FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 THIRD SERIES— 1908-1909 
 
 VOLUME II SECTION IV 
 
 The Nepheline and Associated Alkali Syenites of 
 
 Eastern Ontario 
 
 By 
 
 FRANK D. ADAMS, D.Sc., F.R.S. and ALFRED E. BARLOW, M.A., D.Sc. 
 
 Published by permission of the Director of Qeolosical Survey. 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. 
 
 1909
 
 UCS'E iJBRARy
 
 Plate 1 
 
 CORUXDUM-SYENITE 
 CRAIGMOXT, ONT.
 
 SEcnoN IV., 1908. [ 3 ] Trans. K. S. C. 
 
 I. — The Nepheline and Associated Alkali Syenites of Eastern Ontario, 
 
 By Feank D. Adams, D.Sc, F.K.S. and Alfred E. Barlow, M.A., D.Sc. 
 
 ( Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey. ) 
 
 (Read May 26, 1908.) 
 
 1. Introduction. 
 
 2. Distribution. 
 
 3. Geological Relations. 
 
 4. General Petrographical Character. 
 
 5. Mineralogical Composition. 
 
 6. Description of the several occurrences: 
 
 (a) The Alkali Syenites of the Township of Lutterworth. 
 
 (b) The Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Township of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 (c) The Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Township of 
 Glamorgan. 
 
 (d) The Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Townships of 
 Harcourt, Cardiff and Wollaston. 
 
 (e) The Nepheline and AlkaK Syenites of the Township of 
 Methuen. 
 
 (f) The Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Townships of 
 Faraday, Dungannon, Carlow and Monteagle. 
 
 7. Summary. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 By far the most extensive development of nepheline syenite which 
 has up to the present time been discovered in North America, or in fact, 
 BO far as can be ascertained, anywhere in the world, is that which occurs 
 in the eastern part of the Province of Ontario, in the counties of Hali- 
 burton, Peterborough, Hastings and Renfrew, in the tract of country 
 whose position is indicated on the accompanying sketch map. 
 
 The occurrence of nepheline syenite in this district was first re- 
 cognized in 1893, attention having been directed to its probable existence 
 by a specimen of sodalite which was sent in to the Museum of the Geo- 
 logical Survey at Ottawa from the township of Dungannon in the spring 
 of this year, just as Dr. Adams was about to leave for tJiat district to 
 undertake a geological reconnaissance of this part of Eastern Ontario for 
 the Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 On visiting the locality from which this sodalite came, the mineral 
 was found to occur in the form of veins traversing a large area of nephe- 
 line syenite in the ancient crystalline rocks of the Laurentian Protaxis.
 
 4 RO^AL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 A brief description of this area of nepheline syenite was given in 
 a paper which appeared in 1894, and analyses by Dr. B. J. Harrington 
 of the sodalite and certain other nidnerals occurring in the nepheline 
 syenite were published at the same time.' 
 
 The discovery of corundum in the associated alkali syenite on lot 
 14, con. XIV of the township of Carlow was made by Mr. W. P. FerrLer, 
 of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1896,=^ and the possibilities of the 
 exploitation of the corundum-bearing varieties of these syenites was 
 subsequently studied by Dr. Barlow^ of the Geological Survey and by 
 Dr. Miller* of the Ontario Bureau of Mines. As a result of these in- 
 vestigations corundum is now being mined on a large scale in the nephe- 
 line and alkali syenites at Craigmont. The sodalite at the original 
 locality, which is a short distance to the east of the town of Bancroft, 
 is also extensively worked as an ornamental stone. 
 
 Following the geological reconnaissance to which reference has been 
 made, a detailed geological survey of this whole area was undertaken 
 for the Geological Survey of Canada by the writers, which led to the 
 discovery of a large number of additional areas of nepheline syenite, 
 many of them carrying corundum, as well as to an extended study of the 
 relations of these rocks to the other rocks of the Protaxis, in which they 
 occur. The results of this study will appear in the form of a Report 
 to the Geological Survey of Canada, which is now about to go to press 
 and which is accompanied by two geological maps of the area in ques- 
 tion. In the present paper it is proposed to present merely the chief 
 results obtained from the study of the nepheline syenites and the rocks 
 immediately associated with them, the reader being referred to the re- 
 port in question for additional local details if required. 
 
 Distribution. 
 
 All the occurrences of nepheline syenite in this region, with the 
 exception of those in the township of Methuen, are found in a com- 
 paratively narrow belt of country which has a general north-easterly 
 
 ' Adams, F. D. — On the occurrence of a larg-e area of Nepheline Syenite 
 In the township of Dungrannon, Ont. — Amer. Jour, of Science; vol. xlvlll, 
 July 1894. 
 
 Harrington, B. J. — On Nepheline, Sodalite and Orthoclase from the Nephe- 
 li»ne Syenite of Dnnpannon, liastings Tounty. Ont. — ditto. 
 
 'Ann. Rep. Oeol. Surv. Can. Vol. ix. 1896 p. 116. A. 
 
 •Summary Reports. Geol. Surv. Can. 1896, p. 53; 1897 pp. 48-56; 1898 p. 
 110; 1899 pp. 130-131; 1900 pp. 127-128; 1901 p. 148; 1903 pp. 142-143; 1904 
 pp. 190-193. 
 
 ♦Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines Ont., Vol. vii. Part III, 1898 pp. 207-238; 
 Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines Ont., Vol. vlii. Part II, 1899. pp. 205-240. 
 
 Amer. Geol. Nov. 1899 Vol. xxlv., pp. 276-282; Jour. Can. Min. Mat. Vol. 
 V. 1902 pp. 233-255.
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 
 Geological Map 
 CENTRAL ONTARIO 
 
 CORUNnUM-BEARING ROCKS 
 
 L
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO S 
 
 course, as shown on the accompanying map. The most westerly occurr- 
 ence discovered is that in the township of Lutterworth, where a 
 corundum-bearing syenite has been found on lot 12, concession IV. of 
 this township. The next occurrences are those which are situated in 
 the townships of Glamorgan and Monmouth, in which townships some 
 twenty separate areas of the rock have been mapped and studied. The 
 largest and in many respects the most noteworthy of these is a wide belt 
 cf nepheline syenite which surrounds an occurrence of granite inter- 
 vening between this rock and the limestone which forms the country 
 rock of the central portion of the township of Monmouth. Here the 
 nepheline syenite and the granite are clearly seen to be differentiation 
 product? of a common magma. The other occurrences in these townships 
 are smaller and lie for the most part in the limestone. 
 
 Going to the east from the township of Monmouth a narrow band 
 of nepheline syenite can be traced across the corner of the township of 
 Cardiff into the second range of Harcourt, beyond which, in the north- 
 east corner of Cardiff, occurrences of the closely related white alkali 
 syenite have been noted by Dr. jMiller at Leafield. 
 
 Beyond this, in the north-west corner of the township of Faraday, 
 what appears to be a continuous belt of nepheline syenite, accompanied 
 sometimes by the closely related red alkali syenite, extends in a south- 
 easterly direction for a distance of about three and a half mile?, cross- 
 ing the Monck road on lot 26 between concessions A and B. Xear this 
 place there is a gradual change in the strike of the rock, the band curv- 
 ing around and running in a direction a little north of east, as far as lot 
 16 of concession A. It is impossible to trace its further extension east- 
 ward, as occasional outcrops only were found protruded through the 
 deep covering of drift. It seems, however, entirely reasonable to as- 
 sume that the several exposures found, belong to one continuous belt, 
 for as the village of Bancroft is approached there is a very marked in- 
 crease in the area over which these syenite rocks are distributed. At 
 its intersection with the Hastings roiid at the village of Bancroft, be- 
 tween the townships of Dungannon and Faraday, the nepheline syenite 
 measures over half a mile across its strike, which is here nearly east 
 and west. East of Bancroft these syenite rocks increase very rapidly 
 in volume, attaining their maximum development in the vicinity of 
 Bronson, where extended and often nearly continuous outcrops may be 
 found for a distance of over two and a half miles in a north and south 
 direction, underlying most of the area between the eleventh and four- 
 teenth concessions as far as the York river. 
 
 Along the valley of the York river and extending in a general 
 direction a little east of north from the bridge over the York river in
 
 6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 the eleventh concession of Dungaunon to the mouth of the Papineau 
 Creek in the township of Carlow, there are a large number of lenticular 
 masses of nepheline syenite and alkali syenite intruded along the strike 
 of the crystalline limestones and amphibolites. Time did not permit 
 of a sufficiently detailed examination of this valley to accurately outline 
 all such masses, even if this were possible with so heavy an accumula- 
 tion of drift as is here found. The position, however, of certain of 
 these occurrences is shown upon the geological map which accompanies 
 the general report on the district to wliich reference has already been 
 made. 
 
 A little to the east of Papineau Creek, nepheline syenite is met with 
 on both sides of the river, while farther dovra the river a little north 
 of Foster's Eapids, an extremely basic nepheline rock occurs. Still 
 farther to the east Dr. Miller mentions nepheline syenite outcropping on 
 a ridge in the ninth concession of Carlow, about one and a half miles 
 north-west of Campbell's bridge on the York river. No very detailed 
 examination was made of the area between Carlow and Brudenell, but 
 corundum syenites occur in the eighteenth and nineteenth concessions of 
 Eaglan and in the first concession of Eadcliffe, close to Palmer's rapids 
 on the Madawaska river, while nepheline syenite has been found on lot 
 25 of the nineteenth concession of Eaglan. 
 
 All these last mentioned occurrences in Eaglan and Eadcliffe be- 
 long to another and parallel band of these syenite rocks, which, starting 
 from lot 14 of concession XIV of the township of Carlow, where 
 corundum was first discovered by Ferrier, extends eastward through the 
 two northern concessions of Eaglan, having been traced a short distance 
 east of the Madawaska river near Palmer's Eapids. The occurrence of 
 nepheline syenite and the closely related red syenite in the fifth and 
 seventh concessions of the eastern part of the township of Brudenell, witli 
 their north-west and south-east strike, cannot be correlated with either 
 of these bands, although they occupy an intermediate position between 
 these and the Algona and Sebastopol occurrences on the east. 
 
 Extending eastward from Brudenell a very wide belt of rocks of 
 closely related syenite types covers the northern portions of the town- 
 ship of Lyndoch, extending thence into Sebastopol and South Algona, 
 as far as Clear Lake, and probably beyond the Ottawa river into the ad- 
 jacent Province of Quebec. 
 
 From the township of Tiutterworth where, as above mentioned, the 
 most westerly development of these rocks is found, the occurrences of 
 nepheline syenite, if wo except that in Methuen, are thus confined to a 
 narrow and somewhat sinuous belt of country having a general north-east- 
 erly strike and which reaxjhes the Ottawa river in the township of South
 
 [ADAMS 4 BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONT.^IO 7 
 
 Algona. This represents a distance of about 103 miles. Within this 
 belt from the township of Glamorgan north-east to the Ottawa river, over 
 a distance of about eighty-three miles, the nepheline syenites and their 
 associated rocks are represented by very frequent exposures, constituting 
 an almost continuous development. 
 
 Geological Relations. 
 
 The area in which the nepheline syenites occur is underlain by the 
 Laurentian System of Logan. According to Logan, this system was 
 composed of the Fundamental Gneiss, with an overlying series of very 
 ancient sediments consisting chiefly of limestones, and which subse- 
 quently came to be known as the Grenville Series. Logan considered 
 both series to be of sedimentary origin, the well defined bedding of the 
 upper series bein^ in the Fundamental Gneiss, represented by a gneissic 
 structure which he regarded as representing an almost obliterated bed- 
 ding. The contact of these two series in the single area which he worked 
 out in detail, namely, the district lying north of Grenville, which is 
 situated about half-way between the cities of Montreal and Ottawa ou 
 the north shore of the St. Lawrence, is of such a character as to lend 
 some colour to this old AVernerian view. 
 
 A careful examination of the very large areas in which the relations 
 of these two series has since been closely studied, shows, however, that in 
 all cases the so-called Fundamental Gneiss breaks up through the over- 
 lying Grenville Series, the contact being an intrusive one, so that over 
 wide stretches of country in the Province of Quebec and in Eastern On- 
 tario the " Laurentian System " is composed of a great series of sedimen- 
 tary rocks chiefly limestone, invaded and intensely altered by enormous 
 intrusions of the Fundamental Gneiss. In Western Ontario a similar 
 relation is always seen where the oldest stratified series in that part of 
 the Dominion, namely, the Keewatin Series, comes in contact with the 
 Fundamental Gneiss. In fact, the same remarkable relation has been 
 found in all parts of the world where the oldest sediments have been 
 studied. There is no floor to the sedimentary series, no basement of 
 granitic or other roeks on which the oldest sediments of the geological 
 column repose and from which they have been derived, but, instead, the 
 oldest sedimentary series float on enormous intrusions of granite, which 
 break up through them in every direction. 
 
 It is in such an area that the rocks described in the present paper 
 occur. The limestones with their associated sedimentary gneisses and 
 amphibolites (Grenville Series) are excellently developed, being of great 
 areal extent and of great thickness. Through this Grenville Series the 
 granite batholiths of the Fundamental Gneiss are well up, being often
 
 8 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 completely surrounded by the sedimentary series in question, while going 
 Jiorth, toward the limit of the area at present under discussion, the Fun- 
 damental Gneiss becomes relatively more abundant and finally underlies 
 the whole region, containing, however, everywhere shreds and patches of 
 tlie limestone series which is frayed away into it and partly absorbed by 
 it. 
 
 The nepheline and their associated alkali syenites are found either 
 along the actual junction of the granite and the limestone, or in the 
 limestone itself near the granite contact. There is only a single excep- 
 tion to tliis in the area under discussion, namely, the nepheline syenite 
 mass in the township of Methuen, which occurs between a great granite 
 intrusion and a body of amphibolite, containing a few small bands of 
 limestone. 
 
 These nepheline rocks are of the same age as the general complex in 
 which they occur, that is, they belong to the Pre-Cambrian or Pro- 
 terozoic rocks of the Laurentian Protaxis. They are intruded into the 
 crystalline limestones and associated sedimentary rocks of the Grenville 
 Series on one hand, and at several points where they are well exposed, 
 they pass gradually over into the Fundamental Gneiss on the other hand. 
 Elsewhere, however, dykes of the nepheline syenite or associated alkali 
 syenites can be seen to cut the Fundamental Gneiss. A careful study 
 of the whole area shows that the nepheline syenite and its associated 
 alkali syenites represent a peripheral' differentiation phase of the granite 
 (Fundamental Gneiss), and that in the few cases where these rocks 
 are seen to cut the Fundamental Gneiss, they are of the nature of dykes 
 of differentiated material intruded into a more acid phase of the same 
 magma which was already consolidated, very much in the same way as 
 in the occurrence of ordinary granite pegmatite dykes, are found repre- 
 senting the last product of consolidation of a common magma. 
 
 General Petrogkaphical Character. 
 
 It wouJd far exceed the scope of the present paper to' describe in 
 detail the exact composition of these syenites at the many localities 
 where they are exposed, for their extreme and rapid variation in com- 
 position is one of the most noteworthy features of their development. 
 In fact, too much emphasis can hardly be given to this fact, for no other 
 rocks show an equally great diversity of types within such short dis- 
 tances. It is quite possible to obtain hand specimens from the same ex- 
 posure, and even from contiguous bands, which exhibit such a wide differ- 
 ence in their mineralogical composition as to be classed as separate and 
 distinct types of rock. All these, however, are differentiation products 
 of one highly alkaline and aluuiinous magma, representing one phase of
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 
 
 9 
 
 plutonic activity. They belong to one petrographical province; never- 
 theless for purposes of convenience of description, they may be con- 
 sidered as divisible into four groups, although it must be understood 
 that no arbitrary lines exist in nature between these respective sub- 
 divisions. 
 
 1. The Nepheline Syenite. 
 
 2. Eocks of the TJrtite and allied groups. 
 
 3. The White Alkali Syenite. * 
 
 4. The Red Alkali Syenite. 
 
 1. The Nepheline Syenite. — This is made up essentially of an acid 
 plagioclase, usually albite, with nepheline and biotite (lepidomelane), 
 hornblende or pyroxene. Orthoclase, microclme and microperthite are 
 occasionally found, but when present rank merely as accessory con- 
 stituents. 
 
 2. Rocks of the TJrtite and Allied groups.— The nepheline syenite 
 exhibits extreme variations in the relative proportion of its constituent 
 minerals, passing by a decrease in the amount of plagioclase present 
 into rocks composed exclusively of nepheline and ferro-magnesian 
 minerals, and of these into varieties composed on the one hand, almost 
 exclusively of nepheline (Monmouthite) or, on the other hand, into very 
 basic varieties composed almost exclusively of iron magnesian con- 
 stituents and approaching Jacupirangite in composition. 
 
 The rocks of groups 1 and 2, in addition to their essential consti- 
 tuents almost invariably contain a certain amount of calcite. Scapolite 
 is aJso a frequent constituent. Some of the less common accessoiy con- 
 stituents are, garnet, sodalite, cancrinite, fluorite, muscovite, corundum, 
 magnetite, pyrite, sphene, zircon, apatite, spinel (automolite), graphite 
 and eudialite. 
 
 3. White Alkali Syenite. — This differs from the nepheline syenite 
 in that the nepheline occurs merely as an accessory constituent, or may 
 be entirely lacking. The rock is thus composed of an acid plagioclase 
 and the ferro-magnesian constituents, the latter, however, being present 
 usually in very subordinate amount. 
 
 4. Red Alkali Syenite. — This rock is distinguished at once from 
 the preceding syenite by its pinkish or reddish colour. Like the white 
 syenite it contains plagioclase, usually albite, as the predominant feld- 
 spar, but orthoclase and microcline are usually present and are relatively 
 more abundant. Occasionally a little nepheline occurs, but when found 
 is generally decomposed to a reddish or pinkish gieseckite. Magnetite 
 in small irregular crystals and grains is usually present. Biotite is 
 the iron magnesian constituent and is, as a general rule, present in very 
 subordinate amount. When specimens are examined by the unaided eye,
 
 lO ROYAL SOCTETY OF CANADA 
 
 quartz seems to be entirely lacking, but an examination of thin sections 
 under the microscope often reveals this mineral, sometimes in no incon- 
 siderable amount. 
 
 Tlie rocks of these several gi-oups pass into one another by imper- 
 ceptible graduations. The magmas of all four types were in places 
 supersaturated with alumina, this excess crystallizing out as free alumina 
 in the form of corundum. In those varieties of nepheline syenite which 
 are unusually rich in nepheline and in the rocks of the Urtite group, 
 the corundum is only developed when the iron magnesia minerals do not 
 occur in any appreciable amount. 
 
 Intimately associated vnth the rocks of these several types and form- 
 ing part of the same igneous complex are certain abnormally coarse 
 phases which are their pegmatitic equivalents. These may occur as 
 parallel or intercalated bands or they may cut across the foliation of 
 the rock in the form of dyke-like masses. The contact of these peg- 
 matites with the parent or normal plutonic rock is sometimes quite sharp, 
 especially in the case of those which intersect the foliation. They 
 usually, however, present a rather abrupt, though quite perceptible, 
 transition into the ordinary medium grain type. The nepheline syenite 
 pegmatite is usually composed altogether of nepheline and albite. Some- 
 times very large individuals of biotite and occasionally of hornblende, 
 apatite and magnetite are present. The pegmatitic form of the red 
 syenite is made up almost exclusively of microperthite, consisting of an 
 irregular intergrowth t)f orthoclase and albite. 
 
 The term S3''enite as applied to the nepheline syenite, in the north- 
 eastern portions of the syenitic band, is in some cases somewhat of a 
 misnomer, for plagioclase varying from albite through oligoclase to 
 andesine is the prevalent and often the only feldspathic constituent. 
 Dr. Adams^ in his paper announcing the discovery of these occurrences 
 in the townships of Dungannon and Faraday, made reference to this as 
 follows. — " If the distinctive character of the nepheline syenite named 
 Litchfleldite by Bayley be the replacement of the orthoclase by albite, 
 this rock is a more typical Litchfleldite than that from the original local- 
 ity. The propriety of defining nepheline syenite as a rock composed 
 essentially of nepheline and an alkali feldspar, instead of one composed 
 of nepheline and orthoclase is rendered evident, as otherwise it would be 
 necessary to classify this rock as a theralite from typical specimens of 
 which it would differ greatly in composition.'' 
 
 These various rocks, while sometimes quite massive, possessing a 
 true hypidiomorphic granular structure, usually have a more or less per- 
 
 ' American Journal of Science, vol. XIA'III, 1894, p. 15.
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO . 1 1 
 
 feet foliated structure which in many places presents an actual schistose 
 development, the strike of which conforms to that of the adjacent country 
 rock. The foliation has all the characters of an original structure. 
 They vary in texture from medium to coarse grained, while the peg- 
 matitic phases sometimes present nepheline and plagioclase individuals 
 as much as a yard in diameter. 
 
