isTACK A SN i X SPANISH IN A WEEK BY TEODORO S. ROMERO, B.S. PROFESSOR OF SPANISH IN STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. AUTHOR OF " SPANISH COMMERCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL;" INSTRUCTOR IN SPANISH, UNION BRANCH YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK ; DIRECTOR OF "THE T. S. ROMERO SPANISH SCHOOL," NEW YORK FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED FIFTEENTH THOUSAND PHILADELPHIA DAVID MCKAY, PUBLISHER 604-8 SOUTH WASHINGTON SQUARE COPYRIGHT, 1912, 1913, 1916 BY T. S. ROMERO CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 3 TO STUDENTS 4 MONDAY 5 Pronunciation 5 Spanish Alphabet 5 The article and where placed 5 The noun 6 The gender of substantives 6 When masculine 6 Examples 6 When feminine 7 How masculine nouns are converted into the feminine form 8 Neuter (and how formed) 8 Orthography 8 The adjective and where placed 9 Number 10 How to form a plural 10 The pronouns 11 Possessive pronouns 11 Where the possessive pronouns are employed 12 Personal pronouns., 12 TUESDAY 13 SALUTATIONS 13 PARTING SALUTATIONS 13 CARDINAL NUMBERS 18-14 Verbs 14 Regular verbs of the first conjugation... 14 How to form the present, past, and future tenses 14 Page To love model of the 1st conjuga- tion 15-16 PRACTICAL PART 16 To speak, present 16-17 How to form a question 17 To wish 17 Past definite (to wish) 18 The adverbs, where, when and how (and where placed) 18 To buy 18 Interrogative form 18 Future (to buy) 18 List of the most important verbs of the first conjugation 19-20 Accent 20 Punctuation 20 The preposition 21 Examples 21-22 WEDNESDAY 23 DIVISION OP TIME 23 MONTHS 23 SEASONS 23 THE "WEATHER 24 Regular verbs, second conjugation 24 How to form the present, past, and future tenses of the 2nd conjugation.. 24 To learn as model 25-26 PRACTICAL PART 26 Present (to eat) 26 Conversational form (to eat) 27 Future (to drink) 27 Interrogative form (to drink * 28 2064S9O CONTENTS (Continued) Page Past (to sell; 28 Conversational form (to sell) 29 List of the most important verbs of the second conjugation 29-30 The adverb 31-32 Adverbs of time 31 " place 31 " " manner 31 ' " quantity 31 " " comparison 32 ' " affirmation 32 " " negation 32 " doubt 32 THURSDAY 33 COLORS 33 SPANISH MONEY 33 Regular verbs, third conjugation 34 How to form the present, past, and future tenses of the 3rd conjugation.. 34 To leave as a model 34-35 PRACTICAL PABT 36 Present (to open) 36 Conversational form (to open) 36 Past (to write) 37 Interrogative form (to write) 37 Future (to receive) 38 Conversational form (to receive) 38 List of the most important verbs of the third conjugation 39-40 Imperfect form of verbs 40 COLLECTIVE NOUNS 41 FRACTIONS 41 THE CLOTHING andADORN- MENTS OF "WOMEN 41-42 MEN'S CLOTHINQ 42 FRIDAY 43 MEANS OF LOCOMOTION.... 43 TRANSPORTATION ... 43 Page ORDINAL NUMBERS 44 Auxiliary verbs 44 To be (and equivalents in Spanish) 44 Examples 44 Present, past and future tenses (to be) (inherent) 45-46 PRACTICAL PART 46 Present (to be) (inherent).- 46 Interrogative form (to be) (inherent)... 47 Passive voice, how it is formed 47 Examples (passive voice) 47 To be (state, condition, location) 48 Present, past and future tenses To be (state, condition, location) 48-49 PRACTICAL PART 49 Present (to be) (location) 49 Past, conversational form (to be) 49 To be, compound tenses with the aid of the present participle how it is formed.- 50 Examples. 50 Augmentatives and diminutives- 51 Examples 51-52 PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY 62 THE SENSES 52 SATURDAY 53 MEANS OF COMMUNICA- TION 53 LODGINGS 53 Auxiliary verbs 54 To have (and equivalent in Spanish)- 54 Examples 54 Past participle (and how it is formed)... 54 Present (to have, as auxiliary) 55 PRACTICAL PART 55 Present (to have, with the past parti- ciple) 55 Interrogative form (to have, with the past participle) 56 II CONTENTS (Continued) Page To have (idiomatic use with de) 56 Examples 56 To have (as a possessive) 57 Present, past and future tenses (to have) (possessive) 57-58 PRACTICAL PART 58 Present (to have) (possessive) 58 Conversational part 59 Past (to have) (possessive) 59 To have (idiomatic use with que) 59 Examples 59 To have instead of to be (idio- matic) 59-60 Conditional forms of verbs 60 THE "WATCH, THE CLOCK... 60 WHAT TIME IS IT 60 Comparatives and superlatives 61 Examples _ 61-62 SUNDAY 63 MAIL CORRESPONDENCE... 63 FORMS FOR BEGINNING A LETTER 63 FORMS FOR CLOSING A LETTER 63 Irregular verbs 64-69 Present, past, future (to make)... 65 " " " (there) to be 65 (to go)... 65 " " " (to come)... 65-66 (to give)... 66 " " " (to know)... 66 (to be able)... 66-67 ' (to hear)... 67 " " (to think)... 67 " " (to walk)... 67-68 " " " (to play)... 68 " " " (to feel)... 68 14 " " (to laugh)... 69 Page Reflexive verbs (how formed with the reflexive pronouns) 69 To dress oneself, model of reflexive verbs 69-70 Imperative mood 70 POLITE PHRASES 70 INTRODUCTIONS (to a person).. 70 Subjunctive mood 71 Present of subjunctive 71 Examples 71 The imperfects of subjunctive 72 Examples 72 READING EXERCISES... 71 HISTORY OF SPAIN 73-74-75 GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPE- DIA OF SPANISH SPEAK- ING-COUNTRIES 75 Argentina ~ 75-76 Bolivia 77 Colombia 77 Costa Rica 78 Cuba 79 Chile 79-SO Ecuador 80-81 Salvador 81 The Philippine Islands 81-82 Spain -..82-83-84 Guatemala.- 84 Honduras 85 Mexico 85-86 Nicaragua 86-87 Panama 87 Panama Canal 87-88 Paraguay 89 Peru 89-90 Porto Rico 90-91 Dominican Republic - 91 Uruguay 92 Venezuela. 92-93 Opportunities forthe Spanish Language 93 FOREWORD The political and industrial changes which have follow- ed in quick succession the advent of the twentieth century have affected few countries more than those in which Spanish is the language par excellence. In these countries changes in administration and govern- mental policies brought about by various influences have aroused international interest and have been the forerunners of a new era of prosperity. They have blazed the way for rapid strides in industrial and commercial progress which must necessarily follow the opening of that gigantic engi- neering project, the Panama Canal. Commerce will now rediscover Latin America , the West Indies, Mexico, and the Philippine Islands. That is not all. In the rush for transatlantic steamship records and consequently for shorter routes to Europe , some company, seeking an exclusive European trade, will awake to the fact that two hundred miles more than twelve hours of ocean travel might be saved by establishing a terminus at Vigo, Spain. Great political and industrial changes must be followed by alterations of corresponding moment in other phases of life. American and European civilization is about to be reborn in sister lands. Hence the importance of the medium, through which these influences must be exerted, can not be overestimated. Young business men on every hand are turning to the study of Spanish because they have caught the vision. And the day is not distant when travellers, teachers, authors, missionaries, engineers, and statesmen, as well as culture seekers, will enrich their imagination and increase their effi- ciency by an acquaintance with the language of Cervantes. TO STUDENTS This little volume contains the elements of "practical Spanish" but does not aspire to be a complete grammar of the Spanish Language. Hence it will be found that in the follow- ing pages no mention is made of some of the questions which are discussed in large works, and that other questions touched upon are not probed to the bottom, as it is intended to meet only the requirements of the students of to-day. "When we re- flect that out of every hundred students who take up the study of the Spanish Language not more than one will have time to read a big book, it seems unjust to the remaining ninety-nine to thrust upon them the exhaustive study of books which furnish such superabundant information that the readers can not see the birds for the feathers. The matter contained in these pages consists of practical rules which can be easily understood and will guide the student step by step from the very beginning. There is reason to hope that students who take up this fascinating study will derive great benefit from the habit of thinking for them- selves and from comparing their work with the model sentences. No attempt has been made to arrange the matter in the form of "Lessons" as each day of the week into which the book is divided usually completes the treatment of some important and distinct branch of the subject. I wish to acknowledge gratefully the assistance of several friends who have made suggestions which have improved in many respects the original "Spanish in a Week." I am thank- ful also for the kind attention and patronage which schools, students, and commercial houses have given to my book. In order to provide practice in reading and translating and also to answer the many questions about Spanish speaking countries, I have introduced a description of each of the countries which use the sonorous and rich language of Castile. Teodoro S. Eomero. LUNES=Monday Uoo-nes) The Spanish language is pronounced as it is written. ALFABETO ESPANOL=Spanish Alphabet (alTati-beh-toe) (ea-j>an-yol) A. tab) B. (bay) c. (thay) Oh. (thay ah-tchay) D. (day) E. (ay) F. (ef fay) & H. Ub-tchaj) L (> J. (ho-ta) E. Utah) L. (ay-lay) u (ayl-lyaj) M. (ay-miy) N. (ay-nay) N. (ay-ay ay) o. (ob) P. (par) Q. (koo) R. (er-ray) s. (M-M7) T. (tar) u. (oo) V. (lah) (kee-mee-cah) Masculine nouns ending in o are converted into the feminine form by changing the final letter into a as : esposo=husband esposa=wife (es-pos-soe) (es-pos-sah) hermano=brother hermana=sister (er-inan-oh) (er-man-ah) hijo=son hija==daughter (ee-hoh) (ee'-hah) primo=cousin prima=female cousin 1 (pree-mo) (pree-mah) tio=uncle tia=aunt (tee-o) (tee-ah) The neuter gender is used only to describe abstract qualities. It is formed by adding the neuter article "lo" to an adjective as: lo bueno=the good lo imposible=the impossible (lo) (boo-en-o) (lo) (im-pos-see-blay) lo malo=the bad lo pequeno=the small (lo) (mah-lo) (lo) (pay-ken-nyo) lo grande=the great lo sublime=the sublime (lo) (graii- Jay) (lo) (soo-blee-may) ORTOGRAFIA=Orthography (or-toh-grah-fee-ah) Spanish orthography is absolutely phonetic. Every letter is sounded except h. The vowels have but one sound which is much more prolonged and sonorous than in English. The consonants are softer than in English. 8 EL ADJETIVO=the Adjective (ayl) (ad-heh-tee-vo) Words used to limit or modify the meaning of nouns are called adjectives. They are generally placed after the nouns and agree with them in gender and number as : el nino listo=the clever boy (ayl) (nin-nyo) (lees-toe) la nina aplicada=the studious girl Uah) Uiin-nyah) (ah-ple-cah-dah) el hombre alto==the tall man (ayl) (oiu-bray ) (al-toe) la mujer elegante=the stylish woman (lah) (moo-her) (ay-lay-gan-tay) la flor hennosa=the beautiful flower (lah) (flore) (er-mo-sah) el arbol historico=the historical tree (ail)(ar-bol)(is-tor-e-co) la rama grande=the large branch (lah) (rab-mah) (gran-day) la casa espaciosa=the spacious house (lah) (cas-sab.) (es-path-e-os-ah) la roca dura=the solid rock (lah) (ro-cah) (door-ah) la ciudad grande=the large city (lah) (thleh-oo-dath) (gran -day) el pueblo pequeno=the little town (ayl) (poo-ay-blo) (pay-keen-nyo) la montana alta=the high mountain (lah) (mon-tan-nyah) (al-tah) el cielo azul=the blue sky (ayl) (tui-eh-loh) (alh-ool) el sombrero bonito : =the pretty hat (ayl) (som-brer-o) (bo-nee-toe) la corbata ancha=the broad necktie (lah) (cor-bah-tah) (an-tchah) el chaleco blanco=the white vest (ayl) (tcbahl-ay-co) (blan-coe) el rio caudaloso=the mighty river (ayl) (ree-o)cah-oo-dal-os-ao) el paisaje pintoresco=the picturesque landscape (ayl) (pah-ls-sah-hay) (pln-tor--co) el tren expreso=the express train (ajl) (tra) (ex-pray so) 9 el tren correo=the mail train (ayl) (tren) (cor-ray'-o) el oso bianco =the white bear (ayl)(os-so) (blan-coe) el tigre feroz~the ferocious tiger (ayl) (tee-gray) (fer-oth) el perro fiel=the loyal dog (ayl)(per-ro)(fe-el) el viento fuerte=the vigorous wind (ayl) (Te-en-toe) (foo-er-tay) el mar bravio=the furious sea (ayl) (mar)brah-ve-o) el reloj segnro=the accurate clock (ayl) ( ro-loe) Uay-soor-o) NUMERO=Number (noo'-mer-o) When a word names or tells of a single person or thing it is singular ; when it tells of more than one it is plural. (Singular) (Plural) la fuente=the fountain las flores=the flowers (lahl(foo-en-tay) (labs) (flo-reB) la mata=the small bush las frutas=the fruits UahHmah-tan) (lahs) (froo-tas) el manantial=4he spring water los vasos=the glasses (ayl) (mah-nan-te-al) (los) (vah-sos) la choza=the hut las uvas=the grapes (lab) (tchoth-ah) (lab*) (oo-raa) el hilo=the thread los pollos=the chickens (ayD(ee-lo) (losXpol-lyos) el plano=the plan las cabras=the goats (ayl) (plab-no) (labs) (cab-bras) el mapa=the map las cartas=tne letters (ayl)'.mah-pah) (lahs) (car-tas) The ordinary method of forming a plural in Spanish is that of adding s or es to the singular as : (Singular) (Plural) la llave=the key las llaves=the keys (liih)U-lyah-vay) (lahs) (1-lyah -Tea) la montana=the mountain las montanas=the mountains (lab) f mon-Un-nyah) (labs) (mon-tan-njas) 10 (Singular) la rana=the frog (hih)lrah-nah) el soldado=the soldier (ayl) (sol-dah-doh) el pollo=the chicken (ayD(pol-lyo) el cordero=the lamb (ayl) (cor-der-o) el mel6n=the melon (ayl) (may-Ion) el corazon=the heart (ayl) (cor-ab-thon) la leccion=the lesson (lah)Uec-tbeeb-on) la flor=the flower (lab) (flor) (Plural) las ranas=the frogs (labs) irah-nas) los soldados=the soldiers (los) (sol-dah-dos) los polios =the chickens (los) (pol-lyos) los corderos=the lambs (los) (cor-der-os) los melones=the melons (los) (may-lon-es) los corazones=the hearts (los) (cor-ah-thon-nes) las lee clones^ the lessons (lahs) (lee- tbeo-ou-es) las flores=the flowers UahsMflor-es) EL PRONOMBRE=The pronoun (ayl) (plo-nom-bray) Words used instead of nouns are called pronouns. There are different forms. PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS=Possessive pronouns (pro-noci-bree) (pos-se-see-yos) mi SU (mee) (BOO) mio (me-oh) my suyo (soo-jo) mia (me- ah) ,, suya (soo-jah) __ mi madre=my mother (mee) (mah-dray) mi jardin=my garden (mee) Cbar-deen) mi oficina=my office (mee) (o-feeth-ee-nah) su pipa=your pipe (aoo)ipee-pah) BU pelo=your hair (800) (pay-lo) su pelota=your ball (soo) (pay-lo-th) sns (BOOS) nuestro=our ; suyos (soo-j-os) suyas (soo-iabs) h theirs sus hermanos=their brothers (soos) (er-mah-nos) sus jugnetes=their toys (soos) (hoo-gay-tes) sus ejercicios=their exercises (soos) (ay-ber-thee-tbee-os) sus pies=their feet (soos) (pea-es) sus oidos=their ears (soos) (o-ee-dos) sus armas=their arms (soos) (ar-mas) 11 el mio=mme (mas.) (ayD(mee-o) la mia=mine (fern.) (lab) (mee-ah) el suyo=yours (ayl) (soo-jo) la suya=hers (lab.) (soo-jah) los suyos=theirs (lOS) (800-JOS) las suyas=theirs (las) (sou-jahs) The possessive pronouns, mi, su, nuestro, and sus are (mee) (soo) (noo-ea-tro) (soos) employed before nouns, mio, mia suyo, suya, suyos, and (mee-oh) (mee-ha) (aoo-joh) (soo-jah) (soo-jos) suyas, are employed after nouns. (soo-Jas) Su and suyo may be replaced or strengthened by de el, (soo) (soo-jo) (day) (ell) de ella, de listed. (day) (ayl-lya) (day) (oottay-th) The student will compose examples for practice using those already given as models. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES=Personal pronouns (pro-nom-brea) (payr-soh-nab-les) The personal pronouns are: Singular Plural First person yo=I; lyoh) Second " First person nosotros=we. (noh-soh-tros) Third tu=thou ; Second _(too) usted=you ; 'nios) Shall or will love ustedes " r you " (oos-tay-des) ellos am-aran= . they (ayl-lyos) (ah-mah-rahu) ellas they (ayl-lyas) " k This will serve as a model for the present, past, and future tenses of all the regular verbs of the first conjugation. PARTE PRACTICA=Practical part (par-lay) (prac-te-cah) Habl-ar=to speak, to talk, habl-ando=speaking. (ah-blahar) (ah-blahn-do) habl-ado = sp oken. (ah-blah-do) 16 PRESENTE=Present (pray-sayn-tay) Yo habl-o espanol=I speak Spanish (yo) (ah-bloh) (ays-pah-nyol) Usted habl-a ingles =you speak English (oos-tayth) (ah-blah) (ing-glays) el habl-a ruso=he speaks Russian. (ell) I ah-blah) (roos'-so) ella habl-a aleman=she speaks German (ayl-lya) (ah-blah) (ay-lah-mau) nosotros habl-amos muy poco el frances=we speak very little (noh-soh-tros) (ah-blah-mos) ( moo -e') (poke) (el) (frahn-thays) French, ustedes habl-an muchas lenguas=you speak many languages. (oos-tay-des) (ah-blahn) (moo-tehaa) (len-goo-ahs) ellos habl-an solo italiano=they speak only Italian. (ayl-lyos) (ah-blahn) (soh-lo) (ee-tah-lee-ah-uoh) ellas habl-an diferentes idiomas=they (fern.) speak different (ayl-lays) (ah-blahn) (de-feren-tays) (ee-de-o-mahs) languages. In the interrogative form of a sentence in Spanish the verb is placed before the subject. Habl-a usted ingles? : =Do you speak English? (ah-blah) (oos-tayth) (ing-glays) si sefior ; yo habl-o ingles=yes, I speak English. (sec) (say-nyor) (yob.) (ah-bloh) (ing-glays) Habl-a el espanol?=Does he speak Spanish? (ah-blah) (ell) (ays-pah-nyol) no senor ; el no habl-a espaiiol=no ! he does not speak Spanish (no) (say-nyor) (ell) (no) (ah-blah) (ays-pah-nyol) Que idioma habla ella?=What language does she speak? (kay) (ee-dee-oh-mah) (ah-blah) (ayl-lyah) ella habla portugues=she speaks Portuguese. (ayl-lya) (ah-blah) (por-too-ges) Que idioma hablamos nosotros en los Estados Unidos?=What (kay) (ee-dee-oh-mah) (ah-blah-nws) (noh-soh-tros) (en) (los) (es-tah-doea) (oo-nee-dos) language do we speak in the United States? Dese-ar=to wish (day-say ahr) Dese-ando=wisliing Dese-ado= wished (day-say-ahudo) (day-say-ah-do) This verb is usually followed by a dependent verb. The dependent verb must be in the infinitive mood. 17 PASADO DEFINIDO=Past definite (pah-sah-doh) (day-finee-do) yo dese-e estudiar historia=I wished, (did wish) to study (yoh) (day-say-ayh) (ea-too-dee-ahr) (is-tor-ee-ah) history, usted dese-6 viajar==you wished (did wish) to travel. (oos-tayth) (day-say-oh) (vee-ah-hahr) el dese-6 exportar sus productos=he wished to export his (ell) (day-say-oh) (ex-por-tar) (soos) (proh-dooc-toa) products, ella dese-6 ser feliz=she wished to be happy. (ayl-lay) (day-say-oh) (ser) (fay-litb) nosotros dese-amos ir a Mejico=we wished to go to Mexico. (nob-soh-tros) (day-say-ah-mos) (ir) (ah) (may-he-coe) ustedes dese-aron tener dinero=you wished to have money. (oos-tay-dee) (day-say-ah-ron) (tay-ner) (dee-ner-oh) ellos dese-aron vender generos=they wished to sell goods. (ayl-lyos) (day-say-ab-ron) (ven-der) (hay-ner-obs) ellas dese-aron tener perlas y flores=they wished to have (ayl-lyas) (day-say-ah-ron) (tay-ner) (per-labs) (ee) (flores) pearls and flowers. The adverbs donde=where, cuando=when, como=how (don'-day) (coo-an-do) (como) (in what manner) are always placed before the verb. Compr-ar==to buy, to purchase (com-prar) Compr-ando=buying, Compr-ado=bought. (com-prahn-do) (com-prah-do) FORMA INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative form (for-mali) (in-ter-ro-gah-tee-vah) FUTURO=Future (foo-too-ro) donde compr-ara usted algodon?= where will (or shall) you (don-day) (com-prar-ah) (oos-tayth) (al-go-don) buy cotton? yo compr-are algodon en Alabama=I shall buy cotton in (yoh) (com-pra-ray) (al-go-don) (en) (a-la-ba-ma) Alabama, donde compr-ara su senora los sombreros ?= where will your (don-day) (com-pra-rab) (soo) (say-myo-rah) (loa) (som-bro-roe) wife buy her hats? 18 Cuando compr-ara ella sus generos?=When will she buy her (coo-an-do) (com-pra-rah) (ayl-lya) (soos) (hay-ner-ohs) goods? Como compr-ara el, al detalle 6 al por mayor?=How will he (co-mo) (com-pra-rah) (ell) (ahl) (day-tal-lyay) (o)(ahl)(por) (mah-jor) buy, at retail or wholesale? The following are the most important verbs of the first conjugation. The student will employ them in composing sentences for practice, using as models the sentences already given under the head of Present, Past, and Future tenses. am-ar=to love, habl-ar=to speak, dese-ar=to wish, (ah-mar) (ah-blahr) (day-say-ahr) compr-ar=to buy. (com-pr-ar) Abrazar=to embrace (ab-brath-ar) Abreviar=to abridge (ah-bray-yee-ahr) Acabar=to finish (acah-bar) Acariciar=to caress (ah-care-thee-ar) Aceptar=to accept (ah-thep-tar) Acompanar=to accompany (ah-com-pan-oyar) Activar=to hasten (ac- tee-var) Ablandar=to soften (ah-blan-dar) Abrasar=to burn (ah-bras-sar) Abrigar=to shelter (ah-bree-gar) Accionar=to gesticulate (ac-thee-o-nar) Acechai=to waylay (ah-theh-tchar) Aclarar=to clarify (ah-clar-ar) Acortar=to shorten (ah -cor -tar) Acreditar=to credit (ah-creh-de-tar) Adelantar=to advance (ah-deh-lan-ur) Admirar=to admire (ad-me-rar) Afilar=to sharpen (ah-fe-lar) Atar=to tie (ah-tar) Bajar=to descend (bah-har) Banar=to bathe (b&n-yar) Besar=to kiss (bes-sar) Buscar==to seek (boos-car) Calmar=to calm (cal-mar) Callar=to silence (cal-lyar) Cambiar=to exchange (cam-be-ar) Caminar=to walk (cam-e-nar) Cazar=to hunt (cath-ar) 19 Cortar=to cut (cor -tar) Declarar=to declare (day-clar-ar) Dedicar=to dedicate (day-de-car) Dejar=to leave (day-bar) Desnudar=to undress (des-noo-dar) Desocupar=to evacuate (de-so-coo-par) Echar=to throw (ay-tchar) Emplear=to employ (em-play-ar) Empujar=to push (em-poo-har) Escuchar=to listen (es-coo-tchar) Extranar=to wonder (eks-tran-yar) Faltar=to fail (fal-tar) Fechar=to date (faytchar) Pormar=to form (for -mar) Fundar=to establish (foon-dar) Ganar=to gain (gah-nar) Girar=to turn, to draw (hi-rar) Gozar=to enjoy (goth-ar) Habitar=to inhabit (ah-be-tar) Hallar=to find (al-lyar) Ignorar=to ignore (ig-nor-ar) Importar=to import (im-por-tar) Justificar=to justify; (hoos-te-fe-car) Levantar=to raise (lay-van-tar) Llegar=to arrive (l-lya-gar) Mandar=to send (man-dar) Notificar=to notify (no-te-fe-car) Ocupar=to occupy (o-coo-par) Pescar=to fish (pes-car) Pintar=to paint (pin-tar) Trabajar=to work (trah-bah-har) Viajar=to travel (ree-au-han ACENTO=Accent (ah-then-toh) The accent or stress of voice falls on the syllable which has the acute (written) accent. When a word, which has no acute accent, has for its final letter a consonant, except n or s, the stress of voice falls on the ultima or last syllable. In words which have for their final letter a vowel, or either of the consonants n or s the stress of voice falls on the pen- ultima or syllable before the last. The Punctuation of the Spanish Language corresponds with the English punctuation. 20 LA PREPOSICION=The Preposition. (lib) (pray-poh-seeth-e-on) 'A Preposition is a word placed before a noun, pronoun or verb to show its relation to some other word in a sen- tence. The following are the prepositions in common use : &, to, (ah) at; ante, before; con, with; contra, against; de, of; desde, lan-taj) (con) (con-trah) (day) (del-day) from, since; en, in, on, by; entre, between; hacia, toward; (en) (en-tray) (ath-e-ah) hasta, until ; para, for, to, in order to ; por, by ; segun, accord- (M-tah) (pah-rah) (Bar) (lay-soon) ing to ; sin, without ; sobre, on. (aeon) (Boii-bray) EJEMPLOS=Example (ay-hem-ple>) yo mando flores a mi madre=I send flowers to my mother. (yo) (man-dob) (floh-res) (ah) (mee) (mah-dray) a quien manda Vd. dinero por cable?=to whom do you send (ah) (kec-en) (man-dab) (oos-tayth) (dee-nay-rob) (por) (kah-blay) money by cable? yo mando dinero por cable a mi corresponsal en Valencia=I (yo) (man-doh) (dee-nay-roh) (por) (kah-blay) (ah) (mee) (coh-res-pon-aal) (en) ( VaJi-lay-n-thee-ah) send money by cable to my correspondent in Valencia con quien mandara Vd. esos documentos?=with whom will (con) ( (kee-en) (man-dah-rah) (oos-tayth) (ay-sos) (doh-koo-men-toi) you send these documents? yo mandare los documentos por correo=I shall send the (yo) (man-dah-ray) (los) (doh-koo-men-tos) (por) (coh-rray-oh) documents by mail como mandara Vd. este giro?=how will you send this draft? (corn-mob) (man-dab-rab) (ooa-tay-tb) (ea-tay) (bee-rob) yo mandare este giro por cable=I shall send this draft by (yob) (man-dab-ray) (ei-tay ) (bee-rob) (por) (kab-blay) cable mandara Vd. & su agente 6 comprar los generos hoy?=will (man-dah-rah) (oos-tayth) (ah) (soo) (ah-hen-tay) (ah) (com-prar)(los)(hay-nay-roa)(oh-ee) you send your agent to buy the goods to-day? 21 si sencr; yo mandare a mi agente a comprar los generos (set) (say-nycr) (yoh)(man-dah-ray)(ah)(mee)(ah-hen-tay)(ah) (comprar) (los) (hay-nay-ros) inmediatamente=yes ; I shall send my agent to buy the (in-may-de-ah-Uh-men-tay) goods immediately que ensena el maestro a sus discipulos=what does the in- (kay> (ayn-say-nyah)(ayl) (mah-ays-troh) (ah) (soos) (dees-thee-poo-los) structor teach his pupils, el maestro ensena a sus discipulos a leer, a escribir, y a hablar (ayl)mah-es-troh) (en-say-n-yah) (ah) (soos) (dis-thee-poo-los) (ah) (lay-er-J (ah) (es-cree-bir)(e) ah) espanol=the instructor teaches his pupils to read, write, (ah-blar) (ei-pahn-yol) and speak Spanish yo dsseo ir a Espana en un vapor grande y rapido=I want (joh) (day-say-oh) (eer) (ah) (es-pahn-yah) (en) (oon) (vah-por) (gran-day) (e) (rah-pe-doh) to go to Spain on a big and fast steamer desea Vd. ir a California en tren?=do you wish to go to (day-aay-ah) (oos-tayth)(eer) (ah) (cah-le-Ior-nee-ah) (en) (Uen) California by rail? si, yo lo deseo=yes, I do (see) (yoh) (lob) (day-say-oh) desea Vd. ir al teatro hoy?=do you wish to go to the theatre (day-say-ah) (oos-tayth) (eer) (al) (Uy-ah-troh) (oh-ee) to-day? si seiior ; yo deseo ir al teatro en mi nuevo automovil==yes ; I (soe) day-nyor) (yoh) (day-say-oh) (eer) (al) (Uy-ab-troh) (en) (mee) (noo-ay-voh ) lah-oo-u h-rn h-vli) should like to go to the theatre in my new automobile a qne hora acaba Vd. su trabajo en la oficina?=at \vhat time (ah) (toy) (oli-rah) (ah-cah-bah) (oos-tayth) (soo) ( trah-bah-hoh) (en) (lah) (oh-fee-toee-nili) do you finish your work in the office? yo acabo mi trabajo en la oficina a las cinco de la tarde=I (job) (ah-cah-boh) (mee) (trah-bah-hoh) (en) (!ah)(oh-fo*-Uiee-nah)(ah)(la3)(theen-coh) (day) (lah)Ur-day) finish my work in the office at five o'clock in the after- noon cuando acabara Vd. ese trabajo?=when will you finish that (koo-an-doh)(ah-cah-bab-rah)(coe-tayUi)(ay-8ay)(trah-bih-hoh) work? yo acabare el trabajo en dos horas=I shall finish the work (yoh) (ah-kah-bah-ray) (ayl) (trah-bah-bob) (en) (dot) (ob-ru) in two hours. 