 
 < ( digitate (rarely solitary) 
 
 ^ remote, short, forming a long, slender raceme. 
 7. L Spikes unilateral, ( conglomerate or paniculate 
 
 FIG. 56. 1. Agrostis alba ; a 1-flowered spikelet ; a, the two glumes. 2. A flower, with the two paleae, 
 three stamens and two plumose stigmas. 3. Leersia oryzqides ; a flower removed from its glumes, 
 showing its 2 hypogynous scales, three stamens and ovary with the two stigmas. 4. Phleum pratense ; 
 a l-flowered spikelet; a, glumes; b, truncate pales ; &c. 5. Polypogon; a 1-flowered spikelet ; glumes 
 and lower palea awned. 6. Holcus lanatus; a two-flowered spikelet; a, glumes; b, the two flowers 
 (upper staminate). 7. Poa pratensis ; a 4-flowered spikelet ; a, the two glumes ; 6, a single flower, with 
 two pales, &c. 8. Festuca duriuscula ; a 5-flowered spikelet : a, two glumes ; ft, a single flower. 9. The 
 caryopsis of Hordeum, showing the embryo at the base of the copious albumen. 
 
ARISTIDA. 
 
 CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 
 
 595 
 
 TRIBE 1. STIPACEJ3. Infloresence panicled. Spikelets solitary, 1-flower- 
 ed. Glumes membranaceous. Paleae mostly two, lower one coriaceous, 
 involute, awned. 
 
 1. ARISTIDA. 
 
 Lat. arista, an awn ; characteristic of the genus. 
 
 Panicle contracted or racemose ; glumes 2, unequal ; paleae pedi- 
 cellate, lower one with 3 long awns at the tip, upper one very minute 
 or obsolete. 
 
 1. A. DICHOTOMA. Michx. Poverty Grass. 
 
 Caespitose ; st. dichotomously branching ; panicle contracted-racemose ; 
 lateral awns very short, the intermediate one nearly as long as the paleae, con- 
 torted. A slender grass, in sandy soils, U. $., common. Stems 812' high, 
 branching at each joint. Leaves very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, 
 and a very short stipule. Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug. 
 
 2. A. PURPURASCENS. Poir. 
 
 St. erect, simple, filiform, 2 3f high ; Ivs. very narrow, flat, erect, a foot 
 in length, with short, open sheaths ; panicle long, loosely spicate ; spikelets on 
 short, clavate, appressed pedicels; awns nearly equal, divaricate, twice the 
 length of the paleae; palea often dark purple. % Sandy woods, Northern 
 States. Sept. 
 
 3. A. GRACILIS. Ell. 
 
 St. very slender, a foot or more high ; Ivs. setaceous, erect, with short 
 sheaths, pilose at the throat ; panicle very slender ; spikelets somewhat remote, ap- 
 pressed ; lateral awns short, erect, intermediate one longer, spreading. 7{. Mass. 
 and S. States. A grass of little value, as well as the other species of this genus. 
 
 4. A. TUBERCULOSA. Nutt. Long-awned Poverty Grass. 
 
 St. erect (declinate at base), 820' high, rigid, with small tubercles in the 
 axils of the numerous branches ; nodes tumid ; Ivs. long and narrow-linear ; 
 panicle large, loose, simple ; spikelets pedicellate ; glumes nearly 1' long, linear, 
 awned ; upper palece involute, the awns 2' long, hispid upwards, twisted together 
 to near the middle, thence finally horizontally divaricate. % A very singular 
 species, in dry prairies, 111., Mead I July, Aug. 
 
59G CLXL GRAMINEJE. AGROSTIS. 
 
 5. A. STRICTA. Michx. Upright Aristida. 
 
 St. strictly erect, caespitose, branched, 2 3f high; Ivs. straight, erect, 
 pubescent, linear, convolute above ; panicle long, loosely racemose; spikekts ap- 
 pressed ; glumes unequal, very acute ; Imver palecc hairy at base ; awns twice as long 
 as the palece, spreading, the middle one the longest. 1\. Penn. to Car.W. to Mich. 
 
 2. STIPA. 
 
 Lat. stipa, a foot-stalk ; alluding to the stipitate fruit of some of the species. 
 
 Glumes 2; palese mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower 
 with a long awn at the apex, the upper entire ; awn jointed at the 
 base, deciduous ; caryopsis striate. 
 
 1. S. AVENACEA. Feather Grass. 
 
 St. naked above; 2 3f high; Ivs. smooth, striate, setaceous, chiefly radi- 
 cal ; panicle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4 6' long, at length diffuse, branches 
 capillary, solitary and in pairs ; glumes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as the 
 dark brown, cylindric fruit ; scales 2, lanceolate ; awn twisted, 2 3 X in length. 
 1|. N. Y. to Car. 
 
 2. S. JUNCEA. Pursh. Rush-leaved Feather Grass. 
 
 St. 2 3f high ; Ivs. convolute-iiliform, smooth inside, long ; panicle loose ; 
 glumes loose, filiformly acuminated to more than twice the length of the fruit ; 
 Jr. attenuated at base into a stipe which is a third of its length, stipe acute, 
 pubescent; palea obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and 
 slender, scarcely contorted and 4 6' in length. 1\. Prairies, 111., Mo. When 
 in fruit, the pungent stipe adheres to everything that comes in its way. Aug. 
 
 3. S. CANADENSIS. Lam. 
 
 Lvs. setaceous ; panicle small ; glumes smooth, ovate-obtuse, as long as 
 the pubescent fruit ; awn thick and short. 7J. Amherst, Mass, Dewey. Neither 
 this nor the preceding species is common or of much value in agriculture. 
 
 3. PIPTATHERUM. Palis. 
 
 Gr. JTJTrrw, to fall, -vCjaos, harvest. 
 
 Panicle racemed ; glumes membranaceous, longer than the ellipti- 
 cal, cartilaginous paleae ; lower palea awned at the tip ; scales ovate, 
 entire \ caryopsis coated. 
 
 P. NIGRUM. Torr. (Oryzopsis melanocarpa. Muhl.} Black-seeded Millet. 
 St. erect, simple, leafy, 18 24' high ; panicle simple, flexuous, few- 
 flowered ; spikelets racemose, ovoid-lanceolate ; glumes acuminate, mucronate, 
 5 6" in length, smooth ; palea hairy, nearly black when ripe, the lower one 
 lipped with an awn an inch in length ; fruit black. 1|_ Rocky hills, N. Eng. 
 to Ky.. frequent. Aug. 
 
 4. OR YZ OP SIS. Rich. 
 Named for its resemblance (ot/'i?) to the genus Oryza. 
 
 Panicle racemed ; glumes 2, subequal, loose, obovate, awnless ; 
 paleae 2, cylindric-ovate, hairy at base ; scales linear-elongated. 
 
 O. ASPERIFOLIA. Michx. Mountain Rice. 
 
 St. nearly naked, purple at base, 10 20' high; Ivs. subradical, erect, 
 rigid, pungent at the point, nearly as long as the stem, cauline ones few and 
 very short ; spikekts in a racemose, simple, flexuous panicle, 1 2 upon each 
 branch ; glumes abruptly acuminate ; palece white, the lower one with a long 
 bent awn. Woods, Free States, N. to Subarctic Am. Leaves green through 
 the winter. Caryopsis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. May. 
 
 TRIBE 2. AGROSTIDEJE. Inflorescence panicled, rarely spiked. Spike- 
 lets solitary, 1-flowered. Glumes and paleae of nearly similar texture, usu- 
 ally carinate. 
 
 5. AGROSTIS. 
 
 Gr. aypos, a field ; it being eminently an occupant of fields and pastures. 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate ; glumes 2, acute, subequal, the lower one 
 
AGROSTIS. CLX1. GRAMINE.&. 597 
 
 larger, sometimes longer, often shorter than the paleae; paleae 2, 
 unequal, lower one larger, awnless or awned, larger than the glumes, 
 coating the caryopsis. 
 
 1 . Glumes longer than the palece. 
 
 1. A. VULGARIS. Smith. (A. polymorpha. Gray.} Red-top. Bent Grass. 
 
 St. erect, 1 2f high; panicle spreading, with the branches finally divari- 
 cate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, veined, scabrous, with smooth, striate sheaths, and 
 short, truncate stipules ; lower palea twice as large as the upper, and nearly as 
 long as the lanceolate, acute glumes. 7J. U. S. A common and very valuable 
 grass, spread over hills, vales, and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Flow- 
 ers very numerous, purplish. July. 
 
 2. A. ALBA. (A. decumbens. Muhl.y White-top. Florin Grass. 
 
 St. decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints, sending out stolons; 
 Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, those of the stolons erect and subulate ; sheaths 
 smooth, with a long, membranaceous stipule ; panicle dense, narrow, at length 
 spreading, whitish, sometimes purplish ; lower palea 5- veined, rarely awned. 
 (f) N. Eng. to Ohio, in meadows, or in dry soils j hence its characters are vari- 
 able, being often nearly erect. June. 
 
 3. A. STRICTA. Willd. Bent Grass. 
 
 St. erect, smooth, with black nodes ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous on 
 the margin, with cleft, white stipules; panicle elongated, strict, the branches 
 about 5, flexuous, scabrous, erect; glumes equal, lanceolate; palea unequal, 
 smaller than the glumes, with an awn at the base of the outer one twice longer 
 than the flower. %. Fields, N. Eng., N. Y. June. 
 
 4. A. CANINA. Dog's Bent Grass. 
 
 St. prostrate, somewhat branched, rooting at the lower nodes, about 2f 
 long ; panicle at length spreading, with angular, rough branches ; glumes elon- 
 gated ; lower palea furnished with an incurved awn upon the beak twice its 
 length. % Introduced and common in wet meadows. July. 
 
 5. A. PICKERINGII. Tuckm. (A. canina, 0. alpina. Oakes.} 
 
 St. erect ; Ivs. flat, linear ; pan. ovate, diffuse, branches verticillate, rather 
 erect, scabrous ; gl. subequal, keel of the lower mucronate at tip, upper acute\ 
 smoothish ; lower palea ovate-lanceolate, acute or erose, veined, upper ovate, 
 veinless; awn from the middle of the back, contorted, twice longer than the 
 fls. White Mts. 
 
 /?. rupicola. Tuckm. Smaller ; pan. contracted, smoothish, often purplish. 
 
 Mountains, Vermont. 
 
 2. VILFA. Glumes not longer than the subequal, awnless palece. 
 
 6. A. VIRGINICA. (Vilfa vaginiflora. Gray.) 
 
 S's. numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at base, nearly simple, 
 about a foot long ; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowed, involute, rigid, erect, 2-^3' long, 
 with smooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with the en- 
 closed panicles ; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones con- 
 cealed ; glumes nearly equal, about as long as the subequal paleae. (T) Sandy 
 soils, Middle States. Sept., Oct. 
 
 7. A. COMPRESSA. Torr. (Vilfa compressa. Trinius.} Flat-stemmed 
 Agrostis. Glabrous ; st. erect, compressed, simple, leafy, branched at base, 
 
 1 2f high ; Irs. narrowly linear, compressed, scarcely shorter than the stem ; 
 keel prolonged into the open sheath ; stip. very short ; panicle purple, subsimple, 
 contracted, the branches few and erect ; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the 
 paleae, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate ; palea ovate, obtuse, smooth, 
 sometimes deeply cleft ; stig. purple. Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept. 
 
 8. A. SEROTINA. Torr. (Vilfa serotina. ejusdem.} 
 
 St. 1218' high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often 
 viviparous at the nodes ; Ivs. 2 3' by ", keeled, smooth ; sheaths open ; stip. 
 ovate, short ; panicle 3 10' long, capillary, diffuse, branches flexuous, alter- 
 nate ; spikclets elliptical, scarcely i" long; glume ovate, 1-veined, unequal, half 
 
598 CLXI. GRAMINEJE. AGROSTIS. 
 
 the length, of the palece ; palea smooth, the lower one shorter ; sta. 3. Long 
 Island, Kneiskern. July. 
 
 9. A. HETEROLEPIS. Wood. (Vilfa heterolepis. Gray.} 
 
 St. 1 2f high, smooth ; Iv s. setaceous, somewhat convolute, scabrous on 
 the margins ; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth ; panicle spreading, 
 pyramidal, few-flowered; glumes purplish, outer one subuliform, inner one 
 ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined; valves of the perianth 
 oblong, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, interior valve 
 veined, apiculate, superior valve 2- veined, shorter than the outer one ; sta. 3 ; 
 anth. linear, reddish;' stig. 2 ; sty. short; Jr. roundish, smooth. Watertown, N. 
 Y. Crowe. Aug., Sept. 
 
 10. A. JUNCEA. Michx. (A. Indica. Muhl.} 
 
 Glaucous ; st. erect, 1 2f high, terete, slender ; Ivs. erect, 2 6" by 1", 
 concave, convolute when dry, margin scabrous ; sheaths, much shorter than the 
 internodes; slip, short; pan. oblong-pyramidal, branches verticillate, about in 
 6s ; glumes purple, lanceolate, acute, upper as long as the paleae, the lower 
 twice shorter ; palea subequal ; anth. and sty. whitish. 1\. Penn. to Flor., 
 barrens. Oct. 
 
 3. MUHLENBERGIOIDE.E. Glumes shorter than the palea. 
 
 11. A. MEXICANA. (A. lateriflora. MX. Muhlenbergia. Mex. Trin.} 
 
 St. erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much branched and leafy 
 above, often nearly leafless below, 1 3f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, 
 with half-clasping sheaths ; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral, narrow 
 and dense-flowered, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath ; glumes narrow, 
 acuminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubescent paleae. 9J. Wet shades, 
 N. Eng. to Ohio ! and 111., common. 
 
 12. A. SOBOLIFERA. Muhl. (Tricochloa. Trin. Muhlenbergia. Gray.} 
 St. erect, slender, producing shoots at base, sparingly branched, 18 30' 
 
 high; branches erect and filiform; nodes not swelling; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 
 with open sheaths ; panicle simple, filiform, with appressed branches, and 
 crowded spikelets ; palea equal, longer than the acute glumes. 7J. Rocky hills, 
 New Eng. to 111., frequent. Aug. 
 
 13. A. SYLVATICA. Torr. (Muhlenbergia. Gray.} 
 
 St. ascending, 2 3f long, much branched, diffuse, smooth, with swelling 
 nodes ; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, veined, 4 6' long, with smooth, open sheaths ; 
 panicles slender, rather dense ; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, a little shorter 
 than the paleae ; awn several times longer than the spikelet. 1L Rocky shades, 
 N. Y. to 111., N. J., Penn. Sept. 
 
 14. A. WILLDENOWII. Trin. (A. tenuiflora. Willd.} 
 
 St. erect, subsimple, pubescent at the nodes, with a few appressed 
 branches ; Ivs. 6 9' by 23", lanceolate, veined, scabrous, spreading, with 
 pubescent sheaths ; panicle contracted, very slender and long, with remote, fili- 
 form branches ; glumes subequal, acuminate, half as long as the paleae ; awn 
 3 4 times the length of the spikelet. 1J. Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. 
 July, August. 
 
 15. A CRYPTANDRIA. Torr. 
 
 Panicle pyramidal, with spreading, generally alternate branches, hairy at 
 the axils ; Jls. subracemed ; lower glume very short, upper one as long as the 
 nearly equal palese ; stems 3f high ; sheaths bearded at the throat. Very abundant 
 at Buffalo. Aikin. 
 
 167 A. LONGIFOLIA. Torr. (A. aspera. Michx.?} 
 
 St. erect, simple, 2 4f high ; Ivs. 2f long, filiform at the end, with smooth, 
 closed sheaths and bearded stipules ; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted 
 into a spiked form, generally concealed in the swelling sheaths ; glumes dusky- 
 purple, much shorter than the subequal, smooth, spotless palese. Sandy fields, 
 Northern States. Sept., Oct. Perhaps a Sporobolus. 
 
TRICHODIUM. CLX1. GRAMINE.&. 999 
 
 6. SPOROBOLUS. Brown. 
 
 Gr. (nropa, a seed ; /JaAAu, to cast forth ; its fruit is loose, and easily falls out. 
 
 Panicles contracted ; glumes 2, glabrous, awnless, unequal, one or 
 both much shorter than the palese ; paleae 2, concave, nearly equal, 
 beardless ; fruit loose, free, not enclosed in the paleae. 
 S. ASPER. Sullivant? 
 
 Rt. long, white, fibrous ; st. stout, glabrous, geniculate at base, 2f high ; 
 Ivs. rigid, glabrous, 2 8' by 1 3", tapering to a long, pungent point ; branches 
 with short leaves, barren, also ending in a- long, pungent point ; sheaths ciliate at 
 edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top ; panicles small, terminal 
 and lateral, half enclosed in the long sheaths; spikelets blackish-green; lower 
 glume very short, upper nearly as long as the paleae ; fr. compressed, obovate, 
 i" in length, %. Ohio, Sullivant! 
 
 7. POLYPOGON. Desf. 
 
 Gr. jroAvj, many, Trwycov, beard ; a characteristic term. 
 
 Inflorescence contracted into a spike ; glumes 2, nearly equal, 
 obtuse, with long awns ; paleae shorter than the glumes, lower one 
 entire, with a short, straight, tender awn (sometimes awnless), upper 
 one bifid, toothed. 
 
 P. RACEMOSUS. Nutt. (P. glomeratus. Wttld. Agrostis racemosus. MX. 
 
 Muhlenbergia glomerata. 7>m.) Glaucous ; st. compressed, erect, smooth, 
 with appressed branches or subsimple, 1 4f high ; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowed, erect, 
 flat, rough, 3^5' long, with closed sheaths ; panicle spicate, dense, conglome- 
 rated, interrupted, 2 3' long, many-flowered; glumes linear, the length of 
 their awns ; lower palea mucronate. 1\. Bog meadows, also on rocky mountains ! 
 N. Eng. to Mo. ! Aug., Sept. 
 
 8. TRICHODIUM. 
 
 Gr. SfH^, rpiicos, hair; from its capillary inflorescence. 
 
 Inflorescence a capillary panicle ; glumes 2, subequal, narrow and 
 acute ; palea 1 (or 2, the upper very minute), awnless. shorter than 
 the glumes, loosely enclosing the caryopsis. 
 
 1. T. LAXIFLORUM. Michx. (Agrostis Michauxii. TVm.) Thin grass. 
 
 St. erect, smooth, very slender, 1 2f high ; Ivs. 3 6' long, linear-lanceo- 
 late, scabrous, lower ones involute, upper ones shorter and flat; sheath rather 
 open ; panicle large and very diffuse, with long, capillary, verticillate branches, 
 trichotomously divided near the end ; spikelets in terminal clusters, purple ; glumes 
 linear-lanceolate. Q\. Pastures and roadsides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Jn. 
 
 2. T. MONTANUM. Torr. (Agrostis Torreyi. Tuckm.} Mountain Hair Grass. 
 Sis. caespitose, erect, filiform, simple, in small tufts, 8 12' high ; radical 
 
 Ivs. 2 3' long, involute-filiform, cauline rather longer ; stip. bifid, serrate ; pan. 
 ovate, branches spreading, finally divaricate, capillary, hispid ; spikelets fascicu- 
 late at the ends of the branches ; glumes equal ; palea with a short, twisted awn 
 at the back. 1\. Mts. and rocky woods, N. H. and N. Y. 
 
 3. T. SCABRUM. Muhl. (Agrostis scabra. Willd.) Rough Hair Grass. 
 
 St. geniculate at base, assurgent, branched, 1 2f high ; Ivs. rough, striate, 
 linear-lanceolate, 4 6' long, with the sheaths commonly closed and smooth ; 
 panicle long, with verticillate, divaricate, dichotoniously divided branches which 
 are much shorter than in T. laxiflorum ; spikelets pale green, not clustered. Tj. 
 Common in dry soils, N. Eng. to 111. July. 
 
 4. T. ALTISSIMUM. Michx. (T. elatum. Ph. Cornucopias alt. Walt.} 
 
 St. erect, rigid, simple, slender, 3f high, leafy ; Ivs. broadly linear, sca- 
 brous flat, 6 -8' long ; sheaths scarcely smooth ; panicle purple, exserted. con- 
 tracted, branches in whorls of 4s 6s, erect, rather rigid, and dense-flowered at 
 the ends; glumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keel, about J" 
 51 
 
600 CLXI. GRAMINEJE. PSAMMA. 
 
 long ; palea 5-veined, a little shorter than the upper glume ; sta. 3 ; stig. plu- 
 mose 7J. N. J. to Car. Aug. 
 /?. laxa. Panicle more loose, with long, green branches. White Mts. 
 
 5. T. CONCINNA. Wood. (Agrostis concinna. Tuckm.} 
 
 St. low, erect ; Ivs. filiform-setaceous ; pan. ovate, spreading, glabrous ; 
 gl. unequal, lower acute-mucronate, roughish above, upper acute, glabrous ; 
 palecB glabrous, awn from below the middle, contorted, scabrous, exceeding the 
 flower, with a few hairs at its base. White Mts. Tuckerman. The species are 
 not valuable in agriculture. 
 
 9. M QHLENBERGIA. Schreb. 
 
 In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., a well known, eminent botanist. 
 
 Panicle nearly simple ; glumes 2, very minute, unequal, fringed ; 
 paleae many times longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, veined, 
 hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long awn. 
 
 1. M. DIFFUSA. Schreb. Dorp-seed Grass. 
 
 St. decumbent, diffuse, branching, slender, compressed ; branches assurgent ; 
 Ivs. 2 3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths ; 
 panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches ; spikelets 
 pedicellate, often purple ; awn about as long as the paleae. Tj. Borders of woods 
 and fields, N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. , Aug. 
 
 2. M. ERECTA. Roth. (Brachyelytrum aristatum. Palis.') 
 
 St. erect, simple, retrorsely pubescent at the nodes, 2 3i high ; Ivs. lanceo- 
 late, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4 6' long, 3" or more wide, with some- 
 what open sheaths ; panicle terminal, simple racemose, contracted ; spikelets 
 pedicellate, large ; glumes very unequal, upper one subulate ; lower paLete half as 
 long as its awn, upper palece with a short awn at base lodged in the dorsal 
 groove. 1\. Rocky hills, Can. and U. S., frequent. July. 
 
 10. CINNA. 
 
 Glumes 2, subequal, compressed, without involucre or awns, upper 
 one 3-veined ; paleae 2, naked at base, on short stipes, lower one 
 larger, enclosing the upper, with a short awn a little below the tip ; 
 stamen 1. 
 
 C. ARUNDINACEA. Willd. (Agrostis Cinna. Lam. A. monandra. Hornem.} 
 St. simple, erect, smooth, 3 5f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 12 18' by 3 5" 
 pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths ; slip, long, lacerated ; 
 panicle near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, with the 
 branches capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s ; glumes linear-lan- 
 ceolate ; lower palecc with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. % A 
 beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, U. S. and Can. Aug. 
 
 11. TRICHOCHLOA. DC. 
 
 Gr. rpt, Tpi%os, hair, %Xoa, grass ; from the capillary inflorescence. 
 
 Glumes 2, very minute ; paleae many times longer than the 
 glumes ; naked at base, lower one convolute at base, terminating in 
 a long, unarticulated awn. 
 
 T. "CAPILLARIS. DC. (Stipa. Lam. Agrostis. Muhl. Muhlenbergia. Lindl.) 
 Csespitose ; sts. erect, very slender and smooth, 18 24' high ; Ivs. erect", 
 becoming filiform towards the end. 1 Ijf long; panicle diffuse, with the 
 branches 1 4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs ; spikelets purple ; lower pakce 
 produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. <!}_ An exceedingly delicate grass, 
 with large, purple, glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the 
 breeze. Sandy soils. Jn. Jl. 
 
 12. PSAMMA. Palis. 
 
 Gn fyanfios, sand ; in which this grass grows on the sea shore. 
 
 Panicle spicate ; glumes 2, awnless; paleae 
 
ALOPECURUS. CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 601 
 
 glumes, surrounded with hairs at base ; scales linear-lanceolate, 
 longer than caryopsis ; styles 3-parted ; stig. 3. 
 
 P. ARENARIA. Palis. (Arundo. Linn. Ammophila. Lindl.) Mat Grass. 
 
 Rt. creeping extensively ; st. erect, rigid, 2 41' high ; Ivs. involute, If by J', 
 smooth and glaucous, pungently acute ; sheaths smooth ; slip, oblong ; panicle 
 dense, with erect, appressed branches, 610' long, and an inch thick ; spikelets 
 compressed, greenish- white ; lower pokes longer than the upper. TJ. On sandy 
 sea-coasts, Can. to N. J. At Dorchester, Mass., this grass is extensively manu- 
 factured into paper. Aug. 
 
 13. CALAMAGROST1S. Adans. 
 
 Name compounded of Calamus and Agrostis. 
 
 Panicle contracted ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuminate ; 
 paleae 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with hairs at 
 base, lower one mucronate, mostly awned below the tip, the upper 
 one often with a stipitate pappus at base. 
 
 1. C. CANADENSIS. Palis. (C. Mexicana. Nutt. C. agrostoides. Ph. Arundo. 
 Michx.} Reed Grass. Blue-joint. St. smooth, erect, rigid, 3 5f high ; Ivs. 
 
 linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined sheaths ; panicle erect, rather 
 loose, oblong, the branches capillary, aggregated in 4s and 5s; glumes very 
 acute, smoothish, much longer than the paleae ; lower pakce bifid at the apex, 
 with an exserted awn arising from below the middle of the back. 7J. Wet 
 grounds, N. Eng. W. to Mich. Makes good hay. Common. Aug. 
 
 2. C. COARCTATA. Torr. (Agrostis glauca. MM. Arundo stricta. Spr.) 
 Glaucous ; st. erect, 2 if high ; Irs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous, with the 
 
 veins and keel white ; sheaths striate ; slip, oblong, obtuse ; panicle condensed and 
 spike-form, the branches rigidly erect, short and aggregated ; glumes acuminate, 
 lanceolate,lower 1-veined, upper 3-veined ; lower pakce 5-veined, bifid at the 
 apex, with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. 1\. Bogs, Free States and 
 Brit. Am. July, Aug. 
 
 3. C. BREVIPILIS. Torr. (A. Epigeios. Muhl.') 
 
 St. terete, 3 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, the sheaths glabrous ; stip. hairy ; 
 panicle pyramidal, loose, with the diffuse, capillary branches solitary or in pairs; 
 glumes unequal, bearded at base, acute, 1-veined. shorter than the equal, obtuse, 
 awnless palese ; pappus very short, not half the length of the paleae. 7L In 
 sandy swamps, N. J., Torrey. 
 
 4. C. PURPURASCENS. Brown. (C. sylvatica. Trin.} 
 
 Panicle spicate ; glumes scabrous ; palcce 2, the lower scabrous, 4-toothed 
 at the apex, awned upon the back ; abortive rudiment plumose, twice longer 
 than the hairs at its base. White Mts., N. H., Titckerman. Rocky Mis., Rich- 
 ardson. Very rare and unimportant. 
 
 5. C. INEXPANSA. Gray. 
 
 St. 2 5f high, erect, simple ; Ivs. 2 3" wide, smooth ; panicle 4 8' long, 
 slender, contracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together ; glumes oblong- 
 lanceolate, 2" long, rough on the keel and sides, acute ; palece nearly equal, 
 acute, oblong, as long as the glumes, lower one rough, 3-veined, notched at tip, 
 with a short awn inserted below the middle, nearly as long as the flower. 
 Penn Yan, N. Y. Sartwell. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 3. PHLEOIDEJS. Infloresence in dense, cylindric or unilateral 
 spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, of nearly similar texture with the 
 paleae. 
 
 14. ALOPECtJRUS. 
 Glumes subequal, connate, distinct ; palese united into an inflated 
 
 glume, cleft on one side below the middle, generally awned ; styles 
 
 often connate. 
 
602 CLX1. GRAMINEJE. PASPALUM 
 
 1. A. PRATENSIS. Fox-tail Grass. 
 
 St. erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect, dense, many- 
 flowered, cylindric, obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long ; Ivs. flat, smooth, 
 with swelling sheaths and ovate stipules ; glumes ciliate, connate below the 
 middle, as long as the paleae ; awn twisted, scabrous, twice the length of the 
 flower. 1\. Fields and pastures, Northern States. An excellent grass. Jn., Jl. 
 
 2. A. GENICULATUS. Bent Fox-tail Grass. 
 
 St. ascending, geniculate, rooting below, sparingly branched, l-r2f high; 
 spike cylindrical, about 2' long ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, flat, acute, a few 
 inches in length, with slightly inflated sheaths, and long, entire stipules ; glumes 
 slightly connate at base, hairy outside ; palea truncate, smooth, half as long as 
 the geniculate awn. 7]_ Wet meadows, N. Eng. ! Mid. States and Brit. Am. Jn. 
 /?. aristulafrus. Torr. (A. aristulatus. MX.} Awns very short. 
 
 15. CRYPSIS. Ait. 
 Gr. icpvirais, concealment; from the flowers being concealed in the sheaths. 
 
 Inflorescence an oblong spike ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed, 1- 
 flowered ; paleae 2, unequal, longer than the glumes ; sta. 2 3 ; ca- 
 ryopsis loose, covered by the paleae. 
 
 C. VlRGINlCA. Nutt. 
 
 St. procumbent and geniculate, 612' long, much branched from the base ; 
 Ivs. finally involute, divaricate, short, rigid and pungent, subpilose above; spikes 
 oblong-cylindrical, thick and lobed, more or less enclosed in the inflated sheaths 
 of the leaves, the terminal one about 1' long, lateral shorter and subcapitate; 
 glumes roughened on the keel, the upper a little longer. About Philadelphia, 
 Barton. Sept., Oct. 
 
 16. PHLEUM. 
 
 Gr. <f>\os ; used by the ancients probably for a different plant. 
 
 Grlumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the paleae, rostrate or 
 mucronate ; paleae 2, included in the glumes, truncate, awnless. 
 
 1. P. PRATENSE. . Timothy or Herd's Grass. 
 
 St. erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, 
 glaucous, roughish ; sheaths striate, smooth ; stip. obtuse, lacerated ; glumes ap- 
 parently bicuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike ; anth. purple ; 
 stig. white. This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. It is extensively 
 cultivated, N. Eng., Mid. and ~W. States, and is probably native. 
 
 2. P. ALPINUM. Mountain Herd's Grass. 
 
 St. about If high, simple, erect ; Ivs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and 
 clasping at base, acute at apex, smooth ; sheaths inflated ; spicate panicle oblong- 
 ovate, very short (4 5" long) ; glumes truncate, mucronate, with a fringed keel; 
 awns as long as the glumes. 1\. Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H. 
 Also native of Arc. Am. 
 
 TRIBE 4. PAJOCEJE. Inflorescence spiked or panicled. Spikelets 1 or 
 (more usually) 2-flowered, one of the flowers being sterile or imperfect. 
 Glumes usually (membranaceous) of a thinner texture than the paleae, which 
 are more or less cartilaginous, the lower palea half enfolding the upper, 
 sometimes awned. 
 
 17. PASPALUM. 
 
 Gr. TTflunraAoj, millet; from the resemblance of the seeds. 
 
 Flowers in unilateral spikes ; glumes 2, membranaceous, equal, 
 suborbicular, closely. pressed to the 2 paleae ; stigmas plumose, colored ; 
 caryopsis coated with the smooth, plano-convex paleae. 
 
 1. P. SETACEUM. Michx. (P. cilialifolium. Torr., <f*c., not of Michx.) 
 St. erect, very slender, 1 2f high, simple or branched from the base, with 
 
MILIUM. CLXI. GR AMINES. 603 
 
 very remote joints ; Ivs. lance-linear, 3 7' by 2 3", ciliate and hairy ; sheaths 
 pubescent, upper one very long ; spike generally solitary, often 2, on a long, 
 very slender peduncle, sometimes with another scarcely exserted from the sheaths ; 
 spikelets plano-convex, with the flat side out, f " diam., about 2 on each very 
 short pedicel, appearing 2 3-rowed in the 1-sided spike. Dry fields, Mass. ! to 
 Car. W. to Ky. Aug. 
 
 2. P. LJEVE (and precox. Michx.} 
 
 St. erect, rather firm, 18' 3f high, glabrous ; Ivs. generally smooth, pilose 
 only at the base, broadly linear ; lower sheaths sometimes hairy ; spikes 2 6, 
 alternate, spreading, with a few long, white hairs at the base ; spikelets in 2 
 rows ; rachis flexuous, flat on the back ; pedicels undivided, with one spikelet ; 
 spikelets twice as large (!" diam.) as in the preceding; glumes orbicular-ovate, 
 1-veined. Grassy banks of rivers, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. Aug. 
 
 3. P. STOLONIFERUM. BoSC. 
 
 St. about 2f long, procumbent at base, geniculate, stoloniferous and 
 branched ; Ivs. short, subcordate ; spikes very numerous (30 50), subverticillate, 
 spreading, in elongated, terminal and lateral racemes; common rachis 4 5' 
 long, angular, smooth, partial ones 3 15" long; spikelets ovate, alternate. Ce- 
 dar swamps, N. J., Pursh. July, Aug. 
 
