i i I INTRODUCTORY GEOGRAPHY IN READINGS AND RECITATIONS BY WILLIAM SWINTON IVISON, BLAKEMAN AND COMPANY NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. Copyright, 1882, by IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. EDUCATION DEPT, B * k • 4 t *• • ( 1 t «. ft «. t NOTE. This book forms an introduction to the author's " Grammar School Geography," anc the two books furnish a complete course of geographical study for common schools. The plan of this "Introductory" is similar to that which has met wide approval ir the author's " Elementary, or Brief Course ; " that is, it combines reading-lessons (tc enliven and stimulate) with recitation-lessons (to emphasize and fasten). By its moderate size, simple style, and close relation of matter read to matter recited it is suited to the capacity of beginners, while the text is so graded that the " Intro- ductory" connects with the "Grammar School Geography" without the need of an) intermediate manual. w. s. New York, March, 1882. ivi24'J547 CONTENTS Pagi INTRODUCTORY LESSONS . . „ o . » » » . 1-21 NORTH AMERICA ............. 23 United States 32 New England States 35 Middle Atlantic States 41 Southern States 45 Central States 53 Pacific Highland and Coast 59 Review Questions on United States 63 Other Countries of North America .... 64 Flag* SOUTH AMERICA ........,»,.. 75 EUROPE 83 ASIA 95 AFRICA 105 OCEANICA Ill CIRCLES AND LINES ON GLOBES AND MAPS 114 TOPICAL QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW 115 TABLES OF POPULATION 116 LIST OF MAPS, Page Western Hemisphere 14 Eastern Hemisphere 15 The Zones. . 17 North America 22 Physical North America , . . . . 25 United States 3°) 31 New England States 34 Middle Atlantic States 40 Southern States, Eastern Division 46 Southern States, Western Division 48 Central States ,,,.... 52 Pacific Highland and Coast .,.,..... 58 iv Page Eastern Provinces of Canada, with Newfound- land 68 South America 74 Physical South America 76 Europe 82^ Physical Europe - 84 British Isles 85 Asia ■ • 94 Physical Asia 96 Africa 104 Physical Africa .............. 106 Oceanica .......o..=...»..»iii Reading-Lesson I. ABOUT THE EARTH. -ft.-Tner'i-ca cir-cum-nav'i-gate Co-lum'bus g-e-og'ra-phy Ma-g-el'lan sphere We live on the outside, or surface, of a great ■Surface of b^^l Called the earth, or world. Already the earth, ^yg know a little about the surface of the earth. We know something about the place Avhere we have our home, and about our own neighborhood. Every child has learned the name of the Its state in which he lives, and knows countries. \\y^x^ our country is called the United States. But even the United States is only a part of the earth's surface. It is but one coun try out of many countries in the world. So, too, we know the kind of people anions whom we have always lived. But Their in- there are many kinds of people in the ^^^i^'^^nts. world, — white people and black people, yellov people and copper-colored people ; and thes( have very different ways of living. There is a study that teaches us about th( surface of the earth, its countries, and their inhabitants. This is Geography. Geography has many useful things to teacl us. It teaches us how all the different what it people in the world make their living ; Reaches, what things each country has the most of ; anc how in the different countries the people tak( Geographj About the Earth, Its wonders. the articles of which they have a plenty, and trade them off for articles which they need. It has also many wonderful tales to tell, — true stories of flaming mountains and moving ice-rivers, of huge waterfalls and great spouting springs, of vast deserts and strange underground caves, of lands where it is always summer and lands where it is always winter, of places where the people have only one long day and one long night in the year, — each lasting six months. But, after all, is there any thing that seems The world much Stranger than what we learned a ball. ^|- ^YiQ beginning of this lesson, — that we live on the surface of a great ball ? For who would think this without being told it ? The earth looks flat, — it appears to be a great plain. And in olden times even the wisest men believed the earth to be a great plain. They thought that if a person should travel far enough he would come to the end of the world. At last a wise man here and there began to think that the earth could not be flat. One of these men was Columbus. You have heard how he set out on the voyage that led to his finding America. Now, he would never have started on that darins: voyage if he had not believed the world to be round. He found America by believing that the earth is round. About fifty years after the time of Colum- What Columbus thought. bus another daring navigator named Magellan made a still more wonderful voyage. He sailed quite around the earth. The word ^^^^^ circimniavigate means the same as Mageiiaa "sail around;" and so wc say that ^"^"^^ Magellan v/as the first man who circumnavi- gated the world. He set out from a port in Spain, and after sailing on and on, without turning back, his ships reached the same port from which they had started. The voyage took more than three years. People who live on the seashore, or on a large lake, can see any day something that ^^^^ shows the earth is round. When a ships at ship is coming into port, the tops of the masts are always seen first, then the sails, and last of all the hull. So when a ship is going out to sea, the hull is first lost to sight, then the sails, and last of all the tops of the masts. This would not be so if the earth were flat. That the earth is round there are many- other proofs given us by learned men. other These reasons you will understand 1"^°°^^- better when you have studied geography more; and indeed, they are so many that we know the earth is round, nearly like a ball. Any thing that is round like a ball is called a globe, or sphere. And so, when we ciobe, or are asked what is the shape of the ^p^^''^- earth, we say that it is nearly the shape of a globe, or sphere. I Direction and Distance. FOR RECITATION. 1. What is Geography ? Geography is the study that teaches us about the surface of the earth, its countries, and their inhabitants. 2. What is the surface of the earth ? The surface of the earth is its outside. 3. What is the shape of the earth ? It is round nearly like a globe, or sphere. 4. How was the trite shape of the earth first found out ? By sailing around the earth. 5. Give another proof that the earth is round. When a ship is coming in from sea the tops of the masts are seen first, then the sails, and last the hull. ♦ » Reading-Lesson II. DIRECTION AND DISTANCE. as-tron'o-mer cir-cum'fer-ence di-am'e-ter sur-vey'or We are going to learn about many places. Giving so let us start with the place where direction, ^^g ^j-g^ — ^.]-^g schoolroom. The first thing we ask about a place is, " Where is it .-* " Showing Direction. Now, we may point toward a place, as our school, the church, the post-of^ce ; but if we wish to tell a person where a place is, we must direct him which way to go to it. That is, we must give him the directioti. All over the world people have come to learn direction by the sun ; for the sun can „, -' ' The sun as be seen by people everywhere, even the great by the Indian in the deep forest, or by the mariner on the wide ocean. So in every Mariner and his Compass. language there are words that mean the same thing as east and tucst ; and, whatever the word may be, " east " means where the sun seems to rise, and "west" where it seems to set. When one stands with the right arm stretched toward the rising sun, like the boy in Direction the picture, his face will be turned by the sun, toward the north and his back toward the south. Then toward his right hand will be east and toward his left hand west. Or, if we go out at noon, when the sun is shining, the direction in which our shadow falls is north, and the opposite direction south. Now, if we face toward our shadow at noon, we can easily tell which way is east and which way is west : cast is toward the right hand, west toward the left. At night, travelers on the land and By.the sailors on the sea often lind their dircc- ^orthstar. tion by looking at a bright star called the North Star. On a clear night you may ask Direction and Distance. some one to point out to you this star, and tell you how direction is found by it. But the very best way of telling direction at Direction ^^^ timcs is by SL compass. This won- by the derful little instrument shows not only compass. ^^^ ^^^^ chicf poiiits OX dircctious, — north, south, east, west ; but the points between these, — north-east, south-east, south-west, north- west ; and even points between these again. Measuring Distance. Perhaps you have seen a compass such as the steersman on board a ship uses, called the "mariner's compass," or a compass such as surveyors use ; or, if not, you very likely have seen a pocket- compass. To locate a place exactly, that is, to tell About where it is, we must be able not only distance. ^-^ ^g]| jj^ what dircction it is from us, but how far off it is. We must know its dis- tance as well as its direction. Every day you hear people speaking of the About common measures of length, as a foot, measuring a yard, a mile. You have seen the carpenter measuring by his foot-rule. Perhaps you have seen a surveyoi out with his men, measuring distance by means of a marked chain. We can understand how these things are done ; but is it not very wonderful to think that the astronomer, by the use of the telescope and other instruments, can tell the distance from the earth to the sun, or from star to star } The mile is the measure most used in speak- ing about places. Now, if you have in size of your mind a pretty good idea of how ^"^^ ^^'■*^- long a mile is, it will help you to understand what a very great globe the earth is. The dis- tance through it is about eight thousand miles, and the distance around it is nearly twenty-five thousand miles. The measure through the center of a ball, or globe, is called its diameter ; the measure arotmd it is called its circumference. If a railroad could be built around the earth, it would take a very fast train, going Along all the time, thirty days to make the Jo^'-ney- trip. If there were no sea to stop you, and you could walk ten hours a day at the rate of four miles an hour, it would take nearly two years to make the whole journey. FOR RECITATION. 1. What are the four chief points of the compass ? They are east, west, north, and south. 2. Where is east f East is where the sun seems to rise. 3. Where is west? West is where the sun seems to set. 4. Where are north and south ? If we stretch our right arm towards the east, and our left arm towards the west, the north is in front of us and the south behind us. 5. Which way does our shadow point at noon ? It points toward the north. 6. What names are given to the points of the compass between the four chief points ? North-east, south-east, south-west, and north- west. 7. What is the size of the earth ? The earth is nearly eight thousand miles through (in diameter), and about twenty-five thousand miles around (in circumference). About a Map. Reading-Lesson III. ABOUT A MAP. In-te'ri-or ground'-plan pho'to- graph scale The Schoolroom. —A Picture. Here we start from the schoolroom again. The In the picture we see maps hung on picture. ^|^g ^Y^]| . ^^[d wc must Icam what a map is, for without maps we could know very little about geography. The drawing shows us the inside, or interior. What it of a schoolroom. We see the floor, shows us. ceiling, walls, windows, and the desks and other objects in the room. Every part of this drawing is really equally far off and equally near to us ; but this does not seem to be so : the part in the center of the drawing appears to be the farthest off, and the different objects in the schoolroom are shown as in the various posi- tions in which we should see them if we stood at the door, and looked in. It is a picture. Now, if we could lift off the roof and look down, we should see the floor, and all the objects on it. And, if a drawing of the schoolroom were made as we . ould then see it, we should have what is called a qroiind-plan, or a plan of the schoolroom, as at the top of the next column. Suppose you draw a plan oi your schoolroom. Measuring First, you must measure it. Let us for a plan, gg^y \^ jg forty fcct long and thirty feet wide. Of course you can not draw on your slate What a ground- plan is. The Schoolroom — A Plan. or on the blackboard a line forty feet long : so let us make one inch stand for ten feet, then the lines for the longer sides of the room will be four inches, and those for the shorter sides three inches. This is making the drawing on what is called a scale, — a scale of one inch to ten a scale feet. We have all seen a photograph "'"strated. of a man six feet tall ; but was the figure in the photograph six feet in length .-' No : perhaps it was only three inches. Now, if the man was six feet (seventy-two inches) high, and the pic- ture only three inches long, we should say that the picture was on a scale of three inches to seventy-two, or one inch to two feet. As we have measured the schoolroom, and made a plan of it, so we may measure the school-grounds, and make a map of them. We speak of a "plan" of a building, and of a " map " of the school-grounds, or the school-district, or our state, or the United States, or the world. A map is a plan of the whole or any part of the earth's surface. When we drew the plan of the schoolroom we did not make pictures of the objects on the floor : we represented the objects by lines and marks. So we draw the map of the school- grounds by using signs that stand for the dif- ferent objects in them. A map. Divisions of Land. Scales. Picture of the School-grounds. If you think a little, you will see that we can Why maps not get along at all in learning about are useful. |-|^g different parts of the earth without maps. No matter how many pictures of any part of the world you may have seen, you can not tell where it is, nor of what shape it is, nor how large it is, unless you have a map of it. One thing must be kept in mind all the time in looking at a map, — its scale. We may make a map of a country on a small scale or on a large scale. Sometimes we make quite a large map to show a small country ; and we need to do this when the country has many rivers and mountains and places that we wish to show clearly. And sometimes we make quite a small map to show a large country in a general way. We might make a map of the whole world on a space no larger than that used in drawing the map of the school-grounds. Maps are generally made with the top for the north, the right side for the east, the bottom for the south, and the left side for the west. FOR RECITATION. 1. What is a plan., or ground-plan^ of the schoolroom ? It is such a drawing as we might make if we could look down from above on the room. 2. What is a map ? A map is a plan of the whole or of any part of the earth's surface. rACTORy Map of l-Ue School -grounds. 3. What 7n7ist we bear in j/iind in drawing a map or in studying one? We must bear in mind its scale. 4. How are the directions generally shown on maps ? The top generally represents north, and the bottom south ; the right side east, and the left side west. Reading-Lesson IV. DIVISIONS OF LAND: ISLAND, PENINSULA, CAPE, ISTHMUS. at'oH cor'al isth'mus (^is'mus) pen-in'su-la pla-teau' i-td) pol'yp Where do people live and build their houses .'' You say, on the land ; and that is right. Land and The solid land is the dwelling-place ^^'^r. of man. Where do fishes live, and on what do ships sail .-' You say that fishes live in the water, and ships sail on the water. Now, the earth's surface consists of land and water ; for there is no part of the earth that is not either the one or the other of these. If you have ever been at the seashore, you know that the edges of the land, where ^^^j^ they touch the water, are not straight different and even, but are notched and uneven. ^ ^'^^^' Parts of the land stretch out into the water more than others, and between these are open- Divisions of Land. Picture of Land Divisions. Natural divisions ings through which the water flows up into the land. Then, again, every one knows that some parts of the land are higher than others. There are different names for the different parts of land and water. And as these different forms of land and water were not made by man, but are as we find them in nature, we call them natural divisions of land and water. Islands, peninsulas, capes, isthmuses, valleys, Their plains, platcaus, and mountains are names. nam.cs of the natural divisions of land, — eight divisions. They are all shown in the picture and on the map above. Almost every pupil must have seen an island, and knows that it is a body of land surrounded by water. Even if you have not seen an island in the sea, you may have seen one in a lake or river. Isl- ands are of all sizes, some very small, others very large. Some are quite near the coast, others are hundreds of miles out in the ocean. An island. PLAIN Map of Land Divisions. The strangest islands of all are those called coral islands. These have been built Thecorai up from the bottom of the sea very 'siands. slowly by millions and millions of little animals. The coral animal, called the coral polyp, is at first somewhat like a small drop of How they jelly. Millions of these little creatures ^""^ '"^'^^• fasten themselves to rocks at the bottom of the sea, where the water is shallow. Soon a little stony matter forms in the body of each polyp ; and, when the animal dies, the stony matter re- mains. This goes on in a way which the teacher will explain to you, and at last a real island is formed. The most beautiful coral islands are of a round shape. These are called atolls. You may be sure that if you live on the coast, or near a large lake, you have seen a a penin- peninsula. What does this word mean? ^"'^• " Pene " in Latin means almost, and "insula" means isl- and: so "peninsula" signifies almost an island. A peninsula is a body of land nearly surrounded by water. AtoU. 8 Divisions of Land, A cape. At the end of the peninsula (in the picture of the land divisions) you see a high point of land extending into the water. This is called a cape (which is from a Latin word meaning head), because a cape is gen- erally a head of land, or as we say a headland. If we were making a sea-voyage, we should hear a good deal about capes ; for the first thing we should see when we got in sight of land would most likely be one of these headlands. The only other division of land that is named An from its shape is an istJnmis. The isthmus. word " isthmus " means neck. And this is just what an isthmus is. Look again at the picture of the divisions of land : you see the peninsula, which we may compare to a head, and the mainland, which we may compare to the body. These are joined by an isthmus, which is a sort of neck. So an isthmus is a narrow neck of land joining two larger bodies of land. FOR RECITATION. 1. Of what does the earth'' s surface consist ? It consists of land and water. 2. How many natural divisions of land are there, and what are they ? There are eight natural divisions of land, — islands, peninsulas, capes, isthmuses, val- leys, plains, plateaus, and mountains. 8. What is ati island? An island is a body of land surrounded by water. 4. What is a penitisula ? A peninsula is a body of land nearly sur- rounded by water. 5. What is a cape ? A cape is a point of land extending into the water. 6. What is an isthmus f An isthmus is a narrow neck of land join- ing two larger bodies of land. Reading-Lesson V. DIVISIONS OF LAND: PLAIN, PLATEAU, VALLEY, MOUNTAIM. cra'ter Ev'er-est pam'pas o'a-sis prai'rie vol-ca'no le prairies. A PLAIN is a tract of low and generally level land. There are different kinds of 1 • • i-rr • T 1 A plain. plains in dirterent countries. In the western part of our own country are vast level or wave-like plains called prairies. A The prairie is like a waving sea of grass, p'' and in the spring it is covered with many kind? of beautiful wild-flowers. In some parts you may see great herds of buffaloes feeding on che grass. Sometimes a prairie takes fire, burning the grass for many miles. All living creatures then flee in dismay, for there is scarcely any thing in the world so terrible as a prairie on fire. Lassoing Wild Cattle. In some countries are other kinds of grassy plains, as \.\\q. pampas in South Amer- jhe ica. Over the pampas roam countless p^^p^^. herds of wild horses and cattle. Men go out on horseback to catch the cattle, which they do by means of a long rope or strip of leather with a slip-noose at one end. This is called a lasso, and the herdsmen are very skillful in its use. Divisions of Land. An Oasis in the Desert. The desert. In some parts of the world there are vast sandy plains, called deserts. As there is nei- ther rain nor dew in the desert, you will not wonder that no green thing can grow there. For miles and miles there is nothing but the hot, burning sand. The camel can cross the desert, for he can go for days without water. The desert of sand is a fright- ful solitude, silent like the grave. Yet even in the desert there are here and there green spots, where palm-trees grow, and wells of water are found. Such a spot is called an oasis, and when the weary caravans come to one of these they are much rejoiced. In this picture we see a plain ; but instead of being on a A plateau. , . , , level with the land in the fore-part of the picture it is raised high above it, just as the top of a table is raised above the floor. Sometimes land of this kind is called a table- land. But the more Plateau in Arizona. common name for it is plateau. A valley is the low land between hil';-; or About mountains. Generally a brook or river valleys. ruus through a valley. It is likely that every pupil has seen a valley. But you must not think that all valleys are sm^ll, or can be seen at one view. Some valleys are very long and vv^ide. Such, in our o//n country, is mountains. the Mississippi Valley : it is so large that it takes in many states, and is the home of mill- ions of people. When the land, instead of being sunk below the surrounding country, is raised above About it, we call it a hill ; and a very high hill is called a mountain. The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, in Asia. It is nearly five and a half miles high. Though it is on the hottest part of the globe, it is cov- ered with snow all the year round. The strangest of all mountains are., the burning mountains, called volcanoes. These are mountain -peaks that have great open- ings in them like chim- neys. The top of the great chimney is called the crater of the volcano ; and through the crater steam, melted stones, cinders, and other substances are at times thrown out from within the earth. In some cases the great outpourings from volcanoes have covered up whole cities^ with all their inhabitants. Mountains are generally seen standing, not alone, but in long rows of peaks. Such a row is called a mountain-(r/f«/;^ or mountain- chains, raiige. Often several chains or ranges °'' "■^ng^s. of mountains are found side by side, with wide plateaus between them. FOR RECITATION. Mt. Everest, — Highest Mountain on the Globe. 1 . Wliat is a plain ? A plain is a tract of low and generally level land. 2. Describe three different kinds of plains. The prairies and pampas are immense grassy plains, deserts are vast sandy plains. 10 Divisions of Water. 6. What is a plateau ? A plateau is a vast elevated plain. What ts a valley ? A valley is the low land between hills or mountains. What Is a mountain ? What is a hill? A mountain is a great ridge of land rising above the surrounding country. A hill is a ridge of land not so high as a mountain. What is a volcaiw ? A volcano is a burning mountain. What is a nwuntain-chain, or mo2intai7i-range ? A mountain-chain, or range, is a long row of mountain-peaks. ♦ »- Reading-Lesson VI. DIVISIONS OF WATER. cat'a-ract crev'ice prec'i-pice source trib'u-ta-ry va'por Lakes and rivers, seas, gulfs, bays, and straits, are the names of the natural divisions of water, — six divisions. They are all shown in the picture and map below. Natural divisions of water A lake is a body of water surrounded by land, while an island is a body of land sur- About rounded by water. There are lakes '^^^^" of all sizes, from little ponds to great sheets of water more than a hundred miles long and wide. They are nothing but water filling great hol- lows, or basins, in the land. These hollows are filled either from springs bubbling up under them, or by rivers flowing into them. Let us follow the course of the river of which we have a picture on the next page. We can not see where it begins, — its About source, as it is called. We may, how- ^ "v^""- ever, be sure that it is a tiny spring in the hills. But, you may ask, how does the spring come there } I will tell you. It comes from the rain or snow, falling on the hills. The rain or snow falls on the hill-tops, and part of the water sinks into the earth and rocks, through little crevices, so that at last the water fills up any hollow it finds. When the water has filled such a hollow, it bubbles out in a spring, and runs down the hillside in rills or rivulets. These coming together form a larger stream (called a brook, creek, or branch) ; and these in their turn unite to form the still larger Picture of Water Divisions. PART O JF THE JS E A or O C E A N Uap of Water Divisions. Divisions of Water, II we Its course. stream called a river. The stream follows the slope of the land, bending around the foot of the mountains. Then notice a place where it fills a hollow in the land, thus form- ins: a lake. From the foot of the lake the river again flows on. It is soon joined by another stream, which, since it con- tributes its water to the first river, is called a tributary. Later in its course ~""~^ it runs over a sloping place in its channel and forms a rapid ; next it falls over a preci- pice, thus forming a waterfall, or cataract. It then flows on and on, till at last it is lost in the sea. A river with all its branches is called a river-system. The land drained by a river- system is called a basin, and the dividing ridge of land between two basins is known as a watershed. But this is not the whole story of the river. The river not only flows into the \Vhere it _ -^ _ first comes occan, — it comcs up f7'oin it. For ^''°"'" where does the rain which fell on the hill-top, and made the spring, come from ^ It comes from the ocean. The heat of the sun is all the time drawing What the i-ip from the surface of the sea a great sun does. ^q^lX of moisture in the form of vapor, or mist. When the vapor cools, it takes the form of clouds. When these clouds are blown to where it is colder, as against the chilly tops of mountains, they let fall their water in rain or snow. Seas, gulfs, bays, and straits are generally Parts of salt waters, — parts of the ocean. A the ocean, gea, gulf, or bay is a body of water partly or nearly surrounded by land. These divisions of water correspond to a peninsula, which is a body of land nearly surrounded by water. A strait is a narrow passage of wa- ter connecting two larger bodies of water. It corresponds to an isthmus, which is a narrow neck of land joining two larger bodies of land. FOR RECITATION. 1. How many natural divisions of water are there, and what are they f There are six natural divisions of water, — lakes and rivers, seas, gulfs, bays, and straits. 2. What is a lake ? A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. 3. To what land division does it correspond? This division of water corresponds to an island. 4. What is a river? A river is a large stream of water flowing through the land. 5. What is a sea, gulf, or bay ? A sea, gulf, or bay is a body of water partly or nearly surrounded by land. 6. To what land division do they correspond? These divisions of water correspond to a peninsula. 7. What is a strait ? A strait is a narrow passage of water con- necting two larger bodies of water. 8. To what land division does it correspond? This division of water corresponds to an isthmus. 12 The Hemispheres. Reading-Lesson VII. THE HEMISPHERES. Af'ric-an Ant-arc'tic Arctic At-lan'tic Asia (.a's/il-a) Aus-tra'li-a Eu'rope (u'rup) E-qua'tor hem'i-sphere In'dian O-ce-an'ic-a (she-) Pa-cif'ic We have learned about the smaller divisions The grand of land and water ; but we have not divisions, gggj^ what are the great bodies of land and the great bodies of water on the surface of the earth. If we could get very high up in the air, so as A balloon to look dovvn On our world, when the view. g^.j^ ^^g shining full on it, that half of the earth which the sun was shining on would appear very much as in this picture. If we stayed till the earth rolled round so that the sun shone on the other half, it would appear very much as in this picture. And in both pictures the dark parts represent land and the lighter parts water. Each of these pictures represents one half of the surface of the earth. Each half Ahemi- is called a hcmispJiere, and this is not sphere, a hard word to understand : for we know that the earth is a sphere, and " hemi " means half. In the map on the next page we see the hemispheres placed side by side. The The hemi- one on the left is named the Western spheres. Hemisphere, and the one on the right, the Eastern Hemisphere. And these two half- spheres show us the great bodies of land and water. There are five grand divisions of land. Two are in the Western Hemisphere, — ^ ' Grand North America and South America, divisions These are called the Western Conti- °^ ^^"'^• nent. Three are in the Eastern Hemisphere, — • Europe, Asia, and Africa. These are called the Eastern Continent. In the Eastern Hemi- sphere are also a great island called Australia and many other islands in the Pacific Ocean. This island-world is called Oceanica. The grand divisions of water are called oceans. Of these there are five, — Of water. three great oceans, — the racific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans ; and two smaller oceans, — the Arctic Ocean in the North, and the Antarctic Ocean in the South. By looking at the map we see that there is much more water than land. Only How much about one-quarter of the earth's surface is land, — the other three-quarters are water. At the top of the map you notice the words "North Pole," and at the bottom, ^ ' A word "South Pole." The North pole is the about the point farthest north on the earth's sur- "p°^"- face ; the South Pole is the point farthest south. The last thing we need to observe in this map is a line marked Equator. It stretches across both the Western Hemisphere and the About the Eastern Hemisphere : so that we may Equator, think of it as a line running quite around the The Hemispheres. 13 earth. There is really no such line drawn around the earth ; but it is useful to imagine such a line, and to mark it on maps. The Equator is just midway between the North Pole and the South Pole :. hence it divides the earth's surface into two hemispheres. The half of the earth north of the Equator is called the North- ern Hemisphere ; the half south of it, the Southern Hemisphere. The word "equator" means that which divides equally. FOR RECITATION. 4. What is a hetnisphere ? A hemisphere is one half of the eartn. What is the half of the earth shown in the left- hand picture called? The Western Hemisphere. What is the half of the earth shown in the right- hand picture called? The Eastern Hemisphere. What is a continent ? A continent is one of the largest divisions of the land. I/otv many grand divisions of land are there? There are five, — two in the Western Hemi- sphere, called North America and South America ; and three in the Eastern Hemi- sphere, called Europe, Asia, and Africa. 6. What is the island-world called? It is called Oceanica, 7- What is an ocean ? An ocean is one of the largest divisions of the water. 