 The rock is, as a rule, remarkably fresh and unaltered. Evidences of 
 pressure even in the most pronouncedly foliated or schistose varieties 
 are extremely rare. In occasional instances, however, some of the feld- 
 spars show strain shadows and curved or slightly dislocated twinning 
 lamellae. Sections of the rock comprising the narrow part of the band, 
 crossing the J\Ionck road in Faraday township, show quite pronounced 
 granulation and cataclastic structure. 
 
 The relations of the constituent minerals, especially the feldspa- 
 thoid species, do not indicate the same regular and definite order of 
 succession which is seen in most of the rocks which have crystallized from 
 a molten magma. In general, however, it may be stated that after the 
 crystallization of such minerals as apatite, zircon, sphene, corundum 
 and magnetite, individuals of which usually possess rather good crystal 
 outlines, the hornblende and biotite were formed. Both of these last 
 mentioned minerals, and especially the hornblende, exhibit many sharp 
 and distinct crystallographic boundaries. Plagioclase came next in 
 order, while the remaining interspaces were filled either with potash 
 feldspars when present, or with nepheline. So far as the texture of the 
 rock is concerned, in the great majority of instances nepheline ap- 
 parently plays the same part as quartz in an ordinary granite. Garnet, 
 which is a very frequent and often abundant accessory constituent, is 
 distinctly later than all of these constituents. Sodalite and cancrinite 
 are also distinctly later, filling cracks and fissures. 
 
 On the other hand many grave exceptions to this general order of 
 crystallization have been noticed, such as the inclusion of rounded in- 
 dividuals of nepheline and microcline in the plagioclase, and of plagio- 
 clase and nepheline in the hornblende. Again albite is frequently found 
 forming poikilitic tntergrowths with hornblende, such included in- 
 dividuals of albite often having direct connection and more or less dis- 
 tinct optical continuity with certain mantles or borders which sometimes 
 surround the hornblende, separating individuals of this mineral from 
 the other constituents of the rock. There is moreover undoubted evi- 
 dence of very pronounced magmatic corrosion, due apparently to pro- 
 gressive changes in the physical constitution and composition of the 
 magma.
 
 12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANAUA 
 
 The shells or mantles ol" muscovite which often enclose the in- 
 dividuals of corinuluin are distinctly and clearly attributable to me in- 
 creased acidity and hydration of the magma in its later stages. 
 
 The nepheline syenites and the associated alkali syenites occur al- 
 most invariably on the borders of the granite bathyliths where these cut 
 through crystalline limestone. 
 
 When the actual contact of the two rocks is well exposed, large in- 
 dividuals of nepheline, biotite and other constituents of the syenite can 
 be seen to have developed in the limestone all along the margin of the 
 nepheline syenite body, while masses of the limestone, great and small, 
 can be found scattered through the nepheline syenite along the contact. 
 These masses, furthermore, were evidently in process of replacement by 
 the magma, the various constituents of the nepheline syenite growing 
 into them. They thus become gradually reduced in size, and now survive 
 merely aa separate, irregularly rounded grains of calcite often enclosed 
 in single individuals of perfectly fresh nepheline, hornblende or other 
 minerals of the nepheline syenite, or lying between these, with the fonn 
 of the latter impressed upon them on every side. (See Plates 4 
 and 10). 
 
 Every stage of the passage from the solid limestone to the separate 
 calcite grains enclosed in the constituent minerals of the nepheline 
 syenite can be distinctly traced, while the latter is at the same time fresh 
 and free from decomposition products. The phenomenon is well seen in 
 the railway cutting on the outskirts of the village of Bancroft. In some 
 cases an additional proof of the derivation of the calcite from the ad- 
 jacent limestone is afforded by the fact that the calcite grains enclosed 
 in the nepheline syenite show the twisting and the strain shadows to be 
 observed in the constituent individuals of the invaded limestone, while 
 the minerals of the nepheline syenite which enclose them, are absolutely 
 free from all signs of pressure. The calcite in the syenites is therefore 
 undoubtedly foreign to the magma and represents inclusions of the sur- 
 rounding limestones. In the case of the only important body of nepheline 
 syenites which does not have limestone as a wall rock, namely the occur- 
 rence in the township of Methuen, calcite is very rarely found in the rock, 
 and when it does occur, it is lq very small amount, while the mode of its 
 occurrence is entirely different from that above described and is such as 
 to indicate that the mineral is probably secondary or a later infiltration. 
 
 The presence of calcite has been noted in other occurrences of 
 nepheline syenite. These are like those of the area at present under dis- 
 cussion, associated with ancient metamorphic rocks, but the calcite in 
 them is believed to be primary by the investigators who have studied
 
 PL* 
 
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 a, 2
 
 [ADAMS 4 barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO* 13 
 
 them. The occurrences in question are the nepheline syenites of the 
 Sivamalai series of India ' and that of the Island of Alno ^ in Sweden. 
 A similar association has been noted in the occurrences at Kussa in the 
 Ural Mountains^ and in the nepheline rocks of the Kaiserstuhi in 
 Baden.* 
 
 Concerning the calcite in the Indian occurrences, Holland says: — 
 '' 7.'he calcite occurs in granular crystals with apparently as much right 
 as any of the others to be considered a primary constituent. The crys- 
 tals form isolated granules, and there are no signs of secondary decom- 
 position tlie low silica percentage in this group of rock removes 
 
 the chief theoretical difficulty to its crystallization from a molten magma 
 as a normal constituent of an igneous rock." The Alno rock contains 
 large masses of crystalline limestone as well as scattered granules of 
 calcite and micropegmatitic intergrowths of calcite with nepheline, 
 asgerine or feldspar, and Hoghom believes that the limestone has been 
 fused in the magma without decomposition and was, during the process 
 cf solidification, crystallized out of the magma in precisely the same way 
 as the other minerals. In neither of these cases does limestone now oc- 
 cur in the immediate vicinity of the syenite, but it may, especially in 
 the latter case, have sunk down into it from overlying beds, sines re- 
 moved hy erosion. 
 
 This is also considered by Graeff to be the true explanation of the 
 origin of the limestone inclusions in the Kaiserstuhi occurrence. Of 
 the crystalline limestone associated with the Kussa nepheline syenite, 
 Arzruni says that its " austreten unaufgeklart geblieben ist." 
 
 ^Holland, T. H. — The Sivamalai Series of Elaeolite Syenite and Corundum 
 Syenites in the Coimbatore District, Madras Presidency — Mem. Geol. Survey 
 of India, Vol. XXX— part 3, 1901. p. 197. 
 
 ^ Hogbom, A. G. — Ueber das Nephelinsyenitgebiet auf der Insel Alno — 
 
 G«ol. Foren i. Stockholm Forh. Bd, 17. Heft 2. 1895, s. 118. Also Abstract in 
 
 Min. Mag. Vol. XL (1897), p. 250, and Rosenbusch Mikr. Phys. (1896), pp. 
 169 and 171. 
 
 •Arzruni, A. — Die Mineralgruben bei Kussa and Miass — (In the Livret — 
 Guide for the Ural Excursion of the International Congress of Geologists, St. 
 Petersburg Meeting, 1900.) 
 
 * Graeff, — Zur Geologic des Kaiserstuhlgebriges — Mitt, der Bad. Geol. 
 I..andesanst. Bd. II, 1892. 
 
 Knop, — Der Kaiserstuhi im Breisgau — Leipzig. 1892; also Hogbom, A. G. 
 (loc. cit.)
 
 14 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Minerals which occur in the Syenites. 
 
 The following minerals have been found in the nepheline syenite or 
 its associated alkali syenites. 
 
 Nepheline Corundum Eucolite 
 
 Sodalite Calcite Molybdenite 
 
 Cancrinite Garnet Apatite 
 
 Feldspar Zircon Magnetite 
 
 Scapolite Sphene Pyrite 
 
 Biotite Tourmaline Pyrrhotite 
 
 Hornblende Spinel Chalcopyrite 
 
 Muscovite Chrysoberyl Graphite 
 
 Nepheline. — A§ a rule the mineral is quite fresh and glassy, break- 
 ing with a sub-conchoidal or uneven fracture. The freslily broken 
 fragments are often distinguishable with difficulty from the plagioclase. 
 It varies from almost colourless to white or very pale grey. Often it 
 possesses a beautiful pale salmon pink colour, which, on inspection is seen 
 to accompany an incipient decomposition of the mineral. A progressive 
 increase in this alteration is characterized by a gradual deepening of the 
 tint until a bright brick red colour is assumed, representing the extreme 
 stages in the decomposition and hydration of this mineral. The resul- 
 tant products in the primary stage are chiefly minute scales of mus- 
 covite, with very brilliant double refraction, the process extending from 
 certain cracks, and from the margin of the individual or forming 
 " halos " around certain inclusions. Some of the individuals are more 
 or less turbid and opaque as a result of decomposition. In the more 
 highly coloured phases of the mineral an aggregate resembling gieseckite 
 in composition and appearance is produced, giving rise to very brilliant 
 aggregate polarization. 
 
 It is usually comparatively free from inclusions, although sometimes 
 hornblende, biotite, calcite and even feldspars occur enclosed. The 
 hardness of the nepheline occurring at York river according to Dr. 
 Harrington' is nearly 6. The specific gravity at 17°C.=2.625 as deter- 
 minofl with the bottle and 2.618 by suspension with a hair. Before the 
 blowpipe it fused quietly at about 3.5 to a colourless slightly vesicular 
 gla-os. An analysis of this nepheline by Dr. Harrington gave the follow- 
 ing result? (under T). For comparison an analysis of the yellow variety 
 of nopheline of Coimbatore, Madras, India, is given under II. ^ 
 
 'Amer. Jour. Sc. Vol. XLVIII. (1894), p. 17. 
 
 'Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXX, Part III. 1901. p. 187.
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 43.51 
 
 43.35 
 
 33.78 
 
 34.32 
 
 0.15 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.82 
 
 tr. 
 
 
 5.40 
 
 5.52 
 
 16.94 
 
 14.62 
 
 .40 
 
 0.75 
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO IS 
 
 SiO, 
 
 AI263 
 
 Fe^Os 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO . . . . 
 
 K2O 
 
 Na20 •• .. 
 
 Loss on igjiition • • 
 
 100.34 100.40 
 
 The appearance of the nepheline on the weathered outcrops of the 
 nepheline syenite is remarkable. When surfaces of the rock, which have 
 been exposed to the action of the atmosphere "are examined, each grain 
 or individual of nepheline will be found to be represented by a depres- 
 sion. At the bottom of this the nepheline grain can be seen with a 
 smooth rounded surface, as if it had been partially dissolved away, the 
 feldspar and iron magnesia constituents standing up above it on all 
 sides. The surface of the nepheline is coated with a mere film of de- 
 composition products and is of a faint bluish grey colour, the feldspar 
 weathering chalk white, and on breaking the rock open the nepheline 
 appears to be perfectly fresh. Evidently the nepheline is destroyed 
 much more readily by the weather than the other constituents of the 
 rock, and the alteration products are of such a character that they are 
 at once removed, leaving the surface of the mineral fresh and hard. This 
 peculiar method of weathering makes it possible to determine the pre- 
 sence or absence of nepheline in any specimen of tbe syenite from a care- 
 ful inspection of the weathered surface of the rock alone. In fact itd 
 presence can be quite as certainly determined in this way as by means of 
 chemical tests or a microscopical examination. This simple method has 
 furthermore the advantage tliat it can be applied to large areas of rock 
 surface. (See Plates 3 and 4.) 
 
 Sodalite. — This mineral was observed at a large number of widely 
 separated localities along the great belt of these syenite rocks in the 
 townships of Glamorgan, Faraday, Dungannon, Monteagle, Raglan, 
 Brudenell, and as far as Clear Lake near the north-east end of the belt. 
 
 It usually occurs in ill-defined irregular masses and patches, of 
 comparatively small size, in the nepheline syenite, especially in those 
 portions which are unusually rich in nepheline. It is also developed 
 along and in the immediate vicinity of certain cracks and fissures in the 
 nepheline, with no sharp line of division between the two minerals, the
 
 je ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 bluish colour gradually fading in passing outward to the white or pale 
 greyish neplieline. In thin sections under the microscope it is seen to 
 occur in in-egular strings or vein-like forms cutting across and among 
 the other constituents. In certain portions of the area it occurs in very 
 large masses, notably on lot 25, concession XIV of Dungannon. The 
 presence of the sodalite at this locality has been proved over a length of 
 some 250 feet with a width of from forty to fifty feet, and it is stated to 
 be even more extensive than the present developments have shown. Suffi- 
 cient quarrying has, however, been done to prove this occurrence to be of 
 distinct economic importance, as it is quite possible to secure blocks of 
 sodalite weighing several tons. In 1906 a shipment was made of 130 
 tons of what was considered suitable material, to be used in the decora- 
 tion of the residence of Sir Ernest Cassell in Park Lane, Hyde Park, 
 London, England. This property has been known as the "Princess 
 Quarries, " although a company has not yet been incorporated. It is 
 stated to be the intention of the owners to instal a complete plant not 
 only for quarrying the sodalite with channelling machines but sawing it 
 into slabs of suitable thickness. Other exposures showing large masses 
 of beautiiully coloured sodalite also occur on lots 25 and 29, con, XIIl 
 of Dungannon. At the first mentioned locality, preliminary development 
 work consisting of stripping and some blasting has shown the presence 
 of several large patches of the sodalite. At Craigmont in Eaglan town- 
 ship and on lot 34, concession V. of the township of Brudenell, patches 
 of deep blue sodalite occur in a nepheline syenite made up in addition 
 to this sodalite of a beautiful pale salmon nepheline and grey plagioclase, 
 the association producing a rock which has a very pleasing effect. The 
 colour in this mineral varies from a very dark cobalt blue to very pale 
 bluish, the colour fading rapidly when exposed to the action of the 
 weather. It is susceptible of a high polish and is emmently suitable for 
 inside decorative work. It is often associated with more or less magnetite 
 and biotite, and displays veinlets of reddish and whitish feldspar which 
 was shown on analysis by Dr. Harrington to be orthoclase. A sample 
 in the museum of the Geological Survey shows a crystal of hastingsite 
 several inches in length and perfectly terminated, completely enclosed in 
 the sodalite. Most of the material is compact with a multitude of ver\' 
 fine cracks which may bo due to the shocks of blasting. The specimen 
 selected by Dr. Harrington for analysis showed distinct dodeoahcdral 
 cleavage and vitreous lustre. It was translucent and often sub-trans- 
 parent in ordinarily thin fragments, and its hardness was about 5.5. 
 Heated in a closed tube the sodalite became perfectly white, while be- 
 fore the blowpipe ii fui^ed en«ily with intumescence to a colourless glass.
 
 ■-^ 
 
 J ^ 
 
 c j: 
 — o 
 
 > IT
 
 [ADAMS & BARLowJ ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 17 
 
 Under I is given an analysis of tiie sodalite from lot 2i), concession XIV" 
 of Dungannon, by Dr. B. J. Harrington.^ Under 11 an analysis of 
 sodalite from Duugannon by L. McI. Leigher and G. J. \'olckenning." 
 
 Si02.. . 
 Al,03.. 
 FeO . . . . 
 Na20 . . . 
 K^O.. . 
 CaO ... 
 CL. .. 
 SO3.. .. 
 H^O.. . 
 Insoluble . 
 
 1. 
 
 II. 
 
 36.58 
 
 37.34 
 
 31.05 
 
 31.35 
 
 .20 
 
 
 24.81 
 
 35.01 
 
 .79 
 
 .74 
 
 
 .38 
 
 6.88 
 
 G.79 
 
 .13 
 
 
 .37 
 
 
 .80 
 
 
 101.50 
 
 101.51 
 
 1.55 
 
 
 2.395 
 
 3.303 
 
 Deducting = CI 
 Specific gravity = 
 
 Gancriniie. — This mineral was first detected in Canada by Dr. Har- 
 ring^ton in the nepheline syenites of Mount Koyal and Beloeil, in the 
 Province of Quebec.^ In the nepheline syenites of Ontario, it usually 
 can only be distinguished by the assistance of the microscope. It occurs in 
 irregular grains or rude radial aggregates, whose outlines are dependent 
 on the surrounding minerals. It is usually at least in immediate associa- 
 tion with the nepheline and sometimes forms a narrow bolder more or 
 less completely surrounding the individuals of this mineral. It also 
 occurs in cracks or fissures traversing the nepheline. Under the micros- 
 cope it is transparent, colourless, and altogether free from inclusions or 
 alteration products. Cancrinite was noticed in considerable amount 
 in the nepheline syenite where it crosses the Monck road in Faraday 
 township, and is also found in the nepheline syenite about two miles east 
 of Bancroft. On lots 85, concessions XIII and XIV" of Dungannon, the 
 cancrinite was found in small irregular masses with rather ill-defined 
 boundaries, and so intimately associated with the nepheline as to be 
 separable only with extreme difficulty. The cancrinite is translucent, 
 of a pale citron-yellow colour, gradually fading on exposure to the 
 
 ' Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. XLVIII. 1894. pp. 17 and 18. 
 
 " Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. XLIX. 1895. pp. 465-466. 
 
 ' Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. Vol. I., Sect., III., 1882-83., p. 81. 
 
 Sec. IV., 19ns. 2.
 
 18 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 weather. It has a subvitreous and somewhat greasy lustre. It is un- 
 doubtedly an alteration product of the nepheline, the cleavage planes, 
 in eoutiguous masses or areas, being common to both minerals while 
 boundaries between the two are rarely, if ever, sharp or distinct.^ 
 
 Feldspar. — Plagioclase varying in composition from albite through 
 oligoclase to andesine^ is the prevailing feldspar in all of these syenites. 
 Albite, with a small percentage of lime, seems to be the most coimuon 
 variety. The specfic gravity of the rock near York river is 2.6207 and 
 2.625, while in a separation of the rock from lot 35, con. XIV of Dun- 
 gannon, it was found to be not greater than 3.623. The specific gravity 
 of the fresh oligoclase from the syenite was about 3.64, although some of 
 it which had undergone partial alteration was considerably lighter. The 
 andesine which is the feldspathic constituent of the nepheline syenite 
 from lot 12, concession XV of Dungannon, was determined by heavy 
 Srolution on fine fragments to be 2.668. An analysis of this feldspar is 
 given on page 67. 
 
 A noteworthy feature in connection with the development of the 
 feldspar is the frequent occurrence of a thin mantle of plagioclase (al- 
 bite) more or less completely surrounding individuals and even aggre- 
 gates of hornblende and separating these from the surrounding and more . 
 abundant nepheline. It has also been noticed as a border surrounding 
 calcite and between this mineral and the nepheline. This bordering zone 
 of plagioclase is rather variable in width, but shows very marked 
 optical continuity' over long distances, in this respect also being in close 
 agreement with similar feldspathic material which occurs filling up the 
 various inequalities in the hornblende individuals formed as a result of 
 this mineral's imperfect crystallographic development — and also with in- 
 clusions of feldspar in the midst of the hornblende. In some respects 
 this phenomenon resembles certain " reaction rims, " and it is thus ex- 
 plained by Holland;^ but what seems a more reasonable explanation of 
 the Ontario occurrences is that as the plagioclase succeeded and to a 
 certain extent overlapped the crystallization of the hornblende, it would ^ 
 have been attracted to such centres of crj^stallization as had already been 
 formed by the solidification of the earlier and more basic mineral. This 
 curious occurrence is well illustrated in certain of the hornblendic 
 varietii'S of the syonito exposed at the dam at Bancroft and at Egan 
 Chute on the York river. The larger crystals of corundum occurring in 
 the nepheline rich variety of the syenite at Craigmont are also frequently 
 surrounded by a zone of plagioclase, separating the former mineral from 
 the nepheline. 
 
 ^ Can. Rec. Sc. Vol. VII, No. 4, 1896-97. 
 
 2 Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. Vol. XXX, Part 3, 1901, pp. 190-191.
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 1 9 
 
 Microcline in rather unusual in the nepheline syenite and much of 
 it presents a somewhat indefinite and distorted mesh which is not dis- 
 tinctive. Much of the microperthite has the veiy fine and interrupted 
 twinning lamellae characteristic of anorthoclase with which it is prob- 
 iably identical. Most of what has been considered to be orthoclase also 
 shows quite a perceptible intergrowth of other feldspars, the potash feld- 
 spar being, however, predominant. A white and reddish mineral, which 
 was proved on analysis by Dr. Harrington to be orthoclase, fills certain 
 little cracks traversing the sodalite on lot 25, concession XIV of Dun- 
 gannon. It is mostly dull, but in places shows cleavage surfaces with a 
 pearly lustre. The reddish portions probably owe their colour to the 
 decomposition of pyrite, occasional grains of which still remain. The 
 mineral is regarded as secondary. The specific gravity at 18° C. was 
 fcund to be 2.555, and analysis gave the following percentage composi- 
 tion: — 
 
 SiO^ 63.00 
 
 AI263 18.93 
 
 Fe^O, ' .59 
 
 Cab .08 
 
 MgO .09 
 
 K2O 12.08 
 
 ISTa^O 3.67 
 
 Loss on ignition 1.00 
 
 99.44 
 
 An analysis of the microperthite of the corundum-bearing syenite 
 pegmatite of Craigmont in the township of Eaglan is given on page 71. 
 