22 MIERCOLES=Wednesday (mee-ayr-ooh-less) DIVISION DEL TIEMPO==Division of time (dee-vis-see-on) (del) (tee-aym-pob) segundo second (say-goon-doh) mmuto=mmute (mee-noo-to) hora=hour (or-ah) mafiana morning (man-yah-nah) tarde=afternoon (tar-day) noche=mght (no-tchay) dia=day (dee-ab) semana=week (say-mah-nah) mes=niontli (mes) estacion=season (es-tah-tliee-on) ano=year (an-nyo) generacion= generation (he-nay-rah- thee-on) siglo=century (see-glo) epoca=epoch (ay-po-cab) MESES=Months (may-says) Enero= January (ay-nay-roh) Febrero=February (fay-bray-ro) Marzo=Marcli (mar-tbob) Abril=April (a-breel) Mayo=May (mah-joh) Junio=June (hoo-nee-o) Julio=July (hoo-lee-oh) Agosto= August (ah-gohs-toh) Septiembre^September (sep- tee-em-bray) Octubre=0ctober (oc-too-bray) Noviembre=November (no-vee-em-bray) Diciembre=December ( dee-tbee-em-bray ) ESTACIONES=Seasons (es-tah-tbe-o-nes) Primavera=spring (pree-mah-vay-rah) Verano=summer (vay-rab-nob) Otofio^autumn (oh-ton-yoh) Invierno=winter (een-vee-air-cob) 23 EL TIEMPO=The weather (ail) (tee-aym-pob. buen tiempo=good weather (boo-en) (tee-aym-poh) mal tiempo=bad weather (mal) (tee-aym-poh) hace frio^it is cold (ath-ay) (free-o) hace calor=it is hot (ath-ay) (ca-lor) la lluvia=the rain (lah) (1-yoo-ve-ah) llover=to rain (l-yo-ver) la nieve=the snow (lah) (nee-ay-vay) nevar=to snow (nay-var) el granizo=the hail (yl) (grah-uee-tho) granizar=to hail (grah-nee-thar) sol=sun (801) sombra=shade (som-brah) el hielo=the ice (yl) (ee-el-o) helar^to freeze (ay-lar) montana de hielo=iceberg (mon-tan-nyah) (day) (ee-el-o) niebla=fog (nee-ay-blah) viento=wind (vee-en-to) tempestad^storm (tem-pes-tath) VERBOS REGULAEES=Regular verbs (ver-bos) (ray-goo-la-res) Segunda conjugacion=Second conjugation (say-goon-dah) (coD-boo-gath-e-on) The root of the verb does not change. In the second conjugation for the present, past, and future tenses the ter- mination of the first person singular, present is o; past i; future ere third first third plural, < For example: e; ' io; emos;" imos; ' en; " ieron; era eremos eran aprend-er=to learn (ah-pren-der) aprendiendo=learning (ah-prtu-du-un-du) aprendido=learned (ali-pren-de-do) 24 PRESENTE=Present (indicative mood) (pray-sen-tay) Singular Yo aprendo=I learn (yoh)(ah-pren-doh) usted ' (oos-tay-th) el (ell) ella (ayl-lya) you learn (ah-pren-day, l she J Plural nosotros aprend-emos=we learn (noh-soh-tros) (ah-pren-day-inoa) ustedes } ( you (oos-tay-Ues) ellos laprend-en= . they (ayl-lyos) (ah-pren-dayn) ellas they learn PASADO=Past (pab-sah-doh) Singular Yo aprend-i=I learned (yoh) (ah-pren-de) listed too3-tay-th) el (ell) ella > aprend-io= . (ah-pren-de-o) 'you he she learned Plural nosotros aprend-imos=we learned (noh-soh-tros) (ah-pren-dee-mos) ustedes (oos-tay-dcs) ellos (ayl-lyos) ellas (ayl-lyas) J aprend-ieron= (ah-pren-de-ay-ron) 'you they they learned 25 FUTURO=Future (foo-too-ro) Singular Yo aprend-ere=I shall or will learn (yoh) (ah-pren-day-ray) . shall or will learn listed (oos-tay-th) 'you. el (ell) aprend-era= . (ah-pren-day-rah) he ella (ayl-lya) > she Plural nosotros aprend-eremos=we shall or will learn (noh-soh-troa) (ah-pren-day-ray-mon) ustedes 1 (oos-tay-des) aprend-eran= . (ahpren-day-rahn) you they they shall or will learn (co-mee-do) ellos (ayl-Iyos) ellas (ayl-lyas) This verb will serve as a model for the present, past, and future tenses of all the regular verbs of the second conjugation. PARTE PRACTICA=Practical part (par-taj) (prac-tl-cah) PRESENTE=Present (pray-Myn,-tay) Com-er=to eat, to dine; comiendo=eating; comido=eaten. (co-mer'J (co-me-ayn-do) (c Yo com-o pescado=I eat fish. (yoh) (co-mo) (pes-cah-doe) usted com-e carne=you eat meat (oos-tay-th) (co-may) (car-nay) el com-e patatas=he eats potatoes (ell) (co-may) (pah-tah-tahs) ella com-e frutas=she eats fruit (ayl-lya) (co-may) (froo-tahs) nosotros com-emos aves=we eat poultry (noh-soh-tros) (co-may-mos) (ah-ves) ustedes com-en legumbres=you eat vegetables (oos-tay-des) (co-mayn) (lay-goom-bres) ellos com-en pan=they eat bread (a;l-lyo8) (co-mayn) (palm) ellas com-en dulces=they eat sweets candies (ayl-lyai) (co-mayn) (dool-thayi) 26 FORMA COLOQUIAL=Conversational form (for-mah) (co-lo-ke-al) com-e usted en el hotel?=do you eat in the hotel? (co-mar) (oos-tay-th) (en) (ayl) (o-tayl) no seiior; yo coni-o en mi casa=no sir, I eat at my home. (no) (say-nyor) (yoh) (co-mo) (eti) (mee) (ka-sah) a que hora com-e ella?=at what time does she dine ? (all) (kay) (or-ah) (co-may) (ayl-) (lya) ella com-e todos los dias a las 12?=she dines every day at 12 (ayl-lya) (co-may) (to-dos) (los) (dee-ahs) (ah) dans) (do-tbay) o'clock. que com-e el?=what does he eat? (kay) (co-may (el) el com-e polio asado=he eats roast chicken. (ell) (com-ay) (pol-lyo) (ah-sah-doe) com-emos nosotros la carne con la cuchara?=do we eat meat (co-may-mos) (noh-soh-tros) (lah) (car-nay) (con) (lah) (coo-tcha-rah) with a spoon? no senor, nosotros comemos la carne con tenedor y cuchillo= (no) (say-nyor) (noh-soh-tros) (co-may-mos) (lah) (car-nay) (con) (tay-nay-dor) (ee) (coo-tcheel-lyo) no, we eat meat with a knife and fork, comen ellas patatas cocidas?=do they eat boiled potatoes? (co-mayn) (ayl-lyas) (pah-tah) (co-thee-dahs) no seiior, ellas com-en patatas fritas=no, they eat fried pota- (no) (say-nyor) (ayl-lyas) (co-mayu) (pah-tah-tahs) (free- tabs) toes. FUTURO=Future (foo-too-ro) beber=to drink, bebiendo= drinking, bebido=drunk or drank bay-ber) (bay-bee-en-do) (bay-bee-do) yo bebere agua fresca=I shall (or will) drink fresh water. (yoh) (bay-bay-ray) (ah'-goo-ah) (fres-kah) usted bebe-ra vino=you shall (or will) drink wine. (oos-tay-th) (bay-bay-rah) (vee-no) el bebe-ra licores=he (shall or) will drink liquors. (ell) (bay-bay-rah) (lee-co-res) ella beb-era leche caliente=she (shall or) will drink hot milk. (ayl-lya) (bay-bay-rah) (lay-tchay) (cah-lee-en-tay) nosotros beberemos cerveza=we shall drink beer. (noh-soh-tros) (bay-bay-ray-mos) (ther-veth-ah) ustedes beberan agnas minerales=you will drink mineral (oos-taydes) (bay-bayralm) (ah-goo-ash) (ince-uer-al-es) waters. 27 ellos beb-eran en vasos grandes=they will drink from large (ayl-lyos) (bay-bay-rahn) (en) (vah-sos) (gran'-days) , glasses ellas beb-eran en vasos pequeiios=they shall drink from small (ayl-lyas) (bay-bayrahn) (en) (vah-sos) (pay-ben-nyos) glasses FORMA INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative form (for-mah) (In-ter-ro-gah-tee-Tah) bebera usted vino de jerez?=will you drink sherry wine? (bay-bay-rali) (cos-tay-th) (vee-no) (day) (her-eth) bebera ella la leche hervida?=will she drink the boiled milk ? (bay-bay-rah) (ayl-lya) (la) (lay-tchay) (er-vee-dah) foeberemos nosotros la cerveza importada?=shall we drink (bay-bay-ray-mos) (noh-soh-tros) (la) (ther-veth-ah) (ini-por-tah-da) the imported beer? beberan ellos mucho?=will they drink much? (bay-bay-rahn) (ayl-lyos) (moo-tcho) beberan ellas poco?=will they drink a little ? (bay-bay-rahn) (ayl-lyas) (poh-ko) PASADO=Past (pah-sah-doh) vend-er=to sell; vendiendo=selling ; vendido=sold (Ten-der) (ren-dee-en-do) (Ten-dee-do) yo vend-i productos importados==I sold imported products (yob.) (ven-dee') (pro-dooc-tos) (im-por-tah-dos) usted vend-io joyas antignas^you sold old jewelry (oos-tay-th) (ven-dee-oh) (ho- jabs) (an-tee-guas) el vend-io sombreros y zapatos=he sold hats and shoes (ell) (Ten-dee-oh) (som-brer-os) (ee) (thah-pah-tos) ella vend-io juguetes=she sold toys (ayl-lya) (Ten-dee-oh) (hoo-gay-tays) nosotros vend-imos sedas y panos=we sold silk and cloths (noh-soh-troa) (Ten-dee-mos) (say-dahs) (ee) (pan-nyos) ustedes vend-ieron maquinaria=you sold machinery (oos-tay-des) (Ten-de-ay-ron) (mak-kee-nar-ee-ah) ellos vend-ieron camisas y cuellos=they sold shirts and (ayl-lyos) (Ten-de-ay-ron) (cah-mee-sahs) (ee) (coo-el'-lyos) collars ellas vend-ieron perfumes y jabones=they sold perfumes and (ayl-lyas) (Ten-de-ay-ron) (per-foo-mays (ee) (hah-bon-es) soaps. 28 FORMA COLOQUIAL=Conversational form. (for- mail) (co-lo-ke-al) vendio pan el panadero?=did the baker sell bread? (ven-uee-o')(pan) (ell) (pah-nah-der'o) si senor; el panadero vendi6 pan=yes, the baker sold bread. (see) (say-nyor) (ell) (pah-nah-der'o) (ven-dee-o') (pan) donde vendio ella gnantes y corbatas?= where did she sell (don-day) (ven-dee-oh) (ayl-lya) (goo-an-tays) (ee) (cor-bah-tas) gloves and neck-ties? ella vendio guantes y corbatas en la camiseria=she sold (ayl-lya) (ven-dee-oh) (goo-an-tays) (ee) (cor-bah-tas) (en) (la) (cah-mi-say-ree-a) gloves and neck-ties in the haberdashery, donde vendio el plumas y tinta?=where did he sell pens and (ba-hoh) (eks-thayp-toe) Adverbios de cantidad : mucho, much ; poco, little ; muy, (ad-rer-be-oa) (day) (eao-te-dad) (moo-tcbo) (pob-coc) (moo-ee) very; casi, almost; bastante, sufficient; tanto, so much; (kab-eee) (bai-tao-tay) (l&n-toc) cuanto, how much ; nada, nothing. (koo-aa-tM) (nab-dab) 31 Adverbios de comparacion: mas, more; menos, less; (ad-ver-be-oi) (day) (com-paii-rah-the-on) (mu) (mw-aoi) mejor, better; peor, worse, (may-bar) (pay-or) Adverbios de afirmacion: si, yes; cierto, surely; tambien, (ad-Tsr-be-os) (day)(*h-fsr-mab-tbion)(e) (tbec-w-toh) (tam-bt-sa) also, too. Adverbios de negacion; no, no; nunca, never; tampoco, (ad-rer-be-os) (day) (nay-gab-thee-on) (nob) (noon-kab) (tam-poh-coh) neither. Adverbios de duda: acaso, by chance; quiza, perhaps. (ad-ver-be-os) (day) (doo-dab) (ah-kab-sob) (kee-tbab) Adverb? are also formed in Spanish by adding the ter- mination mente to an adjective. (meu-tay) Alegre, merry; alegremente, merrily, lively; libre, free; (ah-lay-gray) (ah-lay-grey-men-tay) (le-bray) libremente, freely; feliz, happy; felizmente, happily; fuerte, (1- bray- men- tay) (fay-leeth) (faj-lttUi-meu-taj) ((oo-er-taj strong; fuertemente, strongly; sabio, wise; sabiamente, (foo-r-tar-ment) (iah-b-oh) (*ab-be-ab-m*n-ta7) wisely. Examples of phrases in which the adverb modifies the meaning of a verb: hablar bien, to speak well; acabar (ah-blar) (bee-ayn) (ah-kah-bar) pronto, to finish soon ; adelantar mucho, to advance consider- (pron-tob) (ah-daj-ln-urj (moo-tcbob) ably. Examples of phrases in which the adverb modifies the meaning of an adjective: muy bonito, very pretty; siempre (moo-ee) (boh-nw-teb) dwenj-ptay) grande, always great (Iran-day) Examples of phrases in which adverbs modify the mean- ing of other adverbs: demasiado tarde, too late; bastante (day-mah-iee-ab-dob) (tar-day) (bai-taa-laj) bien, quite well ; muy mal, very badly. (b-ayn) (meo-*e) (mal) 32 JUEVES=Thiirsday (hoo-ay'-res) COLORES=Colours (co-lob-rti) Blanco=white Azul marine =marine blue (blan-cob) (ath-ool)( mar-re-no) Negro=black Azul celeste=sky blue (naj-gro) (ath-oolj (tbel-ea-Uy) Rojo=red Verde claro==light green (roh-ho) (?er-day) (clah-ro) Amarillo=yellow Verde oscuro=dark green (ah-mar-il-lyo) (ver-day) (os-coo-ro) Violeta= violet Morado 3 royal purple (Vi-o-lay-tah) (mor-ah doh) Gris=grey Purpura=purple (greei) (poor-poor-ah) Pardo=brown Bosa=rose . (par-dob) (roh-sab) DINERO ESPANOL=Spanish money (dee-ny-roh) (es-pan-yol) Plata=Silver (plab-tah) un duro (un peso)=a dollar (oon) (doo-ro) (oon) (pay-soh) 5 pesetas=a dollar (coin) 1 peseta=twenty cents (pc(-iay-tai) (pes-say-tih) 2 pesetas=forty cents y% peseta=ten cents (pM-wtu) (may-dee-ah) (pw-saj-ta) Cobre=.Copper (co-bray) 10 centimos (perro grande)=2 cents (tbcn-te-mot) (per-ro) (gran-day) 5 centimos (perro chico)=l centavo=l cent. (vben-ti-mos) (per-ro) (chi-co) (tbayn-tab-Tob) Billetes del Banco de Espana=Spanish bank-notes (bll-lieb-tes) (del) (ban-cob) (day) (ee-pan-ya) 1.000 pesetas=$200.00 50 pesetas=$10.00 (pes-say-tas) (pea-say-tas) 500 pesetas=$100.00 25 pesetas= $5.00 (pes-say-tas) (p-aay-tai) 100 pesetas= $20.00 (pei-w-tas) 33 Oro=Gold (or-o) Moneda antigua=01d coinage (mo-nay-dah) (an-tee-guah) onza=$16.00; y 2 l-lya) * part-e= . par-tay) he I r leaves she J Plural nosotros part-imos==we leave (noh-oh-tros) (par-tee-moa) leave nstedes ^ 'you (oos-tay-dea) ellos part-en= they (ayl-lyof) (par-ten) ell as they (Wl-UTM) * ^ * 34 PASADO=Past (pah-sah-doh) Singular Yo part-i=I left part-io= (par-tee-oh) you he she left Plural nosotros part-imos=we left (noh-soh-troi> (par-tee-mos) ustedes (oos -lay -dei) ellos eniero==he is an engineer (ell) (es) (en-hay-nee-ay-roh) ella es alta=she is tall (ayl-lya)(es)(al-tah) nosotros somos amigos=we are friends (so- mot) (ah-mt>e-go>) 46 ustedes son fuertes=you are strong. (oos-tay-days) (son) (foo-ayr-tays) ellos son obreros they are workmen. (ayl-lyos) (son) (oh-bray-ros) ellas son bonitas=they are pretty. (ayl-lyas) (son) (bob-nee- tas) FORMA INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative form. (for-ma.h) (In-Ur-ro-gah-tee-vah) es usted europeo?=are you a European? (es) (oos-tayth) (ay-oo-ro-pay-oh) quien es el presidente de los Estados Unidos?=who is presi- (ke-ayn) (es) (ell) (pray-see-dayn-tay) (day) (los) (es-tab-dos) (oo-nee-dos) dent of the United States? quien es el rey de Espana?=who is king of Spain T (ke-ayn) (es) (ell) (ray-ee) (day) (es-pan-yab) es Inglaterra una monarquia?=is England a monarchy? (es) (in-glah-ter-rah) (oo-nab) (mo-narke-ah) es Cuba una republica?