8. How many oceans are there ? There are five oceans, — the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans. 9. How much of the surface of the earth is land, and how tnuch water? About one-quarter is land ; the other three- quarters are water. 1 0. What is the North Pole, and what is the South Pole ? The North Pole is the point farthest north on the earth's surface, and the South Pole the point farthest south. 1 1 . What is the Equator ? The Equator is a line which we may imagine as running quite around the earth, midway between the two poles. 12. What hemispheres are made by the Equator? The Northern Hemisphere, north of the Equa- tor, and the Southern Hemisphere, south of it. NORTH POLE. NORTH POLE- SOUTH POLE SCUT H POLE Western Hemisshere. Eastern HemiEphere. 14 Western Hemisphere. Western IleEiispherc. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. Which continent is shown on the map of tlie Western Hcmisplicrc ? Wliat arc tlic two grand divisions of land in the West- ern Continent ? Part cf wliat other grand division is shown on the map of the Western Hemisphere ? In what direction is South America from North Amer- ica? In what direction is North America from South America ? Wiiich grand division is north of the Equator? Wiiich one of these grand divisions is crossed by the Equator ? Wiiich grand division is wholl)- in the Northern Hemi- sphere ? Which grand division is mostly in the Southern Hemi- sphere ? What ocean is in the northern pv.vt of the Western Hemisphere ? What ocean is in the eastern part? What ocean is in the southern part? What ocean is in the western part ? Eastern Hemisphere. 15 Eastern Hemisphere. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. Which continent is shown on the map of the Eastern Hemisphere? What are the three grand divisions of land in the Eastern Continent ? What great island, sometimes called a continent, is shown in the map of the Eastern Hemisphere ? Afts. Australia. In what direction is Europe from Asia? Africa from Asia? Europe from Africa? Asia from Africa? Which twc g-and divisions of land are north o£ the Equator ? Which grand division is crossed by the Equator? Which two grand divisions are wholly in the Northern Hemisphere? Which ons is partly in the Southern Hemisphere? What ocean is in the northern part of the Eastern Hemisphere? What ocean is in the eastern part ? What ocean is in the southern part? What ocean is in the western part? What ocean is south of Asia ? i6 The Belts of Climate Reading-Lesson VIII. THE BELTS OF CLIMATE. frig'id ob-lique' ther-mom'e-ter tem'per-ate tor'rid ver'ti-cal Three notable facts. Let us now put together three facts : i. We sret our heat from the sun. 2. It is generally cooler every day in the morning and evening than it is at noon. 3. The weather in most parts of the world is hot in summer and cold in winter. Now, any one can see that at ^noon the rays of the sun fall on us more nearly over vertical our hcads (that is, more nearly vej^ti- ^"'^ ca/) than in the morning or evening. oblique. "^ And if we watch the seasons we shall see that the sun goes higher up in the sky in summer than in winter. From these facts we learn that the sun's rays are hottest when they fall most directly, and coldest when they fall most slantingly (obliquely). Now for the same reason it is in some parts j^ of the world always hot, and in other heat and parts always cold. The sun will always give most heat at that part of the world where its rays fall most directly, and least heat where they slant off most. The sun's rays give most heat at the Equator, and least heat at those two opposite points called the North Pole and the South Pole. There is a broad belt all round the world, on Belts of each side of the Equator, where the climate. sunshine is always hot. There are two belts, one around the North Pole and the other around the South Pole, where it is always cold. Then there is a belt north of the Equator, be- tween the always-hot and the always-cold belt, where there is a hot season (summer) and a cold season (winter). There is another belt of the same kind south of the Equator. These we call temperate, or moderate, belts. The tem- perate belts have the different seasons. By "climate" we mean, for the most part, the weather as regards heat and cold. And in speaking of the different climates we zones use the word zone, which means the °f climate, same thing as "belt." The hot zone is called the Torrid (or burn- ing) Zone. The cold zones are called Names of the Frigid (or frozen) zones, — that the zones, around the North Pole being the North Frigid Zone, and that around the South Pole the South Frigid Zone. The temperate zone be- tween the Torrid Zone and the North Frigid Zone is called the North Temperate Zone ; and that between the Torrid Zone and the South Frigid Zone, the South Temperate Zone. One other fact about climate you should know : it is not ahvays the case that Another places in the Torrid Zone have a fact about scorching climate. In some parts of the Torrid Zone it is so cold that the snow lies all the year round. Let us see why this is so. We have, most of us climbed a mountain in summer-time. Even though the air Aciimb was hjt at the foot of the mountain, and we found, if the mountain was a lofty one, that when we reached the top the air was cool. If we had taken a thermometer with us we should have noticed that the heat was many degrees less than m the plain below. In all parts of the world, the higher we go up above the earth'.s surface the colder it is. How strange it is, that by climbing a mountain three miles high we can, even at the Equator, pass through all climates, from that of the Torrid Zone to that of the Frigid Zone ! climate. FOR RECITATION. See map, page 17 ] 1. In what part of the earth does the sun give mosf heat ? It gives most heat where its rays fall verti- cally, — that is, at the Equator. 2. /« what part does it give least heat? It gives least heat where its rays fall most obliquely, — that is, at the poles. Plants and Animals. 17 3. What does the word " zone " mean It means a belt of climate. 4. Into how many zones is the earth'' s surface divided? Into five zones. 5. What is the middle zotic called? It is called the Torrid Zone. 6. What are the two zones on each side of the Torrid Zone called? The one north of the Torrid Zone is called the North Temperate Zone ; the one south of it is called the South Temperate Zone. 7. Jl^hat are the Frigid zones called? The zone around the North Pole is called the North Frigid Zone, and that around the South Pole the South Frigid Zone. 8. Hfl7V does climate depend on the height of a place ? The greater the height of a place the colder its climate is. equItor;-! -TT - q^R-A- B Z^-ME — ftNTRRCTlCC//?Cif _ SO\iTH FRIG/D ZONE •TROPl C OF CAPfilCORN -, ^^^ S O V T H -.'e^F^RATE ZONE Reading-Lesson IX. PLANTS AND ANIMALS. hip-po-pot'a-mus lich'en rhi-noc'er-os gi-raffe' Things that grow from the ground are called vegeta- flauts, OX Vegetables. All the plants Uon. that grow naturally in a country are called the vegetation of that country. Now, we need to think a great deal about Climate cHmatc, because the vegetation of a and plants, country depends mostly on its climate. In countries where the climate is hot and moist, there are many kinds of large plants. In coun- tries where the climate is very cold, and the frost is in the ground nearly all the time, there are few plants, and these are small. The plants that grow in the Torrid Zone are called tropical plants. The vegetation here is very rich. Here grow great forests, many dif- ferent kinds of palm-trees, such as the Tropical date-palm and the cocoanut-palm ; and plants, many trees from which we get the most beauti- ful kinds of wood for furniture, as mahogany and rosewood. Here also are found the sugar- cane, coffee-plant, tobacco-plant, india-rubber tree, spices ; and many delicious fruits, as the banana, pine-apple, orange, fig, etc. In the Temperate zones grow the plants we are familiar with, — the elm, oak, pine, pj^nts of maple, walnut, and hemlock ; wheat, Temperate Indian-corn, oats, and rye ; cotton and tobacco ; the apple, pear, plum, peach, and grape. The farther north we go in the North Tem- perate Zone, and the farther south in the South Temperate Zone, the more scanty the vegeta- i8 Plants and Animals. tion becomes. In the frozen zones the trees are mere shrubs, and near the poles there are The frozen ^o trccs at all, and the only plants zones. are dwarf bushes, mosses, and lichens. The picture opposite shows some of the ani- » . , mals belonginsf to the different zones. Animals *-" '-' by zones. In the Torrid Zone we see the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe, lion, tiger, monkey, crocodile, ostrich, etc. In the Tem- perate zones we see the horse, ox, bison, moose, grizzly bear, sheep, goat, kangaroo, etc. In the Frigid zones we see only the whale, polar-bear, reindeer, walrus, seal, and a few water-birds. 3. What are some of the principal tropical plants ? They are different kinds of palm-trees, the mahogany, rosewood, and india-rubber trees, the sugar-cane and coffee-plant, to- gether with many delicious fruits. 4. What can you say of the nature of the vegetation in the Temperate zones ? The vegetation of these zones consists of trees, grains, and fruits similar to those with which we are most familiar in our country. 5. What of the vegetation of the Frigid zones ? In these regions are found only such small plants as mosses and lichens. Plants by Zones. FOB RECITATION. 1 . What is meant by the vegetation of a country ? The vegetation of a country means all the plants that grow naturally in that country. 2. On what does the vegetation of a country depend? It depends mostly on its climate. I 6. Name some of the chief animals in the different zones. The elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe, lion, tiger, \ hippopotamus, crocodile, ostrich, in the Torrid Zone ; horses, cattle, sheep, swine, the bison, moose, grizzly bear, in the Tem- j perate zones ; the whale, polar-bear, rein- deer, walrus, and seal, in the Frigid zones. About Mankind. 19 Animals Reading-Lesson X. ABOUT MANKIND. ag'ri-cul-ture Cau-ca'sian civ'il-ized Es'ki-mo Ma-lay' man-u-fac'tur-ing Mon-go'lian oc-cu-pa'tion The earth is interesting to us chiefly because The earth '*- ^^ our dwelHug-place. It is impor- our dwell- tant because it is the home of mankind: ing-p ace. ^-^^^ .^^ ^^ ^^^ v!\Qn and women and children that live in its various parts. We find that there are very different kinds Races of of men, and these different kinds of '"^^ men we call races. Thus we often hear of the Caucasian race. This is called the white race, and is found in all parts of the world. Secondly, there is the yellow, or Mon- golian race, found principally in Asia : the Chi- nese belong to this race. Thirdly, there is the black, negro, or African race, found in Africa by Zones. and North America. The fourth race is nanaed the Red or copper-colored race, or, as we com- monly call them, the Indians : these are the children of the people who were found living in America when the white people of Europe first came here. The fifth race is the brown, or Malay race, found in Asia and the islands of Oceanica. There are differences among men far greater than differences in complexion and civiuzed features. We ask which kinds of peo- peoples, pie are the best educated, and are the most skilled in finding out and doing things which are useful for all the world } Which are making the most progress .'' And, when we find a peo- ple very much noted for all these, we say that they are a highly civilized people. When we find people who are not so enlight- ened, but who still are not savages, ^^'"'- " civilized and seem to be on the way to become peoples, civilized people, we call them Jialf-civilised. 20 About Mankind, Savage races. ;c£ni m The races who are the least civilized, — who have no written language, and only the rudest arts, — are called savage races. Those which have made a little progress in civilization are known as barbarian races. The different ways of living are called the states of "states of society;" and so we say society. that there are three states of society, — the civilized, half-civilized, and savage states. Among all kinds of men there are several bodily needs. The first of these is the need of food. In very hot, countries the best food consists of grain and fruits ; and we find that in such countries these things grow in great abundance. But the people of very cold climates need such food as will produce heat in the body ; and nothing is so good for this as animal food, and especially oils. There is another want of mankind. It is Food. About Mankind 21 Clothing. Shelter. clothing. In the hottest parts of the world people require little clothing, and that chiefly to protect them from the heat. In the far northern regions, and especially in the Frigid zones, the very warmest clothing, such as the skins of animals, must be used. A third want is that of shelter. Even the lower animals make for themselves some kind of shelter. You have only to think of the house of the beaver, the den of the w^olf, the cell of the bee, the nest of the bird. Probably men in very early times lived in caves no better than bears' dens ; and even now the huts and dwellings of many savage tribes are very rude.. But in all civilized coun- tries men have learned to build good, lasting, and beautiful houses. These three things — food, clothing, and shel- wants *er — are called the principal ivants of mf.i. Qf mankind. It is true that if we were like some savage tribes we should have very few wants, and these would be easily sup- plied. Suppose we lived in a country where bread-fruit or banana trees grow in plenty, and without any care from man, we should only have to pluck the fruit to get what food we wanted. In such a country the people need little clothhig, and as for shelter they can build huts of as simple a kind as the nest a bird builds of straw and twigs. But in civilized countries people can not get _, . alons: in this simple way. We have These give o r j rise to oc- very many different wants. And it cupa ions. .^ found bcst that a man, instead of being his own farmer, builder, and mechanic, should do only one kind of work, or often ni- deed a very small part of one kind of work. Hence we have various kinds of business. These are called the occKpdtions of man. There are three principal occupations, — agri- culture, manufacturing, and commerce. Agriculture. . . . . Agricultu7-e is the tilling of the soil. That part of farming which has to do with live- stock (that is, horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs) is called grazing. That part which has to do with milk, and with the making of butter and cheese, is called dairying. And here we may see how close to one another the different kinds of business come. For the making of butter and cheese, as they are now for the most part made, — in large factories and "creameries," — is really a branch Manufac- of the second great occupation, name- *"""£• ly, ntatmfacturing. Manufacturing is the occu- pation of those people who make articles of use or ornament. The word " manufacturing " means making by hand. But the goods now made by hand are very few indeed compared with the vast quantity made by machinery. Some other kinds of work, such as lumbering and mining, are also to be thought of rather as branches of manufacturing than as separate occupations. The third occupation is commerce, w^hich just means trading. Trading between dif- ferent countries is called foreign com- merce. Trading between different parts of the same country is called domestic commerce. Goods sent out of a country are called exports ; goods brought into a country are called imports. FOR RECITATION. Commerce. 1 . How many races of men are there f There are five races of men. 2. What are they ? They are the white, or Caucasian race ; the yellow, or Mongolian race ; the brown, or Malay race ; the black, negro, or African race ; and the copper-colored, or Indian race. 3. How many states of society are there? There are three states of society, — the civil- ized, half-civilized, and savage states. 4. What are the principal bodily wants of man ? They are food, clothing, and shelter. 6. What are the three principal occupations of man f Agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce. <. c V ^ape Columbia ...e*^ i^ ■r> c> ,C4^: •5«t ^iTig Strtii C^v^ 1:f5 1 -f.'«ko' i-»\_°''/. l^fe"^ x^ >a. !&.' ■^ ^.?rj ■"•oil lie Meridian,'^ -V C> ^ 4 I'O e/c i^ -^5 s § •« ''h;S». ^ a v^O ^'!i^ / %M c;^i. it"^ '^^ w^ "■ARCTIC-CIRCLE 5V ^ V ''^. ;•/. ^ ^.•> < ^ ^o *0 <1 ■S^a k "''^90. 'V^^^-V 'a-ie iQ'^a) t| '*. C? 1^? -^i yw- o p. M. uds }«Ji,-^«^J^>^^ J^ •^-^^ 'I 01 (/) £ .^^ K? ]V #" A •$■ ^^a Lake Ice of\ 'Aa. '<\.^ .v-^> :^^ :s^^- \r^. \'^ & C^"* N \0 So So to '^^ •^ ':i<^o. •M- <^^. it^ r- ^r* fT-CO f.-^' AT ^ JJ "^'S* ''^'is. 'Oof l^'i'- 1 ■a?/ .^S'J'o m ■w ■Tor r^/e. bicago El m (AGJ >^ ■^rkan St. Louis ■ as,, \c»?^ ,^a>l\ ,C°° ^ m A 1 Y .>*•' .?!**' .00^ .\&- '^ V :s^^ "^o> ■'c Oa C4 ^ /Vc, f/?.. '**,• .r^ V- ^. tOr leans. ^ ^ ^•' 0- o \ -a C3 C.Sable^^ HAVANA^ iS' v.ttt:?-. O? ^^^" .t^- rftO? H^ 6 « Ca9^ ~y.Z f ^s T D.J ■iO •lO C.Catocho O^J,|„\^;VeraC.uz fvA^- .w-si '^^' uMJi^y ^-VA/^- -Acapu f> j: A CENTKAI. NORTH AMERICA ^ SCALE OF STATUTE MILES N 600 1000 ^ -f-" ^ .K^O'^"' 43 Longitude 3S from "Washington 13 3 'West East Nature of the Country 23 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. Countries. — What country forms the north-east- ern part of North America? What country includes the middle part of North America? What country north of the United States? What country south of the United States? What country between Mexico and South America? Where are the West Indies? Islands. — What island east of Greenland? What large island east of Canada? What are the four largest islands in the West Indies? What islands west of the Dominion of Canada? Peninsulas. — What peninsula in the eastern part of Canada? In the south-eastern part of the United States? In the south-eastern part of Mexico? In the north-western part of Mexico ? In Alaska ? Capes. — What cape is the southern point of Greenland? What cape is the south-eastern point of Newfoundland ? Name two capes on the eastern coast of the United States. What cape is the south-eastern point of the United States? What cape is the south- ern point of Lower California? What cape is the most westerly point of North America? Coast Waters. — What bay west of Greenland? What strait connects it with the Atlantic Ocean ? Wliat large bay in Canada? What strait connects it with the Atlantic Ocean? What gulf south of Labrador? What large gulf south of the United States ? What sea east of Central America? What gulf in the western part of Mexico? What sea west of Alaska? Mountains. — What great mountains extend through Canada and the United States ? What moun- tains near the Pacific coast? What range of moun- tains in Mexico ? What mountains in the eastern part of the United States ? Lakes. — What four large lakes are wholly in Can- ada? What five great lakes are drained by the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean? Rivers. — What large river flows into the Arctic Ocean? Into Hudson Bay? Into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What are the two largest rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico? What river flows into the Gulf of California? What is the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean ? What large river flows through Alaska ? Capitals. — What is the capital of Canada? A/is. Ottawa. Of the United States? Aus. Washington, Of Mexico? Ans. Mexico. »§^9^ NORTH AMERICA Reading-Lesson XL NATURE OF THE COUNTRY. Ap-pa-la'chi-an gey'ser igl'-) Mis-sis-sip'pi Si- er'ra- Ne - va'da Here we see a map of the grand division of North land called North America. As this America, jg q^^. jiome, wc wish to Icam all about it, — its mountains and rivers, climates and countries, productions and people. First, we must learn in what part of the world it is. Now, by looking at the map we q^^^ see that the Pacific Ocean is to the around west of North America, and the At- '"^'■"^^• lantic Ocean to the east. If we take passage on a steamer at New York or Boston, and sail for about ten days to the eastward, across the Atlantic Ocean, we shall reach the western part of Europe. We may land at some seaport in England or France or Spain. 24 Nature of the Country, Scene in the Land of Ice. was dis covered It was from a seaport in Spain that Columbus, nearly four hundred years ago, set out America On his wonderful voyage. What did he expect to find ? America ? No : he hoped that by sailing westward over the Atlantic Ocean he would reach India. For thirty days he sailed on and on, in his little caravels, with only his brave soul to uphold the sinking hearts of his crew. At last he came to some islands ; and as he thought he had arrived at a part of India, he called these islands the West Indies, the other India being the £asl Indies. But he was in no part of Asia. He had, without knowing it, discovered a new con- tinent, between Europe and Asia ! North America is third in size of the five grand divisions of land ; Asia and Africa are larger, and Europe and South America are smaller. It is a vast conti- nent, so long from north to south that it stretches from the North Frigid through the North Tem- perate into the Torrid Zone ; so that, while it is always winter in its northern part, and temper- ate in the middle, it is always summer in its soutl^iern part. First we must learn something about the sur- face of the country. Some of the boys and girls who study this book live in cities on or near the shores of the Atlantic Description, Ocean. These children know that the country about them is for the most part not very much higher than the seashore. But others may live in the far western mountain-land : let us say that they live at Denver, in the Rocky Mountains. {See map of the United States, pp. JO, Jl.) Now, the home of these children is more than a mile higher than the homes of those who live near the Atlantic Ocean ; and they see, all around where they live, lofty moun- tains rising thousands of feet higher into the clouds. Tnus we learn that the surface of North America differs very much in different parts. This is very clearly shown on the map on the opposite page. The parts that are colored green are low lands ; the parts that are colored yellow are high lands. Now, where is the greatest highland region of North America ? In the western p^j-ifi,, ^^ part, and you may see it named on this western map as the "Pacific Highland." Here '^ are those great mountains, the Rocky Moun- tains, which extend from north to south about four thousand miles. The Rocky Mountains are very high, some of the peaks being from fifteen thou- Rocky sand to eighteen thousand feet above Mountains, the sea. In many places they can not easily be crossed ; and a few years ago, when we began to build a railroad across the continent, the surveyors had to choose with great care the best " passes " for the iron track. Surface. Scene in the Hot Lands. Nature of the Country. 25 In the Pacific or Western Highland are other mountains, which you may see on the map. All this region is the wonder- land of the continent. Here may be seen snow-covered peaks and flam- ing volcanoes, fearful preci- pices, great cataracts and gey- sers, and here much gold and silver are mined. It is still the wild part of North Amer- ica, and is the home of savage Indians and of the panther, bison, and grizzly bear. We now look eastward to Eastern ^^^ Atlantic side of Highland, the Continent, and we there see the Eastern High- land, extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence nearly to the Gulf of Mexico. You have no doubt heard of the Green Mountains or the White Moun- tains, of the Catskills or the Blue Ridge ; these ranges all belong to the Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachian Mountains are not nearly so long as the Rocky Mountains, and their highest peaks are only one- third the height of some of the lofty summits of the Rocky Moun- tains ; but they are rich in coal and iron, and their sides are covered with valuable forests, and in them rise hundreds of streams, which as they flow to the sea turn the machine- ry of thousands of mills. If, now, we look between the two great moun- centrai taiu-rcgions, what do we see .'' We Plain. ggg ^ ^,^gj. extent of lowland, called the Central Plain, the northern part of which is named the Arctic Plain, and the southern part the Mississippi Valley. We must not think that this great plain is all quite flat ; for even on the prairies we find rounded hills and wave- like swells of land. Still, for the most part the Central Plain is low and level ; and we might here go northward the whole length of North Description. Physical Map of North America. America, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, without coming to a single mountain. How different it would be if we should make a journey across the continent from East and east to west ! For, after leaving the "'"*• lowland of the Atlantic slope, we should climb the Appalachian Mountains, cross the broad plain of the Mississippi Valley, rise to the lofty plateau of the Pacific Highland, and at last, passing down the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, find ourselves again at the level of the sea on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. 36 Lakes and Rivers, FOR RECITATION. 1 . Between what oceans is North A inerica ? It lies between the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. 2. What of the size of North America ? North America is larger than South America or Europe, but smaller than Asia or Africa. 3. What is the great mountain-region of North A merica ? The Pacific or Western Highland. 4. What are the great moujitains of this Highland? The Rocky Mountains. 5. What motmtains are in the Eastern Highland? The Appalachian Mountains. 6. What is the lowland betweeti the two mountain- regions called? It is called the Central Plain. 7. How is the Central Plain divided? The Central Plain is divided into the Arctic Plain and the Mississippi Valley. 8. What are the chief products of N^orth America ? Iron, lead, copper, gold, silver, great forests of valuable timber, wheat, Indian-corn, and cotton. Reading-Lesson XIL LAKES AND RIVERS. A-las'ka Ri'o Grande Ken-ne-beC Ni-ag'ar-a On-ta'ri-o Yu'kon Lakes. In no other part of the globe are lakes found on so grand a scale as in the northern half of North America. Many of them are vast fresh-water seas, and are sometimes as stormy as the ocean itself. The most remark- able of these bodies of water are the " Great Lakes." These are between our own country and Canada, and hence are of great use to trade and travel. Hundreds of steamers sail on these inland seas. The " Great Lakes " are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Lake Su- Niagara perior is the largest : it is more than ^^"^• three hundred and fifty miles long, and a hun- dred and sixty miles wide. Lake Erie is joined to Lake Ontario by the Niagara River ; and here are the Falls of Niagara, — the grandest, though not the most lofty, cataract in the world. The Indians, who have left us so many beautiful names, called these great falls 0-ni-aw-ga-rah, which means the "Thunder of Waters." Another chain of large lakes stretches in a north-westerly direction in the far Northern northern part. These vast lonely lakes, ^^''^^• the home of millions of wild-fowl, can be used by the boats of trappers and the canoes of In- dians only in the short summer. In the long winters they are closed by ice, and are then traveled over on sledges by the fur-hunters. There are many very large rivers in North America. The Mississippi, meaning, "Father of in the Indian language, " Father of waters." Waters," is the longest river in the world. In- cluding the Missouri as part of its course, it is four thousand miles in length. It is not only the longest, but perhaps also the most useful, river in the world. Why is this .'' Because, with its tributaries flowing from the Rocky Mountains, and its tributaries from the Appa- lachian Mountains, it waters an immense rich valley inhabited by many rnillions of people, and is a great natural highway for trade. The St. Lawrence is a very noble river. See what feeds it ! Not tiny springs, but st. ls those five inland seas, the " Great Lakes." The St. Lawrence flows through Can- ada, and in the cold winters it is frozen over for five months ; still it is a very useful river, for during the rest of the year hundreds of steamers and other vessels sail upon it. Among other large rivers are the Rio Grande (meaning great river), and the Co- other lumbia. Both these rivers rise in the "^ers. Rocky Mountains. They are not so useful as ..aw- rence. Animals, Races, and Countries 27 the Mississippi or St. Lawrence, because they have many rapids or shallow places, which keep steamers from making long trips on them. The two large rivers of the Arctic Zone are Arctic the Mackenzie and the Yukon. The rivers. fjj-g^- jg \ong and navigable, but it flows through a poor country, and is closed by ice for nine months in the year. The same may be said of the Yukon, which, however, has some interest for us because it flows through Alaska, which belongs to the United States. In the eastern part are many fine rivers. We Eastern havc all heard of the Kennebec and rivers. ^j^g Pcuobscot, dowu which are floated millions of logs from the pine-forests of Maine ; of the Merrimac and the Connecticut, which turn so many millions of spindles ; of the beau- tiful Hudson, the noble Potomac, and the broad Savannah. It must not be thought, that, because a river Why is very long, it must therefore be very useful. useful. Almost every pupil knows of some river near where he lives, which may not be a tenth part as long as the Mackenzie River, and yet which is of very great use, either be- cause steamers can sail on it, or because it turns the machinery of mills. FOR RECITATION. Reading-Lesson XIIL ANIMALS, RACES, AND COUNTRIES. 1. IV/ia^ are the " Great Lakes " ? The "Great Lakes" are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. 2. Which is the largest? Lake Superior is the largest. 3. Which is the longest river in North America ? The Mississippi. 