 Scapolite. — This mineral is a frequent and often abundant con- 
 stituent of the nepheline syenite, occurring in clear colourless grains 
 which meet the accompanying neplieline and feldspar grains with a per- 
 fectly sharp outline, there being no evidence that the mineral is the re- 
 sult of alteration or weathering. The double refraction is much stronger 
 than in the nepheline and feldspars, the interference colours seen in the 
 thin sections being red, blue, and yellow. In this it resembles cancrinite, 
 from which it can generally be distinguished by its habit, the cancrinite 
 usually filling in cracks and the small interspaces left after the crystalli- 
 zation of the other constituents. 
 
 Biotite. This is the chief iron-magnesia constituent of these rocks, 
 but it is usually present in subordinate amount. It occurs in the usual 
 small scales and plates, some of wh^ch exhibit good crystal boundaries. 
 The hand specimens show an almost black mica which has usually a dis-
 
 20 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 tinctly greenisli colour in transmitted light. The thin sections under 
 tlie microscope have a very strong pleocliroism I'rom pale greenish yellow- 
 to very deep almost opaque greenish brown. Basal sections are dis- 
 tinctly bisaxial, but with a very small axial angle. In some of the 
 coarser phases of the rock, as well as occupying certain miarolitic cavities, 
 as in the north-west corner of Faraday, some of these biotite cr}'stals 
 are veiy large and well formed. An analysis of the biotite (lepido- 
 melane) occurring in the nephcliue syenite on lot 16, range IX of the 
 township of Monmouth is given on page 35. 
 
 Hornblende. — Although less common than the biotite this mineral 
 is occasionally the prevailing ferro-magnesian constituent. 
 
 Dr. Adams, in his first description of the Dungannon occurrences, 
 made mention of the fact that two distinct varieties of hornblende, both 
 green in colour, could often be distinguished in the same hand specimens, 
 and this has been found to be true of outcrops in the south-western 
 and north-eastern extensions of the band. The individuals are, as a rule, 
 much larger than those of the biotite and present a nearer approach to 
 perfection of crystallographic outline. The prismatic cleavages at 
 angles of about 121° are often well seen. 
 
 The first variety has a large axial angle, with strong pleochroism 
 in tints var\'ing from pale yellow to deep green. Before the blowpipe 
 it fuses with intumescence to a black glass, giving at the* same time a 
 strong soda flame. This variety probably contains a considerable quan- 
 tity of soda, but approaches common hornblende in composition. 
 
 The second variety, the type specimen of which was obtained from 
 a series of exposures about two miles to the east of the village of Ban- 
 croft in Dungannon township, has a small axial angle with a high ex- 
 tinction angle and a much stronger pleochroism in the bluish tints sug- 
 gestive of arfvedsonite. The mineral occurs in hypidiomorphic grains 
 wliich show the usual hornblende cleavages. It is optically negative, 
 a being the acute bisectrix, but the double refraction is weak. It pos- 
 sesses very strong pleochroism as follows: a=:^ 3'ellowish green, b and c 
 = (looT) bluish green. The absorption is c = b > a, b and 
 c, if not quite ci|ual, are nearly so, hence sections cut at right angles 
 to the acute bisectrix show but litlle pleochroism and are nearly isotropic. 
 c lies nearest the vertical axis, but whether toward the acute angle b or 
 on the opposite side cannot be determined, as the mineral does not pos- 
 sess a good crystalline form; it makes with the vertical axis a large 
 angle, the extinction amounting to 30^. The plane of the optic axis 
 is the clinopinacoid, and there is a strong dispersion — red greater than 
 violet. WIk'T) :i softion, cut at right angles to the acute bisectrix, is ex-
 
 [ADAMS 4 barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 21 
 
 amined between crossed nicols in convergent light, a black cross is seen, 
 thickened towards the intersection of the arms. This cross, on revolv- 
 ing the stage, divides into two hyperbolas, but these separate from one 
 another but very little and appear to separate less than they really do, 
 on account of the fact that the low double refraction and deep colour 
 of these sections cause the hyperbolas to be ill-defined, while the whole 
 field is very dark. Tlie dispersion, however, makes itself evident in the 
 varying colours on the sides of the hyperbolas. When, however, a gyp- 
 sum plate giving a red of the first order, is inserted alDove the objective, 
 the hyperbolas become a little better defined, although still not sufficiently 
 definite to allow the axial angle to l)e accurately measured. The axial 
 angle is found to be over 30°, possibly as much as 45°, which, however, 
 is still very small for hornblende, being about one-half the usual value.^ 
 This hornblende resembles a variety intergrown with the augite in the 
 nepheline S3^enite from the Corporation Quarry at ]\Iontreal. It also 
 resembles in some respects the variety described by Hackman under the 
 name " arfvedsonite " occurring intergroAvn with aegirine in the nepheline 
 syenite from Umptek in the Kola Peninsula.^ The Kola hornblende 
 is much lighter in colour than that from either of the Canadian locali- 
 ties. 
 
 This hornblende was analyzed by Dr. Harrington with the follow- 
 ing results : — 
 
 SiO^ :j-t.l84 
 
 TiO^ 1.527 
 
 Al^O. 11.517 
 
 Fe.Og 12.6-21 
 
 FeO 21.979 
 
 MnO .639 
 
 CaO 9.867 
 
 MgO 1.353 
 
 KoO 2.286 
 
 Na.0 3.290 
 
 H.O .348 
 
 99.601 
 Specific gravity 3.433 
 
 lAm. Jour. Sc. Vol. XL VIII, 3rd Series, 1894, p. 13, and Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 
 1. 4th Series, 1896, p. 210-218. 
 
 ^Can. Rec. Sc. Vol. VII. 1896-97, pp. 77-87.
 
 22 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The name '" Hastingsite "' was suggested by Dr. Harrington as a 
 varietal name for this hornblende, thus connecting it with the region 
 where it occurs. 
 
 Muscovite. — This mineral seems to occur in two definite and dis- 
 tinct forms. First, in comparatively small individuals, somewhat similar 
 in dimensions and habit to the biotite, which is the usual and more abun- 
 dant mica. In this mode of development it is often intergrown with 
 the biotite. 
 
 In the second place, the muscovite occurs in much larger plates and 
 aggregates, in more or less intimate association with corundum, in those 
 types of the syenite which have consolidated from a magma supersatu- 
 rated with alumina. It is, therefore, present in greater abundance and 
 is more characteristic of these somewhat unusual types of the nepheline 
 syenite, which mainly by the almost complete failure of the ferromag- 
 nesian minerals, favoured the separation of the excess of alumina in the 
 form of corundum. The mineral, under these conditions of association, 
 has always been described and regarded as secondary, resulting from the 
 alteration of the corundum. The supporters of such a view, argued 
 that every gradation in the process of this alteration may be seen, from 
 those occurrences, in which a comparatively pure crystal has been replaced 
 by muscovite. On the other hand, the peculiar conditions which at- 
 tended and contributed to the replacement have never been satisfactorily 
 explained. Both minerals are developed side by side in perfectly fresh 
 and unaltered rocks, the surrounding constituent minerals having under- 
 gone little or no perceptible change. Moreover, it is well known that 
 corundum is one of the most unalterable of substances when subjected 
 to ordinary processes of atmospheric decay, this fact receiving the 
 strongest support from the Ontario occurrences. The critical and ex- 
 tended study of these Ontario deposits of corundum, both in the field 
 and in thin sections under the microscope, shows that this apparent al- 
 teration is closely connected with some phases of pneimiatolytic or vein 
 action, which immediately preceded the complete solidification of the 
 rock. The extreme phases of this alteration are best seen in the peg- 
 matitic or coarser varieties of the syenite, although examples are not 
 lacking in the more normal grained portions of these rocks. Indeed it 
 seems to belong to the same class of phenomena as the " corona " or 
 " reaction rims " which so frequently surround some of the earlier 
 formed minerals in many plutonic rocks. (See Plate 10.) 
 
 The alteration in the case of the Ontario corundum is always to 
 muscovite and this mineral may be considered chemically as made up of 
 orthoclase. corundum and water. Morozewicz has shown experimentally 
 that a magma such as that which on cooling gives risa to a soda syenite
 
 [ADAMS 4 BARi.ow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 23 
 
 has the power to dissolve alumina and on cooling to separate out any- 
 excess completely. The conditions laid down by what is known as Moro- 
 zewic^'s law (see page 65) are completely fulfilled by the corundum- 
 bearing nfipheline syenites of Ontario. In all magmas^ those of acidic 
 composition especially, water is believed to be present in consideraljle 
 amount. As the corundum separated out, the magma would tend to ap- 
 proach more nearly to the composition of a mass of fused feldspar to- 
 gether with a certain amount of water. At this stage, and on account of 
 some condition or change of conditions, this residual magma attacked 
 the corundum, the hydrous feldspathetic magma together with the 
 alumina from the dissolved corundum making muscovite, which crystal- 
 lized around or replaced the corundum, according to the following for- 
 mula : — 
 
 K2O, AI2O3, eSiO^ (:= orthoclase) -f 2AL,03 (= corundum) + 3HoO 
 = K.O, 2H2O, 3AI2O3, 6SiOo = muscovite. 
 
 This likewise explains the marked prevalence of this altera- 
 'tion in the pegmatitic fades of the syenite, for it is in these residual 
 dift'erentiated portions of the magma that water plays such an important 
 part in the process of crystallization. 
 
 Corundum. — The crystals when normally developed are usually six- 
 sided prisms which are sometimes terminated by a six-sided pyramid 
 and not frequently by the basal plane. Many of the ciystals especially 
 those occurring in the nepheline syenite have a tolerably sharp and 
 perfect outline, frequently tapering +,0 either extremity, thus producing 
 the very characteristic barrel-shaped form. The pyramidal and pris- 
 matic faces arc very often more or less deeply striated or grooved horizon- 
 tally. The basal planes or truncated ends of the crystals are frequently 
 striated in three directions, forming equilateral triangles, corresponding 
 with the less perfect rhombohedral partings or pseudo-cleavages. The 
 crystals yavj greatly in size, the lairgest noticed in the nepheline syenite 
 being about eight inches in length by two inches in diameter. Such 
 crystals are comparatively rare, the usual size being about two to three 
 inches and from that sinking to those of microscopic dimensions. The 
 larger crystals as well as the very small ones are usually inclined to 
 have an irregidar or imperfect outline. The conmdum is in many in- 
 stances somewhat brittle, breaking with an uneven or conchoidal fracture, 
 but when in large masses it is exceedingly tough. The lustre is in 
 general vitreous, but in the translucent light green variety noticed in 
 Brudenell township the lustre is somewhat pearly. The colour of the 
 corundum in the nepheline syenite is in general of varying shades of 
 blue to white. It is sometimes of a distinct rose-red colour. Many of 
 the crystals, especially those present in the nepheline syenite exposures 
 in the vicinity of York river, show an irregular or cloud-like arrangement
 
 24 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 of the colour material, shading ofT from deep azure blue through pale blue 
 to colourless. Occasionally crystals exhibit a very decided and beau- 
 tiful zonal arrangement. The hardness of the mineral is a = 9. The 
 specific gravity of the blue corundum from the nepheline syenite of 
 Dungannon ranges from 3.i)3 to 4.01, Avith an average of 3.95. 
 
 A microscopical exajiiination of the thin sections of the rock shows 
 that in addition to the larger and more perfect crystals which are visible 
 to the naked eye, there are often innumerable small, usually exceedingly 
 iri-egular individuals distributed through the rock. 
 
 Corundum under the microscope has a high index of refraction 
 but a low double refraction, and in good thin sections the interference 
 colours do not exceed a red of the first order. Such sections are, how- 
 ever, difficult to obtain on account of the relatively much greater hard- 
 ness of corundum as compared with the surrounding minerals. When 
 these latter have been ground sufficiently thin the corundum grains, as 
 may be seen in sections from which the cover glass has been 
 removed, stand out in relief, the result of their resistance 
 to the grinding operations. As a consequence, therefore, 
 the corundum seems to have a higher double refraction than it actually 
 possesses, and the mineral in most thin sections shows \ery brilliant 
 polarization colours between crossed nicols. The pronounced relief, 
 the dark borders of total reflection, the rough surface and the parting 
 planes or pseudo-cleavages are very strongly marked, as is also the nega- 
 tive character of the double refraction. The following localities show 
 corundum in the nepheline syenite, most of which are of economic im- 
 portance: — Lot 12, cons. XI and XII; lot 18, con. XI; lot 12, con. XIV 
 . and XV; lots 6 and 7, con. XV; lots 6 and 7, con. XVI, Dungannon 
 township. Lot 4, con. I, Monteagle; lots 2 and 3, con. II, Monteagle. 
 Lot 34, con. V., lot 25, con. VI, and lot 32, con. VII of BrudencU town- 
 ship. (See Plates 10 and 12.) 
 
 An analysis of the corundum from lot 12, con. XV, of Dungannon 
 is given on page 68, and an analysis of the corundum from Craigmont. 
 in the township of Kaglan, on page 72. 
 
 CaJcitr. — This mineral is very frequently present and is especially 
 abundant in those exposures which are in immediate contact with crys- 
 talline limestone. Its unexpected presence in the rock has already been 
 explained elsewhere (see page 12). That the mineral is foreign to the 
 magma and represents included fragments of the neighbouring crystalline 
 limestones is in dii'cct agreement with all the phenomena so far observed. 
 Its mode of occurrence is essentially that of an original constituent, be- 
 ing found in eompnratively large, well defined, unusually rounded grains, 
 sometimes completely enclosed by the other constituents, or in other 
 cases lying between them. The line of separation is quite sliarp and
 
 CD 
 
 < 
 P4
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 2S 
 
 distinct, with no hint of decomposition in any of the sun-ounding 
 minerals. The individual grains show the nsual perfect rhomhohedral 
 cleavages often with well marked twinning lamellae. Comparatively 
 largo individuals occur in the pegmatitic phases as noticed in the ex- 
 posures west of the bridge over the York river in Dungannon township. 
 
 Garnet. — This mineral is of common occurrence and is occasionally 
 so abundant, especially at certain exposures near the York river in the 
 northern part of Dungannon, as to characterize the rock. In the hand 
 specimen it exhibits a dark reddish l^rown colour. In thin sections it is, 
 of course, much paler in tint, assuming a deep brownish tint, fading to a 
 yellowish towards the interior of the larger grains. It shows the usual 
 high index of refraction and coiisequent very pronounced relief. It is 
 quite isotropic. The individuals and especially the larger grains usually 
 possess a ver\- irregular outline, with irregular arms and intricate in- 
 dentations and hold abundant inclusions of most, if not of all, of the 
 other constituent minerals of the rock. In some instances it exhibits well 
 developed crystallographic boundaries. It is especially abundant in those 
 varieties of the syenite which contain hornblende, and is for the most part 
 developed in immediate n^soeiation with this mineral. It resembles a 
 garnet found in small amount in the nepheline syenite of the Corpora- 
 tion Quari'v at Alontreal, and also the melanite in the nepheline syenite 
 of Alno.^ 
 
 A chemical analysis by Dr. B. J. Harrington- of the variety asso- 
 ciated with Hastingsite about two miies east of the town of Bancroft in 
 the township of Dvmgannon afforded the following results, showing the 
 garnet to be a titaniferous andradite: — 
 
 SiO, 36.604 
 
 TiO, 1.078 
 
 A1,0, 9.771 
 
 Fe./)., 15.996 
 
 FeO 3.852 
 
 MnO 1.301 
 
 CaO 29.306 
 
 MgO 1.384 
 
 Loss on ignition .285 
 
 99.577 
 Specific gravity at 16° C 3.730 
 
 1 Geol. Foren. i. Stockholm, Forh. 1895. p. 144. 
 
 = Can. Rec. Sc, Vol. VI., 1894-95, pp. 480-481; also Vol. VII., 1896-97, pp. 
 87-88.
 
 26 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Zircon. — This mineral is quite commonly seen in thin sections under 
 the microscope. The microscopic individuals have a rather short pris- 
 matic form and are as a rule somewhat rounded. In some of the coarser 
 phases of the rock, noticeably at the York river in Dungannon and at 
 Craigmont in Eaglan. crystals are not uncommon which would measure 
 from a quarter to half an inch in length. On lot 32 of con. II of 
 Glamorgan, crystals of zircon over an inch in. diameter are found in 
 dykes of nepheline syenite, each of these crystals displaying a double 
 tetragonal pyramid. One short stout crj'-stal at present in the Museum 
 of the Geological Survey measures an inch in length by three-quarters of 
 in inch across. These crystals " show two quite different habits : one 
 in which by the development of two opposite pairs of the pyramidal 
 faces, together with a pair of the prisms of the second order, the crystal 
 becomes columnar in this direction and mimics a hexagonal prism of 
 the second order terminated by rhombohedral faces. In the second 
 habit the pyramidal faces are strongly developed, while the prism faces 
 are short or lacking altogether."^ 
 
 Sphene (Titanite). — This mineral is sometimes present although 
 l)y no means abundant, and so far as observed, it occurs in microscopic 
 crystals only. It is often in characteristic wedge-shaped though some- 
 what rounded forms, but also occurs in irregular grains. It is more 
 iibundant in the hornblendic varieties, Avhere it is often quite an im- 
 portant accessory constituent. 
 
 Tourmaline. — This mineral is seen occasionally and in only small 
 amount. It occurs in characteristic crj^stals, which are black in colour. 
 
 Spinel (Auiomolite) . — A dark green spinel evidently closely allied 
 if not identical with automolite is occasionally found in the nepheline 
 syenite, although it is more abundant in the red alkali syenite. 
 
 Chrysoheryl. This mineral is occasionally met with in the alkali 
 syenite at Craigmont, associated with the corundum. 
 
 Eucolite. — A mineral with the characters of eucolite occurs rather 
 abundantly in the hornblendic variety of the nepheline syenite at Egan 
 chute on the York river as w^ell as at another locality a little lower down 
 on the same stream. It has a yellow colour and usually displays an im- 
 perfect crystallographic form. It is intimately associated with horn- 
 blende and garnet, frequently enclosed in the former and resembling the 
 latter closely in appearance. It has, however, when examined m tbin 
 sections, a distinct, though low double refraction with negative sign, but 
 a high index of refraction with decided relief, a rough surface and paral- 
 lel extinction. It is further distinguished from the garnet by a decided 
 
 >Amer. Jour, Sc. Vol. XLVIII., 1894, p. 215.

 
 [ADAMS A barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 27 
 
 difference in colour, the garnet being brownish or reddish brown in thin 
 sections, while the eucolite is pale yellowish. In a heavy solution, euco- 
 lite falls with the hornblende and garnet and can only be separated with 
 •the greatest difficulty from these minerals. By magnetic separation 
 several times repeated, fairly pure material is obtained, but hardly pure 
 enough for purposes of chemical analysis. It is likely that further and 
 more careful search in this region will show a larger and more abun- 
 dant supply of this mineral. 
 
 Molybdenite. — This mineral is occasionally found and occurs usually 
 in small plates and scales and less frequently in crystals. 
 
 Apatite. — This mineral is a very common constituent of the nephe- 
 line syenite, but it is usually present as a very subordinate accessory con- 
 stituent and in very small, often microscopic, crystals. In some locali- 
 ties, especially in association v/ith the magnetite on lot 30, con. XIII of 
 Dungannon, comparatively large crystals of apatite may be obtained, 
 while in the north-west comer of Faraday, similarly large and well de- 
 fined hexagonal prisms, terminated by planes of two pyramids, have been 
 collected. Occasionally these crystals were noticed growing together in 
 parallel position, the resulting individual simulating a twin crystal. 
 
 Magnetite. — This mineral has a very general distribution through- 
 out the whole mass of the nepheline syenite, although its complete and 
 unexpected absence from occasional outcrops representing even the 
 more basic phases of the rock is noteworthy. It is usually present, 
 however, and is certainly one of the more important of the accessory con- 
 stituents. Individuals in thin sections under the microscope often show 
 fairly good crystalline form, but the grains are usually somewhat rounded 
 and irregular in outline. The mineral is most conspicuous and abun- 
 dant in the more feldspathic variety, especially the red syenite. In 
 many places the magnetite has differentiated out from the rest of the 
 rock and forms large and important masses of this mineral, much of 
 which is free from any other admixture. Attempts have sometimes 
 been made to work some of these masses in the hope that they would 
 ultimately become producing mines. At one locality on lot 30, con. 
 XIII of Dungannon, considerable development work, consisting chiefly 
 of stripping and blasting, has revealed the presence of considerable 
 bodies of very pure magnetite which, however, judging from analogous 
 occurrences accompanving the red syenite and which have been analyzed, 
 would in all probability contain titanium. The mineral here has a very 
 perfect octahedral cleavage. In certain localities in Dungannon, and 
 especially in the north-west corner of Faraday, perfect octahedrons of 
 ma^gnetite can be occasionally secured weighing several pounds. (See
 
 28 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Plate 8.) An analysis of the iiiagnetiti' oceiirriiii: in the syenite peg- 
 matite at rrai?iiinnt. in the township of Hadrian, is given on page 72. 
 