 18. DIGIT ARIA. Haller. 
 
 Lat. digitus, a finger ; alluding to the digitate form of the inflorescence. 
 
 Inflorescence digitate or fasciculate ; spikes linear, unilateral ; 
 spikelets in pairs, on short, bifid pedicels, 2-flowered ; glumes 2, the 
 lower very small, sometimes wanting ; lower flower abortive, with a 
 single, membranaceous palea ; upper flower $ , with 2 cartilaginous, 
 subequal palese ; caryopsis striate. 
 
 1. D. SANGUINALIS. Scop. (Panicum sanguinale. Linn.) Purple Finger 
 Grass. Crab Grass. Sts. decumbent at base, radiating and branching at 
 
 the lower joints, 1 2f long; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly 
 pilose, the sheaths strigosely hairy ; spikes 35' long, fasciculate at the top of 
 the stem, 5 9 together ; spikelets in pairs, oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed 
 to the flexuous- rachis, in 2 rows. Common in cultivated grounds, N. Eng., 
 W. Ind.! Aug. Oct. 
 
 2. D. GLABRA. Roem. & Schultz. (Panicum. Jand.') 
 
 St. generally decumbent, rarely rooting at the joints, a foot long; Ivs. short, 
 flat, nearly glabrous; spikes digitate, spreading, 3 4; spikelets crowded, ovoid; 
 glu?ne equaling the abortive flower, both hairy. (I) Sandy fields, N. Y., Penn. 
 to Ohio ! Spikes rather more slender than in the foregoing. 
 
 3. D. sERoriNA. Michx. (D. villosa. Ell.) 
 
 Rt. creeping; st. decumbent, 12 18' long, terete, hairy at the joints, form- 
 ing a dense carpet where it grows ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, thin, and with the 
 sheaths, very pubescent with long hairs; spikes numerous, setaceous, 2 3' long ; 
 spikelets all pedicellate ; lower glume very minute, the margin ciliate. N. Y. 
 
 4. D. FILIFORMIS. Ell. (Panicum. Wttld.) 
 
 St. erect, filiform, simple, 12 18' high ; Ivs. short, nearly smooth, narrow- 
 lanceolate ; lower sheaths very hairy, upper glabrous ; spikes 24, filiform, erect ; 
 rachis flexuous ; spikelets in 3s, all pedicellate; glume solitary, as long as the 
 abortive flower. (I) Dry, gravely soils, N. Y. to Ky. Aug. 
 
 19. MILIUM. 
 
 Celtic mil, a pebble ; alluding to its hard, turgid fruit. 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate ; spikelets 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, without 
 involucre or awns ; paleae 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, ob- 
 long, concave, persistent and cartilaginous, coating the caryopsis. 
 1. M. EFFUSUM. Spreading Millet Grass. 
 
 St. erect, simple, smooth. 5 8f high, bearing a compound, diffuse panicle ; 
 lis. flat, 8 12' by 1', on smooth, striate sheaths ; branches of the panicle clus- 
 51* 
 
604 CLXI. GRAMINE^E. PANICUM. 
 
 tered, horizontal, 1 6' long ; spikelets ovate, few and scattered ; pokes smooth 
 and polished. 1\. In woods, Penn. to Can. Plant pale green. Summer. 
 
 2. M. PUNGENS. Torr. Dwarf Mittet Grass. 
 
 St. erect, simple, rigid, 12 18' high ; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline very short, 
 pungent, at length involute, radical 6 8' long, erect, acute and pungent; sheaths 
 striate, rough, tumid ; panicle contracted, few-flowered ; ped. bifid ; glumes awn- 
 less ; palece hairy, about equaling the glumes ; sty. 2-parted. 1L Rocky hills, 
 Northern States, rare. May. 
 
 3. M. AMPHICARPON. Pursh. (M. ciliatum. Muhl.) 
 
 Sts. numerous, assurgent, 18 24' high, somewhat branched and genicu- 
 late ; Ivs. 2 3' by 2 4", lance-linear, hairy and ciliate ; sheaths striate, the 
 upper ones leafless ; panicle simple, 2 3' long, its branches few, erect, appressed, 
 racemose, bearing $ flowers; spikelets oblong, purplish; radical peduncles clus- 
 tered, 13' high, sheathed, each bearing a single 9 spikelet ; caryopsis brown. 
 N. J. Aug. 
 
 20. OPLISMfiNUS. Kunth. 
 Gr. oTrAiffji/a, armament, pevos, courage; alluding to the stout awns. 
 
 Panicle compounded of alternate, dense racemes ; glumes 2, une- 
 qual, echinate, 2-flowered, lower short, upper as long as the , acumi- 
 nate ; abortive flowers with 2 paleae, the lower terminating in a long 
 awn ; $ paleae cartilaginous, shining, coating the caryopsis. 
 
 1. O. CRUS-GALLI. Kunth. (Panicum. Linn.) Cock's-foot Grass. 
 
 St. terete, smooth, 3 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate, with 
 smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule ; panicle simple or apparently so, branches 
 spike-form, compound, alternate and in pairs ; rachis hairy and rough ; glumes 
 hispid with bristles ; lower abortive palea ending in a rough awn, nearly 1' in 
 length. (J) A coarse, weedy grass, introduced into cultivated grounds, barn- 
 yards, &c., common. Aug., Sept. 
 
 2. O. HISPIDUM. Wood. (O. nmricatus. Kunth. Panicum. Muhl.) 
 
 St. thick, 3 4f high ; Ivs. broad, flat ; panicle compound, nodding, dense, 
 4 6' long, with alternate racemes ; fls. always awned. (J) Salt marshes, N. Y. 
 to Car. Best distinguished from the preceding by its hispid sheaths. Sept., 
 Oct. 
 
 21. PAN I CUM. 
 Lat. panicula, the mode of flowering, or panis, bread, which some species afford. 
 
 Glumes 2, unequal, the lower mostly very small ; flowers 2, dis- 
 similar, the lower abortive or sterile, with 1 2 paleae, the upper 
 palea membranaceous ; the upper , with the paleae cartilaginous, 
 equal, concave, awnless, coating the caryopsis. 
 
 * Spikelets in racemose panicles. 
 
 1. P. AGRQSTolDEs. Muhl. (P. elongatum. Ph. P. fusco-rubens 1 Nutt.) 
 St. compressed, glabrous, 1| 3f high, often geniculate at base ; Ivs. long 
 
 and numerous, cauline linear-lanceolate, carinate, rough-edged, on short, striate 
 sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, composed of racemed, 
 spreading or deflexed branches ; spikelets 1" long, purple, lanceolate, acute, 
 crowded and appressed; upper glume 5- veined; palea of the neutral flower 
 nearly equal. 1\. 7 Meadows, frequent. July. 
 
 2. P. ANCEPS. Michx. (P. rostratum. Muhl.} 
 
 St. compressed, 2 3f high ; Ivs. linear, carinate, very long ; sheaths an- 
 cipital, pilose on the throat and margin ; panicle erect, contracted, with nearly 
 simple branches ; spikelets interruptedly racemose, very acuminate ; upper palea 
 of the neutral flower oblong, obtuse or emarginate. % Fields and meadows. 
 Common, Mid. States, N. Eng. July. 
 
 3. P. PROLIFERUM. Lam. (P. dichotomiflorum. MX. P. geniculatum. 
 Muhl.) St. assurgent, geniculate at base, very smooth, thick and succu- 
 lent ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4 6" wide, 10 15' long, on tumid sheaths, hairy 
 
PANICUM. CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 605 
 
 at throat ; panicles large, pyramidal, terminal and axillary, smooth ; spikelets 
 racemose ; abortive flower with one palea. 7J. 1 Wet meadows, Mid. and S. 
 States. Sept. 
 
 4. P. PEDUNCULATUM. ToiT. 
 
 St. dichotomously branched above, round, 3 4f high; Ivs. f'-wide, taper- 
 ing to the point ; sheaths hispid and papillose ; panicle compound, smooth, on a 
 long peduncle, branches in pairs, racemed ; spikelets ovate, smooth ; upper palea 
 of the abortive flower half as long as the lower. 2J. Moist woods, N. Y. Jl. 
 
 5. P. RECTUM. Roem. & Schultz. (P. involutum. Torr. P. depaupera- 
 tum. Muhl.) St. csespitose, mostly simple, hairy at the joints, erect, 10 15' 
 
 high ; Ivs. lance-linear, erect, involute at the end, forming a long, slender, pun- 
 gent point, rather rough and hairy, sometimes smooth, upper ones longer than 
 the lower; sheaths scabrous, hairy; panicle erect, rather few-flowered, the 
 branches tortuous, in pairs, one longer with 2 spikelets ; spikelets rather large, 
 pedunculate ; glumes veined, lower one short, broad-ovate, obtuse ; palece hard, 
 whitish, shining. N. Eng. ? and Mid. States ! May, June. 
 
 6. P. XANTHOPHYSUM. Gray. 
 
 St. 12 15' high, glabrous, generally simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, 3 6' by 
 5 7", acute, veined, nearly smooth, ciliate at base; sheaths pilose, shorter than 
 the joints; ped. elongated; panicles simple, few-flowered; spikelets obovate ; 
 glumes pubescent, the inferior one acute, 3-veined, half the length of the many- 
 veined, superior one ; $ 2-valved, cartilaginous, obtuse, smooth and shining, 
 about equal to the superior glume. Near Oneida Lake, Kneiskern, Conn. 
 River, N. H. ! to Conn. ! June, July. 
 
 * * Spikelets in loose panicles. 
 
 7. P. CLANDEST1NUM. 
 
 St. with short, axillary, appressed branches, 2 3f high, rigid, leafy ; Ivs. 
 3 6' by 1', lanceolate, subcordate at base ; sheaths hispid, enclosing the short, 
 lateral panicles ; upper palea of the neutral flower obtuse. Tj. Moist woods, 
 Mass, and Mid. States. July, Aug. 
 
 8. P. LATIFOLIUM. (P. scoparium. Lam. ?) 
 
 St. nearly simple, with the nodes retrorsely pilose; Ivs. lance-ovate, clasp- 
 ing, somewhat pubescent ; panicle terminal," a little exserted from the sheath, 
 simple, pubescent ; spikelets rather large, oblong-ovate ; abortive flower stami- 
 nate. 7J. Common in ditches, woods, &e., U. S. Readily known by broad, 
 short leaves. June, July. 
 
 9. P. NERVOSUM. Muhl. 
 
 St. simple, smooth at the nodes, 3 4f high ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 2 3' 
 long, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin, cordate at base, an inch wide, with 
 short sheaths ; panicle much branched, smooth, many-flowered, pedunculate or 
 sessile, branches flexuous, somewhat spreading ; spikelets oblong; abortive flower 
 staminate. Bogs, N. Y. to Car. W. to 111. Perhaps not distinct from the last. 
 July. 
 
 10. P. MACROCARPON. Torr. 
 
 St. erect, simple, straight, 2 3f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, erect, sub- 
 pilose beneath, 3 6' long; sheaths hispid, villous on the margin, with no 
 stipules ; panicle rather compound, smooth, with few, spreading, flexuous, sub- 
 simple branches ; spikelets ovoid-globose ; abortive flower neutral. Banks of 
 Connecticut river, Mass. July. 
 
 11. P. PUBESCENS. Lam. (P. nitidum, 0. villosum. Gray.') 
 
 St. 8 30' high, simple or branched, erect, and with the sheaths, covered 
 with a dense, villous, deflexed pubescence ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; Ivs. 
 remote, linear-lanceolate, short, upper ones pubescent, lower villose ; panicle 
 terminal, rather crowded, compound, sometimes rather loose, branches subver- 
 ticillate, pubescent ; spikelets pubescent, rather small, at the extremity of the 
 branches; lower glume small, upper one 5-veined; abortive flower neutral, < 
 longer than the upper glume, smooth. Penn Yan, N. Y., Sartwell, Penn. to 
 Ohio, Suttivani! June. 
 
606 CLXI. GRAMINE^E. SETARIA. 
 
 12. P. DTCHOTOMUM. 
 
 St. much branched and dichotomous above, erect or decumbent, 1 2f 
 high, branches fasciculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, very numerous, 1 2' 
 long, ciliate at base ; panicles lateral and terminal, simple, capillary, with loose, 
 spreading branches ; spikelets minute, ovoid-obtuse. Varies with the stem very 
 tall, or low, and decumbent ; rather rigid or very slender. N. Eng. to Ky. July. 
 
 13. P. NITIDUM. Lam. (P. discolor. Muhl.') 
 
 St. erect, slender, 8 24' high, the nodes with a ring of dense, deflexed 
 hairs; Ivs. lance-linear, narrow, acuminate, rather remote, 2 4' by 2 4"; 
 sheaths as long as the leaves, hairy at the throat and often all over ; slip. ; pan- 
 ick rather small, exserted, roundish-ovoid, diffuse, nearly glabrous, branches 
 spreading ; s-pikelets purplish, numerous, small (i" long), oblong, obtuse ; lower 
 glume minute ; abortive fl. neutral, its outer palea equaling the upper glume ; 
 white, polished. %. 1 Woods and fields, U. S. June. 
 
 o. Tall, simple, smooth, except the densely bearded nodes. Middle and 
 Western States. 
 
 0. St. with short branches ; Ivs. and sheaths pubescent. N. Eng. and Middle 
 States, common. 
 
 y. Low, branched, very hairy, purplish. Dry fields, N. Eng., common. 
 These are the extreme forms, between which there are many intermediate ones. 
 
 14. P. MICROCARPON. Muhl. Darl. . 
 
 St. 18 30' high, erect, simple, glabrous ; joints glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, 
 veined, ciliate at base, undulate and scabrous on the margin, scabrous above, 
 smooth beneath, 6 10" wide ; sheaths deeply striate, smooth ; stip. ; panicle 
 large, much branched, nearly smooth ; spikelets small, numerous, scarcely pu- 
 bescent ; ^ flower as long as the upper glume ; fr. shining, bluish- white. QJ. 
 Woods and low grounds, Penn. Darlington. 
 
 15. P. CAPILLARE. Annual Field Panic. 
 
 St. nearly simple, assurgent and thick at base, 1 2f high ; Ivs. hairy, 
 broad-linear, acuminate, 4 6' long ; sheaths covered with hispid hairs ; panicle 
 large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding ; spikelets small, purple, lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, smooth, on long, hispid peduncles ; abortive fl. of 1 palea. 
 Fields and roadsides, U. S. Aug. 
 /?. sylvaticum. Torr. St. very slender, branched at the base. Woods. 
 
 16. P. VERRUCOSUM. Muhl. (P. debilis. Ell.) 
 
 St. slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching from the base, 1 2f 
 high ; Ivs. linear, a few inches long, spreading, smooth ; panicle much expand- 
 ed, few-flowered, flowers verrucose ; abortive flower of one palea, and neuter. 
 (J) 1 Swamps and thickets, Mid. and S. States. Panicle terminal and lateral, 
 loose and capillary. Aug. 
 
 17. P. VIRGATUM. Salt-lick Panic. 
 
 Glabrous and often purple ; st. 3 5f high ; Ivs. long, linear-lanceolate, 
 hairy at base ; sheaths striate ; stip. with long, white ciliae ; panicle virgate, at 
 length spreading, diffuse, very large ; fls. acuminate, and with the glumes, 
 divaricate, paleae of the abortive flower nearly equal, enfolding the purple sta- 
 mens. Tj. Salt-lick prairies, fields, &c., N. Y. to Ind. ! Aug. None of these 
 species are of much value in agriculture. 
 
 22. SETARIA. Palis. 
 
 Lat. seta, a bristle ; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets. 
 
 Inflorescence a compound, cylindrical spike ; spikelets 2-flowered, 
 invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles ; glumes, flowers, 
 paleae and fruit as in the genus Panicum. 
 
 1. S. VIRIDIS. Palis. Wild Timothy. 
 
 St. smooth, 2 3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, flat, minutely serrulate; sheaths 
 striate, hairy on the margin, and with a setose stipule ; spike cylindric, com- 
 pound, terminal, green ; involucre of 4 10 fasciculate bristles, much longer 
 than the spikelets; palece of the perfect flower longitudinally striate, punctate. 
 (D Common in cultivated grounds, Free States. July, Aug. 
 
PHALARIS. CLX1. GRAMINE^E. 607 
 
 2. S. GLAUCA. Palis. Bottle Gi'ass. 
 
 Sf. 2 3f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, rough, hairy at base ; sheaths 
 
 striate, smooth; stip. setose; spike cylindric, yellowish-green, 2 4' long; invol. 
 
 of 6 10 fascicled, scabrous bristles much longer than the spikelets ; palea of the 
 
 perfect fl. transversely rugose. (T) Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ohio. Jl. Aug. 
 
 /?. (S. purpurascens. R. fy S.) Sheaths and spikelets pilose. Penn. 
 
 3. S. VERTICILLATA. Palis. 
 
 St. smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, rough-edged ; sheaths smooth, 
 hairy on the margin ; spicate panicle composed of short, divided branches in in- 
 terrupted verticils, 2 3' long ; bristles of the invol. in pairs, rough backwards ; 
 palete of the $ roughish punctate. Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ohio. July. 
 
 4. S. ITALICA. Palis. 
 
 St. somewhat compressed, about 4f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, t 2f long, an 
 inch wide ; sheaths roughish, pilose at the throat ; spike compound, interrupted 
 at the base, nodding, 6 8' long ; spikelets conglomerate ; invol. of 2 bristles, 
 several times longer than the flower. (T) Ditches, Mid. and S. States. July. 
 
 5. S. GERMANIC A. Palis. Millet. Bengal Grass. 
 
 St. 2 4f high, simple, leafy ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, acuminate, serrulate 
 on the margin ; sheaths striate, close, pubescent ; stip. bearded ; spike compress- 
 ed, yellowish, oblong-cylindric ; rachis densely hirsute ; involucrate bristles 4 8, 
 as long as, or longer than the spikelets, yellowish; glumes unequal, ovate; 
 palea smooth, obscurely 3-veined. (J) In fields, not often cultivated. 
 
 23. CENCHRUS. 
 
 Gr. Kcv%pos, millet ; this grass bearing some resemblance to the millet. 
 
 Flowers racemose or spicate ; involucre burr-form, laciniate, echi- 
 nate, persistent, including 1 3 spikelets ; glumes 2, 2-flowered, outer 
 smaller ; flowers dissimilar, the lower sterile, the upper perfect ; 
 scales 0. 
 
 C. TRIBULOIDES. (Also C. echinatus Linn. 1) Burr Grass. 
 
 St. 1 2f long, erect or procumbent and geniculate at base ; Ivs. lance- 
 linear, conduplicate, gradually acuminate, 3 5' by 2 3"; sheaths open, about 
 as long as the colored joints; spike with the burr-like involucres approximate; 
 invol. cartilaginous, beset externally with many sharp, retrorsely hispid spines 
 as long as itself and containing 23 spikelets ; glumes acuminate-mucronate, 
 about "3" long, producing but 1 caryopsis. Sandy soils, N. J. 
 
 TRIBE 5. PHAL.AREJB. Inflorescence a contracted panicle. Spikelets 
 solitary, with 1 perfect flower and 1 2 imperfect ones. Lower palea awned 
 or mucronate, upper with two keels. 
 
 24. PHALARIS. 
 
 Gr. (pa\af>os, brilliant ; on account of its smooth, shining seeds. 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, carinate ; palese 2, 
 coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the caryopsis, 
 each with an external, accessory palea or abortive rudiment at base. 
 
 1. P. ARUNDINACEA. (P. Americana. Torr.} 
 
 St. erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2 5f high; Ivs. spreading, lanceo- 
 late, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, spicate, 
 somewhat secund, 3-^-4' long, glumes 3-veined, whitish, scabrous; rudiments 
 pilose. Ij. Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car. and Ky. A large, 
 showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug. 
 
 /? picta is the well-known striped or ribbon grass, with beautifully variegated 
 leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity, f 
 
 2. P CANARIENSES. Canary Grass. 
 
 St. erect, or geniculate at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy; Ivs. lanceo- 
 late ; panicles spicate, ovoid, erect ; glumes whitish, with green veins ; rudiments 
 smooth. <J) Fields and pastures, not common. Jl. 
 
608 CLXL GRAMINE.^. AIRA. 
 
 25. HOLCUS. 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes herbaceous, boat-shaped, mucronate ; 
 flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect and awnless, upper one cT 
 or neuter, awned on the back. 
 
 H. LANATUS. Soft Grass. 
 
 Hoary pubescent; st. U 2f high; Ivs. lanceolate, 2 5' long; sheaths 
 striate ; panicle oblong, dense, whitish with a purple tinge ; jls. shorter than the 
 glumes,; sterile one with a recurved, included awn. Tj. Common in wet mea- 
 dows, N. Eng. ! Mid. and W. States. Very soft with whitish down. Jl. 
 
 26. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel. 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered ; glumes 2, scarious ; lateral flowers stami- 
 nate, triandrous ; central flower , diandrous (rarely triandrous). 
 
 1. H. BOREALIS. Roem. &Schultz. Seneca Grass. 
 
 Smpoth, glossy ; st. simple, erect, 15 20' high ; radical Ivs. as long as the 
 stem, cauline 2 I' long, lanceolate, mucronate ; panicle rather 1-sided and 
 spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered, 23' long; branchkts flexuous; spikelets 
 broad, subcordate, colored, unarmed ; lower palea ciliate. : 1\. Wet meadows, 
 Virg. to Arc. Am. Very fragrant. May. 
 
 2. H. ALPINA. Roem. & Schultz. 
 
 Smooth ; st. erect, stout, 6 8' high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; sheaths 
 tumid, longer than the internodes ; panicle ovoid, 1 J 2' long, with the branches 
 in pairs; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches; glumes 
 lanceolate ; lower Jl. with an awn about as long as the paleae. 1|_ Summits of 
 the White Mts., Bigelow. Jn. 
 
 27. ANTHOXANTHUM. 
 
 Gr. avSos, a flower, !<zi>$oj, yellow ; from the color of its spikes. 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered, the central one $ , the 2 lateral ones neuter, 
 each consisting of one bearded palea ; glumes 2, unequal, the upper 
 one larger, enclosing the flowers ; paleae of the 2, short, awnless ; 
 stamens 2. 
 
 A. ODORATUM. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. 
 
 St. slender, erect, 1018' high ; Ivs. short, striate, pale green ; panicle 
 spicate, oblong-ovoid ; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles ; palece of the 
 lateral fls. linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn 
 from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the 
 summit. An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of the States, 
 and Can. May, June. ^ 
 
 TRIBE 6. AVEXEJE. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets solitary, few- 
 flowered. Glumes and paleae of similar texture. Upper flowers generally 
 pedicellate, with awn-like processes or abortive rudiments between the upper 
 and the lower ones. Upper palea wtth two keels. 
 28. AlRA. 
 
 Gr. aipa, a deadly weapon ; originally applied to a poisonous plant. 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments; glumes 2, 
 membranaceous and shining, subequal ; one of the flowers pedicel- 
 late ; palese subequal, pilose at base, the lower one lacerate at apex 
 and awned on the back. 
 
 1. A FLEXUOSA. 
 
 St. smooth, 1 2f high, nearly naked ; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striate 
 sheaths and truncate stipules; panicle loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long, 
 flexuous branches ; awns geniculate, longer than the paleae. 1\. Vales and hills, 
 U. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. 
 
AVENA. CLXI. GRAMINE./E. 609 
 
 2. A. OESPITOSA. (A. aristulata. Torr.) 
 
 -Caespitose, glabrous ; st. 18 30' high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, scabrous above, 
 smooth beneath, flat ; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diffuse ; awns 
 straight, about as long as the paleae which are longer than the bluish glumes. 
 % Swamps, Free States and Can. May. 
 
 -3. A. PUMILA. Pursh. 
 
 Sts. scarcely 1' high, erect, growing in tufts, scarcely longer than the 
 leaves ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; panicle small, i'astigiate, few-flowered ; pedicels short ; 
 palea awnless, obtuse, twice the length of the glumes ; glumes with a mem- 
 branaceous margin. 7|_ In barren, clayey soils, near brickyards, Penn. 
 Pursh. Jn. 
 
 29. TRISETUM. 
 Lat. trio,, three, setum, a bristle ; a characteristic term. 
 
 Spikelet 2 5 -flowered ; glumes 2, as long as the flowers ; lower 
 palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flexuous awn from above 
 the middle of the back ; scales ovate ; fruit coated, furrowed. 
 
 1. T. PALUSTRE. Torr. (Avena. MX. Aira pallens. Muhl.) 
 
 St. erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. 
 lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, 
 contracted, nodding, yellowish-green ; spikelets 2 3 flowered, middle flower 
 abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setose teeth, and 
 awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. 1L Wet meadows, Mass., 
 N. Y. to Flor. May July. 
 
 2. T. PURPURASCENS. Torr. (Avena striata. Michx. ?) 
 
 St. leafy, 2f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4 6' long, and with the 
 sheaths smooth; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4 6' long; 
 glumes 3-flowered, very unequal, entire; spikclets lanceolate, terete, often purple, 
 smooth ; lower palea 7-veined, 2-cleft at the extremity ; awn geniculate. 1\. 
 Mountain bogs, N. Eng., N. Y., Can. June. 
 
 3. T. SUSPICATUM. Brown. (T. aroides. Palis. Aira. Linn.) 
 
 St. a foot high ; Ivs. narrow, 2 4' long ; panicle contracted into a spike 2 
 long ; awn at length deflexed, longer than the glume. %. Rocks and moun- 
 tains, Little Falls, N. Y. Gray. White Mts., N. H. Pickering. Jn. 
 
 30. AVENA. 
 
 S pikelets 2 5-flowered ; glumes 2, loose and membranaceous. 
 subequal, longer than the flowers ; paleae 2, mostly hairy at base, the 
 lower one bifid, with a twisted or bent awn at the back. 
 
 1. A. ELATIOR. (Arrhenatherum. Palis.) 
 
 S f . 2 4f high, geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough on the margin 
 and upper surface ; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate ; 
 spikelets 2-flowered ; awn twice as long as the palea ; upper flower Q , mostly 
 awnless. A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds. 
 May, June. 
 
 2. A PENNSYLVANIA. (Arrhenatherum. Torr.) 
 
 SI. erect, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolale ; panicle slender, with short, alter- 
 nate branches ; awn twice as long as the flowers, geniculate, from the base of 
 the lower palea ; upper flower awnless. (T) Fields and open woods, N. Eng. to 
 Car. and 111., rare. July. 
 
 3. A. PR.ECOX. Palis. (Aira. Linn.) 
 
 Csespitose ; st. erect, a few inches high ; Ivs. 1' long, rough ; sheaths deeply 
 striate ; panicle dense, racemose ; spikclets ovate, 2-flowered, glumes as long as 
 the flowers ; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice 
 its length. N. Y. to Virg. Jn. 
 
 4. A. SATIVA. Cvflimon Oat. St. smooth, 2 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; slip, lacerate; panicle loose; 
 spikekts pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one 
 mostly awned; pal& somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing: the caryopsis. 
 
610 CLXL GRAMINE^E. BROMUS. 
 
 (D A highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil ; said 
 to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. 
 
 0. nigra. Black Oats. Palecc dark brown, almost black, awnless. 
 
 y. secunda. Horse-mane Oats. Panicle 1-sided ; awns short. 
 
 5. A. STERILIS. Animated Oat. St. 3 4f high, and with the leaves smooth, 
 the latter long, acute, flat ; spikelets 5-flowered, outer flowers and awns 
 hairy, inner flowers awnless. From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity. 
 The awns are 2' long, geniculate, and twisted more or less according to the 
 state of the atmosphere. Hence the tumbling motion of these spikelets in the 
 moist and warm hands, like a grotesque insect, f 
 
 31. DANTHONIA. 
 
 In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist. 
 
 Spikelets 2 7-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the 
 flowers, cuspidate ; paleae hairy at the base, lower one bidentate at 
 the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one 
 obtuse, entire. 
 
 D. SPICATA. Palis. (Avena. Linn.) 
 
 St. slender, nearly erect, 12 18' high, lower Ivs. numerous, 4 6' long, flat, 
 hairy above, cauline Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect,. on very short sheaths ; 
 panicle simple, spicate, short, erect ; spikelets 3 8 or 10, about 7-flowered ; 
 glumes a little longer than the flowers ; Imver palea hairy, about half as long as 
 its spirally twisted awn. Pastures and open woods, Free States. June Aug. 
 
 32. UR ALE PIS. Nutt. 
 G-)'. ovpa, tail, \enis a scale or palea ; a characteristic term. 
 
 Spikelets 2 3-nowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers ; 
 flowers stipitate and distinct; palese 2, very unequal, distinctly 
 villous on the margins, the lower one tricuspidate, the central cusp 
 setose ; upper palea concave on the back ; fruit gibbous, coated. 
 
 U. ARISTULATA. Nutt. 
 
 Caespitose ; sts. procumbent at base, bearded at the nodes, 10 18' high ; 
 Ivs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy beneath ; panicles 
 simple, racemose, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, 
 the upper one partly exsert ; spikekt 3-flowered ; awn of the palea as long as the 
 lateral cusps. Sea-coast and sandy fields, Mid. States. Aug. 
 
 33. ARUNDO. 
 
 Lat. arundo, a reed ; Celtic aru, water ; from its place of growth. 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes 2, awnless, lanceolate, unequal ; 
 lower flower $ a nd naked at the base, the others perfect, pedicellate ; 
 palese unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuminate or slightly 
 awned. 
 
 A. PHRAGMITES. (Phragmites communis. Trin.) 
 
 St. smooth, stout, erect, 6 12f high, often an inch in diameter at base ; 
 Ivs. lanceolate, 1 2f by 1 2', rough-edged, smooth and glaucous; panicle large 
 and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, rather erect, slender ; spikelets 
 3 5-flowered, very slender, erect ; glumes shorter than the flowers which are of 
 a dark hue, with tufts of white, silky hairs, about as long as the paleae. 1|_ 
 Swamps and about ponds, Mass, to Irid. ! July. 
 
 TRIBE 7. FESTUCACE JE. Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets many-flower- 
 ed, oblong. Flowers sessile, closely arranged in 2 rows on the rachis. 
 Paleae of similar texture with the glumes, the upper one with 2 keels. 
 34. BROMUS. 
 
 Gr. /fytojua, food ; this name was formerly applied to a species of wild oats. 
 
 Spikelets 3 20-flowered; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers; 
 
FESTUCA. CLXI. GRAMINEJ2. 611 
 
 lower palea cordate, bifid at tlie apex, usually awned a little below 
 the tip, upper palea conduplicate, . ciliate on the margin ; scales 
 ovate, smooth. 
 
 1. B. sECALlNUs. Cheat. Chess. 
 
 St. smooth, erect, 3f high ; Ivs. flat, rough at the edge and above; sheaths 
 veined, smooth ; stip. laciniate ; panicle, spreading, the branches mostly simple, 
 each bearing 1 '2 spikelets ; spikelets ovate, compressed, about 10-flowered, large, 
 2-ranked, oval, appearing not unlike short heads of wheat. Flowers distinct, 
 awn very short. A handsome grass in fields, often among wheat. June. 
 
 2. B. ARVENSIS. (B. mollis of Am. auth. ?) Soft Brome Grass. 
 
 Hoot (1) ; st. erect, mostly pubescent, 1 2f high ; Ivs. and sheaths downy- 
 pubescent ; panicle erect, close, compound, 3 4' long ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 
 slightly compressed, tomentose, 5 10-flowered ; fls. elliptical ; lower palea ob- 
 long-lanceolate, 7- veined, with a straight awn nearly its length. A coarse grass, 
 in fields and roadsides. June, July. 
 
 3. B. PURGANS, (Canadensis, ciliatus and pubescens, of Linn., Muhl., <c.) 
 St. terete, rather slender, simple, erect, 2 4f high, nodes blackish ; Ivs. 
 
 broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, more or less pubescent, striate, 6 12' by 3 5"; 
 sheaths more or less pilose with deflexed hairs ; panicle large, erect, 5^8' long, 
 finally nodding, branches in 2s 4s, compound, scabrous-pubescent; spikelets 
 numerous, lance-ovoid, subterete, 7 11-flowered, pedicellate, 9 13" long, acute 
 at each end; fls. imbricated, lower palea pubescent, longer than its straight awn, 
 upper green at edge and beautifully ciliate. 7|_ Fields and woods, U. S. and 
 Brit. Am. Jn., Jl. Varies in size, pubescence, &c., but its forms can scarcely 
 be characterized even as varieties. A coarse, showy grass, of little value. 
 
 35. CERATOCHLOA. Palis. 
 
 Gr. Kepas, TTCparoj, a horn, vXoa, grass. 
 
 Panicle simple ; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, many-flowered ; 
 glumes shorter than the flowers, palese bifid-toothed, the lower one 
 mucronate between the teeth ; fruit coatedy furrowed, 3-horned. 
 C. UNHIDES. Palis. 
 
 St. 1 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, pubescent, veined ; sheaths bearded at the 
 throat ; stip. ovate ; panicle small, nodding, spreading, branches in pairs ; spike- 
 lets oblong-lanceolate, pedicels hairy ; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, striate ; 
 palece unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, margined ; sta. 3. River bottoms, Perm., 
 Car. 
 