4. What can you say of the Mississippi f The Mississippi (including the Missouri) is four thousand miles in length, being the longest river on the globe. f5. Natne four other great rivers of North America. The Rio Grande, Columbia, Mackenzie, and Yukon. cou'gar man-a-tee' 00-coo-coo' pu'ma It is a curious fact that none of our familiar domestic animals were found in the American New World when it was discovered, animals. On the other hand, there were found some ani- mals that belong only to America, and for the most part only to North America. Let us learn a little about the most interesting of these. They are the grizzly bear, bison, musk-ox, puma, big-horn, bald eagle, wild turkey, alligator, and manatee. The dreaded grizzly bear lives in the moun- tains of the Pacific Highland. It is crizziy the largest and fiercest of bears, and ''^*'^' is often found nine feet in length. All other animals stand in fear of the grizzly. Among the Indians, to kill a grizzly has always been thought a great honor. A necklace formed of the claws of this animal is the greatest prize a hunter can have, because no one is allowed to wear this ornament unless he has himself killed the bear. The bison, usually called the buffalo, is found only in North America, to the east of ■^ . Bison. the Rocky Mountains. It has a fero- cious look, with its short curly horns and its great shaggy coat and mane. To the native Red Man the bison is one of the most valuable of animals, as its body supplies him with almost every thing he needs. The musk-ox belongs to the Arctic region. It has very large, curiously-shaped -^ ° • f Musk-ox. horns, which form a kind of helmet on the top of the forehead. Its hair is so long that it almost reaches the ground ; so that the animal looks more like a large sheep or goat than an ox. The skin is made into articles of dress by the Eskimos. The puma, sometimes called the cougar, is the strongest animal of the cat kind in 28 Animals, Races, and Countries Animals of North America. Puma. North America, and is found in the mountains and forests from northern New York southward to Mexico. It lives chiefly on deer, upon which it springs from a branch overhanging their paths and watering-places. It will kill as many of a herd as it can, sucking only a little of the blood of each. It is cowardly by nature, and will flee from man ; but if wounded it will turn on the hunter, and fight him fiercely. In the Rocky Mountains is found a curious sheep called the big-horn, from the great length Animals, Races, and Countries, 29 of its horns. It is hunted as game. Often on the highest mountain-peak one of the ig- orn. ^^^^ jg placed as a sentinel, and while the others are feeding he keeps watch. They have even sharper eyes and quicker smell than the deer ; and, when the sentinel gives the alarm, the whole herd scampers up the moun- tain, higher and higher, throwing down showers of rocks and stones. The white-headed eagle, generally called the bald eagle, is the largest among the feathered tribes of North America. You know that the white-headed eagle is the emblem, or sign, of our country ; but perhaps you have never heard that when it was first proposed to use the eagle to represent the United States, Benjamin Franklin opposed the idea, saying that "he is a bird of bad character, and does not get his living honestly." This is quite true ; for the bald eagle is a great robber and tyrant. Yet he is a splendid bird, with his outstretched wings (nearly eight feet from tip to tip), his snowy white head and neck shining in the sun, and his large hooked, yellow beak. The wild turkey, the finest of game-birds, is a native of North America. The In- Turkey. dians called it oocoocoo, on account of the funny gobbling sounds it makes ; and per- haps this is a better name than "turkey," which was given to it when it was first brought to Europe, because people fancied it came from Turkey ! In the waters of the Southern States is found the alligator. This huge reptile grows to the length of fourteen or fifteen feet. Alligators love stagnant ponds and the creeks of the large Southern rivers, where they may be seen in great numbers, poking their great flat heads through the leaves of water-plants, and watching for their prey. The alligator has been known to seize and destroy men and large animals. In the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies is a huse creature which looks like a fish and Alligator. Manatee. The races. lives in the water, but is not a fish. This is the manatee, or cow-fish. It is some- times found as long as fifteen or twenty feet. This animal inhabits the sea-shore, and is found in troops near the mouths of rivers, feeding on water-plants and grasses. It is of a gentle dispositicTn, and is harmless even when attacked. Its flesh is good to eat, and its oil and thick strong skin are valuable. Besides these we find the deer, bear, seal, beaver, elk, wolf, wild-goose, wild-duck, and numerous water-birds. Large herds of cattle, horses, swine, sheep, and other domestic ani- mals are raised. There are three principal races in North America. First, there is the white, or Caucasian race, the offspring of settlers from different countries of Europe. The white inhabitants are the most numerous ; they are highly civilized, and are engaged in agriculture, mining, manufactures, and com- merce. Secondly, there is the colored race, the offspring of Africans who were brought from their own country to be slaves here. They are chiefly employed in agriculture. Thirdly, there are the Indians, or Red Men, and these are the offspring of the native inhabitants of America : they are savages, and live by hunting and fish- ing. There are also many Chinese laborers in different parts of the country, and a few Esqui- maux in the north, who live by hunting and fish- ing. The Chinese and Esquimaux belong to the Mongolian race. FOR RECITATION. 1. Name some of the native animals of North America. The grizzly bear, bison, musk-ox, puma, big- horn, bald eagle, wild turkey, alligator, and manatee. 2. What are the three chief races of North Afnerica f The whites, the colored people, and the In- dians. 50 Longitude West from Greenwicli THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SCALE OF STATUTE MILES MAP QUESTIONS. Boundaries. — What country north of the United States? What country partly bounds it on the south? What ocean is east? West? Capes and Peninsulas. — What three capes on the eastern coast? What two on the western coast? What is the largest peninsula in the United States ? Coast Waters. — Name two large bays on the eastern coast of the United States. What large gulf south of the United What bay and sound on the western coast? j Mountains. — What mountains in the eastern part? M the greatest mountains in the United States ? What thre near the Pacific coast? LakeS. — What four lakes are between the United St Canada ? What lake between Michigan and Wisconsin: lake between New York and Vermont? What lake in I 31 NEW ENGLAND STATES. {Colored Green.) Maine. Massachusetts. New Hampshire. Rhode Island. Vermont. Connecticut. MIDDLE STATES. {Colored Purple.) New York. Maryland. New Jersey. Delaware. Pennsylvania. {District of Colicmbia.'] SOUTHERN STATES. (Colored Pink.) Virginia. West Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. Florida. Kentucky. Tennessee. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. Arkansas. Texas. Indian Territory \a territory\. Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. Michigan. Wisconsin. Minnesota. CENTRAL STATES. {Colored Yellow.) Iowa. Missouri. Kansas. Nebraska. Dakota [« territory'). PACIFIC HIGHLAND AND COAST. {Colored Buff.) Territories. States Colorado. Nevada. California. Oregon. Montana. Wyoming. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. Idaho. Washington. es? are ges ind hat I Rivers. — What river drains the great lakes? Name three large rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. What great river drains the Mississippi Valley? What is the largest eastern branch of the Mississippi ? The largest western branch ? What two large rivers flow into the Mississippi south of the Missouri ? What river forms a boundary between the United States and Mexico ? What river flows into the Gulf of California ? What large river in the north-western part of the United States? States. — How many groups of states (sections) are shown on the map? Name the states of each section. Bound each section. Bound each state. Which states border on the Atlantic Ocean ? Which states border on the Gulf of Mexico ? Which states border on the Pacific Ocean? What states border on the east bank of the Mississippi ? On the west bank? Which states border on the Ohio River ? 32 History and Government. THE UNITED STATES Washington City. Reading-Lesson XIV. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. Con'gress Con-sti-tu'tion Sen'ate Pres'i-dent Our country is called the " United States." Why so It is so named because it is made up named. gf thirty-eight states, all iinitcd, or joined together, under one government. Let us first learn how it came to be called the United States. We have already seen that, after Columbus Spaniards discovcred America, the Spaniards in America, yyeut On taking Mexico and Central America, and the West Indies, and settled there. Very soon the Spaniards were masters of all the southern part of North America. Indeed, they said that the whole of America belonged to them. For about a hundred years the Spaniards were almost the only white peo- ple in North America. Then several other nations in Europe began to think it was not right that the Spaniards should own all the New World. The English had by this time grown to be a great sea-faring people, and from time g^^., ^^ to time English ships crossed the At- Hsh settie- lantic, and tried to make settlements on the eastern coast. These trials all failed till early in the seventeenth century. Then one band of Englishmen planted themselves firmly in Virginia (1607); and soon afterwards (1620) another band, the Pilgrim Fathers, made their home much farther north, in Massachusetts. As time passed, other settlements were made near Virginia, and others near Massachusetts, and still others between the two. At Their last there came to be thirteen of these s'^owth. settlements, or colonies. They were all under the King of England, and they were all on or near the Atlantic coast. There were no settle- ments west of the Appalachian Mountains. These are the names of the thirteen colo- nies : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, The oia Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Thirteen. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These colonies grew more and more, until a lIlSTOKY AND GOVERNMENT 33 ittle more than a hundred years ago. Then ndepend- they felt that the EngHsh king was :nce. treating them unjustly. And very soon they felt that they could get along with- out being under the English government. In 1776 they declared their independence, and ;hey won it after a long war of seven years. The colonies were now States. So they joined . Jj— "{ALBANY ^M V*f, .^-j - -s; ■1 H. 3aiain.er S 2" v-O KEaEKIl. Cape Ann IloTic ester JIassacTiusetti & fj ■m B ^ IS o NETTEKGLAJXD OR 43 w THE EASTERN SllATES. 43 ■-.panvers-^ rwakefield J Herbj* ij, IBrit^cport -Middle toi*^ Nevv Haven TJ< 41 .Stamford New iiTJ., Cod V .:^£ «• BLOCK r. 'Montauk Point XNXNTnCKET > 5 Lonpitude East from Washington. 7 N ^-^i; 7):-'"/. ;oiror. Dedlisni TTeymoatli TTfrigTiftTa !MAP op BOSTOlN" and VICINITY'. Nature of the Country, 35 THE NEV^ ENGLAND STATES. Vermont and New York ? In the central part of New Hampshire? In the northern part of Maine? What are the three largest rivers of Maine? What is the longest river of New England? Between and through what states does it flow ? What river is in the southern part of New Hampshire ? Of what state is each of these cities Augusta. •,>^;^::^i-^^HiKa QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. Which are the New England States ? What country is north of this section ? What ocean is east and south of New England ? What state is west ? Which is the largest of the New England States? The smallest? Which three are nearly equal in size ? Which has no sea-coast ? What range of mountains extend through Vermont? What mountains are in New Hampshire? What mountain in Maine ? What large island is on the coast of Maine? What two south of Massachusetts? What large island south of Connecticut? What two capes are on the coast of Massachusetts ? What three bays are on the coast of Maine? What two on the coast of Massachusetts? What sound between Con- necticut and Long Island? What lake is between Concord. montpelier. In what state is each of these Boston. chief cities ? ....-{ Providence. New Haven. Boston. Providence. Newport. Hartford. Manchester. Burlington. Portland. ♦ » Reading-Lesson XV. NATURE OF THE COUNTRY. sleigh'ing (sla') mount'ain-ous {us) quar'ry-ing Pil'gTim What a number of busy and interesting scenes ! Here are men in the great ° The picture. pine-forests, cutting down trees, and loading the timber on a sled, to be hauled by a team of oxen to the river. It is winter ; but when spring comes, and thaws the ice, the logs will be floated down to some large saw-mill. As we are speaking of ice, we may glance at the 36 JNATURE OF THE L-OUNTRY. " ice-cutting- scene. You see how the ice-plow, drawn by a horse, is marking the ice into great blocks ; and you notice the very large " houses," where it is to be stored till summer comes, and the heat makes everybody wish for cool- ing ice. In the corner you see the White Mountains ; and the great white peak which you see is called Mount Washington. But more interesting still are the mill and Mill and the factory, — the cotton-mill and the factory. shoc-factory. What wonderful places these are, to be sure ! What millions and mil- lions of yards of cotton goods are spun and woven in these great mills every year ! And the shoe-factory — what a study that is ! how it recalls the old times — not so very old either — when the cobbler at his " last " was the only shoe- maker ! and how the old way contrasts with the present method, which, by using many strange- ly contrived machines, turns out boots and shoes with such quickness as to look like magic ! All these scenes are in a part of the United States which we are now to learn something about. They are in Neiv England. New England is one of the sections of the United States. It is the north-eastern section. But why ''New Eng- land " .-• In memory of Old England. And it was the bold Capt. John Smith — whom you may have heard of as having a great deal to do with settling Vir- ginia — who gave it this le SIX 5S. Climate. Where are these scenes ? Why so named. Mt. Wa^iliiut^iuu, and Railroad. name. Before ever the Pilgrim Fathers came over, that prince of all adventurers had explored this part of the Atlantic coast, had made a mapi of it, and had called the region "New England." There are six New England states, and their^ names are Maine, New Hampshire, The Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- ^'^^^^ and, and Connecticut. Let us see what sort of country New Eng- land is ; for the different kinds of work that people turn their hands to depend very much on the sort of land they livej in. If you look at New England, on the map of the United States, you will see that it is] one of the most northern parts of our country. ' Hence we may expect the winters there to bej cold. And so they are. The winters are fourj or five months long, so that the children have plenty of coasting and sleighing. But the sum- mers are warm, anc ripen corn and other j grains, and the fruits] and vegetables of thej Temperate Zone. It needs only a glance ' at the map to Faceofthe= show us that """t^y- the face of the country is hilly or mountainous. Not that it is all of this kind ; for you see it is mostly that half which, is away from the coast that is very hilly or mountainous. Still we may say, that, on the whole, New England is a highland region, with a slope toward the ocean, and a low plain near the coast. On each side of the rivers are fine rich valleys. The mountains of Nature of the Country. 17 New England are chains and knobs of the The great Appalachian Mountains, about mountains, ^vhich wc learned under North Amer- lica. In Vermont they are called the Green 'Mountains, and in New Hampshire the White * Mountains. The White Mountains are noted for their grand scenery, and are visited every • summer by thousands of people. Here, among other lofty peaks, is the far-famed Mount Wash- ington, one of the highest summits of the Appalachian Mountains. A railroad has been built to the top of this mountain, as shown in the picture. Here the men employed by our government to watch the weather have a signal station ; and from this point, on a clear day, you can see the Atlantic Ocean far off to the eastward. Some of the New England mountains, espe- Kinds of cially in Maine and New Hampshire, mountains, g^j-g covcrcd with forcsts of pine, hemlock, and other kinds of trees. Here you would expecr to see people engaged in lumber- ing. But in the Green Mountains, in place of rugged highlands, covered with forests, we find nicely-rounded hills, some green with grass, and others clothed with evergreen trees. The very name "Vermont" tells us this, for the word means green mountain. These grassy hills are good places for sheep and cattle and horses Here, then, you would expect to see people employed in grazing and dairying. The most noted rivers are the Penobscot, the Kennebec, the Merrimac, and the Connecticut. Besides rivers there are all over New England many short, swift streams, which furnish water-power ; by which we mean that the current of these rapid streams is used to turn the wheels of mills and factories. Hence you would expect to find many manu- facturing towns and villages in New England. New England has many miles of sea-coast, and in the waters are found cod, mackerel, and other fish. Would you not, then, expect to find many people making their living Rivers. Coast. by the fisheries } We also notice on the coast many wide and deep harbors ; so we may guess there will be many vessels sailing out of these harbors, carrying the products of New England to other lands, and bringing back what her people need. And, of course, where so many ships are needed, many must be built, and for this the fine timber is very handy. We have now seen what are likely to be the principal kinds of business in New England. They are manufacturing, farming, lumbering, ship-building, and fishing. To these we may add quarrying and ice-cutting. And, lastly, commerce. FOR UECITATION. Summary. 1. What is N^ew England? New England is the north-eastern section of the United States. 2. By whom was its coast first explored? By Captain John Smith. 3. How many states does it include ? It includes six states, — Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- and, and Connecticut. 4. What of the climate of New England? New England has hot summers and long cold winters. 5. What of the face of the country f It is for the most part mountainous. 6. What is the highest tnountain in New England? The highest mountain is Mount Washington. 7. Which are the most noted rivers? They are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Merrimac, and Connecticut rivers. 8. What are the pri^icipal kinds of business carried on in New England? They are manufacturing, farming, lumbering, ship-building, the fisheries, and commerce. 38 Occupations of the People, Reading-Lesson XVI. OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. Bid'de-ford ^Worces'ter {wous') Nash'u-a Woon-sock'et Manufacturing is the largest business in The great Ncw England. Some of the states business, ^j-g more engaged in it than others, — Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut most of all. But in nearly every part of New England people are busy in mills and factories or machine-shops. You may travel along the banks of almost any of the swift streams, and you can hardly go a mile or two without com- ing to some neat-looking manufacturing village. Where water-power is not at hand, steam-power is used. The making of cotton and woolen goods, and Its two °^ boots and shoes, by machinery, are chief the two greatest trades. Probably in the various factories enough boots and shoes are made to give every man, woman, and child in this country three pairs every year. Some of the largest cotton and woolen mills are on the Merrimac River ; and it is said that the water-power supplied by it moves more spindles than are moved by any other stream in the world. Besides these great manufactures, New Eng- otherman- land makcs clothing, carpets, paper, ufactures. fumiturc, hardware, machinery, fire- arms, — in fact, what does she not make .'' There is hardly an object you can name, from a steam- engine or an anchor down to pins and needles, that is not made by the busy, quick-witted New- Englanders. The largest manufacturing places are Lew- Manufac- Jstou and Biddcford, in Maine ; Man- turing Chester and Nashua, in New Hamp- shire ; Lowell, Lawrence, Fall River, and Worcester, in Massachusetts ; Providence and Woonsocket, in Rhode Island ; and Hart- ford, Bridgeport, and Waterbury, in Connecticut. Farming. New England is not able to produce all the food the people need, for the soil is not generally fertile. But the New- Englanders are good farmers ; and, by tilling their fields very carefully, they raise better crops than poor farmers do from the best soil. Then in many parts there are fine mountain pastures ; and in Vermont sheep and cattle raising, and making butter and cheese, bring the people in more money than any other business. In the vast forests of Maine and New Hamp- shire there are thousands of men engaged in lumbering, and we have already learned a little about how this work is carried on. Bangor, in Maine, is one of the greatest lumber places in the country. Lumbering. Building a Ship. There is considerable ship-building, especially in the coast towns of Maine and Mas- ship- sachusetts. There are also many fish- building, ermen in these towns. Some fish off the coast, others go to the Banks of Newfoundland for codfish, and others to the Pacific Ocean and the northern seas for whales. New Bedford, in Massachusetts, is the port from which most of the whalers go out. Occupations of the People, 39 Commerce. There is a great deal of business done in quarrying, — that is, getting out different kinds of building-stones, as granite, marble, Quarrying, ^^j^^g^^^j^^^ ^^^^ slate, and in getting out limestone to be burnt for lime. The people of New England carry on a very large trade, because they make a great many more things than they can use. They make them to sell. These goods are shipped by water or by railroad to all parts of our country and to other lands ; and the New- Englanders receive in return articles which they want, but can not grow. The principal exports of New England are her various manufactured goods, lumber, canned foods, ice, granite, and marble. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, is the largest city in New England. It is noted for its manufactures and com- merce, and for its schools, libraries, and mu- seums. Boston. Quarrying Granite. Portland is the largest city in Maine, and is noted for its fine harbor and shipping trade. Manchester is the largest city in New Hamp- Man- shire, and is noted for its great cotton Chester. ^j^^ WOolcU mills. Portland. Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the largest city in Vermont. It is noted for its Buriing- great lumber trade. ^°"- Providence, the second city of New England, is the largest city in Rhode Island ; it 1 r ■ 11 1 r Providence. is noted tor its mills and manuiactures. New Haven is the largest city in Connecti- cut ; it is noted as the seat of Yale New College, one of the most famous insti- ^^^^en. tutions of learning in the United States. FOR recitation. 1. W/iai zs tJie most important business in New Ettg- land? The most important business is manufac- turing. 2. What a?-e tlie tivo principal bra7iches of manufac- ture ? The making of cotton goods, and boots and shoes. 3. What of agricnltu7-e? Agriculture is largely carried on, but New England does not produce grain enough to feed its own people. 4. In which state is dairying a great biisiness f Dairying is a great business in Vermont. 5. In which states is lumbering a great business? In Maine and New Hampshire. 6. Where are ship-building and the fisheries important? In the coast towns of Maine and Massa- chusetts. 7. What are the principal exports of New England? The principal exports are manufactured goods, lumber, canned foods, ice, granite, and marble. 8. What is the largest city in each state ? Portland is the largest city in Maine, Man- chester in New Hampshire, Burlington in Vermont, Boston in Massachusetts, Provi- dence in Rhode Island, and New Haven in Connecticut. Questions on the Map QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. What country is north of this section? Which states border on the Atlantic Ocean ? Which of these states is the smallest? What mountains are in the northern part of New York? In what part of Pennsylvania are there mountain-ranges? To what system do these ranges belong? Ans. To the Appalachian system. What island belonging to New York is east of New Jersey? What two capes at the entrance of Delaware Bay? What sound is north of Long Island? What bay is be- tween New Jersey and Delaware ? What bay divides Maryland into two sections ? What two great lakes are between New York and Canada ? What lake is between N'^w York and Vermont? What is the largest river of New York? What river separates New York and New Jersey from Pennsylvania? What large river flows into Chesapeake Bay ? What river separates Maryland from Virginia? Of what state is Albany the capital ? Harris- burg? Trenton? Dover? Annapolis? In which states are the following large cities: New York? Philadelphia? Newark? Baltimore? Wilmington? Brooklyn? Jersey City ? Pittsburgh ? J Nature of t h k Country. 41 MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. I I Oh —t. Ad-i-ron'dack Al'le-gha-ny When we speak of the "Middle States" we speak as our forefathers did, when the The name. n . thirteen states were all situated on the Atlantic coast. They are New York, New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. Of these. New York is the largest. Pennsylvania is nearly as large as New York, about thirty- seven times the size of Rhode Island, five times as large as Massachusetts, and less than one- fifth the size of Texas. New Jersey is one-sixth as large as Pennsylvania.. Maryland is one- fourth, and Delaware one twenty-fifth the size of New York. New York was settled by the Dutch. Penn- First sylvania (meaning Pemi s luoods) was settlers, settled by William Penn and a com- Mountains. stretch several chains and ranges of the great Appa- lachian Mountains. In New York they are called the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains ; in Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Alleghany and the Blue Mountains. The rounded summits of these mountains are in many parts clothed in grand forests, while beautiful green valleys lie be- tween the hills, and pretty cascades tumble over the rocky ledges. The south-eastern por- tion of this section is a part of the Atlantic Plain. West of the mountains is the Western Plateau, which slopes towards the Ohio river. 42 Occupations of the People, Soil. In the mountains are two treasures, — a rain- Their ^^^^ ^^^ ^ metal more valuable to man treasures, than gold Or silvcr. These are the mineral coal and the metal hvn. Coal and iron are found in great quantities in Pennsyl- vania ; and most of the other Middle States are well supplied with one or the other, —New York and New Jersey with iron, Maryland with coal. As this part of our country is so richly stored Coal and ^ith coal and iron, we may look to see iron. many men occupied in mining in the Middle States. And as coal is the best fuel for making steam to drive machinery, and as so very many things are made from iron, we may also look to see manufacturing largely carried on. • The Middle States have for the most part a milder climate than New England ; and they have also a more fertile soil. From these two things we may look to see farming a very great business. The Middle States have a long line of sea- Helps to coast and several great navigable trade. rivcrs. The Hudson and its chief tributary the Mohawk, in New York. The Ohio and its tributaries the Alleghany and Monongahela, in western Pennsylvania. The Delaware with its branches, the Lehigh and the Schuylkill, in eastern Pennsylvania. The Susquehanna, which rises in southern New York and flows through central Pennsylvania and Maryland ; and the Potomac, which forms the western boundary of Maryland. On the western border are two of the " Great Lakes," — Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Is it not plain, then, that, with such great helps to carry- ing goods, the trade of the Middle States, both with the different parts of our own country, and with countries abroad, must be very large ? We have thus seen what are likely to be the principal kinds of business carried on in the Middle States. They are farming, mining, manufacturing, and commerce. In the next lesson we shall learn more about the occupations of the people in this section. Summary. FOR RECITATION. 1. JVame the Jive Middle States. They are New York, Ne\? Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, and Delaware. 2. What are the inotintains in this sectio7t ? They are chains and ranges of the Appala- chian Mountains. 3. What valuable substances are fojt7id in these moun- tains ? Coal and iron are found in large quantities. 4. What kind of climate and soil has this section ? It has a temperate climate and a generally fertile soil. 5. Name three large and useful rivers in this section. The Hudson, the Delaware, and the Potomac. 6. Which of the " Great Lakes " border on this section ? Lakes Erie and Ontario. ♦ ♦ Reading-Lesson XVIII. OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. pe-tro'le-um Syr'a-cuse Ches'a-peake Bal'ti-more (bend') Agriculture. Tilling the soil is an important business in the Middle States. Wheat, rye, oats, corn, hay, hops, tobacco, garden-vege- tables, and orchard-fruits are the chief products. On the coast of the Middle States are many of the largest cities in our country, — why New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, p--°fit^bie. Baltimore. Now, the farmers find it very profit- able to raise vegetables and fruits for the city people, who are so busy in other ways. The growing of vegetables and fruits is called mar- ket-gardening, and is a great business, especially in New Jersey and Delaware. So also is the making of butter and cheese. There are many thousands of men in the Middle States employed in mining ; that is, in getting out coal and iron. Pennsylvania is the great center of this busi- Mining. Commerce and Cities. 