 Pyrite, ri/rrhotitr and Chalcoininic — All three of these minerals 
 have been fount! as constituents of the neplieline syenite. Pyrite is the 
 most common. Under the microscope it is occasionally ])resent in small 
 well defined cubes, but usually it occurs in rounded or irregular grains. 
 
 Graphite. — This mineral is not, so far as observed, a frequent or 
 an abundant constituent, but it has been noticed in the coarse phase of 
 the neplieline syenite exposed to the east of the York river in Dungannon 
 township. It occurs very pure, in small rounded shot-like forms con- 
 sisting of minute scales of the mineral arranged in a radiating or 
 plumose manner. In certain poiiions of the rock at this locality, gra- 
 phite in this form is quite abundantly distributed. It has been noticed 
 as an important and characteristic mineral in a certain variety of the 
 nepheline syenite of Sivamalai m India, described by Holland, where it 
 constitutes 0.58 per cent of considerable masses of the rock.^ 
 
 Holland explains its presence in this rock as due to its crystalliza- 
 tion from fusion, and regards it as a primary constituent and older 
 than the feldspar. This conclusion may be taken as applying also to 
 the graphite in the York river nepheline syenite. 
 
 Description of the Several Occurrences. 
 
 For purposes of description it will be most convenient to group the 
 several occurrences by townships, as follows: — 
 
 I. The alkali syenites of the township of Lutterworth. 
 
 II. The nepheline and associated alkali syenites of the township of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 III. The nepheline and associated alkali syenite's of the township of 
 Glamorgan. 
 
 IV. Tlie nepheline and associated alkali syenites of the townships of 
 Harcourt, Carditf and Wollaston. 
 
 V. The nepheline and associated alkali syenites of the township of 
 Methuen. 
 
 A'T. The nepheline and associated alkali syenites of the townships of 
 Faraday, Dungannon, Carlow and Monteagle. 
 
 I. The Alkali Syenites of the iov)nship of Lutterworth. — The 
 corundum-bearing syenite was discovered on lot 12, con. IV, in this 
 township, by Mr. Tett, v/hen acting as assistant to W. A. Johnson, Esq., 
 of the Geological Survey of Canada, in the summer of 1905. This rock 
 is said to occupy an area from thirty to forty acres in extent and to cut 
 
 Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXX, part 3, pp. 174 and llo.
 
 [ADAMS A barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 29 
 
 the gneissic granite of the district. Mucli of the rock contains over 
 ten per cent of corundum.^ 
 
 II. The Nepheline and associated Alkali syenites of the tov:n- 
 sliip of MoTWiouth. — The largest and most important occurrence of 
 nepheline syenite in this township, is that which is found as a border 
 around the body of pegmatitic granite which runs through the centre 
 of the township stretching in a direction about N.30°E. from con. VII 
 to con. XIV, a distance of about six miles. This granite mass has a 
 maximum width of a little over a mile. The border of nepheline syen- 
 ite varies from one-eighth to half a mile in width. Fine transverse 
 sections from the limestones on either side through the nepheline border 
 to the central mass of granite can be obtained on the several roads which 
 cross this occurrence. 
 
 The rock which has been referred to as granite, is pink or red in 
 colour and is usually of medium grain. It shows in many places that 
 irregular and often rapid variation in size of grain which is seen in 
 pegmatite. At the north-eastern end of the mass on lot 29, con. XIII, it 
 has a distinctly foliated structure. Farther south the foliation becomes 
 less distinct, although the rock still retains a streaked appearance. 
 
 This granite is never rich in quartz, although in the north-eastern 
 part of the mass and as far south as con. XI, this mineral is present 
 in considerable amount. Farther to the south-east the quartz decreases 
 in quantity and the rock passes into a syenitic phase. The rock as ex- 
 posed on lot 26, con. XII of Monmouth, in the middle of the granite 
 mass, is a medium grained granite, red m colour and with a rude folia- 
 tion. The quartz is light gray and glassy. The feldspar is red on the 
 fresh surface of fracture and shows a good cleavage and high lustre, but 
 weathers to a pale red or pink colour. The iron-magnesian constituent 
 is present only in small amount. Under the microscope the rock is 
 seen to be composed of the follov/ing minerals : — albite, microcline, ortho- 
 clase, microperthite, quartz, hornblende, biotite, sphene, apatite and 
 magnetite. Jt was found by making a separation with Thoulet's solu- 
 tion that the amount of albite and microperthite taken together was 
 about double the sum of the amounts of orthoclase and microcline pre- 
 sent in the rock. Quartz is about equal in amount to the potash feld- 
 spars. The ferro-magnesian constituents occur in aggregates of in- 
 dividuals which have a rather frayed or irregular outline. Very few 
 of these approach an idiomorphic development. Two varieties of horn- 
 blende are present : one green and the other blue in colour. The former 
 is evidently ordinary hornblende, showing a pleochroism in yellow and 
 green tints with an extinction of 20°. The blue variety of hornblende 
 
 * Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report, 1905, p. 93.
 
 so 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 is intergrown with that just mentioned, and presents absorption colours 
 ranging from deep lavender blue to light green. Biotite is present in 
 insignificant amount. 
 
 The syenite phase of this rock is red in colour and composed almost 
 exclusively of feldspar, which is for the most part micropcrthite, the 
 iron-magnesian constituent occurring in occasional dashes with a rudely 
 parallel arrangement. It differs from the granite, not only in the fact 
 tliat no quartz is visible in the sections, but also in the absence of horn- 
 blende. The rock contains a small amount of biotite, while a little mus- 
 covite and calcite are also present. The latter may be secondary. The 
 soda feldspar preponderates over the potash feldspar, as shown by the 
 analysis given below. 
 
 An analysis of this rock was made by Prof. Norton-Evans, with 
 the following result : — 
 
 SiO,. 
 
 Al.O, 
 
 Fe',0', 
 
 Feb.. 
 
 MnO. 
 
 CaO. 
 
 MgO. 
 
 K.O. 
 
 Na,,0 , 
 
 PA- 
 
 CO,.. 
 HoO. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 64.15 
 
 19.04 
 
 1.03 
 
 93 
 
 .16 
 
 1.37 
 
 .37 
 
 7.10 
 
 5.37 
 
 .10 
 
 .70 
 
 .37 
 
 100.58 
 If the norm of this rock be calculated, it will be found to be as 
 
 follows. The 
 omitted. 
 
 calcite is considered to be secondary and is therefore 
 
 Quartz 1.86 per cent 
 
 Orthoclase 43.36 " 
 
 Albite 45.59 " 
 
 Anorthite 5.84 " 
 
 Corundum .30 " 
 
 Hypersthene 3.09 " 
 
 Magnetite 1.39 " 
 
 Apatite .34 " 
 
 99.67
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 31 
 
 The position of the rock in the Quantitative Classification is accord- 
 ingly as follows: — 
 
 Class 1 Persalane. 
 
 Order 5 Canadare. 
 
 Rang 1 Normarkose. 
 
 Sub-rang 3 Phlegrose. 
 
 It is a question whether the calcite should be considered as an al- 
 teration product or as representing little inclusions of the surrounding 
 limestone, as in the case of the nepheline syenites described below. If, 
 as above, all the lime be considered as belonging to the magma, the rock 
 lies near the line between phlegrose and pulaskose. 
 
 The mode of the rock, that is to say, its actual mineralogical com- 
 position, is found on calculation to be as follows : — 
 
 Quartz 4.20 per cent. 
 
 Orthoclase 37.25 
 
 Albite 45.59 \ 47 26 
 
 Anorthite 1.67 J 
 
 Muscovite 4.78 
 
 Biotite 3.93 
 
 Magnetite 1.39 
 
 Apatite 27 
 
 Calcite 1.60 
 
 100.68 
 
 This syenitic phase c^f the granite passes imperceptibly into the 
 nepheline syenite on either side by the disappearance of the quartz with 
 the concomitant increase of soda feldspar at the expense of the potash 
 feldspars, together with the increase in the proportion of iron-magnesia 
 constituents and the appearance of some nepheline. An albitic phase of 
 the nepheline syenite thus results. This transition is excellently seen 
 on lot 26, con. XII of Monmouth, tiie transitional rock being rather 
 coarse in grain and dark in colour, having a faint red tinge and show- 
 ing on the weathered surface a little nepheline and in one or two places 
 small crystals of corundum. Rather large grains of magnetite are also 
 scattered through the rock. It has a distinct foliation, due chiefly to 
 the approximately parallel arrangement of the biotite, of M^hich a large 
 amount is present. 
 
 Under the microscope this rock is seen to consist of albite, ortho- 
 clase, microcline and a little microperthite with nepheline, biotite and 
 calcite. As accessory constituents magnetite and apatite are present 
 in the thin sections. A separation by means of Thoulet's solution shows 
 that there is about eighteen times as much albite as potash feldspar pre- 
 sent in the rock.
 
 32 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The transition between the syenitic phase of the granite and the 
 nepheline syenite is also well seen at the southern end of lot 15, con. 
 VIII of Jlonmouth. The nepheline syenite here, has a schliercn struc- 
 ture caused by a variation in the relative amount of the constituent 
 minerals in the different streaks. Some of these schlieren consist of red 
 syenite and others are intermediate in composition between the red 
 syenite and the nepheline syenite. There is thus represented in these 
 schlieren a complete transition from the red syenite to the normal white 
 or gray nepheline syenite. 
 
 The nepheline syenite which forms the border of the mass, has a 
 distinctly foliated structure and is coarse in grain. It is white to dark 
 gray in colour, according to the proportion of the iron-magnesia con- 
 stituents which it contains. In a few places, as, for instance, on lot 23, 
 con. XI, it is pale pinkish, owing to the presence of a pink geiseckite- 
 like alteration product of the nepheline. The rock is by no means uni- 
 fonn in composition, but usually possesses a rudely banded or schlieren 
 structure which conforms to the direction of the foliation, the different 
 schlieren being marked by a variation of the relative percentage of the 
 several minerals present. Thus, in some schlieren, the rock will be rich 
 in nepheline, while, in the adjacent ones, the nepheline will almost or 
 entirely disappear; again, there may be a variation in the relative pro- 
 portion of the iron-magnesia constituents, which will give rise to a 
 change in character. As a place where the rock is locally very rich in 
 nepheline, lot 24, con. XII, may be cited, the nepheline rock hero in 
 some places containing much magnetite m large grains scattered through 
 it. These respective schlieren or bands are usually of considerable 
 dimensions, being several feer to many yards in widtli, and, of course, 
 are not sharply defined, but fade away into one another, although rather 
 abruptly. Occasionally the grain of the rock will suddenly become iinuli 
 coarser, the rock passing into a pegmatitic facies, this ])eing most com- 
 mon in those places where nepheline is abundant. 
 
 A detailed study was made of a variety of the nepheline syenite 
 rich in albite and poor in nepheline, w^hich occurs on lot 16, con. IX of 
 Monmouth, and forms part of this belt of nepheline syenite surrounding 
 the granite. It was collected on the east side of the road between 
 McCue lake and Hotspur, about one third of the way soutli of the north- 
 ern limit of the band. The rock is coarse in grain and pos:^osses a 
 distinc^t foliation. 
 
 Under the microscope it is seen to possess a hypidomorphie structure 
 and to consist of the following minerals: — Albite, mifroclino, microper- 
 thite, nepheline, lepidomelane, magnetite and on kite. Jn some few 
 schlieren a dark green hornblende (probably hastingsite) replaces a 
 portion of the biotite. Albite and lepidomelane are the chief con-
 
 lADAMS & barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 33 
 
 etituents. The albite is well twinned and must be a variety approach- 
 ing the pure soda molecule, as it has a specific gravity of 2.618 and 
 shows a maximum extinction against the line of the twinning lamellae 
 ©f 15°. In a single slide a few grains having an extinction as high as 
 20° were observed, showing that a plagioclase somewhat more basic than 
 albite is also occasionally present in very small amount. The microcline 
 presents its usual characters and is frequently intergrown with albite, 
 forming microperthite. The nepheline is in the form of large individuals 
 similar in shape and dimensions to those of the albite. Smaller in- 
 dividuals of it are sometimes seen to be included in the albite, while, 
 in other cases, it includes individuals of albite. It is very fresh and 
 free from alteration products. The lepidomelane is the same dark brown 
 highly pleochroic variety of biotite which occurs in the transitional rock 
 lying between the granite and the nepheline syenite (p. 32) and has the 
 form of short laths. A lighter coloured mica is also present in, smaller 
 amount. The calcite occiirs in large single individuals, often of a 
 rounded form, sometimes enclosed in the feldspars, nepheline or lepi- 
 domelane, but usually lying between the other constituents. The en- 
 closing minerals show no signs of alteration and the calcite shows no 
 signs of secondary origin. The magnetite is in large sub-angular or 
 more or less rounded grains. There seems to be no definite order of 
 succession in the crystallization, seeing that the various minerals en- 
 close and penetrate one another. The lepidomelane, however, has a much 
 better form than the other constituents and would thus seem to have crys- 
 tallized earlier. 
 
 An analysis of the biotite-bearing variety of this nepheline syenite 
 was made by M. F. Connor, B.Sc, and gave the following results : — 
 
 SiOa 51.58 per cent. 
 
 TiO^ .35 
 
 AI2O3 19.40 
 
 Fe^O^ 4.26 
 
 FeO 5.25 
 
 MnO .20 
 
 CaO • 3.64 
 
 MgO .49 
 
 K2O 4.23 
 
 Na^O 7.49 
 
 PA -15 
 
 CO2 1.53 
 
 H2O 1.02 
 
 99.59 
 Sec. IV., 1907. 3.
 
 34 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The norm of the rock is as follows : — 
 
 Orthoclase 25.02 per cent. 
 
 Albite 34.84 
 
 Anorthite 6.67 
 
 Nepheline 15.50 " 
 
 Diopside .90 
 
 Olivine 5-05 
 
 Ilmenite .73 
 
 Magnetite 6.15 " 
 
 Apatite .34 
 
 Calcite 3.45 
 
 98.65 
 Water 1.02 
 
 99.67 
 
 The rock has thus the following position in the Quantitative Clas- 
 sification: — 
 
 Class II Dosalane. 
 
 Order 6 Norgare. 
 
 Rang 2 Essexase. 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Essexose. 
 
 If the calcite be regarded as representing inclusions (and reasons 
 will be given for thus considering it later on), the rock will lie just on 
 the line between Essexose and Laurdalose. 
 
 The calculation of the mode of the rock, that is to say the percen- 
 tage proportion of the minerals actually present in it, cannot be made 
 with absolute accuracy, since the precise composition of both micas pre- 
 sent is not known. If, however, the micas be taken to have the samc^ 
 average composition as the lepidomelane from the nepheline syenite of 
 Litchfield, .Me., (see Bull. 168, U.S. Geol. Survey, p. 31), except that 
 one per cent of alumina replaces an equivalent amount of ferric oxide, 
 as is frequently the case in these minerals, the mode will he as follows : — 
 
 Orthoclase 4.45 per cent. 
 
 f^'^'f^.- ^^0.83 \ 52.08 " 
 
 Anorthite 1.24 j 
 
 Nepheline 8.05 " 
 
 Biotite. . 29.61 " 
 
 Iron Ore .73 
 
 Apatite .34 
 
 Calcite 3.45 
 
 Water t.02 
 
 • 99.73
 
 ADAMS 4 BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 35 
 
 This gives a plagioclase of the albite series having a composition 
 Abio-g An., which is the proper composition as shown by the Ihoulet 
 separation. The composition assumed for the nepheline is that of the 
 nepheline of the Dimgannon nepheline syenite, the analysis of wliich 
 is given on page 15. This arrangement of results leaves an excess of 
 1.25 per cent of lime and a deficit of 1.40 per cent of ferric oxide. 
 
 The dark brown or black lepidomelane present in the rock was iso- 
 lated by means of a Wetheral Electric Separator, followed by the use of 
 Thoulet's solution, and was analysed by J. C. Egleson, M.Sc, of McGill 
 University. It was found to have the following composition: — (^) 
 
 SiO^ 31.48 
 
 TiO, 2.50 
 
 AI2O3 17.23 
 
 Fe^Oa 5.85 
 
 FeO 27.96 
 
 MnO l.Gl 
 
 CaO 1.33 
 
 MgO 2.99 
 
 K2O 4.17 
 
 Na,0 1.68 
 
 Li,0 .00 
 
 Water (combined) ■. .. 3.94 
 
 Fl. .. .00 
 
 100.74 
 
 The specific gravity of this mica is 3.25. 
 
 Another very interesting occurrence in this township is that pre- 
 sented by the lenticular shaped mass of nepheline rocks, occupying por- 
 tions of lots 9, 10, 11 and 12, cons. VI and VIII. This consists of 
 nepheline syenite associated with rocks of the urtite group. The in- 
 trusion breaks through the crystalline limestone of the Grenville Series, 
 by which it is entirely surrounded, and of which it holds many inclu- 
 sions. These included masses of the limestone are coarsely crystalline 
 and have a variety of silicates developed in them. The nepheline syenite 
 presents the appearance of eating into these masses. It might be sup- 
 posed that the limestone was in course of solution by the magma, but 
 there is no sign of an increase of lime-bearing silicates near the contact, 
 for while in some places the nepheline syenite near the contact is rich 
 in hastingsite, elsewhere about the border of the mass this and» other 
 lime-bearing minerals are absent. Scapolite in this occurrence is com- 
 paratively rare. It is probable that the mass of the limestone was carried 
 
 'An Examination of some Canadian Micas— Trans. Roy. Sec. of Canada, 2nd 
 Ser., Vol. X, Sec. 3, p. 57 (1904).
 
 86 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 off in solution by the magmatic waters contained in the invading magma 
 and given off by it as it solidified. 
 
 On the weathered surface of the syenite, the limestone fragments, 
 Tvhich in many places are thickly scattered through the rock, are dissolved 
 away, leaving little pits and cavities into which the individuals of the 
 nepheline and other constituents of the rock project, often with rude 
 crystallographic forms. 
 
 The intrusion has a marked foliation or gneissic structure, and is 
 irregular in composition, consisting of a series of thick bands or schlieren 
 running parallel to one another and to the strike of the surrounding lime- 
 stones. Some of these schlieren are very highly feldspathic and hold but 
 little nepheline. Much of the rock, however, is rich in nepheline, while 
 in some of it, nepheline replaces the feldspar almost entirely. Bands as 
 much as six feet in width can be found, which consist almost exclusively 
 of nepheline. Usually those streaks which are rich in nepheline are 
 also rich in hornblende, often with red garnet as an accessory constituent. 
 Elsewhere the rock consists of nepheline and albite. In the latter variety 
 small individuals of white mica sometimes occur which exactly resemble 
 the crystals of this mineral which in other parts of the area are formed 
 by the alteration of corundum. 
 
 The highly feldspathic type which resembles those already described 
 does not require further mention, but three tpyical varieties of the rock 
 in which nepheline is more abundant were selected for study, 
 
 Nepheline Syenite — Township of Monmouth — Lot 11, Con. VIII. 
 
 (First variety). 
 
 This is a variety rich in hornblende. It is coarse in grain, dark in 
 colour, and possesses a distinct gneissic structure. 
 
 Under the microscope it is seen to consist of nepheline, albite, horn- 
 blende and calcite, Avith a small amount of apatite as an accessory con- 
 stituent. These minerals, with the exception of the apatite, are all in 
 large individuals, and like most of the nepheline syenites of this area, 
 have a peculiar structure which approaches an allotrimorphic struc- 
 ture in character. JSTone of the minerals have good crystalline 
 forms, but all have a tendency to occur with more or less 
 rounded outlines and to come against one another in curved lines. In- 
 clusions of one mineral in another are common, no definite order of 
 succession can be observed in the crystallization, and the structure in 
 some respects approaches the ''mosaic" structure feen in the metamor- 
 phic rocks when a complete recrystallization has taken place. 
 
 The nepheline is considerably altered to a very fine grained turbid 
 aggregate resembling kaolin, but in places it is quite fresh and shows
 
 ADAMS 4 barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 37 
 
 its usual optical properties. It frequently holds rounded inclusions of 
 albite and of calcite. The albite is well twinned and possesses the usual 
 characters. The hornblende is the most abundant constituent, and, if 
 not hastingsite, is a variety closely resembling it. It is deep gi-een in 
 colour, looks black on the fractured surface of the rock. Although the 
 rock is so basic, it contains no iron ore, which is elsewhere common as 
 ani accessory constituent in such rocks. The calcite, as usual occurs aa 
 rounded inclusions in the albite, nephcline or hornblende, or filling 
 spaces between the grains of these minerals. No microcline nor micro- 
 perthite is present in the sections. 
 