 36. FESTtJdA. 
 A Latin name for the shoot or stalk of a plant 
 
 Spikelets oblong, acute at each end, subterete ; glumes 2, unequal, 
 shorter than the flowers ; palece lanceolate, lower one sharply acumi- 
 nate or awned at the extremity ; caryopsis coated. 
 
 1. F. TENELLA. Willd. Slender Fescue Grass. 
 
 St. filiform, wiry, often growing in tufts and geniculate at base, 6 12' 
 high ; Ivs. erect, linear-setaceous, 2 3' long ; sheaths subpubescent, with lace- 
 rated stipules ; panicle simple, contracted, rather secund, branches alone or in 
 pairs ; spikekts 5 7-flowered, with subulate, subequal glumes, at length brown- 
 ish ; fls. subulate, longer than their awns. (j) Sandy fields, N. Eng. to 111., S, to 
 Car. June. 
 
 2. F. ELATIOR. Tall Fescue Grass. 
 
 St. smooth, 3 4f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth, rough-edged, a foot long, 
 on smooth, loose sheaths ; panicle drooping, very branching, loosely spreading, 
 branches in pairs ; spikelets lance-ovate, acute, 4 6-flowered, 6 8" long, race- 
 mose on the branches; lower glume shorter; lower palea acuminate or mucro- 
 nate. A fine grass, in meadows, U. S. and Can. June. 
 
 3. F. PRATENSIS. Huds. Meadow Fescue Grass. 
 
 St. smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, veined, smooth, rough-edged, 
 52 
 
613 CLXI. GRAMINEJE. KCELERIA. 
 
 about 8' long ; sheaths veined, smooth with obsolete stipules ; panicle branched, 
 spreading, somewhat 1 -sided, branches subsolitary ; spikelets lance-linear, 7 9- 
 flowered, about 8" long ; lower glume smaller ; lower palea acuminate. 1\. Intro- 
 duced in fields and meadows. June, July. 
 
 4. F. DURIUSCULA. Hard Fescue Grass. 
 
 St. smooth, 12 18' high ; Ivs. linear, very acute, a little scabrous ; stipules 
 membranaceous, lacerate ; panicle oblong, spreading, inclining to one side, 
 branches in pairs ; spikelets nearly terete, 5 7-flowered ; lower glume smaller, 
 upper one 3- veined ; palea unequal, lower with short awns. 7J. Fields and pas- 
 tures. A fine grass, common, Car. to Can. June, July. 
 
 5. F. NUTANS. Willd. 
 
 St. erect, slender, smooth, with black nodes, about 3f high; Ivs. narrow- 
 linear, a foot long, veined; panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding, branches 
 in pairs ; spikelets lance-ovate, 3 5-flowered ; fls. smooth, awnless and nearly 
 veinless. % Open woodlands, in most of the States. June. 
 
 6. F. FASCICULARIS. Willd. 
 
 St. much branched from the base, with short internodes, procumbent, 
 geniculate, 12 18' long; Ivs. linear, very long, 5-veined, scabrous, on long, 
 loose sheaths; panicle erect, inclining to one side, with strict, spike-form 
 branches; spikelets appressed, secund, 8 10-flowered; glumes 1-veined, lower 
 one very short ; lower palece tipped with awns of their own length. (J) Wet 
 meadows, Mid. States. Aug. 
 
 7. F. ovlNA. Steep's Fescue. 
 
 St. erect, ascending at base, 610' high ; Ivs. very narrow, rough, radical 
 ones very numerous, 2 4' long, cauline few, short, erect ; panicle few-flowered, 
 simple, contracted ; spikelets ovate, 4-flowered ; palece roundish. Ij. 1 A valu- 
 able grass, recently introduced. June. 
 
 8. F. MYURUS. 
 
 St. 6 12' long, erect, geniculate near the base ; Ivs. 2 3' long, subulate, 
 concave ; slip, bifid or retuse ; panicle slender, crowded ; spikelets 4 7-flowered ; 
 glumes minute, equal; fls. subulate, hairy; lower palea with an awn twice its 
 length ; sta. 1 ; stig. plumose, white. Q Sandy fields, N. J. to Car. 
 
 37. DIARRHEN-A. Palis. 
 Gr. Sis, two, apprivris, rough ; from the two scabrous keels of the upper palese. 
 
 Panicle racemose or simple ; glumes 2, very unequal, 2 5-flow- 
 ered, rigid, acuminate, mucronate ; paleae cartilaginous, lower cuspi- 
 date, upper much smaller, emarginate ; caryopsis coated, as long as 
 the upper palea : scales ovate, ciliate. 
 
 D. DIANDRA. Wood. (D. Americana. Palis. Festuca diandra. Me.) 
 St. erect, nearly leafless, slender, rigid, 1530' high; Ivs. few. subradical, 
 broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, 1016' by 5 7", nearly glabrous ;. sheaths 
 close ; slip, obsolete ; panicle very simple and slender, branches erect, few ; spike- 
 lets 2-flowered ; glumes broad-ovate, upper twice larger, 5-veined ; palece much 
 longer than the glumes, the upper with 2 roughish, green keels, arid conspicu- 
 ously mucronate; sta. 27 River banks, Ohio to 111. ! 
 
 38. KCELERIA. Pers. 
 
 In honor of M. Kceler, a German botanist. 
 
 Spikelets compressed, 2 3-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, shorter 
 than the flowers ; upper flower pedicellate, with a short, awn-like rudi- 
 ment at the base of the upper palea ; palese 2, the lower awnless, or 
 awned beneath the tip. 
 
 1. K. CRISTATA. Smith. (K. nitida. Nutt. K. tuberosa. Pers. ?) 
 
 St. 20 30' high, smooth, leafy to one-half its height, rigidly erect; Ivs. 
 
 flat, erect, pubescent, 2 3' by 1 2", shorter than their pubescent sheaths ; stip. 
 
 short, lacerate ; panicle spicate, narrow, 3 5' long, 68" diam., branches very 
 
 short ; spikelets 2" long, silvery and shining, compressed, about 2-flowered, with 
 
GLYCERIA. CLXI. GRAMINE.E. 613 
 
 an abortive pedicel ; glume linear-oblong, acute, serrulate on the keel, upper one 
 longer. 'Zj. Ohio, W. S. SuUivant ! 
 /?. Nuttalii. St. 8' high. Mich. 
 
 2. K. OBTUSATA. Torr. (Aira obtusata. Michx. ?) . 
 
 St. erect, geniculate below, leafy, 18 24' high ; nodes pubescent, blackish, 
 contracted ; Ivs. 3 6' by 2", scabrous, acuminate, shorter than the sheaths ; slip. 
 lacerate ; panicle contracted, 3 5' long, 6 12" diam., dense, branches fascicled, 
 short, appressed; spikelets 1" long, 2-flowered, tumid; lower glume linear-ob- 
 long, upper larger, obovate, obtuse, puberulent ; pokes equal, awnless, obtuse, 
 scarious at summit, a little exserted. Tj. Ohio, SuUivant! 
 
 3. K. TRUNCATA. Torr. (Aira truncata. Muhl. Holcus striatus. Linn.) 
 St. slender, 2f high ; Ivs. smooth, narrow, 4 6' long ; panicle oblong, 
 
 loose, racemose ; spikelets 2-flowered, in clustefed racemes, on short, suberect 
 branches ; glumes subequal, the lower one linear, upper one much broader, very 
 obtuse or truncate ; palea awnless. Tj. Fields and open woods, Can. to Ky. Jn. 
 /3. major. Lvs. broad-linear, very long ; panicle large, spreading. 
 
 4. K. PENNSYLVANIA. DC. (Aira mollis. Muhl.') 
 
 St. smooth, 2 3f high ; nodes black ; Ivs. 1 2' long, narrow, flat, lower 
 ones soft pubescent ; panicle very slender, loose, 4 8' long ; spikekts about 3- 
 flowered, shining ; lower glume linear, upper one much broader, oblanceolate, 3- 
 veined ; paleac awnless. 7|_ Rocky woods, N. England (rare) to Ky. ! 111. 
 May, June. 
 
 5. K. PANICULATA. Nutt. 
 
 St. tall (2 3f high) ; Ivs. elongated (4 6'), on long sheaths ; panicle ob- 
 long, glabrous ; spikelets 2 3-flowered, shining ; glumes awnless, very unequal, 
 the larger one truncately obtuse. 1\. Michigan. Also Florida. 
 
 39. TRICCJSPIS. Palis. 
 
 Lat. tres, three, cuspis, a point ; alluding to the structure of the flowers. 
 
 Spikelets terete, tumid, about 5-flowered ; glumes 2, unequal, cari- 
 nate, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea bifid-toothed, tricuspidate 
 by the projecting keel and two lateral veins, upper one truncate, al- 
 most emarginate ; caryopsis 2-horned. 
 
 T. sESLERiolDEs. Torr. (Poa. Michx. Winsoria poaeformis. Nutt.) 
 False Red-top. St. very hard and smooth, erect, 4 5f high ; Ivs. smooth 
 beneath, lance-linear, veined, 12 18' long; lower sheaths often hairy; stip.Q; 
 panicle loose, expanding, branches flexuous, smooth, long; spikekts ovate- 
 lanceolate, purple, shining, 4 5-flowered ; glumes unequal, mucronate ; lower 
 palea with 3 projecting veins. % A splendid grass in sandy fields, N. Eng. to 
 m. and S. States. 
 
 40. GLYCERIA. Brown. 
 
 Gr. yXuACDf, sweet ; on account of the sweet taste of the seeds. 
 
 Spikelets slender, many-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, veinless, 
 truncate, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea herbaceous, embrac- 
 ing the upper, bidentate one ; scales connate, truncate. 
 
 1. G. FLUITANS. Brown. (Festuca fluitans. Linn.) 
 
 St. compressed or ancipitous, ascending at base, 3 5f high ; Ivs. lance- 
 linear, smooth beneath, about a foot long ; sheaths veined, smooth, with a very 
 large stipule ; panicle secund, long, slender, slightly branched ; spikekts 1 1 $' 
 long, linear, appressed, about 10-flowered ; fls. obtuse ; lower palea 7-veined, den- 
 ticulate. 1\. Aquatic. N. and N. W. States. June, July. 
 
 2. G. ACUTIFLORA. Torr. (Festuca brevifolia. Muhl.) 
 
 St. somewhat compressed, 1 2f high ; Ivs. narrow, attenuated above, half 
 as long as the stem ; panicle simple, long, appressed ; spikelets linear, 4 6-flow- 
 ered ; As. very slender, acute, indistinctly veined. 7|. Inundated meadows, JN". 
 Eng., N. Y. June. 
 
614 CLXI. GRAMINE.E. POA. 
 
 41. POA. 
 
 Gr. rroa, the general name for grasses or herbage. 
 
 Spikelets compressed, ovate, oblong or linear, many-flowered (3 
 20) ; glumes 2, shorter than the lower flowers ; paleae subequal, awn- 
 less, often with an arachnoid web at base, bifid-toothed, the lower one 
 herbaceous, scarious on the margin ; scales ovate, acute, smooth. 
 * Flowers webbed at base. 
 
 1. P. PRATENSIS. Spear Grass. 
 
 St. terete, smooth, 1 2f high ; Ivs. carinate, linear, abruptly acute, radi- 
 cal ones very long and numerous, cauline shorter than the veined, smooth 
 sheaths ; stip. short, truncate ; panicle diffuse, branches 3 5 together in half- 
 whorls ; spikeiels ovate, acute, with about 4, acute flowers ; glumes lanceolate, 
 rather acuminate. 1\. An excellent grass both for hay and pasturage, very 
 abundant. May, June. Varies much in luxuriance according to the soil. 
 
 2. P. TRIVIALIS. (P. stolonifera. Muhl.} Roughish Meadow Grass. 
 
 Sis. sometimes stoloniferous at base, roughish backwards, 2 3f high; 
 Ivs. lance-linear, acute, rough-edged, lower ones very long, cauline as long as 
 the roughish sheaths, with long, acuminate stipules ; pajiide diffuse, expanding, 
 scabrous, branches 4 5 together in half- whorls ; spikclets oblong-ovate, 2 3- 
 flowered. 7J. A grass equally common and valuable with the last, N. States. 
 June, July. 
 
 3. P. COMPRESSA. Blue Grass. 
 
 St. decumbent and rooting at base, much compressed, smooth, striate, 12 
 18' high ; Ivs. linear, carinate, veined, smooth, short, bluish-green ; sheaths 
 smooth, rather loose, with a short, obtuse stipule ; panicle contracted, somewhat 
 secund, branches scabrous, in 2s and 3s ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 6-flowered, 
 subsessile. 7[ Less abundant than the last, forming tufts in moist places, Free 
 States. June. 
 
 4. P. SEROTlNA. Erhr. (P. palustris. Muhl.} Meadow Red-top. 
 
 St. erect, 2 3f high ; Ivs. flat, narrow-linear, smooth, 10 15' long ; stip. 
 long, lacerated ; panicle diffuse, somewhat secund, 6 10' long, branches in 
 half- whorls ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 3-flowered ; fls. but little webbed at 
 base, yellow at the tip, obscurely 5-veined. 7]. Common in wet meadows, Free 
 States. June. 
 
 5. P. PCNGENS. Torr. (P. flexuosa. Muhl.') 
 
 St. compressed, 1 2f high ; Ivs. of the stem about 2, flat, oblong, lanceo- 
 late, cuspidate and pungent, lower about 1' long, upper minute, root Ivs. long 
 and narrow, all erect, keeled and pungent at the point ; stip. truncate, lacerate ; 
 sheaths nearly as long as the nodes; panicle small, racemose at apex, branches 
 in half-whorls, capillary ; spikelets ovate, 3 4-flowered ; fls. rather obtuse, 
 webbed ; glumes smooth, upper acute ; sty. doubly plumose, white. 7J. Middle 
 and Western States. April. 
 
 6. P. I-AXA. Hrenke. (P. alpina. Torr.} 
 
 St. csespitose, 68' high ; IKS. linear, acute, smooth ; stip. lanceolate ; pan. 
 1 2' long, contracted, nodding, branches mostly in pairs, smooth, flexuous ; 
 spikelets 2J" long, ovate, 3-flowered ; fls. often purple, acute, hairy, somewhat 
 webbed at base ; glume lance-ovate, slightly scabrous on the keel ; lower palea 
 hairy below, upper rough-edged; anth. violet. 1\. Mountains and woods, N. 
 Eng. ! and Mid. States. 
 
 7. P. NEMORALIS. Wood Spear Grass. 
 
 St. slender, 2 3f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, pale green, smooth as well as 
 the sheaths; stip. scarcely any; panicle 6 10' long, slender, nodding when in 
 fruit, branches capillary, flexuous, in 2s or 3s; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered, 
 the flowers spreading and at length remote, slightly webbed at base. OJ. A tall, 
 rank grass, in wet, open woods, N. Eng. ! and Mid. States. July 
 * * Flowers free, or not webbed at base. 
 
 8. P. ANNUA. Annual Spear Grass. 
 
 Sts, decumbent and rooting at the base, smooth, compressed, 3 8' long ; 
 
Pcu. CLXI. GRAMINE.E. 615 
 
 Ivs. lance-linear, short, smooth, carinate, on loose, glabrous sheaths ; slip, oblong, 
 dentate ; panicle spreading, the branches generally solitary, at length horizontal ; 
 spikelets ovate-oblong, rather numerous, containing about 5, loose flowers. (J) A 
 small, abundant, annual grass, N, Eng. to Ohio, forming a dense, soft and 
 beautiful turf. May Sept. 
 
 9. P. NERVATA. Willd. (P. striata. Michx. Briza Canadensis. Nutt.) Foul 
 Meadow. St. smooth, 3 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, striate, rough above, 
 
 about a foot long, on striate, roughish sheaths ; stip. lacerate ; panicle large, 
 loose, diffuse, equal, branches weak, pendulous in fruit, long and capillary, in 
 2s or 3s ; spikelets ovate-oblong, containing about 5, obtuse, conspicuously 7- 
 veined flowers. 7J. A beautiful and valuable grass in wet meadows, N. Eng. to 
 Mich. June. 
 
 10. P. ELONGATA. ToiT. 
 
 St. round, erect, smooth, 3f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, smooth, 8 15' long ; 
 sheaths striate, smooth ; stip. very short ; panicle (8 10') elongated, racemose, 
 nodding, branches solitary or in 2s, appressed ; spikelets ovate-obtuse, tumid, 
 containing about 3, obtuse, 5-veined flowers. 7J. Wet meadows N. Eng. to 
 111. July. 
 
 11. P. OBTUSA. Muhl. 
 
 St. smooth, firm, 2 3f high ; Ivs. dark green, linear, often surpassing the 
 stem, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle dense, ovate, many-flowered, 3 4' 
 long ; spikelets ovate, tumid, thick, containing 5 7, smooth, ovate, obtuse flow- 
 ers ; lower palea 7 veined. ?|_ Swamps, N. Eng. toPenn. Aug., Sept. 
 
 12. P. CONFERTA. Ell. (P. glomerata. Watt.) 
 
 St. erect, geniculate, 2 3f high ; Ivs. glabrous, flat, serrulate on the mar- 
 gin ; panicles terminal and axillary, 4 8' long, erect, compressed, with the 
 spikelets densely clustered ; spikelets 8-flowered, glabrous. 7J. Penn., Schweinitz 
 (fide Beck}, S. to Car. 
 
 13. P. MODESTA. Tuckerman. 
 
 St. short, geniculate at base, branched, compressed, glabrous; Ivs. 34' 
 by f", rather rigid; sheaths striate, smoothish; slip, conspicuous, truncate, erose 
 and laciniate ; panicle strict, 6 9' long, branches solitary, filiform, scabrous; 
 spikelets scattered, briefly pedicellate ; glumes unequal, obtuse, erose, glabrous ; 
 lower fl. larger, sessile, veinless ; caryopsis ovate, fuscous. Brooksides, Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. E. T. 
 
 14. P. CANADENSIS. Torr. (Briza Canadensis. Michx.) 
 
 St. round, smooth, erect, 3 4f high; Ivs. broad-linear, rough, glaucous, 
 on smooth sheaths ; stip. lacerate, ovate-obtuse ; panicle large, 68' long, 
 branches flexuous, in half- whorls, much spreading or pendulous in fruit ; spike- 
 lets short, ovate, tumid, 6 8-flowered; glumes much shorter than the lower 
 flower ; upper palea very obtuse, tower about 7- veined ; sta. 2. 7J. A large and 
 beautiful grass, in shady grounds, Free States, Can. July, Aug. 
 
 15. P. CAPILLARIS. 
 
 St. much branched at base, smooth, a foot high ; Ivs. linear, attenuated 
 above, flat, smooth ; slieaths striate, with long hairs about the. throat and mar- 
 gin ; stip. short ; panicle very large (near a foot long), with diffusely spreading, 
 capillary branches, axils smooth ; spikelets ovate, acute, about 3-flowered, on 
 long pedicels ; palecs scabrous. Dry grounds, U. S. Aug. 
 
 16. P. HIRSUTA. Michx. 
 
 St. subsimple, compressed, erect, 1 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, attenuate 
 at end, surpassing the stem, hairy at base ; sheaths loose, longer than the inter- 
 nodes, lower ones hairy, upper ones smooth; stip. fringed; panicle very large, 
 capillary, branches spreading, reflexed in fruit, hirsute in the axils ; spikelets 
 oblong, about 5-flowered ; palece ciliate. Tj. Sandy fields. July, Aug. 
 
 0. spectabilis. (Torr. P. spectabilis. P.) Spikelets linear, 10 15-flowered 
 st. taller. 
 
 17. P. MARIT1MA. Huds. 
 
 St. somewhat geniculate, round, about a foot high ; Ivs. somewhat glau- 
 cous, rough-edged, involute ; panick erect, dense, branches in pairs, scabrous ; 
 52* 
 
616 CLXI. GRAMINE^E. UNIOLA. 
 
 spikelets terete, linear, purplish, about 5-flowered; fls. obtuse, indistinctly 5- 
 veined. 'ZJ. Salt marshes, Ms., Bigelow. June. 
 
 18. P. AQUATICA. /?. Americana. Torr. (P. aquatica. PA.) 
 
 Smooth ; st. stout, leafy, 4 5f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, flat, thin ; panicle 
 erect, diffuse, branches at length spreading, flexuous, 3 5 together, in half 
 whorls ; spikelets linear, purple, with 6 8 ovate-obtuse flowers. 1\. Wet mea- 
 dows, Free States and Can. A very large, handsome poa. Aug. 
 
 19. P.'DENTATA. Torr. 
 
 Smooth ; st. erect, round, 3f high ; Ivs. flat, linear, 10 16' long, glaucous 
 beneath ; slip, elongated ; panicle large, loose, few-flowered, branches capillary, 
 spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flowered ; lower glume 3- veined ; lower 
 palea 5-veined, 5-toothed at the apex when old. % Swamps, Mass., N. H. ! to 
 Penn. Not very common. June, July. 
 
 20. P. FASCICULATA. Torr. 
 
 Very smooth ; st. firm and leafy, oblique, round, branched at base, 1 2f 
 high ; Ivs. flat, lance-linear ; panicle spreading, branches fasciculate, crowded, 
 straight ; spikelets oblong, somewhat racemed, sessile, crowded, about 3-flow~ 
 ered; glumes minute, unequal. 7J. Salt marshes, N. Y. 
 
 21. P. PECTINACEA. Michx. (P. pilosa. Mutt. P. tenella. Ph.} 
 
 St. casspitose, oblique, geniculate at base, 8 12' high ; Ivs. flat, smooth, 
 pilose at base, 5-veined, 2 4/ long ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle large, 
 loose, capillary, purplish, hairy in the axils, branches subverticillate ; spikelets 
 linear, with 59 acute flowers ; upper palea persistent on the rachis which thus 
 is made finally to appear pectinate. (J) In sandy fields, Mid. and S. States. 
 July, Aug. 
 
 22. P. REPTANS. 
 
 J* 9 st - branched, creeping, rooting at the joints, 6 12' long; Ivs. subu- 
 late, flat, 2 3' long ; sheaths open, pilose on the margin and throat : panicle 
 1 2' long, branches short, simple, in fascicles, few-flowered; spikelets linear- 
 lanceolate, with 12 20 acuminate flowers. (J) Swamps, N. Y. to Ky. ! Jl., Aug. 
 
 23. P. ERAGROSTIS. (P. obtusa. Nutt. J3riza eragrostis. Muhl.} 
 
 St. oblique or decumbent, geniculate, 1 2f long; Ivs. lanceolate, attenu- 
 ate at end, scabrous on the margin and above ; sheaths pilose at the throat ; slip. 
 short, bearded ; panicle expanding, branches subdivided, flexuous, subpilose in 
 the axils ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 12 20-flowered ; glumes nearly equal. A 
 beautiful grass, introduced into fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. ! It has a 
 strong, peculiar odor. Aug. <\ 
 
 42. BRIZA. 
 
 Gr. /?pia>, to nod, or hang down ; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. 
 
 Spikelets cordate-ovate. 6 9-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the 
 lower flowers ; paleae ventricose, lower one cordate at base, embracing 
 the upper which is suborbicular and much shorter ; caryopsis beaked. 
 
 B. MEDIA. 
 
 St. naked above, 1 2f high; Ivs. flat, smooth, lance-linear; stip. short, 
 obtuse ; panicle erect, few-flowered, branches wide-spreading, capillary, pur- 
 plish, bearing the ovate or cordate, tumid, pendant and tremulous spikelets at 
 the ends, these are about 7-flowered, greenish-purple ; pakce veinless. ^Natu- 
 ralized in the vicinity of Boston, Bigelow. May. 
 
 43. UNlOLA. 
 
 Lat. urvus, one ; on account of the aggregation of many flowers into one spikelet 
 
 Spikelets compressed, 3 20-flowered ; lower flower abortive ; 
 glumes 2. shorter than the lower flower ; lower paleae boat-shaped at 
 the end, truncate and mucronate between the lobes, upper subulate, 
 somewhat bifid ; scales emarginate ; caryopsis with 2 horns. 
 
 1. U. LATIFOLIA. Michx. Broad-leaved Uniola. 
 
 St. 2 4f high, smooth, subsimple ; Ivs. 8 18' by 6 12", lance-linear, 
 
ELEUSINE. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. 617 
 
 glabrous, rough-edged ; sfieaths longer than the internodes ; panicle loose, 8 1& 
 long, nodding ; spikelets all on long peduncles, about 10" long, ovate, flat, about 
 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, near twice shorter than the flowers ; fls. subfal- 
 cate, 6" long, lower one abortive ; sta. 1. % Dry woods, middle and Western 
 States. Singularly elegant and showy. Aug. 
 
 2. U. GRACILIS. Michx. (Holcus laxus. Linn.) 
 
 St. slender, leafy, 3 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, tapering to a slender point, 
 flat, 12 18' long; sheaths shorter than the joints; panicle long, racemose, 
 branches solitary, short, remote, erect; spikelets 3-flowered; fls. spreading, 
 straight, monandrous ; glumes rigid, acute. % Sea coasts, N. Y. to Ga. Aug. 
 
 3. U. SPICATA. (Festuca distachophylla. Michx.} 
 
 St. smooth, round, branched at base, 1 2f high; cauline Ivs. numerous, 
 3 6' long, involute, rigid and acute ; sheaths longer than the joints, close, upper 
 ones hairy at throat ; stip. inconspicuous ; panicle densely spicate, consisting of 
 short, fasciculate branches with sessile spikelets ; spikelets oblong, 5 9-flower- 
 ed ; fls. triandrous. 9| Salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. July. 
 
 44. MELlCA. 
 
 Lat. mel, honey ; the plant to which the name was first applied had a sweet pith. 
 
 Panicle simple or compound ; glumes 2, unequal, membranous, 
 2 5-flowered ; fls. a little longer than the glumes, the upper incom- 
 plete and abortive ; scales truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis free, not 
 furrowed. 
 
 M. GLABRA. Walt. (M. speciosa. Muhl.) 
 
 St. 3 4f high, glabrous ; Ivs. linear, flat, pubescent beneath ; stip. lace- 
 rate ; panicle glabrous, loose, few-flowered, erect or a little nodding, branches 
 simple, solitary ; spikelets 68" long ; lower glume shorter, very smooth : paleee 
 veined ; upper fl. neuter, pedicellate, consisting of very short, roundish paleae. 
 1\. Mountains, Penn. to Car. 
 
 45. DACTYLIS. 
 
 Gr. SCLKTV\OS : a finger ; from the form of the spikes. 
 
 Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3 5-flowered ; glumes unequal, 
 the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers ; paleae subequal, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one emarginate, carinate, mucro- 
 nate, upper bifid at apex ; scales dentate. 
 
 D. GLOMERATA. Orchard Grass. 
 
 St. roughish, 2 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little scabrous, 
 glaucous; sheaths striate, stip. lacerate; panicle remotely branched, rather 
 secund ; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, terminal 
 clusters ; glumes very unequal ; anth. large", yellow. 7J. A fine, well known 
 grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June. 
 
 TRIBE 8. CHLOREJE. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, few-flow- 
 ered, the terminal flower often abortive. Glumes carinate, not opposite. 
 Upper palea with two keels. 
 
 46. ELEUSINE. 
 
 From Eleusis, where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshiped. 
 
 Spikes digitate, unilateral ; spikelets 5 7-flowered ; glumes obtuse, 
 unequal, lower one smaller ; paleae unequal, upper one bifid toothed ; 
 scales truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis triangular, ovate, enclosed in a 
 separate membrane or perigynium. 
 
 E. INDICA. Wire Grass. 
 
 St. oblique, compressed, procumbent and branching at base, 12 16' long; 
 Ivs. linear, somewhat hairy, on smooth, loose sheaths hairy at the throat; 
 spikes 2 4, rarely xnore or less, linear, straight, divaricate, 2 1' long ; spikelets 
 
618 CLXI. GRAMINE^:. ATHEROPOION. 
 
 closely imbricate, smooth; upper glume 5-veined; Jr. dark brown. Common 
 about houses, foot-paths, &c., Mid. and W. States. Aug. 
 
 47. CYNODON. Rich. 
 
 Gr. /fucov, a dog, oSos, tooth ; alluding to the singular, one-sided spikelets. 
 
 Spikes digitate or fasciculate ; spikelets unilateral, in a single row ; 
 glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, persistent ; 9 upper 
 palea bifid-toothed ; rudiment minute, pedicellate, in a groove of the 
 upper palea ; scales truncate. 
 
 C. DACTYLON. Pers. (Digitaria. Ell. Panicum. Linn.") Bermuda Grass. 
 
 Rt. creeping extensively ; st. creeping, stoloniferous at base, 1 2f long ; 
 Ivs. hairy on the margin and towards the base, narrow-linear ; sheaths hairy ; 
 spikes 4 5, digitate, spreading, 2 3' long, serrated with the uneven spikelets ; 
 
 flumes scabrous on the keel, lanceolate, acute; pakce subequal, the lower 
 roader, enfolding the upper. 7J. A vigorous creeper, in sands and hard soils, 
 Penn. to Ga. 
 
 48. GYMNOPOGON. Palis. 
 
 Gr. yu/xvoj, naked, 7rwywi>, beard ; alluding to the long awn of the palea. 
 
 Spikes setaceous, paniculate ; glumes 2, keeled, subequal, the 
 
 lower with a straight awn from a little below the tip j rudiment aris- 
 
 tiform. 
 
 G. RACEMOSUM. Palis. (Anthropogon lepturoides. Nutt.} 
 
 St. ascending, 18 24' high, with short internodes ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 1 2' by 48", glabrous, flat, spreading, in 2 rows ; sheaths hairy at the throat; 
 
 slip, obsolete ; panicle large, pyramidal, branches simple, rigid, verticillate, 
 
 spreading, 3 5' long; spikelets sessile, appressed; glumes linear, pungent; 
 
 lower palea with an awn at its back 3 4 times its length, upper bifid. 7J. 
 
 Sandy fields, N. J. to Ga. Aug. 
 
 49. SPARTlNA. 
 
 Spikelets imbricated in a double row in unilateral, paniculate 
 spikes ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed ; palese 2, subequal, com- 
 pressed, awnless ; style long, bifid. 
 
 1. S. CYNOSUROIDES. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.) 
 
 St. slender, smooth, 3 5f high ; Ivs. 2 3f long, sublinear, convolute and 
 filiform at the end ; sheaths striate, glabrous ; panicle loose, slender, composed 
 of 20 or more alternate, one-sided, pedunculate spikes 2 3' long; -spikelets 
 arranged on 2 sides of a triangular rachis; glumes acuminate, one of them 
 with a short awn ; palea white and awnless. % Marshes, Free States and 
 Can. A coarse, sedge-like grass. Aug. 
 
 2. S. JUNCEA. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.} 
 
 Rt. creeping extensively ; st. erect, rigid, round, smooth, 1 2f high ; Ivs. 
 convolute at the edges, spreading, in 2 rows ; spikes 3 5 ; ped. smooth ; rachis 
 compressed; lower glume 3 times as long as the upper; palea obtuse, lower one 
 shorter; sty. 2. 7J. Marshes and river banks, Free States and Can. Jl., Aug. 
 
 3. S. GLABRA. Muhl. 
 
 St. smooth, succulent, terete, 3 5f high; Ivs. concave, erect, about 2f 
 long, ' wide at base, tapering to a long acumination ; spikes 10 15, erect and 
 appressed, alternate and sessile upon a triangular rachis ; spikelets in a dense, 
 double row. QJ. Marshes, Indiana! Aug., Sept. 
 
 50. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl. 
 
 Gr. a$T)(>, chaff, Trwyajv, beard; a characteristic term. 
 
 Spikes in a thin, simple raceme ; glumes 2, membranaceous, 2- 
 flowered, lower one setiform ; paleae 2, lower one 3-toothed or 3- 
 bristled, upper bifid ; abortive flower pedicellate, paleae 2 3-bristled. 
 
SECALE. CLXI. GRAMINE^l. 619 
 
 A. APLULolDES. Muhl. 
 
 St. 1 2f high, geniculate at base, ascending, terete ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, smoothish beneath, pilose above; slip, short, truncate; spikes 4 6" -long, 
 20 40, on short, flat peduncles, thinly arranged in 2 opposite rows, each with 
 4 8 spikelets; spikekts 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows on the under side of the 
 flat, partial rachis ; glumes unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly adhering 
 to the rachis ; anth. 3, bright red ; Jr. oblong ; abortive fl. pedicellate, empty. 
 1\. Middle and Western States. Guilford, Conn., Bobbins ! 
 
 TRIBE 9. HORDED. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, in pairs, or 
 several together, one, few or many-flowered. Glumes mostly two, equal and 
 opposite, rarely unequal and alternate. Lower palea awned or awnless, up- 
 per one with 2 keels. 
 
 51. TRITICUM. 
 
 Lat. tritum, rubbed or ground ; alluding to the manner of its preparation for food. 
 
 Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, sessile on the teeth of the rachis, 
 about 5-flowered, with the upper flowers abortive ; glumes 2, equal, 
 opposite, ovate, concave, mucronate ; paleae 2, lower awned or mucro- 
 nate ; scales 2, collateral. 
 