43 ness. Besides these, quarries of marble, slate, and valuable building-stones are found in the different states. Lead, copper, and salt in New York. Zinc, granite, and beds of marl in New Jersey. Zinc, nickel, copper, salt, and petro- leum (rock-oil) in Pennsylvania ; and copper in Maryland. Pennsylvania produces most of the petroleum. It is not only used in this country, but large quantities are sent abroad. There are large forests of valuable trees in this section, and lumbering is an important industry. Among the articles manufactured we can only Manufac- name the most important, which are turing. all kinds of machinery and iron goods, cotton and woolen goods, boots and shoes, fur- niture of all kinds, paper, flour, india-rubber goods, and leather goods. The most famous manufacturing places are New-York City, Buffalo, Rochester, Manufac- -^ turing Troy, and Syracuse, in New York ; cities. Newark, Paterson, and Jersey City, in New Jersey ; Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Alle- gheny City, Scranton, Reading, and Lancaster, in Pennsylvania ; Wilmington, in Delaware ; and Baltimore in Maryland. Many persons are employed in fishing, and the shad from the Hudson, the Delaware, and the Potomac are quite famous. Gathering oysters is another employment. In the shoal waters on the coast of New York and New Jersey and in Chesapeake Bay, immense quantities of oysters are gathered, put up in cans, and sent to various parts of our own country as well as abroad. FOR RECITATION. Fishing. ir/iat are the chief products of the Middle States? They are wheat, rye, oats, corn, hay, hops, to- bacco, garden-vegetables, and orchard-fruits. What of market-gardening in the Middle States? Market-gardening is very profitable, owing to the many large cities in the Middle States. What state is the great centerof the coal and iron business and the petrolciiiii trade? Pennsylvania is the great center of the coal and iron business, and the petroleum trade. A'anic the principal mannfacturing cities. They are New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Troy, Syracuse, Newark, Paterson, Jersey City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allegheny City, Scranton, Reading, Lancaster, Wil- mington, and Baltimore. Commerce. Reading-Lesson XIX. COMIVIERCE AND CITIES. Man-hat'tan ( Am-ster-dam' The Middle States have more commerce than any other section of the United States. And we can easily see why this is so. Our country sends abroad great quantities of grain, cotton, rice, sugar, tobacco, beef, why so pork, cheese, petroleum, and manufac- ^'■^^^• tured articles ; and it receives in return count- less articles from other countries, — groceries, cutlery, wines, teas, cigars, dye-stuffs, india- rubber, shawls, laces, gloves, etc. Now most of the exports and imports of the United States pass through the great seaports of the Middle Newark 44 Commerce and Cities. States, — New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- more. New York City, the chief commercial port in New York Amcrica, is situated on and about Man- C'*y- hattan Island, at the mouth of Hudson River. This river was first explored in 1609, by Henry Hudson. Dutch settlers soon began to come over. They bought the island from the Indians for twenty-four dollars, and built a fort and houses upon it. They called the place New Amsterdam, after a noted city in Holland. This was the beginning of the great city of New York. It is said that nearly twenty thousand vessels xts enter this port every year ; so that shipping, along the water-front you constantly see a forest of masts. It is wonderful to visit the wharves, and see the loading and unloading of ships and steamers carrying away cotton and grain and wool and tobacco from our country, and bringing in the products of every part of the world. The population of New York City is more than a million souls. Brooklyn, on Long Island, is separated from New York by a strait called the East River. Ferry-boats are all the time crossing between New York and Brooklyn, and the two cities a^e joined by a grand suspension- bridge. Philadelphia is the second largest city in the Phiia- Union. It is not on the ocean ; but deiphia. ^]^g broad Delaware River is an easy water-way for the largest ships. The name Philadelphia (meaning brotJierly love) was given to the city by William Penn, its founder. In 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed in the " Old State House," which is still standing. The chief wealth of Philadelphia is in its manufactures. It is the greatest manu- facturing city in the United States, there being in it nearly ten thousand manufactories. Newark and Jersey City are the largest cities in New Jersey. They are great manu- facturing places, and Jersey City, which is opposite New York, has much shipping. Baltimore. Brooklyn. Baltimore, the leading city in Maryland, is a bright, handsome city. Various im- portant industries are here carried on. It has many large iron-works, rolling-mills, nail- factories, sugar-refineries, and tanneries. The commerce with foreign countries is very large. Wilmington, on the Brandywine, is the princi- pal city of the little State of Delaware, wiiming- It is noted for its ship-building and for *°"- its manufactures of steam-engines and cars. FOR RECITATION. 1. What is the chief business of the Middle States ? The chief business is commerce. 2. Through what three great seaports in this section is our foreign trade inainly carried on f Through New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- more. 3. Which of these cities is the chief port of America ? New York City, at the mouth of the Hudson. River. 4. A'ame the largest city in each state. New York City in New York, Newark in New Jersey, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, Wilmington in Delaware, and Baltimore in> Maryland. Newark. Wilminirton Nature of the Country, 45 THE SOUTHERN STATES. Reading-Lesson XX. NATURE OF THE COUNTRY. Ten-nes-see' Al-a-ba'ma Ken-tuck'y Tex'as We now go from the two parts Southern of thc country where the states. principal business of the people is making things, to that part where the principal business is groii'ing things. We go from the land of the mine, the mill, and the factory, to the land of the cot- ton, tobacco, sugar, and rice field. We go from the states where peo- ple are gathered in great cities, to Istates where cities are few and small, and people live on broad plantations. In fact, we go to the iSouthern States. This is a very large section of our country. In it are Situation. thirteen states. Some of these are on the Atlantic coast, but most of them are in the great Valley of the Mississippi. Ten of the Southern States are east, and three are west, of the Mississippi. Remembering that the nearer a Climate. must be warmer than that of the Middle States. True, no part of the Southern States is in the Torrid Zone ; but you may notice that thc southern point of Florida is very near the Torrid Zone. And, in fact, the Southern States are in what is called the warm-temperate belt, though, of course, those states which border on the Gulf of Mexi- co have greater heat throughout the year than Virginia or Tennes- see. The winters are mild. The soil of this section is, for the most part, fertile, and in the " bottom lands," that is, the lands near the Missis- sippi and its branches, it is very rich indeed. Now, to these two facts — a rich soil and a warm climate ^^^^ ^.^^ — we must pay very south can great heed. It is owing to these two facts that the South can raise, in very large quantities, certain things which all the world wishes to buy, — as cotton, sugar, rice, and tobacco. And because Soil. \.O0VvWi- \kSNk\Nk a^ -^Vkt \K\SS\^VW»\ place is to the Equator, the greater the quantity of heat during the year, we shall easily under- stand that the climate of the Southern States these and some other things are so much called for, and the Southern States are so well suited to grow them, the people of this section are 46 Questions on the Map Xongitude West from QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. How many states are there in this section?' Which states border on the Atlantic Ocean ? Which on the Gulf of Mexico? Which on the Mississippi River? Which on the Ohio? What mountains extend through the greater part of this section ? Ans. The Appalachian Mountains. Name three ranges of the Appalachian Mountains. What can you say of Mount Mitchell? Ans. It is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains (6,476 feet high). What large bay in the north-eastern part of this sec- tion ? Name two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. In which two states is the Dismal Swamp ? Name two sounds in North Carolina. Name two capes on the coast of North Carolina. Name two capes on the southern coast of Florida. (See small map.) What lake in Florida? What three bays on the gulf coast of Florida? What sound south of Mississippi? On what two states does the Ohio River border? Of which river is the Ohio a tributary? What two large tributaries does the Ohio receive from the south ? Through which states does the Tennessee flow? Through which states does the Cumberland flow? What river forms the north-western boundary of Virginia? Name two other rivers flowing into Chesapeake Bay. What large river flows into Albemarle Sound? Name two rivers flowing into Pamlico Sound. What river be- tween South Carolina and Georgia? Between Florida and Alabama ? What river flows into Mobile Bay ? Name the capital of each state. In which state is each of these cities: Richmond? Petersburg? Wilmington? Raleigh ? Wheeling ? Parkersburg ? Charleston ? Sa- vannah ? Augusta ? Columbus ? Memphis ? Louis- ville? Knoxville? Vicksburg? Mobile? Jacksonville? Nature o f t hi-: Country. 47 1 engaged in agriculture far more than any other I occupation. They are so much more engaged in agriculture than in any other business, that we ) may, in a few words, tell what the other kinds In two sections stock-raising is an important business. These are, first, the grass-covered mountains of West Virginia, Kentucky, stock- Tennessee, and Northern Alabama ; '■rising. secondly, the plains of Texas, where there are great stock-farms, or rancJies. On these plains im- mense herds of cattle, sheep, and horses are raised. A part of the people, especially in Virginia and Georgia, Manufac- are engaged in manu- tu"ng. facturing ; but the South is, for the most part, not a great manu- facturing region. FOR RECITATION. In the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. of business are, and then go on to learn more fully about the culture of cotton and sugar and rice and tobacco, — those " staples," as they are called, which form the wealth of the South. Along the southern coast, from North Caro- Forest Una to Mississippi, are great pine- products. forests which stretch for many miles inland from the sea-shore. These pine-woods yield great quantities of what are called " naval stores ; " that is, tar and pitch, and also of tur- pentine and resin. Besides yielding pitch, tar, resin, and turpentine, the forests of the South- ern States supply great quantities of valuable timber, as live-oak, white-oak, and pine. This is much used in building ships and making masts, and for many other purposes. In the Appalachian Mountains are found coal, iron, gold, marble, and salt ; and Mining. .,,... in some states a good deal of mmmg is carried on. 1, What section of the United States are we iiow to study ? The southern section, or South- ern States. 2. How many states are there in this section f There are thirteen states in this section. 3. How many states are east, and how many west, of the Mississippi? Ten states are east, and three west, of the Mississippi. 4. What kind of climate have the Southern States ? All the Southern States are in the warm part of the Temperate Zone. The summers are long and hot ; the winters are mild. 5. What is to be said of the soil in this section f The soil is generally fertile, and in many parts very much so. 6. WJiat is the chief occupation in the Southerti States? The principal occupation is agriculture. 7. What articles are obtained from the forests f "Naval stores," and timber for ship-building. 8. What metals and minerals are found in the South ? Coal, iron, gold, marble, and salt are found. 48 QUESTlONb ON THE MaP, QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. What three states and one territory in this division of the Southern States ? What two states east ? What two states north ? What country south-west ? What natural boundary on the south-east of this sec- tion ? Bound Arkansas. Louisiana. Texas. Indian Terri- tory. Which of these states has no sea-coast? What great river forms most of the eastern boundary of this section? Name the two chief tributaries of the Mississippi in this section. Name two tributaries of the Arkansas River. What great river forms the south-western boundary of Texas ? From what country does it separate Mexico ? In Name three other rivers of Texas, and tell into vi^hat they flow. What river forms part of the eastern boundary of Texas ? What lake in the south-eastern part of Louisiana? the north-western part? What lake at the mouth of the Sabine River? What bay in the southern part of Louisiana? What two bays on the coast of Texas ? What large island in the southern part? What mountains in Arkansas? What great plain in the western part of Texas? Name and locate the capital of Arkansas. Of Louisi- ana. Of Texas. Name two other towns in Arkansas. What large city in the south-eastern part of Louisiana?, What city on Galveston Bay? North-west of Galves- ton? South-west of Austin? Near the mouth of the Rio Grande ? What is Grown on the Plantations. 49 Reading-Lesson XXI. WHAT IS GROWN ON THE PLANTATIONS. Lou-is-i-a'na gran'u-lat-ed. Mad-a-gas'car Ra'leigh {raw'll) Cotton. The plant. Cotton is the most important product of the Southern States. The world depends mainly on these states for its supply of cotton. It is produced in all the states of this section ; but Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas are the greatest cotton states. The finest cotton is that grown on the " Sea Islands " of South Carolina. It is likely that many pupils who live in the Northern or Western states have never seen cotton, except in the shape of "cotton goods," such as calicoes, muslins, etc. But before the cotton was spun and woven in the mills it was a soft downy substance, somewhat like wool, and grew in the pods of the cotton-plant. As the seeds ripen the pods burst open, showing the snow-white cot- ton pushing out. In the autumn months it is ready for picking, and this is done by hand. Lines of negro pickers. How it is men, women, picked. Q^^ children, with wide-mouthed sacks hung from their shoul- ders or waists, pass be- tween the rows of plants, and gather the fleecy cot- ton from the open pods. It is then placed in bas- kets at the end of the rows, and from there is carried in wagons to what is called the gin- house. But it may be that some pupils do not know what a " gin-house " is. The cotton when it comes from the pod is mixed with the seeds of the plants, and clings very closely to the seeds. The first thing is to get the cotton away from the seeds. This is very slow work when done by hand, and this Cotton Plant. Cotton Grin. used to be the only way the planters had of doing it. Then cotton cost so much that it was not largely used. But near the end of the last century a New England The man named concn-gin. Eli Whitney made a machine which can do the work very quickly and cheaply. This was the "cotton-gin," and a very great in- vention it was. After this the growing of cotton in the Southern States spread in the most wonderful way, so that now our country raises more cotton than all the rest of the world. A good deal of it is made into cloth in our own country ; but most of it is packed in bales, and sent to England, where it is woven into a great variety of fabrics in many thousands of busy looms. Cotton is such a great thing that it is sometimes called " King Cotton." There is another thing in regard to cotton which I must tell you. In the South most of the laboring people were till a few years ago negro slaves. When the planters; in the cotton states found out that they could make a great deal of money by growing cotton,, they felt that they needed more and more hands to do the work in the field. This is the reason why the colored people increased so very rapidly in that section ; so that even now^ when there is no longer slavery, they form more than half the population in some of the cotton states. The sugar-cane is a plant that needs a very warm climate to ripen it ; and, since along the Gulf of Mexico is the hottest part of the United States, this is where the sugar-cane is grown. It is cultivated in Texas, and somewhat in Florida ; but the great sugar state is Louisiana. As you sail up the Mis- The slaves. Sugar-cane. 50 What is Grown on the Plantations About rice. sissippi River, you may see hundreds of sugar- plantations, each with its mill or " sugar-house." When the cane is right for cutting, it is •How sugar Stripped of its tops and leaves, cut into is made. short pieccs, tied into bundles, and taken to the mill. Here the canes are crushed between iron rollers, somewhat as apples are in making cider ; and the juice is taken and boiled down into sirup in large shallow pans. Next it is stirred in coolers until it grains, or becomes graimlated. Then it is put into hogsheads having holes bored in the end, and these are placed over a large cistern, and left to drain. In this state it is brown sugar, and the drainings are molasses. White sugar is merely brown sugar refined, or boiled over again, and worked till it becomes white. In several of the more southerly states of this section, rice is grown, — most largely in South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana. This is not a grain belonging to America, as maize does ; and it was not cul- tivated in this country till about two hundred years ago. It happened in this way : A sea- captain who came to Charleston, S.C., brought with him from the island of Madagascar, near Africa, a bag of seed-rice. He gave it to a gen- tleman, telling him that he had seen it growing in the East Indies, where people used it for food a great deal. The gentleman divided the seed among his friends, who planted it. It was found to grow very well, and has been cultivated quite largely ever since. Rice resembles wheat in size, color, and way Where of growiug ; but, unlike wheat, it needs used. 2i low, moist soil. It must be kept under water when first sown ; and after it sprouts the water must be drained off, and the ground kept dry. It is very largely grown in China, India, and, indeed, in all the warm, moist countries of Asia and Africa. It forms the food of more people than any other grain, and is said to be the chief food of one-third of the human family. to the! Tobacco. Its history. There is another plant belonging Southern States, which must not be overlooked, though it is not so useful as some of the other plants about which we have been reading. This is tobacco. The " tobacco- belt " is in the northern portion of this section ; and the great tobacco states are Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The tobacco-plant is a native of America, and was unknown to the rest of the world till the time of Queen Elizabeth,'] when Sir Walter Raleigh took some of it to England from Virginia. For a time in the early history of Vir- ginia the raising of tobacc was almost the only busi ness of the people, and at this time tobacc took the place of money. James I., who was king of England at the time when Virginia was settled, was much opposed to the use of this "vile weed;" and he tried to stop its use b} writing a book, in which he gave it all the bac names he could think of. FOR recitation. Vobacco Plant. 1. What is the ?nost important product of the Souther States ? Cotton is the most important product of th Southern States. 2. Which are the greatest cotton states ? They are Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas. 3. In which states is the sugar-cane principally grown ? The sugar-cane is principally grown in Lou isiana, Texas, and Florida. 4. In which states is rice 7nost largely grown ? Rice is most largely grown in South Caro lina, Georgia, and Louisiana. 5. In which states is tobacco most cultivated? Tobacco is most cultivated in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee. k Principal Cities 51 Reading-Lesson XXII. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Mo-bile' (beef) Ar'kan-sas (saw) Rich'mond Gal'ves-ton Richmond, the capital and largest city of , Virginia, is finely situated on the •Richmond o ' -^ and James River. It has many flour-mills Wheeling. ^^^^ tobacco-factorics. Wheeling is the largest city of West Virginia. It is noted for its iron-works. Wilmington is the principal city of North „,., . Carolina. It is a seaport, and ships .Wilming- '■ ' '^ ton and lumbcr, naval stores, and tobacco. areston. (^i^^j-jgston is the largest city in South Carolina. It is a leading port for the shipping of cotton. Louisville, on the Ohio River, is the largest , . .„ city in Kentucky. It is noted for its Louisville -' -' and trade and manufactures. Memphis, emp IS. ^^ ^j^^ Mississippi, is the principal city in Tennessee. It has a large trade. Savannah is the largest city in Georgia. It Savannah ^^ ^ scaport, and is much engaged in and Jack- shipping cotton. Jacksonville, on the St. John's River, is the largest place in Florida. Mobile is the largest city in Alabama. It is Mobile and OH Mobilc Bay, near the Gulf of Mex- vicksburg. J(,q^ ^^^^ jg ^^ important shipping place for southern products, Vicksburg, on the Mis- sissippi River, is the largest place in Mississippi. New Orleans, in Louisiana, is the largest city New in the Southern States. It is on the Orleans. Mississippi Rivcr, about one hundred miles from its mouth. New Orleans is the greatest cotton-market in the world. It is also the largest sugar-market in the United States. At its levees, as the wharves are called, are always found many vessels loading with South- ern products to be shipped to all parts of the world. This city was founded by the French, and still contains a large French population. The descendants of the original French settlers are called Creoles. Little Rock is the capital and largest city of Arkansas. Galveston, on Galveston mtieRock Bay, is the largest city of Texas. It andoai- is the principal seaport in the state, and has a large trade in shipping cotton, and other Texan products. FOR RECITATION. 1. Which arc the largest cities in Virginia and West Virginia ? Richmond in Virginia, and Wheeling in West Virginia. 2. In A^orth Carolina and South Carolina? Wilmington in North Carolina, and Charles-^ ton in South Carolina. 3. In Ketitucky and Tennessee f Louisville in Kentucky, and Memphis in Tennessee. 4. In Georgia and Florida ? Savannah in Georgia, and Jacksonville in Florida. 5. In Alabama and Mississippi ? Mobile in Alabama, and Vicksburg in Missis- sippi. 6. In Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas? New Orleans in Louisiana, Little Rock in. Arkansas, and Galveston in Texas. New Orleans. 52 The Country and the People 53 0) W H <: H CO < H Z w o w X X z o CO CO J I O Q < < S u z H Z o (0 z O (0 UJ 3 C ■ s •r-l tr-l o OS ^ o 3 2 O tB o cJ (U O 03 C u o CJ CJ (/) >^ c ;— ; !-. --i 03 o H O o ^ o ID O aj c« r^ ^ ♦J M in o C OS ^-> • -^ .iif CO c o u Q. 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X fc- 4-. ctS •XJ jG G CJ 2 IS O "S X ^ QJ i3 G -^ CO 4-> Pi; "53 QJ Cu Oh CO CO QJ _G O "^ *CO ^34 <2 12 -p »=H CO N rG o QJ - S O QJ QJ QJ G "Zi o CO *—■ to QJ OJ O UJ u. "Tj Uh QJ G O o n > >^ ;-. !^ T C^ 4-> f— ' 4—* G X o a 4^ ■-» ru. O OJ X P^ CO QJ tc ^ .^ i! ^ QJ -G c« QJ 4-> OS ■'-' c c/3 G QJ C^ ^ "-O G QJ h— ( ^H c3 O £ O t OJ QJ S-H 4— » d bJD^ ^ 5 r- Co CO o3 G 1> X 4-> o QJ .G UJ CO X O T^ >, O ^ G < Oh H CAl u z o to w W z ►J o u z < a a. O h J G) c w 3 Z CQ Z G - QScJ5 JO c o z o z o CO z CO QJ U QJ CO QJ O a QJ QJ 4-> a 4-» CO 4-J Gj X > i-l O 2 a. Q « < < W U ^ r^ J S C Z Z u z o ^ a G hJ U ►^ U Q S i: o a. a (J J3 to 1 he land, with a lovely climate, rich in "Coiden gold, and producing the vine, the olive, and the orange. California is about twice as large as all the New England States taken together. The Sierra Nevada Range extends the whole length of the state. That part which lies on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains is dry and barren. West of these mountains are two fine valleys, formed by the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. These are famed for their fertility. In California there are only two seasons. These are the rainy season, or winter, and the dry season, or summer. The rainy season begins in December, and ends in April. During the rest of the year not a drop of rain falls : the sun shines bright and cloud- less ; the heat, except along the seacoast, is very great ; and the hills and valleys have a very barren look. But in January, soon after the first rains, the whole face of the country is covered with green grass and hundreds of kinds of brilliant wild-flowers. It was its gold that first made California famous. And, though farming is now a greater business than mining, yet working the precious metals is still an impor- tant occupation. Besides gold, quicksilver and several other metals are found. If one were to visit California for the first time in the summer season, when the soil is all parched, he would say that it must be very hard to raise any thing in such barren-looking ground. But what a mistake ! For after the soil has been soaked by the win- ter rains it yields abundantly. All the grains and fruits of the Temperate Zone flourish finely ; and the common vegetables, such as beets, cabbages, potatoes, etc., grow to a won- derful size. Mining. Agriculture. 62 The Pacific Coast, I Wheat. Wine. Semi- tropical fruits. A Sheep-ranch in California Wheat is the great crop raised for export. A few years ago every barrel of flour used in California had to be brought there from the older states : now California is one of the best wheat-growing states in the Union. Wine is another important product of the Golden State. Many large vineyards have been planted, and millions of gallons of wine are sent to other parts of the United States, and to foreign countries. Southern California yields not only the wine and all the fruits, grains, and vegeta- bles of the Temperate Zone, but a variety of semi-tropical fruits, as the orange, lemon, olive, and fig. In some parts of California wool- wooi- growing is a great business, growing. You find large farms, called ranches, on which are immense flocks of sheep. Wool is a very valuable export of this state. California is noted for its grand scenery. The Yosemite Scenery. Valley and Falls, the Big Tree Groves, Lake Tahoe, and the Geyser Hot Springs are visited by tourists from all countries. The Yosemite Valley, in the central part of the Sierra Nevada Range, is a great cleft in the mountains, several miles long, with granite walls rising from two thousand to four thousand feet in height. Over one of these walls a small mountain-stream falls a distance of thirteen hundred feet, and is one of the natural objects which attract tourists. San Francisco is the largest city on the Pacific coast. It has a splendid har- san bor, the entrance to which is called Francisco, the "Golden Gate." Out of it sail ships and steamers bound for all parts of the world. The inhabitants of San Francisco have been drawn from all countries. One part of the population would be noticed by strangers, — namely, the Chinese, of whom there are several thousands in this city. Sacramento, in the central part of the State, is the capital. Oakland, on San Fran- other cisco Bay, ten miles from San Fran- '^'''^^• cisco, is the second city in the state. In Oregon and Washington there are two parts which differ very much. About q^.^ one third of Oregon and Washington and wash- is west of the Cascade Range, and '"^ °"' about two-thirds are east of it. The part west of the mountains has plentiful winter rains. It is a fertile region, with great forests. The part east of the mountains has very little rain, and hence is for the most part barren. Why } Because scanty rain always means scanty vegetation. In the west section are grand old forests. All the navies in Forests. the world might be built from the towering pines and stout oaks. The timber and lumber busi- ness is of great importance in Wash- ington and Oregon, and is growing rapidly. The Willamette Valley in Oregon is particularly noted as an agricultural district. The people not only produce grain enough for themselves, but have large quan- tities to send abroad. Much atten- -^w; tion is also sfiven to fruit-raising and Description. Farming. Lumbering in Oregon. wool-growing. The Pacific Coast 63 Manufac turing. While farming and lumbering are the chief occupations in this region, the people are fast building up various kinds of manufactures, as those of cotton and woolen cloths, flour, furniture, boots and shoes, etc. Portland is the chief city of Oregon. A large trade is carried on here. There are no large places yet in Washington ; but thriving towns, among which are Olympia and Seattle, are growing up on Puget Sound. FOR RECITATION. Cities. 1. What two states and one territory are ott the Pacific coast ? The states of California and Oregon, and the territory of Washington. 2. What is the size of California? California is nearly twice the size of all the New England States taken together. 3. What can you say of viining in California? Mining is still an important occupation. 4. What is the principal occupation in California ? The principal occupation is agriculture. 5. What are the three principal exports of California ? They are wheat, wool, and wine. 6. What is the largest city on the Pacific coast ? San Francisco is the largest city. 7. What kinds of business are most largely carried on ift Oregon, and in Washington Territory ? Agriculture and lumbering. TOPICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED STATES. In what part of North America is the United States? Why is our country called the United States? Where and when were the first two English settlements made? How many states are there now? What is the popula- tion of the United States? Name the New England States. Name the five Middle States. How many states are there in the Southern sec- tion? Which ten are east of the Mississippi? Which three are west? How many states in the Central sec- tion? Name the five states east of the Mississippi in this section. Name the four states and one territory west of the Mississippi in this section. How much of the United States is in the Pacific Highland? What are the two divisions of this section? Name the states and territories of the Rocky Mountain region. What two states and one territory are on the Pacific coast? What is the nature of the surface in New England? What is the highest mountain in this section? What mountains are in the Middle States? What kind of cli- mate have the Southern States? What is the nature of the surface in the Central States? What are the great mountains of the Pacific Highland? What two ranges near the Pacific coast? Name the four most noted rivers of New England. Name the largest navigable rivers in the Middle States, Which of the "great lakes" border on the Middle States? What great river flows through the Southern States? Name its two largest tributaries in this section. Which of the "great lakes" border on the Central States? Where does the Mississippi rise? Name its principal tributaries from the east in this section. From the west. What three large rivers rise in the mountains of Colorado? Describe the course of the Columbia. Why is there little vegetation in most of the Rocky Mountain region? What are the principal occupations in New England? Which are the two most important branches of manufac- ture? In which states is lumbering a great business here? In which the fisheries? Name the chief exports of New England. What are the chief farm products of the Middle States? Which state mines most coal and iron? Name six large manufacturing cities in this section. What is the most important business in the Middle States? Name the three largest seaports. What is the principal occupation in the Southern States? What articles are obtained from the forests here? What is the most important product of this section? Name the three leading cotton states. Where is sugar most largely produced? Rice? Tobacco? What is the great busi- ness in the Central States? What are the principal grains raised? Name the principal minerals of this sec- tion. In which states is lumbering most largely carried onr ? Manufacturing? Name the three largest cities in the Central States. What is the leading business in the Rocky Mountain region? What are the three chief exports of the Pacific States? What is the capital of the United States? Name the capital of each state. 