 Analysis of the jock by Prof. Norton-Evans shows it to have the 
 following composition : — 
 
 SiO, 43.67 per cent. 
 
 TiOo .78 
 
 AI263 20.91 
 
 Fe^Og 3.54 
 
 FeO 8.01 
 
 MnO .05 
 
 CaO 7.37 
 
 MgO 1.46 
 
 K2O 2.25 
 
 NaoO 6.73 
 
 P2O5 11 " 
 
 CO2 2.37 
 
 H,0 2.52 
 
 99.77 
 'i'he norm of the rock will then be as follows : — 
 
 Orthoclase 12.79 per cent. 
 
 Albite 22.01 
 
 Anorthite 20.29 
 
 Nepheline 19.03 
 
 Olivine 10.58 
 
 Ilmenite 1.52 
 
 Magnetite 5.10 " 
 
 Apatite .34 " 
 
 Calcite 5.41 
 
 97.07 
 Water 2.52 " 
 
 99.59
 
 38 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Its pot^ition in the Quantitative Classification is as follows : — 
 
 Class III Dosalane. 
 
 Order 6 Norgare. 
 
 Rang 2 Essexase (very near Salemase). 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Essexose. 
 
 Its mode or actual niineralogical composition is as follows: — 
 
 Orthoclase 2.78 per cent. 
 
 Albite 22.27 \ 23.94 " 
 
 Anorthite 1.67 / 
 
 Nepheline 15.91 \ 26 23 "' 
 
 Kaolin 10.32/ 
 
 Hornblende 39.75 " 
 
 Apatite .34 
 
 ■(^alcite 5.50 " 
 
 98.54 
 Water 1.10 " 
 
 99.64 
 
 Nepheline syenite — Township of Monmouth — Lot 11, Con. VIII. 
 {Second Variety). 
 
 This is rich in nepheline and contains a large percentage of py- 
 roxene. It is much lighter in colour, but otherwise bears a general re- 
 semblance to the variety just described. Under the microscope all the 
 constituents are seen to be fresh, but they frequently show signs of hav- 
 ing been submitted to pressure, as shown by the presence of a more or 
 less uneven extinction. This is especially marked in the case of the 
 calcite, and the albite can in some few instances be seen to have been 
 not only bent but actually fractured. The nepheline also occasionally 
 shows strain shadows. As before, no microcline nor microperthite is 
 present in the sections and a Thoulet separation shows that the rock 
 contains no potash feldspar. The albite has a specific gravity of verv- 
 nearly 2.61. 
 
 The pyroxene is very deep green in colour and somewhat pleochroic. 
 Around the individuals of this mineral and occasionally about the cal- 
 cite grains, there is sometimes a narrow border of garnet. The pyro.xene 
 is evidently very rich in iron and holds rounded inclusions of calcite and 
 nepheline.
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 39 
 
 An analysis of the rock by Prof. Norton-Evans shows it to have 
 the following chemical composition : — 
 
 SiO. 42.72 per cent. 
 
 TiO^ .38 
 
 AI2O3 25.08 
 
 FcaOa 2.00 
 
 FeO 4.36 
 
 MnO .16 
 
 CaO 6.92 
 
 MgO .97 
 
 K2O S-69 
 
 NaoO 11.02 
 
 PA .19 
 
 CO2 2.99 
 
 H^O 88 
 
 100.36 
 
 lis norm is as follows: — 
 
 Orthoclase 15.57 per cent. 
 
 Albite 7.34 
 
 Anorthite 10.80 
 
 Nepheline 46.58 
 
 Diopside 3.08 
 
 Olivine 5.10 
 
 Ilmenite .76 
 
 Magnetite 2.78 
 
 Apatite .34 
 
 Calcite 6.80 
 
 99.15 
 Water .88 
 
 100.03 
 
 Its position in the Quantitative Classification is: — 
 
 Class II Dosalane (very near Persalane). 
 
 Order 7 Italare. 
 
 Rang 2 Vulturase. 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Vulturose.
 
 40 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 If thi^; rock posses.-!e(l about one-half of one per cent less iron-mag- 
 nesia constituents, it would fall into the class of persalanes and would 
 constitute the first dosodic domalkalic tasmanare known. 
 
 The mode or actual mineralogical composition of the rock is a8 
 follows : — 
 
 Albite ... 
 
 Nepheline 
 
 Pyroxene 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Iron Ore 
 
 Apatite 
 
 Calcite 
 
 Water. 
 
 19.39 
 
 per cent, 
 
 50.57 
 
 a 
 
 18.35 
 
 ii 
 
 1.45 
 
 a 
 
 1.8G 
 
 u 
 
 .34 
 
 a 
 
 6.80 
 
 a 
 
 98.76 
 
 
 .88 
 
 a 
 
 99.64 
 
 NepheUne Rock (MonmoutJiite) — Township of Monmouth — Lot 19, 
 Con. VIII. (Third Variety). 
 
 This consists essentially of nepheline and hornblende, the rock be- 
 ing practically free from feldspar. It is found in bands six feet or more 
 in width, which bands may be traced for long distances on the strike. 
 The rock is coar.ee in grain, the white nepheline and black hornblende 
 being strongly contrasted on the surface of fracture. The hornblende 
 in the case of the nepheline syenite has a tendency to run in streaks 
 parallel to the course of the bands. On the weathered surface the rock 
 is pale grey in colour and presents the smooth surface assumed by nephe- 
 line whsn exposed to the weather, ih^ black hornblende standing out 
 from it. 
 
 Tinder the microscope the rock is seen to consist esseixtially of 
 nepheline and hornblende, with plagioclase, cancrinite, and calcite as 
 accessory constituents, as well as sodalite, apatite, sphcne, biotite, pyrite 
 and iron ores, these latter minerals being present in extremely small 
 amipunts.^ 
 
 The nepheline occurs in large well-defined grains, presenting the 
 usual characters displayed by the species. It is clear and fresh. 
 
 ' F. D. Adams. — On a New Nepheline Rock from the Province of Ontario, 
 Canada. Am. Jour, of Sci., April, 1904.
 
 AUAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 41 
 
 The hornblende is green in colour, the pleochroism and absorption 
 being as follows: — Ci = pale greenish yellow, b and C = very deep 
 green. The absorption is C = b > a. The maximum extinction ob- 
 served in the sections of the rock was 19°. It is an alkali hornblende, 
 containing less iron than hastingsite, but like it, as shown by the cal- 
 culation of the analysis of the rock, belonging to the division of the 
 syntagmatites. 
 
 The plagioclase is present only in very small amount and is in some 
 cases untwinned, while in other case.? it shows a faint, polysynthetic 
 twinning. In thin sections it bears a very close resemblance to the 
 nepheline, and when untwinned it is difficult in all cases to distinguish 
 the two minerals. When a section is treated with acid and etched, how- 
 ever, the plagioclase is seen to occur in individuals of a more or less 
 rounded form, or with curving outlines, lying between the nepheline 
 grains or enclosed in the latter. The feldspar isolated from another 
 variety of the rock in the same occurrence was found to be albite, and 
 this feldspar has, therefore, been taken as albite in calculating the mode 
 of the rock. 
 
 The amount of cancrinite present varies very considerably in dif- 
 ferent specimens of the rock. In the specimen analyzed about 5 per 
 cent was found. In other specimens more is found, although in no case 
 is it very abundant. It is clear and colourless, but is at once distin- 
 guished from the nepheline when examined between crossed nicols by its 
 much higher polarization colours, which in thin sections frequently rise 
 to a blue of the second order. It is free from interpositions, and in con- 
 vergent light is seen to be uniaxial and negative. It also shows a slight 
 but distinct dispersion of the bisectrices, giving a brownish and a bluish 
 tint on either side of the position of maximum extinction. When separ- 
 ated by Thoulet's solution, the mineral was found to have a specific 
 gravity between 2.44 and 2.48, and to be readily decomposed when heated 
 with dilute hydrochloric acid, with the evolution of carbonic dioxide, and 
 with subsequent gelatinization. The cancrinite occurs in the nepheline 
 in the form of narrow strings or more rarely in little bunches of grains. 
 These usually follow the course of minute cracks or cleavage lines, but 
 also are frequently seen to follow the boundaries of individual grains of 
 nepheline on their contact with grains or other minerals. Thus be- 
 tween crossed nicols they appear as a brilliant edging about hornblende 
 individuals or about calcite inclusions m the nepheline, the small pris- 
 matic individuals of cancrinite being arranged with their longer axes 
 at right angles to the contact or to the course of the crack, as the case
 
 42 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 may bo. The cancrinite has the appearance of being an alteration pro- 
 duct of the nepheline. 
 
 Calcite occurs in large single individuals, which are found as in- 
 clusions in both the hornblende and the nepheline. The single in- 
 dividuals are often perfectly circular in outline, and the enclosing mineral 
 is perfectly fresh arid unaltered and is sharply defined against them. In 
 ether cases the same large calcite individuals lie between the other con- 
 stituents of the rock, in all cases having the character of inclusions. 
 They generally show very marked strain shadows, while the other con- 
 Btituents show but little or no evidence of pressure phenomena. 
 
 The apatite is found as occasional more or less rounded individuals, 
 enclosed in the nepheline or hornblende, but, like the other accessory 
 constituents, merits no special description. 
 
 An andysis of tjie rock made Mr. M. F. Connor, B.Sc, gave the 
 following results : — 
 
 SiO, 39.74 
 
 TiO, .13 
 
 AI2O3 30.59 
 
 FeA .44 
 
 FeO 2.19 
 
 MnO .03 
 
 CaO 5.75 
 
 MgO .60 
 
 K2O 3.8S 
 
 NaoO 13.25 
 
 CO, 2.17 
 
 SO3 trace 
 
 CI 02 
 
 S 07 
 
 H2O 1.00 
 
 99.86 
 
 Tf following the methods of the Quantitative Classification, the norm 
 of the rock be calcidatt>d, that is to say the proportion of standard 
 minerals which would give a magma of this composition, or in the form 
 of which the rock under other conditions of cooling might have solidified, 
 this is found to be as follows: —
 
 
 :t 
 
 ■*-..■■•% 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 *%^:i 
 
 ^M- 
 
 \<* ■?. 
 
 :,:& 
 
 ^^ WM^- 
 
 
 ^vr 
 
 ;^ 
 
 > ^ 
 
 o 
 
 C nJ 
 
 S .-2 
 o < 
 
 Q. QJ 
 
 O o 
 
 ■" x:
 
 [ADAMSABARLowj ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 43 
 
 Anorthite 13.51 
 
 Xepheline 67.72 
 
 Leucite 8,28 
 
 Olivine 3. 70 
 
 Akermanite .40 
 
 Magnetite .70 * 
 
 Ilmenite .30 
 
 Pyrite .14 
 
 Calcite 4.93 
 
 98.67 
 Water 1.00 
 
 99^7 
 
 This gives the rock the following position in the Quantitative Clas- 
 wfieation : — 
 
 Class I Persalane. 
 
 Order 8 Ontarare. 
 
 Rang 2 . (Domalkahc). 
 
 Sub-rang 4 (Dosodic) . 
 
 As this is the first Ontarare which has been described, the rangs 
 and sub-rangs have received no names as yet. It is proposed, therefore, 
 to call rang 2 Monmouthase, and sub-rang 4 Monmouthose, from the 
 township of Monmouth in which this rock is found, while, as an ordinary 
 designation, the name Monmouthite may be applied. 
 
 The mode, or actual mineralogical composition of the rock, is quite 
 different from the norm, as given above, no leucite, anorthite, olivine, or 
 akermanite being actually present. The mode is abnormative to a strik- 
 ing degree. 
 
 The mode is as follows : — 
 
 Albite 1.83 
 
 Nepheline 72.20 
 
 Sodalite .28 
 
 Cancrinite 5-14 
 
 Hornblende 15.09 
 
 Hematite .50 
 
 Calcite 3.12 
 
 Pyrite -14 
 
 98^0 
 
 Water .50 
 
 Excess of ALO, 1.30 
 
 100.00 
 
 ' See Quantitative Classification (loc. cit.), p. 150.
 
 44 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 In calculating this mode the nepheline is taken as consisting of 
 Boda nepheline and kaliophyllite, in the proportions of 5 to 1, which is 
 the composition of the nepheline of the nepheline syenite, occurring 
 further to the west, in the area of the township of Dungannon.^ One- 
 half of the water founj in the analysis is considered as being present in 
 the cancriilite, the remainder being regarded as belonging in part 
 to the hornblende and as existing in part as hygroscopic water. This gives 
 cancrinite in about the proportion in which it seems to be present in the 
 thin sections of the specimens analyzed. 
 
 The various bases not required by the other minerals and remain- 
 ing over to form the hornblende, are present in the proportions required 
 to form syntagmatite, which are the proportions in which these bases are 
 found in the Hastingsite of the Dungannon nepheline syenite. The horn- 
 blende has accordingly been calculated as syntagmatite, using the theore- 
 tical values given by Zirkel.- This accounts for the existing percentages 
 of all the constituents of the rock, with the exception of an excess of 1.20 
 per cent of alumina. 
 
 Of the rocks hitherto described, those which bear the closest re- 
 semblance to Momnouthite are the urtites of the Peninsula of Kola.' 
 These, however, belong to the class of the dosalanes. 
 
 Another variety of the rock from lot 11, con. Vllf, when examined 
 vmder the microscope, was found to contain scapolite in addition to al- 
 bite and nepheline, together Mdth a brown hornblende, instead of hast- 
 ingsite, and a little biotite. The scapolite, which occurs in large amount, 
 shows good prismatic cleavages and is usually quite fresh. ,It has a 
 specific gravity of 2.711, showing that it is near the meionite end of 
 the scapolite series and is accordingly rich in lime. 
 
 III. Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Township of Glamorgan. 
 
 The township of Glamorgan lies immediately to the west of IVIon- 
 mouth, and the nepheline and alkali syenites which occur in it have a 
 very marked resemblance to those of the township of Monmouth just 
 described. Tliey all lie in the south-eastern corner of the township, 
 and as in ^lonmouth, they occur intimately associated with limestones. 
 There is, however, one feature presented by the Glamorgan occurrences 
 which is of special interest, namely, the frequent occurrence in them of 
 enormously coarse grained developments of the rock in the form of 
 nepheline syenite pegmatites. 
 
 The occurrences which protrude through the drift in the middle of 
 lot 32, con. Ill, and also further soutli, on the north end of lot 32, 
 
 * B. J- Harrington : loc. cit. 
 ' Lehrbuch der Petrographie, vol. 1, p. 303. 
 
 8W. Ramsay: Das Nephelinsyenltgebiet auf der Halbinsel Kola, Fennia, 
 15, No. 2, p. 22.
 
 m 
 
 Eh 
 
 < 
 
 m£o
 
 [ADAMS A barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 4S 
 
 con. 11, have this coarse pegmatitic development and consist of albite, 
 nepheline and black mica. Their exact mode of occurrence cannot in 
 all cases be seen on account of the drift which surrounds them, but on 
 the north half of lot 32, con. III, this same development -of the rock is 
 seen cutting the limestone in the form of great dykes; while on lot 32, 
 con. II, it is seen in dykes of the same character, penetrating the gabbro 
 and cutting abruptly across the course of its foliation. These dykes on 
 lot 32, con. Ill, hold included masses of limestone, very coarse in grain, 
 crystals of zircon, dark reddish brown in colour, over an inch in dia- 
 meter and each consisting of a double tetragonal pyramid, were also 
 found in these dykes, as well as crystals of apatite. 
 
 The dykes on lot 32, con. II, in some cases become extremely coarse 
 in gi-ain. A specimen obtained from one of them consisted of a pyra- 
 midal mass of nearly pure nepheline, which measured 14 inches on the 
 side and was composed of individuals of this mineral from three to five 
 inches in diameter. The nepheline is in places slightly streaked with 
 sodalite, and on the weathered surface shows in places irregular-shaped 
 cavities which represent spaces from which masses of calcify have been 
 dissolved. 
 
 An important area of nepheline syenite is that which runs across 
 con IV, from lot 27 to lot 32. It is very well exposed on lot 30, con. IV, 
 on the property of Mr. Archibald McColl. The greater part of this 
 mass consists of a light grey, well foliated nepheline syenite, containing 
 a hornblende resembling hastingsite. A specimen of this rock, which 
 was examined microscopically, was found to be composed of microcline, 
 albite, nepheline and hastingsite, with a little microperthite. Both 
 microcline and albite are present in large amount. Inclusions of the 
 former were observed in the nepheline. The rock is quite fresh and 
 has the almost allotriomorphic structure usually seen in these foliated 
 nepheline syenites. In addition to this, which may be called the normal 
 development of the rock, there are on the same lot other varieties. One 
 of these is a very coarse pegmatitic phase of the rock like that forming 
 dykes on lot 32, con. II, but even coarser in grain. One exposure of 
 this is seen not far from Mr. SIcColl's house and has been opened up by 
 blasting. Here the rock consists essentially of nepheline and albite, 
 with occasional individuals or small masses of coarsely crystalline cal- 
 cite. The iron-magnesia constituents are present in very small amount, 
 and are over large surfaces entirely absent. They are represented chiefly 
 by a black mica. A black hornblende, probably hastingsite, as well as a 
 white mica and a little pyrrhotite were also observed. The rock con- 
 tains masses of pure nepheline as much as a yard in diameter.
 
 46 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 In fact, so far as can be ascertained no nepheline rock so coarse in 
 grain has hitherto been discovered anywhere. Sodalite is also present 
 in the rock in places, occurring in irregular shaped masses sometimes 
 as much as two inches in diameter, included in the large masses of 
 nepheline and having apparently been derived from them by some pro- 
 cess of alteration. The relation of this pegraatitic development to 
 the normal variety of the rock cannot be ascertained with certainty, as 
 the contact is covered by drift. A true quartz orthoclase pegmatite, how- 
 ever, occurs protruding through the drift in the immediate vicinity of 
 the occurrence just described and in such a position as to suggest that 
 it is a differentiation product of the same magma. A reddish syenite 
 containing some biotite, and similar to that found in so many parts of 
 the area in association with the nepheline syenites is also exposed in the 
 immediate vicinity. 
 
 Another important and interesting occurrence is that which in the 
 form of a comparatively narrow band is exposed at intervals along the 
 Monck road to the east of the village of Gooderham on cons. V. and VI 
 from lot 29 to lot 35, and then curving north with the strike of the 
 couatry rock extends to the front of con. VIII. Just to the north of 
 the road, on lot 29, con. V, the rock is seen as a pale gray granular syen- 
 ite containing in places a little nepheline and also holding a small amount 
 of black mica. So closely does it resemble the crystalline limestone 
 through which it cuts and to whose strike it conforms, that the two 
 rocks are with difficulty distinguished from one another by their ap- 
 pearance. On lot 31, con. VI, it is seen intimately associated with, and 
 occurring as schlieren in, the great quartz pegmatite masses which here 
 border and probably cut the granite gneiss. In places on this lot, it 
 holds nepheline, although never in large amount. 
 
 IV. The Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Townships of Harcourt, 
 Cardiff and WoUaston. 
 
 The occurrences in these townships are of comparatively small ex- 
 tent. 
 
 In the township of Harcouri, on lot 15, of concession I, there is a 
 fine exposure of the nepheline rock in a cutting on the Irondale, Ban- 
 croft and Ottawa railway. It is bounded on the north by the heavy band 
 of crystalline limestone which sweeps around the northern end of the 
 Cardiff bathylith, the limestone being seen just north of the railway 
 track in large exposures consisting of nearly horizontal beds. The lime- 
 stone here is nearly pure and free from admixture of silicates, but in 
 some bands is dolomitic. The nepheline rock appears to form a narrow
 
 ADAMS 4 barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 47 
 
 selvage along the southern side of the limestone and can be traced to 
 the west across the neighbouring lots. To the south the relations of the 
 syenite to tlie granite of the bathyliths are obscured by drift. The 
 nepheline syenite has a banded structure, some bands consisting of al- 
 most pure nepheline, while in others the iron-magnesia constituents 
 preponderate; there is also in many cases a variation m size of grain in 
 different bands. Masses of coarsely crystalline calcite, evidently frag- 
 ments from the adjacent limestones, are occasionally found as in- 
 clusions in the nepheline syenite, the nepheline and other constituent 
 minerals of the syenite growing into these inclusions, as if the lime- 
 stone was being replaced by them. Under the microscope the rock is 
 seen to be composed essentially of nepheline and a deep green hornblende 
 allied to hastingsite. The relative proportions of these two minerals 
 vary in different slides. A considerable amount of calcite is present in 
 large individuals with irregular and usually curved outlines, which lie 
 between the other constituents of the rock. A plagioclase feldspar and 
 microperthite are present in very subordinate amount, together with a 
 few rounded grains of spliene. The structure of the rock is allotrimor- 
 phic. None of the constituents possess any approach to good crystalline 
 form, but come together along curved or straight lines and are quite 
 irregular in shape. 
 
 About four miles to tlie east of this occurrence and associated with 
 the same band of limestone, Pr. Miller (^) has observed a mass of white 
 syenite carrying brown corundum. The rock is stated to form a hill 
 about half a mile east of Lea field Post Office in the north-east comer of 
 thei township of Cardiff, and was also found at the roadside about half 
 a mile south-east of the same point. Some of the syenite in the hill 
 has a quite strongly marked porphyritic structure. No description of 
 this rock is given, but it is apparently free from nepheline and allied to 
 the alkali syenites associated with the nepheline syenites in the township 
 of Methuen and elsewhere in the area. This occurrence was not visited, 
 but its position, as indicated by Dr. Miller, has been shown on the Ban- 
 croft sheet. 
 
 In the township of Wollaston, only a single occurrence of nepheMne 
 syenite is known, and this is a small one. It is foxmd on the road which 
 runs on the line between the townships of Wollaston and Faraday, on 
 lot 9. On account of the fact that the country here is rough, the road 
 does not follow the exact line on which it is supposed to bo laid out. but 
 winds to and fro across the boundary. On lot 9, at the point where the 
 nepheline syenite occurs, it bends to the south and is almost exactly on 
 
 ^ Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines, Vol. VIII, page 216.
 
 48 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 the boundary. The occurrence, therefore, probably lies partly in Fara- 
 day and partly in Wollaston. Its position, however, is here taken as 
 lot 9 of con. XVI of Wollaston. . The mass is peculiarly situated, form- 
 ing as it does a solitary exposure only twenty feet across, surrounded by 
 gabbro diorite. (') The nepheline syenite has a more or less well marked 
 banded character and is usually coarse in grain. The relative abundance 
 of the constituents varies more or less in different parts of the mass. 
 
 Under the microscope the rock is seen to consist essentially of nephe- 
 line, plagioclase and biotite, while microcline, calcite, magnetite, pyrite, 
 apatite and zircon (?) occur as accessory constituents. The biotite 
 usually occurs in rather large irregular-shaped individuals which are 
 strongly pleochroic in colours, ranging from a pale yellow to a very deep 
 brown, basal sections being nearly black. It is sometimes found ad- 
 joining or partially surrounded by magnetite or chlorite, this latter 
 mineral clearly showing its derivation from the biotite. The plates of 
 biotit*? are frequently twisted. The prevailing feldspar is an albite, 
 which, with the nepheline, in some places makes up the entire rock. As 
 a rule it is fresh, occurring as large individuals and smaller grains, often 
 showing fine polysynthetic twinning, the lamellae being distinctly bent in 
 some cases and the mineral often showing strain shadows. Microcline 
 is present in small amount and microperthite intergrowths are common. 
 The nepheline forms large irregular individuals, frequently cracked and 
 very turbid, this turbidity being due to incipient decomposition. In- 
 clusions of small rounded grains of plagioclase and untwinned feldspar. 
 as well as of calcite and biotite, are frequently found in the nepheline. 
 Oalcite is always present and is often abundant, occurring in large in- 
 dividuals. The shape of the grains indicates that it is derived from 
 limestone inclusions. The twinning lines of the calcite are often curved 
 in a striking manner. Both magnetite and pyrite occur in small 
 amounts, the former being much more abundant. The pyrite in one or 
 two cases is found partially altered to hematite, while magnetite forms 
 a border around it. Little zircons < ?) and a few grains of apatite pos- 
 sessing good crystallographic outlines are present in the sections. The 
 curved individuals of biotite, plagioclase and calcite, and strain shadows, 
 suggest that the rock has been subjected to great pressure. 
 
 A separation of the constituents of the rock was made by means of 
 Thoulet's solution, which showed that the feldspar present was almost 
 exclusively al])ite, the potash feldspar present being quite subordinate 
 in amount but white in colour like the albite, and thus not to 
 
 * A somewhat similar occurrence has been described by Ransome in the 
 case of a nepheline syenite at Broclcville, N.J., Am. Jour, of Sci., 1899, p. 426.
 
 ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 49 
 
 be distinguished from it in hand specimens of the rock. One curious 
 fact in connection with this rock is that, while the nepheline syenite con- 
 tains numerous large grains of calcite, which from analogy with other 
 occurrences would naturally be regarded as derived from the disintegra- 
 tion of included masses of limestone, no limestone was found within a 
 mile of the exposure. So that, while there may be inclusions of lime- 
 stone hidden by the forest which mantles much of the surrounding dis- 
 tnct, the small body of nepheline syenite seems to occur as an isolated 
 mass within the great body of diorite which underlies the north-eastern 
 comer of Wollaston. 
 
 V. The Nepheline and Alkali Syenites of the Township of Methuen. 
 
 These rocks in Methuen are confined to a single occurrence which 
 however, is large, and forms the most striking topographical feature in 
 the township. This is what is known as the Blue Mountain, a ridge 
 which, rising abruptly from the level country about the middle of the 
 township, stretches away to the south-west nearly to the Burleigh line, 
 where it gradually sinks again to the level of the plain. It has an 
 average height of somewhat over 300 feet above the waters of the Kaslia- 
 bog Lake which lies immediately to the south of it, but at its northern 
 end becomes considerably bolder, reaching a height of 300 feet above the 
 waters of the lake. 
 
 The ridge is formed of nepheline syenite associated with both the 
 white and \he reddish varieties of alkali syenite, while the surrounding 
 country, as shown in the accompanying map, is underlain by amphi- 
 bolites containing thin interstratified bands of crystalline limestone, 
 both of which are cut by the granite-gneiss of the Methuen batholitli. 
 
 The intrusive mass of the Blue mountain thus possesses a slender 
 pear-shaped outline, being eight miles long and one and a half wide at 
 its widest part, near the north-east end, while the narrow south-western 
 part of the mass, where it runs through the township of Burleigh, has a 
 width of only about 200 yards. 
 
 The Nepheline Syenite. — The normal nepheline syenite of 
 this occurrence is best exposed on the north-east half of the 
 Blue Mountain. It is light grey or white in colour and 
 of medium grain, being characterized like all the syenites of 
 this occurrence by a very low content of iron-magnesia constituents. In 
 the central and highest portion of this north-eastern part, the rock is 
 massive in character, but on either side the rock develops a more or less 
 well marked foliation or parallelism of constituent minerals, which, how- 
 
 Sec. IV., 1907. 4.
 
 BO ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 ever, is not very striking on account of the small proportion of iron- 
 magnesia constituents which the rock contains. The foliated appearance 
 is accompanied by a streaked or schlieren structure in the rock, which 
 coincides with the strike of the foliation, that is with the direction of the 
 longer axis of the ridge. The streaks consist of portions of the rock, 
 which are coarser in grain than the normal rock or which contain some 
 constituents more abundantly developed. 
 
 Under the microscope the rock is seen to be very fresh and to con- 
 sist of albite, microcline and nepheline, with which are associated in very 
 subordinate amount magnetite, biotite, hornblende, or very rarely 
 P3rroxene. In some cases, but not usually, these two latter minerals oc- 
 cur together. Occasionally muscovite occurs associated with and par- 
 tially replacing the biotite. As accessory constituents garnet, scapo- 
 lite(?) and zircon (?) were observed in very small amounts and each 
 in but a single specimen. The nepheline syenite in this township pre- 
 sents a variety which is highly feldspathic and rather poor in nepheline. 
 The feldspar is chiefly albite. This mineral is always well twinned 
 according to the albite law, and occasionally this mode of twinning is 
 combined with that according to the Carlsbad law, A series of measure- 
 ments of the extinction of this feldspar in sections in the zone of the 
 macropinacoid were made in slides of the rock from the highest point of 
 the Blue mountain, and it was found that the maximum extinction on 
 either side of the twinning line was 16°. A separation of the consti- 
 tuents by Thoulet's solution showed the feldspar to have a specific gravity 
 of very nearly 2.60. The feldspar is therefore albite. Similar separa- 
 tions carried out on specimens collected on lot 18, con. VI and on 
 specimens of the various varietal diiierentiation products of the rock to 
 be mentioned below, show that the plagioclase present in the rock is al- 
 ways albite and that no feldspar more basic than this specimen (that is, 
 having a specific gravity greater than 2.60) occurs in the rock. 
 
 The microcline is much less abundant than the albite, although it 
 always occurs in considerable amount. There is, as a rule, from two to 
 four times as much albite as microcline present. The nepheline is 
 usually quite fresh, but occasionally shows traces of alteration. It oc- 
 curs in large, irregular shaped grains. It is on the whole about equal 
 to the microcline in amount, but locally becomes the preponderating 
 constituent in the rock. The biotite is a very strongly pleochroic variety, 
 a = dark greenish brown, nearly black. C = pale yellow. Ab- 
 sorption a > c. The axial angle is very small. The hornblende is 
 hastingsite. The small individuals possess a fairly good crystalline 
 form, but the larger are irregular in shape, sometimes lying between the
 
 [ADAMS 4 BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 31 
 
 feldspathic elements of the rock and sometimes enclosing them. It has 
 an intense colour and a very strong pleochroism, as follows : — 
 
 a = green with yellowish tinge, h = deep green with bluish 
 tinge. C = deep green. The absorption is C ~ b > a. The dispersion 
 is very strong and sections at right angles to the optic axes are nearly 
 opaque. The extinction is high, probably about 30°. The magnetite 
 occurs chiefly in large individuals scattered sparingly through the rock 
 and usually possessing a rude crystalline form. The garnet, which was 
 found in small amount in one specimen of the rock holding hornblende, 
 is pale yellowish brown in colour and identical in all its characters with 
 that occurring associated with the hastingsite in the Dungannon nephe- 
 line syenite from which the latter mineral was originally described. (') 
 
 As has been mentioned, the rock often possesses a streaked or 
 schlieren structure. The more coarsely crystalline streaks are usually 
 composed of albite and nepheline — individuals of the latter mineral 
 seven inches in diameter having been observed in one case. Sodalite 
 was observed in association with this coarsely crystalline nepheline in 
 a few places. 
 
 The rock has a granular texture uith which the faint gneissic and 
 the schlieren structures are combined — blocks of the rock thus resembling 
 a somewhat impure crystalline limestone or marble. Under the micros- 
 cope the structure is seen to be essentially allotriomorphic. In one case 
 a minutely miarolitic structure was observed. 
 
 A fine development of the nepheline syenite is seen forming high 
 white cliffs at the western end of Mountain Lake, on the north side of 
 the lake, on lots 13 and 14, con. X of Methuen, The rock consists of 
 about one-third nepheline and two-thirds feldspar and is almost free from 
 iron-magnesia constituents. 
 
 In a rather more micaceous specimen of the nepheline syenite from 
 the Blue Mountain, a short distance further east, on lot 15, con. IX of 
 Methuen, a small quantity of spinel in little rounded individuals was 
 observed in the thin sections. The occurrence of this mineral is of in- 
 terest in showing that the magma here contained a slight excess of 
 alumina, which separated in combination with magnesia as spinel, while, 
 as mentioned below, the much larger excess of alumina in other parts 
 of the mass separates out as corundum. 
 
 The White Alkali Syenite. — 'The nepheline syenite in places be- 
 comes rather fine in grain and poorer in nepheline, passing into a white 
 syenite. 
 
 ^ Adams, F. D. and Harring^ton, B. J. — On a new alkali Hornblende and a 
 titaniferous Andradite from the Nepheline Syenite of Dung-annon, Hastings 
 County, Ontario. — Am. Jr. of Science, March, 1896.
 
 62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 One of the best developments of tliis wliite syenite is to be found on 
 the summit of the ridge of the Blue ^Mountain, about the middle of 
 lots 13 and 14, con. X of Methuen, where it is seen in large exposures. 
 Under the microscope it is seen to be composed chiefly of albite, with a 
 considerable admixture of microcline and a very small amount of nephe- 
 line. Muscovite and magnetite, both very subordinate in amount, are 
 the only other constituents. Its structure and the character of its con- 
 stituent minerals is identical with that of the nepheline syenite already 
 described. 
 
 A chemical analysis of a specimen of this rock which, however, still 
 contains a considerable amount of accessory nepheline, by Professor 
 Norton-Evans of McGill University, gave the following results: — 
 
 SiO^ 59.68 
 
 TiOj none 
 
 AI2O3 23.48 
 
 Fe^Og .59 
 
 FeO .37 
 
 MnO none 
 
 CaO .26 
 
 MgO .21 
 
 K2O 4.68 
 
 Na20 9.52 
 
 P2O5 none 
 
 CO2 .04 
 
 H,0 .66 
 
 99.49 
 
 The norm of the rock when calculated is found to be as follows 
 
 Orthoclase 27.80 per cent. 
 
 Albite 49.25 " 
 
 Anorthite 1.25 " 
 
 Nepheline 16.76 " 
 
 Olivine .45 " 
 
 Corundum 2.24 " 
 
 Magnetite .93 " 
 
 98.68 
 Water .66 " 
 
 99.34
 
 ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 83 
 
 The rock thus has the following position in the Quantitative Clas- 
 sification : — 
 
 Class I Persalane. 
 
 Order 6 Russare. 
 
 Rang 1 Miaskase. 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Miaskose. i 
 
 The mode of the rock, that is to say, its actual quantitative mineralo- 
 gical composition when calculated out is found to be as follows: — 
 
 Orthoclase 16.12 percent. 
 
 Albite 53.45 \ r.A jo 
 
 Anorthite. .. 1.25/ 
 
 Nepheline 18.18 
 
 Biotite 1.27 
 
 Muscovite 7.95 
 
 Magnetite .93 
 
 99.15 
 Water 28 
 
 99.43 
 
 The Reddish Alhdi Syenite. — The reddish syenite is typically 
 developed about a quarter of a mile to the west of the locality 
 from which the v/hite syenite, whose analysis has been given 
 above, was obtained. The syenite is here traversed by the 
 veins which are being worked for corundum. It is first seen to occur 
 as streaks or sclilieren in the white syenite, and then on going west it 
 replaces the latter. The syenite here has a pale reddish or pinkish 
 colour and is rather fine and even in grain. The iron-magnesia con- 
 stituents, which are very subordinate in amount, occur in the form of 
 little elongated dashes, giving a species of foliation to the rock. It is 
 chiefly confined to the sides of the Blue Mountain mass, although not 
 continuously developed about it. 
 
 Under the microscope the rock is seen to be composed essentially of 
 albite and microcline. The twinning of the microcline is very narrow, 
 and there is some untwinned feldspar which is apparently orthoclase. 
 The only other minerals present are biotite, magnetite, pyrite, calcite 
 and quartz. These occur intimately associated and form the little dark 
 coloured dashes seen on the surface of fracture. They are all present 
 in small amount, the magnetite often having a rude crystalline form. 
 The calcite occurs in irregular-shaped individuals and is occasionally 
 seen away from the dashes, lying between the feldspar grains. The 
 quartz, like the calcite, does not occur in all sections, and when present, 
 is found with the calcite in the form of rather large irregular-shaped 
 grains. These two constituents may be secondary, although not ordinary 
 decomposition products, for the rock is very fresh.
 
 64 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The rock has an allotriomorphic structure, approaching nearly in 
 character to the " mosaic " or " pavement " structure seen in meta- 
 morpliic rocks. 
 
 The reddish colour is apparently due to very minute reddish in- 
 clusions which occur in both feldspars indiscriminately, and whose pre- 
 sence in the 'other occurrences of the rock seems to be accompanied by 
 the alteration of any nepheline which may be present to a peculiar gie- 
 seckite-like aggregate. The reddish colour, in fact, seems to be due to an 
 incipient alteration of the rock, which is chiefly seen about the sides 
 of the mass. 
 
 A chemical analysis of the rock by Professor Norton-Evans gave 
 the following results: — 
 
 SiOa 65.89 
 
 TiOa none 
 
 AI2O3 19.73 
 
 Fe.Og 2.03 
 
 FeO .75 
 
 MnO trace. 
 
 CaO .46 
 
 MgO .27 
 
 K,0 3.95 
 
 Na20 6.59 
 
 PgOr, none 
 
 S undet. 
 
 CO2 44 
 
 CO3 .44 
 
 H,0 34 
 
 100.45 
 The norm of the rock i;^ as follows : — 
 
 Orthoclase 23.35 per cent. 
 
 Albite 55.54 " 
 
 Anorthite 2.22 " 
 
 Quartz 11.22 
 
 Corundum 3.77 " 
 
 Hyperstheno .70 " 
 
 Magnetite 2.32 " 
 
 Pyrite .48 '' 
 
 99.60 
 Carbonic acid and water .78 
 
 100.38
 
 [ADAMS 4 barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 35 
 
 The amount of pyrite is calculated by assuming that the excess of 
 ferric iron over the amount required to form magnetite Avith the fer- 
 rous oxide, is united with sulphur. 
 
 The position of this rock in the Quantitative Classification is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Class I Persalane. 
 
 Order 4 Britannare. 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Kallenidose. 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Kallerudose. 
 
 (near Nordmarkase). 
 
 If, however, the calcite be regarded as secondary and its lime be 
 calculated as anorthite, on the supposition that it was really present in 
 the original magma while the carbonate acid was not, this increase of 
 salic lime will be just sufficient to carry the rock over into Order 5, 
 and thus make it a Canadare with the sub-rang ISTordmarkose. Mineralo- 
 gically it differs from the white syenite just described in containing no 
 nepheline or muscovite, but in holding a little quartz. The mode of 
 this rock is nearly normative — that is, the actual mineral composition 
 is nearly that set forth in the norm. The hypersthene of the norm 
 belongs to the biotite of the rock, the former mineral not being actually 
 present. The calculation shows that there is really relatively more al- 
 bite present in proportion to the orthoclase than would be supposed from 
 a study of the thin sections. It also shows that there is rather more 
 quartz present than would be expected from an examination of the hand 
 specimens or the slides, and also that the rock must contain some free 
 alumina in the form of corundum, although this mineral does not hap- 
 pen to occur in any of the thin sections of the rock from this particular 
 locality, which have been prepared. As has been mentioned, however, 
 corundum is found abundantly in the veins or dykes of syenite peg- 
 matite which cut the rock at this locality. The occurrence of free 
 quartz and corundum in the same igneous rock appears to be an anomaly. 
 If, however, the quartz be secondary, the anomaly disappears. 
 
 Where this reddish syenite, a mile and a quarter to the south-west 
 of the locality just described, crosses the road running from liake Kasha- 
 bog to Jack's Lake, on lot 6, con. XII of the township of Burleigh, 
 it in places holds corundum in large amount. Under the microscope 
 the rock' is seen to consist of albite, microcline, orthoclase, biotite, mus- 
 covite and corundum. The albite preponderates largely in amount over 
 the potash feldspars. Biotite is present only in very small amount, but 
 there is a considerable percentage of muscovite in irregular-shaped in- 
 dividuals which have a tendency to a lath-shaped development and which, 
 if they occur in groups, frequently penetrate one another and also pene-
 
 S6 ROYAL tiOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 trate the feldspars. The corundum occurs as individuals about half an 
 inch long which are especially abundant in streaks following the strike 
 of the rock. In the thin sections it is invariably seen to lie embedded 
 in the muscovite, in the form of very irregular-shaped grains, rounded 
 or corroded in appearance. Each corundum grain has a single large in- 
 dividual or muscovite enclosing it, or occasionally there are two or more 
 smaller grains of corundum within the single muscovite individual which 
 look as if they had originally fonned part of a larger indi\idual. The 
 muscovite outline often in a general way conforms to that of the corun- 
 dum core which it contains, as shown in figure. 
 
 The corundum has the usual high index of refraction and a double 
 refraction, which usually gives yellows and reds of the first order, but in 
 Bome cases, even in good sections, gives a blue of the second order. As 
 has been mentioned elsewhere, the colours which the mineral gives in 
 thin sections are usually higher than would be expected, on account of 
 the fact that, owing to its hardness, it always remains thicker in the 
 finished section, than the minerals with which it is associated and can 
 be seen distinctly standing up from the surface, if the slide is examined 
 before the cover glass is placed upon it. It often contains minute opaque 
 black inclusions, which, in the basal sections, appear as irregularly round- 
 ed plates, but in sections parallel to the vertical axis of the crystal as rods. 
 In the last mentioned sections the extinction of the corundum is parallel 
 to) the direction of the rods, so that the latter are inlaid parallel to the 
 base. It is impossible to determine from the thin sections whether 
 there is a constant orientation in the case of the corundum and mus- 
 covite. In one case, however, the basal plane of the corundum, marked 
 by the inclusions, lay in the direction of the vertical axis of the enclos- 
 ing muscovite individual. In addition to the inclusions just mentioned, 
 the corundum occasionally encloses minute grains of a deep green iso- 
 tropic mineral which have the characters of spinel. And in one or two 
 cases, larger grains of this mineral are seen associated with the corundum. 
 