=is Cuba a republic? (es) (coo-bah) (oo-nab) (ray-poo-blee-cab) es el Canada grande?=is Canada large? (es) (ell) (cah-nah-dab) (gran-day) son Rusia y Alemania imperios?=are Russia and Germany (son) (roo-see-ah) (ee) (ah-lay-mah-ne-ah 1 (im-pay-re-oe) empires ? The verb "Ser" is compounded with a past participle to form the passive voice. The participle must agree with the subject in gender and number. EJEMPLOS=Examples (ay-baym-plos) usted es amado por su hija=you are loved by your daughter. (oos-tayth) (es) (ab-mah-doh) (por) (soo) (ehah) el es respetado por todos=he is respected by everyone. (ell) (es) (rays-pay-tah-do) (por) (tob-dos) las flores son compradas por el=the flowers are bought by (labs) (flor-es) (son) (com-prab-daa) (por) (ell) him. ustedes son conocidos en los negocios=you are known in (oos-tay-days) (son) (coh-nob-thee-dos) (ayn) (los) (nay-goth-e-os) business, ellos son vistos a grande distancia=they are seen at a great (ayl-lyos) (son) (vees-tos) (ah) (gran-day) (dia-tan-thee-ah) distance. 47 (et-Ur) ellas son ovacionadas en el Teatro=they received an ovation (Wl-ljas) (son) ( oh-vah-thee-o-nadas) (ayn) (ell) ( tay-ah-tro) in the theatre estar=to be estando=bemg estado=been (es-tan-doh) its-tah-doh) PRESENTE=Present (pray-sayn-tay) Singular Yo estoy=I am (yoh) (es-toh-e) usted ' you are ST esta= . he I (eU) (cs-tah) Us eUa she J Plural nosotros estamos=we are (noh-soh-troa) (es-tah-mos) ustedes 'you " (oos-tay-daya) ellos (ayl-ly<*) I- estan=> . (ea-tan) they are ellas they listed (ooi-Uyh) &. PASADO=Past (pab-sab-do) Singular Yo estuve=I was (yoh) (es-too-vay ) you were estuvo= he she ella (ayl-lyah) Plural nosotros estuvimos=we were (noa-oh-troa) (ea-too-re-moi) nstedes (oos-tay-dayi) ellos (ayl-ljos) ellas estuvieron= (-too-re-ay-ron) you they they were 48 FUTURO=Future (foo-too-rohl Yo estare=I shall be (yoh)(-th-ry) nsted (oo3-tayth) el (ell) eUa (ayl-lyah) ' estara= (ea-tah-rab) 'you ' he she shall or will be Plural nosotros estaremos=we shall or will be (noh-eoh-troi) (es-tab-ray-mos) nstedes "j fyou (oos-tay-dayB) ellos -grah-foh> (sen) L * has Plural nosotros tenemos=we have noh-soh-tros) (tay-nay-mos) ustedes "1 (oos-tay-des) I ellos ltienen=. (ayl-lyoa) (tee-ay-nen) ellas (ayl-lyw) * you they they have PASADO=Past (pab-aah-dob) Singular Yo tuve=I had (yob) (too-vay) listed 'you (oos-taytb) el tuvo= . he (ID (too-Toh) ella ( n T 1 _!T-.! V, \ ' she had (ayl-lyab) Plural nosotros tuvimos=we had (nob-Bob-troa) (too-vemoB) had ustedes " you (ooB-tay-dea) ellos .tuvieron= . they (ayl-lyos) (too-ve-ay-ron) ellas they (ayl-lyw) J * 57 FUTURO=Future (foo-too-roh) Singular Yo tendre=I shall or will have (yob) (ten-dray) usted " 'you ' (oos-tayth) el (ell) tendra= . (ten-drab) he shall or will have ella she (ayl-lyah) J > . Plural nosotros tendremos=we shall or will have (iiuh-suli-tros) (teii-dray-mos) ustedes (oos-tay-des) ellos (ayl-lyos) ellas (yl-lyas) tendran= you they they shall or will have PARTE PRACTICA=Practical part (par-tay) (prac-tee-cah) yo tengo un caballo bianco =1 have a white horse Tyoh) (ten-gob) (oon) (cah-bah-1-lyoh) (blan-cob) usted tiene un magnifico tronco de caballos=you have a (oos-tayth) (tee-ay-nay) (oon) (mag-nee-fee-co) (tron-co) (day) (cah-bah-1-lyos) splendid team of horses el tiene un perro de caza=he has a hunting dog (ell) (tee-ay-nay) (oon) (pay-r-roh) (day) (cah-thah) ella tiene un pajaro que canta=she has a bird which sings (ayl-lyab) (tee-ay-nay) (oon) (pab-bab-rob) (kay) (can-tab) nosotros tenemos vacas y toros=we have cows and bulls (noh-sob-tros) (tay-nay-mos) (vab-cas) (ee) (to-ros) ustedes tiene pavos y pollos=you have turkeys and chickens (oos-tay-des) (tee-ay-nen) (pah-voa) (ee) (pol-lyos) rllos tienen mulas y burros=they have mules and donkeys &yl-lyoe) (tee-ay-nen) (moo-las) (ee) (boo-r-ros) fllas tienen gatos y palomas=they have cats and pigeons -nen) (gab-tot) (ee) (pab-loh-mai) 58 PARTE COLOQUIAL=Conversational part (par-lay) (coh-loh-ke-al) PASADO=Past. (pah-sah-doh) tuvo usted noticias en el correo de ayer?=did you receive (too-Toh) (oos-tayth) ( noh - teeth -e- as) (en) (ayl) (cor-ay-oh) (day) (ah-jer) news in yesterdays mail? si senor ; tuve buenas noticias en tres cartas=yes, I received (see) (say-nyor) (too-fay) (boo-ay-nas) (noh-teeth-e-as) (en) (tres) (car-las) good news in three letters. tuvo ella negocios?=did she transact business? (too-voh) (ayl-lyah) (nay-goh-thee-oe) si senor; ella tuvo mucho tiempo los negocios de su padre= (see) (say-nyor) (ayl-lyah) (too-voh) (moo-tchoh) (tee-em-pob) doe) (naygoh-thee-os) (day (BOO) (pah-dray) yes, she carried on the business of her father for long time. tuvo el recompensas por su trabajo?=did he receive com- (too-voh) (eU) (ray-con-pen-sas) (por) (soo) (trah-bah-joh) pensation for his work? si, el tuvo premios y gano mucho dinero=yes, he received (see) (ell) (too-voh) (pray-mee-os) (ee) (gah-noh) (moo-choh) (dee-nayroh) prizes and earned a great deal of money. Tener is used to form a particular idiomatic expression indicative of duty or necessity. It is then invariably fol- lowed by the preposition que. EJEMPLO=:Exaniple. (ay-haym-plos) el tendra que hacerlo=he will have to do it. (ell) (ten-drah) (kay) (hath-ayr-loh) nosotros tendremos que salir=we shall have to go out (noh-so-tros) (tayn-dray-mos) (kay) (sah-lir) cllas tendran que estudiar=they will have to study. (ayl-lyaa) (ten-dran) (kay) (es-too-dee-ar) Tener also is used instead of the verb to be in the f ollow- (tay-ner) ing expressions relating to persons: ; aner calor=to be warm. tener sueno=to be sleepy. (tay-ner) (cah-lor) (tay-ner) (aoo-ay-nyo) 59 tener miedo=to be afraid. tener hambre=to be hungry. (tay-ner) (mee-ay-doh) (tay-ner) (am-bray) tener sed=to be thirsty. tener razon=to be right. (tay-ner) (sayth) (tay-ner) (rah-thon) tener ganas de=to be desirous oftener frio=to be cold. (tay-ner) (gah-nas) (day) (tay-ner) (free-on) CONDICIONAL=Conditional (con-dee-thee-oh-nal) The conditional tense of the verb is used to express conditional action and is formed in all verbs by adding to the infinitive mood the endings ia for the first and third person singular, iamos for the first person plural and ian for the third person plural. Example. Yo, listed amaria; nosotros amariamos; ustedes amarian= (yoh) (oos-tay-th) (ah-mah-ri-ah) (noh-soh-tros) ( ah-mah-reeah-mos) (oos-tay-days) (ah-mah-ree- a) I, (you, we, you) should love. EL RELOJ=the watch, clock (ayl) (ray-loh) reloj de bolsillo=poeket watch, reloj de pared=wall clock. (ray-loh) (day) (bol-see-1-lyoh) (ray-loh) (day) (pah-rayd) reloj de senora==ladies watch, reloj de torre=tower clock. (ray-loh) (day) (say-nyo-rah) (ray-loh) (day) (toh-r-ray) reloj despertador==alarm clock. dar cuerda=to wind. (ray-loh) (des-per-tah-dor) (dar) (coo-er-dah) manillas=hands, anda bien=runs well, anda mal=doesn't jmah-nee-l-lyas) (an-dah) (bee-en) (an-dah) (mal) run well, se adelanta=-it runs too fast, se atrasa=it runs (say) (a-dya-lan-tah) (say) (ah-trah-sah) slowly. QUE HORA ES?==What time is it? (kay) (oh-rah) (es) es la una=it is one o'clock, son las dos=it is two o'clock. (es) (lah) (oo-nah) (son) (las) (dos) son las tres y cinco=it is five minutes after three. (son) (las) (tres) (e) (theen-coh) son las cinco y cuarto=it is quarter after five. (son) (las) (theen-coh) (e) (koo-ar-toh) son las siete y media=it is half past seven. (son) (la) (see-ay-tay) (e) (may-de-ah) son las ocho menos veinte=it is twenty minutes of eight. (son) (las) (oh-tchoh) (may-nos) (vay-en-tay) son las nueve menos cuarto=it is a quarter of nine. (ion) (las) (noo-ay-ray) (may-noa) (koo-ar-to) 60 COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS=Comparatives and (com-pah-rah-tee-vos) (ee) (soo-payr-lah-tee-vos) Superlatives. There are three degrees of comparision, el positivo=the (ayl) (poh-see-tee-voh) positive, el comparativo=the comparative, and el superlative (ayl) (com-pah-rah-tee-voh) (ayl) (soo-payr-lah-tee-voh) =the superlative. The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simplest form. The comparative degree of an adjective is that modifica- tion of it by means of which we show that one thing has more of a quality than another. The comparative degree is formed by placing one of the adverbs mas=more ; menos=less ; or tan=as ; before the ad- (mas) (may-nos) (tan) jective. EJEMPLOS=Examples. (ay-haym-plos) bonito=pretty ; mas bonito=prettier ; menos bonito=less (boh-nee-toh) (mas) (boh-nee-toh) (may-nos) (boh-nee-toh) pretty; tan bonito=as pretty; feo=ugly; mas feo=uglier; (tan) (boh-nee-toh) (fay-oh) (mas) (fay-oh) menos feo=less ugly; tan feo=as ugly; grande==great, big; (may-nos) (fay-oh) (tan) (fay-oh) (gran-day) mas grande=greater, bigger ; menos grande=less great ; tan (mas) (gran-day) (may-nos) (gran-day) (tan) grande=as great; pequeno=small ; mas pequeno=smaller ; (gran-day) (pay-kay-nyoh) (mas) (pay-kay-nyoh) menos pequeno=less small; tan pequeno=as small; alto= (may-nos) (pay-kay-nyoh) (tan) (pay-kay-nyoh) (al-toh) high, tall; mas alto que=taller than; menos alto que=less (mas) (al-toh) (kay) (may-nos) (al-toh) (kay) tall than; tan alto como=as high as; blanco= white ; mas (tan) (al-toh) (coh-moh) (blan-coh) (mas) bianco que=whiter than ; menos bianco que=less white than ; (blan-coh) (kay) (may-nos) (blan-coh) (kay) tan bianco como=as white as ; negro=black ; mas negro que (tan) (blan-roh) (coh-moh) (nay-groh) (mas) (nay-groh) (Uay) =more black than; menos negro que=less black than; tan (may-nos) (nay-groh) (kay) (tan) negro como=as black as. (nay-groh) (coh-moh) The superlative degree of an adjective is that modifica- tion of it by means of which we show that a thing has the most of a quality. 61 The superlative degree is formed in Spanish either by placing the adverb muy=very, before the adjective, or by (moo-ee) adding the termination isimo, to the positive degree. (ee-see-moh) EJEMPLOS=Examples. (ay-haym-plos) largo=long; muy largo=very long; larguisimo=longest ; (lar-goh) (moo-ee) (lar-goh) (lar-gee-see-moh) corto=short; muy corto=very short; cortisimo=shortest ; (cor-toh) (moo-ee) (cor-toh) (cor-tee-see-moh) ancho=broad; muy ancno=very broad; anchisimo=broad- (an-tchoh) (moo-ee) (an-tchdh) (an-tchee-see-moh) est; estrecho==narrow ; muy estrecho=very narrow; estre- (ays-tray-tchoh) (moo-ee) (ays-tray-tchob) (ays-tray- chisimo=narrowest ; grueso=thick ; muy grueso=very tchee-see-moh) (groo-ay-soh) (moo-ee) (groo-ay-soh) thick; gruesisimo=thickest ; delg > ado=thin ; muy delgado= (groo-ay-see-see-moh) (dajl-gah-doh) (moo-ee) (dayl-gah-doh) very thin; delgadisimo=thinnest ; profundo=deep ; muy (dayl-gah-dce-see-moh) (proh-foon-doh) (moo-ee) profundo=very deep; prof undisimo=deepest ; pesado= (proh-foon-doh) (pro-foon-dee-see-moh) (pay-sah-doh) heavy; muy pesado=very heavy; pesadisimo=heaviest ; (moo-ee) (pay-sah-doh) (pay-sah-dee-see-moh) ligero=light ; muy ligero=very light; lig > erisimo=lightest ; (lee-hay-roh) (moo-ee) (lee-hay-roh) (lee-hay-ree-see-moh) duro=hard; muy duro=very hard; durisimo=hardest ; (doo-roh) (moo-ee) (doo-roh) (doo-ree-see-moh) blando=soft; muy blando=very soft; blandisimo=sof test ; (blan-doh) (moo-ee) (blan-doh) (blan-dee-see-moh) limpio=clean ; muy limpio=very clean ; limpisimo=cleanest. (leem-pee-oh) (moo-ee) (leem-pee-oh) (leem-pee-see-moh) oscuro=dark ; muy oscuro==very dark ; O3curistmo=darkest ; (os-cooh-roh) (moo-ee) (os-coo-roh) (os-coo-ree-see-moh) claro=light; muy claro=very light; clarisimo=lightest ; (clah-roh) (moo-ee) (clah-roh) (clah-ree-see-moh) mojado=wet; muy mojado=very wet; mojadisimo=wet- (moh-hab-doh) (moo-ee) (moh-hah-doh) (moh-hah-dce-see-moh) test; seco=dry; muy seco=very dry; sequisimo=dryest ; (say-coh) (moo-ee) (say-cob.) (say-kee-see-moh) lleno=f ull ; muy lleno=very full ; Uemsimo=fullest ; maduro (l-yay-noh) (moo-ee) (1-yay-noh) (1-yay-nee-see-moh) (mah-doo-roh) =ripe ; muy maduro=very ripe ; madurisimo==ripest ; vsrde (moo-ee) (mah-doo-roh) (mah-doo-ree-see-moh) (vnyr-day) =green ; muy verde=very green ; verdisimo=greenest ; util (moo-ee) (yayr-day) (vayr-dee-see-moh) (oo-teel) =useful; muy util=very useful; utilisimo=most useful j (moo-ee) (oo-teel) (oo-te-lee-see-moh) debil=weak; muy debil=very weak; debilisimo= weakest. (dy-bl) (moo-ee) (day-beel) (day-bee-lee-see-moh) 62 DOMINGO=Sunday (doh-min-goh) (Since Sunday is a day of rest the author would suggest that the lesson be postponed until the following day.) COBRESPONDENCIA FOR CORREO=Mail Correspondence (coh-r-rcs-pou-cleu-thee-ah) (por) (coh-r-rray-oh) Formas para empezar una carta=Forms for beginning (for-maa) (pah-rah) (em-pay-thar) (oo-nali) (cart-tali) a letter Fecha=Date (fay-tchah) Nombre y direccion=Name and address (nom-bwHse) (tlee-rec-thee-on) Encabezamientos^Head lines (en-cah-bay-thah-mee-en-toa) Senor; Senores=Mr. ; Messrs. (say-nyor) (say-nyor-es) Senora ; Senorita=Madam ; Miss (say-ui'O-rah) (say-nyo-re-tah) Muy Senor (moo-e) (aay-nyor) mio (mee-oh) nuestro I (noo-es-tro) =Dear Sir Muy Senores- (moo-e) (say-nyor-es) mios (mee - 8) (noo-es-troe) f mia Muy Senora \ (mee - ah) (moo-e) (say-nyo-rah) I nUBStrSi L (noo-es-trah) =Dear Sirs; Gentlemen =Madam; Dear Madam Distingnido Senor mio=My distinguished Sir (dls-tln-ge-doh) (eay-nyor) (mee-o) Distinguida - (dls-Un-go-dah) senora (say-nyo-rah) senorita (sj-nyo-ree-tah). =Madam 63 Mi (mee) distingnido (dis-tin-gee-doh) querido (kay-re-doh) apreciado *" (ah-pray-the-ah-doh) * amigo=my (ah-mee-goh) distinguished dear friend Mi querido (mee) ikay-re-doh) Mi querida (KM) (kay-ree-dah) padre; esposo ' (pah-dray) (es-poh-soh) hijo; hermano (-boh) (er-mah-r.oh) tio; primo (tee-ohj (pree-moh) raadre; esposa" (mah-dray) (et-poh-sah) hija; hermana (e-hah) (er-mah-nah) tia; prima ( te-ah) (pree-mah) appreciated father; husband =My dear =My dear son; brother uncle; cousin mother; wife daughter; sister aunt; cousin Formulas de despedida=Forms of closing (for-moo-las) (day) (des-pay-dee-dah) Su af.mo (afectisimo)=very sincerely yours (00) (ahf-ayth-tee-see-moh) (ahf-ayth-tee-aee-moh) fUsted Quedo de J -*>*> UstedeS L (oos-Uy-des) su af.mo y S. S.