64 Greenland and Iceland. — Alaska. OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. Reading-Lesson XXVIII. GREENLAND AND ICELAND. — ALASKA. Dan'ish au-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis gla'cier Es'ki-mo Reyk'ja-vik {rik'i/a-) A-leut' It is an interest- ing fact in the life of Columbus, that among his early sea- voyages, before he set out on that voy- age which led to the discovery of America, was a visit to Iceland. While in Iceland Columbus must have heard of that part of North Amer- ica called Greenland ; for the Ice- landers had discovered and made settlements in that country several Eskimo catching hundrcd ycars before, and Colum- bus may very likely have seen and talked with sailors who had visited the Green- land coast. A long time ago both Greenland and Iceland came into the hands of a people of Europe called the Danes. Hence these two far north- ern regions are named Danish America. Greenland is a very large island ; and very Greenland Uttlc is knOWn scenes. about it, CX- cept its coast. The in- terior is buried under a vast mass of ice, which by many slow-moving ice-rivers called ^/a^Vr^- is carried to the coast. Danish America. Eskimo Dress and Huts. where it breaks off with a great crash, and floats away into the sea as icebergs. Through June and July the sun is always above the horizon. The earth then begins to thaw, and the Green- landers have their short summer. Wild-flowers then spring up, and grass grows, on which herds of musk-oxen feed. During the long winter the sun is not seen for months. In this season the northern light, or aurora borcalis, — a crown of beautiful rosy light, — streams across the sky. It is often so bright that the stars fade before it. You may think it strange how people can live in so cold and dreary a country Life in as Greenland ; and, indeed, they would Greenland, not be able to live at all if it were not for what they get from the sea. The whale, the walrus, and the seal, as well as cod, herring, and other fish, abound in the waters ; and vast flocks of sea-fowl visit the coast. There are in Greenland a few hundred white people, mostly Danes ; but the natives The Green- are the Eskimos, who are found in all lenders, the arctic region of America. The missionaries have done a good deal for them ; but they are still a very low, ignorant race. The Eskimos live in small, oven-shaped huts, built of large The blocks of snow. Eskimos. Their chief food is the blubber of the whale and seal, with dried fish, oil, birds, and bear's meat. They are clothed, men and women alike, in skins from head to foot. Their chief occu- pations are fishing and hunting. They spear seals from their canoes, Dominion of Canada. — Northern Region 65 which they handle with great skill. They scud over the frozen ground in sleds drawn by teams : of trained dogs, in pursuit of wild animals, which they kill for their skins and flesh. From its name one might think that Iceland' is as cold as "Greenland's icy mountains." But though it is so far north, it has a milder I Climate climatc than some countries farther of Iceland, gouth. This is ou accouut of a warm ocean current that flows near it. There are high mountains in Iceland, with Natural great glaciers. There are also many scenes. volcanocs. The most noted is named Hecla. It is a mile high, and has five craters, from which, at times, pour floods of lava and showers of ashes. Another natural curiosity is the wonderful boiling springs called geysers. Some of these throw up jets of hot water two hundred feet high, and the vapor forms clouds that are seen for miles away. The Icelanders are descendants of people The Ice- from Norway, a country in Europe, landers. They are a thrifty, warm-hearted, and hospitable people. Among them you can hardly find a grown person who can not read and write. Cows, horses, sheep, and goats are the chief wealth of the Icelanders. But many are en- gaged in the fisheries. Iceland exports fish, — both salted and dried, — tallow, sheepskins, coarse woolen mittens and stockings, eider- down, and Iceland moss. The capital is Reykjavik, which means steam- town, and this name was given the place on ac- count of the boiling springs near it. Alaska, the north-western peninsula of North America, belongs to the United States. Two native races inhabit Alaska, — Indians, and a people called Aleuts, who re- semble the Eskimos. The Indians hunt the fur-bearing animals found in the forests of the interior. The Aleuts, who live on the coast and islands, are engaged in killing the fur-seals, which come up from the sea in great numbers TO bask in the sun, on the different islands. Alaska. FOR RECITATION. 1. What are Greenland and Iceland called? Greenland and Iceland are called Danish America, because they belong to Denmark, a country in Europe. 2. How do the Green landers make their living? They make their living by hunting and by fishing : the whale, walrus, seal, cod, and other fish abound in the seas. 3. Who are the native inhabitants of Greenland? The native inhabitants of Greenland are Es- kimos. 4. For what is Iceland noted? It is noted for its glaciers, geysers, and vol- canoes. 5. What can you say of the Icelanders ? The Icelanders are a thrifty, well-educated people ; their principal occupations are tending their domestic animals, and fol- lowing the fisheries. 6. To what country does A laska belong ? Alaska belongs to the United States. 7. For what is Alaska chiefly valuable? Alaska is chiefly valuable for its fur-seal fish- eries. Reading-Lesson XXIX. DOMINION OF CANADA.-NORTHERN REGION. carl-bou er'mine [-wiin] floes Man-i-to-ba' Canada. The great region to the north of the United States belongs to the British, and hence is often called British America. But the right name of it is the Dominion of Canada. Canada is nearly as large as the United States. Most of it consists of vast thinly in- usdi- habited territories to which different visions, names are given. Then we have the divisions 66 Dominion of Canada. — Northern Region called British Columbia and Manitoba. Lastly there are the five well-peopled and prosperous provinces in the region of the " Great Lakes " and in the valley of the River St. Lawrence. The arctic region of Canada is a cold, deso- Arctic ex- late country. The only people living piorations. t^erc are a few tribes of Eskimos. It is quite sure that we should care very little ibout this barren land, if it were not for many expeditions made to the Arctic Ocean by brave mariners. Perhaps you may ask, What do people expect to gain by making such long, dangerous journeys into the realms of the frost-king ? You must know, then, that very soon after North-west Amcrica was discovered navigators Passage. began to ask whether they could not sail around it by its northern shore. If they could do this, it would save several thousand miles in the voyage from Europe to Eastern Asia. So the great thing was to make the "North-west Passage." First one bold sailor, and then another, went Those who out to try it. They found a great many sought it. i^ays and straits, such as Hudson Bay, and Baffin Bay, and Davis Strait ; and these names may remind you of the brave navigators who went to seek for the " North-west Pas- sage." But these brave men always met with an enemy that in the end made them turn back. This was the frost-king. For you know that they were in the icy zone, where the sea is frozen over during most of the year. Even when the ice melts a little, there are The icy Still many dangers. There are great ®^^- floating fields of ice called Jioes. In these the ship is likely to be "nipped," and kept there till the next short summer comes, and thaws it out. And sometimes the ships never get out at all. This was the case with the ships of the brave Captain Franklin, who was lost on his famous voyage to the Arctic region. He and all his party — one hundred and twenty- nine souls — perished in the ice and snow. Beside trying to find the North-west Passage, there is another thing that has led search for many brave navigators to the far-off ^^^ ^°'^- frozen lands of North America. This is the wish to reach the North Pole. The most inter- esting expeditions toward the North Pole have been made by the American explorers, Dr. Kane, Dr. Hayes, and Captain Hall. Each of them sailed far up the waters between the main- land and Greenland. When the ships could go no farther on account of the ice, small parties of men took sledges drawn by Eskimo dogs, and pushed their way to within about five hun- dred miles of the North Pole. Beyond this lies — no one can tell what. Still it is not to be doubted that we shall some time learn all about the Polar secret. The country around Hudson Bay and far northward is covered with vast forests, Hudson v/hich are the home of the caribou, Bay sable, ermine, marten, beaver, and many other valuable fur-bearing animals. A company called the " Hudson Bay Com- V' country. Fur-bearing Animals of Canada. pany" employs hundreds of hunters, — Indians, Canadians, and half-breeds, — to trap The or shoot these animals, and bring in fappe". the skins to the trading-stations, called "forts." Canada. — The St. L a w k i: n c e Provinces ^7 ^ere the agents of the company stay all the ime ; and when the hunting season is over, and he trappers come in with their furs, they take The Trappers' Return. he furs, and give the hunters in exchange the hings which they want, as cloth, powder, knives, ind tobacco. ?OR RECITATION. .. \ I'll ere is the Doi/n'iiion of Canada ? The Dominion of Canada is north of the United States. Z. How large is Canada? It is nearly as large as the United States. 3. What of the arctic region of Canada ? It is a cold, barren region, and the only people livina: there are a few tribes of Eskimos. I. IVhat two wishes have led many bold navigators to sail into the Arctic region ? The wish to sail around the northern part of America, and to reach the North Pole. 3 . Auime four of these explorers. Franklin, Kane, Hayes, and Hall. 3. What does the '• hjidson Bay Cojnpany " do ? It employs great numbers of trappers to kill or catch animals that have valuable fur. 7. Name some of these animals. The sable, marten, beaver, and ermine. Reading-Lesson XXX. CANADA.-THE ST. LAWRENCE PROVINCES. Mont-re-al' (nwr) New'found-land On-ta'ri-o Ot'ta-wa We have been reading about the poorest part of Canada : now we shall learn about Eastern the best part. On the map (page 68) provinces. we see the names Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island. These are the five finest parts of Canada, and each is called a "province." This word means very much the same as "state" means with us. The people of one province differ from those of another, just as the people of one state differ from the people of another state. And it would not be strange if they should differ in their manners and customs ; because some of those provinces were settled mostly by French people, and others mostly by British people, — by English, Scotch, and Irish. People. Montreal The province of Ontario was settled princi- pally by British people. They are very ^ ^. intelligent, and are much like the peo- ple of that part of the United States that is on 68 Canada. — The St. Lawrence Provinces. 90 85 80 75 Longitude 70 "West from 65 Greenwich 60 55 CANADA WITH ■^ik°'' NEWFOUNLAND. HaU-ruads SCALE OF MILES -lOU 50 100 200 JOO _^ ^ 2 Longitude East from 12 "VVasIiinston Quebec. their border. They are engaged in farming, manufacturing, and trading. Toronto is the largest city in this province. In the province of Quebec the winters are long and cold. Then a great blanket of snow six feet deep covers the fields and roads. The busy river-trade comes to an end. You think it must be dreary } Not at all ; for the people then enjoy themselves very much. What coasting and sleighing ! And what fun and laughter as, wrapped in warm buffalo-robes, they skim over the smooth, hard snow, to the merry tinkle of the bells ! Many of the people of this province are French The in their language, manners, and cus- peopie. toms. The country-people speak a kind of old-fashioned French ; and you would be much interested to see the men in their blue bonnets like nightcaps, and the women in their white Norman caps, and both men and women wearing wooden shoes. But you must not sup- pose that all the people of this province are of French descent ; for, though these are the largest part, there are many thousands of Eng- lish, Scotch, and Irish Canadians. There are two large cities in this province, — Montreal, which is the largest city in . . . Cities. Canada ; and Quebec, which is inter- esting to us because it is an old, walled city. Looking towards the provinces on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, we find, first. New cuif Brunswick. Here the people are much provinces, engaged in lumbering, and in fishing for cod, mackerel, and salmon. Next, Nova Scotia, where the people are busy in fishing, farming, and coal-mining. In Halifax, the chief city of Nova Scotia, English men-of-war may be seen almost any time. Thirdly, Prince Edward Island ; and here, too, the great business is fishing. Canada is not an independent country, but is under the government of England, covem- Still, the Canadians are quite free, and '"^"*- they make their own laws. They have a gov- ernor-general, who is sent out by the Queen of England. The capital of the Dominion oi Canada is Ottawa, in the province of Ontario. Mexico and Central America. 69 Description. NEWFOUNDLAND. The large island of Newfoundland, though it belongs to the English, is not a part of Canada. It is a British province by itself. Newfoundland is an almost barren land. The coast is hidden nearly always in thick fogs. Yet Newfoundland has great wealth in its fisheries. The "Banks of Newfound- land " are the feeding-place of great shoals of codfish. Any summer you may see hundreds of American and French and English fishing-smacks engaged in taking these fish. 'On the shore the fish are cured; that is, are I cleaned, salted, and dried. They are then packed in bundles, and put in warehouses, to be shipped to all parts of the world. Fisheries. Places. Cod-fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland. ^ St. Johns is the place which we hear most about in Newfoundland. At Cape Race is the American end of a tele- graphic cable which extends under the Atlantic Ocean all the way to Ireland. FOR RECITATION. 1. What are the finest provinces of Canada f The provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Ed- ward Island. 2. IVhat of tJie people of these provinces ? They differ in their business, and in their manners and customs. 3. What are the chief occupations in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec ? The chief occupations are agriculture, manu- facturing, and trading. 4. What is the greatest business carried on in the prov- inces near the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? The greatest business in these provinces is fishing for cod, mackerel, and salmon. 5. What other occupations in these provinces ? Lumbering in New Brunswick, and coal- mining in Nova Scotia. 6. What as to the government of Canada ? Canada is under the government of England. The Queen sends out a governor-general ; but the Canadians enjoy much freedom. 7 . What are the principal cities of Canada f Ottawa, in Ontario, is the capital of the whole " Dominion ; " Montreal, in Quebec province, is the largest city ; Quebec, in the province of the same name, is an interesting old city, first built by the French ; Halifax, in Nova Scotia, is the great port for English war-ships in Canada. What is Newfoundland? It is a large island, where the people are much engaged in fishing for cod. It is not a part of Canada, but is a separate British colony. 8 ♦ ■» Reading-Lesson XXXI. MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. coch'i-neal frijOle {fiT'-ho'ly) pulque {pool'ky) tor-til'la {-(el'ya) Leaving the frosts and snows of Canada, we now visit a land where it is always Mexico. summer, — a land inhabited by a peo- ple very unlike ourselves in language, manners, and way of living. This country is Mexico. At the time when America was discovered by Columbus, Mexico was peopled by a semi- Collecting Cochineal Insects. The lable-laud of Mexico. Grand Square, City oi Mexico. Aztecs. Cortez. civilized race called Aztecs. They cultivated the soil skillfully. They made cotton cloth and earthenware, and vessels of gold and silver. They had large cities, in which were splendid temples and palaces. Soon afterwards a bold but cruel captain named Cortez, with a band of Span- iards, sailed from the West Indies to seize Mexico. They had cannon and guns, horses and coats-of-mail ; so the natives, with their bows and arrows, were no match for them. After much fighting the Spaniards reached the capital city of Mexico, and in a few years they became masters of the whole country. Mexico after this belonged to the King of Spain. Soon large numbers of Span- iards went to Mexico ; for the land was rich in gold and silver. Many married with the natives ; and their children have kept the Spanish language, dress, manners, and customs, to this day. Most of Mexico is in the Torrid Zone. In Plain and the low lauds along the coast the plateau. plants are tropical. Here are forests of palms and mahogany-trees ; and on the plan- tations the people cultivate the coffee-plant and the cacao-tree, the banana, indigo, sugar-cane, History. and cotton. As we leave the coast the country becomes rugged, and at last we reach a broad table-land. This is the great plateau of Mexico, and is from a mile to a mile and a half above the low plain on the coast. When we have reached the table-land we find that the climate is very different cumate of from that of the low coast plains, t^^e plateau. We left the T-^rrid Zone a little while ago, and now we are m a temperate region. And, if you remember that heat always grows less and less as we rise above the sea, it will be easy to understand why this is so. The climate on the plateau is delightful. In fact,, there are in Mexico only two seasons, — the rainy season, which commences in June and lasts till No- vember ; and the dry season, which continues during the other months. The plants and flowers of Mexico are very numerous and very beautiful. The ■' Plants. well-known dahlia and several of the fuchsias were first found in this country. One of the most interesting plants of the cactus kind is the cochineal cactus, which is much cul- tivated for the sake of the cochineal insect which feeds upon its leaves. These insects are brushed from the plants into bags, plunged into Mexico and Central America 71 I boiling water, and then dried in the sun. Their tiny bodies, when ground to powder, yield a brilliant crimson dye called cochineal. Another useful plant is the agave, or Ameri- can aloe, which is very common in Mexico. Its leaves, which are from six to eight feet Agave, and long, supply the nativcs with covering cacao-tree. £qj. |-}^g walls aud roofs of their dwell- ings ; its fibers furnish a strong thread or twine which is made into ropes, lassoes, and nets ; its roots are eaten as food ; and from its juice a liquor is made, called /;//^?/t', of which the Mexi- cans are very fond. Still more useful is the cacao-tree ; because from it cocoa and chocolate are obtained. Indian corn and beans are raised in all parts of Food of Mexico, and form the principal food of the people. ^Y\Q people. lustcad of bread they have corn-cakes, which they call tortillas. These are made of coarsely-pounded corn steeped in boil- ing water, rolled into thin sheets, and baked before an open fire. A national dish consists of beans, called "frijoles," highly spiced with Chili-pepper pods. Let us now learn what are the principal occu- pations of the Mexicans. Many people are en- gaged in stock-raising ; and we find that hides occupa- are largely exported. Many others are tions. engaged in farming ; but agriculture IS carried on in a very rude manner. There are but few manufactures ; and the rich mines of gold and silver are not much worked. The principal exports of Mexico are silver, copper, cochineal, hides, and some me- dicinal herbs. Trade has been much hindered by the lack of good roads. It is only lately that railroads have been built. The Mexican government is a republic like our own ; but it can not be said that the people in general are highly civil- ized. The Mexicans love to dance to the music of the guitar. Everybody smokes, and even the ladies puff their cigarettes. The common head-dress of a woman is a scarf or mantle. Exports. Govern ment. instead of a bonnet. The gentlemen wear a velvet jacket richly embroidered with gold and silver, and pantaloons open from the knee down, and set with large buttons. With their broad- brimmed hats, scarlet sashes, and jingling spurs, and mounted on their spirited little horses, they look like very dashing fellows indeed. The beautiful city of Mexico is the capital. Central America contains five republics, — Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, central Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The peo- America, pie are like the Mexicans in race, language, and customs. The country resembles Mexico very much, and its products are similar. It is a country of volcanoes with ever-smoking craters. Getting out Mahogany. Often there come terrible earthquakes which bring ruin to whole cities. The principal things which Central America exports are coffee, cochineal, indigo, and mahogany. Balize is a British seaport. FOR RECITATION. 1. /n which zone is Mexico? Most of it is in the Torrid Zone. 2. Ho%v is it divided? It is divided into the low hot coast, and the temperate table-land. 3. What are the principal exports of Mexico? The principal exports are silver, copper, cochi- neal, hides, and plants for medicine. 4. How matiy republics in Central America ? There are five republics. 5. What of the country ? It is much like Mexico, and the exports are the same. ♦ ♦ Reading-Lesson XXXII. THE WEST INDIES. Cu'ba Por'tO Ri'CO {ree'ko) Hay'ti Ja-mai'ca Largest islands. We leave the mainland of America, and we Sunny Sail amoug those tropical islands called isles. ^j^g West Indies. They are sunny isles, where the splendid palm waves, and where groves of orange-trees, bananas, and pine-apples abound. The largest of the West-India islands are Cuba and Porto Rico, which belong to Spain ; Jamaica, which belongs to Eng- land ; and Hayti, which is divided between two republics of colored people. As the West Indies are in the Torrid Zone, you may think that the climate there is always very, very hot. But this is not so ; for these islands are set in the midst of the ocean, and the people get refreshing sea- breezes. There is no winter in the West Indies. The people there never see snow fall, and they have no ice except what is brought there in ships. Instead of our four seasons they have Climate. two seasons, — the rainy and the dry. The rainy season is our summer and autumn months ; during the other months scarcely any rain falls. As these islands have a very long summer and a very long rainy season, you may puntsand guess what kind of vegetation grows ^'■"i^s. there. We find palms and tree-ferns, the sugar- cane and tobacco-plant, oranges, bananas, and other plants that ripen only in hot countries. Scene in the West Indies. V-.\s^.'..^«.l^ J„ Let us now see what the productions of the West Indies are. These are very valu- ..test- able and important, and we use some india of them every day. Perhaps you may ^°° have seen on grocery-stores the sign " West- India goods." This is a general name for cer- tain kinds of groceries, such as sugar, molasses, tobacco, ginger, allspice, indigo, fruits, etc. Now, all these are grown or made in the West Indies. The West Indies are the great sugar-cane region of the world ; and it is said that one-half of all the sugar used comes from Cuba alone. In the picture at the top of the next page you see a sugar-plantation, and the men — negroes and Chinese — cutting the canes, bundling them up, and hauling them off to the mill to be crushed. From the sugar-cane molasses and rum are also made. If you were to visit Havana, which is the Sugar. The West Indies. 73 Visit to Cuba. Spices. Sugar Plantation. capital of Cuba, and the largest city in the West Indies, you would see the wharves piled high with sugar and molasses ready to be shipped to the United States and other parts of the world. You would also no- tice very large cigar-factories. We shall not forget that we receive tropical Tropical fruits from the West Indies, when we (ruits. think of oranges and bananas. The banana is a great article of cultivation, not only in these islands, but in all parts of the hot belt of America, where it is one of the most used foods. The people find it very profitable to grow, because it yields so plentifully. The fragrant pimento-tree grows in Jamaica. The unripe berries of this plant, dried in the sun, form what we call allspice, or Jamaica pepper. Another condiment which we owe to this island is Jamaica ginger. What people live in the West Indies .'' You know that when Columbus first vis- ited these islands they were inhabited by a peaceful, gentle-hearted race of bronze- colored, half-naked people, whom he called In- dians. But the Spaniards came and settled on the islands. They were cruel task-masters. They made slaves of the natives, and forced them to work so hard in the mines and on the plantations, that in a few generations they all died off. Then the Spaniards brought ship-loads of negroes from Africa, and made slaves of them. And to the present day the blacks form three- fourths of the population of the West Indies. At first all the islands of the West Indies The races. belonged to Spain ; but after a time some stronger nations took certain of the covem- islands, and made them colonies of i"ents. their own. Thus England took .the large island of Jamaica, and a great many of the smaller islands. So France, too, got a share. And on one of the islands, named Hayti, the colored people grew tired of being under foreign mas- ters, and set up a government of their own. Now we understand who are the races of the West Indies. Of the whites, the most Present part are people of Spanish descent, population, though there are English settlers in the islands held by Great Britain, and French settlers in the islands held by France. There are also in the various islands many mulattos, and other persons of mixed blood. And in Cuba there are many Chinese laborers, called coolies. FOR RECITATION. 1. Which are the largest islands of the West Indies? The largest islands are Cuba, Porto Rico, Ja- maica, and Hayti. 2. To whom do these islands belong? Cuba and Porto Rico belong to Spain ; Ja- maica belongs to England ; and Hayti has two republics of colored people. 3. What are the chief exports of the West Indies? The chief exports are sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco and cigars, fruits and spices. 4. What is the largest city ? The largest city is Havana, in Cuba. Tobacco Plantation. 00 ^'o, 70 X/onpritude CO West from Green'wicli 40 30 3 20 'O' \V E ^iJ J J5 J5 JS ',E S -4- .^r? >1^1 m ^— X?>J^TRINIDAD I, ^-^" ^ |i>O0S ^4. - .'if.dUlTO— ■" i;/^ I'rnjf. lieijr •ill. JOll, Co/ 6"*^ K B .-|lima S-P>» ■r«' ^K .oL ^■^^^-aiuSi^ Areci'uiy'' , PAZ -^ >>>■ •Sucie -4. •JCuyaba li^ ^^ /.J-*""*'' . ■.^', i^- rotosi , If -Caija OCjus ■"st-V/o N m;'' CoTjiOi.i o -TPO »C-OF-CAPR> CORN- SanrLt Cape Fri IS "-/ ^ JJ- ASUNCION "•^4-. ^//?o "^- .^^y-^i. \^ H CoTfloTa Valparaiso, FEBNAN06Z IS- jAconcagua SANTIAGO . \ l.Patqs", '^^ ^°' BUEMOS ^'i >M£AM EVIDe'o > '^ "tc 'Cape San Antoni( fi'J^iVV _1 o L^ ^i h f^'- Strait . ptTllI' cj rriEBRA 'oEb-fUEGO i—lJ^^?^ OSfATEN 1 Ca9® -^ i- 4 SOUTH AMERICA SCALE OF STATUTE MILES Longitude 13 West O P.ost I from Wasliiu^tun 47 Nature of the Country /5 SOUTH AMERICA. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. Divisions. — What country is connected with North America by the Isthmus of Panama? What country east of Colombia? East of Venezuela? What large country occupies the eastern portion of South America? What two small countries south of Brazil? What country north of Patagonia ? West of the Argen- tine Republic? North of the Argentine Republic and Chili? North-west of Bolivia? What country north of Peru? Islands. — What island is near the mouth of the Orinoco ? What island is at the mouth of the Amazon ? What islands east of Patagonia? What large island south of Patagonia? What islands near the coast of Peru ? What islands west of Ecuador ? Capes. — What is the most northern cape of South America? The most eastern cape? What cape near Rio Janeiro? Near the mouth of the Plata River? Which is the most westerly cape ? What cape at the southern extremity of South America? Coast Waters. — What gulf north of Colombia? What strait between Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia ? What gulf west of Ecuador? What bay south of the Isthmus of Panama? Mountains. — What mountains extend along the western coast of South America? What lofty peak near the Equator ? What lofty peak in Bolivia ? What lofty peak in Chili ? What mountains between Vene- zuela and Brazil ? Rivers. — What river flows northward through Colombia? What river flows north-eastward through Venezuela? Near what line is the mouth of the Amazon? Name the five principal branches of the Amazon. What are the principal branches of the Plata? Capitals. — What is the. capital of Colombia? Of Venezuela? V/hat are the capitals of Guiana? Of Brazil? Of Paraguay? Of Uruguay? Of the Argentine Republic? Of Chili? Of Bolivia? Of Peru? Of Ecuador? In the Andes. Reading-Lesson XXXIII. NATURE OF THE COUNTRY. An'des Chim-bo-ra'zo Co-to-pax'i (e) Gui-a'na {ge-) Ua'nos i-noce) O-ri-no'co The Andes. South America is a land of mighty moun- tains, vast plains, and great rivers. The g.'"eatest mountains are the Andes. Very grand is the scenery of these mountains, with their steep sharp cliffs, their dangerous passes, and their dreadful gorges and chasms. Some of their loftiest summits rise more than four miles above the level of the sea. There are many volcanoes in the Andes, — no fewer, it is said, than fifty-two. At ,^ , ■' _ Volcanoes. times they are in eruption ; that is, they are throwing forth smoke and ashes and lava. Two of the greatest volcanoes are named Cotopaxi and Chimborazo. The former is the most beautiful of all volcanoes. The flames sometimes rise three thousand feet above its crater. The whole region of the Andes suffers from Earth- terrific earthquakes, which have from quakes. time to time shaken down its cities, caused huge sea-waves to flow over the land, and destroyed thousands of people. Physical Map of South America. The Andes region consists of several great The plateaus, from which rise lofty moun- piateaus. taius. On the high table-lands are great fertile tracts at a height of many thou- sands of feet above the ocean. Here most of the people of the Andes countries live. Here, too, are most of the large cities. Now, looking at the map above we see that the country to the eastward of the Andes is a vast plain sloping toward the Atlantic The eastern Ocean. In all this region there are mountains, but two highlands, — the Guiana Highland and the Brazilian Highland. These mountains are mere dwarfs compared with the Andes. J In the northern part of the great eastern plain we see the llanos, through which ^^^^^ flows the Orinoco River. In the cen- kinds of , I , ,, plains. tral part we see the selvas, through which flows the Amazon. In the southern part we see the pampas, through which flows the Plata River, or Rio de la Plata. The llanos (a Spanish word meaning /eve/ fie/ds) ° . The llanos. are great treeless plains. As soon as the rainy season sets in, the llanos are quickly covered with grass. They are then the feeding- places of vast herds of cattle, horses, and sheep. In the dry season the plains are cracked by the great heat. At this time the cattle have to be driven elsewhere for pasturage. Sometimes during the rainy season the llanos are quite covered with water. The cat- tle then flee to higher land. The Indians climb the palm- trees, and live there till the water falls. The selvas (a Spanish word meaning woods) are great plains f' ' o i The selvas. covered with a thick growth of trees, — gigantic palms and mahogany trees and great ferns. These are woven together with climbing vines and tangled underbrush : so that the forest forms a dense thicket. Only wild beasts can force their way through it ;j and a path must be cleared with an ax before J Climate, Vegetation, and Animals n a person can go even a short distance into the interior. In the rainy season the selvas are changed into a vast swamp. The pampas (a Spanish word meaning plains) The are treeless plains covered with pam- pampas. p^g grass. This grass grows from ten to fifteen feet high, and its waving seed-plumes are very handsome. Over the pampas range countless herds of wild horses and cattle. We have already learned the names of the three largest rivers of South America, — the Amazon, Orinoco, and Plata. The Amazon is one of the longest rivers on the globe. It pours more water into the ocean than any other river in the world. Steamers can sail up it for three thousand miles, or nearly to the Andes ; and it is a hundred and fifty miles wide at its mouth. FOR RECITATION. Rivers. 