 Along the south-eastern side of the Blue Mountain, the reddish 
 syenite crosses an arm of Kashal)og Lake, and in most places holds a small 
 amount of a mineral which is now completely changed to a gieseckite-like 
 alteration product. This is yellow on the weathered surface, but in 
 fresh surfaces of the rock it has a pale green or a pink colour. It has 
 a hardness of four and is quite dull and lustreless. A rough quantita- 
 tive analysis of a specimen by. Prof. 0. E. Leroy, M.Sc, showed it to pos- 
 sess the following chemical composition: — 
 
 SiOa, 45 p.c; AI2O3 (with a little Fe.O,), 38 p.c. ; MgO, 3.6 p.c. ; 
 CaO, 2.8 p.c; HoO, 7.8 p.c; KjO, not determined.
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] 
 
 ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 
 
 PLATE XL 
 
 CORUNDUM IN MUSCOVITE 
 
 (blue mountain, methuen township, Ontario) 
 Corundum IS Often Surrounded by a "Corona' 
 OR Mantle of Muscovite. 
 
 0. E. PRUDHOMME, Del
 
 [ADAMS 4 BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO B7 
 
 This represents the chemical composition of the aggregate known 
 as gieseckite, which is an alteration product of nepheline commonly found 
 in other parts of the world. Here also it evidently represents altered 
 nepheline, for although in the pink syenite the change is always com- 
 plete, no unaltered nepheline remaining in the rock, in the white 
 variety of the syenite in a few places the nepheline can be seen in pro- 
 cess of alteration into such an aggregate. A similar material is also 
 produced by the alteration of the nepheline in a nepheline syenite in 
 the township of Monmouth (see page 36). 
 
 As has been mentioned, both the nepheline syenite and the reddish 
 alkali syenite frequently contain coarser-grained streaks or schlieren. 
 In this respect they resemble many of the granites of other parts of 
 this area. These coarser streaks usually coincide in direction with the 
 foliation of the rock, but in some cases they are seen to cross the folia- 
 tion of the syenite and even to penetrate the rock of the surround- 
 ing country. They are, in fact, the pegmatite phases of this nepheline 
 syenite magma. 
 
 These pegmatites are composed of the same constituents as the 
 normal rock, and in several places on and about the Blue Mountain they 
 have been opened up by mining operations, in order to obtain the mus- 
 covite or corundum which they contain. The muscovite, which is a com- 
 mon constituent of the syenite, in some of these pegmatite dykes occurs 
 in plates several inches in diameter; while the corundum which is often 
 as has been mentioned, an accessory constituent in the syenite, in several 
 of these dykes occurs in considerable amount. In these cases there must 
 have been a concentration of alumina in the residual magma represented 
 by the pegmatites in question. Those pegmatites, which are worked for 
 muscovite and corundum, however, do not as a general rule here 
 contain nepheline, or if this mineral be present, it is only a fmall amount 
 and is often represented by gieseckite, and they are thus for the most 
 part the pegmatitic developments of the alkali syenite, and usually have 
 syenite for the wall rock. 
 
 The coarse corundum-bearing pegmatitic segregations worked for 
 this mineral on the Blue Mountain vary in width from one to four or 
 more feet. A striking feature presented by them is the form in which 
 the corundum occurs, being usually found in rounded indivi(hials, each 
 having an irregular, though smooth, surface resembling that which 
 might have been produced by solution. Each of these rounded indivi- 
 duals is found in the middle of a large individual of muscovite, both 
 minerals being perfectly fresh and unaltered. Eeference has already 
 been made to this mode of occurrence on page 32.
 
 S8 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The corundum is of a greenish-grey colour, often changing to blue 
 in the centre of the crystal. The colour suggests sapphire, but the 
 mineral is opaque or at best only translucent. 
 
 \1. The Nepheline and associated Alkali Syenites of the townships of 
 Faraday, Dungannon, Carlow and Monteagle. 
 
 It is unnecessary to describe in detail the numerous and often more 
 or less isolated occurrences of the nepheline and alkali syenites in this 
 portion of the belt. They, however, present one point of especial in- 
 terest, namely, the presence in them in many places and often in large 
 amount of the mineral corundujn. 
 
 This mineral, while known to occur in considerable quantity in 
 several localities, has been actually worked in two places only, of which 
 the more important is Craigmont. This occurrence, therefore, merits a 
 special reference. 
 
 Craigmont (formerly Eobillard Mountain) is a well marked topo- 
 graphical feature rising abruptly from Campbell's marsh (an expansion 
 of the York river) and extending as far west as the post road between 
 Combermere and Fort Stewart. It covers most of the first four lots in 
 the eighteenth and nineteenth concessions of the township of Eaglan in 
 the county of Renfrew, the line between these two concessions running 
 along the southern slope of the mountain. According to the mean of 
 eeveral observations with two aneroid barometers, the " mountain " 
 rises to a height of 500 feet above the dam at the old mill on the creek, 
 which latter is ninety-five feet above Campbell's Marsh. Tliis, added 
 to 931 feet, the height given by White^ for the junction of the Yoik 
 and Madawaska rivers, gives 1426 feet as the height of the top of Craig- 
 mont above mean tide-level. 
 
 The rock composing the mass of the mountain is a rather dark 
 coloured homblende-granitite-gnciss, evidently representative of the 
 gneisses of the great Laurentian bathylith. 
 
 The corundum-bearing rocks form a layer or mass of comparatively 
 small thickness which occupies the whole face of the hill lying on the 
 barren gneiss of the Laurentian and coinciding in strike and 
 dip with the direction of the hilFs face. This strike is 
 N75°E with a southerly dip at an angle of 10° to 12°. 
 The main body of the hill behind this layer is therefore 
 
 'Altitudes In Canada, 1901, p. 199.
 
 [ADAMS A barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 39 
 
 the ordinary fundamental gneiss presenting the usual characters. This 
 layer of corundum-bearing rock consists of : — 
 
 (1) Xepheline syenite, in places passing into an almost pure nephe- 
 line rock ; 
 
 (2) White or grey alkali syenite; 
 
 (3) Fine grained pinkish alkali syenite like that found in the 
 township of Mjethuen and elsewhere, frequently having a streaked 
 character. 
 
 These three rocks often occur interbanded with one another and fre- 
 quently pass into one another. In some places the red syenite can be 
 seen to cut across the nepheline syenite. 
 
 All these rocks locally hold corundum in abundance. In some 
 places bands of a dark micaceous rock conforming to the dip and strike 
 are seen associated with the syenite; these, however, in certain occur- 
 rences can be distinctly seen to consist of altered basic dykes. 
 
 It is also to be noted that the sloping face of the corundum-bearing 
 rock dips to the south beneath the sandy plain at its foot, through which 
 runs a branch of the York river. Along this stream and elsewhere lime- 
 stone is exposed at several places, showing that in all probability these 
 corundum-bearing rocks here as elsewhere lie at the contact of the in- 
 trusive bathyliths of gneiss with the limestones of t]ie Grenville series. 
 
 The corundum workings at Craigmont take the form of five cuts or 
 trenches running up the face of the hill in parallel lines. The mill in 
 which the corundum is concentrated from these syenites was producing 
 305 tons of corundum per month in the summer of 1906. 
 
 Nephelme Syenite. 
 
 Typical specimens of two extreme phases of the nepheline syenite 
 from this locality were selected for analysis, one of these being very 
 rich in nepheline and the other being rich in plagioclase and contain- 
 ing proportionately less nepheline. Both varieties contain corundum 
 in well defined crystals, often having a barrel shape, the long axes of 
 which lie at right angles to the foliation of the nepheline syenite. 
 
 Corundum-'b earing nepheline syenite {rich in nepheline). — When 
 examined in thin sections this rock is seen to be composed of nepheline, 
 oligoclase, muscovite, biotite, calcite, magnetite and corundum. Some 
 of the nepheline is comparatively fresh, but most of it has undergone 
 more or less alteration, the resultant products consisting of a brilliantly 
 polarizing aggregate of minute scales of muscovite, developed along cer- 
 tain irregular lines and cracks. The plagioclase is likewise somewhat
 
 eo ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 turbid from incipient alteration. Only occasional very small scales of 
 biotite were noticed and still more rarely small grains of magnetite. 
 The corundum in the thin sections consists of irregular shaped ap- 
 parently corroded individuals embedded in plates and scales of muscovite. 
 An analysis of the nepheline rich variety by Mr. M. F. Connor, 
 B.Sc, of the Geological Survey, shows it to have the following com- 
 position : — 
 
 SiOj 48.38 
 
 TiO, trace 
 
 ALOg 30.54 
 
 FcoOa 0.40 
 
 FeO O.OG 
 
 MnO trace 
 
 CuO trace 
 
 CaO 1.87 
 
 MgO 0.19 
 
 K,0 3.70 
 
 Na,0 13.94 
 
 PoOg trace 
 
 CO, 0.62 
 
 H,0 0.50 
 
 100.20 
 
 If the norm of this rock be calculated, it will be found to lie as 
 follows : — 
 
 Orthoclase 21.68 
 
 Albite 10.48 
 
 Anorthite 5.56 
 
 Nepheline 57.94 
 
 Corundum 1.63 
 
 Calcite ].42 
 
 Hematite 40 
 
 Fosterite 35 
 
 99.46 
 Water 50 
 
 99.96
 
 ADAMS dk barlow] alkali syenites OF EASTERN ONTARIO 61 
 
 This gives the rock the following position in the quantitative classi- 
 fication : — 
 
 Class I Persalane. 
 
 Order VII Tasmanare (near Ontarare). 
 
 Rang I Laugenase. 
 
 Sub-rang II Craigmontose. 
 
 It is a new type for which we propose the name Craigmontose 
 (Craigmontite). The mode or actual mineralogical composition of the 
 rock is somewhat different from the norm as given above. It is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Nepheline 63.18 
 
 , Oligoclase. . . . : 29.66 
 
 Muscovite 4.39 
 
 Calcite 1.42 
 
 Corundum .50 
 
 Biotite .50 
 
 JIagnetite .10 
 
 99.75 
 
 Corundum-bearing nephelinc syenite {poor in nepheline). — An 
 analysis of the second phase of the nepheline syenite, namely that rich 
 in plagiociase and corundum, but containmg less nepheline than that 
 
 just described, was also made by Mr. M. F. Connor, B.Sc, and was found 
 to have the following composition: — 
 
 Corundum (determined separately) . . 4.45 
 
 SiOo •• 55.45 
 
 Tio'2 0.30 
 
 AlA 21.65 
 
 FeA 0.81 
 
 FeO 0.49 
 
 MnO 0.01 
 
 CaO 3.65 
 
 MgO 0.13 
 
 K,0 1-62 
 
 Na,0 9.31 
 
 p 0.01 
 
 CO. 0.88 
 
 H,6 1-64 
 
 100.40
 
 62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 If the norm of this rock be calculated it will he as follows 
 
 Orthoclase 9.45 
 
 Albite 56.59 
 
 Anorthite 12.51 
 
 Nepheline 11.93 
 
 Corundum 4.45 
 
 Calcite 1.98 
 
 Magnetite .70 
 
 Ilmenite .61 
 
 Hematite .30 
 
 Fosterite .31 
 
 98.73 
 
 Water 1.64 
 
 100.37 
 
 This gives the rock the following position in the quantitative clas- 
 sification : — 
 
 Class I Persalane. 
 
 Order VI Russare (near Tasraanare). 
 
 Rang II Viezzenase. 
 
 Sub-rang V Raglanose. 
 
 This is a new type for which we propose the name Raglanose 
 (Raglanite), 
 
 The mode or actual mineralogical composition of this rock, is some- 
 what different from the norm — the difference being represented chiefly 
 in the grouping of the feldspar molecules and in the modal presence of 
 micas. The rock is actually composed of oligoclase, nepheline, corundum 
 (4.45 per cent), with small amounts of muscovite, biotite, calcite, mag- 
 netite and apatite. 
 
 White Alkali Syenite. 
 
 This syenite consists essentially of plagioclase and passes on one 
 hand into the nepheline syenite of the ordinary type, and on the other 
 hand into the reddish variety of alkali syenite. It may therefore be re- 
 garded as a rock of intermediate type marking a transition between the 
 two, although rather more closely related to the former. The con- 
 stituient minerals in cluiracler are identical with those present in the 
 nepheline syenite. Sodalite and cancrinite are absent. The plagio- 
 clase present, varies somewhat in character in different occurrences al-
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 63 
 
 bite, oligoclase and andesine having been found. As in the case of the 
 nepheline syenite, separate occurrences of the rock seem to be charac- 
 terized by the presence of one variety of plagioclase to the almost com- 
 plete exclusion of another. Plagioclase often makes up from 75 to 95 
 per cent of the whole rock, the other constituents being biotite, muscovite, 
 calcite, magnetite, and occasionally corundum, scapolite and nepheline. 
 Some extreme phases of this rock are made up almost entirely of plagio- 
 clase with little or no ferromagnesian minerals. When such rocks con- 
 tain an excess of alumina which has crystallized out as corundum, they 
 are very closely related to, if not identical with, the rock pulmasite de- 
 scribed by Lawson.' 
 
 The specimen selected for examination as typical of this variety of 
 rock was obtained, not from Craigmont, but from a large exposure of the 
 rock on lot 12, con. XV of the township of Dungannon. It is worked 
 for corundum at this locality, although some varieties of the corundum 
 " ore " are richer in corundum. The rock is well foliated. 
 
 The corundum is by no means uniformly disti'ibuted through this 
 rock, and large portions are completely barren of this mineral, while cer- 
 tain rather ill-defined areas on the other hand contain a very high per- 
 centage. In outcrops exposed to the weather the corundum is very con- 
 spicuous, weathering out with pronounced relief from the surrounding 
 matrix. It occurs for the most part in small imperfect crystals and 
 grains, although occasional, characteristic barrel-shaped hexagonal crys- 
 tals are several inches in length. In freshly broken rock the corundum 
 is scarcely noticeable, unless it assumes the prevailing and characteristic 
 bluish colour. Many of the individuals have exceedingly rough and 
 jagged outlines due no doubt to the removal of much of the associated 
 micaceous material. Some of the individuals show rather perfect crys- 
 tallographic development, but, for the most part, the mineral occurs in 
 imperfect crystals or irregular grains. Much of the corundum shows 
 the peculiar parting planes or pseudo-cleavage, especially those parallel 
 to the faces of the rhombohedron and the base, both of which are per- 
 fectly developed. The colour is not uniformly distributed, but indefinite 
 patches of white, blue and brown are often noticed. Most of the mineral 
 has quite a distinct and often pronounced sapphire blue colour. Oc- 
 casional fragments show a comparatively deep brownish colour arrangerl 
 in parallel bands with well defined straight lines as boundaries. These 
 brownish streaks alternate with others, which are nearly, if not 'quite 
 colourless under the microscope. Some of the individuals have little 
 
 • Bull. Geol. Dept. of the University of California, Vol. Ill, No. 8, pp. 
 219-229.
 
 64 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 or none of the rauscovite " corona ' surrounding them, while others, 
 manifestly imperfect and much corroded, have quite a wide mantle of 
 this so-called alteration product surrounding them. Under the micros- 
 cope the thin sections show the rock to be made up largely of plagioclase. 
 The extinction angles are those characteristic of andesine. This optical 
 determination is subsequently confirmed by its separation with the heavy 
 solution, and c-hemical analysis of the material thus obtained. Corundum 
 is quite plentiful in the thin sections examined. 
 
 Scapolite is also present usually in comparatively small amount, 
 the larger individuals occupying the interspaces between the feldspars, 
 with little to suggest its derivation from them. Some smaller grains 
 enclosed in the feldspar may be secondary. The mineral shows the 
 characteristic cleavages with parallel extinction and strong double refrac- 
 tion. Biotite is present in occasional small individuals, showing very 
 marked pleochroism from yellowish to very dark greenish brown and 
 very pronounced absorption. Muscovite occurs both intergrown with 
 the biotite and as zones or mantles of variable width surrounding most 
 of the corundum individuals. It is regarded as a primary constituent 
 formed as aready explained at a time immediately preceding the com- 
 plete solidification of the magma. Occasional grains and imperfect crys- 
 tals! of magnetite and a still smaller amount of calcite complete the list 
 of minerals noticed in the thin sections. 
 
 An analysis of this rock from this locality was made by Prof. 
 "Norton-Evans, with the following results (under I) : — 
 
 II. 
 
 SiO^. 
 Al,03 
 
 FeO. 
 
 CaO. 
 
 MgO. 
 
 K2O. 
 
 Na^O 
 
 CO,.. 
 
 H,6. 
 
 49.56 
 
 58.32 
 
 33.70 
 
 23.80 
 
 .93 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.67 
 
 5.89 
 
 6.67 
 
 .97 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.44 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.83 
 
 .17 
 
 
 .84 
 
 
 99.66 
 
 Deducting the excess of alumina present as corundum, which was 
 determined by trial, neglecting the loss on ignition (HoO) and deduct- 
 ing the amount of lime (CaO) necessary to form the calcite with the
 
 [ADAMS & barlow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 65 
 
 CO2 in the rock, the results given under II are obtained. This is the 
 composition of the residual or alumina saturated magma. 
 
 Morozewicz^ has shown by direct experiment that in supersaturated 
 alumino-silicate magmas, whose general composition is EO, m AI2O3, 
 n SiOa (where R = K2, Nag or Ca, and n ^ 2), the whole of the excess 
 of alumina separates out — (1) as corundum, if no considerable amount 
 of MgO or FeO is present; and if n is less than 6. (2) as sillimanite 
 and corundum; if n is greater than 6. (3) when the magma is rich in 
 magnesia, as spinel or spinel and corundum; if n is less than 6. (4) as 
 cordierite, or cordierite with one or more of the other minerals, if n is 
 greater than 6. The absence of corundum in the nepheline syenites of 
 India is explained by Holland as due to the fact that these rocks, as 
 shown by analysis, contain too much MgO and FeO ; and he refers to the 
 abundance of iron magnesia minerals in the nepheline syenite and the 
 scarcity of such minerals in the corundum syenite as amply accounting 
 for the abuudanc.e of free alumina in the latter and its absence in the 
 former. A similar low content of iron and magnesia is noticeable in the 
 Canadian corundum syenites, and, together with the high percentage of 
 alumina in the magma, probably explains the development of corundum 
 in them. 
 
 The ratio of the molecular values of (CaO, K^O, !N"a20) : ALO., : 
 Si02 in the rock at present under consideration are as follows : — 
 
 .228 .233 .972 
 
 1 : 1 : .42 
 
 The ratio of K^O : Xa20=1.6 and that of alumina to the bases is a 
 little in excess of 1 :1. As a magma for the solution of alumina and its 
 complete separation as corundum on crystallization, it is therefore in per- 
 fect agreement with ]\Iorozewicz's law. Of the alkalis, soda largely pre- 
 dominates, this lending the necessary assistance in the solution of the 
 alumina. Tliere is an excess of ferrous iron and magnesia, above what 
 has been thought permissible (0.05 per cent) by Morozewicz's law, but 
 these amounts have been necessary to assist in the formation of the 
 comparatively small quantities of, magnetite and biotite present in the 
 rock. It is therefore evident that Morozewicz's law, as remarked by 
 Holland,^ does not represent the whole truth, for it might be expected, 
 with this excess of ferrous iron and magnesia, that spinel would be 
 
 ^Tscher. Mitt. Band XVIII (1898)— pp. 1-90 and 105-240. 
 'Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. Vol. XXX, part 3. (1901) p. 208. 
 
 Sfc. IV.. 1908. 5.
 
 66 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 formed in addition to the corundum. This mineral was, however, not 
 seen in the tliin sections, nor was it found in any of the outcrops where 
 this rock specimen was collected. 
 
 The norm of the rock is as follows : — 
 
 Quartz 1.26 
 
 Orthoclase 7.23 
 
 Albite 41.93 
 
 Anorthite 29.19 
 
 Corundum 13.46 
 
 Hypcrsthene 4.12 
 
 Magnetite 1.39 
 
 Calcite .37 
 
 98.94 
 Water .84 
 
 99.78 
 
 In calculating this norm from the chemical analysis, there was a« 
 shown an excess of 1.26 per cent of silica above that required and whicli 
 appears in the norm as quartz. By direct evperiment it was subse- 
 quently shown that most, if not all, of this silica was derived from the 
 agate mortar and pestle which was used in grinding the sample. There 
 is no free silica or quartz shown in the thin sections, nor was any of this 
 mineral found in the separation of the rock by means of the heavy solu- 
 tion. 
 