=I remain very truly (aoo) (ahf-ayth-te*-moo) (e*)ay-gooro) (aayr-Ttc-dor) yours Seguro Servidor=Devoted servant (say-goo-roh) (sayr-ree-dor) Sirvase aceptar mi mas alta consideracion=With assurance (air-Tah-aay) (ath-ayp-tar) (mees) (uias) (al-tah) (con-see-day-rah-thee-on) of my highest consideration Sirvase senora aceptar mis mas respetuosos saludos=Kindly (sir-iah-saj) (say-nyo-rah) ( ah-thayp-tar) (mil) (mas) (res-pay-too-oh-aoa) (aab-loo-doc) accept my most respectful salutations. VERBOS IRREGULARES=Irregular verbs (Ter-bM) (e-rray-goo-lah-res) Spanish irregular verbs are numerous. Their conjuga- tion undergoes changes either in the roots, the terminations or both. 64 Below will be found the conjugations in the Present, Past, and Future tenses of the Indicative Mood of the most frequently used irregular verbs. Eacer=to make, to do (th-er) Haciendo=making, doing Eecho=made, done (ath-8-cn-doh) (ay-tchoh) Presente (pnr-MB-tw) yo hagqj usted hace; nosotros hacemos; ustedes hacen (ays-cree-bee-ay-say) write ; si usted escribiera, or, escribiese=if you should write ; (see) (oos-tayth) (ays-cree-bee-ay-rah) (ays-cree-bee-ay-say) si nosotros escribieramos, or, escribiesemos=if we should (see) (noh-soh-tros) (ays-cree-bee-aynh-mos) (ays-cree-bee-ay-say-mos) write; si ellos escribieran, or, escribiesen=if they should (see)(ayl-ljos) tiles pam- pas donde se multiplican con gran rapfdez. Oro, plata, nfquel, cobre, es- tano, plomo y hierro ademas de ARGENTINA Is a vast and opulent country of South America, with a total area of 1,114,000 square miles; it is bounded on the N. by Bolivia; on the E. by Paraguay, Brazil, Uraguay, and the Atlantic; on the S. by the Antartic ocean; and on the W. by the Andes. European grains and fruits including the vine, have been introduced/ and are cultivated with great success in most parts of the republic; during the year 1912-13 the production of wheat amounted to the enormous quan- tity of 5,400,000 tons; linseed to 1,130,000 tons; and oats to 1,682,000 tons. The Argentine has become one of the chief, wheat exporting countries of the world. Countless herds of cat- tle, horses and flocks of sheep are pastured on the fertile pam- pas where they yield abundant increase. Gold, silver, nickel, copper, tin lead, and iron, besides marble, jasper, and precious stones are 75 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Eispanos (Continuacion) inarmol, jaspe y piedras precio- eas, se encuentran en los distri- tos montanosos del N. O. y no hace mucho que petr61eo fu6 descuvierto en rio Vermejo; en el pals no hay grandes bosques excepto en la regifin del Gran Chaco al N. La fauna nativa in- cluye la puma, el jaguar, el tapir, la llama, la alpaca, la vicuna, el armadillo, el avestruz, etc. El clima es agradable y muy eano 95 Fahrenheit es aproxi- madamente la temperatura mas alta que se registra. La pobla- ci6n de la republica en 1912 era 8.700.000 almas, estas cifras com- paradas con las del 1895 mues- tran un aumento del 22 por cien- to cada cinco anos. El gobierno CB republicano similar al de los Estados Unidos. Buenos Aires la capital, es una hermosa ciu- dad, algunos de sus edificios y paseos se comparan favora- blemente con los de Berlin, y esta unida con otras grandes ciudades incluyendo, Rosario, La Plata, Tucuman, Cordoba, Men- doza, Parana etc. por excelen- tes ferrocarriles y Ifneas tele- graficas. Las industrias y el co- mercio han aumentado enorme- mente con la llegada de gran numero de emigrantes princi- palmente espanoles y alemanes. De acuerdo con el Boletin de la Uni6n Panamericana el comercio exterior de la Argentina en 1912 ascendi6 & 865.244.725 pesos oro Argentine de los cuales 384.853.- 469 pesos correspondieron a la importaci6n y 480.391.256 pesos a la exportacifin. El peso oro Argentine equivale comercial- mente a 97 centavos oro Ameri- cano. found In the mountanous dis- tricts of the N. W., while petro- leum has been discovered on the Rio Vermejo. There are no ex- tensive forests in the country except in the region of the Gran Chaco on the N. The native fauna includes the puma, the jaguar, the tapir, the llama, the alpaca, the vicuna, the armadi- llo, the ostrich etc. The climate is agreeable and healthful, 95 Fahrenheit be- ing about the highest tempera- ture experienced. The population of the republic in the year 1912 was 8,700,000 souls. These figu- res compared with those of 1895 show a gain of 22 per cent for every five years. The form, of government is republican simi- lar to that of the United States. Buenos Aires the capital is a very beautiful city, some of its buildings and boulevards com- pare favorably with those of Berlin. It is connected with other large cities including Ro- sario, La Plata, Tucuman, Cordo- ba, Mendoza, Parana etc. by ex- cellent railroad and telepraph lines. Industries and commerce have increased enormously with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants, chiefly Spaniards and Germans. According to tho Bulletin of the Pan American Union the foreign trade of the Argentine in 1912 amounted to 865,244,725 Argentine gold pe- sos, of which $384,853,469 were imports and $480,391,256 were exports. The Argentine gold peso is worth commercially about 97 cents American gold. 76 Enciclopedia Oeografica de los Paises Hispanos (Oontinuacion) BOLIVIA Republica Sudamericana, con uu area total de 515.000 millas cuadradas; confina al N. con el Peru; al E. con el Brasil y Pa- raguay; al S. con la Republica Argentina y Chile; y al O. con el Peru y Chile. Trigo, maiz, cebada, alubias y patatas BO producen para el consumo local, el caffi se culti- va principalmente para la ex- portacifin, el azucar de cafia, la goma, el cacao, y la canela son importantes productos y BU pro- duccioii aumenta. La cria de ganado, de ovejas y de llamas ee hace extensivamente. Bolivia tiene una gran riqueza mineral en plata, cobre, estafio, plomo, zin, antimonio, bismuto, oro, bo- rax y sal. La exportacifin mi- neral de Bolivia en el ano 1912 fu 27.513.000 pesos oro ameri- cano. La poblac!6n estimada es 2.450.000 almas. El comercio ex- terior en 1911 ascendi6 a 54.- 991.006 pesos oro, de los cuales 22.764.849 pesos fueron impor- taciones y 32.226.157 pesos fue- ron exportaciones. La Paz es la capital y la Ciudad mas im- portant. BOLIVIA Is a republic of South Amer- ica, with a total area of 515,000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Peru; on the E. by Brazil and Paraguay; on the S. by the Argentine Republic and Chile; and on the W. by Peru and Chile. Wheat, maize, barley, beans, and potatoes are produced for local consumption. Coffee is rais- ed chiefly for export. Sugar cane, rubber, cinnamon, and cocoa are important products whose yield is increasing. Cattle, sheep, and llamas are extensively bred. Bolivia has great mineral wealth, In silver, copper, tin, lead, zinc, antimony, bismuth, gold, borax, and salt. The min- eral exports of Bolivia for the year 1912 were $27,513,000. The population Is estimated at about 2,450,000 souls. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $54,- 991,006 of which $22,764,849 were Imports and $32,226,157 were exports. The capital and largest city Is La Paz. COLOMBIA Republica situada en la parte noroeste de la America del Sur, con un area total de 473.202 mi- lias cuadradas. La superncie del pals es variada, altfsimas monta- fias ocupan el oeste y grandes planicies de tierras. bajas se ex- tienden por el este. El clima varia desde el frio de las mon- COLOMBIA Is a republic situated In the Northwestern part of South America, with a total area of 473,202 square miles. The sur- face of the country is varied; lofty mountains occupying the west, and vast low lying plains the east. The climate ranges from mountain cold with enow 77 Enciclopedia Geograflca de los Paises Hispanos (Continuacion) tafias con nieve y hielo & las condiciones del trfipico meridio- nal. Entre BUS productos minerales hay oro, plata, hierro, cobre, plo- mo, carb6n, azufre, zin, antimo- nio, arse"nico, cinabrio, sal de ro- ca, cristal, granito, marmol, ama- tistas, rubies y jaspe. Mucho del platlno del mundo se ha obteni- flo del alto San Juan. Las fa- mosas minas de csmeraldas del Muzo ban sido arrendadas por el goblerno & un slndicato inglfis. La poblacidn estimada es 5.032.- 000 almas. El comercio exterior de Colombia en 1911 ascendi6 a la suma de $40.484.762 pesos oro americano, de los cuales $18.- 108.863 pesos fueron importa- ciones y $22.375.899 pesos ex- portaciones. La capital es Bo- gota. and Ice, to southern tropical conditions. Among the natural mineral products are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal, sulphur, zinc, antimony, arsenic, cinnabar, rock-salt, crystal, granite, mar- ble, amenthysts, rubies, and jasper. Much of the world's platinum is obtained from upper San Juan. The famous emerald mines of Muzo are leased by the government to an English syndicate. The population is estimated at about 5,032,000 souls. The foreign trade of Colombia in 1911 amounted to $40,484,762 of which $18,108,863 were imports and $22,375,899 were exports. The capital it Bogota. COSTA RICA Republica centroamericana con un area de 23.000 millas cua- dradas, esta situada entre Nica- ragua y Panama. El interior del pafs es muy montafioso y la costa de forma irregular. El clima es templado y la tierra excesivamente fgrtil. Los bos- ques son extensos y producen caoba, cedro, palo de rosa, 6bano y caucho. Casi todas las frutas tropicales abundan, otros pro- ductos importantes son, tabaco, cafe, arroz y algod6n. Los re- cursos minerales son extensos. La poblaci6n estimada es 400.000 almas. El comercio exterior de Costa Rica en 1911 ascendifi a COSTA RICA Is a republic of Central Amer- ica. Its area is 23,000 square miles. It is situated between Nicaragua and Panama. The in- terior of the country is very mountainous, the coast very ir- regular. The climate is temper- ate and the soil exceedingly fer- tile. The forests are extensive, yielding mahogany, cedar, rose- wood, ebony, and caoutchouc. Nearly all tropical fruits abound. Other important productions are tobacco, coffee, rice, and cotton. The mineral resources are quite extensive. The population is estimated to be about 400,000 souls. The foreign trade of 78 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanos (Continuacion) 17.987.711 pesos oro, de los cua- les 8.967.561 pesos fueron impor- taciones y 9.020.150 pesos fue- ron exportacioues. La capital es San Jose. Costa Rica In 1911 amounted to $17,987,711 of which $8,967,561 were imports and $9,020,150 were exports. The capital is San Jose. CUBA La mayor de las Antillas, si- tuada a la entrada del Golfo de M6jico. Con un area de 45.872 millas cuadradas. El suelo do la "Perla de las Antillas" es maravillosamente rico. Entra BUS productos tiene azucar de cana, tabaco, arroz, algod6n, y frutas tropicales, incluyendo la naranja, el coco, la banana, la guayaba, y la piua. La riqueza mineral de Cuba es grande en minas de cobre. La poblaci6n estimada es 2.224.000 almas. La capital es Havana y el comercio exterior de Cuba en 1911 ascen- di6 a 236.319.087 pesos oro, de los cuales 113.433.135 pesos fue- ron importaciones y 122.885.952 pesos fueron exportaciones. La producci6n de azucar bruto, en el ano 1912 fu6 estimada en mas de 1.850.000 toneladas. CHILE Republica sudamericana con un area total de 307.620 millas cuadradas. Confina al N. con el Peru; al E. con Bolivia y con la Republica Argentina y al S. y O. con el Oceano Paclfico. Chile central es fertil, en la parte Sur la tierra generalmen- te es pobre, aunque el suelo de los valles doude pastan grandes CUBA Is the largest of the West Indies Islands and is situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Mex- ico. Its area is 45,872 square miles. The soil of the "Pearl of the Antilles" is marvelously rich. Among the products are sugar-cane, tobacco, rice, maise, cotton, and tropical fruits, in- cluding oranges, cocoanuts, ba- nanas, guabas, and pine-apples. The mineral wealth of Cuba is largely in the copper mines. The population is estimated to be about 2,224,000 souls. The capi- tal is Havana and the foreign trade of Cuba in 1911 amounted $236,319,087 of which $113,433,- 135 were imports and $122,885,- 952 were exports. The output of raw-sugar for the year 1912 was estimated to be over 1,850,- 000 tons. CHILE Is a republic of South Amer- ica, whose total area is 307.620 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Peru; E. by Bolivia and the Argentine Republic; S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Central Chile is fertile; in the southern portions generally the land is poor, but the soil of the valleys, where large herds of 79 Encyclopedia Geografica de los Poises Eispanos (Continuacion) manadas de ganado, son fertili- Bimos. La gran prosperidad de la nacifin es debida a la produc- ci6n de enormes cantidades de nitrato de sodio que se encuen- tra princlpalmente en las pro- vincias del Norte, Antofagasta y Tarapaca. Cobre, por el cual fu6 famoso, muestra tendencia a ga- nar su primera importancia. Chile fufi el primer estado sud- americano que construy6 ferro- carriles. Recientemente comple- t6 un sistema de ferrocarriles que une el Pacffico con el Atlan- tico, extendiendose desde Valpa- raiso a Buenos Aires. Chile comercialmente es la nacifin sudamericana mas impor- tante de la costa del Pacifico. Su comercio exterior en 1911 as- cendi6 a la suma de 251.265.890 pesos oro, de los cuales 127.381.- 479 fueron importaciones y 123.- 884.417 fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n estimada es 3.500.000 almas. La capital es Santiago. cattle graze, is very fertile. The country's great prosperity is largely due to the production of enormous quantities of sodium nitrate, which is found chiefly in the Northern provinces of Anto- fagasta and Tarapaca. Copper, for which Chile was once famous, shows a tendency to regain its former importance. Chile was the first South American State to construct railways. A rail- way system crossing the Andes, connecting the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean was recently completed. It extends from Valparaiso to Buenos Aires. Chile is commercially the most important country on the West- ern Coast. The foreign trade in 1911 amunted to $251,265,890 of which $127,381,479 were imports and $123,884,417 were exports. The population is estimated at about 3,500,000. The capital is Santiago. ECUADOR Reptiblica sudamericana situa- da en la zona ecuatorial de la costa del Pacfflco, con un area total de 122.950 millas cuadra- das incluyendo las islas de los Galapagos. Las regiones altas son escarpadas y frias no obs- tante gran parte de los valles elevados como el de Quito, el clima es delicioso. Los princi- pales productos son, patatas, ce- bada, trigo y frutas, en las re- giones bajas crecen todos los productos del suelo tropical co- co, cacao, caf, azucar, etc. ECUADOR Is a republic of South Amer- ica, situated in the equatorial belt on the Pacific coast. The total area is 122,950 square miles, including the Galapagos Islands. In the higher regions it is rough and cold, but in great part, the elevated valleys, as'that of Quito, have a delightful climate. The chief products are potatoes, bar- ley, wheat and fruits. In the lower regions all the food pro- ducts of the tropical zone, cacao, coffee, sugar, etc. are grown. The existence of petroleum 80 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Faises Hispanos (Continuacion) La existencia de petroleo ha sido probada en varias localida- des, pero aun nada se ha hecho para desenvolver esta industria. En la provincia de Cuenca valio- sos filones de mineral de plata son conocidos pero no explota- dos, tambien se encuentran de- positos de cobre, plomo, hierro, y carbon. El comercio exterior del Ecuador en 1911 ascendio & la suma de 21.565.662 pesos oro, de los cuales 8.007.629 pesos fue- ron importaciones y 13.558.033 pesos fueron exportaciones. La capital es Quito y la poblaci6n estimada en 1912 es 1.500.000 al- mas. EL SALVADOR Republica centroamericana en la costa del Pacifico entre Gua- temala y Honduras. Su area es 7.225 millas cuadradas. Su sue- lo es extremadamente fertil. Los principales productos de expor- tacion son, cafe, plata, azucar, y cueros. La capital es San Salvador. El comercio exterior en 1911 ascendid & 13.796.679 pe- sos, de los cuaies 5.390.370 pesos fueron importaciones y 8.406.309 pesos fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n estimada es 1.700.000 aimas. ISLAS FILIPINAS Archipielago en el Oceano Pa- cifico que comprende mas de 1.800 islas de las cuales las mas grandes son, Luzon y Mindanao; BU area total es 122.000 mi- lias cuadradas. La mayor parte has been proved in various loca- lities, but nothing has yet been done to develop the industry. In the province of Cuenca valuable lands of silver-bearing ore are known but not exploited; depo- sits of copper, lead, iron, and coal also occur. The foreign trade of Ecuador in 1911 amounted to $21,565,662 of which $8,007,629 were imports and $13,558,033 were exports. The capital is Quito and the population in 1912 is estimated at about 1,500,000. SALVADOR Is a republic of Central Amer- ica, situated on the Pacific Coast between Guatemala and Hondu- ras. The area is 7,225 square miles. The soil is remarkably fertile. The chief exports are cof- fee, silver, raw sugar and leath- er. The capital is San Salvador The foreign trade in 1911 a- mounted to $13,796,679 of which $5,390,370 were imports and $8,- 406,309 were exports. The popu- lation is estimated to be about 1,700,000 souls. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Are an archipelago in the Pa- cific Ocean, comprising more than 1,800 islands of which the two largest are Luzon and Mind- anao. The total area is about 122,000 square miles. The great 81 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanos (Contimiacion) fle las islas son pequefias, las importantes son menos de doce en numero. El suelo es muy fer- til y es probable que el area en cultivacion pueda ser aumentada mucho, las islas pueden soportar una poblaci6n de 40 millones de habitantes. Las Islas Filipinas tienen una gran riqueza mineral pero casi nada se ha hecho en direcci6n de desenvolverla. Los principales productos son, arroz, maiz, azucar, tabaco y cacao, ganado, vacuno, cabras y ovejas ban sido introducidos da espafia pero no sou numerosos. La prin- cipal bestia de carga es el cara- bao que se usa para arar los campos de arroz y para tiro de arrastre y carga. El arcipielago fue" cedido por Espaiia a los Estados Unidos medlante el pajjo de 20 millones de pesos oro. La poblaci6n se estima en 9 millones de almas. El comercio exterior C.e las Islas Filipinas en 1911 ascendi6 a 104.- 869.816 pesos oro, de los cuales 64.549.980 pesos fueron importa- ciones y 50.319.836 pesos fueron exportaciones. Manila es la ca- pital. er portion of the islands are small; the important islands are less than a dozen in number. The soil is very fertile and it is probable that the area under cultivation could be very largely increased and that the Islands could support a population of 40 million inhabitants. The Philip- pine Islands have a very large mineral wealth but very little has been attempted in the direc- tion of developing it. The chief products, are rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, cocoanuts, and cocoa; cattle, goats and sheep have been introduced from Spain but they are not numerous. The principal beast of burden is the carabao, or water buffalo, which is used for plowing rice fields, as well as for drawing heavy loads on sledges or on carts. The archipelago was ceded by Spain to the United States which made a payment of $20,000,000 to Spain. The population is es- timated at about nine million souls. The foreign trade of the Philippine Islands in 1912 amounted to $104,869,816 of which $54,549,980 were imports and $50,319,836 were exports. The capital is Manila. ESPANA Reino europeo situado en el extreme suroeste de Europa, comprende once trece partes de la peninsula Ibrica, ademas, las Islas Baleares, las Islas Cana- rias y la estaci6n fortfficada de Ceuta en la costa de Marruecos opuesta & Gibraltar. El area SPAIN Is a kingdom situated in the ex- treme south-western part of Eu- rope. It comprises about eleven- thirteenths of the Iberian Pen- insula, in addition to the Balea- ric Islands, the Canary Islands and the fortified Station of Ceu- to on the Moroccan Coast, oppo- 82 Enciclopedia Geogrdflca de los Paises Kicpanos (Continuaci6n) total es 194.700 millas cuadra- das que es mas de dos veces la extension de la Gran Bretana y casi 85.000 millas cuadradas ms grande que Italia y Sicilia com- binadas. En todos los lados ex- cepto el de Portugal los limitcs de Espana continental eon natu- rales. La Peninsula esta sepa- rada de Francia por los Pirineos, los otros lados estan banados por el mar. Como posesiones coloniales ademas de Ceuta, Es- pana posee en la costa marroqui, Melilla, Alhucenas, Pen6n de la Gomera, Ifni, Rio de Oro que se extiende en la costa del Sahara y su tierra adentro e n t r e el Africa Occidental france- sa y Marruecos. Rio Muni, co- Ionia de la Guinea Espanola en- tre el Congo francos y la colo- nia Alemana de Camerun, Fer- nando P6, Annibon, Corisco y otras islas en el Golfo de Gui- nea. Poseyendo variados recursos y estando favorablemente situada para el comercio, Espana, puede esperarse que tome lugar promi- nente entre las comunidades co- merciales de Europa. Espana tiene 21 provincias maritimas con mas de 120 puer- tos de al?^ina importancia en los cuales eu el afio 1911 entraron ?,.).7G6 buques con 21 millfin de tonelaclas y salieron 18.157 bu- ques con 20 y */& millones de teneladas. Su marina mercante en 1915 consistia en 640 vapores y 201 bnquts de vela con un des- plazamiento de 905.000 tonela- das. En 1915 habfa en operaci6n 16.000 ki!6metro9 de ferrocarril y 45.000 de lineas telegrancas. site Gibraltar. The total area is 191.700 square miles, which ia more than twice the size of Great Britain and nearly 85,000 square miles larger than Italy and Sicily combined. On all sides except that of Portugal, the boundaries of Continental Spain are natural. The Penin- sula is separated from Franca by the Pyrenees, the other sides are surrounded by the sea. As to colonial possessions, apart from Ccuta, Spain possesses, on the Moroccan seaboard, Melil- la, Alhucenas, Pefion de la Go- mera,, Ifni, Rio de Oro. a stretch of the Saharan coast and its hinterland lying between Mo- rocco and French West Africa, the Muni River settlements of Spanish Guinea, situated be- tween the French Congo, and the German colony of Cameroon, Fernando P6, Annobon, Corisco, and other Islands in the Gulf of Guinea. Possessing varied resources and being favorably situated for commerce, Spain might be ex- pected to take a leading place among the trading communities of Europe. Spain has 21 seaboard provinces with more than 120 ports of some importance, 20,- 766 vessels of 21 million tons entered these ports during the year 1911 and 18,157 vessel j of 20^ millions tons cleared from them. Her merchant marine in January 1915 consisted of 640 steamers and 301 sniling: vessels of 905,000 tons. In 1915 taere were in operation 16,000 kil -me- ters of railway and 45,00( of telegraph lines. Spain has about 600,000 horses, a mil- 83 Enciclopedia Geografiea de los Poises Hispanos (Continuacion) Espana tlene 600.000 caballos, un millon de mulas, 800.000 as- nos 2 y y 2 millones de ganado vacuno, 16 millones de ovejas, S y ^ millones de cabras, 2 y % millones de ganado de cerda y 3.400 camellos. El comercio ex- terior de Espana en 1913 ascen- flio a 470.411.110 pesos oro, de los cuales 254.621.073.60 pesos fueron importaciones y 215.790.- 03G.40 pesos fueron exportacio- nes. La poblacifin estimada es 22 millones de almas. El turismo da evidencias de dirigir sus pasos en esta direccifin. Tal vez no es obtimismo preveer el princi- pio de una era que puede eclip- sar esa del siglo XV, siglo de oro de su historia. lion mules, 800,000 donkeys, 2* million cattle, 16 million sheep, 3^ million goats, 2^ million swine, 3,400 camels. The foreign trade of Spain in 1913 amounted to $470,411,110 of which $254,- 621,073.60 were imports and $215,790,036.40 were exports. The population is estimated to be about 22 million souls. The tide of tourist travel gives some evi- dence of turning in her direc- tion. It may not be over opti- mistic to forsee the dawn of an era which may eclipse that of the 15th century the golden age of her history. GUATEMALA Republica centroamericana, confina con Mejico, Honduras, San Salvador y con el Oceano Pacffico, su area es 48.990 millas cuadradas. El pals es extrema- mente montanoso. El clima es teniplado en las mesetas, que forman una considerable por- cion del estado. El suelo gene- ralmente es de gran fertilidad y produce, maiz, trigo, arroz, cafe, algod6n, tabaco, azucar, legum- bres y gran variedad de frutas tropicales. Los recursos mine- rales son en oro, plata, plomo, carb6n, marmol y azufre. La poblaci6n se estima en 2 millo- nes de almas. El comercio exte- rior de Guatemala en 1911 ascen- di6 a 17.496.145 pesos oro, de los cuales 6.514.421 pesos fueron im- portaciones y 10.981.724 fueron exportaciones. La capital es Guatemala la Nueva. GUATEMALA Is a republic of Central Amer- ica. It is bounded by Mexico, Honduras, San Salvador and the Pacific Ocean. Its area is 48.990 square miles. The country is exceedingly mountainous. The climate is temperate on the table-land which forms a consid- erable portion of the state. The soil generally is of great fertili- ty, producing maize, wheat, rice, coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugar, ve- getables, and tropical fruits In great variety. The mineral re- sources are, gold, silver, lead, coal, marble and sulphur. The population is estimated to be about 2 million souls. The foreign trade of Guatemala in 1911 amounted to $17,496,145 of which $6,514,421 were imports and $10,981,724 were exports. The capital Is Guatemala la Nueva. 84 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanog (Continuacion) HONDURAS Republica centroamericana si- tuada en el Golfo de Mejico. Es generalmente montanosa, tenien- do 500 millas de costa maritima en la que posee excelentes puer- tos. Sus principales productos son, bananas, tabaco, azucar y caf6. Los recursos minerales son de alguna importancia, el valor de la producci6n de oro asciende a 250.000 pesos anua- les. El comercio exterior en 1911 ascendio a 6.585.665 pesos oro, de los cuales 3.560.939 pesos fueron importaciones y 3.024.726 pesos fueron exportaciones. La poblacion se estima en 554.000 almas. La capital es Tagucigal- pa. MEJICO Extensa reptiblica norteameri- cana situada entre los Estados Unidos y Guatemala. Su area de 767.000 millas cuadradas con- siste en su mayor parte en una elevada meseta cruzada por al- tas montanas. Su clima es va- riado, en la altiplanicie, es uni- forme de perpetua primavera, en las montafias es frio y la costa baja y pantanosa tiene un clima tropical malsano. Sus depfisitos minerales son muy importantes en oro, plata, cobre y plomo, algunas de sus minas estan en explotaci6n des- de epocas remotas pareciendo ser inagotables, el campo de pe- troleo es exteuso, siendo algu- nos de sus pozos famosos por su gran capacidad. La principal ocupaci6n es la agricultura y ganaderia. Los HONDURAS Is a republic of Central Amer- ica, situated on the Gulf of Mexico. It is generally moun- tainous, has 500 miles of coast line and possesses excellent ports. The principal products are bananas, tobacco, sugar and cof- fee. The mineral resources are of some importance. The value of the gold production amounts to $250,000 annually. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $6,- 585,665 of which $3,560,939 were imports and $3,024,726 were ex- ports. The population is esti- mated to be about 554.000 souls. The capital is Tagucigalpa. MEXICO Is a very extensive republic of North America lying between the United States and Guate- mala. Its area of 767,000 square miles, consists for the most part of an elevated table land tra- versed by high mountains. Its climate is diverse. That of the tableland is equable, of perpet- ual spring. The mountains are cold, while the coast, low and swampy, has a climate tropical and unhealthful. Its mineral deposits are very important in gold, silver, copper, and lead; some of its mines have been worked from an early date and seem inexhaustible. Its pe- troleum fields are also exten- sive. Some of the wells are famous for their great capacity. The chief occupation is agri- culture and stock raising. The 85 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Poises Hispanos (Continuacion) principales productos son, azu- car, maiz, caf6, tabaco y cafiamo. La. admosfera en las altas mese-. tas es extreinadameiite seca por lo cual las cosechas dependen. grandemente del riego. En las tierras bajas de la ccsta se en- cuentran maderas de tinte, va- liosas rnaderas de construcci6n, plantas medicinales, goma, pal- mas, ebano, palo de rosa y pino. Los habitantes son espanoles, criollos, indios y otras razas confundidas. Los habitaiites pri- mitives fueron Aztecas. El co- mercio exterior en el ano 1911 ascendiO a 243.458.851 pesos oro, de los cuales 96.006.883 pesos fueron importaciones y 147.451.- 968 pesos fueron exportaciones. La capital es la ciudad de Mejico y la poblacifin se estima en 15 millones de almas. chief products are sugar, maize, coffee, tobacco, and hemp. The atmosphere of the table lands is remarkably free from moisture, so that crops are largely depend- ent on irrigation. In the low lands of the coast are found dye woods, valuable timbers, medici- nal plants, Indian rubber palms, ebony, rosewood, and pine. The inhabitants are Spaniards, Creoles of Spanish descent, In- dians, and mixed races. The early inhabitants were Aztecs, In the year 1911 the foreign trade amounted to $243,458,851 of which $96,006,883 were im- ports and ^$147, 451,968 were ex- ports. The Capital is Mexico City and the population is esti- mated at 15 million souls. NICARAGUA Repfiblica centroamericana, se extiende desde el mar Caribe al Oceano Pacffico, entre Costa Ri- ca y Honduras; su area es 49.- 200 millas cuadradas. Espesos oosques cubren grandes areas abundando en ellos, la caoba, el palo de rosa, el palo de tinte, la goma y otros arboles que pro- ducen maderas crnamentales. Grandes manadas de ganado se multiplican en los extensos pia- nos de la meseta central. El ri- co suelo en cultivacifin en la re- gi6n occidental, produce maiz, caf6, cacao, azucar, algodon a- rroz, tabaco y frutas tropicales. La construcci6n de un canal atraves de Nicaragua que conec- N1CARAGUA Is a republic of Central Amer- ica, extending from the Carib- bean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Hondu- ras. Its area is 49,200 square miles. Extensive areas are co- vered by dense forests, includ- ing, mahogany, rose wood, log wood, india rubber and other trees that yield ornamental woods. Large herds of cattle are bred on the extensive plains of the central plateau. The rich Eoil of the cultivated western region yields, maize coffee, co- coa, sugar, cotton, rice, tobacco and tropical fruits. The construction of a canal across Nicaragua conuectiiit; the 86 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Eispanos (Continuacion) te los oceanos Atlantico y Pacl- fico es perfectamente factible y eiendo capaz para acomodar los mils grandes tnmsatlanticos no cof-tarJa GU construccion mas de 115 inillones de duros. El comercio exterior en 1911 ascendio 1 a 7.401.280 pesos ore, de los cuales 2.858.305 pesos, fuerou iraportaciones y 4.545.075 pesos, fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n se estima en 600.000 almas. La capital es Managua. PANAMA Reptiblica centroamericana, antes de su secesi6n en 1903 for- maba parte de Colombia. Su area es 31.571 millas cuadradas. La republica ocupa el istmo de Panama y BUS productos son si- milares a los del norte de Co- lombia. Su importancia es de- bida al canal interoceanico que se extiende desde el puerto arti- ficial de Colfin en el mar Caribe a la ciudad de Panama, que es la capital, situada en el Paclfico, ambas ciudades estan unidas por un ferrocarril que es una de las grandss vlas del comercio inter- cioual. La poblacifin se estima en 420.000 almas. El comercio exterior en 1911 ascendi6 a 11.- 774.120 pesos oro, de los cuales 10.020.070 pesos fufiron importa- ciones y 1.754.050 pesos fu6ron exportaciones. CANAL DE PANAMA En el ano 1528 la idea de la construccio'n de un canal atra- ves del Istmo fu6 ya tomada en consideracifin. En 1551 fu6 pre- gentado un memorial 4 Felipe II Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is quite possible; it will cost not over $115 millions and will be capable of accommodating the largest Ocean steamer. The foreign trade In 1911 amounted to f 7,401,380 of which $2,856,305 were imports and $4,- 545,075 were exports. The po- pulation is estimated to be about 600,000. The capital is Mana- gua. PANAMA Is a Central American republic. Prior to its secession in 1903 it was a part of Colombia. Its area is 31,571 square miles. The republic occupies the Isthmus of Panama and its products are si- milar to those of Northern Co- lombia. Its importance is due to the Interoceanic canal which extends from the artificial port of Colon on the Caribbean Sea to the city of Panama, situated on the Pacific which is the ca- pital, both towns are connected by a railway which is one of the great international highways of trade. The population is esti- mated to be about 420,000. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $11,774,120 of which $10,020,- 070 were imports and $1,754,050 were exports. PANAMA CANAL In the year 1528 the idea of a ship canal across the isthmus was already entertained. In 1551 a memorial was presented to Philip II king of Spain urging that work be undertaken with 87 Enciclopedia Ceo'rafica de los Paises Hispanos (Continuacion) rey de Espafia en el que se ur- gia para que el trabajo empeza- se sin demora. Ea 1771 el go- bierno espanol orden6 un estu- dio practice de canal y otra vez en 1779 pero acontecimientos polfticos en Europa impidieron accion futura. Poco despues 4 millas cuadradas. El ancho del canal varia entre 300 pies en el corte de Culebra 4 un ancho idefiuido en el lago. Se estima el coste total del canal a los Estados I'nidos en 375 millones de pesos oro. out delay. In 1771 the Spanish government ordered a survey for a canal and again in 1779 but political disturbances in Eu- ropa prevented further action. Soon after the establishment of the Republic of Panama, a ca- nal treaty between the United States and Panama was signed in November 1903. By the terms of the treaty Panama granted to the United States in perpe- tuity a zone of land five miles wide on each side of the canal. In return for these grants the United States paid to Panama $10 millions. The canal is a "lock canal" about fifty miles in length in- cluding 9% miles of ocean ap- proaches, leaving the land length about 40^4 miles. The canal has a summit level of 85 feet above the sea, reached by a flight of 3 locks at Gatun, on the Atlantic side and 3 on the Pacific side, each lock has a usable length of 1,000 feet and a width of 110 feet The Gatun dam has a lake with a superficial area of 164 square miles. The bottom width of the canal varies from 300 feet in Culebra cut to an indefinite width in the lake. It is estimated that the total cost of the canal to the United States is $375 millions. Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Eispanos (Continuacion) PARAGUAY Republica sudamericana, si- tuada entre Bolivia, Brasil y la Republica Argentina. Su area es 98.000 millas cuadradas. Una Cordillera de montanas la cruza en la general direcci6n de N. a S. La parte sur es uno de los mas fgrtiles distritos de Sud- america y consiste en lomas y suaves vertientes con rlcas pro- visiones de madera, y anehas praderas que proporcionan exce- lentes terrenos para pastes. Las industrias principales son la cria de ganado y el cultivo de t. Las exportaciones incluyen la yerba mate 6 te del Paraguay, tabaco, maderas de construcci6n y naranjas. El comercio exte- rior en 1911 ascendi6 a 11.041.- 546 pesos oro, de los cuales 6.- 252.481 pesos fueron importacio- nes y 4.789.065 pesos fueron ex- portaciones. La poblaci6n se es- tima en 800.000 habitantes. La capital es Asuncion. PARAGUAY Is a south american Republic, situated between Bolivia, Brazil, and the Argentine Republic. Its area is 98,000 square miles. A mountain chain runs in the ge- neral direction of N. to S. The southern portion is one of the most fertile districts of So. Ame- rica, consisting of hills and gen- tle slopes richly wooded and of wide savannas, which afford ex- cellent pasture ground. The principal industries are cattle raising and the cultivation of tea. The exports include yerba mate or Paraguay tea, tobacco, timber and oranges. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $11,- 041,546 of which $6,252,481 were imports and $4,789,065 were ex- ports. The population is estim- ated to be about 800,000. The capital is Asuncion. PERU Republica marftima sudame- ricana en la costa del Pacinco, entre el Ecuador y Chile, su area es 695.720 millas cuadradas. Los altos Andes se extienden en las regiones del oeste y sur y son ri- cos en minerales de plata y oro. La explotaci6n de minas se hace desde el tiempo de la conquista por Pizzarro sin haberse notado disminuci6n en BUS filones. La extension de lineas ferreas desda los puertos a las regiones rnon- tanosas constantemente aumen- tan el desenvolvimiento de va- PERU Is a maritime Republic of south America on the Pacific coast, between Ecuador and Chile. Its area is 695,720 square miles. In the western and southern parts are the high An- des which are rich in ores of silver and gold. The exploita- tion of mines has proceeded from the conquest by Pizarro until now without noticeable di- minution of the resources. The extension of railways from the ports into the mountain regions is constantly increasing the do- 89 Enciclopedia Ceografica de los Poises Hispanos (Contiimacion) liosas propiedades especialmen- te de cobre y plata. La vertiente oeste de los An- des y los valles de los rios es- tan cubiertos con espesos bos- ques. Peru es peculiar en su producci6n de quina de la que suministra casl Integra la de- manda universal de este pro- ducto. Algodfin de caiidad su- perior para el cual el suelo y el clima se adaptan admirable- meate esta ahora en floreciente producci6n y gradualmente au- mentando en cantidad, cafe, azu- car, cacao, maiz, cereales y de- liciosas frutas crecen en abun- dancia. La crfa de gauado se hace por sus pieles y en los Andes manadas de alpacas son cuidadas por su lana. La crfa de llamas, caballos y mulas para el transporte es grande. El comercio exterior en 1911 ascendi6 fl, 67.036.000 pesos oro, de los cuales 30.964.945 pesos fueron importaciones y 36.071.- 055 pesos fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n se estima en 4.500.- 000 habitantes. La capital es Lima. velopment of valuable proper- ties especially of copper and silver. The western slope of the An- des and the valleys of the rivers are covered with dense forests. Peru is peculiar in its yield of cinchona or Peruvian bark. The world supply of which is almost exclusively obtained here. Cot- ton of superior quality, for which the soil and climate are admira- bly adapted, is now produced and is gradually increasing in quantity. Coffee, sugar cane, ca- cao, rice, cereals, and fruits of the most delicious flavor are largely grown. Cattle are raised for their hides, and in the An- des, herds of alpacas are kept for their wool. The breeding of llamas, horses and mules for mountain transport is extensive. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $67,036,000 of which ?30,964,945 were imports and $30,071,055 were exports. The population is estimated to "be about 4,500,000. The capital is Lima. PUERTO RICO Es una de las Antillas situada 30 millas al este de San Doniin- go, su area es 3.600 inillas cua- dradas. La isla es montanosa con anchos y frtiles valles. Las industrias son puramente agri- colas. La cosecha mas impor- tante es la del azucar, siguien- dola en valor la del tabaco, pro- duce caf6 de caiidad superior PORTO RICO Is a west Indian island, 30 miles E. of Santo Domingo with an area of about 3.600 square miles. It Is montanous, with broad and fertile valleys. The industries are wholly agricul- tural. Sugar is the most valu- able crop, tobacco comes next. Coffee of superior quality is rais- ed and sold chiefly in Europe. 90 Enciclopedia Geogrufica 3e los Paises Hispanos (Continuacion) que se vende casi en su totali- dad en Europa, frutas se expor- tan a los Estados Unidos. En la isla hay gran riqueza y en mu- chos sitios evidencias de gran prosperidad, tiene ricas planta- ciones y se encuentran prome- sas de gran future para Puerto Rico. El publico en general es muy pacifico. El comercio exterior en 1912 ascendi6 a 92.631.836 pesos oro de los cuales 42.926.473 pesos fueron importaciones y 49.705.- 413 pesos fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n se estima en 1.200.- 000. La capital es San Juan. Puerto Rico fue cedido por Es- pana a los Estados Unidos en 1898. Fruits are exported to the Unit- ed States. There is much wealth in the island and in many places are evidences of great prosperity, rich planta- tions and promise of a great future for Porto Rico. The peo- ple are generally very peaceful. The foreign trade in 1912 amounted to $92,631,836 of which $42,926,473 -were imports and $49,705,413 were exports. The population is estimated to be about 1,200,000. The capital is San Juan. Porto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898. REPOBLICA DOMINICANA Es una de las Antillas situada entre Cuba y Puerto Rico en el mar Caribe. Su area es 19.325 millas cuadradas, es montaiiosa conteniendo en el interior an- chos pianos de gran fertilidad y esta cruzada por grandes rios. Los bosques producen valiosas maderas, principalmente caoba y palo campeche 6 de tinte. Cafe", algod6n, tabaco, cacao y otros productos tropicales, se cultivan para la exportaci6n. El comer- cio exterior en 1911 ascendio a 17.954.568 pesos oro, de los cua- les 6.949.662 pesos fueron Im- portaciones y 11.004.906 pesos fueron exportaciones. La pobla- ri6n se estima en 700.000 almas. La capital es Santo Domingo. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Is a West Indian Island, si- tuated between Cuba and Porto Rico on the Caribbean sea. Its area is 19,325 square miles. It is mountanous but it contains a broad interior plain of great fer- tility and is traversed by large rivers. The forests yield, orna- mental woods, chief mahogany and logwood. Coffee, cotton, to- bacco, cacao, and other tropical products are cultivated for ex- port. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to 17,954,568 of which $6,949,662 were imports and $11,- 004,906 were exports. The po- pulation is estimated to be about 700,000. The capital is Santo Domingo. 91 Enciclopedia Geografica de los Paises Hispanos (Continuacion) URAGUAY Reptiblica sudamericana en la costa del Atlantico entre el Bra- sil y Argentina. Su area es 72.- 110 millas cuadradas. La super- ficie presenta una serie de gran- des llanuras cruzadas ocasional- mente por lomas de no gran ele- vaci6n, en general casi despro- visto de arbolado. El clima es remarcablemente suave y sano. Sus productos son trigo, maiz, cebada, arroz, legumbres, lino, cdnamo, algod6n y azucar, tam- bien hay frutas en abundancia. Grandes manadas de ganado ca- ballar y vacuno corren libres en las fertiles pampas. El comer- cio exterior en 1911 ascendio a 94.005.151 pesos oro, de los cua- les 47.687.115 fueron importacio- nes y 46.318.936 pesos fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n se estima en 1.045.000 habitantes. La capital es Montevideo. URAGUAY Is a South American Repu- blic on the Atlantic coast be- tween Brazil and Argentina. Its area is 72,110 square miles. The surface presents a series of ex- tensive plains traversed by oc- casional ranges of hills of no great elevation, the whole being almost destitute of trees. The climate is remarkably mild and salubrious. Wheat, maize, barley, rice pulse, flax, hemp, cotton, and sugar are the products. Fruits are in abundance. Vast droves of horses and horned cattle run wild on the fertile pampas. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $94,005,151 of which $47,687,- 115 were the imports and $46,- 318,036 were the exports. The population is estimated to be about 1,045,000. The capital is Montevideo. VENEZUELA Republica sudamericana en el mar Caribe, entre Colombia y el Brasil. Su area es aproximada- mente 400.000 millas cuadradas. Las partes norte y meridional son elevadas, la mayor parte del interior consiste en pianos her- bosos que se transforman en es- pesos bosques en los valles ba- jos del Orinoco, el cual encuen- tra su ruta al mar atraves del gran pantanoso delta. Las mon- tafias de la parte occidental de los Andes tienen valiosas minas. Los bosques del bajo Orinoco pareceu esos del Amazonas en VENEZUELA Is a South American Repu- blic on the Caribbean sea, be- tween Colombia and Brazil. Its area is about 400,000 square mi- les. The northern and southern boundaries are elevated and the larger part of the interior con- sists of grassy plains changing to dense forests in the lower valley of the Orinoco which finds its way to the sea through a vast swampy delta. The moun- tains in the western part of the Andes contain valuable mines. The forests of the lower Orinoco resemble those of the Amazon 92 Enciclopedia Geograflca de los Paises Hispanos (Continuacion) BU gran frondosidad y producen, gomas y muchas bonitisimas maderas ornamentales. En esas forestas abundan, animales fe- roces, pajaros, y reptiles, y hay gran variedad de monos, cier- vos y tamandoas. Las pesque- rias del mar Caribe son ricas en esponjas, perlas y conchas de tortuga. Las principales in- dustrias son la agricultura y la ganaderia. Slendo nacifin de gran future. El comercio exte- rior en 1911 ascendi6 a 41.079.- 274 pesos oro, de los cuales 18.- 394.-890 pesos fueron importa- ciones y 22.684.384 pesos fueron exportaciones. La poblaci6n se estima en 2.800.000 almas. La capital es Caracas. In their luxuriance, and furnish, rubber and many beautiful or- namental woods. These forests abound in wild animals, birds, and reptiles, there are many spe- cies of monkeys deer and ant eaters. The fisheries of the Ca- ribbean sea are rich in sponges, pearls, and tortoise shell. Agri- culture and catle raising are tha principal industries. It is a na- tion with a great future. The foreign trade in 1911 amounted to $41,079,274 o f wihch $18,394,- 890 were imports and $22,684,- 384 were exports. The popula- tion is estimated to be about 2,800,000. The capital is Cara- cas. These statistics are based upon information kindly submitted by that worthy and beneficent International Institution. "The Pan- American Union" of Washington, D. C. For translation into Spanish OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE SPANISH LANGUAGE The foreign trade of Spanish Speaking Countries amounts to about three billions of dollars annually. Raw materials and food products comprise practically all their ever increasing exports. The mineral resources of Latin-America and Spain are inexhaustible and can easily be developed a hundredfold with- in a few years. The extensive forests, which contain many valuable woods, 93 are practically untouched. Mahogany, cedar, rosewood, ebony, and necessary timbers abound. The virgin soil of Spanish-America is still to a large extent awaiting the cultivator, as only a small percentage of its fertile vaHeys and uplands is under cultivation, yet such is its fertility and productiveness that it has already become the world's storehouse of food products. Its production of meat, cereals, coffee, fruits and sugar are immensely important. It leads the world in tobacco, rubber and petroleum. A great variety of natural resources, many of which have hardly been touched, simply await the hand of man. The latent possibilities are enormous. Attention has recently been directed to this part of the globe and there are now many evidences that this long dormant country is awakening, attracting new capital and making sub- stantial progress in developing its resources. The soil and climate are admirably adapted to stock rais- ing, and millions of cattle and sheep roam over its pampas and grassy plains. Capital, brains, and brawn are needed to develop its rail- roads, open its mines and bring machinery to conquer nature. A wonderful opportunity is open for Yankee energy. Spain, in recent years, has manifested a growing desire to foster commercial and industrial enterprises. From being a debtor country she has become a creditor nation with a trade balance of millions in her favor. Any nation of the Western Hemisphere might well be proud of her textile manufactories and other industries. Fruit canning, oranges, olives, and fisheries are of consequence in the export statistics. Grape culture and wine making ar 3 in- dustries of great importance. Spanish wines are known all over the world. Considerable quantities of copper, iron, lead, and mer mry are produced. Corkwood and its manufactures rank hk :i in the country's export trade. 94 SPANISH-COMMERCIAL ^ PROFESSIONAL ByTEODORO S. ROMERO (Of the Romero School of Spanish) DEVELOPS A NEW FIELD Teaches, in a manner easily grasped, the Spanish technical and busi- ness terms employed in Commerce, Banking, Medicine, Agriculture, Stockraising, Engineering, Irrigation, Mining, Law, and i* the Key to Commercial Correspondence. The success of" Spanish in a Week," together with demand of many schools, has made it imperative for the author to develop his ideas still further by bringing out a book suitable for advanced pupils, which may be studied after mastering " Spanish in a Week." By the rapid growth of our commercial relations with South American Countries, Commercial Correspondence has been made an important feature. With the aid of the formulas and model letters in this book the pupil is taught every detail of conducting correspondence. Large 12mo, cloth, 75 cents Spanish-English English-Spanish A new dictionary of the Spanish and English languages. By A. ANGELI, revised and corrected by J. MCLAUGHLIN. TO THE STUDENT AND TRANSLATOR THIS WORK WILL BE A BENEFIT ; TO THE TRADESMAN, MANUFACTURER AND POLITICIAN A NECESSITY The increased commercial relations with Cuba, Porto Rico, Philippines and South American countries has rendered this study indispensable even to him who is not attracted by the pleasure of being able ro read in the original the works of the poets, historians, philosophers and men of science. In addition to the words in general use the work includes the majoiity of proper names and places which differ in the two languages, and special terms relating to Sciences, Arts, Commerce and Manufacture. 1350 pages, large 12mo, cloth, $1.50 Hill's Vest Pocket Spanish-English and English- Spanish Dictionary and Self-Instructor with Conversations and Idioms The most reliable dictionary of this style on the market. Condensa- tion and usefulness are its chief features. Unusual and self-explanatory terms are left out to make room for more needful words. It is excep- tionally useful for those desiring to translate either language into the other in the shortest possible time. Each language being separately indexed makes rapid reference possible. A complete guide to pronun- ciation with rules for same. Proper accents are given to all words. Cloth binding, 25 cents ; full leather binding, 50 cents DAVID McKAY, PUBLISHER, PHILADELPHIA 3 1158 00190 1049 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILI1 A 000 045 730 9