1. What kind of land is South America f It is a land of mighty mountains and vast plains and great rivers. 2. Describe the Andes. The Andes in the western part extend through the whole length of South America. 3. For what is the A tides region noted? It is noted for its volcanoes and earthquakes. 4. What two highland regions are in the northern and eastern parts ? The Guiana Highland and the Brazilian Highland. 5. What three great plains are east of the Andes Mountains ? The llanos in the nortn, the selvas in the center, and \.\\q pampas in the south. 6. What arc the three great rivers of South America? The three great rivers are the Amazon, the Orinoco, and the Plata. How India-rubber is procured. Reading-Lesson XXXIV. CLIMATE, VEGETATION, AND ANIMALS. ar-ma-dil'lo jag-u-ar' ca-ca'o lla'ma caout'chouc {koo') qui'nine Climate. The greater part of South America is in the Torrid Zone : hence we may expect to find the climate of the countries in this zone very hot indeed. But this is not true for every part. You have read that the climate of countries even in the hot belt depends very much on their height above the sea. Now, in the great eastern plains, and specially in the valley of the Amazon, the heat in the in summer is very great. In fact, there p'^'"^- is no winter at all there ; the season corre- sponding to our winter is the "wet season." But it is quite different in the countries of the Andes. There the part of eacn onthe that is in the low plain is very hot. tabie-iands. But the table-lands have a spring-like climate, and the lofty summits are ever clothed in snow. 78 Climate, Vegetation, and Animals, v-^rV'^ *^ji;^ The palms. The southern part of South America is in the South Temperate Zone. Here the climate is much like in the that of the United States. But the cold increases south. sontJnvard, instead of northward as with us. The vegetation is very rich. More than one hundred kinds of palms are found in the forests of the Amazon and the other tropical regions. These supply the Indian with nearly all he wants. Their fruit furnishes him' with food in abundance. He builds his hut and floors it with their wood, and he thatches it with their leaves. From the trunks of some he forms his canoes ; from others he gets oil, wax, cord, thread, mats, baskets, arrows, and a drink that serves him for wine. The caoutchouc-tree is the name for what we call the india-rubber tree. The india-rubber is obtained by india- tapping the trees, and in the gashes placing little rubber tree, clay cups, into which the sap of the tree runs. When this juice has been thickened, and passed through the black, smoke of a fire made of palm-nuts, it is ready to be sold. Coffee is largely raised in all the tropical countries of: South America. The coffee-bush is about the size of a small plum-tree, with leaves of dark shining- green, and white flowers. Inside the berries are the coffee- beans, inclosed in a soft red pulp like a cherry. The negroes gather the berries in deep baskets, and lay them on large flat stones, where the grains are spread out to dry after the red juicy part is rubbed off. Two of the most important products of the Andes region are cinchona and cacao. The Coffee. Countries of the Andes, 79 Mate. cinchona is the tree from which the medicine Cinchona Called qiiiniue is obtained. The cacao- and cacao, j-j-gg jg |-}-,g |-j-gg \_\\-sx yields the bean from which cocoa and chocolate are made. In Paraguay there is a shrub called mate, the dried leaves of which are used in place of tea in many parts of South America. The forests of the Amazon are filled with Tropical troops of monkcys, which live among animals. j-|-jg branchcs of the trees. Here, also, are found the great boa-constrictor, the largest of snakes ; and the jaguar, a kind of tiger, one of the most dangerous of wild beasts. The armadillo is a curious little animal with a hard horn-like covering. The tapir is the largest of the four-footed animals. The sloth can hardly crawl on the ground, but it is quite active in climbing among the branches of the trees. The most interesting of the animals found Animals of ou the highlands of the Andes is the the Andes, n^ma. It has been called the " small camei," and is much used as a beast of burden. This animal is about the size of a stag, so it is not large or strong enough to carry a man ; but it can bear a load of from fifty to a hundred pounds. These animals move in long files of five hundred or a thousand, marching in perfect order, and in obedience to the conductor. The alpaca is smaller than the llama, and looks some- what like a sheep. It has a long, soft, fine fleece, of a silky luster. The chinchilla is an elegant little animal, covered with very thick and soft fur of a grayish color. This fur is greatly admired for winter clothing, and is made into muffs, mantles, trimmings, etc. On the rocky heights of the Andes is found the condor, the largest of the vulture tribe. FOR RECITATION. 1, In which zofte is the greater part of South America? In the Torrid Zone. 2. What of the climate in this zone ? In the plains it is hot ; but on the table-lands it is temperate. 3. What of the climate in the southern part? It grows colder toward the South Pole. 4. What are some of the interesting trees and plants of South America? They are many kinds of palms, the india- rubber tree, the cinchona and cacao trees, the coffee-plant, and the tea-plant. 5. Name some of the animals found in the tropical forests. They are monkeys, the anaconda, the jaguar, tapir, and armadillo. 6. Name some of the animals found in the Andes region. They are the llama, the alpaca, and the condor. street Scene In Valparaiso. Reading-Lesson XXXV. COUNTRIES OF THE ANDES. Cal-la'o Ec-ua-dor' Guay-a-quil' (gwl-a-keel') Li'ma (/e') Qui'to (Ae') Val-pa-rai'so (-rV) Countries. In the Andes are five countries, beginning with Colombia on the north, and end- ing with Chili on the south. You may easily remember the name ot the country which is next south of Colombia by thinking of the 8o Countries of the Andes Equator, which crosses it. Now, the Spanish for Equator is Ecuador. To the south of Ecua- dor is Peru. To the south of Peru is Bolivia, called after a famous general named Bolivar. ' u'iv vVc A Peruvian Scene. The people. Bolivia joins on to Chili. South of Chili is the region called Patagonia. The Andes region was conquered by the Spaniards soon after the discovery of America. An army of Spanish adventurers under Pizarro marched into Peru, which was at this time peopled by a partly civilized Indian race. The Spaniards made slaves of the Indians, and forced them to work in the mines. The people of all the Andes countries now consist of whites of Spanish descent, of native Indians, and of various mixed races. The Indians are the larger part of the population. All these countries are republics. The people speak the Spanish language. Trade in the Andes countries is very much Mode of hindered by the want of good roads travel. g^j^^ bridges. For the most part, goods have to be carried on the backs of mules and llamas. Travelers are often carried in chairs strapped to the backs of sure-footed Indians. Often the only bridges are ropes stretched across deep chasms. In late years, however, there has been a good deal of improvement, and railroads have been built from the Pacific coast to the cities on the table-land. Of the things sent out from the Andes coun- E«ports. tries by way of trade, some of the most im- portant are : coffee, cocoa, and cotton, from Colombia ; cocoa and dye-stuffs from Ecuador ; Peruvian bark and guano from Peru ; saltpeter and silver-ore from Bolivia ; and wheat, copper, and wool from Chili. The three largest cities of the Andes coun- tries are Santiago in Chili, Lima in Largest Peru, and Quito in Ecuador. Quito "*'^^- is one of the highest cities in the world, being nearly two miles above the level of the sea. Within sight are eleven lofty summits of the Andes, covered with perpetual snow. The city enjoys a spring-like climate throughout the year. The three principal seaports on the Pacific coast are Guayaquil in Ecuador, Cal- -^ ' , . Seaports. lao in Peru, and Valparaiso in Chili. FOR RECITATION. 1. How 7?iany countries are there in the Andes region f There are five countries in the Andes region. 2. Name them., beginning at the north. They are Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili. 3. By what people of Europe were the natives of the Andes countries conquered f They were conquered by the Spaniards. 4. What people now live in those countries? Whites of Spanish descent, Indians, and va- rious mixed races. 5. What are the principal exports of the Andes coun- tries ? The principal exports are coffee, cocoa, cotton, dye-stuffs, Peruvian bark; guano, saltpeter, copper, wheat, and wool. 6. What are the largest cities in the Andes countries? They are Santiago, in Chili ; Lima, in Peru ; and Quito, in Ecuador. 7. What are the chief seaports ? They are Guayaquil, in Ecuador ; Callao, in Peru ; and Valparaiso, in Chili. Countries of the Plains 8i />>.^" .«» ^.?~ CoSee-piclLing. Reading-Lesson XXXVI. COUNTRIES OF THE PLAINS. Bue-nos Ay-res {bo'nus d'rie) Mon-te-vid'e-o Pa-ra-guay' Ri'o Ja-nei'ro (ne') U-ru-guay' Ven-e-zue'la .ountries. Venezuela. Guiana. There are six countries in the great eastern plain. In the valley of the Orinoco is Venezuela, and next to it is Guiana. The word Venezuela means Little Venice, and the name was given to this region by the Spanish explorers, who found In- dian villages built upon piles on the flat shore, and they thought these looked somewhat like Venice. Venezuela exports sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, indigo, hides, and cattle. Guiana is divided into three colonies, belong- ing to Great Britain, Holland, and France. The exports are sugar, coffee, indigo, rum, and cayenne-pepper. In the valley of the Amazon is the empire of Brazil, a country as large as the whole Brazil. . , \-. . - j: ^ of the United States. Brazil was settled by the Portuguese, whereas By whom all the rest of South America was settled. settled by the Spaniards. Brazil is a monarchy ruled by an emperor, while all the other countries are republics. The present in- habitants of Brazil consist of the descendants of the Portuguese, of mixed races, of negroes, and of Indians. The principal articles which the Brazilians produce for sale are coffee, sugar, cotton, india- rubber, and diamonds. More than half the coffee used in the world comes from the coffee-plantations of Brazil. The diamond-mines are the richest in the world. Rio Janeiro, the capital, is the largest city in South America. In the valley of the Plata are one large coun- try called the Argentine Confedera- Argentine tion, and two small countries named confedera- Paraguay and Uruguay. The Argen- tine Confederation is the. most civilized of these countries. In this land are the pampas, with their herds and flocks. The wild horses are killed for their hides, and the cattle for their flesh, hides, horns, and tallow. The seaport of Buenos Ayres is the capital and chief city. Uruguay exports the same articles as the Argentine Confederation. It has a „ <-> Uruguay large seaport named Montevideo, and Paraguay is the smallest and weakest ^""^s^^y- of the South American republics. FOR RECITATION. 1. How fiiany countries are there in the eastern plain? There are six countries. 2. Name them. Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, the Argentine Confederation, Uruguay, and Paraguay. 3. What are the chief exports of Venezuela and Guiana ? The chief exports are sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, indigo, hides, and cayenne-pepper. 4. What is the government of Brazil? It is a monarchy, ruled by an emperor. 5. What are the chief exports of Brazil? They are coffee, sugar, cotton, india-rubber, and diamonds. 6. What seaport is the capital? 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  • -■ •^ (U o •£ to 4-> >-, CTI CJ JS ■^ >1 CJ (0 a, CO o 84 Nature of the Country, the Alps, which are visited by thousands every year, to see the grand glaciers and ''^" lofty snow-crowned peaks. You must have heard of Mont Blanc, which is the best- known peak. Europe has many noble navigable rivers, though none that are so long or so large as the great rivers of America. The Volga, which is the longest, flows through Rivers. Climate. FRIGID ZONE Physical Map o{ Europe. the "Great Plain of Russia" into the Caspian Sea. The Danube, which is the next longest, flows eastward, through the south of Europe, into the Black Sea. It is the most useful of all for trade. The Rhine, in Germany, is also very useful for trade, and is a very beautiful river, with many old castles on its banks. Then there are rivers which, though not so long as this, are very useful. Who has not heard of the Seine, on which is Paris .■* and of the Thames, on which is London .-* The most of Europe is in the North Tem- perate Zone. There is a curious fact in regard to the climate of Europe : the climate is much milder in the northern parts than we might think. Thus London, where the weather is never very cold, is much farther north than Boston, where the winters are often very severe. The reason of this is that a great warm current called the Gulf Stream flows across the At. lantic Ocean, and, by raising the temperature of the air, gives western Europe a much milder climate than it would otherwise have. FOR recitation. 1. What is said of the size of Europe ? Europe is the smallest of the grand divisions. 2. Why is it the most important grand division f Because it is the home of so many great and strong nations. 3. What is noticed about the coast l On it are many bays, gulfsj and seas. 4. What can you say of the sur^ face ? The greater part is low and level. 5. What are the most famous mountains in Europe ? The most famous mountains are the Alps. 6. Name the two longest rivers of Europe. The two longest rivers of Europe are th« Volga and the Danube. 7. In ivhich zone is most of Europe? Most of it is in the North Temperate Zone. The British Isles 85 Reading-Lesson XXXVIII. THE BRITISH ISLES. Blr'ming-ham {■ming-xim) Ed'in-burgh y-bur-ruh) Eng'land {ing'gland) It-al'ian {-yun) We begin our studies on Europe with a little ^^ country, but a great people. You have England all heard of this country and this peo- is famous, ^j^ . j^j^gj^^d and the English. In- deed, there is no part of the world where these names are not known. The English have, in the course of centuries, laid hold of so many parts of the world, that now the Queen of Eng- land rules over about one-sixth of all the dry land on the face of the earth. He5 subjects number six times as many people as there are in the United States. There is a strong reason why we should wish to know a good deal about England. Why * ° England is This is, that, though the people of our interesting. , i • 1 • country are much mixed in race, — English, Irish, Scotch, German, French, Span- ish, Italian, etc., — yet by far the greater num- ber of Americans are of British descent. When we speak of " England " as the name British of this great country, we do not speak Isles. very exactly. The land called Eng- land is really but a part of one of two islands lying off the west coast of Europe. These are the "British Isles." The larger of the two islands is named Great Britain ; the smaller, Ire- land. Now, the island of Great Britain, besides England, contains Scotland and Wales, which in former times were kingdoms by themselves. In like manner Ireland was governed by its own kings. But many years ago Scotland, Wales, and Ireland were joined with England : so that now the true name of the nation is "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." We speak also of the " British Empire," by British which we mean this kingdom and all Empire. ^.|-jg British colonies, in whatever part of the world. The principal colonies are Canada, India, and Australia. The British possessions Population. form SO vast an empire that it has been said that "the sun never sets on the English flag." Though Great Britain and Ireland are among the large islands of the world, they seem very small to be the home of so great and powerful a nation. There are in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland over thirty millions of people ; and yet the British Isles are not so large as the single state of California, which has but little over half a mil- lion of population ! 9 Longitude 6 'W'"est from 3 Greenwich Xougitude 3 East 68 Longitucle 71 East from 74 "Wasliington 77 Map of the Brltisb Isles. England is the greatest manufacturing coun- try in the world. One of the most Manu- important branches of manufacture in- f^'^t^''^^- eludes all kinds of things made of iron and steel. Such are engines, railroad-iron, machinery, and every description of hardware and cutlery. The manufacture of cotton and woolen goods is a still larger industry than that of iron-ware, and in the making of these goods England is the 86 1 HE British Isles Agriculture. foremost country in the world. There are thou- sands of cotton-mills and woolen-factories ; and all these have grown up since the invention of the steam-engine and of improved machinery for spinning and weaving. There are also thou- sands of persons employed in weaving linen and silk, and in making pottery and glassware. The English are also skillful farmers, and the country is like a garden, so highly is it cultivated. So, too, the English raise the finest breeds of cattle, sheep, and horses ; and on all parts of the coast are towns and villages in which fishermen live. The people in the middle of Scotland. Scotland are largely engaged in manufacturing, for the reason that plenty of coal and iron is found there. Farming also is car- ried on with great skill. The " High- lands " of Scotland (the name given to the hilly northern part) are noted for their grand scenery, and especially for their beautiful mountains and lakes. Ireland is finely fitted for farming, grazing, and dairying. The farms are generally small patches of ground ; and potatoes, which are so great an article of food in Ireland, are raised on these. Many persons are engaged in tending the flax-plant, which is used in mak- ing linen. Butter is sent from all the ports ; and the people in England and Scotland get also eggs, potatoes, pigs, pork, bacon, and cattle from this beautiful island. In the British Isles are many very great cities. Greatest of all is London, the capital. It is Scene in the Highlands Ireland. the largest city in the world, and has three times as many people as New York Great City. Liverpool is the next largest '^'t'^s. city. It is the great seaport for trade with the United States. Manchester is the chief cen- ter for the manufacture of cotton goods, as Birmingham is for hardware. Glasgow is the principal manufacturing and trading city of Scotland. It builds more iron and steel steam- ers than any other city in the world. Edinburgh is also a Scotch city, and is noted for its beauty. Dublin is the largest and finest city in Ireland. FOR RECITATION. 1. What kingdom occu- pies the British Isles? The "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." Of what does the British Em- pire consist ? It consists of this kingdom, together with all the British colonies. What is the chief business in England? The chief business is manufacturing. What are the principal articles made ? They are cotton, woolen, and iron goods. What are the principal occupations of the Scotch ? They are manufacturing and farming in the Lowlands, and the raising of sheep and cattle in the Highlands. WJiat are the principal occupations of the Irish ? They are farming, grazing, and dairying. What can you say of London ? It is the capital of the British Isles, and is the largest city in the world. Name six other large cities. Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Glasj gow, Edinburgh, and Dublin. 6. 8. Northern Europe 87 making of butter and cheese are the most is important occupations The Danes Denmark. Scenes in Northern Europe Reading-Lesson XXXIX. NORTHERN EUROPE. Co-pen-ha'gen Czar («(«•) Stock'holm Nij-ni {nizh'ne) Nov-go'rod The northern countries of Europe are Swe- den and Norway, Denmark, and Rus- Countries. . ^ . , • ii 1 sia. It IS easy to see that m all these countries, except in the southern part of Rus- sia, the winter must be long and cold. Sweden and Norway are two countries gov- swedenand cmcd by ouc king. They occupy the Norway. north-wcstem peninsula of Europe, a land of mountains and lakes, waterfalls, and deep bays called fiords. These countries are rich in great pine-forests, in mines of the finest iron, and in the wealth of the sea. The people are hardy, thrifty, and intelligent. Stockholm is the capital of the United Kingdom. In Denmark the air is moist, which gives the country green meadows. Cattle-raising and the are also very fond of the sea, and goods are often carried from one country to another in Danish ships. Copenhagen, the capital, is noted for its fine palaces, jDublic buildings, and museums of art. Russia is larger than all the other countries of Europe together. Of course, being ^ . . . ,..r Russia. so exteniiive, its various parts dirier very much in climate and productions. The northern part is a great dreary region, with a winter lasting for seven or eight months. In the central section is a large district covered with forests. Bears, wolves, and other wild animals abound, and often not a house is to be seen for miles together. Southern Russia is a region of plains, called steppes, which afford food to great herds of half-wild horses and cattle. The people are engaged chiefly in agriculture and grazing. They raise rye, wheat, occupa- oats, flax, and hemp. Iron is the ''''"^• metal most largely worked in Russia ; but the country has no coal-beds, and hence Russia is not much engaged in manufactures. Russia has a large traffic with Central Asia and China. This is carried on by Trade with means of sleighs or sledges which ^*''"^- glide over the snow-covered ground, and of caravans which cross the deserts. Great quan- tities of tea are brought in this way from China to Russia, for tea is the national drink of the Russians. Great fairs are one of the interesting features The fairs. in the trade of Russia. The largest fairs are held at a place called Nijni Novgorod ; they are attended every year by thou- sands of visitors from all parts of Europe and Asia. Russia is ruled by an emperor, called the Emperor Czar. Hc alouc can make laws, hence and capital. ^}^g peoplc are not free. St. Peters- burg, the capital, is farther north than any other great city in the world. The northern part of Sweden and Norway, and the part of Russia near by, are called Lapland. This region is in the North Frigid Zone. Here for some weeks in winter the sun does not rise at all, and in mid- summer there is one long day of several weeks. The people are called Lapps. They are very small, and dress in furs, with trousers and shoes of reindeer-skin. FOR RECITATION. Lapland. 1. IV/iat are the countries of Northern Europe? The countries of Northern Europe are Swe- den and Norway, Denmark, and Russia. 2. Which two of these countries are governed by one king ? Sweden and Norway. 3. What natural wealth have they ? They have great forests, fine iron, and profita- ble fisheries. 4. Wliat are the principal occupatiotis of the Danes ? They are cattle-raising and dairying. 5. How does Russia compare in size witJi other Euro- pean countries ? Russia is larger than all the other countries of Europe together. 6. What is the principal occupation in Russia ? The principal occupation is agriculture. 7. What of the rider of Russia ? He is called the Czar, and he alone can make laws. Reading-Lesson XL. CENTRAL EUROPE. — FRANCE, BELGIUM, AND SWITZERLAND Al'pine {-pin) Bel'g-i-um Brus'sels Ly'ons France. France is one of the oldest and most highly- civilized nations of Europe. It is a fine country, with a fertile soil, and a mild climate. Frenchmen call it " la belle France^' beautiful France. Four Frenchmen out of every five are en- gaged in farming of some kind. What Agriculture. they raise depends on the part of the country in which they live. The northern part is the land of wheat, barley, oats, rye, beets for making sugar, hemp, flax, and the common fruits. Central France is the land of the vine. \\\ Southern France the vine, the olive, the orange, and the mulberry-tree are cultivated. On the leaves of the mulberry-tree the silk- worm feeds. The vineyards in the central and southern parts of France are exceedingly beau- The tiful. The vines are made to grow mintage, on stakes, in long rows, with just room enough to walk between them. The time of the grape- gathering is called the vintage. Then all the children turn out to help their fathers and mothers gather the grapes ; and everybody seems glad at the time of vintage. Why is the grape grown so much in France .-* It is grown for the purpose of making wine. More wine is made in France than in any other country. Bordeaux, on the river Garonne, is the chief port near the vineyards. The most important manufacture of France is that of silk goods. French silks Manufac- surpass those of any other country in ^"'■^^■ richness of material, brilliancy of color, and taste and elegance of design. Lyons is the great place where velvets and other silk goods are made. The French broadcloths are famous, as are also the fine cotton goods, such as mus- lins and cambrics. We receive from the French Central IC u r o p e 89 our best gloves, most beautiful em- broideries, finest j ewelry, and choicest perfumery. In fact, the French excel wherever taste and skill are required. Paris, the capital, not so large as London, is the most famous and splendid city in the world. It is noted for its grand public buildings, ardens, and places of amusement. It is also famous for its great libraries, museums, and art galleries, and for the manufacture and sale of articles of taste, ornament, and fashion. Belgium is a small country bordering on the north-eastern part of France, and full of busy people. It is rich in mines of •coal and iron, and on this account the Belgians are much engaged in various kinds of manufac- tures. Here are made the fine laces and linens, and the beautiful carpets and glassware, that Scenes in Central Europe. Belgium. are known all over the world. Brussels, the cap- ital, is a kind of small Paris. Switzerland is famous for its grand swuzer- and beautiful '*"''• scenery. The summits of the Alps are always covered with snow. Sometimes a mass of snow that can no longer cling to the steep slope breaks away, and, getting larger as it rolls, comes down with a loud noise into the plain. The pine-forest can not stop this immense snow- ball : the tall trees snap like little sticks. Such a falling mass is called an avalanche. The snow and ice of the high valleys Avalanche are partly melted in the summer time, andgiacier. and slowly move, like rivers, lower down. These ice-rivers are called glaciers, and may be seen in many Alpine valleys. They push down and down till the warmer air turns the ice into water. Some of the largest rivers in Europe, as the Danube, the Rhine, and the Rhone, have their sources in the glaciers of the Alps. Switzerland is chiefly a grazing country, and nowhere are better butter and cheese ^ Occupa- made. The making of watches, mu- tions and sic-boxes, and jewelry is the favorite p^°p'^' form taken by the manufacturing skill of the people. The Swiss are brave, and love their country and liberty. They have good schools, and are generally well educated. Switzerland is a republic, like our own country. A chief officer called the president is elected every year. The capital is Berne. FOR RECITATION. 1. Describe France. France is a fine country, with a fertile soil, and a mild climate. 2. What is the principal occupation in France f The principal occupation is agriculture. 90 Central Europe, 3. What articles are manufactured? Silks, broadcloths, fine cotton and woolen goods, and many articles of taste and fash- ion. Wine also is largely made. 4. What is the capital of France? Paris is the capital. 6. Name some articles of maniifacttcre for which Bel- gium is noted. Belgium is noted for the manufacture of car- pets, laces, and glassware. 6. What are the principal occupatio7is of the Swiss ? They are dairying, and the manufacture of watches, jewelry, etc. ♦ ♦ Reading-Lesson XLI. CENTRAL EUROPE.-NETHERLANDS,GERIV?ANY, AND AUSTRIA. Am-ster-dam' Bres'lau {-law) Cra'cow [krZi'ko) Dres'den {drez') Ham'burg Mu'nich {-nlk) Pesth {pest) Prague The kingdom of the Netherlands is usually Nether- Called Holland, and the people are lands. known as the Dutch. A large part of this country was once under the sea, and even now the water is only kept out by great banks of earth called dikes. The Dutch are fine farmers, and make butter occupa- and cheese in great quantities. They tions. ^j-g skilled in some kinds of manufac- ture. The Dutch own valuable islands in the East and West Indies, and carry on a large trade. In Holland transportation is carried on almost entirely by means of canals, which in Holland take the place of roads else- where. They form the principal highways of the cities, and extend in a network over the whole country. In winter the people skate from place to place on the ice, which then covers the canals. The farmers' wives skate to market with butter and eggs in baskets on their heads. Canals. Germany. and even the children often skate to school. Amsterdam is the largest city of Holland. The German Empire is a large and strong country in Central Europe. Till a few years ago Germany consisted of many separate kingdoms and states. Most of these were quite small, but each had its own king, duke, or prince. The largest and strong- est of the German lands was Prussia ; and so powerful was that kingdom, that the other Ger- man lands joined with Prussia, and made the Prussian King the German Emperor. The most famous river of Germany is the Rhine. The sunny slopes of its banks ■^ . ^ The Rhine. are covered with vineyards, or dotted with pretty hamlets. On the tops of the lofty rocks are seen the ruins of many castles that were built in olden times, when the people of that land were often fighting among them- selves. Some of the finest cities of Germany are built on the Rhine. Farming is the principal business of the Ger- mans, and the grain most grown is occupa- rye, from which is made the bread *'°"^- most eaten by the people. The grape, too, is raised in great quantities for making wine. Ger- many has mines of zinc and other metals. The principal manufactures are broadcloths and linen goods, silk goods and leather goods, fine china and glassware, toys, and wine and beer. Germany is noted for its many universities^ and for its fine system of primary Notable schools. Parents are made by law ^^^'^e^- to send their children to school between the ages of five and thirteen years ; and every young man is forced to serve in the army for several years. In this way the government can always bring a vast army of trained men into the field in case of war. Berlin, the capital of the empire, is a fine city, with as many people as New . York. Hamburg is the greatest sea- port. Breslau, Dresden, and Munich are also large cities. Southern Europe, 91 Austria. South-east of Germany is another empire, Austria. The Emperor of Austria is also King of Hungary. The Austrians are principally Germans, and speak the Ger- man language ; but the Hungarians are of quite another race, and speak a language of their own. Products. Salt-mine near Cracow. The plains are very fertile, and large quan- tities of wheat and other grains are grown. The product of wool is large. The vine also flourishes, and wine is largely made. In other parts Austria is rich in min- erals. Near Cracow are mines of rock-salt, which are the largest in the world. Vienna, the capital, is a fine city, and is the third in size in EjLirope. Prague and Cities. T-. 