 The mode or actual mineralogical composition cannot be calculated 
 with certainty on account of the presence of the two micas and the 
 Bcapolite, the latter having about the same formula as the feldspar. The 
 corundum, magnetite and calcite are normative, i.e., they are present 
 essentially in the percentages given in the norm. From an inspection of 
 the slides the following would seem to be a very close approximation to 
 the mineralogical composition of the rock: — 
 
 Andesine (near z\.b,An,) 72.00 
 
 Nepheline 3 . 00 
 
 Scapolite 2.00 
 
 Corundum (by trial) 13.24 
 
 Biotite 5.00 
 
 Muscovite 3 . 00 
 
 Magnetite 1.39 
 
 Calcite .37 
 
 100.00
 
 05
 
 [ADAMS A BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 67 
 
 Owing to the large percentage of corundum present, the rock is a 
 very peculiar and unusual one, and represents a new sub-class, order, 
 rang and sub-rang in the Quantitative Classification. We accordingly 
 propose the following names for the new order and rang, and the name 
 Dungannonite for the rock itself : 
 
 Class I Persalane 
 
 Sub-class II (Section I) Dosalone 
 
 Order 5 Indare 
 
 Eang 3 Dungannonase 
 
 Sub-rang 4 Dungannonose 
 
 An analysis of the andesine occurring in the rock was made by Mr. 
 M. F. Connor, B.Sc. This is given under I. The material for the 
 analysis was obtained by separating the feldspar with Thoulet's solution. 
 It was somewhat impure, owing mainly to the admixture of a small 
 amount of biotite. This accounts for the iron, potash and magnesia 
 found in the analysis. Neglecting these, the composition corresponds 
 rather closely to that of an andesine with the formula AbgAug. The 
 •specific gravity of a feldspar with this formula should be 2.68, while 
 that of the andesine separated from the rock was 2.668. For 
 purposes of comparison the theoretical composition of andesine cor- 
 responding with the generally accepted formula for plagioclase with the 
 ratio of the soda to the lime of 1:1 (Ab„AnJ is given under II, while 
 under III the composition of andesine made up of albite and anorthite 
 in the ratio of 3 :2 is shown. 
 
 I II III 
 
 SiOj . . 
 
 
 57.15 
 26.74 
 0.25 
 trace 
 6.66 
 0.59 
 0.38 
 6.83 
 0.90 
 
 59.84 
 25.46 
 
 6.97 
 
 7.73 
 
 58.11 
 
 ALO,. . 
 
 
 26.62 
 
 Fe,,03+FeO.. .. 
 
 MnO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO .: 
 
 K^O 
 
 8.34 
 
 N"a,0 . 
 
 
 6.93 
 
 Loss of 
 
 ignition. . 
 gravity. . 
 
 
 Specify 
 
 99.50 
 2.668 
 
 100.00 
 2.671 
 
 100.00 
 2 . 680
 
 68 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 An analysis of the blue corundum which occurs associated with this 
 rock, wae made by Mr. M. F. Connor, B.Sc, witli the following re- 
 sults : — 
 
 SiOo none 
 
 AloOa (dili) 96.90 
 
 FeoO,+lV() 0.76 
 
 CaO.. • 0.46 
 
 MgO 1.00 
 
 H,0 0.88 
 
 100.00 
 
 Red AlJcali Syenite. 
 
 Associated with the white or grey variety of the alkali syenite, 
 as well as with the nepheline syenite, and passing into these some- 
 times by an abrupt, though usually by a gradual transition, are cer- 
 tain highly feldspathic rocks, often occurring as very extensive in- 
 dependent masses which are distinguished in the field mainly by 
 their reddisli colour and the marked scarcity or entire absence of 
 quartz. They differ from the white and grey varieties in that ortho- 
 clase, microcline and microperthite (the latter confined mostly to the 
 pegmatitic phases) are quite abundant and sometimes the predominant 
 feldspars. Plagioclase is also very plentiful, sometimes equalling in 
 amount, if not exceeding the potash feldspars. A comparatively large 
 area representative of this variety of syenite occurs intimately associated 
 with the nepheline syenite near the York river and is referred to in the 
 first published descriptions as " a reddish biotite granite resembling 
 aplite in appearance." ^ Thi^; rock is exposed on both sides of the York 
 river extending from the eleventh to tlie fiftecntli concession. N"epheline 
 syenite occurs on both sides of tliis bathylitli. and if the outcrops of this 
 rock could be traced and foimd continuous would doubtless form an asso- 
 ciation closely analogous to that described a^; occurrinix i'l the township 
 of Monmouth. The rock is essentially a quartz mica syenite made up 
 almost wliolly of oi'tliocla'^o, itiicroclinc. albite. nuaitz. hintito. and in 
 places hornblende. The biotite is in veiy small and exceedingly ir- 
 
 'Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. XLVIII, 1894, p. 11.
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO PLATE XIII. 
 
 O. E. PRUDHOMME, Del. 
 
 Crystal of Corundum in Syenite Pegmatite. 
 The Syenite Pegmatite or Feldspar Matrix 
 Fills in the basal Cracks. 
 
 CRAIGMONT, RAGLAN TOWNSHIP, ONTARIO.
 
 [ADAMS & BAKLow] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 69 
 
 regular or ragged scales, with strongly marked pleochroism and absorp- 
 tion. This brownish biotite has a distinct greenish tinge. The various 
 cracks and fissures are filled with reddish brown iron oxide which also 
 stains the orthoelase and microcline. The rock is youn2:er than the 
 nepheline syenite which it sometimes intersects, and decidedly later than 
 the surrounding crystalline limestone. Its association with the nephe- 
 line syenite, however, strongly suggests that both are the products of the 
 differentiation of a single magma. 
 
 A similar type of rock prevails along the southern slope of the hill 
 at Craigmont in Eaglan township. Its mode of occurrence, association 
 and relations to the Laurentian gneisses as well as to the nepheline 
 syenite have already been described. This reddish or pinkish rock 
 frequently contains bands of a dark coloured, highly micaceous rock 
 which may represent deformed and altered dykes of basic composition. 
 In places masses and patches of almost pure hornblende occur. A 
 specbnen of the reddish highly feldspathic variety of the rock, with a 
 distinct streaked appearance, owing to small ragged scales of biotite with 
 more or less parallel arrangement, was analyzed by Mr. M. F. Connor, 
 B.Sc, with the following results: — 
 
 SiOo 56.05 
 
 TiO, 0.47 
 
 AlA 17.03 
 
 PeA 9.10 
 
 FeO i.20 
 
 MnO 0.08 
 
 CaO 0.72. 
 
 MgO 0.13 
 
 K,0 5.18 
 
 Na^O 6.10 
 
 PA ^-^^ 
 
 H..0 0.36 
 
 99.38 
 
 The ratio of (CaO+K^O+Xa.O) : 
 
 ALO3 
 
 : SiO; 
 
 .163 : 
 
 .165 
 
 .934 
 
 1 : 
 
 1 
 
 : 5.7
 
 70 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 If the norm of this rocl< be calculated, it will be found to be as 
 follows : — 
 
 Orthoclase 30.02 
 
 Albite 51.35 
 
 Anorthite " 3.62 
 
 Corundum .20 
 
 Magnetite 12.30 
 
 Ilmenite .91 
 
 Hematite .64 
 
 Olivine .31 
 
 99.35 
 
 Phosphoric Acid .04 
 
 Water .36 
 
 99.75 
 Deficit in Silica .27 
 
 99.48 
 
 The position of the rock in the Quantitative Classification is accord- 
 ingly as follows : — 
 
 Class II Dosalane 
 
 Order V Germanare 
 
 Rang 1 Umptekase 
 
 Sub-rang TV Umptekose 
 
 The mode of the rock, that is to sa}-, its actual mineralogical com- 
 position, does not differ essentially from the norm, the rock being made 
 up of orthoclase, microcline, albite (aboxit Ab.AnJ and magnetite, with 
 a little biotite, which latter mineral in the norm is represented by other 
 mineral combinations. No quartz is present, .27 per cent of additional 
 silica being required to satisfy the feldspars in the norm. 
 
 The rock, which contains the largest and most abundant crystals and 
 masses of corundum at Craigmont, and thus the richest " ore " of this 
 mineral, is the corundum-syenite-pegmatite, which occurs in the form 
 of dykes or veins, varying from six to eighteen feet in widtli. These 
 dykes intersect the medium grained or normal type of red syenite just 
 described, which also contains corundum although in less abundance and 
 in smaller individuals. They are made up almost wholly of a deep flesh- 
 red to very pale salmon-pink feldspar, which, in thin sections under the
 
 [.\DAMs & BARLOW] ALIvALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 
 
 71 
 
 microscope, is seen to be an irregular intergrowth of ortlioclase and al- 
 bite, the former feldspar being the more abundant. Associated with 
 this niicroperthite are corundum, biotite, scapolite, calcite, magnetite, 
 hematite (micaceous iron ore), molybdenite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, 
 chrysobery], spinel, and quartz. All these, with the exception of the 
 first mentioned, occur as accessory constituents in certain places and 
 are usually present in small amount. Although quartz and corundum 
 are commonly supposed to be mutually exclusive, specimens have been 
 found in which small quantities of both of these minerals are present. 
 An analysis of a typical specimen of the corundum syenite pegmatite 
 from Craigmont was made by Mr. M. F. Connor, B.Sc, the results ad- 
 justed to a basis of 100 are given under I. For purposes of comparison 
 the analyses of the corundum syenite pegmatite and of the corundum 
 syenite from Kikolskaja Ssopka in the Urals, Eussia, are included under 
 II and III. (Tschermak's Min. und Petr. Mittheil., XVIII, 1898, 
 p. 219). Under I (a.) is given the analysis of I, omitting the corundum 
 and recalculating it to a basis of 100. Under II (a) and III (a) are 
 similarly included analyses of II and III, in which the corundum i> 
 omitted and the remaining constituents recalculated to a basis of 100. 
 Under IV is an analysis of the separated microperthite from the corun- 
 dum syenite pegmatite of Craigmont, Ont. Under V is an analysis of a 
 similar feldspar from the corundum syenite pegmatite from Sivamalai, 
 India (Mem. Geol. Surv., India, Vol. XXX, Part 3, 1901, p. 202). 
 
 
 i; 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 la. 
 
 Ila. 
 
 Ilia. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 Corun- 
 dum 
 
 34.62 
 
 35.40 
 
 18.55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SiO^ 
 
 40.53 
 
 40.06 
 
 52.34 
 
 62.30 
 
 62.71 
 
 64.65 
 
 63.43 
 
 63.26 
 
 AiPa 
 
 13.62 
 
 13.65 
 
 16.05 
 
 20.93 
 
 21.37 
 
 19.83 
 
 20.78 
 
 21.87 
 
 FeA 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.22 
 
 FeO 
 
 0.04 
 
 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 
 
 
 CaO 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.20 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.25 
 
 1.00 
 
 0.21 
 
 MgO 
 
 
 0.15 
 
 0.16 
 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.07 
 
 
 Kfi 
 
 .5.92 
 
 5.20 
 
 6.58 
 
 9.10 
 
 8.14 
 
 8.14 
 
 8.00 
 
 3.09 
 
 NaP 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.71 
 
 4.77 
 
 5.23 
 
 5.81 
 
 5.89 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.25 
 
 H^O 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.40 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.72 
 
 0.49 
 
 1.00 
 
 0.78 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 99.28 
 
 99.50 
 
 100.00 
 
 100 00 
 
 100.00 
 
 99.79 
 
 99.68
 
 72 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 An examination of these analyses will show at a glance the remark- 
 able similarity jn chemical composition of these corundum-bearing rocks, 
 occurring at such widely separated localities as Canada and Eussia. 
 The specimens of the Canadian and Russian occurrences are practically 
 identical. Xo analysis of the corundum syenite froju India is avail- 
 able. The analysis of the feldspar from the Indian rock is very closely 
 analogous in composition to that of the other syenites free from corun- 
 dum, the only substantial difference being in the relative amounts of 
 soda and potash present. Taking into consideration the molecular values 
 of soda and potash, the ratio of the soda to the potash in the Indian feld- 
 spar is 5 :1, while in the Canadian and Russian occurrences the soda is 
 only slightly in evcess, and in the separated feldspar is practically the 
 same. 
 
 The following are the molecular ratios in the corundum syenites a=: 
 above : — 
 
 CaO + K.O + Xa.O 
 Analysis I (a) = 1 
 
 Analysis II (a) ^ 1 
 
 Analysis III (a) = 1 
 
 AL03 
 
 : SiOo 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 5.2 = 
 
 Ontario 
 
 1.1 
 
 : 5.5 = 
 
 Eussia 
 
 1.1 
 
 : 5.9 = 
 
 Eussia 
 
 Mr. M. F. Connor, B.Sc, has also made analyses of the brown 
 corundum and the magnetite which are present in the syenite pegmatite. 
 These are given under I and II respectively. The material in both cases 
 was selected as free as possible from impurities or alteration products. 
 
 II. 
 
 SiOj . 
 
 AljO, (diff.) .. 
 Oxide of iron 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 H.O 
 
 none 
 95. 5S 
 2.10 
 0.48 
 1.00 
 0.84 
 100.00 
 
 Silica and silicates 
 FeA 
 FeO 
 TiO^ 
 HjO 
 
 Sp. Or. 
 
 1.40 
 
 65.04 
 
 30.60 
 
 2.50 
 
 0.57 
 
 100.11 
 3.95 
 
 (average four 
 determinations.) 
 
 The occurrence of the corundum in association with absolutely fresh 
 and unaltered minerals, in rocks of undoubted igneous origin and
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 73 
 
 behaviour, at once removes all doubt as to the pyrogonetic origin of tlie 
 mineral, showing clearly, that it is one of the first products of the crystal- 
 lization of a magma supersaturated with alumina and very poor in 
 ferromagnesian minerals. The chemical analyses, a« given above, arc 
 in remarkably close agreement with the law formulated by Morozewicz, 
 as a result of direct experiments with artificial magmas, not only as to 
 the conditions essential to the solution of alumina in sucli alumino-sili- 
 cate magmas, but also with regard to the subsequent separation of all 
 excess of alumina as corundum, as these solidify on cooling. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 1. The nepheline and associated alkali syenites of this district 
 present one of the most extensive developments of these rocks which is 
 known. They form part of the Pre-Cambrian complex of the Canadian 
 Shield, and occur along the border of the batholiths of Laurentian 
 gneissic granite, where these cut the crystalline limestones of the Gren- 
 ville series. 
 
 2. They differ from most occurrences of these rocks which have 
 been described from other parts of the world, in that they have not 
 usually the massive character of ordinary intrusives, but possess a dis- 
 tinct gneissic structure. 
 
 The gneissic or foliated structure which they usually display is 
 combined with a schlieren or streaked structure, which gives rise in 
 small exposures, to a banded appearance, the several bands dif- 
 fering in the relative proportion of constituents present. The foliation 
 is not such as would be produced by the direct crushing of a massive 
 rock. Cataclastic structures are very seldom seen, and the rock very 
 rarely shows any distinct evidence of pressure. The arrangement of the 
 component minerals, with their longer axes in the same direction, pro- 
 duces the foliation, while their variation in amount from band to band 
 serves to emphasize it. The rock is, as a general rule, poor in iron mag- 
 nesia constituents, and its appearance on the weathered surface so closely 
 resembles that of the crystalline limestones of the Laurentian, which 
 are often more or less impure from the development of secondary sili- 
 cates in streaks and bands through them, thJit it is often impossible to 
 tell the two rocks apart at a distance of a few yards. 
 
 3. The nepheline syenite magma throughout the area is one which 
 was relatively very rich in soda. The plagioclase present is in most 
 cases albite, but sometimes oligoclase or even andesine. and these felds- 
 pars preponderate largelv over the orthoelase and are frequently the only 
 feldspars which the rock contains. Tho rnr-k fnrtbennnrc rlifTors from
 
 74 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 the great majority of other occurrences in that instead of augite, which 
 usually occurs in tliese rocks, it contains either biotite (lepidomelane) 
 or liornblende, as the iron magnesia constituent; augite being seldom 
 present and wlien it occurs, being always in very subordinate amount. 
 In this respect it resembles the Indian occurrences as well as those at 
 Miass, in which biotite is the prevailing dark constituent. 
 
 ■i. The nepheline syenites of this area show a fine series of differ- 
 entiation products. These range from granite at the acid end of the 
 series, through alkali syenites rich in soda, corundum syenites and allied 
 rocks and nepheline syenites, to nepheline rocks, and with increase in 
 the quantity of iron magnesia constituents to varieties having the com- 
 position of Essexites, and even to more basic forms. 
 
 As a result of this abundance of soda in the magma is the frequent 
 occurrence of varieties of the nepheline syenite which are extremely rich 
 in nepheline, and which, by the disappearance of the feldspar, pass over 
 into rocks which are composed almost exclusively of nepheline and iron 
 magnesia constituents. These rocks are closely allied to the Urtite ^ 
 described by Eamsay from Finland, but contain hastingsite instead of 
 aegerine as the prevailing dark constituent and when the norm is cal- 
 culated, are found to be relatively richer in the salic components, so that 
 they fall into class I (Persalane) of the Quantitative System, while the 
 TJrtite belongs to class II (Dosalane). These rocks thus constitute a 
 new group, the type whose analysis is given on page 42, belonging to 
 a new rang which has been called Monmouthose of the order Ontarare. 
 It is proposed to call this rock Monmouthite. 
 
 In the terminology of the Quantitative Classification, the various 
 differentiation products which have been analyzed are embraced by rangs 
 1, 2 and 3 of orders 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, of the Persalanes and Dosalanes, 
 Sub-class I, with the exception of one of the new t3^es which is a Dosa- 
 lone. A somewhat similar, though les<? extreme, differentiation of an 
 alkali rich magma has been described by Teall - in the district about 
 Lake Borolan, concernino: which he writes: "The facts above described 
 clearly prove that we have in the plutonic complex of Lake Borolan, a 
 connected group of rocks formed by the consolidation of alkaline magmas 
 rich in soda the evidence available sugErests that the quartz- 
 syenites shade into the quartzless syenites and these again into the 
 nepheline syenites." 
 
 ' Ramsay, W. — Das Nephelinsyenitgebiet auf der Haltainsel Kola-Fennia. 
 15. 2, Helsingfors, 1899, p. 22. 
 
 ' Teall, J. J. H. — Nepheline Syenite and its associates in the North West 
 of Scotland— Geol. Mag., Sept. 1900, p. 390.
 
 [ADAMS & BARLOW] ALKALI SYENITES OF EASTERN ONTARIO 75 
 
 5. All phases of this magma were in certain localities super- 
 saturated with alumina, whicli when the magma was low in MgO and 
 FeO, crystallized out as corundum, giving rise to several new rock types, 
 three of which, Raglanite, Craigmontito and Dungannonite are described 
 in this paper. 
 
 The development of corundum from these magmas follows the law 
 established experimentally by Morozewicz in his researches on molten 
 magmas. 
 
 6. Another striking feature presented by the nepheline syenites of 
 the district under discussion is the frequent appearance of very 
 coarse grained or pegmatitic developments of the rock. The constituent 
 individuals are in many places a foot in diameter, while on the York 
 branch of the Madawaska river, in the township of Dungannon, whero 
 this stream is crossed by the road running east from Bancroft, the rock 
 contains individuals of nepheline two and a half feet in diameter, while 
 masses of pure nepheline a yard in diameter are found in the nepheline 
 pegmatite on lot 30 of range VI of the townsliip of Glamorgan. These 
 pegmatitic developments in some cases have the form of dykes cutting 
 the normal nepheline syenite or some other rock, but elsewhere they are 
 very coarse grained masses or " flammen " in the finer grained nepheline 
 syenite, apparently of the nature of " contemporaneous veins " and cor- 
 respond to the developments of pegmatite so often found in connection 
 with granite. 
 
 7. The neplieline syenite occurs almost invariably along the border 
 of the granite intrusions where they cut limestone. When the actual 
 contact of the nepheline syenite and limestone can be seen, masses of 
 the limestone, great and small, are found scattered througli tlie nephelino 
 syenite along the contact. These masses are in course of replacement by 
 the magma, and at a distance from the contact are seen to be greatly re- 
 duced in size and often disintegrated. Still further from the contact 
 they are represented by irregularly rounded grains of calcite l3ing be- 
 tween the perfectly fresh individuals of the several constituent minerals 
 of the nepheline syenite, or, in some cases, actually as inclusions in thesp 
 minerals. 
 
 8. For convenience of reference the twelve analyses of the neplie- 
 line and alkali syenites of this region which have been given in this paper 
 are tabulated lielow. These include analyses of the four new rock type= 
 described.
 
 76 
 
 
 ROYAL 
 
 SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o> 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 (N 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 •juomSi^jQ 
 
 »o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o> 
 
 •f 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 'trepBjj •lunpuiuoQ 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 UTTSSLIBRAFY LOANS 
 
 '/'"'"vliRSlTI OF CALi.^uENlA 
 SA..TA BAHBASA, bA 9310 
 
 2/92 Scnes 9482 
 
 i
 
 *^'':'i^'':'^t. 
 
 %?') ^ V-^-,^.; r^j^]
 
 1