 1. T. SATIVUM. /?. hybernum. Winter Wheat. 
 
 St. round, smooth, the internodes somewhat inflated, 3 5f high; Ivs. 
 lance-linear, veined, roughish above ; stip. truncate ; spike parallel, somewhat 
 4-sided ; spikelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered ; glumes ventricose ; 
 awns of the upper palea generally longer than the flowers. and (g) This is 
 without doubt the most valuable plant of the order ; is universally cultivated, 
 and may be regarded as naturalized. Many varieties are known to farmers, 
 of which the most important are 
 
 y. astivum. Summer Wheat. Glumes always awned. (I) 
 6. compositum. Egyptian Wheat. Spike compound ; spikekts awned. 
 
 2. T. REPENS. (Agropyron. Palis.') 
 
 St. trailing at the lower joints, about 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, rough 
 above and somewhat hairy ; stip. short, truncate ; spike compressed, about 3' in 
 length ; spikelets remote, alternate, lance-oblong, 5 6-flowered ; glumes lanceo- 
 late, 5-veined, acuminate. 1\. A vile weed, in fields and gardens, extremely 
 difficult to eradicate. June Aug. 
 
 3. T. CANINUM. R. & S. Dog's Couch Grass. 
 
 St. 2 3f high, erect or oblique ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; stip. almost wanting ; 
 spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes 3- veined, and with the outer palea, terminat- 
 ing in a straight, scabrous bristle, longer than the flowers. Delaware, Muhlen- 
 berg. Probably . 
 
 4. T. CRISTATUM. Schreb. (Bromus cristatus. Linn.} 
 
 St. erect, glabrous ; spike oblong, compressed, imbricated in 2 rows, about 
 5-flowered, smoothish, spreading; palece, subulate-awned. Penn. Schweinitz 
 (Deck, hot., p. 416). 
 
 52. SEC ALE. 
 
 Celtic segal, from sega, a sickle. 
 
 Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 3-flowered, the 2 
 lower flowers fertile, sessile, opposite, the upper one abortive ; glumes 
 subulate, opposite, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea with a very 
 long awn, upper often bifid at apex ; scales abortive, hairy. 
 
 5. CEREALE. Rye. 
 
 St. hairy beneath the spike, 4 6f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged 
 and rough above, glaucous ; spike about 5' long, linear, compressed ; palea 
 smooth, lower ciliate on the keel and margin; awns scabrous-ciliate, long, 
 straight, erect. or @ The native country of this highly valuable grain is 
 unknown. It has long been cultivated, and like the wheat, may be considered 
 naturalized. June, July. 
 
620 CLXL GRAMINE^E. ELTMUS. 
 
 53. HORDEUM. 
 
 Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral ones 
 sometimes abortive ; glumes 2, subulate, nearly equal, awned ; palece 
 2, lower lance-ovate, long-awned, upper obtusely acuminate ; caryop- 
 sis adhering to the palese. 
 
 1. H. VULGARE. Barley. 
 
 St. smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, nearly smooth ; sheaths 
 auriculate at the throat ; spike thick, about 3' long ; spikelets all fertile, 1-flower- 
 ed, with an awn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea ; glumes collateral, 
 shorter than the flowers ; fr. arranged in 4 rows. (J) Extensively ultivated. 
 May. 
 
 2. H. DISTICHUM. Two-rowed Barley. 
 
 St. 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, scabrous above ; sheaths auriculate at 
 the throat ; spike 3 4' long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, awn- 
 less ; fr. arranged in 2 rows. @) More common, and is generally preferred for 
 malting to the former species. June. 
 
 3. H. JUBATUM. Squirrel-tail Grass. 
 
 St. slender, round, smooth, simple, about 2f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, 4 6' 
 long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth as well as the sheaths; spikes 2 3' long ; 
 spikelets with the lateral flowers neuter ; glumes and palece produced into fine, 
 smooth awns, 6 times as long as the flowers; abortive flowers on short pedicels. 
 (D Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., N. to Subarc. Am. June. 
 
 4. H. PUSILLUM. Nutt. 
 
 St. 4 & high, decumbent or geniculate at the base ; hs. about !' long, 
 rather obtuse, glaucous, striate ; upper sheath tumid, embracing the spike ; spike 
 linear, about !' long; glumes by 3s, collateral, imbricated, lateral; abortive Jls. 
 awnless ; awn of the central sessile, $ as long as those of the involucre ; glumes 
 all awned, the inner setaceous from the base ; awns 1' or more long. Ohio ! to 
 111. and Mo. 
 
 54. LOLIUM. 
 
 Celtic loloa; a name applied to one of the species. 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, remote, with the edge to the ra- 
 chis ; glume to the lower spikelet single, to the terminal one 2 ; pa- 
 lese herbaceous, subequal, lower one short-awned or mucronate, upper 
 bifid-toothed. 
 
 1. L. PERENNE. Darnel Grass. 
 
 Smooth; st. terete, 1 2f high; hs. lance-linear, shining-green, on striate 
 sheaths with truncate stipules ; rachis flexuous, grooved, 5 6' long ; spikelets 
 about 16, longer than the glumes, 7 9-flowered, alternate, in two opposite 
 rows ; lower palea 5-veined, upper with 2, prominent, rough keels. 7J. Natu- 
 ralized in meadows, cultivated grounds, &c. May, June. 
 
 2. L. TEMULENTUM. Poisonous Darnel. 
 
 St. terete, smooth, 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, and with the 
 sheaths, smooth on the surface ; stip. truncate ; rachis flexuous, 4 6' long ; 
 spikelets much compressed, 5 7-flowered, longer than the glumes ; lower palea 
 5-veined, produced into an awn twice its length. (D Remarkably distinguished 
 from all other grasses by its poisonous seeds. N. Eng. to Penn. July. 
 
 55. ELtMUS. 
 
 Gr. eXvw, to fold up ; the spike is enveloped in the sheaths in some of the species. 
 
 Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 6-flowered ; 
 glumes 2, collateral, subequal, subulate ; paleae lanceolate, lower one 
 entire, mucronate or awned ; scales ciliate. 
 
 1. E. VIRGINICUS. Lime Grass. Wild Rye. 
 
 St. erect, smooth, 3 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, scabrous, deep green, 
 \' broad; sheaths veined; stip. very short; spike erect, thick, 3 5' long; spike- 
 
ANDROPOGON. CLXI. GRAMINE^l. 621 
 
 lets in pairs about 3-flowered ; glumes both in front, lance-linear, slightly con- 
 nate at base, produced into a scabrous awn ; fls. smooth ; lower palea awned. 
 n\ Banks of streams, N. Eng. to 111., S. to Va. Aug. 
 
 2. E. CANADENSIS. (E. glaucifolius. Wittd.) 
 
 St. erect, smooth, stout, 3 5f high ; Irs. lance-linear, flat, smooth, dark 
 green or often glaucous ; spike rather spreading, 4 8' long, generally nodding 
 at the summit ; rachis hairy ; spikelets 2 5-flowered ; glumes 5 7-veined, short- 
 awned, hairy; lower palea" hairy, awned. % A tall, showy grass, with long, 
 recurved, waving spikes. River banks, &c., Free States and Brit. Am. Aug. 
 
 3. E. VILLOSUS. Muhl. Rye Grass. 
 
 St. slender, striate, smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. rough-edged, pubescent above, 
 i' broad ; sheaths hairy, especially the lower ones ; spike 2 3' long, a little 
 nodding and spreading ; rachis and flowers hispid, pilose ; spikelets 1 3-flowered ; 
 
 flumes linear ; lower palea with a long, straight awn. 7|_ Dry grounds, Free 
 tates. July. 
 
 4. E. HYSTRIX. Hedgehog Grass. 
 
 St. round, smooth, 2 4f high; Ivs. lance-linear, carin ate,- scabrous, gene- 
 rally glaucous and with the sheaths striate; spike 4 6' long, erect; rachis 
 nearly smooth, flexuous ; spikelets remote, diverging, "almost horizontal, 2 3- 
 flowered ; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2 ; fls. smoothish ; lower palea terminating in a 
 very long awn. 7J. An odd-looking grass, in moist woods, Free States, common. 
 July. 
 
 5. E. STRIATUS. Willd. Striated Lime Grass. 
 
 St. slender, erect, 8 12' high ; Ivs. and sheaths smooth, the former lance- 
 linear, acuminate, scabrous on the upper surface; spike erect, 2 3' long; invol. 
 4-leaved, strongly veined, 2-flowered, one flower commonly abortive ; spikelets 
 in pairs, somewhat spreading, hispid, each 2-flowered; awns 3 or 4 times as 
 long as the paleae. 7J. Mass., Bigeloiv, to Peiin., W. to Ohio, rare. A small 
 and slender species. July. 
 
 TRIBE 10. ANDROPOGONEJ3. Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spike- 
 lets generally in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other mostly pedicellate 
 and imperfect. Glumes of stouter texture than the paleae. Paleae delicate 
 and membranaceous, the lower commonly awned. 
 
 56. ANDROPOGON. 
 
 Gr. avfyos, of a man, Trcoycov, beard; in allusion to the hairy flowers. 
 
 Spikelets in pairs, polygamous, the lower one incomplete, on a plu- 
 mosely bearded pedicel, upper one 1 -flowered, perfect ; glumes sub- 
 coriaceous, awnless ; paleae shorter than the glumes, one generally 
 awned. 
 
 1. A. FURCATUS. Muhl. Forked Spike. 
 
 St. semiterete above, 4 7f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, radical 
 ones very long; spikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s 5s, 35' long, purple; 
 spikelets appressed, abortive one on a plumose pedicel, ^ with 2 paleae, awnless, 
 perfect one with 2 unequal glumes ; lower palea bifid, awned between the divi- 
 sions. 1\. Meadows and low grounds, Free States and Can. Aug. 
 
 2. A. SCOPARIUS. Michx. (A. purpurascens. Muhl.') Broom Grass. 
 
 St. slender, paniculate, 3f high, branched, one side furrowed, branches 
 fasciculate, erect; Ivs. lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous; spikes sim- 
 ple, lateral and terminal, on long peduncles, 2 3 from each sheath, purple ; 
 spikelets remote, abortive one neuter, mostly with 2 paleae, awned. 1\. Woods, 
 U. S. Aug. 
 
 3. A. VIRGINICUS. 
 
 Caespitose ; st. subcompressed, 3f high, branches few and short, half con- 
 cealed ; Ivs. linear, lower ones a foot or more long, rough-edged and hairy ; 
 
 aled 
 
 sheaths smooth ; spikes short, in slender, half concealed fascicles of 2 or 3, late- 
 ral and terminal ; abortive spikelet a mere pedicel, without paleas ; monan- 
 drous, with a straight awn. 1\. Swamps, meadows, &c., N. Eng. to Ky. Sept. 
 
622 CLXI. GRAMINE^. ZIZANIA. 
 
 4. A. MACROURUS. Michx. Indian Grass. 
 
 St. sulcate on one side, much branched above, 2 3f high ; Ivs. linear, 
 rough, lower ones very long, upper ones erect ; sheaths hairy ; spikes conjugate, 
 J 1' long, in dense lateral and terminal, fastigiate panicles, partly concealed ; 
 abortive spikelet without paleae; $ monandrous, with a straight awn. 1\. 
 Swamps, Mid. States to Car. Sept. 
 
 5. A. NUTANS. Beard Grass. 
 
 Glabrous; st. terete, simple, 3 5f high; Ivs. glaucous, lance-linear, 
 rough, ' broad ; panicle oblong, branched, nodding, 6 10' long ; abortive spike- 
 let without palese ; glumes of the Q hairy, ferruginous, shining; awn contorted. 
 7J. Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Oct. 
 
 57. SORGHUM. 
 
 Formed from sorghi ; the Asiatic name of one of the species. 
 
 Spikelets in 2s or 3s, abortive ones pedicellate, awnless, with 2 
 paleae, the perfect, sessile, 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; paleae 3, 
 the upper one awned. 
 
 1. S. ^ACCHARATUM. Broom Corn. St. thick, solid with pith, 6 lOf high ; 
 Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base ; panicle large, diffuse, with long, 
 verticil] ate, at length nodding branches; glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, per- 
 sistent. (T) From the E. Indies. The uses of this fine, cultivated plant are 
 doubtless well known to our readers. 
 
 2. S. VULGARE. Indian Millet. St. erect, round, solid with pith, 6 lOf high ; 
 Ivs. carinate, lanceolate ; panicle compact, oval, erect until mature ; fls. pubes- 
 cent ; palea: caducous ; jr. naked. (J) From the E. Indies. Rarely cultivated 
 as a curiosity, or for the seed as food for poultry. 
 
 TRIBE 11. ORYZEJE. Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spikelets, solitary, 
 1 3-flowered. Flowers perfect or diclinous. Stamens 1 6. 
 
 58. LEER SI A. 
 
 In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist. 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered, compressed ; glumes ; paleas 2, compressed, 
 carinate, awnless ; scales 2, membranaceous. 
 
 1. L. ORYzolDEs. Swartz. Cut Grass. 
 
 St. retrorsely scabrous, 3 5f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, the margin 
 very rough backwards ; sheaths also very rough with retrorse prickles ; panicle 
 much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base ; spikekts spreading; palece ciliate 
 on the keel, white, compressed and closed ; sta. 3. 7J. A very rough grass, com- 
 mon in swamps, by streams, &c., U. S. and Can. Aug. 
 
 2. L. VIRGINICA. Willd. White Grass. 
 
 St. slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 3f long, nodes 
 retrorsely hairy ; Ivs. lance-linear, roughish ; sheaths roughish backwards, 
 striate ; panicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse ; fls. 
 pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes ; lower palea boat-shaped, mu- 
 cronate ; sta. 1 2. 7|_ Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug. 
 
 3. L. LENTICULARIS. Michx. Catch-fly Grass. 
 
 St. erect, 2 4f high ; panicle erect ; 'fls. large, roundish, imbricated ; sta. 
 2 ; palece with the keel and veins ciliate. 7J. Wet places, Ohio, Frank, Ct., 
 Eaton. 
 
 59. ZIZANIA. 
 
 <? Grlumes 0; spikelets 1 -flowered; paleae 2, herbaceous. & Paleae 
 subequal, awnless ; stamens 6. 9 Spikelets subulate ; paleae un- 
 equal, linear, lower one with a straight awn ; styles 2 ; caryopsis 
 enveloped in the plicate paleae. 
 
 1. Z. AQ,UATICA. Lamb. (Z. clavulosa. Michx.'} Indian Rice. 
 St. ' in diameter, fistular ; smooth, 6f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, 2 3f long, 
 an inch wide, smooth, serrulate ; panicle a foot or more long, pyramidal, the 
 
ZEA. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. 623 
 
 lower branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile ; spikelets on 
 clavate pedicels ; awns long, hispid ; fr. slender, f ' long, blackish, deciduous, 
 farinaceous. 7J. Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S. and Can. The 
 fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other 
 water fowls. Aug. 
 
 2. Z. MILIACEA. Michx. 
 
 St. erect, 6 lOf high; Ivs. very long, narrow, glaucous; panicle terminal, 
 large, diffuse, pyramidal; glumes with short awns; tf and 9 fl s - intermixed; 
 sty. 1 ; fr. ovate, glabrous. 7J. Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio, growing in water. Aug. 
 
 3. Z. 7 ? FLUITANS. Michx. (Hydrocochloa. Palis. Hydropyrum. Kunth.} 
 St. long, slender, branching, floating in the water ; Ivs. linear, flat ; spike 
 
 solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered; palecs awnless; stig. 2, very 
 long ; fr. reniform. Tj. Can. and N. States'? July. 
 
 60. LEPTURUS. R. Br. 
 
 Gr. XETTTOS, slender, ovpa, tail ; from the long, slender, cylindrical spike. 
 
 Flowers cf 9, spicate; rachis filiform, jointed, joints with one 
 spikelet; glumes 1 or 2, rigid, connate with the rachis, simple or 
 2-parted. 
 
 L. PANICULATUS. Nutt. 
 
 St. scarcely If high, compressed ; Ivs. short, rigid, sheathing the base of 
 the panicle ; panicle or naked rachis incurved, acutely triangular, rigid, bearing 
 6 10 compressed, subulate spikes on one side, each 1 2' long ; spikelets re- 
 mote, on one side the rachis ; glumes rigidly fixed, unequal, parallel ; palece 2, 
 the outer of the same texture as the glumes, inner membranaceous. 111., Mead, 
 Mo., Nuttall. 
 
 61. TRIPSACUM. 
 
 Gr. rpiffu, to grind ; application not obvious. 
 
 c? Spikes digitate ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; paleae 2, membrana- 
 ceous. cf Spikelets 2-flowered, outer flower staminate, inner neuter. 
 9 Spikelets 3-flowered, the 2 lateral flowers abortive ; outer glume 
 enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the rachis, with an aperture each 
 side at base. 
 
 T. DACTYLolDEs. Sesame Grass. 
 
 St. slightly compressed, smooth, solid with pith, brown at the nodes, 4 6f 
 high ; It's, near an inch broad, long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish 
 above ; spikes 5 8' long, usually 2 3 together, digitate, terminal, J* flowers 
 above, 9 below, without awns. 7J. River banks and sea shores, Mid., W. and 
 S. States. A large, coarse and very singular grass. Jl. 
 
 0. 'tnonostachyon. Spike single. 
 
 62. ZEA. 
 
 Gr. ao>, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. 
 
 c? . c? in terminal, paniculate racemes ; spikelets 2-flowered ; 
 glumes 2, herbaceous, obtuse, subequal; paleae membranaceous, 
 awnless. obtuse. 9 lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spathe 
 of numerous bracts ; spikelets 2-flowered. one flower abortive ; 
 glumes 2, very obtuse ; paleae awnless ; style 1, filiform, very long, 
 pendulous ; caryopsis compressed. 
 
 Z. MAYS. Maize. Indian Corn. 
 
 Rt. fibrous ; st. erect, 5 lOf (in some varieties 15 20f ) high, channeled 
 on one side, leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, entire, 2 3f long. The varieties of 
 this noble plant are numerous, produced by climate and culture. It is a native 
 of the warm latitudes of America, but how widely it has been cultivated on 
 both continents, and how important it is to man, it is unnecessary here to 
 state. Jl. $ 
 
 53 
 
SECOND GRAND DIVISION, 
 CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue, without spiral vessels, des- 
 titute of true flowers, and producing SPORES 
 instead of seeds. 
 
 CLASS V. ACROGENS. 
 
 Flowerless plants with a proper STEM or AXIS, often with a vascu- 
 lar system composed chiefly of annular ducts, usually furnished with 
 leaves. GROWTH by the extension of the apex, without subsequent 
 increase in diameter. SPORES with a proper integument, and con- 
 tained in a vessel analogous to an ovary, called THECA or SPORANGIUM, 
 
 ORDER CLXII. EQUISETACE^]. HORSETAILS. 
 
 Plant leafless, simple or with verticillate branches. 
 
 Stem etriate-sulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. 
 
 Sheaths dentate, crowning the summit of each internode. 
 
 Inflorescence (by analogy) a dense, cylindric, terminal spike or strobile. 
 
 Scales of the strobile peltate, hexagonal, subverticillate. 
 
 Thec.ce, 47, attached to the under surface of the scales, with lateral dehiscence. 
 
 Spores numerous, globose, surrounded by minute granules. [manner. 
 
 Elaters, bodies of unknown use, consisting of 4 elastic, clavate filaments involving the spores in a spiral 
 
 An order consisting at present of a single genus, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders 
 of woods, throughout most countries. The Equisetaceee abound in the fossil remains of coal measures 
 with other Cryptogamia, as Lycopodiaceae and Filices, indicating that these plants were once of gigantic 
 dimensions, and formed a large part of the original flora of our globe. Species about 10. 
 
 Properties. They abound in silex, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb-makers, &c., in polish- 
 ing their work. 
 
 EdUISETUM. 
 
 Lat. equus, a horse, seta, hair; perhaps alluding to the general resemblance. 
 
 Character the same as that of the order. 
 
 1. E. HYEMALE. ScOUTWlg Rush. 
 
 Sts. all simple, erect, very rough, each bearing a terminal, ovoid spike ; 
 sheath cinerous white, black at the base and summit, short, with subulate, 
 awned and deciduous teeth. Very noticeable in wet, shady grounds, and by 
 brooksides. Stems about 2f high, often 2 or more united at base from the same 
 root. Sheaths 23" long. 1 2j' apart, the white ring much broader than the 
 black, at length entire from the falling off of the teeth. The roughness of the 
 cuticle is owing to the silex in its composition. June. 
 
 2. E. ARVENSE. Field Horsetail. 
 
 Fertile sis. erect, simple, sterile with simple, quadrangular branches, de- 
 cumbent at base. Low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Fertile stems first 
 appearing, 6 8' high, with 3 5 joints surmounted by large, inflated sheaths cut 
 into long, dark brown teeth. Spike oblong, 2' long. Sterile stems rather 
 taller than the fertile, remaining through the season, after these have decayed. 
 At each joint is a whorl of simple, rough, ascending branches, issuing from the 
 base of the sheaths, their joints also sheathed. April. 
 
 3. E. sYLvATicuM. Wood Horsetail. 
 
 Sterile and fertile sis. with compound, rough, deflexed, angular branches. 
 Grows in woods and low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems 9 16' 
 
LYCOPODICM. CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. 625 
 
 high ; the fertile with 4 5 whorls of branches from the base of the sheaths 
 which are 2 3' apart, and cleft into several large, tawny red teeth or segments ; 
 the sterile taller and more slender, with more numerous whorls of branches. 
 The branches are all subdivided and curved downwards. Spike oval-cylindric, 
 pedicellate. May. 
 
 4. E. VARIEGATUM. Smith. (E. scorpoides. Me.) 
 
 Caespitose; sfe. branching at base, filiform, scabrous; spike blackish; 
 sheaths 3-toothed, blackish, teeth membranaceous, whitish, deciduous at the 
 tips. Hilly woods, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems numerous, 3 6' long, 6- 
 furrowed (5-furrowed. Beck), sheaths very short, 1 2' apart. Spikes small, 
 ovoid, terminal. Not common. July. 
 
 5. E. LIMOSUM. (E. uliginosum. Willd.) Pipes. 
 
 Sts. somewhat branched, erect, striate-sulcate ; branches from the middle 
 joints, simple, short, 5-sided, smooth ; spike oblong-ovoid; sheaths appressed. 
 Borders of ponds and swamps, frequent. Stems 2 3f high, slender, rarely sim- 
 ple, generally with 2 6 whorls of branches about the middle. Branches very 
 irregular in length and position. Sheaths 3 4" long, white at the summit, tipped 
 with as many black, subulate teeth, as there are furrows (15 20). This spe- 
 cies is greedily devoured by cattle. July. 
 
 6. E. PALUSTRE. Marsh Horsetail. 
 
 Sts. branched, smooth, sulcate ; branches simple, pentagonal, curved up- 
 wards; sheath somewhat appressed, remote, 10-toothed at the apex; spike oblong, 
 dark brown. Marshes, common. Stems 1 2f high, deeply furrowed. Branches 
 short and like the other species produced in whorls from the bases of the sheaths, 
 at first horizontal, finally bending to an upright position. Spike an inch long. 
 May, June. 
 
 ORDER CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. CLUB MOSSES. 
 
 Stems creeping or erect, branching, rarely simple, abounding in ducts. 
 Leaves small, numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate or subulate, 1-nerved. 
 Inflorescence axillary, or crowded into a sort of ament or spike. 
 
 Thec(B of two kinds in the same plant, sessile, 1, often 2-celled. [powder. 
 
 Spares few, rather large in some ot the theoe, other thecae containing minute grains, appearing like fine 
 Like the Equisetaceae, these plants appear to have been very abundant in the first ages of the world, 
 and to have attained a gigantic size, though at present but a few feet in length. Properties unimportant. 
 Some are emetic. The powder contained m the thecae is highly inflammable, and is used in the manu- 
 facture of fire-works. Genera 5, species 200. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Leaves cauline, on erect or creeping stems Lycopodium. 1 
 
 Leaves or fronds radical, long, linear-subulate Isoetis. 2 
 
 1. LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 dr. Xvrrof, a wolf, irovs, a loot ; from some fancied resemblance. 
 
 Thecae axillary, sessile, 1 -celled, some of them 2-valved, filled with 
 minute, farinaceous grains, others 3-valved, containing several larger 
 globular spores. 
 
 * Inflorescence in pedunculate spikes. 
 
 1 . L. CLAVATUM. (L. tristachium. Nutt.} Common Club Moss. 
 
 St. creeping ; branches ascending ; Ivs. scattered, incurved, capillaceous- 
 acuminate ; spikes in pairs, rarely in 3s, cylindrical, pedunculate ; bracts of the 
 spike ovate, acuminate, erosely denticulate. A well known evergreen, trailing 
 upon the ground in shady pastures and woods, common. Stem and branches 
 clothed with numerous linear-lanceolate leaves which are entire or serrulate, 
 and end in a pellucid, curved bristle. Spikes perfectly straight, parallel, erect, 
 and upon an erect peduncle. July. 
 
 2. L. COMPLANATTJM. Ground Pine. 
 
 St. trailing; branches dichotomous ; Ivs. 4-ranked, unequal, the marginal 
 ones connate, diverging at apex, Ihe superficial ones solitary, appressed ; ped. 
 elongated, supporting 4 6, cylindric spikes. A trailing evergreen, common in 
 woods and shady grounds. Stem round, creeping among the moss and leaves, 
 often lOf in length. Branches numerously subdivided, compressed, somewhat 
 resembling the branchlets of the cedar. Leaves minute, very acute. July. 
 
626 CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 3. L. CAROLINIANUM. 
 
 St. creeping ; Ivs. somewhat 2-ranked, spreading, lanceolate, entire ; ped. 
 erect, solitary, elongated, bearing a single spike ; bracts sublanceolate, entire. 
 In muddy grounds. Both the stem and its branches are prostrate, with erect, 
 slender peduncles 3 6' high. July. 
 
 4. L. RABIN.EFOLIUM. Willd. (L. alpinum. MX.} 
 
 St. elongated, creeping ; branches erect, short, dichotomous, with fastigiate 
 divisions ; Ivs. imbricated on all sides, erect, terete-subulate, aristate-acuminate ; 
 spikes peduncled by the attenuated and slightly leafy summits of the branches, 
 cylindric, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts. White Mts. ; extensively 
 creeping among the rocks, with erect, numerously divided branches, a few of the 
 divisions terminating in spikes an inch in length. July. 
 
 * * Spikes sessile j* Leaves surrounding the stem. 
 
 5. L. DENDROIDEUM. Michx. Tree Club Moss. 
 
 St. erect; branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect; Ivs. linear- 
 lanceolate, in 6 equal rows, spreading; spikes numerous, solitary. An elegant 
 little plant, common in woods, readily distinguished by its upright, tree-like 
 form. Plant about 8' high, with branches more or less diverging. These are 
 subdivided into numerous, forked branchlets, radiant, so as together to represent 
 a spiral arrangement. Spikes 2 6, an inch long. July. 
 
 /? obscurum. Torr. (L. obscurum. L.} Branches spreading; spike mostly 
 solitary. 
 
 6. L. RUPESTRE. Rock Club Moss. 
 
 St. creeping ; branches ascending, subdivided ; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, 
 linear-lanceolate, capillaceous-acuminate, ciliate ; spike solitary, quadrangular. 
 A very small species, creeping on rocks, &c. Stem a few inches in length, 
 with numerous branches, which are 1' long, clothed with grayish-green 
 leaves. Spike ' long, 4-rowed, seeming a mere continuation of the branch. Jl. 
 
 7. L. ALOPECUROIDES. Fox-tail Club Moss. 
 
 St. creeping, subramose; branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a 
 single sessile spike at top ; Ivs. linear-subulate, ciliate-dentate at base, spread- 
 ing ; spike leafy. Swamps. Stem extensively creeping. Branches 6 8' high, 
 rarely subdivided, densely clothed with a fine, soft foliage. Spike 1 2' long, 
 very leafy. Aug. 
 
 8. L. ANNOTiNUM. Interrupted Club Moss. 
 
 St. creeping; branches twice dichotomous, ascending; Ivs. in 5 rows, 
 linear-lanceolate, mucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tip ; spike oblong, 
 solitary. In mountain woods, not common. Branches subdivided near their 
 base, branchlets simple, 4 or more, 68' high. Leaves at length reflexed at 
 end. Spike rather cylindric, an inch in length, distinct from the branches, Jl. 
 
 9. L. INUNDATUM. Marsh Club Moss. 
 
 St. creeping, often submersed; branches simple, solitary, erect, with a 
 single leafy spike at top ; Ivs. linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved upwards. 
 In swamps, Mass., N. Y., Can., &c. Spikes 1' long, at the summit of 
 branches which are 5 7 long, arising from the base of the stem. Bracts of 
 the spikes leaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than the stem 
 leaves which are 1 2" long. July. 
 
 10. L. sELAGiNolDES. Savin-leaved Club Moss. 
 
 St. filiform, creeping ; branches nearly erect, the flowering ones simple ; 
 Ivs. scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-denticulate ; spike solitary, 
 leafy. In moist woods, N. States and Can. Spikes yellowish-green, about f ' 
 long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true leaves, which are 
 about a line in length. Branches 36' high, the sterile ones much divided. Jl. 
 * * Spikes sessile, -j-f Leaves %-ranked. 
 
 11. L. APODUM. (L. albidulum. Muhl.) 
 
 St. branching, prostrate and rooting near the base ; Ivs. orbicular-ovate, 
 acute, membranaceous, alternate, amplexicaul, in 2 rows, with minute, acumi- 
 nate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side ; spikes subsolitary. A 
 
CLXIV. FILICES. 627 
 
 small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, rocky shades, U. S., not common. 
 Stem a few inches long, filiform. Leaves less than a line in length. Spikes 
 leafy, scarcely distinguishable from the branches. July, Aug. 
 * * * Spikes indistinguishable from the branches. 
 
 12. L. LUCIDULUM. Michx. Shining Club Moss. 
 
 St. ascending, dichotomously divided ; Ivs. in 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, den- 
 ticulate, shining, spreading, or a little reflexed ; theca in the axils of leaves not 
 changed nor crowded into a spike. In wet woods, U. S. and Can. The foliage 
 of this species is dark green and shining, more ample than is common to the 
 genus. Stems 8 16' long, nearly erect. Leaves 3 5" long, distinctly 
 serrate. Thecae hemispherical or reniform, in the axils of the leaves near the 
 top of the stem. Jl. 
 
 13. L. SELAGO. (L. recurvurn. Willd.} Fir Club Moss. 
 
 St. erect, dichotomously and fastigiately branched ; Ivs. scattered, imbri- 
 cate, lance-linear, entire, rigfd and pungent, "but awnless. A smaller species 
 than the last, found on the summits of the White Mts. 1 Stems 4 8' high, 
 densely clothed with stiff, shining, spreading leaves arranged somewhat in 8 
 rows and 2 3" in length. Thecae axillary. Aug. 
 
 ISOETES. 
 Gr. iaos, equal, ero? , the year ; from its being evergreen. 
 
 Thecae membranaceous, oblong, cordate, 1 -celled, immersed in the 
 dilated base of the frond; spores subglobose, slightly angular, 
 attached to numerous filiform receptacles. 
 
 I. LACUSTRIS? (I. riparia. Engelman.} Quill-wort. 
 
 Leaves caespitose, subulate, semiterete, dilated and imbricated at base. A 
 curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers, N. Eng ! 
 and Mid. States, often wholly submersed ! Leaves or ironds numerous, tufted and 
 simple, 2 10' long, somewhat spreading, containing numerous cells divided both 
 by longitudinal and transverse partitions. Thecae whitish, imbedded in cor- 
 responding cavities in the bases of the fronds, traversed within by many threads 
 to which the numerous, small, white, granular spores are attached. Aug. Our 
 plant differs slightly from the European (with which I have compared it), but 1 
 think not specifically. 
 
 ORDER CLXIV. FILICES. FERNS. 
 
 Stem a perennial, creeping, horizontal rhizoma, or sometimes^ erect and arborescent. [nation. 
 
 Fronds (fruit-bearing leaves) variously divided, rarely entire, with forked veins, mostly circinate in ver- 
 Inflorescence occupying the back or margin of the fronds (leaves) arising from the veins. 
 TheccB or sporangia ofone kind only in the same plant, 1-cellecl, dehiscing irregularly. 
 Sori, somewhat regular collections of thecae ; or the thec<e are isolated and scattered. 
 JndMsium, a scale investing each sorus ; or the sori are covered with the revolute margin of the frond, 
 or they are naked. 
 
 Genera 192, species 2040. A large and interesting order of flowerless plants, distinguished for their ele- 
 gant, plume-like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a few feet high, but some of the tropical spe- 
 cies, as the Cyatheae of both Indies, are 1525 feet high, vicing with the palms in size and beauty. 
 
 Properties. -Generally mucilaginous and mildly astringent, hence considered pectoral. Aspidiumand 
 Pteris are anthelmintic. Osmunda regalis has been successfully administered for the rickets. 
 
 Observation. The fructification of the ferns, with its various appendages, is too minute to be well 
 observed by the naked eye ; but an examination of it with thu aid of a good lens, cannot fail to be inter- 
 esting and satisfactory. In regard to the localities of the terns, it should here be remarked, that the spe- 
 cies respectively are more generally disseminated throughout, the States represented by this flora, and 
 also British America, than are the species of the Phaenogamia. They are, however, far more common 
 in the hard, mountainous or rocky soils of the East than in the fertile regions of the West. It seems, 
 therefore, unnecessary to make particular mention of the geographical range of the more common species. 
 
 Conspectus of the Genera. 
 * Fertile leaflets or fronds contracted into the form of a panicle or spike. 
 
 (Stipes $ angular Onoclea. 11 
 
 4 the fert. fronds < smoothish, < deeply grooved within. Struthiopteris. 12 
 
 < distinct. . . (Stipes clothed with reddish wool. . Osmunda. 13 
 
 (Fronds ma- 5 divided, (each one partly fertile Osmunda. 13 
 
 ! ny, radical, { entire and narrowly linear. Schizcea 15 
 
 Fern ] (entire. Scape spicate Ophiosrlosswm. 16 
 
 erect. I Frond solitary on a scape, ^divided. Scape paniculate Botrychiivm. 17 
 
 Fern climbing, stem long and slender Lygodium. 14 
 
 53 
 
628 CLXIV. FILICES. ASPIDIUM. 
 
 * * Fronds sometimes contracted, but never paniculate or spicate. 
 
 ( of 1 scale, opening outwardly. . Aspidium. 2 
 
 < of 2 scales, l of them marginal. . Dic/csonia. 10 
 
 < superficial, ( of several scales, opening inwardly. Cheilantftes. 8 
 
 ( Sori round Undusium < beneath the sorus, fimbriate. , Woodsia. 4 
 
 I or roundish. { Indusium Polypodivm. 1 
 
 ( transverse, on the veinlets. . . Asplenium. 3 
 
 Frond pin- ^ not marginal, { parallel with the midvein. . . Woodwardia. 5 
 
 nate, &c. I Sori linear or oblong, closely marginal, continuous Pteris. 7 
 
 ( apex long-acuminate, striking root in the ground. .... AspUnrnm. 3 
 
 Frond entire, \ apex acute, not rooting. Sori linear, scattered Scolopendrium. 6 
 
 Frond pedate, on a black, polished, bifurcate stipe. Adiantum. 9 
 
 TRIBE 1. POL,YPODIACE3 Thecas furnished with a vertical, jointed, 
 elastic, and usually incomplete ring, and bursting transversely and irregu- 
 larly. 
 
 1. POLYPOD1UM. 
 
 Gr. TroAvj, many, Trot)?, foot; from the multitude of its roots. 
 
 Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the under surface of 
 the frond ; indusium none. 
 
 1. P. INCANUM. Pursh. (P. ceteraccinum. MX. Acrostichum polypodoi- 
 des. Linn.) Fronds deeply pinnatifid; segments alternate, linear, very 
 
 entire, obtuse, scaly beneath, the upper ones gradually smaller ; stipe scaly, 
 bearing the fertile segments near the apex ; sori solitary and distinct. A para- 
 sitic fern, 3 6' high, growing on the inclined, moss-clad trunks of living trees, 
 particularly of the huge sycamores, to the height of 10 20 feet. In the damp 
 forests along rivers, Western States ! and also Southern. 
 
 2. P. VTJLGARE. (P. Virginianum. Willd.) Common Polypod. 
 
 Frond deeply pinnatifid, smooth; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenu- 
 late, the upper ones gradually smaller ; sori large, distinct. Rather common 
 on shady rocks and in woods, forming tangled patches with their roots which 
 are clothed with membranous scales. Fronds nearly a foot high, divided into 
 alternate segments nearly to the midvein. Stipe naked and smooth. Segments 
 parallel, a little curved, about %' wide. Fruit in large, golden dots in a double 
 row, at length brownish. July. 
 
 3. P. PHEGOPTERIS. (P. connectile. MX.) Triangular Polypod. 
 Frond bipinnatifid, slightly pubescent and ciliate, of a triangular outline, 
 
 the 2 lower leaflets or pinnae deflexed ; subdivisions lanceolate, obtuse, the 
 upper ones entire, lower incisely crenate, lowest adnate-decurrent ; sori minute, 
 distinct, solitary. A fern in low woodlands, remarkable for the broad triangu- 
 lar outline of its fronds. These are about a foot in height, and rendered a little 
 hastate by the lower leaflets (which are broadest) being deflexed. Divisions 
 acuminate, connected at base by the lower segments. Stipes smooth. Aug. 
 
 /?. connectile. (P. connectile. MX.) Somewhat rigid; segments of the lower 
 divisions all subentire ; veins nearly simple. 
 
 y. hexagonopterum. (P. hexagonopterum. MX.} Texture more delicate ; 
 segments of the lower divisions pinnatifid ; veins much forked. 
 
 4. P. DRYOPTERIS. Ternate Polypod. 
 
 Frond ternate, bipinnate ; branches of the frond spreading, deflexed, seg- 
 ments obtuse, subcrenate ; sori marginal ; root filiform, creeping. This beauti- 
 ful fern grows in shady places and mountainous woods. Rare. Root black 
 and very slender. Stipe slender and delicate, smooth, nearly a foot high, divid- 
 ing into 3 light green, drooping, compound leaflets of a very delicate texture. Jl. 
 0. calcareum. (P. calcareum. Sm.) Branches of the frond erect, rather rigid. 
 
 2. ASPIDIUM. Swartz. 
 Gr. acriris, a small shield ; from the form and position of the indusia. 
 
 Sori roundish or elliptical, scattered ; indusium orbicular and um- 
 bilicate (fastened at the centre and opening all around), or reniform, 
 fastened on one side and opening on the other. 
 
ASPIDIUM. CLXIV. FILICES. 629 
 
 * Frond pinnate. 
 
 1. A. ACROSTICHOIDES. Willd. (Nephrodium. Michx.) 
 
 Leaflets of the frond distinct, alternate, subsessile, falcate-lanceolate, auri- 
 culate on the upper side at base, ci Kate-serrulate, only the upper ones fertile; 
 sori at length confluent ; stipe chaffy. Common in rocky shades. Frond 15 18' 
 high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chaffy scales. Leaflets 
 numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1 2' in length, the terminal ones, which 
 alone are fruitful, are contracted in size, the under side becoming overspread 
 with the sori. June Aug. 
 
 0. incisum. Gray. (A. Schwenitzii. BecTc.) Pinnae irregularly and incisely 
 dentate ; sori mostly distinct. N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Passes insensibly into a. 
 * * Frond pinnate ivith pinnatifld leaflets. 
 
 2. A. THELYPTERA. Willd. (A. Noveboracense. ejusd.) Shield-Fern. 
 
 Leaflets of the frond linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, distinct, subses- 
 sile ; segments oblong, obtuse or acute, subentire, ciliate ; sori marginal, small, 
 at length confluent; stipe smooth and naked. Damp woods. Fronds pale 
 green, thin and delicate, about a foot long and f as wide, acuminate at apex. 
 Leaflets acuminate, becoming entire above, sometimes crossing (decussating) at 
 base. Rachis pubescent. Stipe slender, channeled on the upper side. Sori 
 in 2 marginal rows on each segment, finally nearly covering their under sur- 
 face. July. 
 
 /?. Noveboracense. Rather paler and more delicate in texture ; leaflets more 
 narrow and remote. 
 
 3. A. CRISTATUM. Willd. (Nephrodium. MX.) Crested Shield-Fern. 
 Frond nearly bipinnate, lanceolate-ovate ; leaflets subcordate, oblong-pin- 
 
 natifid, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate-serrate ; stipe scaly. Moist woods and 
 meadows, N. Eng., Mid. States, rather rare. Frond 12 18' high, pale green, 
 remarkable for its broad, ovate-lanceolate outline. Segments of the leaflets some- 
 times almost distinct, broad and obtuse, with sharp teeth. Sori large, in double 
 rows, tawny when mature, chiefly on the upper half of the frond. July. 
 
 4. A. LANCASTRIENSE. Spreng. (A. cristatum. 0. 1st. edit.) Lancaster 
 Shield-Fern. Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at base ; 
 
 frond narrowly lanceolate ; leaflets subopposite, remote, short-petiolulate, broad- 
 est at base, the lower triangular-ovate ; sori large, in a single row each side the 
 midvein of each dentate segment ; indusium fixed near one side. Woods, 
 Meriden, N. H., Richard! to N. Y. and N. J. A beautiful fern, quite distinct 
 from the preceding, 24 30' high. Frond dark green, 15 18' by 5 8'. Leaf- 
 lets gradually narrowing from base to apex. Segments nearly distinct, more or 
 less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with l- i -25 dark-brown sori (lower leaflets 
 fruitless). July. 
 
 5. A. GOLDIANUM. Hook. (A. Filix mas. Pursh.) Goldie's Fern. 
 Leaflets of the frond lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; segments 
 
 oblong, subacute, subfalcate, mucronate-serrate ; sori in 2 rows, each side of the 
 vein of each segment. A tall species, 2 3f high, in rocky woods. Fronds 
 numerous, bright green, scaly upon the stipe and rachis, 5 10' wide. Leaflets 
 3 6' long, not widening at base, with elongated, narrow segments. July. 
 * * * Frond bipinnate. 
 
 6. A. MARGINALS. Sw. (Nephrodium. MX.) Marginal Shield-Fern. 
 Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand 
 
 at base, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; sori marginal ; stipe chaffy. A large, 
 handsome fern, in rocky woods, common. Frond 12 18' high, very smooth 
 (rachis a little chaffy), its divisions nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets 
 distinct, near an inch long, i as wide, contracted at base, then decurrent, form- 
 ing a narrow margin along the rachis. Fruit in round dots, in regular rows 
 along the margins of the segments. Indusium large, orbicular, with a lateral 
 sinus. July. 
 
 7. A. TENUE. Sw. (A. fragile. Willd. Cistopteris. Bcrnh.) Brittle 
 Shield-Fern. Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse or acute, incisely ser- 
 rate, approaching to pinnatifid, its serratures subentire; rachis winged by the 
 
630 CLXIV. FILICES. ASPLENIUM. 
 
 decurrent leaflets ; stipe chaffy at base. A delicate fern, on moist rocks, fre- 
 quent. Fronds 6 12' high, dark green, its divisions rather remote, and with 
 the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori large and numerous, 
 near the margins of the segments. June, July. 
 
 8. A. ACULEATUM. Sw. Prickly Shield-Fern. 
 
 Segments of the lea/lets ovate, subfalcate, acute, aculeate-serrate, upper 
 ones truncate at base, lower cuneate at base ; only the upper leaflets fertile ; 
 stipe and rachis ch a ffy. Mansfield Mt., Vt., and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y., 
 Macrae. Fronds dark green, in tufts 1 2f high. Segments of the leaflets on 
 very short petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply serrate, 
 each serrature tipped with a short spinose bristle. Sori brown, in single rows, 
 distinct. Indusium reniform. Aug. 
 
 9. A. DILATATUM. Sw. (A. spinulosum. Willd. ?) Broad Shield-Fern. 
 Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, distinct ; segments distinct, oblong, obtuse, 
 
 incisely pinnatifid ; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe chaffy ; indusium 
 umbilicate. Woods and shady pastures. Fronds 1 2f high, nearly tripin- 
 nate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apex, abrupt at 
 base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all distinct at 
 base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles. Stipe 
 with large, tawny scales. Sori rather large, somewhat in 2 rows. Jl. 
 
 10. A. BULBIFERUM. Sw. (Cistoptcris. Bernh.} Bulbiferous Shield-Fern. 
 Frond bipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, segments opposite, oblong, serrate, the 
 
 lower one pinnatifid ; rachis bulbiferous ; sori roundish, the indusium attached 
 to one side. In damp woods, frequent. Frond 12 18' high, remarkable for 
 the little bulbs produced in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground, 
 take root. Foliage narrow, tapering to an acuminate summit. Stipe smooth. Jl. 
 
 3. ASPLENIUM. 
 
 Gr. a, privation, cir\riv, the spleen; from its supposed medicinal virtues. 
 
 Sori linear, oblique, or somewhat transverse, scattered ; indusium 
 arising from the lateral veins and opening longitudinally, usually 
 towards the midvein. 
 
 1. A. RHIZOPHYLLUM. Willd. Walking Fern. 
 
 Frond mostly undivided, lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate, cordate-auricu- 
 late at base, the apex attenuated into a long, slender acumination, rooting at 
 the point, This singular fern grows in rocky woods, not very common. The 
 frond is 4 8' long ; the long, slender, linear point bending over backwards, 
 Beaches the earth, and there strikes root, giving rise to a new plant. Though 
 usually with slightly crenate margins, the plant varies by imperceptible degrees, 
 becoming sometimes so deeply crenate as to form a well-marked variety with 
 pinnatifid fronds. July. 
 
 2. EBENEUM. Willd. Ebony Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond pinnate ; If is. lanceolate, subfalcate, serrate, auriculate at base on 
 the upper side ; stipe smooth and polished. A beautiful fern, in dry woods, 
 hills, &c. Fronds 8 14' high, on a slender stipe of a shining brown or black 
 color. Foliage 5 9' long, 1 1J ; wide, linear-lanceolate in outline. Leaflets 
 near an inch in length, rather acuminate and curved at apex, dilated at base on 
 the upper side, and sometimes on the lower. Fruit arranged in short lines on 
 each side the midrib. July. 
 
 3. A. ANGUSTJFOLIUM. Michx. Siuanip Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond pinnate ; Ifts. alternate, upper ones subopposite, linear-lanceolate, 
 serrate towards the apex, somewhat repand, the base truncate on the upper side 
 and rounded on the lower. In low woods, frequent. Fronds 1 2f high, in tufts, 
 the outer ones barren, inner fertile. Sori large, diverging from the midrib, 
 parallel with the veins, at length confluent. July. 
 
 4. A. TRICHOMANES. (A. melanocaulon. Mnhl.} Dwarf Spleenwort. 
 Frond pinnate ; Ifts. roundish, subsessile, small, roundish-obovate, obtusely 
 
 cuneate and entire at base, crenate above ; stipe black and polished. A small 
 and delicate fern, forming tufts on shady rocks. Frond 3 6' high, lance-linear 
 
WOODSIA. CLXIV. FILICES. 631 
 
 in outline, with 8 12 pairs of roundish, sessile leaflets, 3 4" long. Fruit in 
 several linear-oblong, finally roundish sori on each leaflet, placed oblique to the 
 mid vein. July. 
 
 5. A. THELiPTERoiDEs. Michx. Silvery Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond bipinnatifid ; Ifts. pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; segments 
 oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate ; sori in parallel, oblique lines. A fine, large 
 fern, on shady banks of streams. Fronds 1 3f high, of an ovate-acuminate 
 outline, on a slightly chaffy, pale stipe. Leaflets distinct and rather remote, 
 narrow, 4 6' long. Segments rounded at the end, near i'long. Sori arranged 
 in 2 rows on each segment, one on each side the midvein, convergent below, 
 with shining, silvery indusia when young. July. 
 
 6. A. FILIX-FCEMINA. Bernh. (Aspidium Filix-foemina and asplenoides. Sw. 
 
 A. angustum. W.) Frond bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate ; seg. ob- 
 long-lanceolate, deeply cut-pinnatifid ; ultimate seg. 2 3-toothed ; sori reniform 
 or lunate, arranged near the veins ; stipe smooth. A delicate, finely-divided fern 
 in moist woods. Fronds 1 2f high, with subopposite divisions. These are sub- 
 divided into distinct, obtuse segments, which are themselves cut into oblong, deep 
 serratures, and lastly, the serratures are mostly with 2 3 teeth at the summit. 
 Sori large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a 
 dark brown hue. July. 
 
 7. A. RUTA-MURARIA. WaU-rue Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above ; Ifts. small, petiolate, cu- 
 neate, obtusely dentate above. An extremely small and delicate fern, in dry, 
 rocky places." Frond 2 3' high, as wide, smooth, growing in tufts, somewhat 
 coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each leaflet, less than \' long. Stipe flat 
 and smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, of a rusty -brown color, finally 
 confluent. July. 
 
 8. A. MONTANUM. Willd. (A. Adiantum-nigrum. Michx.) 
 
 Frond glabrous, bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, pinnatifid ; seg. 2 3-toothed 
 at the apex : sori linear, finally confluent. Mountain rocks, Bethlehem, Penn. 
 Schwenitz (fide Beck), S. to Car., W. to Ky. Fronds growing in tufts, 4 8' 
 high, narrowly oblong-lanceolate in outline, mostly bipinnate, but more or less 
 divided according to the size. Segments more obtuse than in the foreign A. 
 Adiantum-nigrum. July. 
 
 4. WOODSIA. Brown. 
 
 In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent English botanist. 
 
 Sori roundish, scattered ; indusium beneath the sorus, open, with 
 a multifid or fringed margin, including the pedicellate thecse, like a 
 calyx. 
 
 1. W. ILVENSIS. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.) 
 
 Frond pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate ; segments ovate-oblong, ob- 
 tuse ; sori near the margin, at length confluent ; rachis and stipe chaffy. Grow- 
 ing in tufts, on rocks and in dry woods. Fronds 5 or 6' high, on chaffy and 
 woolly stipes, most chaffy af base. Foliage 3 or 4' long, as wide, oblong- 
 lanceolate in outline, woolly or chaffy beneath, with opposite and alternate leaf- 
 lets about an inch in length. The lower leaflets are pinnatifid, upper ones 
 wavy on the margin or entire. June. 
 
 2. W. PERRINIANA. Hook. & Grev. (Hypopeltis obtusa. Torr.) 
 Frond subbipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose ; segments of the leaflets pin- 
 natifid; ultimate segments roundish-oblong, obtuse, bidentate ; sori submarginalf 
 stipe somewhat chaffy. About a foot high, among and on rocks. Fronds lancft 
 oblong in outline, 3 times as long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenate- 
 serrate, the lower ones distinct, upper confluent. Sori orbicular, becoming 
 nearly confluent, each subtended by a half round indusium notched into little 
 teeth on the margin. July. 
 
 3. W. HYPERBOREA. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.') Flower-cup Fern. 
 Frond pinnate ; Ifts. suborbicular, subcordate, 3-parted or incisely pinnati- 
 fid, cuneate at base, rough pilose beneath. A very small species, much resem- 
 
632 CLXIV. FILICES. PTERIS. 
 
 bling the last, forming tufts on rocks. Plant 2 4' high. Fronds lance-linear 
 in outline, on very scaly stipes. Leaflets 8 or 10 pairs, subopposite, nearly 
 round, 2 or 3" in diam., the margins only crenate above, deeply pinnatifid in 
 the lowest pairs. July. 
 
 4. W. RUFTDULA. Beck. (W. ilvensis and Aspidium rufidulum. Pursh.) 
 Frond bipinnate ; segments of tfie leaflets hairy, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, 
 
 with obtuse, ultimate segments ; sori at length confluent ; stipe and rachis hairy. 
 Grows on rocks. Fern 6 8' high. Stipe dark brown, densely clothed with 
 woolly hairs. Frond hairy both sides, its leaflets 4 8" long, lower ones dis- 
 tinctly pinnate, upper pinnatifid. July. 
 
 5. WOODWARDIA. Smith. 
 
 In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, a distinguished English botanist. 
 
 Sori oblong, straight, parallel with the ribs on either side of them ; 
 indusium superficial, arched or vaulted, opening inwardly. 
 
 , 1. W. oNocLEolDEs. Willd. (W. angustifolia. Smith.'] 
 
 Sterile fronds pinnatifid; Ifts. lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate; fertile 
 fronds pinnate, the leaflets entire, linear, acute. In swamps, not common. 
 Fern about a foot high, growing in tufts. Barren fronds numerous, of a narrow- 
 lanceolate, acuminate outline. Leaflets with decurrent or confluent bases. 
 Fertile fronds fewer, with linear segments nearly covered on the back with the 
 fruit in oblong, longitudinal sori i' in length. Aug. 
 2. W. VIRGINICA. Willd. 
 
 Frond pinnate, very smooth, the leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate, sessile ; 
 sori in interrupted lines near the midvein of the leaflets and segments. In low 
 woods and swamps. Frond about 2f high, on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in out- 
 line, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply pinnatifid, with numerous, 
 spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit arranged in lines along each 
 side of the midveins, both of the segments and leaflets. July, Aug. 
 
 6. SCOLOPENDRI UM. Smith. 
 
 Gr. (rko^oTTEvSpa, the centipede ; from the number of its roots ? 
 
 Sori linear, transverse, scattered ; indusium double, occupying both 
 sides of the sorus, superficial, finally opening lengthwise. 
 
 5. OFFICINARDM. Willd. (Asplenium Scolopendrium. Linn,} Hart's-tonguc. 
 Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base. Shady rocks, Chi- 
 
 tenango, N. Y., Sarlwell. Stipe rather short (3 5' long), chafly, bearing the 
 frond suberect, 8 15' high, 23' wide, bright green, paler beneath. Sori oblique 
 to the midvein, 6 9" in length. Rhizoma large, creeping. July. This curi- 
 ous fern appears to be confined to the vicinity above mentioned, where it was 
 first detected by Pursh, unless the true plant has also been found in Ky. by 
 MMurt. 
 
 7. PTERIS. 
 
 Gr. iTTepov, or 7rrpv|, a wing ; from the general resemblance of the frond. 
 
 Sori in a continuous, marginal line ; involucre formed of the in- 
 flected margin of the frond, opening inwardly. 
 
 1. P. AQUILINA. Common Brake. 
 
 Frond 3-parted ; branches, bipinnate ; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, lower ones 
 pinnatifid, upper ones entire; segments oblong, obtuse. Abundant in woods, 
 pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2 5f in height, upon a smooth, dark purple, 
 erect stipe. Frond broad-triangular in outline, consisting of 3 primary di- 
 visions, which are again subdivided into obtusely pointed, sessile leaflets. These 
 are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards the base of each subdi- 
 vision. Sori covered by the folding back of the margins of the segments. 
 July, Aug. 
 
 2. P. ATROPURPTJREA. Rock Brake. 
 
 Frond pinnate ; lower Ifts. ternate or pinnate, segments lanceolate, obtuse, 
 obliquely truncate or subcordate at base. Fern 6 10' high, growing 'on rocks. 
 
ONOCLEA. CLXIV. FILICES. 633 
 
 Frond twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two lower divisions con- 
 sisting of 1 3 pairs of leaflets with a large, terminal segment. All the seg- 
 ments lance-linear, distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Stipe and 
 rachis dark purple, with dense, paleaceous haira at base. June Aug. 
 
 3. P. GRACILIS. Michx. (Cheilanthes. Spreng.) 
 
 Frond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments 
 broad-ovate, obtuse ; fertile bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, crenate ; stipe dark 
 brown. A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 46' high, smooth and 
 shining in all its parts. Aug. 
 
 8. CHEILANTHES. Swartz. 
 Gr. %Xof, lip, avSos ; from the form of its indusia. 
 
 Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the fronds ; in- 
 dusium of membranous, distinct, inflexed scales, opening inwardly, 
 sometimes continuous with the frond. 
 
 C. VESTITA. Swartz. (Nephrodium lanosum. MX.) Hairy Cheilanthes. 
 Stipe and rachis hairy ; frmid bipinnate, oblong-ovate in outline, hairy on 
 
 both sides ; lea/lets alternate ; segments oblong, alternate, sessile, distinct, crenately 
 pinnatifid, the ultimate segment very entire ; sori finally continuous along the 
 margin. Rocky banks, Mid. and W. States, frequent. Stipe slender, rigid, 
 2 3' long, dark brown. Fronds 3 6' by 1 2'. Leaflets lance-ovate in out- 
 line, 6 12" long. Sori marginal, distinct when young, finally crowded. July. 
 
 9. ADIANTUM. 
 
 Gr. a. privation, <5tatvco. to moisten; as the rain slides off without wetting it. 
 
 Sori oblong or roundish, marginal ; indusia membranaceous, aris- 
 ing from the reflexed margins of distinct portions of the frond and 
 opening inwardly. 
 
 A. PEDATUM. Maidenhair. 
 
 Frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments oblong-rhomboid, incisely 
 lobed on the upper side, obtuse at apex ; sori oblong, subulate. This is, doubt- 
 less, the most beautiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods. 
 Stipe 814' high, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet-black. 
 At top it divides equally into 2 compound branches, each of which gives off, 
 at regular intervals, 6 8 simply pinnate leaflets from the outer side, giving the 
 whole frond the form of the crescent. Ultimate segments dimidiate, the lower 
 margin being bounded by the mid vein and the veinlets all unilateral. July. 
 
 10. DICKSONIA. L'Her. 
 
 In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished English cryptogamist. 
 
 Sori marginal, roundish, distinct ; indusium double, one superficial, 
 opening outwards, the other marginal and opening inwards. 
 
 D. PILOSIUSCULA. Willd. Fine-haired Mountain Fern. 
 
 Frond bipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, sessile ; segments pinnatifid, decurrent, 
 oblong-ovate, ultimate segments toothed ; stipe a little hairy. A large and deli- 
 cate fern, in pastures, roadsides, among rocks and stones. Fronds 2 3f high, 
 in tufts, and remarkable for their numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stipe 
 and rachis smooth, with the exception of a few, soft, scattered hairs. Leaflets 
 alternate, approximate ; segments deeply divided into 4- toothed, ultimate seg- 
 ments. Sori minute, solitary, on the upper margin of the segments. July. 
 
 11. ONOCLEA. 
 
 Gr. ovos, a kind of vessel, K\EIW, to close ; alluding to the contracted thecae. 
 
 Thecas covering the whole lower surface of the frond ; indusia 
 formed of the segments of the frond, whose margins are revolute and 
 contracted into the form of a berry, opening, but not expanding. 
 
 O. SENKIBILIS. Sensitive fern. 
 
 Sterile frcnds pinnate ; k'ajlfts lanceolate, acute, laciniate, the upper ones 
 
634 CLXIV. FILICES. OSMUNDA. 
 
 united ; fertile fronds bipinnate, with recurved and globular contracted seg- 
 ments. Common in low grounds. Fronds about a foot high, the barren ones 
 broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sinuate 
 divisions, the upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. The 
 fertile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound 
 spike, enclosing the fruit in the globular segments of its short divisions. Color 
 dark brown. July. 
 
 (3. obtusilobata. Torr. (O. obtusilobata. Schk.} Lfls. opposite; segm. rounded. 
 
 12. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd. 
 
 Gr. orpovSog) the ostrich, Trrepov, wing, or plume ; from the resemblance. 
 
 Thecae densely covering the back of the frond ; indusia scaly, 
 marginal, opening internally. 
 
 S. GERMANICA. Willd. (S. Pennsylvania. Willd?) Ostrich Fern. 
 
 Sterile fronds pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, sessile; segments entire, rather 
 acute, the lower ones somewhat elongated. A fern of noble size and appear- 
 ance, growing in low woods and swamps. The sterile fronds are often 5 or 6f 
 high, commonly about 3, numerous, in circular clumps. Stipes smooth, chan- 
 neled ; leaflets pinnatifid, with numerous segments, the lower of which are the 
 more narrow and acute, all more or less connected at base. Fertile fronds few, 
 in the midst of the sterile, much smaller, the leaflets with numerous, brown- 
 ish, contracted segments, densely covered by the fruit beneath. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 2. OSMU1VDIACEJE. Thecae destitute of a ring, reticulated, stri- 
 ated with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally. 
 
 13. OSMUNDA. 
 
 Thecae subglobose. pedicellate, radiate-striate, half-2-valved, collect- 
 ed on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more 
 or less contracted into the form of a panicle. 
 
 * Fertile fronds distinct from the sterile. 
 
 1. O. CINNAMOMEA. Cinnamon- colored Fern. 
 
 Sterile frond pinnate, leaflets elongated, pinnatifid, segments ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse, very entire; fertile frond bipinnate, leaflets contracted, paniculate, sub- 
 opposite, lanuginous ; stipe lanuginous. This is among the largest of our 
 ferns, growing in swamps and low grounds. Fronds numerous, growing in 
 clumps, 3 5f high, most of them barren, the stipe and rachis invested with a 
 loose, cinnamon-colored wool. The fertile fronds resemble spikes, 1 2f long, 
 an inch wide. Leaflets all fertile, erect, with the segments covered with fruit 
 in the form of small, roundish capsules, appearing, under a microscope, half- 
 2-cleft. June. 
 
 * * Portions of each frond fertile. 
 
 2. O. REGALIS. Michx. (O. spectabilis. Willd.} Royal Flowering- Fern. 
 
 Fronds bipinnate, fructiferous at the summit ; segments of the leaflets lance- 
 oblong, distinct, serrulate, subsessile ; raceme large, terminal, decompound. A 
 large and beautiful fern, in swamps and meadows. The fronds are 3 4f high, 
 smooth in all their parts. Leaflets or pinnae opposite, remote, each with 6 9 
 pairs of leaves with an odd one. These are an inch or more long, i as wide, 
 obtuse, the petioles \" long. Above, the frond is crowned with an ample 
 bipinnate raceme of a deep fulvous hue, with innumerable, small, globular, 
 2-valved thecse entirely covering the segments. June. 
 
 3. O. CLAYTONIANA. 
 
 Frond pinnate; leaflets or pinna pinnatifid, the upper ones contracted and 
 fertile. Smaller than either of the foregoing, found in swamps, Cambridge, 
 N. Y., Dr. Beck, W. to Wise., Dr. Lapham ! Fronds 1 2f high. Pinnae ob- 
 long, obtuse, 2 4' long, tomentose in the axils. Segments entire. Each frond 
 bears a terminal, bipinnate, rust-colored, erect panicle, covered with fruit. May. 
 
 4. O. INTERRUPTA. Michx. 
 
 Frond pinnate, smooth ; leaflets nearly opposite, pinnatifid ; segments ob- 
 
BOTRYCHIUM. CLXIV. FILICES. 635 
 
 long, rather acute, entire ; some of the intermediate leaflets fertile. A large 
 fern in low grounds. Fronds 2 3f high, light green, interrupted near the mid- 
 dle by 2 4 pairs of fertile leaflets, which are so much contracted in size as to 
 resemble dense, compound racemes, and densely covered with small reddish- 
 brown thecae. Stipe channeled, smooth above, chaffy at base. June. 
 
 14. LYGODIUM. Swartz. 
 
 Gr. \vya)des, flexible, slender; from the slender, climbing habit. 
 
 Thecae sessile, arranged in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the 
 margin of the frond, opening on the inner side from the base to the 
 summit ; indicium a scale-like veil covering each theca. 
 
 L. PALMATUM. Sw. Climbing Fern. 
 
 Stem flexuous, climbing ; fronds conjugate, palmate, 5-lobed, lobes entire, 
 obtuse ; spikelets oblong-linear, from the upper fronds, which are divided and 
 contracted into a compound spike. This is one of the few ferns with climbing 
 stems, and the only one found in the U. S. Plant of a slender and delicate 
 structure, smooth. Stem 3 4f long. Stipes alternate on the stem, forked, 
 supporting a pair of fronds which are palmately divided into 5 9 segments. 
 Fertile fronds terminal, numerously subdivided into linear-oblong segments or 
 spikelets, with the fruit in 2 rows on the back. Mass. ! to Penn., &c. July. 
 
 15. SCH1ZMA. Smith. 
 Gr. o-^i^co, to cut, cleave j alluding to the many-cleft spikes. 
 
 Spikes unilateral, flabelliform, aggregate ; thecae roundish, radiate 
 at top, sessile, bursting laterally ; indusium continuous, formed of the 
 inflexed margins of the spikes. 
 
 S. PUSILLA. Pursh. (S. tortuosa. MuM.) 
 
 Frond simple, linear, tortuous ; spikes few, crowded at the top of a long, 
 slender stipe or scape. A very delicate fern, found in the pine barrens, duaker 
 Bridge, N. J., also in Western N. Y. by Mr. Timothy Westmore ! Fronds nu- 
 merous, caespitose, 2 3' long, 1" wide. Fertile stipes several, 3 6' high, 
 filiform, with a few short, unilateral spikelets at top arranged in 2 rows. 
 Thecae somewhat turbinate, in 2 rows on the inner side of each spikelet. Aug. 
 
 TRIBE 3. OPHIOGLOSSE^l. Thecae 1-celled, adnate at base, subglobose, 
 
 coriaceous, opaque, half-2-valved, not cellular, and destitute of a ring. 
 
 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 
 
 Gr. o^J$, a serpent, yAoomi, tongue; from the resemblance. 
 
 Thecae roundish, opening transversely, connate, arranged in a 
 2-ranked, articulated spike. 
 
 0. VULGATUM. Adder's Tongue. 
 
 Frond simple, oblong-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulated ; spike cauline. A 
 curious little plant in low grounds. Fronds solitary, 2 3' long, | as wide, 
 amplexicaul, entire, smooth, without a midvein, situated upon the stem or stipe 
 a little below the middle. Stipe 6 10' high, terminating in a lance-linear, 
 compressed spike, 1 2' long, with the thecae arranged in 2, close, marginal 
 ranks. Thecae opening outwards and horizontally, becoming lunate, distinct, 
 straw-colored. Vernation straight, not circinate. June. 
 
 17. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz. 
 
 Gr. /3orpvs, a. cluster of grapes ; from the resemblance of the fructification. 
 
 Thecae subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, 
 adnate to the compound rachis of a racemose panicle ; valves open- 
 ing transversely. 
 
 1. B. NEGLECTUM. Wood. Meriden Botrychium. 
 
 Stipe bearing the frond near the top ; frond simply pinnate, very short, 
 with subentire or subpinnatifid segments ; spikes paniculate. A singular species, 
 54 
 
636 LXV. MARSILEACE^E. AZOLLA. 
 
 growing in woods, Meriden, N. H. ! It bears a general resemblance to B. Lu- 
 naria of Europe, but is quite distinct from that species. Height 5 8'. Frond 
 9 20" long, as wide ; segments 3 4 pairs, oblong, obtuse, erosely or incisely 
 dentate. Panicle subsimple, often larger than the fronds. Thecae 2-valved. Jl. 
 
 B. SIMPLEX. Hitchcock. 
 
 Stipe bearing the frond above ; frond ternate, pinnatifid ; segments cune- 
 ate-obovate, incised, unequal; spike subcompound, unilateral, interrupted. 
 Grows in dry, hilly pastures, Ms. ! Frond sheathed at base, with a lacerate 
 membrane, nearly simple, divided .into 3 or more segments which are 12' 
 long, often much dissected. Stipe or scape 3 & high. Thecae sessile. Jn. 
 
 3. B. VIRGINICUM. (B. gracile. P.) Rattlesnake Fern. 
 
 Stipe with a single frond in the middle ; frond twice and thrice pinnate, 
 the lowest pair of pinnae springing from the base ; ultimate segments obtuse, 
 somewhat 3-toothed ; spikes decompound; plant subpilose. A beautiful fern, 
 the largest of its genus, in low woods. Stipe or scape 1 2f high, bearing the 
 frond about hall-way up. This is apparently ternate, the lower pair of divi- 
 sions arising from the base. It is almost tripinnate, the ultimate segments 
 being decurrent and more or less confluent at base, with 3 5 cut serratures. 
 Panicle terminal, 3 6' long, reddish-tawny. June, July. 
 
 4. B. FUMARiolDES. Willd. (B. obliquum. Muhl.} 
 
 Scape bearing the frond near the base ; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divisions ; 
 segments obliquely lanceolate, crenulate; spikes bipinnate. Native of shady 
 woods and pastures. Frond almost radical, of a triangular outline, 3 5' long 
 and wide, of a stouter texture than the last, distinctly petiolate. Scape thick, 
 8 12' high, bearing a tawny, compound panicle 2 4' in length, composed of 
 numerous little 2-ranked spikes. Aug. 
 
 ff. dissectum. Oakes. (B. dissectum. Willd.} Frond near the base of the 
 scape, more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid. 
 
 ORDER CLXV. MARSILEACEJE. PEPPERWORTS. 
 
 Plants stemless, creeping or floating. 
 
 Leaves veiny, usually petiolate, often sessile and scale-like, sometimes destitute of a lamina. 
 
 Reproductive organs of two kinds; the one compound, the other simple, oval, radical bodies separate 
 
 from or mixed with the first, with many cells. 
 
 Genera 4. species 20? inhabiting ditches and inundated places in nearly all countries, but chiefly in 
 temperate latitudes. 
 
 1. SALVINIA. Micheli. 
 
 In honor of Salvini, professor of Greek at Florence. 
 
 Stamens? jointed hairs on the stalks of the ovary; ovary nearly 
 sessile, among the roots, hairy, 1 5, opening at top ; fruit capsular, 
 covered with bristly hairs, containing reproductive bodies of two kinds, 
 one kind globular, the other oblong. 
 
 5. NATANS. Willd. (Marsilea natans. Linn.} 
 
 Leaves opposite, arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, elliptical, entire, 
 subcordate at base, obtuse at apex, clothed with fascicles of hairs above ; ova- 
 ries or fruit nearly globose, aggregated in subsessile clusters on the rhizoma, 
 submersed. Floating, like a Lemna, -in lakes and other still waters, West- 
 ern N. Y. and Can. Leaves nearly an inch long, of fine green. The plant is 
 quite rare. 
 
 2. AZOLLA. Lam. 
 
 Gr. ago), to make dry, oXAv/*(, to kill ; as the plants speedily die when taken from the water. 
 
 Stamens ? capillary ; reproductive organs in pairs or numerous, of 
 two kinds, the one of two transverse cells, the upper containing seve- 
 ral angular, stalked bodies, the other stipitate, numerous, globose, 1- 
 celled, enclosed in an ovate, close involucre, and containing several 
 angular spores. 
 
CHARA. CLXVI. CHARACE^E. 637 
 
 A. CAROLINIANA. Willd. 
 
 Leaves arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, imbricated, oblong-subu- 
 late, obtusish, spreading, fleshy, the floating ones reddish beneath. A small 
 plant, resembling some of the mosses, floating in still or sluggish waters, North- 
 ern and Western States." It has been found in Lake Ontario, and in Cayuga 
 Marsh (Eaton}, also in the Ohio river at Louisville, Ky. (M'Murt,*) and other 
 western ri vers. 
 
 ORDER CLXVI. CHARACEJE. CHARADS. 
 
 Plant aquatic, submersed ; axis consisting of parallel, tubular cells, either transparent, or encrusted 
 with carbonate of lime, furnished with leaves or branches consisting of yerticillate tubes. 
 
 Organs of reproduction consisting of round, succulent globules, containing filaments and a fluid ; and 
 axillary nucules formed of a few short tubes twisted spirally around a centre, endowed with the power 
 of germination. 
 
 These are remarkable for the distinct current, readily observable with a microscope, in the fluid of each 
 tube of which the plant is composed. The currents instantly cease when the plant is injured. 
 
 CHARA. 
 
 Gr. y^aipo), to rejoice; because it delights in the water? 
 
 Globules minute* round, reddish, dehiscent, filled with a mass of 
 elastic filaments; nucules (thecse?) sessile, oval, solitary, membrana- 
 ceous, spirally striated, the summit .indistinctly cleft into 5 valves, 
 the interior filled with minute spores. 
 
 1. C. VULGARIS. Feather-beds. 
 
 Sis. and branches naked at base ; branches terete, leafy at the joints ; Ivs. (or 
 branchlcts ?) oblong-subulate ; bracts shorter than the fruit. A slender, flexile 
 plant of a dull green color, found in ponds and ditches generally stagnant. It 
 appears in dense tufts, like a soft bed, undulating with the motion of the water. 
 When taken out, it has an offensive odor. Stems slender, a foot or more long, 
 with a verticil of about 8 filiform branchlets at each joint. June. 
 
 2. C. FLEXILIS. 
 
 St. tcanslucent, naked; brancJies jointless, leafless, compressed; nucules 
 
 lateral, naked. Found in ponds, Stoekbridge, Ms., in company with Najas. 
 
 Resembles the last, but the stems are shorter and more erect, nearly destitute of 
 
 the verticils of branchlets. It is annual, as are also all the other species. Aug. 
 
 3. C. FOLIOSA. Willd. (C. squamosa. Desf) 
 
 St. solitary, 8 10' high, calcarious and brittle, scabrous, striate, with 2 
 or 3 branches, the younger parts bearing numerous whorls of minute, leaf- 
 like scales ; branchlets about 13 in a whorl, 6 9" long, involucrate at their ori- 
 gin by a dense whorl of subulate scales ; each branchlet with 4 7 whorls of 
 nearly obsolete scales ; ikecce 2 4, on the inner side and lower half of each 
 branchlet. CD Rivers, Ohio, Riddell, Ind. ! Aug. 
 
 4. C. HUMILIS. Riddell. 
 
 St. incrusted, solitary and branching, scabrous, not sulcate, 2 3' high ; 
 branchlets 8 10 in a whorl, without an involucre, generally equaling the inter- 
 nodes (6 9''); tkecfg 1 2 on each of the branchlets in the upper whorls. 
 (D In shallow water, rivers, Ohio, Riddell. Colo? deep green. Resembles the 
 last. Aug. 
 
 5. C. SABULOSA. Riddell. Stone-wort. 
 
 St. 18' high, thickly encrusted and very brittle, with a few erect branches, 
 subsulcate, papillose ; branchlets generally 10, sometimes 8, in each whorl, with- 
 out an involucre, nearly 6" long, (about half as long as the internddes,) each 
 with 2 4 verticils of scales ; theccc, on the inner side of the branchlets, in the 
 axils of the scales. (D Pools of clear water, 2 or 3 feet deep, Ohio, Ind. ! Color 
 light pea-green. Aug. 
 0. spiralis. Riddell. Siems spirally sulcate ; branc/Uets longer. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 Page 142, next after R. ABORTIVUS, insert, 
 
 R. RHOMBOIDEUS. Goldie. 
 
 Hirsutely pubescent ; st. much branched from the base ; rod. Ivs. entire, 
 rhomboid-ovate, crenate-dentate, on long petioles, cauline Ivs. palmate, floral 
 deeply laciniate; sep. spreading; hds. of carpels (large) globose; ach. smooth, 
 with very short beaks. Wise. Lapham! and Can. W. A low, bushy, hairy 
 species, 6 10' high. Root leaves about 1' by f, often roundish or elliptical, 
 the petioles about 2' long. Segments of the stem leaves linear-oblong, obtuse 
 oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate, exceeding the calyx. 
 
 Page 166, next after A. L.KVIGATA, insert, 
 
 ARABIS PATENS. Sullivant. 
 
 Erect, everywhere clothed with rigid, simple or forked hairs ; radical Ivs. 
 rosulate, petiolate, middle ones oblong-ovate, coarsely dentate, auriculate-am- 
 plexicaul, upper ones linear-oblong, subentire ; pedicels longer than the rather 
 large white flowers ; siliques spreading and curved upwards, beaked with the 
 conspicuous style. Rocky banks of the Scioto river, Columbus, O., Sullivant. 
 
 Page 378, next after P. ROTUNDIFOLIA, insert, 
 
 PYROLA ULIGINOSA. Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Lvs. nearly round, sometimes inclining to ovate, coriaceous, longer than 
 the petiole, decurrent, with a few prominent veins ; scape somewhat angular, 
 with lanceolate bracts ; roc. 8 12-flowered ; col. \ the length of the petals ; pet. 
 ovate-oblong; stain, ascending; fll. smooth; ova. depressed; sty. declined, cla- 
 vate. Sphagnous swamps, Galen, N. Y., Sartwell. Scape 4 8' high, many- 
 flowered. Petals reddish-purple. Stigma toothed. June. (Dr. Sart. comm.) 
 
 Page 397, next after V. (VERBASCUM) LYCHNITIS, insert, 
 /?. Jiybrida. St. simple, erect, tomentose ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, subcordate, woolly 
 on both surfaces; fls. in a terminal, somewhat leafy spike, yellow. Rome, 
 N. Y., Vasey. Apparently a hybrid between V. lychnitis and V. Thapsus. 
 
 Page 420, next after P. PILOSUM, insert, 
 
 PYCNANTHEMUM TORREYI. Benth. 
 
 St. pubescent, slender, moderately branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth- 
 ish, acute, denticulate, margin -ciliate, under surface downy ; cymose heads con- 
 tracted hemispherical ; cat. with lanceolate acuminate teeth with bristly hairs 
 at the summit; stam. exserted. York Island, Carey. Stem purplish, strict, 
 about 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 4". Corolla two-lipped, white. Ovary naked 
 at the summit. Aug. (Dr. Sartwell comm.) 
 
 Page 474, next after P. MITE, insert, 
 
 POLYONUM CAREYI. Olney. 
 
 St. erect, hirsute, much branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, with scattered and ap- 
 pressed hairs; stip. scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy; spikes axillary and ter- 
 minal, on very long', nodding peduncles, thickly beset with glandular. hairs ; 
 stam. shorter than perianth: sty. 2; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate. Swamps, 
 N. H. ! to R. I. Olney. Plant 3- 5f high. Leaves 3 6' by J 1', midvein 
 and margins hairy. Calyx greenish-purple tinged with white, small. Resem- 
 bles P. Pennsylvanicum. Jl. 
 
 Page 571, next after S. OLMYI, insert, 
 
 S. TORREYI. Olney. (S. mucronatus. Torr. N. Y. St. PL not Linn.} 
 St. triquetrous, the sides concave and nearly equal, the base leafy ; spikes 
 d 4, sessile, oblong, lanceolate, acute; glumes ovate, subcoriaceous, mucro- 
 nate, smooth; anth. acute, not fringed at" apex; bristles longer than the ache- 
 nium ; sty. 3-cleft : ach. angular, convex externally, acuminate. Mass., R. I., 
 N.Y. 
 
INDEX 
 
 F THE 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS AND GENERA. 
 
 ** The names of the Orders are in Capitals. Suborders are marked with the (t), and Sections with 
 the (*). The Tribes are in Roman spaced, the Genera in Roman, and the Synonyms in Italic. The 
 figures after Syn. refer to the Synonyms of the Genus next above. 
 
 Abies, . . .515 
 
 Amphicarpaea, . 223 
 
 Arundo. . . . 610 
 
 Bra-chysteinum, . 420 
 
 Abietineae. . 514 
 
 Amphiotis, . . 306 
 
 Syn. 601 
 
 Brasenia, . . 153 
 
 Abutilon, . . .209 
 
 Amsonia, . . 457 
 
 Asarum, . . . 465 
 
 Brassica, . . 171 
 
 Acalypha, . . 488 
 ACANTHACEJE, . 395 
 
 t Amygdaleae, . 240 
 Amygualus, . . 242 
 
 ASCLEFIADACEJE. 458 
 Asclepias, . . 453 
 
 Briza, . . .616 
 Syn. 615, 616 
 
 Acer, . . .212 
 
 Syn. 242 
 
 Syn. 461 
 
 Bromus, . . . 610 
 
 Syn. 214 
 ACERACE^E, . 212 
 
 ANACARDIACEjE, 202 
 AnRgallis, . . 387 
 
 Ascyrum, . . 182 
 As pa rag eas, . 555 
 
 Syn. 619 
 Broussonetia, . . 509 
 
 Acerates, . . 460 
 
 Anchusa, . . 431 
 
 Asparagus, . . 555 
 
 Bryophyllum. . . 277 
 
 Acetosa, . . .477 
 
 Syn. 433 
 
 Asphodelus, . .552 
 
 Buchnera, . . 407 
 
 Achillea, . . .342 
 
 Andromeda, . . 371 
 
 Aspidium, . . 628 
 
 Buchnereaj, . 407 
 
 Achyranthes, . . 185 
 
 Syn. 373 
 
 Syn. 631 
 
 Bunias, . . .171 
 
 Acnida, . . .467 
 
 Andropogon, . . 621 
 
 Asplenium, . . 630 
 
 Bupleurum, . . 286 
 
 Aconitum, . . 146 
 
 Andropogoneae, 621 
 
 Syn. 632 
 
 Buxus, . . .489 
 
 Acorns, . . . 521 
 
 Anemone, . . 139 
 
 Aster, . . 318325 
 
 CABOMBACE^. . 153 
 
 Acrostichum, . . 628 
 
 Syn. 141, 148 
 
 Syn. 325, 326, 327, 329 
 
 Cacalia, . . .348 
 
 Actaea, . . .146 
 
 Anethum, . . 290 
 
 Asteroideae. . 318 
 
 CACTACE^:, . 274 
 
 Syn. 147 
 Actmomeris, . . 344 
 
 Angelica, . 290, 291 
 Anona, . . . 151 
 
 Astragalus, . . 229 
 Atheropogon, . . 618 
 
 Cactus, . . .275 
 t Caesalpinse, . . 236 
 
 Syn. 347 
 
 ANONACE.E, . 151 
 
 Atrasrene, . . 139 
 
 Cakile, . . .171 
 
 Adenarium, . .189 
 
 Anonymus, . . 484 
 
 Atriplex, . . 467 
 
 Caladium, . . 520 
 
 Adiantum, . . 633 
 
 Antennaria, . . 351 
 
 Atropa, . . .449 
 
 Calamagrostis, . 601 
 
 Adlumia, . . 158 
 
 Anthemis, . . 342 
 
 Syn. 446 
 
 Calendula, . . 353 
 
 Adonis, . . .141 
 
 Syn. 342 
 
 AURANTIACE^:, 204 
 
 Calla, . . .520 
 
 Aeschynomene, . 230 
 
 Anthericese, . 552 
 
 Avena, . . .609 
 
 CalHojms, . 345, 346 
 
 JEsculus, . . 214 
 
 Anthoxanthum. . 608 
 
 Syn. 609, 610 
 
 Callistephus. . . 327 
 
 .ffithusa, . . 289 
 
 Anthroposon, . . 618 
 
 Aveneae, . . 608 
 
 CALLITRICHA- 
 
 Ag-athyrsus, . . 359 
 
 Antirrhineae, 398 
 
 Avicularia, . . 474 
 
 CEJE, . . .484 
 
 Agave, . . .539 
 
 Antirrhinum, . . 398 
 
 Azalea, . . .374 
 
 Callitriche, . . 484 
 
 Agrimonia, . . 255 
 Agrapyron, . .619 
 
 Syn. 398 
 Anychia, . . .185 
 
 Syn. 375, 376, 377 
 Azolla, . . . 636 
 
 Calopogon, . . 536 
 Caltha, .. . . 143 
 
 Agrostemma, . 191, 192 
 
 Apargia, . . .358 
 
 Baccharis, . . 334 
 
 CALYCANTHA- 
 
 Agrostidese, . 596 
 
 Apios, . . .222 
 
 Syn. 334 
 
 CEJE, ... 258 
 
 Agrostis, ... 596 
 
 Apium, . . .288 
 
 Ballota, . . 428 
 
 Caly can thus, . . 258 
 
 Syn. 599, 600, 601 
 
 Syn. 289 
 
 BALSAMIFLUJE, 507 
 
 Calypso, . . .531 
 
 Ailanthus, . . 202 
 
 Aplectrum, . . 531 
 
 BALSAMINACE.E, 199 
 
 Calystegia, . . 443 
 
 Aira, . . .608 
 
 APOCYNACE.E, . 456 
 
 Baptisia, . . .235 
 
 Camelina, . . 163 
 
 Syn. 609, 613 
 
 Apocynum, . . 456 
 
 Barbarea, . . 165 
 
 Camellia, . . 205 
 
 Ajugoideae, . 429 
 
 AQUIFOLIACEJE, 381 
 
 Bartonia, . 268, 454 
 
 Campanula, . . 365 
 
 Alcf.a, . . .208 
 
 Aquilegia, . . 145 
 
 Bartsia, . . 409, 410 
 
 Syn. 3GB, 367 
 
 Aletris, . . .541 
 
 Arabis, . . .166 
 
 Batatas, . . 442, 443 
 
 CAMPANULACE^, 365 
 
 Alchemilla, . . 257 
 
 Syn. 162, 169 
 
 Batschia, . . 433 
 
 t Campylosperma?, 292 
 
 Alisma, . . .526 
 
 ARACE.E, . . 519 
 
 Begonia, . . .270 
 
 * Cannabieas, . .511 
 
 ALI8MACEJE. . 526 
 
 Aralia, . . .294 
 
 BEGONIACEJE, . 269 
 
 Cannabis, . . 511 
 
 Allium, . . .550 
 
 ARALIACEJE. . 294 
 
 Bellis, . . . 327 
 
 CAPPARIDACEJE, 172 
 
 Alnus, . . .499 
 Alopecurus, . . 601 
 
 Arbutus, . . .371 
 Archangelica, . . 290 
 
 Benzoin, . . .478 
 BERBERIDACEJE, 152 
 
 Capraria, . . 402 
 CAPRIFOLIACEJE, 298 
 
 A/sine, . . .187 
 
 Archemora, . . 291 
 
 Berberis, . . .152 
 
 Ccfplifolium, . 293, 299 
 
 Alsineae, . 187 
 
 Arctium, . . 357 
 
 Beta, . . .470 
 
 Capsella, . . .161 
 
 Althaea, . . .207 
 
 ArctosUphylos, . 371 
 
 Betula, . . .498 
 
 Capsicum, . . 447 
 
 Aiyssum, . . 163 
 
 Arenaria, . . .188 
 
 Syn. 499 
 
 Cardamine, . . 167 
 
 Syn. 162 
 
 Syn. 186, 189 
 
 BETULACEJE, . 497 
 
 Syn. 169 
 
 AMARANTHA- 
 
 Arethusa, . . 535 
 
 Bidens, . . .346 
 
 Cnrdiospermum, . 215 
 
 CE;E, . . .470 
 
 Syn. 535 
 
 Bigelovia, . . 334 
 
 Card it us, . 356, 357 
 
 Amaranthus, . . 470 
 AMARYLLIADA- 
 
 Argemone, . .156 
 Aristida, . . 595 
 
 Bignonia, . 394, 399 
 BIGNONIACEJE. . 393 
 
 Carex, . . .576 
 Cariceae, . .576 
 
 CEJE, ... 538 
 
 Aristolochia, . . 465 
 
 Bistorta, . . 475 
 
 Carpinus, . . 497 
 
 Amaryllis, . . 538 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA- 
 
 Blephilia, . . 418 
 
 Sarthamus, . . 354 
 
 Amberboa, . . 354 
 
 CEJE. . . .465 
 
 Blitum, . . .468 
 
 Carum, . . . 298 
 
 Ambrosia, . . 353 
 Amelanchier, . . 245 
 
 Ariteneum, . . 533 
 Armeniaca, . . 242 
 
 Btzbera, . . .347 
 Bcehmeria, . . 511 
 
 Carya, . . .491 
 CARYOPHYLLA- 
 
 Amellus, . . .333 
 
 Armeria, . . 390 
 
 Bohemia, . . 328 
 
 CE1E, . . .186 
 
 Amianthum, . 558 
 
 Arnica, . . . 335 
 
 Bootsia, . . . 252 
 
 Cassandra, . . 372 
 
 Ammannia, . . 260 
 
 Aronia, . . 215, 246 
 
 Borrageae, . . 430 
 
 Cassia, . . .236 
 
 Ammi, . . . 286 
 
 Arrhenatherum, . 609 
 
 BORRAGINACEJE, 429 
 
 Cassiope, . . 371 
 
 Ammophtta, . . eoi 
 
 Artemisia, . . 349 
 
 Borrago. . . 431 
 
 Castanea, . . 495 
 
 Amorpha, . . 225 
 
 Arum, . . . 519 
 
 Botrychium, . . 635 
 
 Castilleja, . . 4C9 
 
 Arapelopsis, . ..212 
 
 Syn. 520 
 
 Brachye.lytrum, . 600 
 
 Caialpa, . . .394 
 
 54* 
 
640 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Catananche, . . 358 
 Caulinia, . . 524 
 Caulophyllum, . 153 
 Ceanothus, . . 217 
 Celastrus, . . . 215 
 CELASTRACEJE, 215 
 Celosia 472 
 
 Commelyna, . . 562 
 COMMELYNACEJE,562 
 COMPOSITE, . 310 
 Comptonia, . . 500 
 CONIFERS, . . 513 
 Conioselinum, , 290 
 
 Desmodium, . . 231 
 Dianthera, . . 395 
 Dianthus, . .192 
 Diapensia, . .441 
 DIAPENSIACEJE, 441 
 3iarrhena, . .612 
 
 t Escalloneae, . .281 
 Eschcho/tzia, . . 157 
 Euchroma, . 409, 410 
 Eupatoriaceae, 313 
 Eupatorium, . . 314 
 Syn. 317 
 Euphorbia, . . 486 
 EUPHORBIACEJE, 485 
 
 Celtis, . . .483 
 
 Conobea, . . * . 402 
 
 Dicliptera, . . 395 
 
 Cenchrus, . . 607 
 
 Conoclineum, . 316 
 
 Dictarrtnus, . . 204 
 
 Euphrasieae, . 409 
 
 Centaurea, . . 354 
 
 Conostyles, . . 540 
 
 Dielytra, . . .158 
 
 Etirybia, . 318,319 
 
 Syn. 354 
 Centaurella, ; . 454 
 Centunculus, . . 387 
 
 Convallaria, . . 552 
 Convallarineae, 552 
 CONVOLVU LA- 
 
 Diervilla, . . .300 
 Digitaleae, . . 404 
 
 Digitalis, . . .404 
 
 Eutoca, . . .437 
 Exacum, . , .452 
 Fas-opyrum, . . 475 
 
 Cephalanthus, . 307 
 
 CEJE, . . .441 
 
 Digitaria, . . 603 
 
 Fava, . . .220 
 
 Cerastium, . . 187 
 
 t Convolvuleae, . 441 
 
 Syn. 618 
 
 Fagus, . . .496 
 
 Cerasus, . . .240 
 
 Convolvulus, . . 441 
 
 Dilatris, . . 540 
 
 Syn. 496 
 
 Syn. 241 
 
 Syn. 443, 444 
 
 Diodia, . . .307 
 
 Fedia, . . .308 
 
 Ceratochloa, . . 611 
 GERATOPHYLLA- 
 
 Conyza, . . 325, 334 
 Coptis, . . .144 
 
 Dionsea, . . .180 
 Dioscorea, . . 543 
 
 Festucaceaa, . 610 
 Festuoa, . . .611 
 
 
 Corallorhiza, . . 531 
 
 DIOSCOREACE^, 543 
 
 Syn. 612, 613, 617 
 
 Ceratophyllum, . 484 
 
 Corchorus, . 257 
 
 Diospyros, . . 382 
 
 Ficus, . . .510 
 
 Ceratoschcenus, . 575 
 Cersis, ... 235 
 
 Coreopsis, . . 344 
 Syn. 344, 347 
 
 Diploclinium, . 270 
 Diplopappus, . . 325 
 
 Filago, . . .352 
 FILICES, . . 627 
 
 Cereus, . . .275 
 Chaerophyllum, . 292 
 
 Coriandrum, . . 294 
 CORNACEJE, . 296 
 
 Syn. 333 
 DIPSACE.E, . . 309 
 
 Fimbristylis, . . 573 
 Syn. 573 
 
 Chara, . . .637 
 CHARACEJE, . 637 
 
 Cornucopice, 599 
 Cornus, . . . 296 
 
 Dipsacus, . . 309 
 Dirca, . . .480 
 
 Floerkea, . . .200 
 FluvmUs, . . 524 
 
 Cheilanthes, . . 633 
 
 Coronilla, . . 230 
 
 Discopleura, . . 286 
 
 Foeniculum, . . 290 
 
 Syn. 633 
 
 Corydalis, . . 158 
 
 Dodecatheon, . . 385 
 
 Fragaria, . . i 252 
 
 Cheiranthus . . 169 
 
 Syn. 158 
 
 Draba . . 162 
 
 Franklinict, '. . 205 
 
 Syn. 170 
 
 Corylus, . . .496 
 
 Dracizna, . . 553 
 
 Frasera, . . .455 
 
 Chelidonium, . 156 
 
 Cosmanthus, . . 437 
 
 Dracocephalum, . 425 
 
 Fraxinus, . . .463 
 
 Syn. 156 
 
 Crantzia, . . 285 
 
 Syn. 426 
 
 Fritillaria, . . 549 
 
 Chelone, . . 400 
 
 CRASSULACE^:, 276 
 
 Drosera, . . .179 
 
 Fuchsia, . . .265 
 
 Syn. 400, 401 
 
 Cratasgus, . . 243 
 
 DROSERACE^l, . 179 
 
 Fuirena, . . .568 
 
 Cheloneae, . . 399 
 
 Crocus, . . .543 
 
 Dryas, . . . 257 
 
 Fumaria, . . .159 
 
 CHENOPODIACEJE,466 
 Chenopodium, . 468 
 
 Crossopetalum, . 453 
 Crotalaria, . . 234 
 
 Dulichium, . . 569 
 
 Dyosodia, . . 347 
 
 Syn. 158, 159 
 FUMARIACEJE, . 157 
 
 Chimaphila, . . 379 
 
 Croton, . . .488 
 
 EBENACEJE, . 382 
 
 Galactia, ... 223 
 
 Chiogenes, . . S70 
 
 Crotonopsis, . . 488 
 
 Echinacea, . 338 
 
 Galanthus, . . 539 
 
 Chionanthus, . . 463 
 
 Syn. 489 
 
 Echinocystis, . . 270 
 
 Galega, ... 225 
 
 Chironia, . 450, 451 
 
 CRUCIFER^], . 159 
 
 Echinospermum, . - 435 
 
 Galeopsis, . . 427 
 
 Chloreae, . . 617 
 
 Crypsis, . . . 602 
 
 Syn. 435 
 
 Galium, . . .304 
 
 Chondrilla, . . 362 
 
 Crypta, . . .195 
 
 Echium, . . .430 
 
 Gaultheria, . . 373 
 
 Chrysanthemum, . 343 
 
 Cryptotsenia, . . 287 
 
 Eclipta, . . .333 
 
 Syn. 371 
 
 Syn. 328, 343 
 
 Cucubalus, . .190 
 
 ELATINACEJE, . 194 
 
 Gaura, . . .265 
 
 Chrysus, . . 157 
 
 Cucumis, . . 271 
 
 Elatine, . . .195 
 
 Genista, . . .234 
 
 Chrysocoma, . 334 
 Chrysopsis, . . 333 
 
 Cucurbita, . . 272 
 Syn. 272 
 
 Elatinella, . . 306 
 EL.EAGNACEJE, . 481 
 
 Gentiana, . . 452 
 GENTIANACEJE, 450 
 
 Syn. 324 
 
 CUCURBITACEJE, 270 
 
 Eleagnus, . .481 
 
 GERANIACE^, . 196 
 
 Chrysosplenium, . 281 
 
 Cunila, . . .421 
 
 Eleocharis, . . 569 
 
 Geranium, . . 196 
 
 Chrysostemma, . 345 
 
 Syn. 422 
 
 Elephantopus, . 313 
 
 Syn. 197 
 
 Cicendia, . . 452 
 
 Cuphea, . . .261 
 
 Eleusine, . . .617 
 
 Gerardia, . . .407 
 
 C i c h o r a c e ae, . 357 
 
 Cupressus, . . 516 
 
 Eliisia, . . .437 
 
 Syn. 408, 409 
 
 Cichorium, . . 357 
 
 Cupressineae, . 516 
 
 Elodea, . . .184 
 
 Gerardieae, . 407 
 
 Cicuta, . . .286 
 
 CUPULIFERJE, . 492 
 
 Syn. 529 
 
 Geum, . . . 253 
 
 Cimicifuga, . . 147 
 
 Cuscuta, . . .444 
 
 Elymus, . . .620 
 
 Gilia, . . .440 
 
 Syn. 147 
 
 t Cuscuteae, . . 444 
 
 Emilia, . . .349 
 
 Gillenia, . . .257 
 
 t Cinchoneae, . . 305 
 
 Cydonia, , . .245 
 
 EMPETRACEJE, . 489 
 
 Gladiolus, . . 542 
 
 Cinna, . . .600 
 
 Cymbidium, . 531, 536 
 
 Empetrum, . . 489 
 
 Glaux, . . .386 
 
 Circaea, . . .266 
 
 Cynanchium, . 461 
 
 Syn. 490 
 
 Glechom-a, . .425 
 
 Circaea, . .266 
 
 Cynara, . .355 
 
 Enandromeda, . 372 
 
 Gleditschia, . . 237 
 
 Cirsium, . . .356 
 
 Cynareae, . . 353 
 
 Enemion, . . 145 
 
 Glyceria, . . .613 
 
 CISTACEJE, . . 180 
 
 Cynodon, . . 618 
 
 E n o n y m e 33, . 215 
 
 Glycine, . . 222, 223 
 
 Cistopteris, . 629, 630 
 
 Cynoglossum, . 435 
 
 Enonymus, . . 216 
 
 G/yciphylla, . . 371 
 
 Cistius, . . .181 
 
 Syn. 435 
 
 Enslenia, . . 461 
 
 Gnaphauum, . . 350 
 
 Citrus, . . .204 
 
 Cynthia, . . 358 
 
 Epigoaa, . . .373 
 
 Syn. 351, 352 
 
 Cladium, . . 575 
 
 Syn. 358 
 
 Epilobium, . . 262 
 
 Gomphrena, . . 472 
 
 Clarkia, . . .264 
 
 CYPERACE.E, . 565 
 
 Epipactis, . . 537 
 
 Gonolobus, . . 461 
 
 Claytonia, . . 194 
 Clematis, . . 138 
 
 Cyperea?, . . 565 
 Cyperus, . . 565 
 
 Epiphegus, . . 393 
 EQUISETACEJE, . 624 
 
 Goodyera, . . 536 
 Gordonia, . . 205 
 
 Cleome, . . .172 
 
 Syn, 565, 568 
 
 Equisetum, . . 62' 
 
 Gossypium, . . 207 
 
 Syn. 172, 173 
 
 Cypripedium, . . 537 
 
 Erechtites, . . 352 
 
 GRAMINE7E, . 593 
 
 Clethra, . . .373 
 
 Syn. 531 
 
 Erica, . . .377 
 
 Gratiola, . . .403 
 
 Clinfjpodium, 419,422 
 
 Dactylis, . . 617 
 
 ERICACEAE, . . 367 
 
 Syn. 403 
 
 Clintonia, . . 365 
 
 Dahlia, . . .327 
 
 t Ericinese, . . 371 
 
 Gratiolea;, . . 401 
 
 Syn. 553 
 
 Dalea, ... 226 
 
 Erigeron, . . .326 
 
 GROSSULACE^E, 273 
 
 Clitoria, . . . 223 
 
 Syn. 226 
 
 Eriocaulon, . . 564 
 
 Gymnad,enia, . . 533 
 
 Cnicus, ... 355 
 
 Daliborda, . . 253 
 
 ERICAULONA- 
 
 Gymnandria, . . 404 
 
 Syn. 356, 357 
 
 Syn. 253 
 
 CE1E, . . .564 
 
 Gtymnocladus, . . 237 
 
 Cmdium, . . 290 
 
 Danthonia, . .610 
 
 EriopMla, . . 162 
 
 Gymnopogon, . . 618 
 
 Cochlearea, . .163 
 
 Daphne, . .481 
 
 Eriophorum, . . 572 
 
 Gynandropsis, . . 172 
 
 C&Iestina, . .317 
 
 Darlingtonia, . 238 
 
 Erodium, . .197 
 
 Gyromia, . .547 
 
 t Coelospermae, . 293 
 
 Dasystoma, . . 408 
 
 Ervum, . . .22' 
 
 Habenaria, . 532 535 
 
 Collinsia, . . 399 
 
 Datura, . . .446 
 
 Eryjrenia, . . 29; 
 
 HJEMODORACE^E, 540 
 
 Collin.sonia, . . 421 
 
 Daucus, . . .292 
 
 Eryneinm, . . 285 
 
 Halenia, . . . 454 
 
 Colutea. . . . 224 
 Comandra, . . 479 
 Comaropis, . . 253 
 
 Decodon, . . .261 
 Delphinium, . . 145 
 Dentaria, . . 167 
 
 Erysimum, . . 169 
 Syn. 165. 168 
 Eryfhra:a. . . 45 
 
 Hnleeia, . . . 383 
 tHaloraffetfi, '. .267 
 HAMAMELACE^E, 282 
 
 Comarum, . . 252 
 
 Desmanthu*, . . 238 
 
 Erythronium, . . 549 
 
 Hamamelis, . . 282 
 
INDEX. 
 
 641 
 
 Hamiltonta, . 479 
 
 IRIDACEJE, . . 541 
 
 Liquidambar, . . 508 
 
 Mitella, . . . 280 
 
 Harpalyce, 361, 362 
 
 Iria, . . . . 541 
 
 Syw. 500 
 
 Moluccella, . . 429 
 
 Hedeoma, . 422 
 
 Isanthus, . . .416 
 
 Liriodendron, . . 150 
 
 Mollugo, ... 190 
 
 Syn. 422 
 
 Isoetes, . . .164 
 
 Listera, . . . 537 
 
 Momordica, . . 271 
 
 Hedera, . . 295 
 
 Imardia, ... 266 
 
 Lithospermum, . 432 
 
 Syn. 271 
 
 Hedyotis, . . 305 
 
 Isretis, . . .627 
 
 Syn. 432, 433, 434 
 
 Monarda, . . .417 
 
 Hedysarum, . 230 
 
 Isolepis, . . .573 
 
 LOASACE.E, . . 268 
 
 Syn. 418 
 
 Syn. 230233 
 
 Isopyrum, . .145 
 
 Lobelia, . . .363 
 
 Monardeae, . . 417 
 
 
 Itea, ... 281 
 
 LOBELIACE.SE, . 363 
 
 Mone. c es, . . . 379 
 
 Syn. 344 
 
 Iva 353 
 
 Loiseieuria, . . 375 
 
 Monneria, . '. 402 
 
 Helianthemum, . 181 
 
 Ixia, . . . .542 
 
 Lolium, . . . 620 
 
 MONOPETAL.3E, . 298 
 
 Helianthus, . . 339 
 
 JASMINACE.E, . 462 
 
 *Lomentaceae, . 171 
 
 Monotropa, . . 380 
 
 Syn. 337 
 
 Jasminum, . . 462 
 
 Lonicera, . . .298 
 
 Syn. 380 
 
 Heliastrum, . . 324 
 
 Jeftersonia, . . 152 
 
 Syn. 301 
 
 tMonotropeas, . . 380 
 
 Heliopsis, . . 337 
 
 JUGLANDACEJE, 440 
 
 Lonicereae, . . 298 
 
 *Morea?, . . . 509 
 
 Heliotropes, . 435 
 
 Juglans, . . .490 
 
 Lophanthus, . . 425 
 
 Morus, . . . 509 
 
 Heliotropium, . . 435 
 Helleborus, . . 144 
 
 Syn. 491 
 JUNCACEJE, . 559 
 
 Lophiola, . . .540 
 LORANTHACE.K, 297 
 
 Mulgedium, . . 359 
 Muhlenbergia, . 600 
 
 Helonias, ... 558 
 
 * Juncagineas, . . 528 
 
 Ludwigia, . . 265 
 
 Syn. 598, 600 
 
 Syn. 557, 558 
 H e ra e r o c a I! i d e as , 54 9 
 
 Juncus, . . . 559 
 Syn. 562 
 
 Lunaria, . . .164 
 Lupinus, ... 235 
 
 Myagrum, . . 163 
 Myosotis, . . . 434 
 
 Hemerocallis, . . 549 
 
 Juniperus, . . 517 
 
 Luzula, . . .562 
 
 Syn. 433 
 
 Hemianthus, . . 403 
 
 Justicia, ... 395 
 
 Lychnis, . . .191 
 
 Myosurus, . . 148 
 
 Hemicarpha, . . 573 
 
 Kalmia, . . .374 
 
 Lycium, . . . 449 
 
 Myrica, ... 500 
 
 Hepatica, . .141 
 
 Kerria, . ... 257 
 
 LYCOPODIACEJE, 625 
 
 MYRICACE.E, . 499 
 
 Heracleum, . . 291 
 
 Kwleria, . . .612 
 
 Lycopodium, . . 626 
 
 Myriophyllum, . 267 
 
 Herpestis, . . 402 
 
 Krigia, ... 357 
 
 Lycopsis, . . .431 
 
 MYRTACE^:, . 258 
 
 Syn. 404 
 
 Syn. 358 
 
 Lycopus, . . . 416 
 
 Myrtus, . . . 258 
 
 Hesperis, . . .168 
 Syn. 169 
 Heteranthera, . . 556 
 
 Kuhnia, . . . 315 
 KyHingia, . . 568 
 LABIATJE, . . 413 
 
 Lygodium, . . 635 
 Lyonia, . . .372 
 Lysimachia, . . 386 
 
 Nabulus, . . . 360 
 NAIADACE.E, . 523 
 Najas, . .523 
 
 Heteromeris, . . 181 
 
 Laburnum, . . 235 
 
 Syn. 386 
 
 Xapeca, . . 209, 210 
 
 Heuchera, . . 279 
 
 Lacis, . . .485 
 
 LYTHRACE.E, . 259 
 
 Narcissus, . . 539 
 
 Hibiscus, ... 208 
 
 Lacnanthes, . . 540 
 
 Lythrum, . . . 260 
 
 Nardosmia, . . 318 
 
 Hieracium, . . 359 
 
 Lactuca, . . 359 
 
 Syn. 261 
 
 Narthecium, . . 562 
 
 Hierochloa, . . 608 
 
 Lagenaria, . . 272 
 
 Madura, . . .509 
 
 Nasturtium, . . 164 
 
 HIPPOCASTANA- 
 
 Lamium, . . . 426 
 
 Macrotys, . . 147 
 
 Naumburgia, . . 386 
 
 CEJE, . . .214 
 Hippophce, . .481 
 
 Lapathwn, . . 476 
 Lappa, . . . 357 
 
 Magnofia, . . 150 
 MAGNOLIACEJE, 149 
 
 Negundo, . . .213 
 NELUMBIACEJE, 153 
 
 Hippuris, . . . 268 
 
 Lathyrus, . . . 219 
 
 Majorana, . . 420 
 
 Nelumbium, . . 153 
 
 Holcus, . . .608 
 
 Lavandula, . .415 
 
 Malaxis, . 530, 531 
 
 Nemopanthus, . 381 
 
 Syn. 613, 617 
 
 LAURACE^E, . 478 
 
 Malope, . . .209 
 
 Nentophila, . . 436 
 
 Honckenya, . . 189 
 
 Laurns, . . 478, 479 
 
 Malus, . . .244 
 
 Neotlia, ... 536 
 
 Hordeae, . . 619 
 
 Lavatera, . . . 207 
 
 Malva, ... 206 
 
 Nepeta, . . .424 
 
 Hordeum, . . 620 
 
 Lechea, . . .180 
 
 MALVACE.E. . 206 
 
 Syn. 419 
 
 Holtonia, ... 384 
 
 Lecontia, . . .520 
 
 Mariscus, . . 567 
 
 Nepeteae, . . 424 
 
 Hvustonia, . . 306 
 
 Ledum, . . .377 
 
 Marrubium, . . 428 
 
 Nephrodium, . . 629 
 
 Hudsonia, . . 181 
 
 Leersia, . . 622 
 
 Marsilea, . . 636 
 
 Syn. 633 
 
 Humulus, . . 512 
 
 LEGUMINOSJE, . 217 
 
 MARSILEACE.E, 636 
 
 Nerium, . . .457 
 
 Hyacinthus, . . 551 
 
 Lehnanthium, . 557 
 
 Martynia, . . 394 
 
 Nestza, . . .261 
 
 Hydrangea, . . 281 
 tHydrangeee, . . 281 
 
 Leiophyllum, . . 377 
 Lemna, . . . 521 
 
 Maruta, . . .342 
 Matthiola, . . 170 
 
 Nicandra, . . 446 
 Nicotiana, . . 445 
 
 Hydrastis, . . 148 
 HYDROCHARIDA- 
 
 LEMNACEJE, . 521 
 LENTIBULACE.E, 390 
 
 Meconopsis, . . 156 
 Medeola, . . .547 
 
 Nigella, . . .149 
 Nuphar, . . .154 
 
 CEJS. ... 528 
 
 Leontice, . . . 153 
 
 VIedicago, . . 228 
 
 Syn. 155 
 
 Hydrocharis, . . 529 
 Hydrocochloa, . 623 
 
 Leontodon, . . 358 
 Syn. 362 
 
 Melampyrum, . . 411 
 MELANTHACEJE, 556 
 
 NYCTAGINACE.K, 472 
 Nympheca, . . 154 
 
 Hydrocotyle, . . 284 
 
 Leonurus, . . 427 
 
 Melanthium, . . 556 
 
 Syn. 154, 155 
 
 Syn. 285, 294 
 HydropeUis, . . 153 
 HYDROPHYLLA- 
 
 Lepachys, . . 338 
 Lepidanche, . . 444 
 Lepidium, . . 161 
 
 Syn, 556, 558 
 MELASTOMACE JE, 259 
 Vlelica, . . .617 
 
 NYMPHEACEJE, . 154 
 Nyssa, . . .480 
 Oakesia, . . .490 
 
 CEJE, ... 436 
 Hydrophyllum, . 436 
 Hydropyrum, . 623 
 
 Leptandra, . . 405 
 Leptanthus, . . 555 
 Syn. 556 
 
 Melilotus, . . 228 
 Melissa, . . .422 
 M e 1 i s s i n e SB, . 422 
 
 Obeliscaria, . . 338 
 Obolaria, . . .452 
 Ocimoidese, . 415 
 
 Hymenopappus, . 348 
 
 Leptopoda, . . 344 
 
 Melocactus, . . 275 
 
 Ocimum, . . . 415 
 
 Hyoscyamus, . . 446 
 Hyoseris. . . 358 
 HYPERICACEJE, 182 
 
 Lepturus, . . .623 
 Lespedeza, . . 233 
 Leucanthemum, . 343 
 
 Melothria, . . 271 
 
 MENISPERMA- 
 CEJE, . . .151 
 
 (Enanthe, . . 291 
 (Enothera, . . 263 
 OLEACEJE, . . 462 
 
 Hypericum, . . 182 
 
 Leucospora, . . 402 
 
 VIenispermum, . 151 
 
 ONAGRACEJE, . 261 
 
 Syn. 184 
 
 Leucothoe, . . 372 
 
 Mentha, . . .415 
 
 Onagraea, . .262 
 
 Hypobrichia, . .261 
 
 Liatris, . . .317 
 
 Menthoideae, . 415 
 
 Onoclea, . . .633 
 
 Hypolytreas, . 568 
 
 tLiguliflorae, . . 357 
 
 Mentrelia, . . 268 
 
 Onopordon, . . 355 
 
 Hypopeltis, . . 631 
 Hypopitys, . . 380 
 
 Ligusticum, . . 289 
 Syn. 289 
 
 M e n y a n t h e ae, . 455 
 Menyanthes, . . 455 
 
 Onosmodium, . . 432 
 O p h i o g 1 o s s e a?, 635 
 
 Hypoporum, . . 576 
 
 Ligustrum, . . 463 
 
 Menziesa, . . 373 
 
 Ophioglossum, . 635 
 
 Hypoxis, ... 540 
 Hyssopus, . . 421 
 Syn. 425 
 
 Lifiaceae, . . .547 
 Lilium, . . .548 
 LIMNANTHA- 
 
 Mertensia, . . 433 
 MESEMBRYACE*:, 276 
 Mesembryanthemum ,276 
 
 Ophrys, . . .636 
 Syn. 537 
 Oplismenus, . . 604 
 
 Iberis, . . .164 
 
 CE^E. ... 200 
 
 Mespilus, 243, 244, 245 
 
 Oplotheca, . . 472 
 
 Ictodes, . . .521 
 
 Limnanthemum, . 455 
 
 Micromeria, . . 422 
 
 Opuntia, . . .274 
 
 Ilex, ... 381 
 
 Limnetis, . . 618 
 
 Micropetalon, . . 187 
 
 ORCHIDACE^, . 529 
 
 Syn. 381 
 ILLICEBRACEJE. 185 
 
 Limodorum, . . 532 
 Limosella, . . 404 
 
 Microstylis, . . 530 
 Mikania, . . .316 
 
 Orchis, ... 532 
 Syn. 532 
 
 Ilysanthus, . . 403 
 
 Lindernia, . . 403 
 
 Vlilium, . . . 603 
 
 Origanum, . . 420 
 
 Impatiens, . .199 
 Inula, . . ,334 
 
 LINAGES, . . 195 
 Linnasa, . . .301 
 
 Mimosa, . . .238 
 Syn. 238 
 
 Ornithogalum, . 551 
 OROEANCHACE^E, 392 
 
 Syn. 333 
 
 liinaria, . . . 398 
 
 tMimoseae, . . 238 
 
 Orobanche, . . 392 
 
 Ip&maa, . . 442, 443 
 Ipomopsis, . . 440 
 
 Linum, . .195 
 jiparis, . . . 530 
 
 Mimulus, . . 401 
 Mirabilis, . . 472 
 
 Drontium, . . 521 
 tOrthospermeae, . 284 
 
 Iresine, . . .471 
 
 Lippia, . . .413 
 
 Mitchella, . . 305 
 
 Oryzea?, . .622 
 
642 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Oryzopsis, . . 596 Podophyllum, . . 152 
 &yn. 596 PODOSTEMACE^;, 485 
 Osmorhiza, . . 293 Podostemum, . . 485 
 
 Rubus, . . .249 
 Rudbeckia, . . 337 
 Syn. 338 
 
 Sisymbrium, . . 1C8 
 Syn. 165, 166 
 Sisyrinchium, . . 543 
 
 Osmunda, . - .634 
 Osmundiacese, . 634 
 
 Pogonia, . . 535 
 Polanisia, . . . 172 
 
 Ruellia, . . .395 
 Rumex, . . .476 
 
 Sium, . 28T 
 SMILACE.E, . . 544 
 
 Ostrya, . . .497 
 
 3 OLEMONIACE}, 43& 
 
 Syn. 473 
 
 Smilacina, . 552, 553 
 
 Otophylkj . . 408 
 
 ?olemonium, . . 440 
 
 luppia, . . .524 
 
 Smilax, . . .544 
 
 OXALIDACE.ffi, . 200 
 
 Polyanthes, . . 550 
 
 Ruta, . . .204 
 
 Smyrnium, 287, 288, 289 
 
 Oxalis, . . .200 
 
 Polygala 173 
 
 RUTACEJE, . . 204 
 
 SOLANACEJE, . 444 
 
 Oxycoccus, . . 370 
 Oxydendron, . . 372 
 
 POLYGALACEJ3, 173 
 POLYGON ACE JE, 473 
 
 Sabbatia, . .450 
 Sagina, . . .189 
 
 Solanum, . . 448 
 Solea. . . .178 
 
 Oxyria, . . .473 
 Pasonia, . . .149 
 
 Polygonatum, . . 553 
 Polygonella, . . 475 
 
 Sagittaria, . . 526 
 SALICACEJE, . 500 
 
 Solidago, . . 328-333 
 Sonchus, . . .363 
 
 Panax, . . .295 
 
 Polygonum, . . 473 
 
 Salicornia, . . 466 
 
 Syn. 359, 361 
 
 Panicea?, . . 602 
 
 Polymnia, . . 335 
 
 Salix, . . .501 
 
 Sophora, . .235 
 
 Panicum, . . .604 
 
 Polypodiaceae, 628 
 
 Sal pig losses, 397 
 
 Sorbus, . . . 245 
 
 Syn. 603, 604, 618 
 
 Polypodium, . . 628 
 
 Salsola, . . .467 
 
 Sorghum, . . 622 
 
 Papaver, . . .157 
 PAPAVERACEJE, 155 
 
 Syn. 631 
 Polypogon, . . 599 
 
 Salvia, . . .418 
 Salvinia, . . .636 
 
 Sparganium, . . 523 
 Sparganopfiorus, . 314 
 
 tPapilionaceae, . 219 
 Parietaria, . .511 
 
 Polytsenia, . . 292 
 tPomere, . . .243 
 
 Sambuceae, . 301 
 Sambucus, . . 301 
 
 Spartina; . . 618 
 Specularia, . . 366 
 
 Parnassia, . . 180 
 
 PONTEDERACEJE, 555 
 
 Samolus, . . 388 
 
 Spergula, . . 185 
 
 Paronychia, . . 185 
 
 Pontederia, . . 555 
 
 Sanguinaria, . . 155 
 
 Syn. 189 
 
 Parthenium, . . 336 
 
 Populus, . . .506 
 
 Sanguisorba, . . 255 
 
 Spermacoce, . . 306 
 
 Paspalum, . . 602 
 
 Portulaca, . . 193 
 
 Sanicula, . . 285 
 
 Syn. 307 
 
 Passiflora, . . 269 
 
 PORTULACACE.E, 193 
 
 SANTALACEJE, . 479 
 
 Spigelia, . . .307 
 
 PASSIFLORACE.E, 269 
 Pastinaca, . . 291 
 
 Potamogeton, . . 521 
 Syn. 267 
 
 SAPINDACEJE, . 215 
 Saponaria, . . 192 
 
 t Spigelieae, . . 307 
 Spinacia, . . .467 
 
 Paulownia, . . 399 
 
 Potentilla, . .251 
 
 Sarothra, . .18^ 
 
 Spiraea, . . . 255 
 
 Favia, . . .214 
 
 Poterium, . . 255 
 
 Sarracenia, . . 155 
 
 Syn. 257 
 
 PEDALIACEJE, . 394 
 
 Pathos, . . .521 
 
 SARRACENIA- 
 
 Spiranthes, . . 536 
 
 Pedicularis, . . 410 
 
 Prenanthes, . 361,362 
 
 CEJE, . . .155 
 
 Spirodela, . . 522 
 
 Pelargonium, . . 197 
 Peltandra, . . 520 
 
 Primula, . . . 384 
 PRIMULACE.K, . 383 
 
 Sassafras, . . 478 
 Satureja, . . 4*21 
 
 Sporobolus, . . 599 
 S t a c h y d e 83, . 426 
 
 Pentalophus, . . 43S 
 
 Prinos, . . .381 
 
 Satureineae, . 409 
 
 Stachys, . . .427 
 
 Penthorum, . . 278 
 
 Priva, . . . 413 
 
 SAURACEJE, . 484 
 
 Staphylea, . . 215 
 
 Pentstemon, . . 400 
 
 Proserpinaca, . 267 
 
 Saururus, . . 484 
 
 Staphylese, . 215 
 
 Peplys, . . 195,261 
 
 Prunella, . . .424 
 
 Saxifraea, . . 278 
 
 Statice, . . .390 
 
 Periploca, . . 461 
 
 Prunus, . . .241 
 
 8AXIFRAGACE.E, 278 
 
 Syn. 390 
 
 Persica, . . 242 
 
 Syn. 240, 242 
 
 t Saxifrages?, . . 278 
 
 Stellaria, . . .187 
 
 Peristylu-s, . . 533 
 
 Psamma, . . .600 
 
 Scabiosa, . . 310 
 
 t Stellatse, . . 304 
 
 Persicaria, . . 474 
 
 Psllostemon, . . 431 
 
 Scandix, . . .292 
 
 Stipa, . . .596 
 
 Petalostemon, . . 226 
 
 Psoralea, . . . 225 
 
 Scheuchzeria, . 528 
 
 Syn. eoo 
 
 Syn. 226 
 
 Psylocarya, . . 574 
 
 Schizaca, ... 635 
 
 Stipa cese, . . 595 
 
 Petroselinum, . . 288 
 
 Ptelea, . . .201 
 
 Schizanthus, . . 397 
 
 Streptopus, . . 554 
 
 Petunia, . . .445 
 
 Pteris, . . .632 
 
 Kc/wenus, . 574, 575 
 
 Syn. 554 
 
 Phaca. ... 229 
 
 Pterospora, . . 380 
 
 Sc/iol/era, . . 555 
 
 Struthiopteris, . 634 
 
 Phacelia, . . .438 
 
 Pulmonaria, . . 43^ 
 
 Schrankia, . . 238 
 
 Stylipus, ... 254 
 
 Syn. 437 
 
 Syn. 434 
 
 Schwalbea, . . 410 
 
 Stylisma, . . 443 
 
 Phalangium, . . 552 
 
 Punica, . . .258 
 
 Scillea;, . . 550 
 
 Stylophorum, . 156 
 
 Syn. 562 
 Phalareas, . . 607 
 
 Pycnanthemum, . 419 
 Pyrethrum, . . 343 
 
 Scirpeae, . . 569 
 Scirpus, . . .570 
 
 Stylosanthes, . 229 
 STYRACACE.E, . 383 
 
 Phalaris, . . .607 
 
 Syn. 343 
 
 Si/n. 565, 568, 569, 570, 573 
 
 Sfi/randra, . , 552 
 
 Phalerocarpus, . 371 
 
 Pyrola, . . .378 
 
 SCLERANTHA- 
 
 Su'bularia, . . 163 
 
 Pharbitis, . . 442 
 
 Syn. 379 
 
 CEvE, . . .470 
 
 Sullivantia, . . 279 
 
 Phaseolua, . . 221 
 
 t Pyroleae, . . .378 
 
 Scleranthus, . . 470 
 
 Swertia, . . .454 
 
 tPhiladelpheae, . 282 
 Philadelphus, . . 282 
 
 Pyrularia, . . 479 
 Pyrus, . . .244 
 
 Sole re as, . . 575 
 Scleria, . . . 575 
 
 Syn. 450, 453, 454 
 Symphoria, . 300, 301 
 
 Phleoideae, . . 601 
 Phleum, . . .602 
 \ Phlox, .' . . 438 
 Phragmites, . . 610 
 
 Syn. 245, 2-16 
 Pyxidanthera, . 441 
 Quamoclit, . . 443 
 Quercus, . . 492 
 
 Sclerolepis, . . 313 
 Scolopendrium, . 632 
 Scrophularia, . 399 
 SCROPHULARIA- 
 
 Symphoricarpus, . 300 
 Symphitum, . 431 
 Symplocarpus, . 521 
 Synandra, . . 426 
 
 Phryma, . . .413 
 
 Queria, . . . 185 
 
 CEJE, . . 396 
 
 Synthyrus, . . 404 
 
 Phyllanthus, . . 489 
 
 RANUNCULA- 
 
 Scutellaria, . . 423 
 
 Syringa, . . . 462 
 
 Phyllodoce, - .' .373 
 
 CEJE, . . .137 
 
 Scutellarineas, 423 
 
 Tagetes, . . .341 
 
 Physalis, . . .447 
 
 Ranunculus, . .141 
 
 Secale, . . .619 
 
 Talinum, . . .194 
 
 Physostegia, . . 426 
 
 Raphanus, . . .171 
 
 Sedum, . . .276 
 
 Tanacetum, . . 350 
 
 Phytolacea, . . 478 
 
 Reseda, . . .173 
 
 Selinum, . . 290 
 
 Syn. 347 
 
 PHYTOLACCA- 
 
 RESEDACEJE, . 173 
 
 Sempervivum, . 277 
 
 Taraxacum, . . 362 
 
 CEJE, . . .477 
 
 Rensselaria, . . 520 
 
 Senicio, . . .347 
 
 Taxus, . . .518 
 
 Pimpinella, . . 288 
 
 RHAMNACEJE, . 216 
 
 Syn. 352 
 
 Taxineae, . . 518 
 
 Pinguicula, . . 390 
 
 Rhamnus, . . 216 
 
 S e n e c i o n i d e 83, 335 
 
 Tecoma, " . .393 
 
 Pinus, . . .514 
 
 Rheum, . '. . 473 
 
 Sepicula, . . 529 
 
 Tephrosia, . . 224 
 
 Syn. 515, 516 
 
 Rhexia, ... 259 
 
 Sericocarpus, . . 325 
 
 TERNSTRGGMIA- 
 
 Piptatherum, . . 596 
 
 Rhinanthus, . . 410 
 
 Sesamum, . . 395 
 
 CE^B, . . .205 
 
 Fisum, . . .221 
 
 Rhododendron, . 375 
 
 Setaria, ... 606 
 
 Teucrium, . . 429 
 
 Syn. 219 
 PLANTAGINA- 
 
 Syn. 375 
 Rhodora, , . .375 
 
 Seymeria, . . 407 
 Shepherdia, . . 481 
 
 Thalictrum, . . 147 
 Thapsia, ... 289 
 
 CE7E, . . .388 
 
 Rhus, - . . .202 
 
 Sibbaldia, . . 257 
 
 Thaspium, . .289 
 
 Plantago, . . .338 
 
 Rhyncospora, . . 574 
 
 'SibthorpeaB, . 404 
 
 Syn. 287, 296 
 
 PLATANACEjE, . 508 
 
 Syn. 575 
 
 Sicyos, . . . 270 
 
 Thesium, . . 479 
 
 Platan us, . . .508 
 
 Ribes, . . . 273 
 
 Syn. 271 
 
 Thlaspi, . . .160 
 
 Platanthera, . 532535 
 
 Ricinus, . . .488 
 
 Sida, ... 209 
 
 Syn. 161 
 
 Plectranthus, . .415 
 Pluchea, .. . .334 
 
 Robinia, ... 224 
 Rochelia, . . 435 
 
 Silene, . . .190 
 Sileneae, . .190 
 
 Thuja, . . .517 
 THYMELACEJE, 480 
 
 PLUMBAGINA- 
 
 Rosa, . . .246 
 
 * Siliculosae, . . 160 
 
 Thymus, . . . 420 
 
 CE^G, . . .389 
 
 ROSACES, . . 238 
 
 * Siliquosas, . . 164 
 
 Tiarella, ... 280 
 
 Poa 614 
 
 t Rosaceae proper, . 246 
 
 Silphium, . . 335 
 
 Tigridia, . . 542 
 
 Syn. 613 
 
 Jlosmarinus, . . 419 
 
 Sinapis, . . .170 
 
 Tilia, . . .210 
 
 PodaJyria, . . 225 
 
 RUBIACEJE, . . 303 
 
 Sison, . . 287,294 
 
 TILIACEJE, . . 210 
 
INDEX. 
 
 643 
 
 Tillsea, ... 276 
 
 Tropseolum, . . 2C-0 1 Vaccinium, . . 368|VITACEJE, . .211 
 
 Tipularia, . . 532 
 
 Troximon, . . 362 
 
 Syn. 370, 371 
 
 Vitis, . . .211 
 
 Tofieldia, . . 559 
 
 Tubuliflorae, . . 313 
 
 Valeriana, . . 308 
 
 Waldstenia, . . 253 
 
 Trachysperma, . 455 
 
 Tuckermania., . 490 
 
 VALERIANAGE.K, 308 
 
 Winsoria, ' . .613 
 
 Tradescantia, . . 363 
 
 t Tulipa, . . 547 
 
 Valerianella, . . 309 
 
 Wistaria, . . ' . 222 
 
 Tragopogon, . . 358 
 
 Tul i pace ae, . 547 
 
 Vallisneria, . .529 
 
 Woodsia, . . . C31 
 
 Syn. 35S 
 
 Turritis, . . 165 
 
 Veratrum, . . 557 
 
 Woodwardia, . . 632 
 
 Trautvetteria, . 147 
 
 Syn. 166 
 
 Syn. 557, 559 
 
 Xanthium, . . 352 
 
 Tricochloa, . . 600 
 
 Tussilago, . . 318 
 
 Verbasceae, . 397 
 
 Xeranthemum, . 355 
 
 Trichodium, . . 599 
 
 Syn. 318 
 
 Verbascum, . . 397 
 
 Xerophyllum, . 558 
 
 Tricisphorum, . 572 
 Trichostema, . . 429 
 
 Typha, . . .522 
 TYPHACE.E, . 522 
 
 Verbena, . . .411 
 VERBENACEJE, . 411 
 
 Xylosteum, . . 299 
 XYRIDACEJE, . 363 
 
 Trichelostylis, . . 573 
 
 Udora, ... 529 
 
 Verbesina, . . 347 
 
 Xyris, . . .363 
 
 Tricuspis, . . 613 
 
 ULMACE-E, . . 482 
 
 Syn. 344 
 
 Zahnichellia, . . 524 
 
 Trientalis, . . 385 
 Trifolium, . . 226 
 
 Ulmus, . . .482 
 UMBELLIFER5V 283 
 
 Vemonia, . . 313 
 Vernoniaceae, . 313 
 
 Zanthorhiza, . . 148 
 ZANTHOXYLA- 
 
 Syn. 228, 230 
 
 Uniola, . . .616 
 
 Veronica, . . 405 
 
 CEJE, . . .201 
 
 Triglochin, . . .528 
 
 Uralepis, . . 610 
 
 Veroniceae, . 405 
 
 Zanthoxylum, . 201 
 
 TRILLIACE.E, . 545 
 
 Uraspermum, . 293 
 
 Viburnum, . . 301 
 
 Zapania, . 412, 413 
 
 Trillium, .' . .545 
 
 Urtica, . . .510 
 
 Vicia, . . 220 
 
 Zea, . . . .623 
 
 Triosteum, . . 300 
 
 Syn. 511 
 
 Vilfa, . . 597,598 
 
 Zenobia, . . .372 
 
 Trip flora, . . 535 
 
 URTICACE.K, . 508 
 
 Villarsia, . . 455 
 
 Zigadenus, . . 556 
 
 Tripsacum, . . 623 
 
 * Urticese, . . 510 
 
 Vinca, . . .457 
 
 Zinnia, ... 338 
 
 Trisetum, . . 609 
 
 Utricularia, . .391 
 
 Viola, . . .175 
 
 Zizania, . . 622 
 
 Triticum, . . 619 
 
 Uvaria, . . .151 
 
 Syn. 178 
 
 Zizia, . . .287 
 
 Trollius, . . .144 
 TROP^EOLACE^E, 199 
 
 Uvularia, . . . 553 
 Syn. 554 
 
 VIOLACEJE, . . 175 
 Viscum, ... 297 
 
 Ziziphara, . 421, 422 
 Zostera, ... 523 
 
 t Vaccineae, . " . 368 
 
 Byn. 386 
 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX. 
 
 Adam-and-Eve, . 531 
 
 Basil, . . 
 
 419, 422 
 
 Blue-curls, 
 
 424, 429 
 
 Cabbage, . . 171 
 
 Adder's-tongue, . 635 
 
 Bass wood, 
 
 . 210 
 
 Blue-eyed Grass, 
 
 . 543 
 
 Calabash, . . 272 
 
 Agrimony, . . 255 
 
 Bath Flower, . 
 
 . 546 
 
 Blue Grass, 
 
 . 614 
 
 Cale, . . . 171 
 
 Albany Beech-drops, 380 
 
 Bayberry, 
 
 . 500 
 
 Blue Flag, 
 
 . 541 
 
 Calico-bush, . . 374 
 
 Alder, . . 381, 492 
 
 Beach Plum, . 
 
 . 241 
 
 Blue-hearts, . 
 
 . 407 
 
 Campion, . .190 
 
 Alexanders, . . 287 
 
 Beach Pea, 
 
 . 219 
 
 Blue Tangles, 
 
 . 370 
 
 Canary Grass, . . 607 
 
 Allspice, ... 258 
 
 Bean, . 220 
 
 ,221,222 
 
 Bog Rush, 
 
 574, 575 
 
 Cancer-weed, . . 418 
 
 Almond, . . 242,243 
 
 Bear-berry, 
 
 . 371 
 
 Boneset, N 
 
 . 316 
 
 Candytuft, . . 164 
 
 Aloe, ... 539 
 Alum-root, . . 280 
 
 Beard-tongue, 
 Beard Grass, . 
 
 400, 401 
 . 622 
 
 Borrage, 
 Bottle Grass, . 
 
 . 531 
 . 607 
 
 Caraway, . 288, 348 
 Cardinal Flower, 363, 364 
 
 Amaranth, . 471, 472 
 
 Beaver-wood, . 
 
 . 483 
 
 Bowman's Root, 
 
 . 257 
 
 Cardoon, . . . 355 
 
 American Cowslip, 385 
 
 Bedstraw, 
 
 . 304 
 
 Box. . 
 
 . 489 
 
 Carnation, . . 193 
 
 Angelica, . 290, 291 
 
 Beech, 
 
 . 496 
 
 Boxberry, 
 
 371, 373 
 
 Carrot, . . . 92 
 
 Angelica Tree, . 295 
 
 Beech-drops, . 
 
 380, 393 
 
 Brake, . . 
 
 . 632 
 
 Carpet-weed, . . 190 
 
 Anise, ... 288 
 
 Beet, 
 
 . 470 
 
 Broccoli, . 
 
 . 171 
 
 Castor Oil Bean, . 488 
 
 Annual Spear Grass, 614 
 
 Bell-flower, 
 
 365,366 
 
 Broome Grass, 
 
 611, 621 
 
 Catch-fly, . 190, 191 
 
 Apple, . . .244 
 
 Bell-wort, 
 
 . 554 
 
 Brooklime, 
 
 . 405 
 
 Cat-gut, ... 225 
 
 Apple of Peru, . 446 
 
 Bengal Grass, . 
 
 . 607 
 
 Broomrape, . 
 
 . 383 
 
 Catnep, ... 425 
 
 Apricot, . . . 242 
 
 Bent Grass, 
 
 . 597 
 
 Broom Corn, . 
 
 . 622 
 
 Cattail, . . 522 
 
 Arbor Vitae, . . 517 
 
 Berberry, 
 
 . 152 
 
 Buck-bean, 
 
 . 455 
 
 Cauliflower, . . 171 
 
 Arrow-grass, . . 528 
 
 Bilberry, 
 
 . 368 
 
 Buck-eye, 
 
 . 214 
 
 Cedar, . . 516,517 
 
 Arrow-head, . . 527 
 
 Bindweed, 442 
 
 443, 476 
 
 Buck-thorn, . 
 
 216, 217 
 
 Celandine, . . 156 
 
 Arrow-wood, . . 303 
 
 Bird's-nest, 
 
 . 380 
 
 Buck-wheat, . 
 
 . 476 
 
 Celery, ... 288 
 
 Artichoke, . 341, 355 
 
 Birch, 
 
 498, 499 
 
 Bugle-weed, . 
 
 . 416 
 
 Century Plant, . 539 
 
 Asarabacca, . . 465 
 
 Bishop's Cap, . 
 
 . 280 
 
 Bucloss, . 
 
 . 481 
 
 Chaff-seed, . . 410 
 
 Ash. . . 463, 464, 483 
 
 Bishop-weed, . 
 
 . 286 
 
 Bullrush, . 
 
 . 571 
 
 Chamomile, . . 342 
 
 Asparagus, . . 555 
 Asphodel, . . 552 
 
 Bistort, . 
 Bittersweet, . 
 
 . 475 
 
 . 448 
 
 Burdock, 
 Burnet, . 
 
 . 357 
 . 255 
 
 Cheat, . . .611 
 Checkerberry, . . 373 
 
 Atamasco Lily, . 538 
 
 Blackberry, 
 
 . 249 
 
 Burning Bush, . 
 
 . 216 
 
 Cherry, . . .240 
 
 Austrian Eglantine, 247 
 
 Black Haw, . 
 
 . 303 
 
 Burr Flower, . 
 
 . 43C 
 
 Chess, . . .611 
 
 Avens, . . 252,254 
 
 Black Snake roo 
 
 , . 147 
 
 Burr Grass, 
 
 . 607 
 
 Chestnut, . . 496 
 
 Awlwort, . . 163 
 
 Black Thorn, . 
 
 . 241 
 
 Burr Marigold, 
 
 346 
 
 Chick weed, 185, 187, 188 
 
 Bachelor's Button, . 354 
 
 Bladder-nut, . 
 
 . 215 
 
 Burr-reed, 
 
 . 523 
 
 Chickweed Whiter- 
 
 Balloon-vine, . .215 
 
 Bladder Senna, 
 
 . 224 
 
 Burr-seed, 
 
 . 435 
 
 green, ... 385 
 
 Balm, . . 422, 429 
 
 Bladderwort, . 
 
 391, 392 
 
 Buttercups, 
 
 . 142 
 
 Uhina Aster, . . 327 
 
 Balm of Gilead, . 507 
 
 Blazing Star, . 
 
 .. 317 
 
 Butterfly-weed, 
 
 . 460 
 
 Chinquapin, . . 496 
 
 Balsam Apple, . 271 
 
 Blessed Thistle, 
 
 . 355 
 
 Butternut, 
 
 . 490 
 
 Choke Berry, . . 245 
 
 Balsam Spruce, . 516 
 
 Blood-root, 
 
 . 156 
 
 Butterwort, 
 
 . 390 
 
 Cinque foil, . 251, 252 
 
 Baneberry, . 146, 147 
 Barley, . 620 
 
 Blueberry, 
 Blue-bottle. . 
 
 369, 370 
 . 354 
 
 Button-bush, . 
 
 . 307 
 . 508 
 
 Citron Tiee, . . 205 
 Gives, . . .561 
 
644 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Clany, . . .418 
 Cleavers, . . .304 
 
 English Ivy, . . 295 
 English Moss, . 277 
 
 Hart's-tongue, . 632 
 Hawkweed, . 358, 360 
 
 Leaf-cup, . . 835 
 Leather-flower, . 139 
 
 Clotweed, . . 352 
 Cloudberry, . . 250 
 
 Eternal Flower, . 355 
 Eyebright, . . 487 
 
 Hawthorn, . . 243 
 Hazel, . . 496, 497 
 
 Leather-wood, . 480 
 Leek, . . 550, 551 
 
 Clover, . 227, 228, 233 
 
 False Flax, . . 163 
 
 Heartsease, . . 178 
 
 Lemon Tree, . . 204 
 
 Club Moss, . 625627 
 Club Rush, . 569, 570 
 
 False Mermaid, . 200 
 False Red-top, . 613 
 
 Hedge Hyssop, . 403 
 Hedge Mustard, . 168 
 
 Lettuce, . . 359,361 
 Lever-wood, . . 497 
 
 Cock's-comb, . . 472 
 Cock's-foot Grass, . 604 
 
 False Wall Flower, 169 
 
 Feather-beds, . . 637 
 
 Hedgehog, . . 228 
 Hedgehog Grass, . 621 
 
 Lite-everlasting, . 351 
 Lilac, . . . 463 
 
 Coffee Tree, . . 237 
 
 Feather Grass, . 596 
 
 Heliotrope, . . 436 
 
 Lily, . . 548, 549 
 
 Colic Root, . .541 
 
 Fehvort, . . 454 
 
 Hellebore, . 144, 557 
 
 Lily-ofthe-Valley, 553 
 
 Colocynth, . . 272 
 
 Fennel, . . .290 
 
 Hemlock, 286, 515, 518 
 
 Lime Tree, . 205, 210 
 
 Colt's -foot, . . 318 
 
 Fennel Flower, . 149 
 
 Hemp, . . .512 
 
 Lime Grass, . 620, 621 
 
 Columbine, . . 145 
 
 Fern, . . 629636 
 
 Hemp Nettle, . 427 
 
 Linden Tree, . . 210 
 
 Columbo, . .455 
 
 Fescue Grass, 611, 612 
 
 Henbane, . 446, 447 
 
 Lion's-heart, . . 426 
 
 Comfrey, . . .431 
 
 Fever-bush, . . 478 
 
 Henbit, . . .426 
 
 Lion's-foot, . . 361 
 
 Cone-flower . 337, 338 
 
 Feverfew, . . 343 
 
 Herb Robert, . .196 
 
 Live-forever, . . 277 
 
 Coral-root, . . 531 
 
 Feverwort, . . 300 
 
 Herd's Grass, . 602 
 
 Liverwort, . . 141 
 
 Coriander, . . 294 
 
 Field Mint, . . 416 
 
 Hickory, . . 491, 492 
 
 Lizzard's-tail, . . 484 
 
 Corn Cockle, . . 191 
 Corn Mint, . . 416 
 
 Fig, . . . .510 
 Figwort, . . 399 
 
 High Cranberry, . 302 
 High-water Shrub, 353 
 
 Locust, . . 224, 237 
 Loosestrife,260,265,386,3S7 
 
 Corn Salad, . . 309 
 
 Finger Grass, . . 603 
 
 Hoarhound, 315, 416, 428 
 
 Lopseed, . . .413 
 
 Corn Spurry, . . 186 
 
 Fir Balsam, . . 516 
 
 Hobble-bush, . . 302 
 
 Louse wort, . .411 
 
 Cornel, . . .296 
 Cotton Plant, . . 207 
 
 Fire-weed, . . 352 
 Flax, . . .195 
 
 Hogweed, . 353, 469 
 Holly, . . .381 
 
 Lovage, . . .289 
 Love-lies-bleeding, 471 
 
 Cotton Thistle, . 355 
 
 Fleabane, . 326, 327 
 
 Hollyhock, . . 208 
 
 Lungwort, . . 434 
 
 Cotton Tree, . . 507 
 
 Florin Grass, . . 597 
 
 Honesty, . . 164 
 
 Lupine, . , .235 
 
 Cotton Grass, . 572, 573 
 
 Flower-of-an-hour, 209 
 
 Honewort. . 287, 289 
 
 Lychnidea, 438, 439, 440 
 
 Cowbane, . 286, 291 
 
 Fly-poison, . . 558 
 
 Honeysuckle, 298,299,300 
 
 Madwort, . . 163 
 
 Cowslips, . . 143 
 
 Fly-trap, . . .192 
 
 Hoop Ash, . . 483 
 
 Maidenhair, . . 633 
 
 Cow Wheat, . .411 
 
 Fog-fruit, . . 413 
 
 Hop, . . .512 
 
 Maize, . . . 623 
 
 Coxcomb, . . 470 
 
 Fool's Parsley, . 289 
 
 Hornbeam, . . 497 
 
 Mallow, . . 206209 
 
 Crab Grass, . . 603 
 
 Forbed Spike, . . 621 
 
 Horn Poppy, . , 156 
 
 Mangel-Wurtzel, . 470 
 
 Cranberry, . 302, 370 
 
 Forked Chickweed, 185 
 
 Hornwort, . . 484 
 
 Man-of-the-Earth, . 442 
 
 Crane's-bill, . 196, 197 
 
 Forfret-me-not, . 434 
 
 Horse Balm, . . 421 
 
 Maple, . 212, 213, 214 
 
 Crowberry, 489, 490 
 
 Foul Meadow, . 615 
 
 Horse Chestnut, . 214 
 
 Mare's-tail, . . 268 
 
 Crowfoot, 141, 142, 143 
 
 Four-o'clock, . 472, 473 
 
 Horsemint, . 415, 417 
 
 Marigold, . 143, 341 
 
 Crownbeard, . . 347 
 Crown Imperial, . 549 
 
 Foxglove. . 404, 405 
 Fox-tail Grass, . 602 
 
 Horse Nettle, . . 448 
 Horse Radish, . 163 
 
 Marjoram, . . 420 
 Marsh Rosemary, . 390 
 
 Cucumber, 270, 271, 272 
 
 Franklinia, . . 205 
 
 Horsetail, . 624, 625 
 
 Marvel of-Peru, . 472 
 
 Cucumber-root, . 547 
 
 Fraxinella, . . 204 
 
 Hound's-tongue, . 435 
 
 Mat Grass, . . 601 
 
 Cucumber Tree, . 150 
 
 Fringe Tree, . . 463 
 
 Houseleek, . . 277 
 
 Matrimony Vine, . 449 
 
 Cudweed, . . 352 
 
 Fritillary, . . 549 
 
 Huckleberry, . . 368 
 
 May Apple, . . 152 
 
 Culver's Physic, . 405 
 Cup-plant, . . 336 
 
 Frogbit. . . .529 
 Frost-plant, . . 181 
 
 Hyacinth, . .551 
 Hydrangea, . 281, 282 
 
 May Flower, . . 374 
 May-weed, . . 342 
 
 Currant, . . 273 
 
 Fumitory, . . 159 
 
 Hyssop, . . .421 
 
 Meadow Beauty, . 259 
 
 Currant-leaf, . . 280 
 
 Galingale, . . 566 
 
 Ice-plant, . . 276 
 
 Meadow Grass, . 614 
 
 Cut Grass, . . 622 
 
 Garget, . . .478 
 
 Indian Cress, . . 200 
 
 Meadow Rue, 147, 148 
 
 Cypress, . . .517 
 
 Garlic, . . 550, 551 
 
 Indian Grass, . 622 
 
 Meadow-sweet, 256, 257 
 
 Cypress Vine, . . 443 
 
 Gay Feather, . .317 
 
 Indian Hemp, . 456 
 
 Medick, . . .228 
 
 Daffodil, . . 539 
 
 Gem-fruit, . . 280 
 
 Indian Millet, . . 622 
 
 Melilot, . . 226 
 
 Daisy, . 326, 327, 343 
 
 Gentian, . 416, 453, 454 
 
 Indian Physic, . 257 
 
 Mercury, . . .488 
 
 Dandelion, 358, 362 
 Darnel Grass, . . -620 
 
 Geranium, . 196198 
 Gill o-ypr the-ground, 425 
 
 Indian Pipe, . . 380 
 Indian Rice, . . 622 
 
 Mermaid-weed, . 267 
 Miami Mist, . . 437 
 
 Day flower, . . 563 
 Day Lily, . . 550 
 Deadly Nightshade, 449 
 
 Ginseng. . . 295 
 Globe Flower, 144, 257 
 Goat's Beard, . . 256 
 
 Indian Tobacco, . 364 
 Ink-berry, . . 382 
 Innocence, . ; 306 
 
 Mignionette, . . 173 
 Milfoil, . 267, 268, 342 
 Milk-weed, . . 359 
 
 Deerberry, . . 369 
 
 Goat's Rue, . . 225 
 
 Iron -weed, . .313 
 
 Milkwort, . . 174 
 
 Deer Grass, . . 259 
 
 Golden Chain, . 235 
 
 Iron-wood, . . 497 
 
 Millet, . . 596, 607 
 
 Devil's-bit, . . 310 
 
 Golden Club, . . 521 
 
 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 519 
 
 Millet Grass, . 603, 604 
 
 Dewberry, . . 249 
 
 Golden Cress-flower, 540 
 
 Jacobasa, . . .348 
 
 Missletoe, . . 297 
 
 Ditch Moss, . . 529 
 
 Goldenrod, . 328333 
 
 Jacobam Lily, . . 538 
 
 Mitrewort, . . 280 
 
 Dittany, . . .421 
 
 Gold-of-pleasure, . 163 
 
 Jalap, . . .478 
 
 Modesty, . . . 286 
 
 Dock, . . 476, 477 
 
 Goldthread, . . 144 
 
 Japan Rose, . . 206 
 
 Moneywort, . . 387 
 
 Dockmackie, . . 302 
 
 Gooseberry, . 273, 274 
 
 Jasmine, . 443, 462 
 
 Monkey Flower, 401, 402 
 
 Dodder, . . . 444 
 
 Goose-grass, . 252, 304 
 
 Jersey Tea, . . 217 
 
 Monk's-hood, . . 146 
 
 Dog's-bane, . 456, 457 
 
 Goose-foot, . . 469 
 
 Jerusalem Cherry, . 448 
 
 Moonseed, . . 151 
 
 Dog's-couch Grass, 619 
 Dogwood, 203, 296, 297 
 
 Gourd, . . .272 
 Grape, . . .211 
 
 Jewel-weed, . . 199 
 Judas Tree, . . 236 
 
 Morning Glory, . 442 
 Moss Pink, . . 440 
 
 Dorp-seed Grass, . 600 
 
 Grass, . ; . 595623 
 
 July Flower, . . 170 
 
 Motherwort, . . 427 
 
 Dragon's-claw, . 531 
 
 Grass-of-Parnassus, 180 
 
 June Berry, . . 245 
 
 Mountain Ash, . 245 
 
 Dragon-head, 425, 426 
 
 Grass Pink, . . 536 
 
 Juniper, . . .517 
 
 Mountain Fringe, . 158 
 
 Dragon -root, . .519 
 
 Grass-poly, . . 260 
 
 King's Spear, . . 552 
 
 Mountain Heath, . 373 
 
 Dropwort, .- . 291 
 
 Greek Valerian, . 440 
 
 Knapweed, . . 354 
 
 Mountain Laurel, . 374 
 
 Duckmeat, . . 522 
 
 Green Brier, . . 544 
 
 Knawell, . . 470 
 
 Mountain Mint, 417, 419 
 
 Dutchman's Breeches, 158 
 
 Green Dragon, . 520 
 
 Knot Grass, 474, 475, 476 
 
 Mountain Rice, . 596 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe, . 466 
 
 Green-head, . . 306 
 
 Knot-weed, . 474, 475 
 
 Mourning Bride, . 310 
 
 Dwarf Cassia, . . 337 
 
 Cromwell, . 432, 433 
 
 Labrador Tea, . 377 
 
 Mouse-ear, . . 435 
 
 Dwarf Pink, . . 306 
 
 Ground Cherry, . 447 
 
 Ladies' Ear-drop, . 265 
 
 Mouse-tail, . 148, 286 
 
 Dyer's-broom, . 234 
 
 Ground Ivy, . . 425 
 
 Ladies' Slipper, 537, 538 
 
 Mud wort, . .404 
 
 Dyer's-weed, . . 173 
 
 Ground Nut, . 222, 295 
 
 Ladies' Thumb, . 474 
 
 Mugwort, . . 350 
 
 Egg-plant, . . 448 
 Eglantine, . . 247 
 
 Ground Pine, . . 625 
 Groundsel, . . 347 
 
 Ladies' Tresses, . 536 
 Lake Flower, . 455 
 
 Mulberry, 249, 250, 509 
 Mullein, . . .397 
 
 Egyptian Wheat, . 619 
 
 Groundsel Tree, . 335 
 
 Lamb Lettuce, . 309 
 
 Mullein Pink, . . 192 
 
 Elder, . 295, 301, 353 
 
 Guelder Rose, . 302 
 
 Larch, . . .516 
 
 Muskmelon, . . 271 
 
 Elecampane, . . 334 
 
 Gum Tree, . . 480 
 
 Larkspur, . 145, 146 
 
 Mustard, . 166170 
 
 Elm, . . 482, 483 
 
 Hackberry, . . 483 
 
 Laurel, . . 374,481 
 
 Myrtle, . .258, 500 
 
 Endive, . . 357 
 
 Hair Bell, . . 365 
 
 Laurestine, . . 303 
 
 Narcissus, . . 539 
 
 Enchanter's Night- 
 shade, . . .266 
 
 Hair Grass, , . 599 
 Hardback, . . 256 
 
 Lavender, . . 415 
 Lead-plant, . . 226 
 
 Nasturtion, . . 200 
 Neckweed, . . 406 
 
INDEX. 
 
 645 
 
 Nectarine, . . 2421 Primrose, 263, 264, 384, 3351 Snake-head. . . 400 
 
 Trumpet-weed, . 314 
 
 Nettle, . 423, 510, 511 Prince's Feather. 471. 475 
 
 Snake Cactus, . 275 
 
 Tuberose, . . 550 
 
 Nettle Tree, . . 483 
 Nightshade, . . 448 
 
 Prince's Pine, . . 379 
 Privet, . . .463 
 
 Snake-root,147,174,285,465 
 Snap-dragon, 398, 399 
 
 Tulepo, . . ^. 480 
 Tulip, . . 547 
 
 Nine-bark, . . 256 
 
 Puccoon, . . .433 
 
 Sneezewort, 342, 343 
 
 Tulip Tree, . . 150 
 
 Nonesuch, . . 228 
 Nutmeg Flower, . 149 
 
 Pumpkin, . . 272 
 Pumpkin-wood, . 210 
 
 Snowball, . .302 
 Snow-berry, . . 300 
 
 Turk's Cap, . 275, 548 
 Turmeric-root, . 148 
 
 Oak, . . 492495 
 Oak-of-Jerusalem, . 469 
 
 Purslain, 193, 194, 195, 266 
 Putty-root, . . 531 
 
 Snowdrop, . . 539 
 Snowdrop Tree, . 383 
 
 Turnip, . . .171 
 Tway-blade, . 530, 537 
 
 Oat, . . . 609, 6lo 
 
 Quamash, . . 552 
 
 Soapwort, . . 192 
 
 Twin-flower, . . 301 
 
 Oilnut, . . .479 
 
 Q,ueen-of-the-Mea- 
 
 Soft Grass, . . 608 
 
 Twist-foot, . .554 
 
 Oily-seed, . , 395 
 
 dow, ... 256 
 
 Solomon's Seal, 552, 553 
 
 Umbrella Tree, . 150 
 
 Okro, . . .209 
 
 Quillwort, . . 627 
 
 Sorrel, 200, 201, 473, 477 
 
 Unicorn Plant, . 394 
 
 Oleander, . , 458 
 
 Quince, . . .245 
 
 Sorrel Tree, . . 372 
 
 Unicorn-root, . . 559 
 
 Oleaster, . . 482 
 Onion, . . .551 
 
 Radish, . . .172 
 Ragged Robin, . 192 
 
 Southernwood, . 350 
 Sow Thistle, . . 363 
 
 Valerian, . . .308 
 Vegetable Oyster, . 358 
 
 Orache, . .467, 468 
 
 Ram's-head, . . 538 
 
 Spanish Needles, . 346 
 
 Venus' Fly-trap, . 180 
 
 Orange Tree, . . 205 
 Orchard Grass, . 617 
 
 Raspberry, . 249, 250 
 Rattle-box, . . 234 
 
 Spear Grass, . . 614 
 Spearmint, . 416 
 
 Venus' Looking-glass, 367 
 Vernal Grass, . . 608 
 
 Orpine, ... 277 
 
 Red-bud, ... 236 
 
 Spearwort, . . 141 
 
 Vervain, . .412 
 
 Osage Orange, . 509 
 
 Red Osier, . . 296 
 
 Speedwell, . 406, 407 
 
 Vetch, . 5220, 221, 229 
 
 Osier, . . .504 
 
 Red-root, . 217, 540 
 
 Spicewood, . . 478 
 
 Violet, . 175178, 253 
 
 Ostrich Fern, . . 634 
 Ox-eye, . . .337 
 
 Red-top, 597, 613, 614 
 Reed Grass, . . 601 
 
 Spiderwort, . 172, 563 
 Spikenard, . . 294 
 
 Viper's Bugloss, . 430 
 Virgin's Bower, . 139 
 
 Ox-tongue, . . 431 
 
 Reed Mace, . . 522 
 
 Spinage, . . 467 
 
 Wake Robin, . . 546 
 
 Poeony, ... .149 
 
 Resin-weed, . . 336 
 
 Spindle Tree, . . 216 
 
 Wall Flower, . . 170 
 
 Painted-cup, . 409, 410 
 
 Rhubarb, . . 473 
 
 Spleenwort, 275,630,631 
 
 Wall Pepper, . . 277 
 
 Palma Christi, . 488 
 
 Ribwort, . . 388 
 
 Spring Beauty, . 194 
 
 Walnut, . . 490,491 
 
 Panic, ... 606 
 
 Rice, . . 204 
 
 Spruce, . . .515 
 
 Water Carpet, . . 281 
 
 Pansey, . . .178 
 
 Robin's Plantain, . 326 
 
 Spurge, . . 486, 487 
 
 Watercress, . . 165 
 
 Parsley, . . .289 
 Parsnep, . . 287, 291 
 Partridge-berry, . 305 
 
 Rock Brake, . . 632 
 Rock Rose, . . 181 
 Rocket, . . 168, 171 
 
 Squash, . . 272 
 Squirrel-tail Grass, 620 
 Staff Tree, . . 215 
 
 Water Feather, . 384 
 Water Hemp, . . 467 
 Water-leaf, . . 436 
 
 Passion Flower, . 269 
 
 Rose, . 246248, 250 
 
 Star Flower, . . 451 
 
 Water Lily, . . 154 
 
 Pawnee Lettuce, . 309 
 
 Rose Acacia, . . 224 
 
 Star-Grass. . 540, 541 
 
 Water-melon, . . 272 
 
 Pawpan, . . .151 
 
 Rose-bay, . 262, 376 
 
 Star-of-Bethlem, . 551 
 
 Water Nymph, . 524 
 
 Pea, . 219, 22Q, 2-21 
 
 Rose-bay Tree, . 458 
 
 St. John's-wort, 183, 184 
 
 Water Pepper, . 474 
 
 Peach, . . .242 
 
 Rosemary, . 372, 419 
 
 St Peter's-wort, . 182 
 
 Water-target, . . 153 
 
 Pear, . . .244 
 
 Rosin-weed, . . 336 
 
 St. Peter's Wreath, 256 
 
 Wayfaring Tree, . 302 
 
 Pearlwort, . . 189 
 
 Rue, ... 204 
 
 Stone-crop, . 277, 278 
 
 Wheat, . . .619 
 
 Pea Vine, . . 223 
 Pellitory. . . .511 
 Pencil Flower, . 230 
 
 Rush, 559562,571,624 
 Rutland Beauty, . 444 
 Rye, . . 619, 620 
 
 Stone wort, . . 637 
 Strawberry, . . 253 
 Strawberry Elite, . 468 
 
 Wheat thief, . . 433 
 Whip Grass, . . 576 
 Whistle-wood, . 213 
 
 Penny Cress, . . 160 
 
 Rye Grass, . . 621 
 
 Succory, ... 357 
 
 White Bay, . . 150 
 
 Pennyroyal, . . 422 
 
 Saffron, . . 355, 543 
 
 Sumach, . . 202,203 
 
 White Grass, . . 622 
 
 Pennywort, . 284, 452 
 
 Sage. . . .418 
 
 Summer Savory, . 421 
 
 White-top, . - 597 
 
 Pepper, . . .447 
 
 Sage Geranium, . 415 
 
 Sundew, . . .179 
 
 White-weed, . 326,343 
 
 Peppergrass, . . 161 
 Pepperidge, . . 480 
 
 Salt-rheum-weed, 400 
 Saltwort, . 386, 466 
 
 Sunflower. 339,340,341,345 
 Swamp Pink, 375, 376 
 
 White-wood, . . 150 
 Whitlow Grass, . 162 
 
 Peppermint, . . 416 
 
 Samphire, . 466, 467 
 
 Sweet Basil, . .415 
 
 Whortleberry, 368, 369 
 
 Pepper-root, . .168 
 
 Sandwort, . IBS, 189 
 
 Sweet Brier, . . 247 
 
 Wild Basil, . 419, 422 
 
 Periwinkle, . . 457 
 
 Sanicle, ... 285 
 
 Sweet Cicely, . . 293 
 
 Wild Bergamot, . 417 
 
 Persimmon Tree, 382 
 
 Sarsaparilla, . 294, 544 
 
 Sweet Fern, . . 500 
 
 Wild Surface Tree, 241 
 
 Pettymorrel, . . 294 
 
 Satin Flower, . . 164 
 
 Sweet Flag, . . 521 
 
 Wild Germander, . 429 
 
 Pheasant's Eye, 141, 193 
 
 Saxifrage, 255, 278, 279 
 
 Sweet Gum, . . 508 
 
 Wild Ginger, . . 465 
 
 Pickerel-weed, . 555 
 
 Scabish, . . 263 
 
 Sweet-pepper Bush, 373 
 
 Wild Indigo, . . 235 
 
 Pigmy-weed, . . 276 
 
 Scarcity, . . .470 
 
 Sweet Potato, . 443 
 
 Wild Mandrake, . 152 
 
 Pimpernell, . 387, 388 
 
 Scorpion Grass, . 434 
 
 Sweet-scented Grass. 608 
 
 Wild Oats, . .- 554 
 
 Pine, . . 514, 515 
 
 Scorpion Senna, . 230 
 
 Sweet-scented Shrub,258 
 
 Wild Peppergrass, . 161 
 
 Pine Sap, . . 380 
 
 Scratch Grass, . 475 
 
 Sweet Sultan, . 354 
 
 Wild Potato, . . 442 
 
 Pink, . 192, 193, 400 
 
 Screw-stem, . . 454 
 
 Sweet William, 192, 193 
 
 Wild Service-berry, 245 
 
 Pink-root, . . 308 
 
 Scurvy Grass, . . 163 
 
 Sycamore, . 213, 508 
 
 Wild Timothy, . 606 
 
 Pinweed, . . 181 
 
 Sea Wrack Grass, : 523 
 
 Syringa, ... 282 
 
 Willow, . . 501-506 
 
 Pipes, . . .625 
 
 Sedge, . . 566, 567 
 
 Tansey, . . . 350 
 
 Willow-herb, . . 262 
 
 Pipewort, . . 564 
 
 Seed-box, . . 265 
 
 Tape Grass, . . 529 
 
 Winter Berry, . 381, 382 
 
 Pipsissiwa, . . 379 
 
 Self-heal, . . 424 
 
 Tares, . . .220 
 
 Winter Cherry, . 447 
 
 Plantain, 388, 389, 526,536 
 
 Seneca Grass, . 608 
 
 Tassel Flower, . 349 
 
 Winter Cress, . . 165 
 
 Plum, . . .241 
 
 Senna, . . . 236 
 
 Tea Plant, . . 206 
 
 Wintergreen,373,378-9.385 
 
 Poison Hemlock, . 293 
 
 Sensitive Brier, . 238 
 
 Teasel, . . .309 
 
 Wire Grass, . . 617 
 
 Poison Ivy, 203 
 
 Sensitive Plant, 237, 238 
 
 Ten-weeks' Stock, 170 
 
 Witch Hazel, . . 282 
 
 Poison Oak, . . 203 
 
 Sensitive Pea, . 337 
 
 Thimble-berry, . 250 
 
 Withe Rod, . . 302 
 
 Poisonous Darnel, . 620 
 
 Sesame Grass, . 623 
 
 Thistle, . 275, 356, 363 
 
 Woad, . . .164 
 
 Poke, . . 478,557 
 
 Shad-berry, . . 245 
 
 Thorn, . . 243, 244 
 
 Wolf-berry, . . 300 
 
 Polar-plant, . . 336 
 
 Shaddock Tree, . 205 
 
 Thorn Apple, . . 446 
 
 Wolf's-bane, . . 140 
 
 Poly pod, . . 628 
 
 Shallot, . . .551 
 
 Thoroughwax, . 286 
 
 Wood Sorrel, . 200, 201 
 
 Pomegranate, . 259 
 Pond Lily, . 154, 155 
 
 Sheep-poison, . 374 
 Shell Flower, . . 429 
 
 Thoroughwort, . 316 
 Threadfoot, . . 485 
 
 Wood-waxen, . . 234 
 Worm Grass, . . 308 
 
 Pond-weed, . 524526 
 
 Shepherd's Purse, . 161 
 
 Thrift, . . .390 
 
 Worm-seed, . . 469 
 
 Poor-man's Weather- 
 
 Shield Fern, . 629, 630 
 
 Thyme, . . .421 
 
 Wormwood, . 349, 350 
 
 glass, ... 387 
 
 Short-styled Cicely, 293 
 
 Tickseed, . 344, 346 
 
 Woundwort, . . 428 
 
 Poplar, . 150, 506, 507 
 Poppoose-root, . 153 
 
 Sicklepod. . . 166 
 Side-saddle Flower, 155 
 
 Tiger Flower, . . 542 
 Timothy Grass, . 602 
 
 Wrack Grass, . . 523 
 Yam-root, . .544 
 
 Poppy, . . 156, 157 
 
 Silkweed, . 458, 459 
 
 Toad Flax, . 398, 479 
 
 Yarrow, . . .342 
 
 Potato, . . .448 
 
 Silver-weed, . . 252 
 
 Tobacco, . . .445 
 
 Yellow-eyed Grass, 564 
 
 Pot Marigold, . . 354 
 
 Simpler's Joy, . 412 
 
 Tomato, . . .449 
 
 Ye How Phlox, . 169 
 
 Poverty Grass, . 595 
 Prairie Burdock, . 336 
 Prickly Ash, . . 201 
 
 Skull-cap, 406, 423 
 Shamrock, . 227 
 Skunk Cabbage, . 521 
 
 Touch-me-not, . 199 
 Trailing Arbutus, . 374 
 Tree-of-Heaven, . 202 
 
 Yellow Rattle, . 410 
 Yellow-seed. . . 161 
 Yellow-weed, . . 142 
 
 Pride-of-the -Meadow ,257 
 
 Slender Elite, . 468 
 Sloe. . . 241 
 
 Trefoil, 202,227,228,331 
 Trumpet Flower, . 394 
 
 Yew, . . .518 
 Zigadene, . . 556 
 
 Prim, . . .463 
 
 Snail, . . 229 
 
 
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