1 Pesth are the next largest cities. Trieste, on the Adriatic Sea, is the chief sea- port. FOR RECITATION. 1. What iiaffie is given to Holland? It is called the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 2. What is the chief occupation ? The chief occupation is dairying. 3. What is the German Empire? The German Empire is a large and strong country in Central Europe. ^. Which is the tnost important kingdom in this empire ? Prussia is the most important kingdom. The King of Prussia is Emperor of Germany. 5. What are the principal products? They are grain, wine, zinc and other metals. 6. Name the three largest cities. Berlin, Hamburg, and Breslau. 7. What kingdom south-east of Germany ? Austria, 8. What are the principal products of Austria f They are wheat, wool, wine, and salt. 9. What are the largest cities of Austria ? Vienna, Prague, and Pesth. Reading-Lesson XLII. SOUTHERN EUROPE. Con-stan-ti-no'ple i-pl) g-on'do-la Lis'bon (««') Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an Port'u-gal Ve-su'vi-us The southern shore of Europe is laved by the Mediterranean Sea, and into this sunny sea extend three peninsulas, — the '^"^^• Spanish peninsula, Italy, and Turkey with Greece. These lands enjoy a most beautiful climate, and produce the finest fruits. Two of them were the homes of the most famous nations of ancient times, — uaiy and namely, Greece, the land of poets and G''ee«. orators and artists ; and Italy, the home of the Roman people, who at one time ruled the whole civilized world. The Spanish peninsula is divided between two nations, — Spain and Portugal, spain and In the plains and valleys of Spain P°""g^'- are vineyards, mulberry-plantations, and groves of the olive, orange, lemon, and fig. In the plains of Portugal grains and fruit abound. In Cities. the mountain-land of Spain are the fine-wooled merino sheep. The mountains also contain rich mines of quicksilver and lead. The prin- cipal exports of Spain and Portugal are silks, wool, olive-oil, cork, wine, and fruits. Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain : it contains the grandest pic- ture gallery in the world. Lisbon is the capital and T ,('.'/ .'is;, .^.-A .^S' .•, largest city of Por- tugal. The most terrible earthquake ever known visited Lisbon about the middle of the last century. A large part of the city was flooded by a great sea-wave, and in six minutes about sixty thou- sand persons per- ished. The greater number of the Ital- ians cultivate the ground, and take care of their vine- yards and olive- "antations and Scenes in Southern Europe. mulberry-groves. Every pupil must have heard how skilled the Italians are in the fine arts, especially in music and painting. The chief products of Italy are wheat, olive- oil, fruits, and silk. Rome is the capital of Italy, the home of art, and the residence of the Pope ; Naples •r , , Cities. IS situated on a beautiful bay, on one side of which is the famous volcano of Vesu- vius ; Venice is built on many islands, and some of its streets are canals, where people go about in gondolas, a curious kind of boat. Florence is noted for its works of art. Greece is now a petty kingdom, and every kind of industry is in a backward Greece. state. Athens is still the capital ; but it is no longer the city of temples and palaces, the home of poets and artists and orators. Only its ruins are interesting. The Turks hold quite a number of countries in the region where Europe, Asia, and 1 r 1 Turkey. Africa meet. These lands form the Turkish Empire. It is a very fertile country ; but, owing to bad government, the people are not prosperous or happy. The Turks themselves form only a small part of the population of Turkey. They ^ ^ ■' ■' The Turks. came from Asia several centuries ago, and conquered and settled down in the country which they now occupy. Their way of living is not like that of any other nation of Europe. They are Mohammedans in religion, and believe in polygamy, or the right of a man to have several wives. The ruler of Tur- key is called the Sultan. The principal farm products of Turkey are maize, rice, tobacco, products cotton, rye, barley, and and millet. The chief exports are tobacco, wine, olive-oil, fruits, silks, and carpets. Constantinople (meaning the city of Constaiitiiic, one constar.ti- of the Roman emperors) "°p>«- Southern Europe, 93 is the capital of Turkey. By looking at the map you may see how finely it is placed for commerce. The splendid harbor is called " The Golden Morn." From a distance the city looks very bright and gay, with its many mosques and other buildings in the oriental style ; but its streets are narrow and unpaved, and are not lighted at night. On the map of Europe (p. 82), you may Small see the names Roumania, Servia, and kingdoms. Montenegro. These small countries, till a few years ago, belonged to Turkey ; but they are now independent. FOR RECITATION. 1. IVIiat three peninsulas extend into the Mediterranean Sea? The Spanish peninsula, Italy, and Turkey with Greece. 2. What are the principal exports of Spain and Portugal? Silks, wool, olive-oil, cork, wine, and fruits. 3. What are the chief products of Italy? They are wheat, olive-oil, fruits, and silk. 4. A^anie four cities of Italy. Rome, Naples, Venice, and Florence. 5. What can you say of Greece? It is a petty kingdom. 6. What are the principal exports of Turkey ? They are tobacco, wine, olive-oil, fruits, silk, and carpets. 7. What is the capital of Turkey ? Constantinople is the capital. 8. What can you say of Roumania, Servia, and Monte- negro ? They were till lately parts of Turkey, but are now independent. Picturesque Scenes in Europe. 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C c^ fA G CJ !- in I— I < G OJ ■ — -^ QJ 4-> •^— C rv.. o i2 OS > rG rt CO 'C QJ <*- -G o io C C f^ o n ^ eu 5 o B 13 G G QJ > o P w -c; G QJ QJ 4-J QJ s- c:! X3 G G O jO QJ O > CG >■ in s- _ (U '^• > Cj r QJ >^ CO in > > G- c^ en s Si .0 Si QJ > s rs s a o ;^ r»-. QJ G O G M .5 C '55 "^ ^ G t^ ! > QJ tn ^ -TZ < .^ ^ *= QJ _. i> QJ QJ 4-" -rt 4-» ^ rt >- s i. QJ O 15 C J3 96 Nature of the Country. of Thibet. The two great deserts — the Desert of Iran and the Desert of Gobi — are also plateaus. The loftiest mountain-chain of Asia is that named the Himalaya Mountains. In oun ains. ^^^.^ chain is Mount Everest, which is famous as being the highest mountain in the Plateaus. NORTH FRIG — the common camel of Arabia, and the Bac- trian camel, which has two humps. The ele- phant, too, is a most useful servant and com- panion to man. The yak with its long woolly coat, the zebu with its curious hump, and the straight-horned buffalo, are the largest and most useful members of the ox family. Of the thick- skinned animals the most im- portant are the one-horned rhinoceros of India, and the white-backed tapir of Suma- tra. Asia is the home, also, of numerous beasts of prey ; among them that greatest and most terrible of the cat tribe, the tiger of Bengal, and the leopard-like cheetah. Three of the five races of men live in Asia. These are the Cau- casian, the Mongolian, and the Malay races. The Mon- golians are most numerous ; the Malays least so. FOR recitation. Races. Physical Map of Asia. world. Its top is five and a half miles above the level of the sea. The southern part of Asia consists of three great peninsulas. These are Arabia, Hindostan, and Indo-China. Asia is the home of many large and interest- ins: animals. Some of these have been tamed, and others are wild and fierce. Of the domesticated animals the camel is the most useful. There are two kinds of camels, Peninsulas. Animals. 3. 1. What part of the population of the globe lives in Asia ? One-half the population of the globe. 2. In whidi zones is Asia ? The northern part is in the North Frigid Zone, and the southern part in the Torrid Zone ; but the greater part is in the North Temperate Zone. Which parts of Asia form a great plain ? The northern and north-western parts. Na7ne the highest plateau. The Table-land of Thibet. Which are the loftiest mountains ? The Himalaya Mountains are the loftiest, and Mount Everest is the highest mountain on the globe. China and Japan. 97 CH E E TAH Animals of Asia. 6. What three great peninsttlas in Southern Asia ? Arabia, Hindostan, and Indo-China. 7. Xaine some of the animals of Asia. The elephant, camel, yak, and zebu, the rhi- noceros and tapir, tiger and cheetah. 8. What three races of men live in Asia f The Caucasian, Mongolian, and Malay races. Reading-Lesson XLIV. CHINA AND JAPAN. Mi-ka'do Shang-hai' (-/iD To'ki-o Yok-o-ha'ma The Chinese Empire is made up of several Chinese countrics, but the most interesting of Empire. thcsc is China itself, or, as the Chi- nese call it, the "Central Flowery Land." History. The first thing to be noticed about China is the vast number of human beings Population. that live there. The number of people in China is over four hundred millions ; that is, one-third of the whole human family. China is one of the oldest of civilized na- tions. The people of that country had invented the mariner's compass, gunpowder, and the art of printing many cen- turies before these became known in Europe. But we cannot say that the Chinese are a civil- ized people, according to our ideas. -Their way of doing things and thinking about things is the same to-day as described in their books two thousand years ago. Two thousand years ago the Chinese built along the northern border of their chi country the " Great Wall." It is I about fifteen hundred miles long, from fifteen iinese Wall. 98 China and Japan, The Great Wall of China. Progress. to thirty feet high, and so broad that six horse- men may ride abreast on it. This Great Wall was built to guard the country against the wild Tartar tribes. Till lately the Chinese would have no deal- ings with the rest of the world ; but now they trade with the " outside bar- barians." Many of them have come over to work in this country, and most pupils who live in cities have seen a Chinaman. Most of the people of China are engaged in Rice and tilling the soil ; and as they are so very *^^- numerous, each family must, of course, occupy a very small patch of ground. The grain most cultivated is rice. This is the great food of the people, as bread is with us. The national drink is tea, and both plant and name are Chi- nese. The culture of the tea-plant is a very large and important business in China. The tea- plant is an evergreen shrub, growing five or six feet high, the leaves of which are gathered, and dried in shallow pans over charcoal fires. The dress of the common peo- ple of China is almost cotton entirely of cotton cloth, andsiik. Hence we judge that the cotton- plant must be largely grown in China ; and this is the case. But the richer classes always wear robes of silken stuffs ; and from this we may judge that the manu- facture of silk must be another important business in China. In fact, the art of rearing silkworms, which feed on mulberry-leaves, and of unraveling the threads of cocoons, was first practiced by the Chinese. The Chinese are a great manu- facturing people, if we use the word mamtfac- turins!' in its first sense of making by hand, for almost all their trades are carried on in this way. The chief exjDorts are teas and silks, nankeens, laces, porcelain and lacquered ware, ivory-work, fire-crackers, and rattan. The Chinese have many manners and cus- toms that seem strange to us. The jy^nners men shave a part of the head, and wear and ..... , • 1. •^ customs. their hair in a long queue, or pig-tail. They take off their shoes instead of their hats Exports. Chinese School. when they go into a house. They eat with two small sticks, instead of with knives and forks. In a Chinese book you begin at the bottom of China and Japan, 99 Manufacture of lea. Cities. Japan and the Japanese. the page, and read upwards. In school, Chinese scholars recite with their backs turned to the teacher, and they study by reading aloud at the top of their voices. The Chinese educate the boys, but not the girls. They wear white for mourning. The place of honor is on the left hand instead of the right. A Chinaman shakes his own hand instead of his friend's. There is no country in the world where there are so many large cities as in China. The capital, Peking, has nearly as many inhabitants as London. Canton and Shanghai are the principal seaports. Japan is a very interesting country. It in- cludes several large and many small islands north-east of China. Although the Japanese live so near the Chinese, and belong to the same race (the Mongolian), they are quite a different people. They are in- telligent, ingenious, and quick to learn. They have railroads, steam-boats, telegraphs, and ma- chinery. The best American and European engineers and teachers have been invited over, and many Japanese young men are every year sent to be educated in our colleges. The Japanese are skillful and diligent tillers of the soil. They raise rice, cotton, tobacco, tea, and all kinds of fruits and vegetables suited to their climate. They excel in horticulture and landscape-gardening. They are also much engaged in the fisheries, and fish is with them the chief article of animal* food. The Japanese manufacture fine porce- Trades. Japanese Costumes. lain and lacquered ware. Their silks and crapes are beautifully delicate. They are skillful workers in steel and bronze, and make a great variety of paper goods. These various articles they export. The Japanese dress consists of one or more loose gowns, with long wide sleeves, Japanese and fastened at the waist with a belt. '''^• The houses are low, with large piazzas and projecting roofs. The people have no chairs or beds, but sit on straw mats, and sleep on rugs. A common way of traveling is shown in the picture below. The capital of Japan is Tokio. It is nearly as large as New York. Here is the residence of the Mikado, as the em- peror of Japan is called. Yokohama is the chief seaport ; it is connected with Tokio by a straight road, or street, seventeen miles long, lined on both sides with tea-houses, gardens, and shops, in which are set out for sale all kinds of Japanese wares. Cities. Traveling in Japan. lOO Indo-China, Malaysia, and^India, FOR RECITATION. • f 1. Hour many people live in China ? More than four hundred millions, or one-third of the whole human family. 2. What is their chief food and chief drink ? The chief food is rice, and the chief drink tea. 3. What are the principal exports of China ? The principal exports are teas and silks, nankeens, laces, porcelain, lacquered ware, ivory-work, fire-crackers, and rattan. 4. Name three principal cities. Peking, which is the capital ; and Canton and Shanghai, which are the chief seaports. 5. What does Japan include? Japan includes several large and many small islands north-east of China. 6. What can yoji say of the progress of the Japanese ? The Japanese have made great progress in recent times, and are a civilized people. 7. Name the principal exports of Japan. They are porcelain, lacquered ware, silks and crape, bronze ware, and paper goods. 8. Name the capital and chief seaport. Tokio is the capital ; Yokohama is the chief seaport. Chinese Fishing. A Street in Bankok. Reading-Lesson XLV. INDO-CHINA, MALAYSIA, AND INDIA. Af-ghan-is-tan' A -nam' Ban-kok' Bel-oo-chis-tan' Bom-bay' Cel'e-bes (-6fe) Cey'lon (.se') Phil'ip-pine (,-pin) Sin-ga-pore' Su-ez' Animals. Indo-China contains three kingdoms, — Bur- mah, Siam, and Anam, — besides sev- indo- eral small states. The climate is very ^hina. hot and moist ; and hence all the tropical plants grow there, such as palms, rice, tobacco, the sugar-cane, the gutta-percha tree, sandal-wood,, bamboo, and many kinds of spices. Indo-China is the home of many of the most noted Asiatic animals. In the vast forests are found wild elephants, fierce tigers, enormous serpents, and the orang-outang. In Siam there are several thousand trained ele- phants in the royal army ; and whenever a white elephant is found it belongs to the king. Bankok is the largest city of Indo-China. Half of the people live on floating bamboo rafts, arranged like streets. Singapore, the principal seaport, belongs to the British. Malaysia (so called because it is the chief home of the Malay race) includes the many islands between south-eastern Asia and Australia. The four largest of these islands are Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, and Java. Several European nations — especially Holland, Spain, and England — rule over most of the: islands. Cities. Malaysia. Indo-China, Malaysia, and India, lOI Products. Elephant-Traveling in India. Spices are the most noted product of Malay- sia. The Moluccas are celebrated for cloves and nutmegs ; Sumatra and Java for black pepper, ginger, and camphor. Java is noted for its coffee and gutta-percha; the Philippines, for tobacco. Sugar, cotton, rice, sago, and indigo are cultivated on all the islands. Besides these, all kinds of tropical trees, plants, and fruits grow luxuriantly, as bamboos, the india-rubber tree, the camphor- tree, the mangrove-tree, ferns, magnolias, ebony, teak, sandal-wood, and hundreds of varieties of cabinet woods. British India includes most of the great pe- British ninsula of Hindostan, parts of Indo- india. China, and the island of Ceylon. The name Hindostan means literally the land of the Hindoos. The Hindoos are a people of a brownish-olive complexion ; but they are not Mongolians : they belong to the Caucasian race. In Hindostan there are more people than in any other country in the world except China, — five times as many as in the United States. India is more than ten times as large as the English British Isles, and contains six times '"'^- as many people ; and yet it is ruled by the English. A long time ago the English began trading there, and little by little they took nearly the whole of it. Now, by means of a small army, the British Governor-General keeps the whole country under control. The Products. , British have built railroads in the country, and have done much to increase trade. On account of the hot, moist climate, the vegetable productions of India are rich and tropical. We find there the im- mense banyan-tree, palms of various kinds, such as the sago and the cocoanut palm, the fragrant sandal-wood, the bamboo, the teak, and the var- nish trees. The soil yields cotton, rice, opium, sugar, indigo, the mulberry-tree, and the various spices. The grain most grown is rice, which is the principal food of the common people. Cotton is raised here more largely than in any country except the United States. The Hindoos make fine cotton, silk, and woolen goods. No doubt you have Manu- heard of the famous Cashmere shawls : ^actures. these are woven by hand from the wool or hair of a goat found in the Vale of Cashmere, in the Himalaya Mountains. Bombay is the great commercial city of India. To this port come the French and English steamers which pass through the Suez Canal. Calcutta is the residence of the British Governor-General of India. FOR RECITATION. 1. What are the three principal divisions of hido-China ? They are Burmah, Siam, and Anam. 2. What does this region produce ? It produces all kinds of tropical plants. 3. Name the largest city and largest seaport. Bankok is the largest city ; Singapore, the largest seaport, belongs to the British. 4. Name the four largest islands of Malaysia. They are Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, and Java. 5. What are sofne of the chief products of Malaysia ? They are spices, coffee, tobacco, sugar, cot- ton, indigo, india-rubber, and cabinet woods. 6. What does British India inchtde ? It includes Hindostan, parts of Indo-China, and the island of Ceylon. I02 Other Countries of Asia, Tartar Life on the Steppes 1. What are the chief products ? They are cotton, rice, sugar, opium, and spices. 8. Name the two most i?nportant cities. Bombay and Calcutta. ♦ » Reading-Lesson XLVI. OTHER COUNTRIES OF ASIA. A-lep'po Ar'ab Bed'ou-in {-een) Eu-phra'tes {-ttz) Me-di'na (de) Mo'cha {-ka) Phe-ni'cian Ti'gris In the central part of Asia is Turkestan. Turkes- Hcrc arc great treeless plains covered tan. with grass, and called steppes. These are inhabited by a fierce race called Tartars. They live in tents, and go from place to place to find pasturage for their horses, camels, sheep, and goats. In the parts called Afghanistan and Beloochistan the Tartars lead a somewhat more settled life. More than one third of Asia belongs to the Russian Empire. The greater portion of Asiatic Russia is called Siberia, and is as large as the United States. It is im- Siberia. Persia. Arabia. portant for its minerals and fine furs. The Russian government sends every year several thousand persons who have broken the laws as exiles to work in the mines of Siberia. Persia, at the time of Alexander the Great, was the strongest nation in the world ; but now it is a weak country. The Persians are skilled in the manufacture of silk and woolen goods, and of shawls and carpets. They also export dried fruits, perfumes, drugs, and gums. Arabia is the great peninsula lying between the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The interior is mostly a high barren plateau. The most fertile parts are the coast valleys and the small oases of the deserts. Arabia is divided among different states and tribes. Most of the Arabs have settled abodes ; others are wander- ing Bedouins, each under its own ruler, called a sheik. The wealth of the Bedouins consists in their herds of horses and camels and their flocks of sheep. The principal exports of Arabia are coffee, gums, spices, horses, and pearls. The finest coffee comes from a seaport named Mocha, in the south-western part. The coast of Arabia along the Red Sea be- longs to the Turks. Here are two famous Exports. '^^x>^^ Tartar Family on the March. Other Countries of Asia. 103 An Arab Sheik. cities, — Mecca and Medina. In Mecca was The holy bom Mohammcd, who lived more than places. a^ thousand years ago, and who wrote in a book named the Koran the rules of a religion called Mohammedanism. The Persians, Arabs, Turks, and several other peoples in Asia, follow this religion, and thousands of Moham- medans make pilgrimages to^ Mecca every year. Turkey in Asia includes otli^ countries, and Turkey amoug them some of the most interest- in Asia. jj^g places in ancient history. Along the coast of the Mediterranean is a country now called Syria, part of which is Palestine, or the Holy Land. Jerusalem is the chief city ; but it is not now like the city of David. North of Palestine was the land of the Phenicians, who were very skillful sailors, and who invented the alphabet. On the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates are the ruins of Babylon and Nin- eveh, — two great cities of which you may read in ancient history. The trade of Turkey in Asia is carried on chiefly with England and other Euro- pean countries, from various ports upon the coasts of Asia Minor and Syria. With the countries to the eastward of Turkey, trade is Trade. carried on by means of caravans which cross the Syrian and Arabian deserts. The cities of Aleppo, Damascus, and Bagdad are the chief centers of caravan traffic. Smyrna is the prin- cipal seaport of Asiatic Turkey. FOR RECITATION. 1. What people live in Turkestan ? The Tartars, a fierce wandering race. 2. IVhat is tJie name of ilie largest Russian territory in Asia ? Siberia. 3. What articles are exported from Persia ? Shawls and carpets, dried fruits, perfumes, and drugs. 4. What articles are exported from Arabia ? Coffee, gum, spices, horses, and pearls. 5. What famous Mohammedan cities in Arabia P Mecca and Medina. 6. What can you say of Mecca ? Mecca was the birth-place of Mohammed. 7. What is the chief seaport of Asiatic Turkey f Smyrna. Mohammedan Priest calling to Prayer. 104 from "Washington 117 General Description, 105 AFRICA. coast? What mountains in the southern part of Africa? What mountain - range south - west of Soudan ? African Scenes QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. Divisions. — What five countries border on the Mediterranean Sea? What desert south of the Bar- bary States? What division south of the Sahara? What country south of Egypt? What colony in South Africa? What division west of Upper Guinea? What large island east of Southern Africa? What islands west of Africa? Coast. — What is the most eastern cape? Most southern ? What cape west of Cape Agulhas ? Most western? What large sea on' the north of Africa? Wliat sea on the north-east? What channel between Africa and Madagascar? What large gulf on the west coast? Mountains. — What mountain-range in the north- western part of Africa ? What range near the eastern Rivers. — What great river flows northward into the Mediter- ranean Sea? In what lake does the Nile rise? What large river flows into Mozambique Channel ? What large river crosses the Equa- tor? What is the largest river flowing into the Gulf of Guinea? What two large lakes are crossed by the Equator? What large lake is south of Albert and Victoria Lakes ? What lake west of Mozambique ? ♦ ♦ Reading-Lesson XLVII. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. g-nu (nil) Kil-i-man-ja-ro' Ni'ger Sa-ha'-ra Zam-be'si (se) ze'bra Africa is next in size to Asia, but there is not so much to be told about it as "The Dark about the other grand divisions, be- Continent." cause it has no great civilized nations. It has always been the least-known part of the world, and is sometimes called "The Dark Continent." But we have lately learned a great deal about it from brave explorers. More than one-fourth part of Africa is desert. In the northern part is the Great Desert, which is nearly as large as the whole of Europe. It is called by the Arabs Sahara, which means "the sea without water." It is the most parched, sandy, and desolate part of the world. Desert. io6 General Description. The camel. It would not be possible for man to cross this great desert without the aid of the camel, well named the " ship of the desert." There are often no other traces of a path across the sandy waste than the whitened bones of men and camels that have perished along the great caravan routes of travel, from thirst, sand-storms, or sickness. The oases are thickly covered with date- palms, which offer their grateful shade and sweet fruit to the weary caravans, while the clear springs afford delicious draughts of water to thirsty men and patient camels. Oases. Lakes. several ranges, one of which is called the Moun- tains of the Moon. In these mountains is the highest peak in Africa. It is called Mount Kilimanjaro ; it is four miles high, and, though in the Torrid Zone, its summit is white with snow all the year round. Africa has several lakes said to be as large as the " Great Lakes " of North America. They are near the Equator, and have only recently been explored and described. In one of these lakes, called Albert Lake, rises that famous river, the Nile. For thousands of years nobody knew where it came from, and its true source was discovered only very lately. The Nile flows through a long, narrow val- ley, where there is no rain all the year round. If it were not for this river, Egypt would be a hot and arid desert. There are three other im- portant rivers in Af- othe The Nile. ler rivers. Physical Map of Africa. Most of the chains of mountains are near the coast. In the north-west are the At- las Mountains, in the west the Kong Mountains, and in the south the Snow Moun- tains. Tn the East African mountains are Mountains. rica, — the Niger, the Congo, and the Zambesi. The Congo, wliich has only lately been explored, is now called the Livingstone, after Dr. Livingstone, the famous missionary and traveler, who spent many years in the in- terior of Africa, and died there while making his ex- j^lorations. Africa is the native home of some of the largest ° Elephant. and fiercest of the wild animals. Of these the hugest is the elephant. The African differs from the Asiatic elephant in sev- eral ways, but especially in having enormously large cars. Unlike the elephant of Asia, the African elephant is not tamed and made the servant of man. He is hunted and killed for General Description, 107 Animals of Africa. the sake of his great ivory tusks, which are sold at a high price. The usual way of taking the animal is by digging a deep, covered pit- fall, with a sharp stake set up at the bottom. The hippopotamus is another huge, thick- Hippopota- skinned animal. The woid means '""^- rivcr-hojse, and the beast is alwa3'S in or near water. It is a fine swimmer and diver, and can stay under water quite a while. At night-time, the hippopotamus, leaving its hiding- place, treads its way into the cultivated lands, and does great harm to the crops. There are various 'ways of hunting this mischievous but valuable animal. One way is by digging pit- falls ; another is by attacking it in the water with a kind of harpoon. The fat and flesh are much relished as food, the hide is useful for the manufacture of whips and other articles, and the teeth furnish the whitest ivory. Rhinoceros. The name "rhinoceros," which means nose- horn, calls attention to the curious horns that project from the nose of this animal. They are, however, not true horns, but simply growths of the skin. The rhinoceros, when full grown, is over five feet high. The skin is so thick that the beast can not be killed by an ordinary leaden bullet, and this tough hide is used by the natives to make whips and war-shields. The? lion, the grandest creature of the cat- tribe, is found both in North Africa Lion. and South Africa. When fully grown, the male lion measures about eleven feet in length, and four feet in height at the shoulder. The giraffe, the tallest of beasts, is found only in Africa. It is from eighteen to twenty feet high, and this great height I helps it reach the leaves of trees on which it Giraffe. io8 Northern Africa. feeds. It is a gentle and playful animal, and is hunted for its flesh, and for its strong, thick hide, used for making shoe-soles, shields, etc. The zebra, with its creamy white Zebra and skin, regularly marked gnu. ^j|-]^ black stripes, is a most beautiful animal. It is mild and timid, but hard to tame. A strange animal is the gnu. When first seen, you are in doubt whether it is a horse, a bull, or an antelope ;* but it is, in fact, one of the antelopes. The ostrich, the largest of birds, lives in the hot, sandy deserts of Africa, feeding principally on wild melons, which grow there. It is valued chiefly on account of its beautiful plumes. The gorilla is a large ape which lives in the thick jungles in the western part of Africa. It is as big as a man, and much stronger. It is so ferocious that the na- tives fear it even more than they fear the lion. Hidden among the thick branches of the forest trees, it will watch for a negro to pass by. It then lets down its terrible hind foot, grasps the man round the neck, lifts him up, and drops him dead on the ground. FOB RECITATION. Ostrich. Gorilla. 1. What is to be remarked about Africa ? It is the least known of the grand divisions, and is the home of no great civilized people. 2. Hoiv much of Africa is desert? More than one-fourth. ^ 3. Where are most of the mountain-chains ? They are near the coast. 4. What of the lakes of Africa ? Africa has several large lakes, said to be equal in size to our "Great Lakes." 5. Where is the source of the Nile ? In one of these lakes, called Albert Lake. Egyptian Flowing. 6. Name three other large rivers. The Niger, Livingstone, and Zambesi. 7. What are some of the principal wild animals of Africa ? The elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, giraffe, zebra, gnu, ostrich, and gorilla. Reading-Lesson XLVIII. NORTHERN AFRrCA. Al-ex-an'dri-a Al-giers' ( -jtrz') Trip'o-li Tu'nis Egypt is the oldest nation of which we have any history. The Egyptians were a Ancient highly civilized people four thousand ^gypt. years ago. They built the grandest temples ever raised by man, and the Pyramids, which are still the wonder of the world. The Nile, fed by rains from the mountains of Abyssinia, rises every summer, and, overflowing its banks for two or three months, leaves on the surface a deposit of very fertile soil. The Egyptians are principally en- gaged in cultivating the Nile valley. They raise wheat, barley, maize, rice, cotton, and dates. The chief exports are products cotton, rice, and wheat ; and large and quantities of gold-dust, ivory, ostrich- feathers, etc., are brought from the interior of Africa to be sent to Europe by way of Egypt. Alexandria is the largest seaport. exports. Soudan and the Coast Settlements. 109 a wall, and having low, flat- roofed houses, built ,, ' Morocco m with courts and gar- and dens in the center. ^^"^' j/v Algeria belongs to France ; -S and the principal city, Al- giers, is an important sea- port. FOR RECITATION. Suez Canal. Most of the Egyptians belong to the Arab race. We see the men, grave-look- ing and bearded, wear- ing turbans and long loose robes ; we see the ladies with their faces muffled, riding on the backs of donkeys ; we see the mosques and bazaars ; we see also the streets lined with little shops, where the merchants sit on cushions, with their goods arranged on shelves behind them. The Suez Canal is a large ship-canal, which in 1869 was dug across the Isthmus of Suez. It is eighty-five miles long, and forms a channel between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea ; so that now vessels may sail from Europe to the East Indies by a much shorter way than by going all around Africa. Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli are Barbary Called the " Barbary States." The prin- states. cipal productions of these countries are wool, gum, bees-wax, dates, olive-oil, and goat-skins. These are exported, as are also ivory, gold-dust, and ostrich-feathers brought from the interior of Africa.. A very valuable leather, called "morocco leather," is prepared from the skin of the native goats. Morocco is the largest of these countries. It is ruled by a sultan. The largest place is Morocco, an old Moorish town, surrounded by Scenes in Cairo 1. IVItat is the principal occupa- tion of tlie Egyptians ? Agriculture. 2. A^avie the principal exports. They are cotton, rice, and wheat. 3. What is the largest seaport ? Alexandria. 4. What 7vaters does the Suez Canal Join ? It joins the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Name the Barbary States. The Barbary States are Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. ♦ ♦ Reading-Lesson XLIX. SOUDAN AND THE COAST SETTLEMENTS. Si-er'ra Le-o'ne Sou-dan' Trans-vaal' Zu'lu {zoo'loo) Soudan. Why do men risk their lives in crossing the Great Desert in caravans } For the sake of gain. In the middle part of Africa is a region called Soudan, in which live many millions of people. It stretches from the Sahara southward to the Equator, and is almost as large as our own country. It has a tropical climate, abundant rains, a fertile soil, and many valuable and useful productions. It is to obtain these products that the caravans cross the Great Desert. no Soudan and the Coast Settlements. Its people. The negroes of Soudan are partly civilized. They live in villages, and have settled habits. They cultivate their fields, weave cotton cloth, and dye it with bright colors ; and they make some iron weapons, and %)\.#A^^7> Great War-Canoe on the Livingstono Eiver. tools, and rude pottery. They live on the manioc-root, rice, millet, yams, the fruit of the palms, and what is yielded by their flocks. Many of their towns are of considerable size. The commercial products are gold-dust, ivory, and ostrich-feathers, together with slaves. Not much is known of Central Africa south Cannibal of the Equator. It is inhabited by land. fierce, savage tribes, vv^ho are often at war with one another. Some of them are cannibals. In South Africa are several interesting native races. The Hottentots, who live in Cape Colony, speak a curious language, full of clicking sounds. The Caffres live in Caffraria. The men are strong and well-built, and the women quite good looking. They put great faith in charm-doctors, rain-makers, and South Africa, prophets. The Zulus are a handsomer race than the negroes generally. In color they are like the Indians of North America. Dr. Living- stone tells us that they are noted for their honesty and hospitality. Most of the colonies of South Africa belong to the British. Cape Town is the colonies, principal city. The Transvaal Re- ^"=- public and the Orange River Republic are small states founded by the Dutch Boers. Many diamonds have been found in the diggings near the Orange and Neal Rivers. Liberia, on the west coast, is settled by ne- groes from the United States, and ° . . ' r West coast. Sierra Leone is a British colony for negroes rescued from slave-ships. Several Eu- ropean nations have trading-stations along the west coast of Africa. FOR RECITATION. 1. What great region is south of the Sahara f Soudan. 2. What can you say of it? It has a tropical climate, abundant rains, a fertile soil, and many valuable productions. 3. What of the negroes of Soudan ? They are partly civilized. 4. What are the chief products ? Gold-dust, ivory, and ostrich-feathers. 5. Name some of the races of South Africa. The Hottentots, Caffres, and Zulus. 6. To what natioji do uiost of the colonies of Scuth Africa belong? To the British. caravan and Oasis. Questions on the Map, I II OCEANICA. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. How many great groups of islands in Oceanica? Ans. Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynesia. What oceans and tvhat sea surround Oceanica ? Which group is nearest Asia? What sea between Asia and Malaysia? What Dcean west of Australasia? Name the largest island of" Australasia. Is Australia in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere ? What gulf in the northern part of Aus- tralia? Name one river and its tributary in the southern part. Locate Sydney; Melbourne. What seaport in the south-western part ? What large island north of Australia? What strait between these two islands? What island south of Australia? Name its capital. How many islands in New Zealand, and where are they ? Name the capital. To what country do Tasmania and New Zealand belong? Ans. To Great Britain. Name the principal groups of islands in Polynesia. Which is the most north-easterly group ? Name the capital of the Sandwich Islands. I ^ Australia. History. Animals, Products, and Customs of Oceanica. Reading-Lesson L. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Hawaii (hdwl'ee) Ho-no-lu'lu (.-loo'loo) Kil-au'e-a Mau'na Lo'a Melbourne {-hum) Pap'u-a {-oo-a) Pol-y-ne'si-a {-sH-a) Tas-ma'ni-a (tos-) Oceanica. On the map just studied we see three great groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These are called Oceanica, which means the great island-world in the ocean. These islands number several thousands. Each of the three groups is called by a separate name. Thus in the north-west we see Malaysia, about which we learned something when studying about Asia. In the central part we see the group called Australasia, and in the eastern part Polynesia. In Australasia the largest island is Aus- tralia. This island is so very large that it is sometimes called a continent. It is occupied by several British colonies. Australia was discovered nearly three hun- dred years ago by the Dutch, who called it by the name of New Holland. Captain Cook, the great English navigator, visited it about one hundred years ago, anil shortly afterwards the English began to use it as a place to which they might send persons guilty of crimes. But as more and more free settlers made their homes in Australia, the English at last gave up sending convicts to this country. In 1851 gold was discovered here, and thousands of persons rushed to the mines, and the rapid growth of Australia then began. There are no large animals native to Aus- tralia, but quite a number of very Animals. N. curious creatures. Among these are the pouched animals, of which the kangaroo is the best known kind, and the duck-bill, a very odd animal, with a body like an otter, but with webbed feet, and a bill like a duck. Other in- teresting animals are the emu, or cassowary,' which is like the ostrich of Africa ; black swans ; white eagles ; the lyre-bird, so called because it has a tail like a lyre ; and lastly, the beautiful bird-of-paradise. Australia is rich in gold, of which it pro- General Description. 113 'rade. luces more than any other country except our own. It is also a good farming coun- try, and is especially fitted for sheep- aising. Australia produces more wool than .ny other country, and large quantities of vhesLt and cotton. Trade is carried on principally with Great Britain. Australia exports gold, cop- per, wool, hides, and preserved meats, .nd receives in exchange the cotton and woolen ^oods, iron and hardware, of England. It has . line of steamships communicating with San ^ran Cisco, and a line with England by way of 'anama and New York. Melbourne and Syd- ley are the largest cities in Australia. Tasmania and New Zealand are other British (ther colonies. Agriculture and sheep-rais- iiands. jj^g ^j-g carried on in both. New juinea, sometimes called Papua, is, next to Australia, the largest island on the globe. rhe natives are a black-colored race. These slands are all in Australasia. Polynesia means many islands, and the name is a good one, .'or in this division are almost countless islands, or clusters >f islands. Some of the islands are volcanic, tthers ?re coral islands. The people of Poly- lesia are light-colored tribes belonging to the vlalay race. Many of them have been con- '^erted to Christianity by the labors of Ameri- :an and English missionaries. The cocoa-nut palm is found all over Poly- jature's ncsia, and is of the greatest use to 'olynesia. ood. the inhabitants. It needs no culture, )runing, or attention of any kind, while it is he staff of life to the islanders. They repose jeneath its shade, eat its fruit, and find a bev- erage in the milk of the nut. Their huts are hatched with the leaf-stalks, of which also :hey make baskets for catching fish, while the eaves furnish bonnets, and the leaflets fans. Hardly less important is the bread-fruit tree, ;he fruit of which supplies a nourishing and Dleasant food. The Sandwich Islands form the most inter- esting of the Polynesian groups. For sandwich many years past the Sandwich-Island- islands, ers have been civilized. They have convenient towns, roads, a small fleet, a written language, and export sandal-wood, coffee, sugar, oil, etc. Honolulu is the capital. Steamers and whale- ships stop there for supplies. In the island of Hawaii is the m^st wonderful volcanic moun- tain in the world. It is called Mauna Loa (meaning "high mountain"), and is nearly fourteen thousand feet high. It has many craters on the sides and near the summit. One of these, named Kilauea, is nine miles in circumference. From these craters lava fre- quently shoots up in great columns hundreds of feet high. FOR RECITATION. 1. What are the three great groups of islands in Oceanica ? They are Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynesia. 2. What of Australia? It is the largest island in the world, and is sometimes called a continent, 3. By whom is it occupied? By several British colonies. 4. What are the chief exports? They are gold, copper, wheat, wool, hides, and preserved meats. 5. What other two laige islands in Australasia ? Tasmania and New Zealand, which are Brit- ish colonies. 6. What is Polynesia ? It is the many islands and clusters of islands east of Australasia. 7. What is the most ititeresting group in Polynesia f The Sandwich Islands. 8. What is the capital? The capital is Honolulu. 9. What great volcano in these islanas ? The volcano of Mauna Lo?,, in the island of Hawaii. 114 »-IRCLES AND JLINES. CIRCLES AND LINES ON GLOBES AND MAPS. Taking the Longitude at Sea. 1. Circles and Lines. — The Equator, the tropics and polar circles, and the parallels and meridians, are circles or lines drawn on globes and maps. {Sec map, p. id.) Note. — The earth seems to stand still, but it has two motions. If you pass a wire through an apple, and move it round on the wire from west to east, you will imitate the daily motion of the earth, which produces day and night. The wire represents the Axis of the earth, the difference being that the axis turns with the earth. The end of the axis at the north is called the North Pole, the other end, the South Pole. Now move the apple around the edge of a circular table hav- mg a lamp in the center, and you will imitate the yearly motion of the earth around the sun, which produces the changes of the seasons. 2. The Equator is a circle imagined to pass around the earth, equally distant from each pole. 3. It represents the earth divided into a northern and a southern hemisphere. 4. The tropics and the polar circles show the boundaries of the five zones. The five zones are the Torrid Zone, the North Temperate Zone, the South Temperate Zone, the North Frigid Zone, and the South Frigid Zone. 6. The tropics are the two circles that bound the Torrid Zone. 6. Their names. — The northern tropic is called the Tropic of Cancer, and the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn. 7. The polar circles are the two circles that separate the Temperate from the Frigid zones. 8. Their names. — The northern polar circle is called the Arctic Circle ; the southern, the Antarctic Circle. 9. The parallels and meridians show the situa- tion of places on the earth's surface. 10. The parallels show the latitude oi a place, or its distance north or south from the Equator. 11. Latitude is reckoned by distances called Parallels of Latitude. degrees, thus : north latitude from the Equator, where the latitude is zero, to the North Pole, where the lati- tude is ninety degrees north ; south latitude, from the Equator to the South Pole, where the latitude is ninety degrees south. 12. The meridians show the longitude of a place, or its distance east or west from some fixed point, called the " first meridian." Note. — The "first meridians" most used on are the meridian of Greenwich Observatory, near don, and that of the Naval Observatory in Washingtc 13. Longitude is reckoned from the first meril maps Meridians of Longitude. ian, both eastward and westward one hundred and eighty degrees, or half-way around the earth. Note. — The length of a degree of longitude is nearly seventy miles at the Equator, but the degrees constantly lessen towards each pole, where they have no length. Topical Questions for Review. 115 TOPICAL QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW. Mathematical. — What is the shape of the earth? What is its size? What is the Equator? Into which hemispheres does the Equator divide the earth's surface ? What is the North Pole ? The South Pole ? Name the tropics. Name the polar :ircles. What do the tropics and polar circles show? How many zones are there ? Between what circles is the Torrid Zone ? The North Temperate Zone ? The South Tem- perate Zone ? Where is the North Frigid Zone? The South Frigid Zone ? How is the situation of places shown on maps and globes? How many degrees of latitude between the Equator and the North Pole ? Between the Equator and the South Pole ? How is longitude reckoned ? Physical. — How much land and how much water on the earth's surface ? Name the two continents. Name the grand divisions in the Eastern Continent. In the Western Continent. What island continent in the Eastern Hemisphere ? Name the oceans. Define island. Peninsula. Cape. Isthmus. Mountain. Valley. Plain. Plateau. Mountain-range. Define sea, gulf, or bay. Strait. Lake. River. To which water divis- ion does a peninsula correspond? An isthmus ? An island ? What sea west of North America ? North of South America ? Between Europe and Africa? Between Arabia and India? Between China and Japan? What gulf south of the United States? West of Newfoundland? What bay west of Green- land? In Canada? North of Spain? South of Asia? North of Australia ? What strait between South America and Tierra delFuego? Between North America and Asia? What strait connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea ? What is the most easterly cape of North America? The most westerly ? Name three capes on the coast of the United States. What cape at the southern extremity of South America ? Of Africa? The most northerly cape in Europe ? In Asia? W^hat isthmus joins North and South America? Asia and Africa ? What is the longest river in the world? Name four other great rivers of North America. Which is the largest river in the world ? Name two other great rivers in South America. Which is the longest river in Europe ? Name three other great rivers of Europe. Name a famous river of England. Of France. Of Germany. Name the two chief rivers of India. Of China. Name the three largest rivers of Africa. Name the " Great Lakes " of North America. Name the largest lakes in Europe. In Asia. In Africa. WHiat is climate? Name the zones of climate. In which zone is the United States ? In which zone or zones is Great Britain? France? Germany? China? Japan? Greenland? Tierra del Fuego ? Australia? Hindostan ? Egypt? Mexico? Brazil? Chili? Iceland? Canada-? West Indies ? Grand Divisions. — How does North America compare in size with the other grand divisions? Which is the smallest grand division ? The largest ? What ocean separates Europe from North America? South America from Africa? Asia from North America? Which grand divisions are wholly in the northern hemisphere ? Which are in two hemispheres ? Countries. — Name the countries of North America. Bound each. Name the countries of the Andes region. What large country in the eastern part of South America? What country in the llanos? What countries in the pampas? What country occupies the British Isles? What country occupies about one- half of Europe? What countries in the three peninsulas of Southern Europe? Bound France. What country east of France ? South-east of Germany ? To what nation does the northern half of Asia belong ? To what nation does India belong? Australia? Canada? What nation has countries at the meeting-point of Europe, Asia, and Africa? What country occupies the eastern part of Asia? What island-kingdom east of China? Name the Barbary States. What country occupies the Nile Valley? Which is the most populous country on the globe ? To what race do the Chinese belong? Which is the next most populous country in the world ? To which race do the Hindoos belong ? What is the population of the United States? Of the British Isles ? Name all the republics of North America. What kingdom in South America? What three colonies? What is the government of all the other South-American countries? What is the largest republic in Europe ? The smallest? What form of government has Great Britain ? Russia ? Productions and Commerce. — What are the principal exports of New England ? In which section is most of the foreign commerce of the United States carried on? Name the leading productions of the Southern States. Of the Central States. Which states produce coal? Iron? Lead? Copper? Zinc? Silver? Gold? Lumber? Sugar? Tobacco? Rice? Cotton? Wine? What articles does your state export ? From what countries do we obtain sugar? Tea? Coffee? Spices? India-rubber ? Tropical fruits ? Wines ? Tobacco ? Name the chief exports of Mexico. Of Central America. Of the West Indies. Of South America. Name the principal manu- factured articles of Great Britain. Of France. What are the principal products of Germany? Of Austria? Of Italy? What are the chief exports of Spain ? Of Portugal ? Of Turkey ? Of China? Of Japan? Name the products of India. Of Indo- China. Of Arabia. Of Egypt. Of Soudan. Of Australia. Of Malaysia. Cities and Seaports. — What is the largest city in the world? Which European city is second in size? What is the largest city of China? Of America? Of South America? Name two cities of Europe as large as New York. What are the three chief seaports on the east coast of the United States? What is the chief seaport on the west coast? What is the great English seaport for trade with our country? Name two seaports in France. One in the Netherlands. Two in Germany. Two in Russia. One in Portugal. One in Turkey. One in Egypt. Two in India. Two in China. One in Japan. One in Indo-China. Two in Australia. One in Brazil. One in Uruguay. ii6 lABLES OF rOPULATION. TABLES OF POPULATION CITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF THE UNITED STATES) OF OVER 150,000 POPULATION, Alexandria, Egypt . . 212,000 Calcutta, Hindostan 616,000 Amoy, China .... 200,000 Canton, China . . . 1,000,000 Amsterdam, Netherlands 290,000 Constantinople, Turkey 500,000 Bankok, Indo-Cliina . . 500,000 Copenhagen, Denmark 180,000 Barcelona, Spain . . . 180,000 Delhi, Hindostan . . 152,000 Belfast, Ireland . . . 174,000 Dresden, Germany 197,000 Benares, Hindostan . . 200,000 Dublin, Ireland 314,000 Berlin, Germany . . . 1 ,000,000 Edinburgh, Scotland 218,000 Birmingham, England . 377,000 Florence, Italy . . 167,000 Bombay, Hindostan . . 650,000 Foo Chow, China . 600,000 Bordeaux, France . . 215,000 Glasgow, Scotland 556,000 Bradford, England . . 173,000 Hamburg, Germany 345,000 Breslau, Germany. . «. 239,000 Hang Chow, China 800,000 Bristol, England . . . 199,000 Havana, West Indies 220,000 Brussels, Belgium . . 375,000 Hyderabad, Hindostan 400,000 Bucharest, Roumania . 220,000 Kioto, Japan . . . 300,000 Buda-Pesth, Austria . . 270,000 Leeds, England . . 291,000 Buenos Ayres, Arg. Rep. 178,000 Lille, France . . . 163,000 Cairo, Egypt .... 354,000 Lima, Peru . . . 1 60,000 Lisbon, Portugal . . Liverpool, England . London, England . . Lucknow, Hmdostan Lyons, France . . . Madras, Hindostan . Madrid, Spain . . . Manchester, England Manila, Malay Islands Marseilles, France Melbourne, Australia Mexico, Mexico . Milan, Italy . . . Moscow, Russia , Munich, Germany Nankin, China . . Naples, Italy . . Ningpo, China . . Odessa, Russia 274,000 527,000 [ ,000,000 285,000 343,000 395,000 350,000 500,000 165,000 319,000 194,000 210,000 263,000 611,000 170,000 500,000 450,000 400,000 162,000 Osaka, Japan . Palermo, Italy . Paris, France . Patna, Hindostan Peking, China . Prague, Austria Rio Janeiro, Brazi Rome, Italy . Shanghai, China Sheffield, England Singapore, Indo-China Smyrna, Asiatic Turkey Stockholm, Sweden .. St. Petersburg, Russia Tientsin, China Tokio, Japan Turin, Italy . . Vienna, Austria Warsaw, Russia 600,000 220,000 2,000,000 284,000 1,650,000 190,000 275,000 244,000 277,000 274,000 150,000 150,000 155,000 700,000 930,000 800,000 208,000 1 ,000,000 251,000 CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE UNITED STATES HAVING A POPULATION OF OVER 15,000 BY THE CENSUS OF 1880. Akron, 16,512 Albany, N.Y 90,758 Allegheny, Penn 78,682 Allentown, Penn 18,063 Akoona, Penn i9)7io Atchison, Kan 15. '05 Atlanta, Ga 37,409 Auburn, N.Y 21,924 Augusta, Ga 21,891 Baltimore, Md 332,313 Bangor, Me 16,856 Bay City, Mich 20,693 Binghaniton, N.Y J7>3i7 Bloomington, HI 17,180 Boston, Mass 362,839 Bridgeport, Conn 27,643 Brooklyn, N.Y 566,663 Buffalo, N.Y 155,134 Burlington, lo 19,450 Cambridge, Mass. ... 52,669 Camden, N.J 41,659 Charleston, S.C 49,984 Chelsea, Mass 21,782 Chicago, 111 503,185 Cincinnati, 255,139 Cleveland, 160,146 Cohoes, N.Y 19,416 Columbus, 51,647 Council Bluffs, lo 18,063 Covington, Ky 29,720 Davenport, lo 21,831 Dayton, 38,678 Denver, Col 35,629 Des Moines, lo 22,408 Detroit, Mich 116,340 Dubuque, lo 22,254 East Saginaw, Mich. . . . ig,oi6 Elizabeth, N.J 28,229 Elmira, N.Y 20,541 Erie, Penn 27,737 Evansville, Ind 29,280 Fall River, Mass 48,961 Fort Wayne, Ind 26,880 Galveston, Tex 22,248 Gloucester, Mass 19,329 Grand Rapids, Mich. . . . 32,016 Harrisburg, Penn 30,762 Hartford, Conn 42,015 Haverhill, Mass 18,472 Hoboken, N.J 30,999 Holyoke, Mass 21,915 Houston, Tex 16,513 Hyde Park, 111 15,716 Indianapolis, Ind 75,056 Jackson, Mich 16,105 Jersey City, N.J 120,722 Joliet, 111 16,145 Kansas City, Mo 55,785 Kingston, N.Y 18,344 Lancaster, Penn 25,769 Lawrence, Mass 39,151 Leavenworth, Kan 16,546 Lewiston, Me 19,083 Lexington, Ky 16,656 Long Isl.and City, N.Y. . . 17,129 Louisville, Ky 123,758 Lowell, Mass 59,475 Lynchburg, Va 15,959 Lynn, Mass 38,274 Manchester, N.H 32,630 Memphis, Tenn 33,592 Meriden, Conn 15,540 Milwaukee, Wis. . . Mmneapolis, Minn. Mobile, Ala. . . . Montgomery, Ala. . Nashville, Tenn. . . New Albany, Ind. . Newark, N.J. . . . New Bedford, Mass. New Brunswick, N.J. Newburgh, N.Y. New Haven, Conn. . New Orleans, La. . Newport, Ky. . . . Newport, R.I. . . Newton, Mass. . . New York, N.Y. . . Norfolk, Va. . . . Norwich, Conn. . . Oakland, Cal. . . . Omaha, Neb. . . . Oshkosh, Wis. . . Oswego, N.Y. . . Paterson, N.J. . . Pawtucket, R.I. . . Peoria, III Petersburg, Va. . . Philadelphia, Penn. . Pittsburgh, Penn. Portland, Me. . . . Portland, Ore. . . Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Providence, R.I. . . Quincy, III. . . . Racine, Wis. . . . Reading, Penn. . . Richmond, Va. . . • 115,587 . 46,887 . 29,132 ■ 16,713 • 43.350 ■ 16,423 • 136,508 • 26,845 17,166 18,049 . 62,882 . 216,090 • 20,433 ■ 15,693 • 16,995 1,206,299 . 21,966 • 15,112 • 34,555 ■ 30,518 ■ 15,748 2I,Il6 51,031 19,030 . 29,259 21,656 847,170 156,389 ■ 33,810 17,577 20,207 104,857 27,268 16,031 ■ 43,278 63,600 Rochester, N.Y 89,366 Sacramento, Cal 21,420 Salem, Mass 27,563 Salt Lake City, Utah . . . 20,768 San Antonio, Tex 20,550 Sandusky, 15,838 San Francisco, Cal 233,959 Savannah, Ga 30,709 Scranton, Penn 45,850 Somerville, Mass 24,932 Springfield, III 19,743 Springfield, Mass 33, 340 Springfield, 20,730 St. Joseph, Mo 32,431 St. Louis, Mo 350,518 St. Pai.', Minn 41, 473 Syracuse, N.Y 51,792 Taunton, Mass 21,213 Terre Haute, Ind 26,042 Toledo, 50,137 Topeka, Kan '5,452 Trenton, N.J 29,910 Troy, N.Y 5*J,747 Utica, N.Y 33,914 Washington, D.C 147,307 Waterbury, Conn 17,806 Wheeling, W. Va 30,737 Wilkesbarre, Penn 23,339 Williamsport, Penn. . . . 18,934 Wilmington, Del 42,478 Wilmington, N.C 17,35° Woonsocket, R.I 16,053 Worcester, Mass 58,291 Yonkers, N.Y 18,892 Youngstown, 15,435 Zanesville, 18,120 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 117 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Abyssinia ab-is-sin'e-a. Adi-iatic a-dre-at'ic. Afgliaiiistaii • . .af-gan-is-tan'. Alabama al-a-bah'ma. Albany awl'ba-ny. Albemarle al-be-niarl'. Alexandria al-cx-an'dre-a. Algiers al-jeerz'. Allegliany al'le-ga-ny. Altai al-ti'. Altamaha al-ta-ma-haw'. Anioor a-moor'. Androscoggin, .an-dros-cog'giu. Appalachian . .ap-pa-la'cbe-an. ilppalacliicola .ap-pa-lach-e-co'la. Areqnipa ah-ray-kee'pa. Argentine ar'gen-tine. Arizona ar-i-zo'na. Arliansas ar-kan'sas. Asia a'she-a. Asuncion ah-soon-se-own'. Atchison at'che-son. Bab el 3Iandeb bab el man'deb. Bagdad bag-dad'. Bahama ba-ha'ma. B; hia bah-ee'a. Baltic bawl'tlc. Baltimore bawl'te-more. Bangor bang'gor. Bankok ban-kok'. Baton Rouge ..bah-tn roozh'. Bering beer'ing. Beiritt bi'root. Beloochistan . .be-loo-cbis-tan'. Bengal ben-gawl'. Ben gazi ben-gah'ze. Berlin ber-lin'. Bogota bo-go-tah'. Boise City bwah-z.ay' cit'y. Bokhara bok-hah'ra. Bombay bom-bay'. Bosporus bos'po-rus. Brahmapootra braU-ma-poo'tra. Brazil bra-zeel'. Brazos braz'os. Breslau bres'Iaw. Brussels brus'slz. Bucharest boo-ka-rest'. Buenos Ayres .bo'nos air'ez. Cabul cah-bool'. Cairo (Egypt). . .ki'ro. Callao cal-lah'o Canton (China) can-ton'. Caraccas ca-rak'as. Caribbean car-ib-bee'an. Caucasus caw'ca-sus Cayenne ki en'. Cayuga ca-yoo'ga. Celebes cerebeez. Ceylon ce-lone'. Champlain sham-plain'. Chesapeake ches'a-peak. Cheyenne shi-en'. Chicago she-caw'go. Chimborazo chim-bo-rah'zo. Christiania chris-te-a'ne-a. Cincinnati cin-cin-nah'te. Cochabamba — coch-a-bam'ba Cologne co-lone'. Colorado col-o-rah'do. Constantinople con-stan-te-no'ple, Copenhagen co-pen-ha'gen. Cotopaxi co-to-pax'e. Covington cuv'ing-ton. Cusco cooz'co. Dakota dah-ko'ta. Darien day 're-en. Davenport dav'en-port. Des Moines de moin'. Detroit de-troit'. Dresden drez'den. Dubuque du-book'. Ecuador ec-wa-dore'. Edinburgh ed'in-bur-ro. Elbe elb. England ing'gland. Euphrates yoo-fray'teez. Europe yoo'rup. Fezzan fez-zan'. Fond du liac . .fond du lac'. Genesee gen-e-see'. Genoa gen'o a. Gibraltar gib-rawl'tar. Glasgow glas'go. Gloucester glos'ter. Greenwich grin'ij. Griqua grik'wa. Guayaquil gwia-keel'. Guiana ghe-ah'ne. Guinea ghin'ne. Hague hayg. Han Chau ban chow'. Haverhill hay'ver-il. Havre hahvp Hayti hay'te. Helena he-Iee'na. Henlopen hen-lo'pen. Himalaya him-a-Iay'ya. Hindostan liin-dos-tan'. Hoang Ho ho-ang ho'. Hoboken ho-bo'ken. Hong Kong hong kong'. Hoviston hoos'ton. Idaho i'da-ho. Indies in'jiz. Illinois il-le-noi'. Iowa i'o wa. Irkoutsh ir-kootsh'. Jamaica ja-may 'ca. Japan ja-pan'. Java jah'va Kalamazoo .... kal-a-ma-zoo'. Kashgar kash-gar'. Katahdin ka-tah'diu. Kelat ke-Iat'. Kennebec ken-ne-bec' Keokuk kee'o-kuk. Klamath klah'mat. Labrador lab-ra-dore'. La Crosse lah cross'. Lafayette lah-fay-et'. Lancaster lanc'as-ter. La Paz lah pahz'. La Plata lah plah'ta. Lassa lahs'sa. Leavenworth. . .lev'en-worth, Lima Ice'nia. Louisiana loo-t'c-ze-ah'na. Louisville loo'ls-vil. Lyons li'onz. Madeira ma-dee'ra. Madras ma-drahs'. Madrid ma-dreed'. Magdalena mag-da-lce'na Magellan ma-gel'lan. Malabar mal-a-bar'. Malacca ma-lac'ca. Malay ma-lay'. Malaysia ma-lay 'she-a. Manila ma-nil'a. Manitoba man-e-to-bah'. Maranham mar-an-ham'. Marseilles mar-sailz'. Matagorda mat-.vgor'da. Maumee maw-mee'. Melanesia mel-a-nee'she-a Melbourne mcrbum. Merrimac mer're-mac. Miami nii-am'e. Michigan niish'o-gan. Milan niil'an. MiUvaukee mil-waw'kee. Missouri mi.'-soo're. Mobile , mo-beel'. Mocha mo'ka. Monongahela — nio-non-ga-he'la Montana mon-tah'na. Montevideo mon-te-vid'e-o. Montpelier mont-peel'yer. Montreal mont-re-awl'. Moscow nios'co. Mount Desert . . .mount des'ert. Mourzouk moor-zook'. Mozambique mo-zam-beek'. Munich mu'nik. Muscat mus-cat'. Nashua nash'u-a. Natchez natch'ez. Nevada nay-vah'da. Ne-»vfoundland. new'fund-land. Ne^v Orleans . . .new or'le-ans. New Zealand new zee'land. Niger ni'jer. Norfolk nor'fok. Norwich nor'rij. Nova Scotia no'va sco'she-a. Obi o'be. Oceanica o-she-an'e-ca. Odessa o-des'sa. Okhotsk ok-hotsk'. Omaha o'ma-haw. Oneida o ni'da. Oregon or'c-gon. Orinoco o-re-no'co. Oshkosh osh'kosh. Oswego os-wee'go. Ottawa ot'ta-wa. Ozark o-zark'. Palermo pa-ler'mo. Palestine pal'es-tine. Pamlico pam'le-co. Panama pan-amah'. Papua pap'u a. Paraguay par-a-gway'. Passamaquoddy I pas-sa-ma- quod'dy. Peking pe-kin'. Pensacola pen-sa-co'la. Pernambuco per-nam-boo'co. Persia per'she-a. Pestli pest. Philippine phe-lip'pin. Platte plat Polynesia pol-y-nee'she-a. Popocatepetl ...pop-o-cah'te-pet P«>rto liico por'to ree'co. Portugal port'u-gal. Potomac po-to'mac. PouglikeeiJsie . . po-kip'se. Prague praig. Pyrenees pyr'e-neez. Quebec kwe-bec'. Quito kee'to. Kacine ra-seen'. Raleigh raw'le. Rappahannock rap-pa-han'nock. Reading red'ing. Riad re-ad'. Rio Grande ... .ree'o gran 'day. Rio Janeiro ree'o ja-nay'ro. Roanoke ro-an-oke'. Russia rush'a. Sabine sa-been'. Sacramento sac-ra-men'to. Sagiiia>v sag'e-naw. RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED EDUCATION - PSYCHOLOGY This book is due on the "tJ^^stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subjea to immediate recall. 7 DAY U ^E DURIM& SUMMER SESSIONS! 0€C 1 1962 FFR 1 Q 1QP;7 MAR 3 RECD -8 SE^/lhSTEB LOAN DEC 16 W QIIRtr-rT-ro-ro^, del PM LD 21-50«i-6,'60 (B1321sl0)476 General Library University of California Berkeley Valparaiso val-pa-ri'so. Venezuela ven-e-zwee'la. A'era Cruz vay 'ra kroos. Versailles ver-sailz'. Vienna ve-en'na. "Wabash waw'bash. Wahsatch wah-satch'. Warsaw war'saw. Wilkesbarre wilks'bar-re. Willamette wil-lam'et. Winnebago win-ne-ba'go. Winnipeg win'ne-peg. Winnipiseogee. . win-ne-pe sok'e. Winona we-no'na. Woonsocket woon-sock'et. Worcester woos'ter. Wyoming wi-o'ming. Yang tse Kiang yang tse ki-ang' Tedo yed'o. Yenesei yen-e-say'e. Yokohoma yo-ko-hah'ma. Yosemite yo-sem'e-te. Yucatan yoo-ca-tan'. Yukon yoo'kon. Zambezi zam-bay 'zee. I YD 11364 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY i