LIBRARY 
 
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 University of California. 
 
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€\jt Students' &txm of ILatin Classics 
 
 BOOK OF 
 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES AND ADVANCED 
 CLASSES IN SCHOOLS 
 
 BY 
 
 JEFFERSON ELMORE, Ph.D, 
 
 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN, 
 STANFORD UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF THE r \ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 1 ' 
 
 OF y 
 
 ov 7r<^\* aWct ttoXv 
 
 BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO. 
 
 BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
 1909 
 
APR 6 I9U 
 GIFT ^ 
 
 Qt 
 
 COPTBIGHT, 1909, 
 
 Bt JEFFEBSON ELMOBE. 
 
 Korfnootr ^ress 
 
 J. 8. CuBhlng Co. — Herwick di Smith Co. 
 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
TO 
 
 M. H. E. 
 
 211256 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 
 in 2007 witii funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/bookoflatinproseOOelmoricli 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This book aims to provide first for systematic 
 work in syntax to reenforce and supplement that 
 of the usual preparatory course. For convenience, 
 the constructions selected for special attention are 
 illustrated in short notes at the beginning of each 
 chapter. 
 
 The exercises in point of vocabulary are intended 
 to be closely connected with the student's reading, 
 and to this end have in view words which occur in 
 texts (such as Cicero's Cato Major^ the Andria^ and 
 the Phormio of Terence) which are usually read 
 early in the college course. Most of the required 
 words have, however, already been met with in the 
 preparatory authors. In fact a comparison shows 
 that more than ninety per cent of the Vocabulary 
 of this book is also found in Lodge's Vocabulary of 
 High School Latin. 
 
 In subject-matter the exercises depart somewhat 
 widely from the conventional type ; they are not 
 based on a text, but seek to embody facts and ideas 
 more or less familiar in everyday experience. It is 
 highly desirable, I think, that the writing of Latin 
 should be brought more directly into contact with 
 the student's life and be made, as far as possible, a 
 
VI PREFACE 
 
 real exercise in the translation of his experience, 
 and I have tried to provide material which should 
 at least look in this direction. To do this and at 
 the same time keep substantially within the vocabu- 
 lary used in reading, it has been necessary, of course, 
 to adapt the latter to many modern contexts. But 
 this, so far from being a difficulty or a drawback, 
 seems to me to have numerous possibilities for the 
 improvement of the whole subject. 
 
 I have also tried, if possible, to make the exercises 
 interesting in themselves, believing that this is a 
 means of giving a vitality to Latin Composition 
 which, as a rule, it would not now seem to possess. 
 
 Of the two exercises into which each chapter is 
 divided the first is the simpler. This arrangement 
 has particularly in mind classes of dijffering degrees 
 of proficiency. 
 
 I am much indebted to Miss Mary Balsbach for 
 help in putting the vocabulary into shape; Miss 
 Ada Hosford and Miss Marie Hansen have also 
 rendered assistance. I have especially to thank 
 Professor Fairclough, the editor-in-chief of the series, 
 for many suggestions and for generous assistance 
 while the book was in press. 
 
 JEFFERSON ELMORE. 
 Stanford Univeesity, 
 July, 1909. 
 
The references to the grammars are abbreviated as follows : — 
 
 A. Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar (revised edition). 
 
 B. Bennett's Latin Grammar. 
 
 G. Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar. 
 H. Harkness's Latin Grammar, Complete Edition. 
 H. & B. Hale and Buck's Latin Grammar. 
 L. Lane's Latin Grammar (revised). 
 
 ▼iU 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE INDEFINITE SECOND PERSON 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 1. An indefinite subject (such as the English one^ 
 the French ow, and the Greek t^?) is often, though 
 not always, expressed in Latin by the second person 
 singular. So also you in such sentences as " you can 
 never tell." Thus, isto bono utare: make use of the 
 good that you have. Quid hoc homine facias ? What 
 would one do with such a man ? 
 
 2. Notice that when an indefinite second person is 
 used in a dependent clause, it requires the subjunc- 
 tive, though the indicative would otherwise be the 
 rule. Thus, at memoria minuitur. Credo, nisi earn 
 exerceas : hut (it is said) the memory fails. True., if 
 one does not exercise it. 
 
 Cf. A. 439, a ; B. 356, 3 ; G. 580, 595, 3 ; H. 388, 602, 4 ; H. & B. 
 286 ; L. 1030, 1859. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 When one writes in his own language, the task is 
 not altogether difficult. It may^ even be pleasant. 
 We know that Cicero enjoyed the composition of his 
 
 ^ potest. 
 1 
 
2 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 books. Terence, too, took great pleasure in writing 
 his plays. We ourselves like^ to use our own tongue, 
 even if we do not write books. But when one at- 
 tempts to express^ his thoughts in another language, 
 it is often neither easy nor pleasant. And yet it is 
 extremely useful. In no other way perhaps can one 
 learn so much in so short a time. In this book our 
 task is to translate into Latin. To many this seems 
 a most disagreeable and difficult subject. But if one 
 gives attention to it, it is not unpleasant. It is easy 
 to see how useful such an exercise is. Let us begin, 
 therefore, with a stout^ heart. Perhaps in the end* 
 we may^ be able to write in Latin on weighty^ 
 themes.*^ Some may even compose Latin verse. 
 
 Exercise 2 
 
 In his book on old age Cicero tells how pleasant 
 its composition had been^ to him. It lightened his 
 cares, freed him to a great extent^ from the burdens 
 of age, and was its own great reward. Terence, too, 
 as one can see from the prologues, was much inter- 
 ested in composing his plays, and could not be de- 
 terred by the ill-natured attacks of an older poet. 
 It was his task to^^ please the public, but in doing 
 
 1 Express by libenter ; to like to do something^ in the Latin 
 idiom, is to do something gladly. ^ dicere or loqui ; the former 
 implies attention to style, the latter rather the conversational man- 
 ner. 8 bonus. * denique. ^ may = shall. ^ gravis. ' Omit. 
 8 Secondary sequence after historical present. ^ partem. ^"^ Ex- 
 planatory ut-clause. A. 571 ; B. 297, 3; G. 557 j H. 571, 2; H. & 
 B. 621, 3 ; L. 1968. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 3 
 
 this he also pleased himself. Our own work is of a 
 somewhat different character, but if one gives to it 
 his best^ efforts, it also will be full of pleasure and 
 instruction. How important^ it is can be seen from 
 the length of^ time which is usually bestowed upon it. 
 In the lower school, there is scarcely a day when one 
 does not write something in Latin. " You cannot," 
 the teacher keeps saying, "otherwise so usefully 
 employ your time." When we come* later to pursue 
 the higher studies, we toil at the same task. It is to 
 be regretted that^ we do not pay more attention in 
 our country to the making of Latin verses, for this 
 kind of composition could^ easily be both useful and 
 pleasant. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: EGO AND NO 8 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 3. Ego and the nominative nos are not confined to 
 cases of emphasis by contrast and the like, but are 
 somewhat freely used to give a more personal touch 
 to the sentence, as, e.g.^ in the narration of personal 
 experience. 
 
 4. Nos may designate a singular subject, but it is 
 not to be regarded as the precise equivalent of ego. 
 
 1 i.e. all his. 2 quanti, gen. of indef. value. » Omit. ■* i.e. be- 
 gin. * Ace. and inf. ^ Potential subjunctive. 
 
4 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 The probable distinction is that, while ego is the sub- 
 ject as a private individual, nos suggests him in some 
 public or official relation, such as that of author, 
 statesman, financier, etc. This latter usage has been 
 called the nos of dignity. Compare the similar use 
 of the first person plural with omission of the pro- 
 noun, for the first person singular, as in sed de cete- 
 ris et dizimus, multa et saepe dicemus : however^ I have 
 expressed myself at length on other topics and will do 
 so frequently . 
 
 Cf. A. 295, a; B. 242 ; G. 207, 304; H. 5002 ; H. & B. 257-258; 
 L. 1028-1030, 1074. 
 
 Exercise 3 
 
 It is interesting to hear what men say about their 
 time of life. Yesterday my friend and I^ were walk- 
 ing together on the street. We saw two men ad- 
 vanced in years engaged in conversation. " What," 
 said I, "do you suppose these two are talking 
 about ? " " Very likely," he replied, " about business 
 or the crops or the weather." When we came near 
 I addressed them. "May I ask," said I, "what is 
 the subject^ of your conversation ? " " We were just 
 saying," one of them answered, " how pleasant it is 
 to be old. How free we are from responsibilities ! " 
 This reminded us of the conversation^ between Soc- 
 
 1 i.e. / and my friend. 2 yjjiat is the subject = about what 
 (things). ^ Either the genitive or the ablative with de is permis- 
 sible, the latter being much more frequent in Cicero. A. 351 ; 
 B. 207 ; G. 376 ; H. 456, 1 ; H. & B. 361 ; L. 1291. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 5 
 
 rates and Cephalus in Plato's Republic. They, too, 
 were persuaded that^ years are not an evil. Nor 
 could they be prevailed on to^ think otherwise. So 
 it seemed to them to be old. So, too, it seemed to 
 Cato in Cicero's book. " I have put many thoughts," 
 says the latter, " into the mouth^ of Cato which are 
 found also in* Plato." 
 
 Exercise 4 
 
 Some of the thoughts which Cicero puts into the 
 mouth of Cato make one think^ of the conversation 
 between Socrates and Cephalus, which Plato relates 
 in the first book of the Republic, " I had gone down 
 to the harbor of the city," he represents Socrates as 
 saying in substance,^ "to see certain festivities, and 
 on my way back^ I met several young men, who per- 
 suaded me to go to the house of Cephalus. The 
 latter was then an old man, but bore the burden of 
 his years cheerfully and wisely. He was indeed a 
 man of singular self-control, evenness of temper, and 
 practical wisdom. We talked for some time on other 
 matters, but I greatly desired to hear how old age 
 seemed to him. Accordingly, I asked him many ques- 
 tions,^ and he answered with much good nature."^ 
 Now Cicero was a great student^^ of Greek literature, 
 
 1 Ace. and inf. 2 ut-clause. ^ pm i^ tJiQ mouth of = tribuere. 
 4 apud. 5 Substantive clause of result. A. 568 ; B. 297, 2 ; G. 
 553, 1 ; H. 571, 3 ; H. & B. 521, 3 ; L. 1965. « fere. '^ rediens. 
 8 i.e. to me asking many things he answered. ^ comitas. ^^ per- 
 studioauB. 
 
6 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 
 
 and especially of the works of Plato, one of which 
 he had translated into Latin. It is natural, ^ then, to 
 find that he makes use of Plato's thoughts in this 
 book which he has addressed to Atticus. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 5. Ipse in the nominative (like the Greek avro^^ 
 may denote the principal person in some relation, 
 such as the master (as opposed to his pupils), or the 
 head of a house (as opposed to his dependents). 
 Thus, paululum obsoni, ipse tristis : a scanty market- 
 ing^ the master out of sorts^ where ipse = master of the 
 house. Cf. ipse dixit, the master said. 
 
 6. The principal character with its implied con- 
 trast may also be expressed by the oblique cases of 
 ipse. Thus, ipsum gestio dari mi in conspectum : I 
 am itching to get sight of him. Here ipsum is the 
 chief offender, as implicitly contrasted with his advo- 
 cate. 
 
 7. The oblique cases of ipse are used in definite 
 contrasts. Thus, ipsi liberisque vitam petierunt : they 
 begged life for him and his children, 
 
 Cf. A. 298, d, f; B. 249, 2, 3 ; G. 311, 1, Rem. 1 and 2 ; H. 509, 
 1, 2 J H. & B. 267-268 ; L. 2374-2376. 
 
 ^ decet. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 5 
 
 What is our impression of the scholar ? Do you 
 think that people in general^ hold him and his work 
 in high esteem ? It would seem^ that they do. 
 Even those in active life, who usually seek every- 
 thing in themselves,^ sometimes turn to him for 
 advice. And let us think how many there are who 
 listen daily to the scholar's words. Once a young 
 man heard that a celebrated philosopher had arrived 
 in the city. With much enthusiasm he went early* 
 in the morning to the great man's house. " The 
 master," said the servant who opened the door, " is 
 engaged. Will you not return at another time?" 
 But nevertheless the young man remained and ac- 
 complished his purpose.^ One^ need not be old to 
 be wise. 
 J Exercise 6 
 
 A celebrated scholar of Germany has also given us 
 his impressions^ of old age. He was born toward^ 
 the end of the eighteenth century and lived through 
 more^ than half of the nineteenth. In him, as in 
 some other great men, one could see^^ a small but 
 powerful body and an active and retentive mind. 
 
 1 homines plerique. ^ use the personal construction. 
 
 8 Strengthen the reflexive by the intensive ; note that the latter 
 has a different case. * multo or bene. ^ i.e. what he desired. 
 6 Indefinite second person. ' i.e. has said what he felt. ^ sub. 
 
 9 plus ; omit quam. A. 407, c ; B. 217, 3 ; G. 296, Rem. 4 ; H. 471, 
 4 ; H. & B. 416, d ; L. 1328. lo Potential subjunctive. 
 
8 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 He would 1 often work all day without cessation. ^ 
 Sometimes he entered on a journey which had oc- 
 curred to him only the day before. The world 
 admired him for himself as well as for his books. 
 He delivered his famous address on old age three 
 years before his death, when he was seventy-five 
 years old.^ We do not know what was the imme- 
 diate* occasion of his speaking on this subject. Per- 
 haps some of those who had long wondered at the 
 master's wisdom came to him and said : " You have 
 seen so much of life that we should like very much 
 to hear about the part which you have now reached." 
 And doubtless the master replied : " It is not always 
 pleasant for a man^ to speak of himself and his opin- 
 ions, but if such is your wish I will do my best,^ 
 even though I should seem to be uttering my own 
 praises." At all events, those who desired to hear 
 the great man^ on this subject honored both him and 
 themselves. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 8. Note the relation of the demonstratives, hie, 
 iBte, ille, to the first, second, and third persons. 
 
 1 Sign of habitual action. 2 Render by neque with imperfect of 
 desinere. ^ Use natus with ace. of the cardinal number. * ipse. 
 fi aliquis. ^ my best, ut potero. '' The reference in the exercise 
 is to Jacob Grimm and his Bede uber das Alter. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 9 
 
 Thus, hoc audi means listen to what I am saying^ 
 and istud intellego, / understand ivhat you are say- 
 ing. 
 
 9. lUe often conveys the idea of fame or celebrity ; 
 it may precede or follow its substantive, as in magnus 
 ille Alexander, that celebrated Alexander the Grreat ; or 
 in Cato ille, the famous Cato. 
 
 10. Hie and ille are used in expressions of time, 
 and look both forward and backward. His paucis 
 diebus may be either in the next few days or in the 
 past few days^ according to the context. Cf. illos 
 aliquot dies, looking to the future, illo biduo, two 
 days before^ and hoc biennio, two years ago. The day 
 before yesterday is nudius tertius. 
 
 Cf. A. 297, 6, c, e ; B. 246, 3, 4 ; G. 305-306, 307, 2 ; H. 505, 507, 3, 
 4 ; H. & B. 271, 11 ; 274, 4 ; L. 2347, 2356, 2358-2359. (See also 
 Header's Latin Pronouns^ p. 112 f.) 
 
 Exercise 7 
 
 Is the book which you have, written by an ancient 
 or a modern author ? This one which I have is by 
 the famous autocrat at the breakfast table. ^ Have 
 you noticed in recent years that modern writers often 
 employ the well-known themes^ of the ancients? 
 Likewise in what one reads it is perfectly natural to 
 return to earlier interests. In Rome many years 
 ago a literary^ man tried to force his acquaintance* 
 
 J Render the whole phrase by dominus ille apud prandentes. 
 * Omit. 3 doctus. * Lit. tried to compel to become acquainted 
 with him. 
 
10 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 on a well-known poet. " I have read and admired 
 your poems," said the former, " but have never been 
 introduced to you personally." With us this is the 
 important^ question^ : Can we read the books of the 
 ancients easily ? " It should be as easy," some one 
 has said, "as the drinking^ of water." 
 
 Exercise 8 
 
 On this same subject of old age a delightful dis- 
 course has been written by one of* the wittiest of ^ 
 American authors. I mean the famous autocrat of 
 the breakfast table. " We first read Cicero's book," 
 he says, " when we are young, and then forget all 
 about it for the next few years. Finally we return 
 to it by a natural instinct,^ provided always that we 
 read Latin as we drink water, without^ stopping to 
 taste it." Perhaps you have already read, as one of 
 your pleasures, what he makes Old Age say to the 
 professor^ : 
 
 " Oh, how do you do,^ sir ? "^^ he says. " I am 
 glad to see you so well. I have known you for 
 some years, though I think you did not know me." 
 
 "Will you tell me this," replied the professor, 
 "how it is you seem to be acquainted with every 
 one you are introduced to ? " 
 
 " I never compel a man," said Old Age, " to recog- 
 
 1 ipse. 2 deliberatio. s i.e. to drink. * de. ^ Omit. « Use 
 desiderium. ' without stopping ; render by neque and coordinate 
 clause ; note the idiom. ^ Uge vir (or homo) doctuB. » salve. 
 10 Render by vir optime. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 11 
 
 nize me until I have known^ liim at least for the 
 past five years." 
 
 "Do you mean to say that you have known me 
 for so long as that ?" 
 
 " Oh, yes ; I left my card^ for you longer ago than 
 that, but I am afraid you never read it, but I see you 
 have it with you." 
 
 " Where ? " 
 
 " Between your eyes, three straight lines running 
 up and down." 
 
 In such wise does old age creep upon us. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 11. It is impprtant to distinguish the force of 
 quisquam ; being a word of general meaning (^any 
 one at all, any one tvhoever), it is to be used as a rule 
 in sweeping conditions, after comparatives, and in 
 sentences that are actually or impliedly negative. 
 Thus, si quisquam est timidus, ego sum : if any one 
 (i.e. any one at all) is afraid, I am he. Taetrior quam 
 quisquam superiorum : more abominable than any of those 
 who preceded him. Neque quisquam habet lepidiorem 
 patrem : nor has any one a more charming father. 
 
 12. Quisque, each one, every one, sometimes called 
 
 1 The indicative. ^ tessera. 
 
12 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 
 
 a distributive, designates a class with respect to the 
 individuals that compose it. Attention is here called 
 to two idiomatic usages, that with superlatives and 
 that with ordinal numerals. Optimus quisque means 
 all the best men (taken individually), and optimum 
 qliidque rarissimum est is the finest things are the 
 rarest. For the other usage, cf . quinto quoque anno, 
 every four years. 
 
 13. Nescio quia, some one (or other\ has the force 
 of an indefinite pronoun, and is used in the different 
 cases without influence on the modal construction of 
 the sentence. Thus, nescio quo pacto = somehow^ i.e. 
 in some way (or other'). 
 
 Cf. A. 311, 313 6, 575 d ; B. 252, 4, 5, c, d, 253, 6 ; G. 317, 318, 2, 
 467, R. 1 ; H. «& B. 276, 4, 7, 278, 2 6, c ; H. 512, 7, 513, 515, 2 ; 
 L. 1788-1789, 2394, 2397, 2402-2403. 
 
 Exercise 9 
 
 Should any one think it important^ merely to 
 amuse himself? If any one^ has this opinion, it 
 should not be the young man. He has qualities of 
 which there is great need. The best prepared should 
 be the most industrious. Once there was a young 
 man who was more fortunate than any one of his 
 comrades. In school he had attained great distinc- 
 tion in his studies, and every other year went abroad 
 with his father. On his return^ from one of these 
 
 1 magni ; note the construction. 2 quig. a. 310 a ; B. 252 ; 
 G. 315 ; H. 512, 1 ; H. & B. 276, 1 ; L. 2388. s Lit. to Mm return- 
 ing. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 13 
 
 journeys, his father, who somehow had become very 
 wealthy, offered him a large sum of money. " There 
 it is," he said ; " take it and enjoy yourself. " " Thank 
 you," replied the son, " you are very kind, but I much 
 prefer to earn my own living. At a feast every one 
 should pay^ his- own share." 
 
 Exercise 10 
 
 In Athens, if one may trust the plays of Terence, 
 there was scarcely anything which young men of the 
 higher classes thought of more importance^ than to 
 amuse themselves. After leaving^ school, where they 
 had been held in check by the fear of the master, 
 they turned their attention to different pursuits. 
 Those who were the richest kept" dogs for hunt- 
 ing and supported a stable.* It happened that the 
 father every year or two was obliged to leave the 
 city on^ business. Under such circumstances it 
 was a hard task to keep the young men from get- 
 ting^ into some mischief, such as falling in love or 
 squandering the money which their parents had 
 saved with great toil. With us almost every young 
 man feels that he should devote himself first of all 
 to earning a living. He is indeed grateful to nature 
 for imposing^ this necessity upon him. He does not 
 
 1 dare. "^ See Ex. 9, n. 1. ? Clause with postquam. * i.e. 
 horses. ^ ob. « Render by ne-clause. A. 558, h ; B. 294, 3 ; G. 
 648-549 ; H. 568, 8, 595, 2 ; H. & B. 502, 3, & ; L. 1960, 1977, 1986, 
 2203. 7 Render by quod-clause. 
 
14 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 as a rule seek to have more than his friends, but is 
 content to be able, as it were, to pay his way in the 
 world.^ 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 ADVERBS 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 14. Haud is the negative of single words and is 
 preferably confined to adjectives, adverbs, the pro- 
 noun quisquam, and such phrases as haud scio an. 
 Cf . haud procul, not far ; res haud sane difficiles, not 
 a very difficult thing ; haud mediocris vir, no ordinary 
 man. 
 
 15. When non is one of two negatives that make an 
 affirmative, note its position as preceding or follow- 
 ing and the consequent change of meaning. Thus, 
 non nemo is %ome one^ nemo non, every one ; non mil-^^ 
 lus, 8ome^ nuUus non, every ; non nihil, something ^xnhil ^^^j^ 
 non, everything^ etc. T 
 
 16. In modifying an adjective or other adverb, the 
 rule is that only adverbs of degree (including bene 
 and egregie) may be employed. This restricts the 
 rendering of the English very (and similar words) 
 within a certain range. Ciceronian are admodum, 
 bene, sane, valde, while multum, nimium, oppido, 
 belong to earlier Latin. Satis and nimis, though 
 
 1 Lit. among men. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 15 
 
 classical, are found mostly in negatives. Thus, 
 senez admodum grandis natu, a very old man; classis 
 bene magna, a very large fleet; valde probe, quite 
 right, 
 
 Cf. A. 320, 326 ; B. 347, 2, a ; G. 439, 1, 2, nn. 2 and 3, 441, 443, 
 457, 2 ; H. 655, 656, 1 ; H. & B. 297, a, 298, 2 ; L. 1449, 1452. 
 
 Exercise 11 
 
 In Rome a young poet^ who had not been very 
 saving was once in great need of money. Accord- 
 ingly he asked his intimate friend for a small loan.^ 
 " It is no great favor that I ask," he said, " and you 
 are no good friend of mine if you refuse." " I will 
 give you something," replied the friend, "but not 
 everything of^ which you feel the need. Cease to 
 be a poet and plead cases in the courts. Then you 
 will have the money which you so greatly desire." 
 "Your advice is doubtless most sound," said the 
 poet, " but what I really need just now is not advice, 
 but money." Is it not sometimes very convenient 
 to have a balance with* a banker or in the hands of 
 a friend? 
 
 Exercise 12 
 
 There is scarcely any one who has not a strong 
 desire^ to save something of what he earns. Even 
 
 1 The dative with opus erat following. 2 Accusative. A. 396 ; 
 B. 178 ; G. 339 ; H. 411 ; H. & B. 393 ; L. 1169. ^ desiderare. 
 * apud. ^ Lit. does not desire strongly. 
 
16 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 the school-boy, thinkmg of a present for his mother 
 on her birthday, does not spend all his allowance, 
 while the man engaged in active life feels himself 
 under a still greater compulsion. To get together 
 a large sum penny by penny is by no means an easy 
 task whether^ for men or boys. A very great as- 
 sistance is the fact that one can deposit money with 
 bankers. The Romans learned this method of do- 
 ing'^ business from the Greeks. They received 
 money on deposit,^ made loans, and wrote exchange 
 on Athens* and other cities. Every one at some 
 time or other has dealings with a bank.^ Perhaps 
 he goes to inquire about his account. "Is there 
 not," he says to the clerk, " a slight balance due me 
 on your books^ ? " " Oh yes," replies the clerk, " I 
 think there is a small amount. I will go and see 
 how much it is." On another day you may go to 
 repay what you have borrowed, bringing with you 
 a small bag of coin. " A few weeks ago," you re- 
 mark, "I borrowed some money at six'' per cent 
 simple interest.^ I come to bring what I owe. 
 Here it is. Count it, and I think you will find 
 the amount to be correct.^ " It is sometimes 
 exceedingly convenient to have a balance at the 
 banker's. 
 
 1 vel. '^ gerere. ^ to receive on deposit : referre in accep- 
 tum. * to write exchange on Athens : permutare Athenis. * i.e. 
 with a banker. ^ tabulae. '' semiBsibua ; centesima is one per 
 cent a month, hence the use of semis for one half this rate. 
 ^ centesima perpetua. ^ convenire. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 17 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 ADYEUBS—Contimted 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 17. The confirmatory ne, surely/, certainly (which 
 should not be confused with ne, lest^^ stands before a 
 pronoun. Thus, ne ille non magno desiderio tenebitur 
 virium : surely^ he will not feel any great lack of 
 strength. 
 
 18. Observe that iam when used with negatives 
 means no more^ no longer. Auditis de eo quem odisse 
 iam non potestis : you are hearing of him whom you 
 can no longer hate. 
 
 19. The correlatives ut . . . ita compare two ac- 
 tions usually by likening one to the other. Ut semen- 
 tem feceris, ita metes : as a man sows^ so shall he reap. 
 Sometimes the two actions stand in an adversative 
 relation, ut having the force of though. Thus, ut 
 invitus, non ita adversans : though unwilling^ yet not 
 opposing. 
 
 20. Ut quisque ... ita with superlatives is often 
 employed by Cicero to denote a proportional relation. 
 Here ut . . . ita (literally, in proportion as . . . so') 
 represents the more . . , the more. Thus, ut quaeque 
 (i.e. civitas) optime morata est, ita diligentissime obser- 
 vantur: the more highly civilized a state is^ the more 
 scrupulously are these observances regarded. 
 
 Cf. A. 322, 6, 323, g ; G. 482, 4 ; 642, E. 2 ; H. 584, 5, 586, ii, 5 ; 
 H. & B. 302, 6, 8 ; L. 1937-1939. 
 
18 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 13 
 
 In Rome, as in many cities at the present time, 
 there was great danger from fire. One of the 
 Roman poets points out that the poor suffered the 
 greatest hardships ; in fact, the poorer a man was, 
 the greater was his loss. When^ the house of a rich 
 man was destroyed,^ his friends gave^ him assistance, 
 the result being that he was better off after the fire jrvA 
 than before. The richer he was, the more money he i ' 
 obtained. It is told how a great man of that time 
 acquired his wealth. He would* buy at a very small 
 price houses which had caught fire, and then extin- 
 guish the flames with a company of young men whom 
 he had hired for this purpose. When a fire breaks^ 
 out, the owner's hopes are no longer in himself or his 
 friends, but word is quickly sent to those whose 
 business it is to come to the rescue in such cases. 
 They carry everything out of the house and throw 
 great quantities of water on the flames. When there 
 is no longer any danger, they go on their way 
 rejoicing. 
 
 Exercise 14 
 
 In conflagrations as in other misfortunes it is often 
 people of small means who suffer the most.^ The less 
 
 li.e. whenever. 2 pluperfect indicative. A. 518; B. 288, 3; 
 G. 567 ; H. 578 ; H. & B. 540 ; L. 1618. « Imperfect. * See Ex. 6, 
 u. 1, p. 8. s Perfect indicative. See the references in n. 2. • Use 
 the neuter plural of the adjective. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 19 
 
 a man lias, the less he can afford^ to lose. Whether^ 
 rich or poor he no longer bears the lieavy burden 
 alone. Is any one better off after a disaster than 
 before ? In a certain city two young men were once 
 sitting in a barber shop. An acquaintance burst^ in 
 on them, crying fire and calling* for water. Just 
 opposite was a large building used^ as a school, and 
 then, as formerly, containing many women and chil- 
 dren. The roof had begun to smoke, and some one 
 raised the alarm. They came pouring^ out, often 
 with dishevelled hair and soiled clothing, though not 
 altogether in confusion. "Everybody," said some 
 one to his neighbor, "has got out safely." "How 
 fortunate! " replied the other. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 21. In connecting two clauses and followed by a 
 negative is regularly translated by neque (or nee), 
 unless the negative is to be taken closely with a par- 
 ticular word. And no one is neque quisquam ; and 
 no, neque ullus ; and nothing, neque quidquam ; and 
 never, neque umquam. 
 
 22. A negative and an affirmative clause are often 
 
 1 Render afford in this sense by posse. ^ ggg Ex. 12, n. 1. 
 * to burst in on one : irrumpere in ali quern. * poscere. ^ ad- 
 hibere ad with ace. ^ effundere gives the idea of numbers. 
 
20 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 connected by the correlfii*ive neque . . . et. Thus, 
 neque modico tepore caret et i>imios solis defendit ardo- 
 res: it is not tvithout a moderate warmth^ hut is pro- 
 tected from the too ardent rays of the sun. 
 
 Cf. A. 328, a ; B. 341, 2, <?, 3 ; G. 480, Rem. 1 ; H. 315, 1 ; 
 H. & B. 307, 3 J L. 2141-2144. 
 
 Exercise 15 
 
 The father, mother, and children of a certain house- 
 hold^ were once dining at home with some friends. 
 No one expected anything unusual, and they all 
 sat at^ table with cheerful faces. Suddenly every- 
 thing began to tremble, and objects fastened to 
 the wall were moved from their places. • But no one 
 at first realized the cause. 3- — Suddenly it flashed over 
 their minds that there had been an earthquake.*^ It 
 was a slight one indeed, and yet how mighty a force 
 it _seem ed ! " Come," said the father, " let us go and 
 see how much damage has been done out of doors." 
 They went out hastily into the street, but saw no 
 case of^ serious injury. A few people were congre- 
 gated in'^^ie of the public squares, and were not in 
 fear of falling walls. " Yesterday," said the father, 
 on their return,^ " I was reading in^ Tacitus about 
 the great earthquake in Asia, which destroyed twelve 
 cities." Is not Sicily's bitter fate still more terrible ? 
 
 1 household (including servants) is familia. ^ ad, * i.e. what 
 the cause was. * terrae motus. ^ Omit. ^ cum-clause of cir- 
 cumstance. "^ See Ex. 3, n. 4. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 21 
 
 Exercise 16 
 
 When the earth begins^ to tremble and nothing 
 any longer seems stable, many become breathless 
 with anxiety and fear, while others show themselves 
 more confident and self-possessed. The danger 
 comes suddenly, and no one has ever much time to 
 reach^ a place of safety. Often a low^ rumbling 
 noise is heard, and then houses and other works of 
 human hands are shaken to their very* foundations. 
 The occupants of the former make their way quickly 
 to the streets, often with bare feet and scanty cloth- 
 ing, and hurry to the open squares, where they are 
 free from the peril of falling walls. A few years 
 ago in a great city of our own country the people, 
 not suspecting any misfortune, were aroused from 
 sleep early ^ in the morning by the violent trembling 
 of the earth and the shaking and twisting of their 
 houses.^ Nor could^ any one ever be uncertain as to 
 the cause of this disaster, which was followed by a 
 great conflagration. Unfortunately there was not a 
 sufficient supply of water, and the city burned night 
 and day^ for three days. The inhabitants, however, 
 did not spend time in tears^ or in lamenting their hard 
 lot, but when the flames had spent their force, they 
 proceeded to build a more beautiful city with far 
 
 1 For the tense see Ex. 13, n. 5, and compare the references 
 in n. 2. 2 Not the infinitive. 3 Omit. * ipse. ^ See Ex. 5, n. 4. 
 ^ i.e. hy their shaken and twisted houses. "^ posse. ^ Ablative; 
 day and night is the commoner order in Cicero. ^ Use a participle. 
 
22 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 greater wealth and resources. Italy, too, has suf- 
 fered a huge disaster, but shall we not see her 
 ancient towns restored to their former position and 
 beauty ? 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS— Cowimwed 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 23. At, being a strong adversative particle, intro- 
 duces an anticipated objection to the speaker's view, 
 in which case it translates the English but you may 
 say and the like. At may also introduce the refu- 
 tation of a supposed objection. At multi aunt imbe- 
 cilli aenes. At id quidem non proprium est senectutia 
 vitium eat : hut you may say there are many old men 
 of feeble strength. But this draivback even is not spe- 
 cially characteristic of old age. 
 
 24. Atqui is the translation of and yet^ hut yet^ 
 when the latter introduces an adversative clause 
 admitting a previous statement, but supplementing 
 it. Videtia nihil eaae morti tain aimile quam aomnum ; 
 atqui dormientium animi maxima declarant divini- 
 tatem suam: you see nothing so resembles death as 
 sleep; and yet the souls of those asleep give special 
 evidence of their divine nature. 
 
 Cf. A. 324, d ; B. 343 1, d, € ; G. 488-489 ; H. 316, 3, 669, 1 ; 
 H. & B. JlO, 1, 3 ; L. 2161-2162. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 23 
 
 Exercise 17 
 
 Is it better for the busy man^ to live in the city or 
 in the country ? This touches both him and his 
 family .2 It may be said that it is inconvenient to 
 make an^ hour's journey ieach day. But some who 
 live in the city waste equal effort in going- to and 
 returning from their homes. People often complain 
 that* they live^ too far from their business. The 
 country with its flowers and trees is fair to look 
 upon.^ But all of it, one may say, has not this pleas- 
 ant appearance. And yet much of it has, at all 
 events, enough of it to enable us to feast our eyes. 
 A well-known Roman citizen was once going in a 
 carriage with his family along the Appiad Way. 
 The carriage was filled with all the supplies of the 
 countryside. A slave went on ahead carrying the 
 eggs safely in hay. His master was going straight 
 to the city, one might have supposed,^ and yet, as we 
 know, he was on his way to the country. . 
 
 Exercise 18 
 
 Is it desirable^ for one engaged in active affairs in 
 a large city to live with his family in one of the 
 
 iThe accusative subject of the following infinitive, ^xjge suus 
 substantively, referring to what is most prominent in the sentence, 
 but not to the grammatical subject. A. 301, b ; B. 244, 4 ; G. 
 309, 2; H. 503, 2; H. & B. 264, 2; L. 2337. ^unua. ^Two 
 constructions are permissible ; use a quod-clause. A. 572, b ; B. 
 331, F; G. 542; H. 614, 4; H. & B. 555, 594; L. 1851, 2187. 
 s Consider the mode. « j e. in appearance. '' Potential subjunctive. 
 8 bonum ; why not optandum ? 
 
24 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 smaller towns which are not far away ? I am in- 
 clined to think^ that it is, both with respect to the 
 man himself and his family. It may be said that 
 much effort is wasted in going to and fro, which 
 otherwise could be devoted to more important ob- 
 jects. ^ Hardly any suitable place of residence^ is so 
 near that the journey does not require at least half 
 an hour. But this same drawback exists for those 
 who live in the outlying parts of the city itself. 
 Even in Rome we hear of* a distinguished lawyer 
 complaining that he lived too far from the Forum, 
 and doubtless in many cities one could listen to sim- 
 ilar complaints to-day. Moreover, how pleasant the 
 little towns are with their broad, clean streets, their 
 tall trees, and their comfortable houses. But all of 
 them, it may be said, have not this appearance ; some 
 are actually ugly to look upon. There are, of 
 course, cases of this kind, but I think they are few 
 in comparison with the others. Cicero spent much 
 of his time in places which were more or less dis- 
 tant from Rome. He enjoyed^ himself especially 
 at his villa at Pompeii which stood just butside 
 the city walls, and which had the advantage of an 
 excellent outlook. And yet if he were living to- 
 day, how much less troublesome the journey itself 
 would be ! 
 
 1 / am inclined to think : haud Bcio an. Consider the mode 
 which follows. 2 jyiore important objects : maiora. ^ i.e. of resid- 
 ing. * Omit. ^ For enjoy oneself use bene ease with the dative 
 of the person. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 25 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS— Cow«tnwe(Z 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 25. Ut, meaning how^ is frequent in direct ques- 
 tions in Plautus and Terence, but is confined in 
 Cicero to exclamations. Ut fortunati sunt fabri fer- 
 rarii ! how luchy are the blacksmiths ! Ut in this sense 
 may also be freely used in indirect questions. 
 
 26. Note the use of quin with the indicative in 
 the sense of why not (cur non), introducing a ques- 
 tion which is virtually equivalent to an imperative, 
 or a hortatory subjunctive. Quintaces? why don't 
 you hold your tongue f Quin may also strengthen an 
 imperative. Quin tu hoc audi: come^ listen to what I 
 am saying. 
 
 Cf. A. 449, 2, & ; B. 281, 3 ; H. 594, I ; H. & B. 537, 3, 545, a ; L. 
 1526-1528. 
 
 Exercise 10 
 
 The young dislike to be ill. It makes them^ 
 uncomfortable and discontented with themselves. 
 " How wretched it is," they say, " to lie in bed the 
 whole day! Why doesn't the doctor allow us to be 
 out of doors in the sunshine ? " We know how un- 
 availing these complaints are. The doctor comes in 
 haste ; there is no delay at all on his part. " Give 
 the patient," he says, "plenty of water to driiik.^ 
 1 See Ex. 4, n. 2. 2 Express by final clause. 
 
26 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Do everything for him according to directions."^ 
 Cicero thought the young fall ilP more easily than 
 their elders. " They are also," he added, '' harder 
 to cure. "3 One of the young men whom Cicero 
 especially loved was his freedman Tiro. The latter 
 once fell sick in a distant city. How anxious and 
 unhappy Cicero was ! " Why, my dear friend," he 
 wrote, " do you not take better care of your health? " 
 
 Exercise 20 
 
 It can easily be seen how impatient* the young 
 often are of illness. Thus if a sturdy youth who 
 has been accustomed to spend much of his time out 
 of doors^ is overtaken by unexpected illness, he shows 
 how uncomfortable and dissatisfied with himself he 
 is. " What ! " he says, " have you actually sent for 
 the doctor ? What in the world,^ may I ask, made 
 you do that ? I am not so badly off, and there is no 
 reason^ for my lying in bed the whole day. Why 
 don't you let me get up ? I never felt better in my 
 life. How lucky for the others, not to be shut up^ in 
 the house in this fine weather!" These complaints 
 do not prevent^ the doctor from coming in haste, a 
 man somewhat advanced in years, whose dignity is 
 tempered with affability and kindness. " Come," he 
 
 1 Lit. which I have directed. ^ i.e. into sickness. * Lit. are 
 cured with greater difficulty. * to be impatient: aegre ferre. 
 ^ out of doors : foris. ^ what in the world : quidnam. '' there 
 is no reason why : non est cur. ^ Accusative and infinitive. 
 * Verbs of hindering, when negatived, may be followed by quin. 
 See the references in Ex. 10, n. 6. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 27 
 
 says, " tell me how it all happpened." Having heard 
 this, he prepares several remedies, all of which are 
 bitter to the taste. " Give him these," he says to 
 the mother, "according to the directions. And in 
 the meantime why do you not seek some rest for 
 yourself? The symptoms are the usual ones^ and 
 there is no cause for alarm^; only, he seems to have 
 a very bad cold, and we have to be on our guard 
 against pneumonia. How fortunate you sent for me 
 in time ! " 
 
 CHAPTER 3^ 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Usages to be noted : 
 
 27. The present participle may have the force of 
 a substantive, though this usage is avoided in the 
 nominative and vocative. Nihil difficile amanti puta5 
 / think nothing difficult for a lover. This is often the 
 correct rendering of English substantives denoting 
 the agent or doer. 
 
 28. Attempted action may be expressed by the 
 present participle. C. Flamlnio restitit agrum Picentem 
 dividenti : he opposed Grains Flaminius^ who was at- 
 tempting to allot the Picenian territory. 
 
 29. The present participle may express the circum- 
 stances or the situation under which an action takes 
 place. It may thus render a phrase or a dependent 
 
 1 The. usual ones: quae solent. ^Ste n. 7. 
 
28 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 clause. Occisus est a cena rediens: he was hilled as he 
 was returning home from a dinner. 
 
 Cf. A. 494, a, 496; B. 337, 2 ; G. 437, 685 Rem.; H. 636, 1, 2 ; 
 638 ; H. & B. 249, 250, 484, 604, 2 ; L. 2290, 2295. 
 
 Exercise 21 
 
 How great is the influence of the father on^ the 
 son coming to maturity ! This is known to every 
 reader^ of the lives of great men. Once a father 
 noticed his son as the latter was returning from 
 school. " How tall he is," he said with a smile,^ " and 
 how clever in his studies ! I must take him to the 
 best teacher s^in^ the great city." So they set out, 
 though disliking* to leave their modest home and 
 their friends. Whether going to his teachers or 
 returning home his father was always at his side. 
 Neither did he spare expense (in/ the son's clothing. 
 People seeing the youth on his way to school thought 
 him a rich man's son. He was also admirable in 
 character, being free from the great vices of the 
 time. On coming to manhood he became a poet. 
 Seeking in the beginning to please only a few, he 
 soon became known to all the world. 
 
 Exercise 22 
 
 It is surprising to the readers of the present time 
 to find how much power was in the hands^ of the 
 
 1 apud. 2 i.e. all readers. » Express by participle. * nolentes. 
 5 in the hands of: penes ; with relatives this preposition some- 
 times follows itsx)bject. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 29 
 
 Roman father. To a slave neglecting his work he 
 would say, " Go, grind in the mill, and I shall not 
 soon let you out," or he would^ order him to be flogged 
 or put into chains. He also had the power, if he so 
 desired, of selling his sons into slavery. In f act,^ he 
 could punish with death any one of his household 
 (even his wife) attempting to resist his authority. 
 Once a son setting^ out to war against the will of his 
 father was brought back and put to death. How 
 cruel it seems even to the student and lover of ancient 
 life ! To-day the father regards his sons in a very 
 different way, and even when they do wrong he does 
 not treat them with severity and anger. For him, 
 to use the words of Terence, a little punishment is 
 sufficient for a great offence.. What greater misfor- 
 tune is there for a young man just coming to man- 
 hood than to be deprived of the counsel, knowledge, 
 and wisdom of his father ? 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 PARTICIPLES — Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 30. With video, audio, facio, fingo, induco (the 
 so-called verbs of perception and representation), 
 the present participle often takes the place of an 
 
 1 See Ex. 6, n. 1. 2 i^ fact :' vero. ^ Note the relation of the 
 participle in point of time to the main action. 
 
30 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 infinitive in indirect discourse. Owing to the ab- 
 sence of a present passive participle, the infinitive 
 alone is possible in the passive. The construction 
 is an imitation of the Greek. Homerus Laertem 
 colentem agrum facit : Homer represents Laertes as 
 tilling the field. 
 
 31. Save with a past participle may be rendered 
 by habeo with a perfect participle, where emphasis is 
 placed on the maintenance or continuance of the 
 result or effect. Nos nostramque adulescentiam ha- 
 bent desplcatam. Thei/ have scorned us and our youth. 
 
 Cf. A. 497, h,d)B. 337, 3, 6 ; G. 238, 536 ; H. 431, 3, 613, 4 ; 
 H. & B. 605, 5 : L. 2297-2299. 
 
 Exercise 23 
 
 I see some one bringing me a letter. I can 
 imagine it being written by my friend in great haste. 
 " How are you getting on these days ? " he writes. 
 " You remember hearing^ me say that some misfor- 
 tune was hanging over me. I thought of it as2 com- 
 ing on me suddenly. This circumstance has kept 
 me uneasy and anxious. You will be glad^ to know 
 that nothing has happened. What prevented this 
 evil from coming* upon me ? How sorry^ I am not 
 to have seen you ! " We know that Cicero wrote 
 many letters. We can imagine him as writing at 
 least one every day. How frankly he writes in his 
 
 1 Not the participle in Latin. ^ Omit. » See Ex. 1, n. 1, p. 2. * See 
 Ex. 10, n. 6. ^ Use dolere ; for the construction cf. Ex. 17, n. 4. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 31 
 
 letters ! One can imagine them being read by the 
 receivers^ with the greatest delight. 
 
 Exercise 24 
 
 Yesterday2 I heard a friend read a letter which he 
 had received from an acquaintance of us^ both.* 
 " My dear friend," the writer said, " I arrived here 
 a few days ago, and am already sufficiently busy. 
 This evening that acquaintance of yours of last year 
 saw me sitting in the library, and came to inquire^ 
 how you are getting on. The weather so far has 
 kept us pretty much confined indoors, and prevented 
 us from exercising on the track, but nevertheless 
 our athletes look forward to a successful year. It 
 will be a question of^ muscles and good, strong 
 lungs. You will be glad to hear of our working in 
 Latin^ with a very energetic professor, who is at 
 home^ both in the language and the literature. He 
 does not look down on us on account of our lack of 
 knowledge, and encourages us to greater efforts. 
 He has already heard us recite several times, and no 
 one has yet answered "not prepared." A few days 
 before I left home I attended my sister's wedding, 
 
 1 Express by participle. ^ heri or hestemo die ; the former is 
 the more colloquial. ^ Yot the case see A. 346, d ; G. 371, r. 1 ; H. 
 442, 4 ; H. & B. 346, h ; L. 1243. * Dative. ^ Not the infinitive. 
 ^ it is a question of: agitur de. ^ Latina (the neuter plural of 
 the adjective) ; cf. Graeca = Greek. ^ ^j,^ home in: peritus with 
 genitive. A. 340, a ; B. 204, 1 ; G. 374, n. 4 ; H. 451, 1 ; H. & B. 
 354 : L. 1263. 
 
32 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 which was to have taken place last year, but which 
 had to be postponed for several months on account 
 of her illness. I will not say how sorry ^ we were to 
 lose her, and how much we hope for her happiness. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 PARTICIPLES— Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 32. Observe that the present participle also occurs 
 regularly in deponent verbs. Solonem versibua glo- 
 riantem videmus, qui se cotidie aliquid addiaceutem 
 dicit senem fieri : we see Solon boasting in his verses 
 and saying that he grew old learning something new 
 every day. 
 
 38. The perfect participles of deponents, though 
 usually active, have sometimes a passive meaning. 
 Note especially adeptus, dimensus, meditatus. Thus, 
 senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accu- 
 sant adeptam : every one prays to attain to old age^ hut 
 once attained he finds fault with it. 
 
 Cf. A. 190, a, 6; B. 112, a, 6 ; G. 167, n. 2 ; H. 222, 518, 3; 
 H. &B. 291a, d; L. 798, 1492. 
 
 Exercise 25 
 
 He came away expressing surprise at the beauty ^ 
 of the park. How carefully everything had been 
 1 nolle is suflficient. ^ gee Ex. 22, n. 3. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 33 
 
 surveyed and laid out and planted I Having obtained 
 a beautiful piece of land,^ the people had adorned it 
 with trees and flowers. They did not waste their 
 efforts, but made use of the greatest skill. Having 
 learned this lesson, they found everything easy. 
 We see the Romans boasting of their parks. Once 
 obtained, they were never neglected. In this re- 
 spect the Romans have had many imitators^ in our 
 own time. Almost every town of any size has its 
 park. Here the children love^ to play, and here, too, 
 they grow strong in mind and body. 
 
 Exercise 26 
 
 " When I first came,"* once wrote a certain youth 
 to his father, "I wondered a little how things were 
 coming out. Good heavens, I thought to^ myself, 
 shall I ever feel at home in these great buildings 
 and among so many strange faces ? A short time 
 after, I chanced to see^ some one^ I knew coming out 
 of a doorway, and to him I related my uncertainties 
 and perplexities. 'Nonsense,' he replied, * every- 
 thing will be easy if you are willing to make use of 
 my assistance. Trust yourself to me, and I will see 
 that you do not waste your efforts. The opportunity 
 once® obtained of spending four years in such a place 
 
 Apiece of land: ager. 2 Render by participle. 3 Express the 
 idea of love by libentissime. * i.e. arrived : advenire ; consider 
 the mode. ^ Lit. with. ^ Lit. I saw by chance. ^ Note the omis- 
 sion of the relative in the following clause : is this allowed in the 
 Latin ? « i.e. once for all. 
 
34 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 as this, should be made the most of^ from the very 
 beginning.' Then setting out together, we observed 
 how the grounds alP about us, carefully surveyed and 
 laid out, had been planted with trees and flowers, 
 while in the midst were the fine buildings given over 
 to learning of every kind. Later, thanks to^ my 
 newly found acquaintance, I met several others of 
 about my own age, who received me with much kind- 
 ness. ' You will be very glad,'* they said, ' that you 
 came. Nowhere can one enjoy himself more. Only 
 remember that it is not a place for idleness. The 
 idle are sure to go to the wall. And above all,' they 
 added, 'don't deceive your teachers.'" 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE SUPINES 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 34. The supine in u (which occurs mainly with 
 fas, nefas, and certain adjectives like facilis, mirabilis, 
 utilis, optimus, etc.) may take a dependent clause in 
 indirect discourse. Videtis nefas esse dictu miseram 
 f uisse talem senectutem : you see that it is wrong to say 
 that such an old age was unhappy. 
 
 35. The supine in um (expressing purpose after 
 verbs of motion) may also take an object, or be fol- 
 
 1 to make the most of is to take advantage of (uti) most dili- 
 gently. 2 totus. * i.e. through the service of. * See Ex. 17, n. 4. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 35 
 
 lowed by a dependent clause of whatever character 
 the verb itself permits. Legates miserunt oratum ne 
 se in hostium numero duceret : they sent representa- 
 tives to heg him not to consider them in the light of 
 enemies, 
 
 Cf . A. 509-510 ; B. 340 ; G. 435-436 ; H. 633, 635, 4 ; H. & B. 618, 
 619 N. 1 ; L. 2270, 2272, 2274-2275. 
 
 Exercise 27 
 
 Is it not right to say that much respect^ is shown 
 to the man skilled in the law^? A trader whose 
 ship had gone to pieces on the rocks, came to ask for 
 counsel. " I do not know," he said, " what it is best 
 to do. How shall I extricate myself from my cred- 
 itors ? I come to you to see what can be done. I 
 am lost unless you assist me." Together they went 
 to the court. "Gentlemen of the jury ,3" said the 
 advocate, " I can assure you my client* has an excel- 
 lent case. It is easy to see how unfortunate he has 
 been. He comes now to ask that you lighten his 
 burdens, as it were. How difficult it often is to pay 
 all one owes ! " In^ Juvenal the pleaders of the time 
 are lightly^ esteemed. One could hear them boast- 
 ing and talking big.'^ Though poor as a rule, they 
 appeared in court in purple robes. Once when^ the 
 judges had taken their seats, a certain pleader came 
 
 1 Omit. 2 For the case see Ex. 24, n. 8. ^ iudices. * hie is 
 
 sufficient. ^ apud. ^ The genitive of indefinite value. ' Use the 
 neuter accusative plural of the adjective. » postquam. 
 
6b LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 to speak on behalf of the prisoner at the bar. What 
 was the reward of his eloquence ? Only some vege- 
 tables, a jar of anchovies, and five flagons of wine. 
 
 Exercise 28 
 
 Would it be^ wrong to say that the position of the 
 advocate is the most honorable of all ? At all events 
 he has the opportunity of assisting a great many^ 
 people. 3 Those whose affairs are in any way in- 
 volved come to ask how best they can extricate 
 themselves from their difficulties. Even the un- 
 happy prisoner at the bar, fearful* of fetters and 
 punishment worse than death, has no other hope of 
 safety. " Alas," he says, " I fear I am utterly lost. 
 I am uncertain what is the best course to pursue^; 
 at all events I need the services of a skilful pleader." 
 " May it^ please you, gentlemen of the jury," says 
 the latter, "it is easy to be seen that my client 
 has not been guilty of any wrong doing." Thus 
 (wonderful to relate) the accused, though guilty, 
 is often declared to be innocent. The rewards 
 of the advocate (in money, though not in honor) 
 are greater than in ancient times. Though Cicero 
 was the leader of the Roman bar,^ and though many 
 came to consult him, he was not permitted by law 
 to receive any compensation in gifts or money. 
 
 1 See for the mode A. 446-447 ; B. 280, 2 ; G. 257 ; H. 553 ; H. & 
 B. 618-519 ; L. 1554. 2 piurimi. » Omit. * Lit. fearing. ^ Lit. 
 what it is best to do. ^ hoc. "^ Lit. held the leadership of the 
 bar (regnum iudicisde). 
 
 "».. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 37 
 
 May we not say that the more skilled a man is in 
 the law, the less he cares for such compensation ? Is 
 not his greatest reward the consciousness of many 
 things well done ? 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 THE GENITIVE 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 36. When value and price are not thought of in 
 definite terms they may be denoted by the genitive. 
 This may be a purely descriptive genitive with pre- 
 tium. Thus parvi enim preti est : for he is of little 
 value. Meam esse operam deputat parvi preti : he 
 counts my services as of small worth. Videtur esse 
 quantivis preti : he seems to he a man of ever so much 
 consequence. Otherwise the genitive of indefinite 
 value or price is usually that of certain neuter adjec- 
 tives such as magni, parvi (together with their com- 
 paratives and superlatives), tanti, quanti. Thus sed 
 parvi pendo : hut I care little. Quanti emit : how 
 much did he pay ? Ut ea pluris sit quam omnes adu- 
 lescentiae voluptates : so that it is worth more than all 
 the pleasures of youth. In expressions of depreciation 
 we have such genitives as flocci, a straw, assis, a 
 penny, huius (with a gesture), etc. Nee tamen flocci 
 facio : hut still I don't care a straw. Huius non 
 faciam : 1 shall not care a snap. The verbs most used 
 
38 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 with this genitive are aestimo, duco, emo, facio, 
 habeo, pendo, puto, sum, vendo. 
 
 Note in this connection bene (or male) emere, to 
 buy cheaply (or dearly)^ bene (or male) vendere, to 
 sell cheaply (or dearly). 
 
 Cf. A. 417, a,c\ B. 203, 3, 4 ; G. 379, 380, 1, 2 ; H. 448 ; H. & B. 
 355-366 ; L. 1271-1275. 
 
 Exercise 29 
 
 The people of Athens were much interested in the 
 courts. To be a juror they regarded as of much im- 
 portance^ though they were paid only three obols a^ 
 day. It made no difference whether the defendant 
 himself was of more or less worth. Is the cause 
 just? This the juror made the greatest consideration. 
 The Athenians had a law which related to orphaned 
 maidens. It required the next of kin^ either to 
 marry them or give a dowry. A certain young man, 
 who was desperately in love with a dowerless maiden, 
 could not obtain the consent of his father. Accord- 
 ingly, in the latter's absence* he made the court be- 
 lieve^ that he was the girl's next of kin, and so he 
 married her. On finding this out, the father was 
 very angry. " How highly," he said, " you respect 
 my authority ! " " Don't be angry with me, my dear 
 father," replied the son, "your good will is worth 
 more to me than all the maidens in the world except 
 
 1 importance^ consideration^ moment^ and the like are rendered 
 by neuter adjectives. ^ unus. ^ Ablative. * Ablative absolute. 
 6 See Ex. 4, n. 2. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 39 
 
 this one alone." Is it of great moment to have a 
 dowry of thirty minae? It is often by buying 
 cheaply and selling more dearly that the father can 
 give a large dowry. 
 
 Exercise 30 
 
 Is it not considered of great importance that every 
 one who has a case in court^ should receive^ prompt 
 justice^? Does it make any difference whether he is 
 a man of small or great worth, or how highly he is 
 esteemed by his neighbors ? Is not the main point 
 whether his cause be just ? How fortunate it is that 
 a man of small means, "poor," as Ennius says, "in 
 this world's goods, but rich in loyalty to his country," 
 can come into court,* salute the judge on the bench,^ 
 and plead his cause with confidence, no matter how 
 high^ may be the standing of his adversary. What 
 sadness it brings, on the other hand, to see justice 
 overthrown by the powerful. A Roman of aggres- 
 sive but disreputable character, Clodius by name, 
 was once brought to trial for^ sacrilege, having been 
 caught in the garb of a woman at the festival of a 
 certain goddess. He thought the best course to 
 pursue^ was to say that he was not in Rome at the 
 time. Cicero was called to the stand as a witness.^ 
 " Gentlemen," he said, " I warn you, this is a mere 
 trick to deceive you, for on that very day I saw the 
 
 ^ to have a case in court is litigare. ^ ferre. ^ ius. * apud 
 iudices. ^ praetor or index quaestionis. ^ quantusvis. ^ de. 
 8 See Ex. 28 n. 5. ^ Lit. ims produced as a witness; use producere. 
 
40 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 accused on the streets of this city." "I don't care a 
 fig for^ what you saw,^" replied Clodius, "I was not 
 here." In the end Clodius was compelled to buy^ the 
 jury.* It is not known how highly they valued 
 themselves or how cheaply he bought them. Doubt- 
 less they thought they had sold themselves dearly. 
 Afterwards they asked for a guard to protect^ them. 
 "Why," asked one, "do you want a guard? Are 
 you afraid of losing the coin^ ? " 
 
 1 Omit. 2 Subjunctive in indirect question. ^ Use the infinitive ; 
 what other constructions are possible with cogere ? * i.e. the jurors. 
 * Render by final relative clause. ^ nummi. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 41 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 
 THE GEKLTIY:E— Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 37. The genitive with interest and refert is to be 
 employed only when the person (rarely the thing) 
 concerned is of the third person (and not used re- 
 flexively). Otherwise the construction required is 
 the ablative of the feminine possessive, such as mea, 
 tua, nostra, etc. For the degree of concern use the 
 genitive of indefinite value or an adverb. The object 
 with which one is concerned is expressed by a neuter 
 pronoun, an infinitive, or a clause. Quid eius intere- 
 rat: of what interest was it to Mmf Interest omnium 
 recte facere: it behooves every one to do right. 
 
 38. Note also the genitive with the impersonals 
 miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet. The subject of 
 the feeling is regularly in the accusative, but the per- 
 son (or thing) that is the object of the feeling takes 
 the genitive. Thus, nostri nos paenitet: we are dis- 
 contented with ourselves. Seneotutis eum suae paenite- 
 ret ? would he he regretting his old age ? Pudet also, 
 though rarely, takes a personal construction with 
 neuter pronouns, but this usage is archaic and not to 
 be imitated in writing prose. 
 
 Cf. A. 354-355; B. 209-211 ; G. 377, 381-382 ; H. 449, 457 ; H. & 
 B. 345, 352 ; L. 1276-1279, 1283-1286. 
 
42 LATIN RROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 31 
 
 A poet who dwelt in a great city once received a 
 visit^ from a friend. " I am tired," said the latter, 
 " of my present manner of life. It is all utterly dis- 
 tasteful to me, and I have made up my mind to^ move 
 to the city. This, I am sure, will be greatly to the 
 interest both of myself and of my wife and children." 
 "But,3" said the poet, "what had you thought of 
 doing here ? " " Oh," replied the other, " I have 
 several talents, which will be of great use. For ex- 
 ample, I can plead cases in the courts. In fact, I 
 have always pitied the poor prisoners at the bar. It 
 makes no difference how weak or how powerful they 
 are, I will defend them with eloquent words. I can 
 also write verse,* though it embarrasses me to speak 
 of the poems I have already composed. Still, my 
 friends tell me that they are not unworthy of Virgil." 
 " I am sorry to say," replied the poet, " that neither 
 as pleader nor poet can one earn^ a comfortable liv- 
 ing in this city." " What then shall I do," asked 
 the other, " for I am determined to turn my back on 
 the country." "Well," said the poet, "if you are 
 good, you may be able to live by chance." 
 
 Exercise 32 
 
 " How does it happen," asks the poet, " that^ we 
 are so dissatisfied with ourselves?" We regret our 
 
 1 Express by the passive of convenire. - ut-clause. * Infinitive. 
 * i.e. verses ; use the diminutive veraiculus. ^ merere. ® For the 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 43 
 
 time of life, our occupation, our position in the world. ^ 
 The merchant would like^ to be^ a lawyer or a teacher, 
 and vice versa. There are many who look forward 
 to the life of the farmer to* lighten their burden of 
 discontent. " How distasteful," they exclaim, " is 
 the daily toil wherein we grind, as it were, in a mill 
 like^ slaves in the ancient time. Let us then turn 
 our backs on the city, to dwell in modest farm houses, 
 tilling the soil with our own hands, possessing an 
 abundance of olive oil and milk, surrounded by sheep 
 and goats and swine and the cheerful fowls." Alas, 
 such seekers^ after happiness are often doomed to 
 disappointment,'' and yet the desire to live^ in the 
 "blessed country," as the poet calls it, does not dimin- 
 ish, but increases year by year, abiding in the hearts 
 of many. The young man, on the contrary, often 
 thinks it to his interest to turn his steps to the city. 
 " It may make little difference," he says, " to these 
 neighbors of mine, especially those advanced in years, 
 to pass their lives in their accustomed places. As 
 for me,^ with my youth and strength, I feel the 
 power of doing great things, but here the opportunity 
 is lacking. " And so he betakes himself to the city and 
 plunges headlongi^ into a new life. But when age 
 
 dependent clause see A. 569, 2 ; B. 297, 2 ; G. 563, 3 ; H. 671, 1 ; H. 
 & B. 621, 3 ; L. 1905-1966. 
 
 1 Omit. 2 See Ex. 1, n. 1, p. 2. 3 cf. the references in Ex. 28, n. 
 1 for the mode. * Render by final relative clause. ^ j^e. just as. 
 6 Express by relative clause. "^ i.e. icill sin-ehj be often disappointed. 
 8 Not the infinitive. » quod ad me attinet. 1° praeceps ferii- 
 
44 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 comes, like a certain ancient poet, he turns again to 
 the village that gave him birth. ^ 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 THE GENITIVE — Continued 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 39. A noun which limits a more general term by 
 specifying some particular under it, or by denoting 
 that of which it consists, may be put in a genitive of 
 definition. Thus we may say, culpa pigritiae, the fault 
 of laziness ; virtus constantiae, the virtue of self-control ; 
 nomen amicitiae, the name friendship; praeda pe- 
 cudum hominumque, booti/ comprising cattle and human 
 beings. An extension of this construction is the 
 genitive of the gerund to denote the purpose for 
 which a thing exists, as in commorandi devoraorium, 
 a stopping place to tarry in for a while. 
 
 In writing Latin prose, this genitive is to be avoided 
 with urbs and oppidum. The prose usage is not 
 urbs Romae, oppidum Corinthi, but urbs Roma, oppidum 
 Corinthus, etc. 
 
 40. With similis, the genitive is the rule in early 
 Latin, and with persons is the commoner construction 
 throughout the Ciceronian period. Quam uterque 
 est similis sui: how like himself each one is. 
 
 Cf. A. 343, d ; 385, 2 ; B. 202, 204, 3 ; G. 359, r. 1, n. 4, 861; H. 393, 
 451 N. 1 ; H. & B. 339, c, 341 ; L. 1204, 1255-1258. 
 
 1 Lit. in which he was born. 
 
LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 45 
 
 Exercise 33 
 
 The traveller has need of the qualities of patience 
 and good humor. ^ When he meets the inconven- 
 ience of delay, loss of travelling money, and so forth, 
 he should^ not foolishly allow himself to be made 
 anxious. Rather he should be like a good soldier, 
 if everything does not turn out according to his lik- 
 ing. In this way he plays the stronger part, show- 
 ing the virtues of self-control and resourcefulness in 
 difficulties. A traveller was once making a journey 
 from the city of Rome to the south^ of Italy. Along 
 the road there were inns for stopping over night. 
 But there was one night which had to be passed in a 
 boat in going through a certain marsh. In the night 
 the lazy boat-man fell asleep,* and the mule which 
 drew the boat stopped to graze. At daylight the 
 traveller, disappointed^ that the boat had gone ahead 
 so little during the night, jumped out and belabored 
 both man and mule with a club. Was this like the 
 action of a sensible traveller, or is our sympathy^ 
 rather with the poor donkey ? 
 
 Exercise 34 
 
 Perhaps there is no one who has more need of the 
 qualities of courage, endurance, and presence of 
 mind than the captain of a ship. If strong winds 
 
 1 Render by hmnanitas. ^ Expresses the idea of expediency. 
 8 meridiana. * i.e. began to sleep. ^ i.e. angered. ® Lit. do loe 
 pity, etc. 
 
46 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 blow, the passengers, consisting^ of men, women, and 
 children, are often dumb^ with fear, the ship itself 
 is tossed hither and thither and almost buried by 
 the waves mountain-high. But the dauntless cap- 
 tain is never in doubt^ what to do.* " How well 
 our captain pla3^ed his part," say the travellers, glad 
 to have reached land in safety, " and how free he was 
 from the two equally fatal faults of rashness and 
 indecision." The Romans, being^ in the beginning 
 a race of farmers and soldiers, did not readily trust 
 themselves to the sea. "There are two things," 
 says Cato, " which the wise man never does, one of 
 which is to make a journey by sea when he could go 
 by land." Even Cicero, setting^ out from the city 
 of Rome, went overland to Athens, being in this 
 respect very unlike travellers of to-day. There is 
 one ship, as it were, of which the mention of Cicero 
 reminds us: I mean the ship of state. "Sail on,'' 
 thou ship of state," says our American poet. But 
 he was not the first who^ thought the commonwealth 
 was like a ship. " O ship of state," sang the Roman 
 Horace, " how farest thou ? Seest thou not how thy 
 side is stript of oars, and thy mast broken by the 
 Afric wind? Steer^ bravely for the port," and so 
 on in most impressive style. ^^ What shall we say 
 of our ship of state ? Is it sailing in quiet waters ? 
 
 1 Omit. 2 breathless in Latin. ^ incertus. * Indirect ques- 
 tion. ^ Render by a causal relative clause with the subjunctive. 
 * See Ex. 22, n. 3, "^ perge navigare. ^ Dispense with the rela- 
 tive clause. ^ occupare. i° graviBsime. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 47 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 THE DATIVE 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 41. It is important to learn the use of the dative 
 of reference, and to this end the explanations and 
 examples given in the grammars should be carefully 
 consulted. In general, the person (rarely the thing), 
 in whose case something is said to be or not to be 
 true, should be put in this dative. Qui iter Poenis 
 vel corporibua suis obstruere voluerunt: who resolved 
 to block the way of (literally, in case of) the Cartha- 
 ginians even with their own bodies. This construction 
 may also be used in prose with interdicere, intercludere, 
 and depellere. Thus, patribus bonis interdici solet: 
 fathers are often removed from their goods. 
 
 42. An example of the ethical dative to be noted 
 is aibi in the phrase quid sibi vult ? What does he mean ? 
 Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit, non intellego: but 
 what avarice means in an old mail I cannot understand. 
 
 Cf. A. 376, 380 ; B. 188 ; G. 351-352 ; H. 425, 4, 432 ; H. & B. 366, 
 372 ; L. 1205-1211. 
 
 Exercise 35 
 
 " To one^ returning from abroad," says a father in 
 the Phormio of Terence, " no misfortune to his family 
 should seem unexpected. Perhaps in his absence he 
 1 Implied in the Latin in the following participle. 
 
48 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 has been removed from his property as being incom- 
 petent. He may look forward to the illness of his 
 daughter, the wrongdoing of his son, and the death 
 of his wife. If a slave should meet him as he disem- 
 barked,^ saying, ' Master, our house has been consumed 
 by fire, nothing could ward off from us the power of the 
 flames,' he would not be surprised. If none of these 
 things occur in his case,^ let him count it as so much 
 gain." Bad news may now reach even those who 
 are still abroad. "What means this sudden illness 
 at home," we ask " and how can our return be most 
 quickly accomplished ? " To young and old those 
 who bring ill news are unwelcome. "I will carry 
 word to my master," says the slave in the play, " that 
 he may give me a bad flogging in return for my bad 
 news." How pleasant on the mountains are the feet 
 of him that bringeth good tidings! 
 
 Exercise 36 
 
 For almost every one there are occasions when it is 
 of much importance^ to him to send a letter and receive 
 the answer in a short time. It is often the case* that 
 everything depends^ on the answer and that we are 
 impatient of delay. " No letter for me yet," one^ 
 says each day, " I cannot understand what it means." 
 We think it worth while to inquire of the clerk at 
 the window, "Is there anything for me to-day?" 
 
 1 Render the clause by a participle. ^ Lit. for Mm. * i.e. greatly 
 to his interest. * saepe fit. ^ Use poni, or ease. * Render by 
 indefinite second person. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 49 
 
 " What is the name, please ? " he replies, and having 
 found this out, he says, "Nothing^ to-day." We go 
 away in disappointment,^ but the postman finally 
 brings us the longed-for missive. " Here is your 
 letter," he says with a smile. It is possible for us 
 now to hear quickly by letter from all parts of the 
 world. We could not block the way of the postman 
 on his daily round,^ if we so desired. But all of this 
 which means so much to people to-day has come 
 about within the last few years. It is very different 
 from the time when a messenger carried Cicero's 
 letters from the cit}^ of Rome to Athens. Is it good 
 for one* to receive a great many letters from absent 
 friends? "The more letters from others a man 
 receives," said a certain witty philosopher, " the less 
 often he hears from himself." Let each one ask him- 
 self what this saying^ means. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 THE BATTVE— Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 43. In using verbs of taking away compounded of 
 ab, de, ex, ad, observe that the person from whom 
 something is taken is put in the dative. This con- 
 struction is a variety of the dative of reference and 
 
 1 nihil litterarum. 2 [q disappointed. ^ iter is sufficient. 
 * Se« Ex. 17, n. 1. s Omit. 
 
50 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 may be employed freely in prose. Somnum mihi 
 ademit: it took away sleep from me, Eripies mihi hunc 
 errorem: you will free me from this mistake. 
 
 44. Note the dative in such sentences vitio mihi 
 dant: they hold it against me as a faulty and paupertas 
 probro haberi coepit: lack of money began to he con- 
 sidered a disgrace. This is a part of the so-called 
 final dative and is used with such verbs of consid- 
 ering or accounting, as do, duco, habeo, tribuo, and 
 verto. 
 
 Cf. A. 381-382 ; B. 188, d, 191 ; G. 345, 356 ; H. 427, 433 ; H. & B. 
 361, 371 ; L. 1209, 1222'. 
 
 Exercise 37 
 
 What fault do you find with the daily newspaper^ ? 
 Some seem to regard it as a help to our civilization, 
 others as a hindrance. If the latter be the case, 
 should^ we not free ourselves from its influence? 
 But how, then, should we learn about the price of 
 grain, or whether a foreign war is hanging over us? 
 Should we lightly deprive ourselves of these advan- 
 tages ? The newspaper, which we have at least to 
 consider as a permanent^ institution, owes its origin 
 to Julius Caesar. We do not know just how it 
 came about. Perhaps he was passing by the senate 
 house, and saw a resolution of this body posted on a 
 bulletin board. " Have the Roman people," he 
 
 1 acta diurna. '^ Is the idea that of expediency or moral obli- 
 gation ? Distinguish between oportet and debere. ^ Omit. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 51 
 
 asked, " no other opportunity of learning about the 
 public business ? Let us free them at once from this 
 inconvenience." And so he ordered the acts of the 
 senate to be published daily. Some one may aski^ 
 " Were these daily gazettes sold on the streets after 
 our fashion ? " Perhaps ; but the ancients them- 
 selves have said nothing on this point. 
 
 Exercise 38 
 
 The daily newspaper, which almost every one 
 to-day regards as a necessity, has many features^ 
 which people find fault with, but they do not cease 
 to read it on that account. "It tells us," says one, 
 "a great deal^ about foreign affairs. I wonder 
 every day how the ' foreign powers,'* as we call them, 
 are getting on to-day. Are they still on good terms^ 
 with one another, or has one taken something from 
 his neighbor over night ? Is that famous war cloud^ 
 still hanging over them and depriving them of their 
 tranquillity? States, too, have recently been made 
 to totter by domestic strife, and their authority 
 restored and upheld with difficulty. On^ all these 
 matters I am kept informed by the newspapers, and 
 this I regard as a great service." " What I especially 
 find fault with in the newspapers," said another, " are 
 the murders, divorces, betrayals of trust, and other 
 
 1 Potential subjunctive. 2 Expressed in the neuter plural of the 
 preceding adjective. ^ piurima. * imperia externa. ^ bene 
 convenientes. ^ ille nubes belli. '' i.e. concerning. 
 
52 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 crimes of every kind, which rob the reader of his 
 sleep and of much else besides. Otherwise I look 
 on them as excellent mirrors, as it were, of our com- 
 mon life, which is slowly and painfully striving 
 toward better things. What should be esteemed a 
 greater distinction than to portray the varied and 
 manifold phases of our present-day civilization?" 
 "As for me,"^ said a third, "I consider the news- 
 paper of great assistance because T learn from it the 
 price of corn and cattle and many other things which 
 I try to buy cheaply and sell dearly. If it were not 
 for this, I should not care a straw for all the news- 
 papers in the world. 2" 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 45. A date in the past calculated from the present 
 is expressed by abhinc, ago^ with the accusative (or 
 the ablative), or by ante, before, with the accusative. 
 Thus, ten days ago is abhinc decern dies, abhinc decern 
 diebus, or ante hos dies. The accusative with ante 
 depends on the preposition and is not, strictly speak- 
 ing, one of duration. Abhinc usually comes first in 
 the phrase. Observe that a future date is indicated 
 
 1 Denote the emphasis by expressing the personal pronoun of 
 the subject. ^ qh in iJiq world: omnino omnia. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 53 
 
 by ad with the accusative. Ten days hence is ad decern 
 dies. 
 
 46. To express definitely the age of a person, use 
 natus with an accusative of duration. Quattuor et 
 octoginta natus sum : / am eighty-four years old. But 
 the year of the age is the accusative (of the ordinal 
 number) with ago. Thus, quartum ago annum et 
 octogesimum : I am in my eighty-fourth year. 
 
 Cf. A. 424 /; B. 181 ; G. 336, 3, 4, 403, n. 4 c, e ; H. 417, 488, 3, nn. 
 2 and 3 ; H. & B. 387, ii, h ; L. 1164. 
 
 Exercise 39 
 
 Several years ago in one of the great cities of 
 Europe the birthday of a famous physician and teacher 
 was celebrated. He was born in 1821, and at that 
 time was eighty years old. Scholars came from all 
 civilized countries to congratulate him and wish him^ 
 well. They thought his fame would be still greater 
 a century hence. " About fifty-five years ago," he 
 said, " when I was in my twenty-fifth year, I began 
 to teach young men, many of them of excellent parts.^ 
 Since then I have been thronged, as it were, with 
 them. My precepts have always been: love and 
 honor truth^ above all else." Two years later this 
 great man was dead. Cicero loved especially the 
 birthday of his daughter Tullia. When he returned* 
 
 1 Dative. Cf. A. 367, c ; G. 346 r. 2 ; H. 426 4, n. ; H. & B. 
 357 ; L. 1185. ^ Lit. endowed with good natural ability. * i.e. true 
 things. * Indicative or subjunctive ? 
 
54 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 to Brundisium Aug. 5, 57 B.C., she was on hand to 
 meet^ him. It happened to be her birthday and that 
 of the city itself. " Twenty-two years ago," he said, 
 " my dear Tullia was born, and many years hence I 
 shall recall this day with joy." 
 
 Exercise 40 
 
 " I suppose you remember," remarked the father at 
 the breakfast table,^ " whose birthday is to be cele- 
 brated a few days hence." " You mean that of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln, do you not ? " said the son. " Yes," 
 answered the father, " he was born Feb. 12, 1809, 
 just a hundred years ago on his next birthday-" " I 
 was thinking a few days ago," said the mother, 
 '* about his boyhood, in what adversity it was passed. 
 I have forgotten how old he was when he learned to 
 read, but we know he worked at^ his books before 
 the hearth by the light of the fire. He drank in 
 knowledge as if desiring to satisfy a long thirst." 
 " And what strength of body he had also ! " said the 
 son. " I'll wager* that when he was thirty he was as 
 strong as that Roman athlete who carried an ox on 
 his shoulders over the course at Olympia. By the 
 way,^ father, do you think Lincoln was a great orator 
 like Cicero? " " Perhaps not like Cicero," replied the 
 father. " What gained Lincoln a hearing was first 
 
 1 Omit, using the dative of the following pronoun in an emphatic 
 position. 2 Use apud prandentes. ^In. * i.e. / am sure ; credo. 
 ^ heuB tu. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 55 
 
 of all the intensity^ of his convictions. There was 
 also a resonance in his voice which enabled^ him to 
 address great throngs ; and yet his speech, though 
 carefully planned, was quiet and informal. When 
 he was in his fifty-third year he became President. 
 His glory will be handed down to future generations ; 
 a century hence it will be undiminished." 
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE — Continued 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 47. In the accusative denoting the limit of motion, 
 it should be observed, that when urbem, oppidum, or 
 municipium precedes the name of the city or town, 
 the preposition in or ad is to be used; when the 
 appositive follows (usually with a modifier), it is 
 also introduced by the preposition. Thus, in (or ad) 
 urbem Capuam profectus est : he set out for the city of 
 Capua; but Capuam profectus est in (or ad) urbem 
 amplissimam: he Set out for Capua^ a most flourishing 
 city. This use of the preposition with the appositive 
 is also the rule when the ideas of where and whence 
 are to be expressed. Capuae erat in urbe amplissima : 
 he was at Oapua^ a most flourishing city. Exceptions 
 occur, the preposition being omitted. 
 
 48. When the country in which a city or town 
 
 1 fervor. ^ fecit ut. 
 
56 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 denoting the limit of motion is expressed, it is put 
 in the accusative with a preposition. Thus, to Capua 
 m Italy ^ or to Corinth in Greece, is Capuam in Italiam, 
 or Corinthum in Graeciam. 
 
 Cf. A. 428, b ; B. 182, a, b ; G. 337, Rem. 2 and 6 ; H. 418, 1, 2 ; 
 H. & B. 450, c, 452 ; L. 1157, 1159. 
 
 Exercise 41 
 
 The young Romans often went to Athens in Greece, 
 or Alexandria in Egypt, or Pergamum in Asia (not 
 to mention other places) to carry on their studies. 
 Cicero's son, when about twenty years old, was sent 
 by his father to Athens, a city having great advan- 
 tages for the student of philosophy. But the son 
 cared little for learning, showing himself in this 
 respect listless and sluggish and almost a mere trifler. 
 He was always asking his father for more money. 
 "It costs a great deal," he wrote to his father in 
 Rome, "to live^ here in Athens, even in this city 
 devoted to intellectual pursuits. I have to pay some 
 one for copying out the lecture notes,^ and only 
 yesterday I gave a little present to one of the pro- 
 fessors. Occasionally I invite my friends to dinner, 
 and one cannot be too sparing in the expense." 
 Cicero, Vho was himself in debt, would have taken 
 the money from some one at interest,^ but his friend 
 Atticus said : " Consider my purse* your own ; give 
 
 1 it costs a great deal to live ; lit. it is lived at very great expense. 
 ^ ezBcribere commentarios. ^ Ablative * opes. 
 
[' LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 57 
 
 the young man what he desires. Some day he will 
 return to Rome, the city of his birth, steadied^ in 
 character and endowed with many useful qualities." 
 But this, though much wished for, was not to be. 
 
 Exercise 42 
 
 The young scholar often thinks it to his^ interest 
 to pursue his studies abroad. "Cato," he says, 
 "learned Greek^ when he was eighty,* but I prefer 
 to become as proficient as possible before I am so 
 advanced in years." Accordingly he packs up his 
 luggage^ and addresses it to Berlin, Germany, or 
 Paris, France, or Oxford, England. When he arrives, 
 let us say, in the city of Berlin and has found a place 
 to live^ in, he calls on the great man on whose account 
 he has made the long journey. He finds the master 
 at home and not engaged. " I have come," he says, 
 "to Berlin, the city noted for its illustrious men, 
 with the purpose of carrying on my studies under 
 your guidance."^ "Perhaps," replies the master, 
 "you would find greater advantages at Rome, the 
 city which has so much for the scholar. I myself 
 went to Oxford, by no means a large place, but rich 
 in books and other treasures. Just now some of our 
 most promising young men are turning their steps 
 
 1 constans. ^ j'or the case see Chap. XVI, 37. ^ Use litterae 
 Graecae. * Cf. Chap. XX, 46. ^ sarcinas colllgere. ® Use 
 the genitive of the gerund and cf . Chap. XVII, 39. '^ Lit. you being 
 my teacher. 
 
58 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 to your own Cambridge. However, let it be as you 
 wish, and, as the Romans used to say, may it turn 
 out well for us both." Later the youth found that 
 the great man was also his good friend. How many 
 pleasant talks they had together at the dinner table ! ^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXII 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE— Conimwed 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 49. The accusative denoting that in respect to 
 which (and resembling the Greek accusative of speci- 
 fication) is freely used in early and later Latin, but 
 the Ciceronian usage is confined to vicem, partem, 
 and the interrogative quid (see below the reference 
 in H. & B.) . Quid tibi prodest hoc? In what (literally, 
 in respect to whaf) does this profit you f Meam vicem 
 non timidus eram : for my part I ivas not afraid. Per 
 triduum mazimam partem pane viximus : for three days 
 we lived for the most part on bread, 
 
 50. Note that after the analogy of verbs of asking 
 the double accusative of the person and the thing is 
 also used with vole, the thing being represented by a 
 neuter pronoun. Quid est quod me velis? What is it 
 that you desire of me? Nondum etiam dixi quod te 
 volui: / have not yet even told you what I wanted. 
 This construction with volo, though occurring mostly 
 
 1 Render the phrase by a participle. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 69 
 
 in the comic poets, may be used in prose. Observe, 
 however, that when the thing desired is expressed 
 by a noun, the person is in the ablative with a prepo- 
 sition. Quam rem voluiati a me tandem : what^ fray^ 
 was it that you wanted of me ? 
 
 Cf. A. 397 a ; B. 178, d\ G. 338, 341 (c), 2 ; H. 412, 416, 2 ; H. & 
 B. 388, a, 6, 393 ; L. 1144-1146. 
 
 Exercise 43 
 
 Every time of life is of great value. Explain 
 clearly in what respect this is so. What, for exam- 
 ple, is the use^ of old men ? Let us ask what we 
 on our part especially desire of them. We do not 
 desire bodily strength of them, but we ask them 
 rather for maturity of judgment and wisdom. Bod- 
 ily strength for the most part belongs to^ men of 
 middle age and to young men. The latter in their 
 turn, I have no doubt, are also often swift of foot. 
 Old men, according to the ancient proverb,^ are for 
 counsel, young men for war. But young men, im- 
 petuous* as they sometimes are, are not always lack- 
 ing in counsel, nor old men, for^ all their dignity, in 
 strength of body. Let us ask again : What is the 
 use of the small boy, who creeps unwillingly to 
 school ? Is he of great value on his own part ? Cer- 
 tainly, if only in the eyes of his parents. Moreover, 
 
 1 to he of use : prodesse. ^ xjse proprium esse. ^ Ablative. 
 * feroz. ^for denotes concession ; render by a clause with quam- 
 vis ; cf. for the mode A. 440 n, ; B. 309 1 ; G. 606 ; H. 586, ii, 1, 
 2 ; H. & B. 532, 2 ; L. 1905. 
 
60 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 in the reign of peace and justice, as the ancient 
 writer says, the streets will be full^ of boys and 
 girls. 
 
 Exercise 44 
 
 In what respect is the life of the young sometimes 
 happier than that^ of their elders ? Is it not for the 
 most part in their greater freedom^ from responsi- 
 bility, living as they do under the protection and in 
 the love of their parents ? " What," they often ask, 
 " have* we to do to-day ? Is there anything which 
 you especially wish of us?" "What I wish of you 
 just now," one replies, " is that you enjoy yourselves 
 as much as possible ; only, do not go out of doors in 
 the rain and cold unless your heads are well covered.^ 
 Be not on your part like the ancient king who, hav- 
 ing begun a journey on foot or horseback, could not 
 be induced by any kind of weather to put on a hat.^" 
 But all the young are not so fortunate as these. Of 
 some the poverty of parents and the greed of men 
 demand bitter tasks. In what respect are they not 
 to be pitied? Shall we not on our part protect 
 them and so preserve the ancient strength of our 
 race ? " Why," says the poet, " should the children 
 weep ? " 
 
 1 For the case see A. 349 ; B. 204; G. 374 ; H. 451, 2 ; H. & B. 
 347 ; L. 1263. 2 Omit. ^ Lit. in the fact that they are more ex- 
 empt from. * Expresses idea of obligation or duty. ^ Ablative 
 absolute. * Lit. to be with covered head. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 61 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII 
 
 THE ABLATIVE 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 51. Time before or after is put in the ablative of 
 the degree of diiference with ante or post. The 
 event before or after which something takes place 
 may be a substantive (governed by ante or post) or 
 a clause. Quaestor quadriennio post f actus sum : four 
 years afterwards I became quaestor. Biduo ante vic- 
 toriam : two days before the victory. Anno enim post 
 consul primum fuerat quam ego natus sum : for he 
 had been consul for the first time one year after my 
 birth. 
 
 52. When the price of a thing is definitely ex- 
 pressed (as in a given sum of money or in some 
 object of value), it is put in the ablative. Indefinite 
 price may also be denoted by the ablative of pretium 
 with a modifier, or by quanto, magno, parvo, minimo, 
 though with the last the genitive is perhaps the 
 more common construction. Holer a ferebat obolo in 
 cenam : he was bringing an oboVs worth of vegetables for 
 dinner. Trigintamillibushabitavit: he paid thirty thou- 
 sand rent. Magno domum vendidi : / sold the house for 
 a large sum. 
 
 Cf. A. 414, 416, 417, c ; B. 223, 225 ; G. 403, 4 (a), 404; H. 478- 
 479 ; H. & B. 424, 427 ; L. 1388, 1393. 
 
62 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 45 
 
 A man of small means in a large city once had a 
 little shop valued at about a thousand American 
 dollars^ or six thousand Roman denarii. 2 Every 
 day people from the neighborhood would^ come to 
 buy something at a higher or lower price. Boys 
 and girls would ask what is the price of this or that. 
 "Do you sell these beautiful books very dearly?" 
 they say. " How many could one get for a dollar ? " 
 and so on. But a few months later, the owner for 
 some* reason became discontented with his business. 
 This was two years after he had bought it. A few 
 days after the sale he purchased a small piece^ of 
 land in the country for twelve hundred dollars. 
 For a long time, it seems, before this event he had 
 desired to become a farmer. But he did not manage 
 his affairs successfully. Six months after he had 
 gone to the country he was anxious^ to return to the 
 city. " Alas," he said, " if some one would only re- 
 store me to my former life." 
 
 Exercise 46 
 
 It is no longer possible^ for men to obtain with 
 their own hands everything which they have need 
 
 1 Use centUBsis. ^ See for the case A. 134, d ; B. 80, 5, 201, 1 ; 
 G. 293, N. ; H. 168 ; H. & B. 131, 3. « Cf. Ex. 6, n. 1. * i.e. some 
 reason or other. ^ Express a small piece of by using a diminutive 
 for the following substantive. ^ i.e. eager. "^ Express by posse 
 with the personal construction. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 63 
 
 of; the result is that we buy something of greater 
 or less value almost every day. " What is the price 
 of bread to-day?" one asks in the bakeshop. "How 
 many loaves^ do you give for a drachma, or if you 
 prefer, for a denarius ? " "I suppose," says the 
 clerk,2 "that this is a kind of money ,3 but I have 
 myself never heard of it." " Well, then," you reply, 
 " how many for twenty-five American cents ? " An 
 hour after in another shop, where several garrulous 
 old men are discussing public events, you ask the 
 owner the price of honey and olive oil. " What I 
 should like," you say, "would be som.e honey from 
 Hymettus* and some olive oil from California."* "I 
 am sorry," replies the owner, " but both are very 
 dear, and just at present there is such a scarcity that 
 I have neither on hand." About a month after this 
 has taken place you think it might be to your inter- 
 est to buy a building lot.^ " They are five hundred 
 dollars apiece," says the agent, "or about three 
 thousand denarii, counted in your favorite^ Roman 
 money. A few months ago they were cheaper, but 
 a year hence they will have increased greatly in 
 value." He does not persuade you to buy at once, 
 and yet in the end who could resist such allure- 
 ments ? 
 
 1 panes ; note the use of pania in the sense of loaf. ^ xjse 
 operariuB in this context. ^ j g^ ^Z coin. * Render the phrase by 
 the adjective, s area. « gratissimus. 
 
64 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV 
 
 THE ABLATIVE — Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 53. An interesting and useful construction occurs 
 when opuB est governs the ablative of a perfect par- 
 ticiple in agreement with a noun or pronoun. The 
 participle here (as some grammarians express it) 
 " takes the leading idea of the phrase," that is, the 
 phrase as a whole is to be taken almost as if the par- 
 ticiple were a verbal noun and its substantive a 
 dependent genitive. The meaning is not so much 
 passive in the sense of a result accomplished, as 
 active, denoting the process of accomplishment. 
 Thus, I need to build a house is mihi opus est aedificata 
 domo (literally, I need a house built, that is, the build- 
 ing of a house). So also, celeriter mi eo homine con- 
 ventost opus : / need to call on this man at once., and 
 mihi perdita republica non opus est : I do not need to 
 ruin the commonwealth. This use of the participle 
 is more widely extended than is sometimes sup- 
 posed. 
 
 54. When a question is asked as to what shall be 
 done to or become of a person or thing, the ablative 
 is used with facio, fio, and sum. Thus, quid me fiet : 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 65 
 
 what will become of me ^ Quid hoc homine facias : what 
 could one do with such a fellow ? Quid te futurumst : 
 what will become of you? This idiom is colloquial, 
 occurring often in the comic poets, but is well authen- 
 ticated for prose. 
 
 Cf. A. 403, c, 411, a ; B. 218, 2, 6 ; G. 401, n. 7, 406; H. 474, 3, 477, 
 ui ; H. & B. 423, h ; 430, 2 ; L. 1315, 1382, 2286. 
 
 Exercise 47 
 
 A young man having completed his studies^ re- 
 solved^ to devote himself to the commonwealth. 
 " Every community," he said, " needs men of public 
 spirit.^ What otherwise will become of the public 
 interests? Nay, what will become of us and of 
 future generations*?" His first task was to think 
 what could be done with the indifferent.^ He saw 
 too, that he needed to overcome the active enemies of 
 the community, that is, the perverters of the law and 
 the filchers of the goods of others. Long-established 
 evils stood^ before him like a fortified city. But he 
 did not ask what would become of himself, or sell 
 himself for money, or power, or position. For his 
 undertaking he needed to have much strength of 
 mind and body at his disposal.'^ He assailed public 
 evils with confidence and courage. One day, unex- 
 pectedly to others, he won the victory. 
 
 1 Ablative absolute. ^ piacere. ^i.e. good citizens. * i.e. of 
 posterity. ^ Render by present participle of neglegere. ^ adver- 
 sari. 7 ezpromptus. 
 
66 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 48 
 
 " First of all in our town," said a public -spirited^ 
 citizen, " we need to construct a large building for 
 the care of the sick." " What became of the plan 
 which was formed last year for this purpose?" asked 
 his neighbor. " I don't know," he replied, " but 
 we should^ go ahead at once. Doubtless we shall 
 require considerable money in the end, but otherwise 
 what will become of individuals who need to have 
 the best of^ care and for whom this is not possible at 
 home ? Consider, too, how it will promote the health 
 of the community and how important it is that men 
 have soundness of body." "We also need health of 
 mind," said another ; " in fact, we have* constantly to 
 aid and refresh our spirits, to pour oil, as it were, 
 into the lamp, to keep the flame from^ going out. 
 For this purpose there is hardly anything better than 
 books. What can we do with people who read noth- 
 ing, or only what is cheap and unwholesome? For 
 my part I think we need also to establish a library, 
 possibly through the liberality of some distinguished 
 citizen." "Let us not forget," said another, "that 
 we need to clean the streets and furnish an abundant 
 supply of pure water. We should consider, too, the 
 quality of the milk^ ; otherwise, what will become of 
 the children?" 
 
 1 bonus. 2 The idea of expediency. « Omit. * See Ex. 44, 
 11. 4. ^ Render by a ne-clause. « Lit. of what kind the milk is. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 67 
 
 CHAPTER XXV 
 
 THE ABLATIVE— Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 55. A noun which denotes the standpoint from 
 whicli a statement is made or from which the mean- 
 ing of a single term is regarded is put in the abla- 
 tive. This is the ablative of respect or specification, 
 answering the questions, in what? wherein? (see 
 below the reference in H. & B.), that is, from what 
 standpoint? The same relation is sometimes ex- 
 pressed by ad (= Greek irpo^^ and the accusative. 
 Vita quidem talis fuit vel fortuna vel gloria ut nihil pos- 
 set accedere : his life both in point of fortune and of 
 fame was such that nothing could he added. Specie 
 blanda sed re repudianda : enticing in appearance^ hut 
 to he rejected in experience. 
 
 K>Q. Note that dignus and indignus take the abla- 
 tive ; the use of the genitive, which occurs occasion- 
 ally, is not to be imitated in prose. Utinam sapientia 
 mea digna esset opinione vestra nostroque cognomine : 
 would that my wisdom were worthy of your impression 
 of it and of my own name. Te omni honore indignissi- 
 mum iudicat : he thinks that you are altogether un- 
 worthy of every honor. 
 
 Cf. A. 418 ; B. 226, 1, 2 ; G. 374, n. 10, 397 ; H. 480-481 ; H. & B. 
 441-442 ; L. 1269, 1386, 1392. 
 
68 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 * Exercise 49 
 
 There were several persons engaged in conversa- 
 tion at the dinner table. ^ " Is there anything," said 
 one of them, " which we do not like^ in our people 
 and which, in fact, we think to be worthy of re- 
 proach ? " " Yes," replied another, " in their atti- 
 tude toward'^ the public good some men are unworthy 
 of our approval. They refer everything to their own 
 interest. They want to increase their wages or their 
 profits. In their aims they should consider the pub- 
 lic interests of the greatest importance. Otherwise, 
 they are unworthy of a free and equal common- 
 wealth." "Is it not," said another, "reprehensible 
 as a matter of conduct to put such great stress* on 
 gratification of the senses ? If excessive in intensity, 
 how destructive it is to the mind ! " " Pleasure," 
 said another, " is not always worthy of blame. How 
 little pleasure some men and women have in this 
 world^! But what seems to me in every way a 
 great evil is the man who talks too much.^ To him 
 I always say, ' My good sir,^ will you not spare us ? ' " 
 
 Exercise 50 
 
 "What is it among our people,"^ said some one 
 at the dinner table,^ " which most deserves re- 
 
 1 See Ex. 42, n. 1, p. 58. ^ Lit. are not in the habit of praising. 
 8 in. * probare. ^ i.e. in this life. ^ i.e. is too talkative. ' mi 
 homo, or o bone. ^ apud nos ipaos. ^ Render here by in 
 convivio. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION gg 
 
 proach?" "For my part," replied another, "in 
 point of ultimate injury to the community,^ I think 
 it is the men who, unworthy of a free and equal 
 commonwealth, refer everything to the interests of 
 their class. It is a question with them of increasing 
 their wages or their profits. Now from the stand- 
 point of experience^ these classes seem bound^ to 
 exist, and in the conflict of their interests consists, 
 for a great part, the history of the world.* But to 
 be worthy of the highest praise, they should in their 
 policies regard the public good as of greater impor- 
 tance than themselves. Consider how fatal the lack 
 of this was^ to popular government in Rome.^" 
 " What is even more reprehensible," said another, 
 " is the fact that we place so much stress on physical 
 gratifications of different kinds. These, of course, 
 may promote happiness, if not excessive in number 
 or intensity. But as there is nothing nobler than 
 the mind, so there is nothing, as Cicero says, more 
 fatal to it than too much bodily pleasure. The 
 latter, in fact, is in many respects a curse ; it blinds, 
 as it were, the eyes of the spirit, and when one is 
 under the influence of it, he can accomplish nothing 
 in the way of reflection or reason." " Pleasure," said 
 another, " can doubtless become an evil, though some 
 of us have too little of it rather than too much." 
 
 1 Not used in a political sense, but rather in that of the social 
 life ; render by vita civilis. ^ Strengthen by the intensive pro- 
 noun. 3 i.e. necessarily. ■* Lit. the achievements of the nations. 
 ^i.e. the fact that this was lacking. ^ i.e. among the Bomans. 
 
70 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI 
 
 THE RELATIVE CLAUSE 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 57. In the practical use of the relative clause the 
 main difficulty is the mode, which will depend ulti- 
 mately on the idea the clause is meant to express. 
 There are certain mechanical conditions under which 
 the subjunctive is the rule, as when the clause fol- 
 lows certain words like dignus, idoneus, unus, solus, 
 etc., or when it refers to a negative or indefinite ante- 
 cedent (or to an interrogative one with a negative 
 implication). Clauses which occur under these con- 
 ditions are generally regarded as clauses of character- 
 istic or tendency, though all cannot be placed in this 
 category without question. The subjunctive itself 
 varies in character. Non erit idoneus qui ad bellum 
 mittatur : he will not he a suitable person to send to war. 
 Hie liber non est satis dignus qui iterum legatur : this 
 hook is not worth reading twice. Nihil habeo quod 
 accusem senectutem : I have no fault to find with old 
 age. Nihil ego video quod gaudeas : / see no reason 
 why you should he glad. Nemo est qui nesciat : there is 
 no one ivho doesnH know. Sunt qui non habeant : there 
 are some who have not. Quid fecit quod nos pigeret : 
 what did he do that we were ashamed of? Consult the 
 grammars for other examples. 
 
 Cf. A. 535, a, nn. 1 and 2, 3, 1, /} B. 283, 1, 2 ; G. 631, 1, 2 ; H. 
 591, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 ; H. & B. 517, 2 ; 619, 2, 8 a ; L. 1818-1823. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 71 
 
 Exercise 51 
 
 There is no one perhaps who has written with more 
 feeling about the farmer's life than Cicero. Who is 
 there who does not remember the famous chapter 
 which he puts into the mouth of Cato ? Does not 
 this deserve to be read twice ? Is it not also suitable 
 to be committed to memory^? There are some who 
 do not value country life so highly. But perhaps 
 they are such as have never themselves made trial 
 of its joys. Have they ever planted a tree with their 
 own hands, or seen the buds come out in springtime ? 
 Again, what is there more skilful than pruning and 
 grafting, or more healthful than to plough and to har- 
 row ? He who does this comes in daily contact^ with 
 the earth. There is no one, moreover, who receives a 
 surer return, nor is there any life which comes more 
 closely to that of a reasonable and wise man. How 
 ancient is the cultivation of the soil, and how closely 
 associated with the progress of the human race^ ! So 
 at least thought Cicero. 
 
 Exercise 52 
 
 To-day, as in the time of Cato, the man who thinks 
 of becoming* a farmer has need of much special^ 
 knowledge of his calling. Is he himself in point of 
 physical strength worthy to lead the life of the hus- 
 
 1 memoriae mandare. ^ contingere. ^ Lit. how connected 
 (coniunctus) with the human race moving onward. * See Ex. 31, 
 n. 3. 5 proprius. 
 
72 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 bandman? Are there not hardships which he cannot 
 readily endure ? Again it may be^ that the ground 
 which he has chosen for his farm is not suitable for 
 cultivation ; in fact, there are many places which are 
 fit only to be given over to the flocks and herds. 
 Even though in other respects it may be a suitable 
 place to select, the soil may be deficient in moisture 
 and in natural forces. ^ If this be the case, there will 
 be need of ditching and watering and fertilizing and 
 constant cultivation to make it more productive, and 
 there is nothing which requires more skill. It is 
 also necessary to plough and harrow and plant the seed 
 in the ground thus prepared. There are some who 
 say that this requires only strength of body, but 
 there is no one who does not know how important is 
 the manner in which these operations^ are carried on. 
 For those who perform them rightly the produce of 
 the soil may be abundant. Let us suppose, for ex- 
 ample, that the farmer has planted grain in due sea- 
 son, whether in springtime or autumn. Who is there 
 who has not seen the green blades which, supported 
 by the fibres of the stem, hold themselves* upright 
 by means of a jointed stalk? Finally the ear ap- 
 pears protected by a rampart, as it were, of beards. 
 About none of these things can the farmer be 
 ignorant. 
 
 1 Render by potest fieri ut. 2 je. in force and nature. 
 « Omit. * The reflexive idea may be expressed here by the pas- 
 sive. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 73 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII 
 
 THE RELATIVE CLAUSE — Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 58. When the relative clause stands in an explicit 
 causal relation to the sentence, the subjunctive is the 
 normal prose usage. Thus, o miserum senem, qui mor- 
 tem contemnendam ease non viderit: poor old man, not 
 to have seen that death should he despised, o vis veri- 
 tatis quae se defendat : what a power has truth, seeing 
 that it can defend itself/ The relative in these clauses 
 may be preceded by quippe (less frequently by ut or 
 utpote) to strengthen the causal idea. Convivia non 
 inibat, quippe qui ne in oppidum quidem nisi perraro 
 veniret : he never attended dinner parties since he never 
 even went to a town except rarely, non procul aberat, 
 utpote qui sequeretur : he was not far away, as he was 
 in pursuit. Note that since he, since it, etc., may be 
 translated by quippe qui, quippe quod, etc. 
 
 59. A relative clause with the subjunctive may 
 also be used to express an idea which is opposed to 
 that of the main clause. These clauses (sometimes 
 called concessive) are properly adversative. Absoi- 
 vite eum, qui se fateatur pecunias cepisse : set him free 
 though he confesses that he took the money. 
 
 Cf. A. 535, e, n. 1 ,• B. 283, 3, a, & ; G. 626, n. 1, 633-634 ; H. 592, 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 593, 2 ; H. & B. 523, a, 6 ; L. 1824-1827. 
 
74 LATIN PBOSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 53 
 
 The poet, who also as a rule delights^ in nature,^ 
 often sets his heart on a farm. Such was the case 
 with the Roman Horace. He longed for the country, 
 though for the most part he had been brought up in 
 the city. " My heart's desire," he said, " is a little 
 piece of land, a house with a kitchen^ garden near 
 by, and a few trees." This desire,* which was so 
 modest a one, he did not realize^ at once. But one 
 day he received a letter from the rich and powerful 
 Maecenas, who was his friend. " I am glad," wrote 
 the latter, "to be able to present you with a small 
 farm in the country ^ of the Sabines. I do this in 
 recognition^ of your talents, and in honor of our be- 
 loved Muse. I hope the gift will be welcome to you 
 and not unknown to posterity." In this quiet place, 
 which was far removed from the noise and disorder 
 and confusion of the city, Horace wrote many of his 
 poems. And yet should we always say, O fortu- 
 nate poet, to find some Maecenas ! 
 
 Exercise 54 
 
 One who spends perhaps the greater part of the 
 year in the city was speaking of the country. " I 
 will tell you," he said, " what I think of the country, 
 seeing that I pass some months there every year. 
 
 1 i.e. is delighted by. ^ nature here means the natural forces 
 of the earth; use Cicero's expression terras vis et natura. 
 •Omit. * desire = the object desired; use optatum. ^ impe- 
 trare. ^ propter. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 76 
 
 What I care for most of all is the trees ; I like to 
 plant them in rows with my own hands and to see 
 them grow. I have several now which are quite ^ 
 tall, though they were planted only a few months 
 ago. Others, which are older, are already bearing 
 fruit or giving shade in summer. These, too, have 
 flourished, though they have often felt the lack^ of 
 moisture. But my chief delight is an ancient olive, 
 which is both useful and beautiful. Consider how 
 trees are often associated with men or important 
 events. 'I live near^ the Pear Tree,' said a great 
 poet, and near by the Tall Tree, as we know, is the 
 seat of a university." "I am inclined to think,"* 
 said another, " that the vine, which requires perhaps 
 greater care than the tree, gives the more pleasure. 
 If it be supported by props, it uses its tendrils like 
 hands, and so catches hold of whatever it finds. ^ If 
 it be held back by the pruning knife, the supports 
 will not be needed. The pruning, which prevents 
 the vine from putting^ out too many shoots, is of the 
 greatest importance. Finally the cluster appears and 
 becomes sweet as it ripens, though at first it is very 
 bitter to the taste. To put the matter briefly^ what 
 is finer to see than a well-kept vineyard ? " " Noth- 
 ing," answered another, " except perhaps a well-kept 
 apple orchard, or a garden with flowers of every 
 kind." 
 
 1 satis. 2 desiderare. ^ ad. * See Ex. 18, 1. ^ The per- 
 fect is required here. ^ See Ex. 10, n. 6. "^ ut brevi prae 
 cidam. 
 
76 LATIN PHOSE COMPOSITION 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII 
 
 THE RELATIVE CIuAUS^ — Continued 
 Usages to be noted : 
 
 60. The English as far as with a dependent clause 
 may be translated by the relative quod introducing 
 a relative clause of restriction. The mode in these 
 clauses is not altogether free from uncertainty, but 
 the subjunctive is to be used with verbs of knowing, 
 perceiving, remembering, and the like. Thus, quod 
 Bciam, as far as I know ; quod audierim, as far as I 
 have heard. As to the other predicates the con- 
 struction occurs most frequently with possum, the 
 impersonal attinet, and sum, and here the indicative 
 is the rule. Quod potero, faciam quod voles: as far 
 as I can., I will do what you desire. But even here 
 the subjunctive appears, due perhaps to a feeling for 
 the conditional character of the clause. Sumptui ne 
 parcas uUa in re quod ad valetudinem opus sit : do not 
 spare expense in any respect., as far as it is (that is, if it 
 should be') necessary for your health. 
 
 61. To be observed also is the qui-clause of re- 
 striction, which has the effect of narrowing the range 
 of the antecedent. In English the restriction 
 may be indicated by a qualifying only or at least. 
 When the restrictive idea is clearly implied, use the 
 subjunctive. Refertae sunt, quas quidem adhuc inve- 
 nerim et legerim, et verbis et rebus inlustribus: his 
 
f^(yt THE \ 
 
 f UNtVERSlTY J 
 
 LATIN PROSE COMPOsi?^^Lj^Og|ijfe*^7 
 
 speeches^ at least those which I have so far come upon 
 
 and read^ are crowded with happy expressions and fine 
 
 thoughts. 
 
 Cf. A. 535, d ; B. 283, 5 ; G. 627, Rem. 1 and 2 ; H. 591, 3 ; H. & 
 B. 521, 1,/, 522; L. 1829. 
 
 Exercise 55 
 
 Most people, at least those who enjoy the minor 
 pleasures, like^ to dine at home with a few friends. 
 Perhaps it is the father of the family who says : " Come, 
 let us give a dinner party, and as far as possible, invite 
 only our most intimate friends. How many guests 
 shall there be ? The last time, as far as 1 remember, 
 ten sat down at^ table ; this time let us ask only 
 six." Accordingly, as far as might be, the invita- 
 tions to the dinner are despatched at once. " Will 
 you do^ us the honor," they say, "to dine at our 
 house* the day after to-morrow at seven o'clock ? " 
 And the answer in each case is substantially as fol- 
 lows, "It will be a great pleasure, and as far as I 
 know, nothing will prevent^ my being present." In 
 fact, they all came. Of the dinner parties at least 
 which they had given in the year this was the most 
 pleasant. No one, as far as they heard, was sorry 
 that he came. It was late when they all said good 
 night. Listen now to what the poet says about 
 children at the dinner table. " They should behave 
 mannerly," he says, " at least as far as they are able." 
 
 1 See Ex. 1, n. 1, p. 2. 2 ad. ^ deferre. * apud noa. ^ For 
 
 the construction which follows, see Ex. 20, n. 9. 
 
78 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 56 
 
 Cato, in the words at least which Cicero puts into 
 his mouth, thought it among the minor pleasures to 
 dine with his friends. " In my younger days,"^ he 
 says, " it was the fashion to establish^ clubs, and, as 
 far as possible, we made them occasions for modest 
 banquets. No one, as far as I know, regretted being 
 a member. I myself still like to dine, but in modera- 
 tion, being for this reason exempt from indigestion." 
 At every banquet or dinner party, at least which we 
 are most glad^ to attend, there is of course an abun- 
 dance of food and drink, and also a pleasant com- 
 pany, as far as possible, of friends and acquaintances. 
 As the guests sit together under the bright lights 
 and with dainty cups and other beautiful objects 
 about them, the conversation is carried on merrily, 
 from the head of the table to the foot. When the 
 dinner itself is finished, the master of the feast, as the 
 ancients called him, rises to his feet. " My friends," 
 he says, "as far as I know, I have never presided on 
 a happier occasion. I bid you all welcome, and, as 
 far as may be, I hope that you will never forget our 
 present meeting. I will now call on one of our 
 number to make a few remarks* — a man known for 
 his virtues both in public and private." " As far as 
 I remember," said the latter, as he arose, " this is the 
 
 1 i.e. in my youth (as opposed to old age). 2 Either a substan- 
 tive ut clause of result or an infinitive is permissible. A. 568 ; B. 
 297, 3 ; G. 422, nn. 2 and 5, 557, Rem. ; H. 571, 4 ; H. & B. 502, 3, 
 a, 621, 3, a, 585; L. 1955, 2211. » Cf. Ex. 25, n. 3. * i.e. to say 
 a few words. 
 
LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 79 
 
 first time I have attempted to speak in public, and 
 I am so embarrassed^ in the presence of ^ this distin- 
 guished company that I can only say, I thank you." 
 A little later they all bade^ the host good night. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX 
 CAUSAL CLAUSES 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 62. When cause or reason is expressed by a rela- 
 tive clause (as we have already seen in Chapter 
 XXVII), or by a cum clause, the subjunctive is 
 required. The subjunctive must also be used in 
 causal clauses introduced by quod, quia, quoniam, etc., 
 when the principle of partial obliquity enters, that is, 
 when the authority for a statement is shifted from 
 the present speaker to some one else in the context. 
 Reprehendis me, quia defendam: you find fault with me 
 because (as you say) / defend him. Supplicatio de- 
 creta est quod Italiam bello liberassem: a thanksgiving 
 ivas voted because (as the senate said) I had saved 
 Italy from war. 
 
 63. A reason which the speaker rejects or regards 
 as untenable requires the subjunctive. Clauses of 
 this character are introduced by non quod, non quo, 
 non quin. Thus, meum casum fortiter ferre visus sum, 
 
 1 Lit. it so shames me. ^ Render by the genitive of the follow- 
 ing substantive ; this is an extension of the construction in Chap. 
 XVI, 38. 8 i.e. said to. 
 
80 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 non quo aequo animo ferrem : I seemed to hear my mis- 
 fortune bravely^ not that I was actually resigned to it. 
 Non quod succenserem, sed quod suppudebat: not he- 
 cause I was angry ^ hut because I was somewhat ashamed, 
 
 Cf . A. 540, a, N. 6 ; B. 285, 286, h ; G. 541 n. 2 ; H. 588, ii, 2 ; H. 
 & B. 536, 2, a, 6 ; L. 1722, 1725-1726, 1855. 
 
 Exercise 57 
 
 Let US say a few words^ about the theatre, not, of 
 course, that every one is fond of it. Cicero once 
 consoled a friend for being absent from^ the games 
 because the stage performances^ were not worth 
 while. The latter had little charm in the first place 
 because the stage trappings were overdone. In one 
 tragedy six hundred mules were brought on the 
 stage. Then there was little pleasure because the 
 actors did not carry out their parts well. The voice 
 of one actually failed in a well-known passage. The 
 result was* that Cicero was not sorry^ that his friend 
 had not come. This, too, is what we ourselves 
 sometimes experience. We regret also that the great 
 plays of the Greeks^ and the Romans^ are so seldom 
 seen on the stage. This is not that they are lacking 
 in dramatic power,^ but the reason is rather that so 
 few people are familiar with the language. And 
 yet these plays are sometimes produced with the 
 idea that every one, even though ignorant of the 
 
 1 Omit. 2 Omit l)€ing absent from. ^ ludl scaenici. * quo 
 factum est ut. ^ Use paenitere. * Use adjectives instead of the 
 genitive. ^ i.e the power of placing the event before the eyes. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 81 
 
 language, will be moved by their beauty. And, in 
 fact, who could forget the devotion^ of Antigone or 
 the woes of Orestes ? 
 
 Exercise 58 
 
 It may2 be asked why people to-day are so fond 
 of the theatre.^ It is not perhaps altogether because 
 they desire to be amused, but because they see so 
 many interesting characters represented on the stage.* 
 Let us suppose that one makes up his mind to go to 
 the theatre on a certain evening. In the first place, 
 he buys his tickets several days before, not that it is 
 absolutely necessary, but because (as he thinks) it 
 will save him from inconvenience. He chooses a 
 place in the tenth row, because (he reflects) he will 
 be neither too near the stage^ nor too far away, as 
 would be the case if he were in the first row or the 
 last. At eight o'clock on the appointed evening the 
 play begins in the presence of a large audience. On 
 the stage he sees brought on such characters as the 
 stern father, the maiden in distress, the young man 
 with the strong arms and the brave spirit, and even 
 the so-called villain, and all together they weave a 
 story of the life of to-day. The audience remains till 
 the fall of the curtain^ and gives hearty applause to the 
 actors, not that all had acted well throughout the play, 
 (there were some who actually broke down in the 
 
 1 For the case see A. 350 ; B. 205-206 ; G. 376 ; H. 454 ; H. & 
 B. 350 ; L. 1287. 2 See Ex. 1, n. 1, p. 1. » i.e. of plays. * Omit. 
 ^ Bcaena. ^ Use plaudite. 
 
82 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 last act), but that the performance of the play as a 
 whole had given pleasure. Not only is the stage 
 like life, but life is also like a play. "All the 
 world's a stage," says our great poet, " and men and 
 women merely players." 
 
 CHAPTER XXX 
 
 UT (OR NE) CLAUSES 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 64. The ut (or ne) clause of stipulation, as it 
 has been called, should be noted here. When the 
 statement of the main clause is made with a certain 
 understanding or under a certain agreement, the 
 understanding or the agreement is expressed by an 
 ut or ne clause with the subjunctive. Thus, missus 
 est ad senatum ut rediret ipse Carthaginem : he was sent 
 to the senate on the understanding that he himself would 
 return to Carthage. Pax ita convenerat ut Etruscis 
 Latinisque fluvius Albula finis esset: peace was agreed to 
 on the understanding that the Albula should he the 
 boundary for the Etruscans and the Latins. With this 
 construction compare tanti, non tanti followed by an 
 ut or ne clause. Certe tanti non fuissent ut socium 
 frauderetis ; surely it would not have been worth while to 
 defraud an associate. 
 
 65. In substantive clauses after verbs of fearing 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 83 
 
 and similar expressions, that is rendered by ne and 
 that not by ut. When the predicate of the main 
 clause is itself negative that not is usually ne non. 
 Thus, orator metuo ne languescat senectute: as to the 
 orator I am afraid that he is weakened by years. 
 Vereor vim utqueas ferre: I fear that you cannot with- 
 stand compulsion. Hand aane periculum est ne non 
 mortem optandum putet: there is certainly no danger 
 that he will not think death desirable. Verbs of fear- 
 ing may also be followed by the indirect question, 
 and where the subject remains the same, by the in- 
 finitive. 
 
 Cf. A. 456, 637, c, 564 ; B. 296, 2, a, 328 ; G. 423, 2, 550, 2, nn. 1, 2, 
 4, 5, 652, 3 ; H. & B. 602, 4, 513, 4, 586 ; L. 1957-1959, 2169. 
 
 Exercise 59 
 
 A matter about which almost every one thinks 
 it worth while to reflect is physical^ exercise. Let us 
 hear what Cicero has to say on this subject. " I am 
 afraid," he remarks, " especially in the case of^ older 
 persons, that exercise for the body is often too severe, 
 and^ for this reason is not beneficial. One should use 
 his strength with the understanding that he has only 
 so much* at his command.^ If this have the proper^ 
 direction, there is no danger that he will not be strong 
 
 * i.e. of the body. ^ Express by dative of reference in the fol- 
 lowing substantive. ^ d^id not here = neve. See A. 450, n. 5 ; B. 
 282, d ; G. 543, 4 ; H. 568, 6 ; H. & B. 464 ; L. 1947. *so much 
 equals a certain amount ; render by quiddam. ^ Omit. 
 
84 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 enough for all the duties of life. I fear, too, that 
 there is not sufficient moderation^ in food and drink. 
 These should be used with the idea of avoiding ex- 
 cess. There will then be no danger that they will 
 not make the body strong." Cicero's opinions should 
 be read with the understanding that they were writ- 
 ten for the most part for old men. He did not 
 greatly fear that the younger generation^ would 
 spend too much time in running, jumping, and ball 
 playing. Neither have we, seeing our young athletes 
 exercising on the track, for example, any misgiving 
 as to what the outcome will be. In fact we do not 
 fear to urge them on. 
 
 Exercise 60 
 
 "It would have been worth your while," wrote a 
 young student, " to have been present a few days ago 
 at our field sports.^ I am afraid that you would 
 have been disappointed* in the jumping and would 
 not have thought very highly^ of certain other events, 
 but there is no danger that you would not have been 
 enthusiastic over the running. Our men ran the 
 race^ with the understanding that each one should 
 strive to win to the limit of his strength.''' At first 
 they ran slowly, fearing to tire themselves out; then 
 they gradually increased their speed,^ and finally 
 
 1 moderatio. ^ iuvenes. ^ ugg ludi campestres. * Lit. 
 it would have tnrned out contrary to your expectation in respect 
 to, etc. ^ Render not very highly by non ita magni. ^ Omit. 
 ' omnibus viribua. ^ Lit. hastened with greater speed (cursus). 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 85 
 
 when they were on the homeward stretch and near^ 
 the goal, one shot out^ from the rest and crossed the 
 line, the winner by only a few feet. In the mean- 
 time the great throng, which was present, rose in its 
 place, waved its hands, and shouted^ its applause* in 
 honor of the victors. It was a sight which one would 
 not have missed^ for a great deal. When I first came, 
 I hesitated to take^ up this kind of exercise, fearing 
 that :'t would not be altogether beneficial. Accord- 
 ingly I began to exercise on the track with the under- 
 standing that I should give it up if the exercise was 
 too severe. It is scarcely credible how much stronger 
 in muscles and lungs I became in a short time. I 
 have no fear that this will not continue^ to be the 
 case." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI 
 
 UT (OR NE) CLAUSES — Cowei'nwec? 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 66. In the case of substantive clauses with verbs 
 like moneo and suadeo, it is necessary to distinguish 
 between those introduced by ut or ne, and those in 
 which the proper construction is the accusative and 
 
 ^ to be near to is prope abesse ab with abl. ^ ^q prorumpere. 
 8 Omit ; connect what follows with preceding clause by an ablative 
 of attendant circumstance. * clamor. ^ praetermittere. ^ In- 
 finitive or subjunctive? A. 558, a, nn. 1 and 2 ; B. 298 ; G. 423, 2, 
 N. 2, 555, 2, Rem. 1 ; H. 595, 1, 596, 1; H. & B. 502, 3, 6, 586 ; L. 
 1986-1987. 7 pergere. 
 
86 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 infinitive. In the former case it is some action which 
 is advised or urged ; in the latter the truth of some 
 historical fact. Thus, quae tu me mones ut caveam: 
 you warn me to beware of this. Suadebit tibi ut hinc 
 discedas : he will urge you to take your departure. But 
 suadebant nullam esse rationem amittere eius modi oc- 
 casionem : they urged that there was no reason to lose an 
 opportunity of this character. Res ipsa monebat finem 
 inter nos scribendi fieri tempus esse: the circumstances 
 themselves suggested that it was time to make an end of 
 our correspondence. 
 
 67. Ut, how., is frequently used in indirect ques- 
 tions. Sed videtis, ut senectus non modo languida 
 atque iners non sit, verum etiam sit operosa: hut you 
 see how old age is not listless and inactive^ hut is even 
 busy. 
 
 Cf . A. 563 ; B. 295 ; G. 546, n. 1 ; H. 565, 6 ; H. & B. 502, 8 ; 537, 
 d, 3, 589, a ; L. 1949-1950, 1954 (&). 
 
 Exercise 61 
 
 We hear much to-day about the training obtained 
 in college.^ As to its value^ it may be remarked 
 that people are generally agreed. Some may^ suggest 
 that it could be improved. Others are convinced 
 that one kind of training is better than another. No 
 one will urge, however, that you are better off with- 
 out any,* and that time given to study is wasted. It 
 
 1 i.e. of the liberal arts. ^ value here means estimate of value ; 
 use aestimatlo. * Cf . Ex. 52, n. 1, p. 72. * i.e. any at all; cf. 
 Chap. V, 11. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 87 
 
 is easy to see how this has come about. Within the 
 last few years a great host of young men and women 
 have been persuaded (though with most^ there was 
 little need of persuasion) to avail themselves of this 
 higher^ training, and so to make their lives happier 
 and themselves more useful. The result is that they 
 have advised others to follow in their footsteps. In 
 fact, nowadays the whole world, as it were, goes to 
 college,^ and what we call a college education is con- 
 sidered the birthright* of every man and woman. 
 Cicero persuaded his son to study at Athens, advis- 
 ing him not to waste his time, but to listen diligently 
 to the philosophers. It is not pleasant to think how 
 he disappointed his father in the end. 
 
 Exercise 62 
 
 " I have been thinking," said one of the group, 
 " about the pleasures of college life.^ If it were sug- 
 gested to one that he write an essay^ on this subject, 
 what especially should he say ? I do not myself see 
 how he would best^ begin." " I should advise him," 
 said another, " to speak first of the association with 
 others. I am convinced that there is nothing more 
 pleasant than associating with those of our own age, 
 who are also interested^ in the same things. And 
 every one knows how friendships are formed^ from 
 
 ^ i.e. in the case of most. ^ liberalis. * i.e. employs itself (ex- 
 ercere) in liberal studies. * ius. ^ Use res academicae. ^ all- 
 quid. "^ i.e. most easily. » curare. ® i.e. arise from. 
 
88 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 this association, which are never broken." "I sug- 
 gest," said a third, '* that the second point should deal 
 with college^ games. There are some people, as we 
 all know, who cannot be persuaded to take any in- 
 terest^ in these contests, and there are even places^ 
 where they do not exist, but no one can convince me 
 that they have not a great deal to do with our pleas- 
 ures. Is there anything more enjoyable than a hotly* 
 contested ball game or a race which is won in the 
 last lap, and that, too, by only a few feet?" " What 
 especially delights me," said a fourth, " and I suggest 
 that this should be the third point, is to live al- 
 ways in the sight of beautiful and interesting build- 
 ings. Some of these with their long colonnades re- 
 mind one of Rome and Italy, and others, though 
 perhaps old, bring back the memory of great men. 
 And speaking ^ of great men, we have said nothing 
 about the association with our teachers. This, I 
 think, should be the fourth point." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII 
 
 THE CUM CLAUSE 
 Uaagea to be noted: 
 
 68. It is frequently the case that the date of the 
 action of the main clause of a sentence is specified by 
 
 1 Cf. n. 6. 2 8ee note 8. * Omit. * acriter. ^ i.e. that we may 
 speak of. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 89 
 
 a subordinate clause. This is a common function of 
 the cum clause with the indicative. A special case 
 occurs when the date is one from which a lapse of 
 time begins. In the sentence "It is ten years since 
 he paid the debt," the clause "since he paid the 
 debt," defines the date from which the ten years 
 began to run. In Latin, clauses of this kind are ex- 
 pressed by cum with the present or perfect indicative. 
 Nondmn centum et decem amii sunt cum lata lex est; it is 
 not yet one Imndred and ten years since the law was 
 passed. Vincensimus annus est cum omnes scelerati me 
 petxmt: it is now the twentieth year since I have been at- 
 tacked hy every malefactor. 
 
 69. There was (is, or will be') a time when is fuit 
 (est or erit) cimi with the subjunctive. I remember 
 the time when^ however, is memini cum with the indica- 
 tive. Puit cum rura colerent homines: there ivas a time 
 when men tilled the fields. Memini cum mihi desipere 
 videbare: I remember the time when you seemed to me 
 to be altogether lacking in good sense. 
 
 Cf. A. 535, a, N. 3 ; B. 288 ; G. 680, Rem. 1, 2, 3 ; H. 601, 3, 4, n.; H. 
 &B. 521, 1, 650 (eleventh example) ; L. 1870-1871. 
 
 Exercise 63 
 
 " May I ask how many years it is since this farm 
 began to be cultivated ? " 
 
 "Certainly; it was ten years ago. It was a time 
 when land was cheap, though I can remember when 
 
90 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 it was still less valuable. The soil has turned^ out to 
 be very productive." 
 
 " I suppose it produces almost every kind of crop." 
 
 " Oh, yes; fruits, grain, vegetables, not to speak of 
 cattle, hogs, and sheep. But we give our attention 
 especially to fruits, of which we have many varieties, 
 such as the apple, plum, pear, fig, and the like. It 
 is several years now since we had any grain worthy 
 of mention. And yet I remember when the whole 
 country was virtually^ given over to this one crop.^" 
 
 " When the time comes to gather* the fruit, do you 
 find it difficult to obtain sufficient help?" 
 
 "Well, there are times when there is a scarcity of 
 laborers, but it is two or three years now since we 
 actually suffered any loss. In fact, we do most of 
 the work ourselves, and so do not trust our fortunes 
 to others." 
 
 " By the way, I notice that your trees are laid out 
 in the form^ of a quincunx." 
 
 " Yes ; my son, who had been to college, was 
 responsible for our doing that. He said it was the 
 way Romans did." 
 
 "Did he also tell how they planted their trees for 
 the benefit^ of another generation ? " 
 
 "Yes, but we did not look quite so far into the 
 future. Perhaps there will be a time when we shall 
 imitate the Romans even in this respect." 
 
 1 Make the construction impersonal. ^ fere. ^ Omit. * Not 
 the infinitive. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 91 
 
 Exercise 64 
 
 ** Why,^ how do you do, my dear old fellow?* It's 
 a long time since I saw you last. How's every- 
 thing? "3 
 
 " Oh, just so-so. Fact is though, it is a couple of 
 months since I have been much in the public eye,* as 
 Cicero says." 
 
 " Why,^ what is the trouble ? No bad news from 
 home, I hope." 
 
 "Oh, no, the family are all right.^ It is only a few 
 days since I had a letter from my mother. She 
 writes they are all well. It is a time with them 
 when the weather is rather bad, but that is to be 
 expected at this season of the year." 
 
 "Nevertheless, you don't seem very cheerful." 
 
 "I will tell you how it is. You remember when 
 we read about Ennius and his two burdens of poverty 
 and old age. Well,^ I am not yet old, but I am 
 poor." 
 
 " Tell me, when did all this happen ? " 
 
 "About three months ago. I had a letter from 
 my father in which he said that the crops were bad 
 this year, and the farm was not yielding much profit. 
 Knowing this, of course, I get on with as little as 
 possible. But after all, the lack of money doesn't 
 
 1 Render by the interjection O. 2 nii vetule ; used playfully by 
 Cicero in addressing one of his intimate friends. ^ ut sese res 
 habent ? ^ i.e. in the eyes of the citizens. ° Render by nam ap- 
 pended to the following interrogative. '^ se bene habere. 
 ■^ igitur in post-positive position. 
 
92 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 amount to much.^ I can remember when I had less, 
 and was still very comfortable. But what does make 
 me feel out of sorts is some of the professors." 
 
 "What have these unhappy men been doing now?" 
 "There was a time when what they gave us to do 
 was fairly easy, and the time will be, doubtless, when 
 it will be so again, but just now their main end^ in 
 life seems to be to make our burdens as heavy as 
 possible. I wonder if they ever remember the time 
 when they were young?" 
 
 " Perhaps not; but let us hope the time will come 
 when they will." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 THE CUM CLAUSE — Con^mwed 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 70. When two clauses of a sentence are equivalent 
 in substance (when one, as it were, translates the 
 other), the dependent part may be expressed in 
 English by a when-cioM^Q or a prepositional phrase. 
 Thus, we may say, " When they acquiesce, they give 
 their approval," or " In acquiescing, they give their 
 approval." In Latin in sentences of this kind, we 
 may have a cum clause with the indicative. Cum 
 quiescimt, probant, or (with change of tense) cum 
 quiescebant, probabant : when they acquiesced^ they gave 
 ^ Express by indefinite genitive. ^ pulcherrimum. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 93 
 
 their approval. The tenses of the two clauses are 
 the same. 
 
 71. The English present and perfect active par- 
 ticiples, denoting some attendant circumstance, are 
 often represented by a cum clause of situation with 
 the subjunctive. Cum sex annis ante quam ego natus 
 sum fabulam docuisset, usque ad adulescentiam meam 
 processit aetate : having brought out a play six years 
 before I was born^ he lived on down to my own man- 
 hood. Cecidit, cum fortissime pugnaret : he fell fight- 
 ing with the utmost bravery. Instead of cum with the 
 imperfect subjunctive in this construction, we may 
 find the present participle. 
 
 Cf. A. 546, 549, a ; B. 288, &, 290 ; G. 582, 585, Rem. ; H. 600, 
 ii, 1 ; H. & B. 524, a, 551 ; L. 1872, 1874. 
 
 Exercise 65 
 
 In buying a book the reader does a favor to the 
 author. Once there was a poet who had just pub- 
 lished a volume of verse. ^ Walking one day in the 
 street, he was met by an acquaintance. " I arrived 
 in the city only a few days ago," said the latter, 
 " having been absent for several months. At once 
 I began to hear people discussing your new book. 
 It happened, however, that none of my friends had 
 a copy with him, not having known of my desire to 
 see it.2 May I not send some one to your house to 
 whom you can^ give the book ? When I have read* 
 
 1 i.e. of poems. 2 h^qi j desired to see it. ^ Subjunctive or 
 indicative ? * Future perfect. 
 
94 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 it, I will return it immediately. " " My good^ friend," 
 said the poet, " you do me honor in wishing to read 
 my book, but is it not a little absurd to make the 
 long journey to my house ? Near by is a shop where 
 the much-desired book is on sale at one dollar a 
 copy." " But," replied the other, " I doubt very 
 much if it is worth as much as all that." "I fancy 
 that perhaps you may be right,"^ said the poet. 
 
 Exercise 66 
 
 Is it possible for an author to appraise his own 
 writings at their true value ? When, for example, 
 he himself thinks highly of them, is he anticipating 
 the opinion of posterity ? Many writers, taking note 
 of the character^ of their work, have been confident* 
 of immortality. So felt Horace after finishing the 
 third book of the Odes. "I have completed,"^ he 
 says, "a monument more enduring than bronze," 
 meaning, of course, his poems. But there have been 
 many others who were not so sure, knowing the rav- 
 ages of time.^ And in being willing to leave their 
 fame in the hands of future generations, were they 
 not acting wisely ? For perhaps in no other way in 
 such matters can a final judgment be given. It 
 seems rather strange, it must be confessed, that this 
 should be the case. Why is it that no one can pre- 
 
 1 Omit. 2 i.e. it may he as you say; or, render by sapere, to 
 have discernment. * Render by a clause with qualis. * i.e. per- 
 suaded that they will be immortal. ^ ezigere. ® i.e. the teeth, as 
 it toere, of time. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 96 
 
 diet with certainty whether or not^ the works of an 
 author will survive ? Doubtless there are many con- 
 siderations which have to be taken into account, but 
 it is not easy to say how important^ and well 
 grounded^ each one is. Perhaps the main question 
 is whether he is of* assistance to men and women in 
 their daily lives.^ In the meantime, when a writer 
 of books longs for reputation, is he doing anything 
 unworthy of himself? Has not the great poet called 
 fame " that last infirmity of noble minds " ? 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV 
 
 THE CUM CLAUSE-^ Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 72. A frequent use of the cum clause is to give 
 the cause or reason of a statement. With this 
 familiar construction should be compared the use of 
 cum with the indicative after verbs of congratulating, 
 thanking, being glad, and the like. This is an explan- 
 atory substantive clause, but (like the quod clause 
 under similar conditions) it in reality gives the 
 ground of the action of the main clause. Tibi mazi- 
 mas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt : I 
 thank you most heartily for having given my letter so 
 much weight. This construction may be freely used 
 within the range here indicated. 
 
 1 In direct questions or not is amion ; in indirect, necne. 
 2 quantus. ^ iustus. * i.e. for. ^ ubub. 
 
96 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 73. Adversative clauses, introduced by although, 
 even though^ whereas, require cum with the subjunc- 
 tive. Fuit perpetuo pauper, cum divitissimus esse 
 posset: he was always straitened in means, whereas 
 he might have been very rich. 
 
 Cf. A. 549, a ; B. 286, 2, 309, 3 ; G. 564, 2, 586-587 ; H. 598- 
 599 ; H. & B. 525, 569, a ; L. 1875-1878. 
 
 Exercise 67 
 
 " I congratulate you," wrote a friend, " that you 
 are taking a vacation.^ Though the holiday will not 
 be a long one, I am sure you will come back refreshed 
 in mind and body. I have noticed for some time^ 
 how heavily^ burdened you were with responsibility, 
 whereas you can now be oblivious, for a while at 
 least, to worries of every kind. Seeing that you 
 have been so long in the city, the sight of tall trees 
 and green meadows, and the sound of running streams 
 will be especially welcome. I think, too, that in the 
 mountains one has a new relish, as it were, for* 
 what he eats and drinks. And then what sleep one 
 enjoys — the gentle slumber that comes without 
 dreams. Since you have suffered so much from 
 insomnia, this will be a great blessing indeed. 
 Speaking of sleep, have you read that fine^ passage 
 in one of the younger English poets? 'How all 
 
 1 i.e. are postponing your affairs; vacation is res prolata. 
 2 non nihil temporls. « Omit. * Objective genitive. ^ divinus; 
 if this seems too strong, use gravis. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 97 
 
 gooA things,' he says, * await the soul that pays the 
 price to fate^ by equal sacrifice I^ And how on him 
 that sleeps for less than labor's sake, there creeps 
 uncharmed^ the Pythian snake ! ' I am much obliged 
 to you for letting me know how you are getting on." 
 
 Eyercise 68 
 
 " Vacation* is coming, and for my part I am glad. 
 I wish myself joy that it is almost here." 
 
 "Still, seeing that we have a good many things 
 yet to do, the end of our labors would not seem to 
 be so close at hand. For one thing, there is still a 
 little more Latin composition,^ not to speak of other 
 subjects,^ which has to be finished." 
 
 "That does make^ rather a gloomy prospect.^ 
 And yet I am thankful that most of it is done." 
 
 " But you have forgotten all the hardships of the 
 final week,^ even though studies be done with and 
 examinations passed. ^^ Are you not obliged to at- 
 tend^i two farces, one by the seniors and the other 
 by the juniors? Then on the last day of all come 
 the words of counsel and congratulation. But wh}^ 
 are you so anxious to make your escape from the 
 academic walls ? " 
 
 "I'm glad that you want to know. At the first 
 
 ^i.e. earns the pay of fate, 2 opera. ^ To charm is capere. 
 * i.e. the holidays. ^ Latine reddenda. ^ i.e. to pass over other 
 things. ' Follow with substantive ut clause. * apes. ^ Kender by 
 quinque dies. ^^ i.e. though you be without (carere) studies and 
 examinations. 11 spectare. 
 
98 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 leisure moment,^ with two or three others, I am 
 going to pitch camp in the mountains. As this is 
 the first trip we have made in a year, we expect to 
 have a very good time.^ We shall hunt and fish to^ 
 our hearts' content, though this will not occupy the 
 whole time. We shall leave a considerable space for 
 eating and drinking. Think of the milk, the cheese, 
 the honey, the berries, and other delightful things. 
 At night we shall lie on the ground and look at 
 the stars, and feel the sleep which is gentle and 
 dreamless." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV 
 CLAUSES WITH POSTQUAM, UBI, UT, SIMUL ATQUE 
 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 74. In a complex sentence the independent clause, 
 in point of time, may follow the dependent clause, 
 the latter being said in this case to denote antecedent 
 action. Such clauses are introduced in English by 
 after ^ when, as soon as, etc., and in Latin mainly by 
 postquam, ubi, ut, and simul atque. Thus, postquam aurum 
 abstulimus, ad navem conscendimus : after we had cap- 
 tured the money, we went on hoard ship. Qui ut pero- 
 ravit, surrezit Clodius : when he had come to the end of 
 his speech, up rose Olodius. The tense in this con- 
 
 1 Render by a cum clause ; when I first shall have come to a 
 time of leisure. ^ Use sibi bene esse. » Express by dum clause 
 of anticipation ; use ezplere animum. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 99 
 
 struction is usually the perfect (the pluperfect in 
 case of a definite interval), and as the relation be- 
 tween the clauses in the sentence is a purely tempo- 
 ral one, the mode is the indicative. 
 
 75. When the dependent clause denotes a situa- 
 tion which continues into the time of the independent 
 clause, the imperfect indicative is to be used. Thus 
 ubi nemo obvius ibat, ad castra hostdum tendunt: 
 when no one (as they saw) was coming to meet them, 
 they took their way to the camp of the enemy. 
 
 Cf. A. 543, a \ B. 287, 4 ; G. 561, 563-564 ; H. 538, 3, 602 ; H. & B. 
 557-558 ; L. 1923-1925 
 
 Exercise 69 
 
 When Cicero in writing his book thought of his 
 famous countrymen, he found that many were happy 
 in their old age. There, for example, was Duilius. 
 After he won that first victory on the sea, he enjoyed 
 life^ immensely. Think of the old man after he 
 had dined out, returning home in the evening 
 attended by a flute player and a slave carrying a 
 waxen torch — surely an amusing spectacle. ^ Cicero 
 himself was not especially fortunate in his last years. 
 After he had been at the head of the state as consul, 
 he found himself beset by enemies. Among many 
 other misfortunes he lost part of his property, and 
 when he became old he felt the need of money. 
 Moreover, after he had suffered much from troubles 
 1 Cf. Ex. 68, n. 2. 2 i.g. sight (species). 
 
100 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 connected with his family,^ he was completely^ pros- 
 trated by the death of his daughter. His own 
 death was by no means a fitting one. When he saw 
 the soldiers coming, he made no resistance. "Let us 
 look,3" said Solon, "to the last part of a man's life, 
 before we call him happy." 
 
 Exercise 70 
 
 Let us think for a moment of the distinguished 
 man who recently died at an advanced age* after he 
 had been twice president of our country. How did 
 he spend his last years? In the first place, when 
 there was no higher honor for him to achieve,^ he 
 took up the life of a private citizen of modest means, 
 and when this brought him happiness, he enjoyed it 
 to the utmost.^ He was fond of fishing and hunting, 
 and as soon as he was free from his ofiicial duties,^ 
 he spent many leisure hours in this way. Though 
 not himself a man of learning, as this term is usually 
 understood, he took great pleasure in^ the society of 
 scholars. On this account, doubtless, when he had 
 laid aside the burdens of his high^ office, he estab- 
 lished his home in the quiet and beautiful neighbor- 
 hood of a well-known American university. Here, 
 too, he could observe the life of the younger genera- 
 tion^^ with its manifold interests. One day a boy of 
 
 1 domesticus. ^ Omit. » ezspectare. ^ i.e. advanced in age. 
 5 Render by relative clause. ® plenissime. "^ Use munus reipub- 
 licae. 8 i.e. /row. » i.e. highest. ^^ See Ex. 69, n. 2, p. 84. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 101 
 
 fifteen sent him the present of an inkstand, to whom, 
 after receiving it, he wrote the following letter : " I 
 want^ to thank you for the beautiful inkstand, and 
 to tell you how much I appreciated your remem- 
 brance^ of me. I like the inkstand better than any 
 I have ever had before ; and when you are as old as 
 I am, you will know, I am sure, how gratifying it is 
 to feel that there are boys and girls who think the 
 old are worth^ remembering." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI 
 
 CLAUSES WITH ANTEQUAM AND PRIUSQUAM 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 76. A dependent clause, as we have seen (Chap. 
 XXXV), may precede in point of time the indepen- 
 dent one ; there are also clauses which are subsequent 
 to the main action. In the sentence, "he did this 
 six years before I was born," the dependent clause in 
 its temporal relation follows, and, as it were, looks 
 back on the main action. In Latin such clauses are 
 introduced by antequam and priusquam. When the 
 action of the predicate is regarded as a fact, the verb 
 is in the indicative. The tenses employed are the 
 present, perfect, and future perfect. Thus omnia 
 ezperiri certum est priusquam pereo : I am resolved to 
 
 1 velim with following infinitive. 2 Express by accusative and 
 infinitive. * For the construction see Chap. XXVI, 57. 
 
102 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 try every thing before I perish. Sex annia antequam 
 uatus sum fabulam docuit : he brought out a j^lay six 
 years before I was born. Neque promitto quicquam 
 priusquam natum videro : I am making no promise 
 until I see my son. 
 
 77. In these clauses, when the action is not re- 
 garded as a fact, but is merely looked forward to or 
 anticipated, the subjunctive is required. This usage 
 may be illustrated by the sentence we went down toivn 
 before the shops should be closed : descendimus in forum 
 antequam tabernae clauderentur. Compare also perve- 
 nit priusquam Pompeius sentire posset : he reached his 
 destination before Pompey should be able to know of 
 his arrival. (For this construction see especially the 
 references below in B. and in H. & B.) 
 
 Cf. A. 651 ; B. 291-292 ; G. 574-577 ; H. 605 ; H. & B. 507, 4, a, 
 d, w, 550, 6, 571 ; L. 1915-1921. 
 
 Exercise 71 
 
 Before Ave pass to another topic let us say a few 
 words about the teacher. He has always many 
 things to do before he can even make a beginning 
 of teaching. Think how much knowledge of books^ 
 and of human nature he has need of before he can 
 profitably instruct others. " I will not," he says to 
 himself, " attempt to prepare men^ for the duties of 
 life,^ until I have prepared myself to undertake this 
 
 1 litterae (with reference to their contents). ^ jg. the young. 
 " i.e. all their duties. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 103 
 
 important task." And yet, so far as this world's 
 goods are concerned,^ he has often not reaped many 
 fruits of his toil. In ancient times there were many 
 complaints on this account. "The teacher," men^ 
 said, " is required to have a great variety of knowl- 
 edge before he is permitted to teach in the schools ; 
 he moulds the character of his pupils, and performs 
 other most useful functions, and yet at the end of the 
 year he receives barely enough to keep^ body and 
 soul together.*" But the work which the world^ 
 values most highly, is not always done for money. 
 At all events the teacher has other compensations. 
 
 Exercise 72 
 
 Before we go further^ let us ask what are some of 
 the teacher's compensations? Is it a small thing^ 
 that he shares his knowledge with others, and that, 
 like the poet and the painter, he has the opportunity 
 of revealing his character to his pupils? The work 
 of teaching would thus seem in itself to be a pleasure, 
 especially before the teacher's strength has begun to 
 fail. Many even in old age, before they became alto- 
 gether mute, as it were, have been active in this pur- 
 suit. Consider the case^ of Plato and of many 
 others. Again, is not the teacher fortunate in the 
 society of the young before their minds have become 
 
 ^ i.e. so far as relates to. ^ Omit. * Not the infinitive. * Use 
 inopiam tolerare. ^ homines. <" longius progredi. "^ Express 
 by the genitive of the adjective. ^ Omit. 
 
104 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 mature and they have taken on the ways of manhood ? 
 Even old Cato, austere as he was,^ thought there was 
 nothing finer than to be with young men possessed 
 of good natural endowments. We know, too, that 
 Cicero, two or three years before Caesar was killed, 
 gave lessons^ to some of the latter's officers in the 
 art of speaking. " One might think," he writes to a 
 friend, "that I had opened^ a school." In another 
 place he remarks that no teacher of the liberal* arts 
 ought to be unhappy, however much his strength 
 may have waned and failed. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIT 
 
 CLAUSES WITH DUM, DON EC, QUOAD, QUAMDIU 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 78. When the action of the dependent clause coin- 
 cides in time with that of the main clause, and the 
 relation between the two is an essentially temporal 
 one, Latin employs dum (less frequently donee, 
 quoad, quamdiu), while, as long as, with the indica- 
 tive. The temporal coincidence of the clauses may 
 be virtually complete as in vixit, dum vixit, bene : he 
 lived well while (^as long as} he lived, and in dum anima 
 est, apes esse dicitur : while there is the breath of life, 
 there is said to he hope. It is often the case that 
 actions of the two clauses are only partially coinci- 
 
 1 i.e. however austere he was. 2 docere. « aperire. * bonus. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 105 
 
 dent in time, one overlapping the other. Thus, hoc 
 dum narrat, forte audivi : I chanced to hear it while she 
 was telling the story. Dum haec geruntur, nuntiatuzn 
 est : word came while this was going on. In this con- 
 struction past time is usually denoted by dum with 
 the historical present. 
 
 79. Two actions may be so related that one con- 
 tinues up to the other, the latter setting the limit, as 
 it were, for the duration of the former. In this 
 relation we have the use of dum, until^ introducing a 
 clause up to which the action of the independent 
 clause continues. In case this limit is regarded as 
 a certainty or a fact, the mode is the indicative. 
 Thus, ezspectabo dum venit : I will wait till he comts. 
 Donee rediit, silentium fuit : there was silence until he 
 returned. Ego opperior dum ista cognosco : lam wait- 
 ing till I find this out. 
 
 Cf. A. 554-556 ; B. 293, I, II, III ; G. 569-571 ; H. 603, ii, 1, 604 ; 
 H. & B. 550, N. 2, &, 560, 571 ; L. 1995-2001, 2006. 
 
 Exercise 73 
 
 Is it not remarkable how colleges and universities 
 have flourished in the past few years ? As long as 
 they were useful to only a small part of the com- 
 munity, their influence was not so great. For the 
 last half century, however, their training^ has been 
 more and more highly valued until in most cases it 
 is considered indispensable. " It helps," as a father 
 said to his son, "while we are young to put^ our 
 1 Use Btudia. 2 constituere. 
 
106 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 lives on sure foundations." "I did not myself," he 
 went on, "begin this training until I was twenty 
 years of age. Besides, I was often in bad health 
 while I was carrying on my studies. And yet, until 
 I studied literature and philosophy, I never knew 
 what life really meant. So, too, in practical affairs 
 I learned how to do my part more skilfully. In 
 short,^ if one considers in how many ways it is useful, 
 I do not see how he can overvalue the higher educa- 
 tion." The fame of a great university often attracts 
 the student to some foreign land. How many have 
 heard the great philosophers and scholars in Oxford 
 and Paris and Berlin ? As long as learning survives, 
 the glory of these famous places will also abide. 
 
 Exercise 74 
 
 While the nation has been adding to^ its wealth 
 and population and territory, new colleges and uni- 
 versities have been established. One of the youngest 
 of these was founded a few years ago on the western 
 coast of our country. Some time before,^ while he 
 was travelling in Italy, the founder had lost his only 
 son by death. At first he was overwhelmed with 
 grief ; he could find no consolation until the thought 
 came to him — in the watches of the night,* it is 
 said^ — to devote himself to the sons and daughters 
 of others, to consider them in fact as^ his own. 
 
 1 quid multa ? ^ i,e. increasing in. ^ aliquanto ante. 
 * i.e. watching through the night. ^ Use ferunt. « pro. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 107 
 
 "The children of Calif ornia,^" he said, "shall be my 
 children." Desiring to bestow on them the greatest 
 gift in his power,^ he constructed beautiful buildings 
 and brought men from all parts of the world to teach 
 useful and beautiful things. All this, however, was 
 not accomplished until several years had elapsed. 
 Finally everything was in readiness, and on a day of 
 early^ autumn a great audience had taken its place* 
 in one end of the long quadrangle. Here under a 
 clear sky, with a gentle breeze blowing from the 
 low-lying mountains and the ocean beyond, the 
 founder's gift was formally accepted for the benefit^ 
 of this and all coming generations. Not long after 
 the founder himself was dead, but as long as men 
 and women walk beneath the red-roofed^ colonnades 
 he will be held in grateful remembrance. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII 
 
 GENERAL CONDITIONS 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 80. A conditional sentence may take the form of a 
 general or (as it has been called) a generalized con- 
 dition. In this type the protasis denotes a real or 
 imagined recurrence of the action (or state), the 
 apodosis being true of each of the repetitions. This 
 
 1 Render by the adjective. ^ i.e. which he could. * Use the 
 present participle of inlre. * considere. ^ Omit. ^ i.e. of red 
 tiles. 
 
108 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 may be illustrated by the sentence, " Whenever he 
 comes into the shop, he buys something," or " Whoever 
 comes into the shop buys something." The protasis 
 "whenever he comes," or "whoever comes," repre- 
 sents the coming as a series of recurring acts, of each 
 of which the apodosis holds good. In Latin such sen- 
 tences are introduced by cum^ quotiens; si, ubi, ut primum, 
 etc., or by a compound relative pronoun. When the 
 introductory word is a relative of some kind (as it 
 usually is), the latter is used indefinitely, and this 
 gives to the clause an essentially conditional char- 
 acter. 
 
 The general conditions illustrated in this section are 
 conditions of fact relating to the present time. It is 
 important to observe the tenses, the perfect being the 
 rule in the protasis and the present in the apodosis. 
 As to the mode, use the indicative in both clauses, 
 though the subjunctive is occasionally found in 
 Cicero and later became common. Thus, si quis eonim 
 decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt, if any one does 
 not conform to their decree^ they exclude him from the 
 sacrifices. Ager cum multos annos quievit, uberiores 
 efferre fruges solet: when a field lies fallow for many 
 years, it usually produces a heavier crop. Quocumque 
 circumtuli oculos, plena omnia video animonun ao roboris : 
 wherever (i.e. if anywhere} I turn my eyes I see all 
 about me full of courage and strength. 
 
 It is also to be noted that in these conditions the 
 action (or state) of the protasis is antecedent to that 
 of the apodosis. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 109 
 
 Cf. A. 518 ; B. 302, 3 ; G. 567 ; H. 578 ; H. & B. 579 ; L. 1613, 2034, 
 
 2050. 
 
 Exercise 75 
 
 Whoever learns much about the history of the 
 world,^ hears a great deal about war. This begins, 
 it can almost be said, when the pupil first goes to 
 school. If, for example, he takes up the study^ of 
 Latir.,^ he hears from the first about swords, spears, 
 and other weapons. " Translate," says the teacher, 
 " the following sentence : the soldier killed the queen 
 with a sword," adding, "how delightful it will be 
 when we can read of the campaigns which the famous 
 Julius Caesar carried on in Gaul and other parts of 
 the world! " So, too, when the pupil becomes ac- 
 quainted somewhat with the history of his own 
 country, he learns how bravely his ancestors fought 
 against their enemies. In fact, whenever he opens a 
 book, whether by an ancient or modern author, he 
 finds something on this subject. It is true that men 
 have been much engaged in war. Indeed, some wars 
 have been among their most glorious achievements. 
 But shall we not keep in mind the other great things 
 which they have accomplished? When the soldier 
 returns from battle laden with spoil, and the hus- 
 bandman from his daily toil browned* by the sun, 
 which is worthy of the greater honor ? 
 
 1 See Ex. 50, n. 4. 2 j^e. has begun to study. » Use litterae 
 Latinae. ^ coloratua. 
 
110 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 76 
 
 When present-dayi evils are considered, it can easily 
 be seen that one of the greatest of them is war. As 
 soon as a state has soldiers and ships, it has also very 
 heavy burdens. Think how many thousand of its 
 citizens are withdrawn from useful labor and at how 
 great cost they are supported by those who remain 
 at home. In fact, whatever the country produces, 
 whether in products of the soil^ or in human beings,^ 
 is drawn upon for war. If the former are lacking in 
 abundance, the scarcity can be borne, but how shall a 
 nation bear the loss* of so many human lives, and 
 those, too, of the strong? For in every war, as a wise 
 man saw long ago, it is the best that are destroyed. 
 And to what end ? Is it not that nations may satisfy 
 their love of conquest ?^ When the country has to 
 be defended, soldiers, of course, are necessary. But 
 this danger is often exaggerated^ even under our 
 present circumstances, while if there were no war, 
 no one's country would be assailed. And so men 
 are becoming more and more advocates of peace. 
 " Let the soldier," they say, " lay aside his arms and 
 till the soil, and let the officer also devote himself to 
 the useful pursuits of peace." " When the Romans," 
 wrote their great historian, " make a desert, they call 
 
 ^ The demonstrative of the first person is suflBcient. 2 fruges. 
 • homines. ^ pernicies. ^ i.e. of conquering. ^ i.e. is made 
 greater than the truth. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 111 
 
 it peace." Notable also is the^ saying of one of our 
 own wise men, "As for war, I call it murder." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX 
 
 GENERAL CONDITIONS — Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 81. In this section are illustrated general condi- 
 tions of fact relating to past time. In respect to the 
 tense, the pluperfect is required in the protasis and 
 the imperfect in the indicative. Thus, si quicquam 
 caelatd adspexerat manus abstinere non poterat: if he 
 caught sight of a piece of chased work^ he could not keep 
 his hands off. Otherwise what is said of present 
 general conditions applies here also. See the gram- 
 matical references in Chapter XXXVIII. 
 
 Exercise 77 
 
 When a Roman historian composed his work,^ he 
 dealt for the most part with war and politics.^ What 
 related to the common people as such* and to the 
 daily business of their lives,^ he regarded as of very 
 little importance. If he thought about them at all, 
 he was wont to look down on them with contempt.^ 
 The attitude of other literary men toward"^ the lower 
 
 1 Render here by llle. ^ opus. ^ Use res publica. * ipse. 
 ^ business of life in this sense is usus. ^ Omit. "^ erga. 
 
112 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 classes was much the same ; compare the " unteach- 
 able crowd^ " of Horace and similar expressions^ in 
 other authors. The result is that we have much less 
 knowledge of the mass of the people than one could 
 wish. And yet there is much that can be known. 
 For example, how much pleasure they took in^ the 
 common things of life. How they loved the very 
 soil of their country, and what homesickness they 
 suffered when they were in other lands! They had 
 affection even for the ox with his "sea-deep eyes," 
 and for the much-enduring donkey — "the ancient 
 patience," as a modern poet calls him. And when 
 men died, it was sad because they were deprived 
 of the light of the sun. 
 
 Exercise 78 
 
 "When the aged* Cato looked back on his life," 
 said a teacher of Latin to one of his class, " how did 
 it seem to him?" 
 
 "If he actually felt what Cicero puts into his 
 mouth," answered the latter, " he must have^ found 
 life rather unsatisfactory.^ He says he did not 
 regret having lived, but after all what was the 
 use?7" 
 
 1 vulgus. 2 dicta. ^ i.e. from. * senex. * must have em- 
 phasizes the certainty of the statement ; render by an asseverative 
 particle meaning surely, certainly, and the like. « non ex 
 sententia or non idoneuB. "^ i.e. what {of) advantage had 
 life? 
 
LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 113 
 
 " Have you any idea ^ of the cause of Cato's sad- 
 ness?" 
 
 "Perhaps it was due in great part to the hard- 
 ships of his own life. When he thought of what he 
 had endured in his long career, it may have made 
 him feel that life was hardly worth while. He had 
 also lost his only son, a misfortune which he could 
 never bear with resignation." 
 
 " It seems also to be true that a certain sadness 
 was characteristic of ancient life. Was it not the 
 fortunate and beautiful Sophocles who said that the 
 best thing was never to have been born? Did Cato 
 believe in the life to come ? ^ " 
 
 " Yes, he thought the soul was immortal. When 
 men died, he thought, they were setting out to a better 
 world. ^ This world is not our home, but an inn 
 wherein we tarry for a while. He had whatever con- 
 solation there was in this belief." 
 
 " Do you remember Cato's main argument for im- 
 mortality?" 
 
 "It was the fact that when we are children we 
 learn difficult subjects* very easily. ' This is proof,' 
 he says, ' that we knew these things before we were 
 born.' The argument is really Plato's." 
 
 A poet has also expressed it in splendid^ verse. 
 "We come," he says, "trailing clouds of glory." 
 
 1 Use suspicio ; render what follows by an indirect question. 
 2 i.e. that the soul xoill live. ^ Omit ; the idea is expressed in the 
 neuter plural of the preceding adjective. * artes. ^ See Ex. 67. 
 11.6. 
 
114 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 GENERAL CONDITIOl^S — Continued 
 Usages to be noted: 
 
 82. A general condition relating to the future is 
 not distinguished in form from a particular one. 
 The tense may be the future in both clauses, but 
 where the action of the protasis is antecedent to that 
 of the apodosis the rule is to have the future per- 
 fect in the protasis, and the future in the apodosis. 
 These conditions are often introduced by relatives 
 with indefinitive and therefore conditional force. 
 Thus, quicquid ( = si quid) f eceris, adprobabo : what- 
 ever you do (that is, if you do anything')^ I will ap- 
 prove. Quisquia hue venerit, vapulabit : whoever comes 
 here will he beaten. 
 
 For the general character of conditions of this type 
 see what is said in Chapter XXXVIII, 80. 
 
 Cf. A. 519 ; G. 567 ; L. 1626. 
 
 Exercise 79 
 
 Whoever has had experience of the world^ will 
 realize what effort the life^ of a community involves^ 
 — " what toil of men, what sweat of horses," to use 
 the words of a Roman poet. This toil the individual, 
 having* his own part to play as a member of society, 
 
 1 res. 2 Omit. » habere ; note this use of the word. < Ren- 
 der by a causal relative clause. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 115 
 
 cannot escape, even if he so desires ; indeed, what- 
 ever changes may take place,i he will doubtless con- 
 tinue to perform tasks which life itself demands. 
 And yet are not many of these too burdensome in 
 proportion to their reward ? Consider, for example, 
 how much labor in many cases''^ is required to obtain 
 even the bare^ necessities of life. 
 
 Again, if any one will take the trouble to inquire,* 
 he will find that it makes a great difference what 
 attitude^ a man has toward his work, whether the 
 latter be heavy or light. Whatever falls to his lot, 
 if he be wise, he will do to the best of his ability.^ 
 And is there not one task which falls to the lot of 
 every one, namely,^ to make the world^ better ? If 
 any one fails in this respect, has he not really lived 
 in vain ? 
 
 How pleasant it is to look back on labors that are 
 ended. " The best physician for accomplished toil," 
 says the Greek poet, "is a season of good cheer." 
 
 Exercise 80 
 
 As we are now at^ the end of our book, it is fitting 
 to say a few words about taking leave. Whoever 
 feels regret^^ in this particular^! case,!^ ^^m doubtless 
 bear it with resignation. Aside from this^^ every one 
 
 1 i.e. whatever shall he changed. ^ i.e. in the case of many ; 
 express by dative of reference emphatically placed. ^ Omit. * Not 
 the infinitive. ^ i.e. hoio he has himself toward, etc. ^ See Ex. 
 6, n. G, p. 8. 7 i.e. I mean. ^ Render by omnia. ^ sub. ^^ Use 
 paenitere. ii ipse. 12 Omit. i^ j.e. to pass over this. 
 
116 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 
 
 at some time in his life has occasion to say good-by. 
 He himself takes his departure or sees others setting 
 out to distant places. The separation may be only 
 for a short time, but if anything happens to make 
 it longer, he should not be too much disappointed.^ 
 Saddest of all perhaps is to say good-by to our 
 nourishing mother, as we affectionately call her. 
 How many good things of life in the way of knowl- 
 edge and teaching and friendship we have received 
 from her bountiful hands ! Wherever we go and 
 whatever we do, we shall not forget her^ nor her 
 precepts, and whenever we may we will return to 
 her sacred walls, if only for a day. But passing 
 over this, there are some by whom the word farewell 
 can scarcely be spoken. 
 
 1 spe faUi. 2 See Chap. Ill, 7. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 [NoTB.— The sign + denotes that the word is not given in Lodge's Vocabulary 
 of High School Latin. The abbreviation Cic. indicates that the word is never- 
 theless used by Cicero.] 
 
 on account of, expressed by 
 abl., propter with ace. 
 
 on that account, propterea, 
 idcirco. 
 
 on this account, quam ob 
 rem, propter earn causam. 
 accustomed (be), solere, con- 
 
 suescere. 
 achieve, assequi, consequi, adi- 
 
 pisci (the last implying effort). 
 achievement, res gestae, 
 acquaintance, notus, familiaris. 
 acquainted (become), cog- 
 
 noscere. 
 acquire, see obtain, 
 act, 71. {of an official body), actam ; 
 
 {of a plaij) , actus, 
 act, V. {of a part on the stage), 
 
 agere; {throughout the play), 
 
 peragere. 
 action {= deed), factum, facinus. 
 active, acer. 
 actor, histrio. ( + Cic.) 
 actually, re vera, ultro. 
 add (= say), render by inquam. 
 address, v., alloqui; {of a letter 
 
 or package), inscribere ; {ofapuh- 
 
 lie speaker), orationem habere, 
 address, n., oratio. 
 admirable, admirabilis. (+ Cic.) 
 admire, admirari. 
 adorn, ornare. 
 adorned, ornatus. 
 advanced (be) (in years), pro- 
 
 vehi. 
 
 a, an, not translated unless 
 having special emphasis ; 
 {meaning one as opposed to 
 a larger number), unus ; 
 (=8uch), is; (=a certain 
 one), quidam; {in distributive 
 sense), singuli. 
 
 abide, manere. 
 
 ability (natviral), indoles. (+ Cic.) 
 
 able (be), posse. 
 
 about, adv., fere; circiter toith 
 numbers; sub loith general ex- 
 pressions. 
 
 about, prep., de with abl. in sense 
 of concerning; circa with ace. 
 when used of place. 
 
 abroad, peregre. 
 
 abroad (be), peregrinari. 
 
 absence (in his), render by pron. 
 loith absens in abl. abs. 
 
 absent, absens. 
 
 absent (be) , abesse. 
 
 absolutely, prorsus. 
 
 absurd, absurdus. 
 
 abundance, copia. 
 
 abundant, copiosus. 
 
 academic, academicus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 accept, accipere. 
 
 accomplish, consequi, conficere, 
 efficere, facere. 
 
 accordingly , itaque, quam ob rem. 
 
 account, ratio, -onis, f. 
 a small account, ratiuncula. 
 i+Cic.) 
 
 117 
 
118 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 advantagre, commodum, ntilitas, 
 res. 
 
 be for advantage of the com- 
 inon"wealtli, esse e re publica. 
 have the advantage, prae- 
 stare. 
 adversary, adversarius. (+Cic.) 
 adversity, res adversae. 
 advice, consilium, 
 advise, monere, hortari, suadere. 
 advocate, n. {in legal sense), ad- 
 vocatus (+Cic.), patronus 
 (+ Cic), the latter being a 
 pleader before the jury. 
 be an advocate of, auctor 
 esse, 
 affability, comitas. (+ Cic.) 
 affairs (active), resgerendae. 
 affection, amor, 
 have affection for, amare, 
 deligere. 
 affectionately (of filial affec- 
 tion), pie. (+ Cic.) 
 afford, render by posse, 
 afraid (be), timers, metuere. 
 Afric, Africus. 
 after, adv. (of time), post, 
 after, prep., expressed by abl. of 
 manner, post with ace. 
 after all, tamen. 
 after, conj., postquam, postea- 
 
 quam, cum, ubi. 
 afterwards, postea, post, deinde. 
 again, iam, autem, iterum, rur- 
 
 8U8. 
 
 against, a, ab with abl.; contra 
 
 with ace. 
 age (a time of life) , aetas. 
 
 advanced age, senectus. 
 
 of one's own age, aequalis. 
 aged, senex. 
 
 agent, procurator. (+'Cic.) 
 aggressive, vehemens. 
 ago, abhinc. 
 agree, consentire. 
 aid, n., auxilium, subsidium. 
 aid, v., subvenire. 
 aim, n., consilium, 
 alarm, clamor, 
 alarmed (be), extimescere. 
 alas, heu, hem. (+ Cic.) 
 Alexandria, Alexandrea. 
 all, omnis, cunctus, totus, univer- 
 sus. 
 
 all in the world, omnino 
 omnis. 
 
 at all, omnino. 
 
 above all, primum omnium, 
 maxime. 
 allow, pati. 
 
 allowance, demensum. (+). 
 allurement, inlecebra. 
 almost, fere, paene. 
 alone, uuus. 
 
 along, secundum with ace. 
 already, iam. 
 also, etiam, quoque. 
 altogether, omnino. 
 always, semper. 
 American, Americanus. 
 among, inter with ace; apud 
 
 with ace; in with abl. 
 amount (of money), pecuniae 
 
 summa (+ Cic), numerus. 
 amuse (i.e. enjoy) one's self, 
 
 lepide esse. 
 ancestors, maiores. 
 anchovy, render by pisciculus. 
 
 C+ Cic.) 
 ancient, antiquus, vetus. 
 
 ancient life, antiquitas. 
 and, et, atque (ac), -que. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 119 
 
 and never, neque umquam. 
 
 and no one, neque quisquam. 
 
 and so, itaque, igitur. 
 
 and so on, et cetera. 
 
 and that not, neve (neu). 
 
 and that too, idque. 
 
 and yet, atqui, ac tamen. 
 ang'er, ira. 
 angered, iratus. 
 angry (be), irasci, suscensere. 
 another, alius; {lohere two are in- 
 volved), alter. 
 
 with one another, inter se. 
 answer, respondere. 
 anticipate, oceupare. 
 Antigone, Antigona, or Antigone, 
 anxiety, cura, soUicitudo, f. 
 anxious, anxius. (+ Cic.) 
 anxious (i.e. eager) (be), cupere. 
 anxious (be), angi. 
 any, aliquis ;'quis (afterne, nam, si) ; 
 quisquam (see Chap. V) ; uUus. 
 
 any longer (not), non iam. 
 any one, quisquam, ullus {any one 
 
 at all) ; quivis, quilibet {any one 
 
 you please). 
 anything, aliquid, quicquam, 
 
 quidvis, quidlibet. 
 apiece, singuli. 
 appear, se ostendere, emergere; 
 
 {in court), adesse. 
 appearance, species, aspectus. 
 Appian way, via Appia. 
 applause, clamor, 
 apple, pomum. (+ Cic.) 
 apple orchard, pomarium. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 appointed {of time), dictus. 
 appraise, aestimare. 
 appreciate, aestimare. 
 approval, laus. 
 
 argument, argumentum. 
 arise, consurgere. 
 
 arise from, nati. 
 arm, bracchium. 
 arms (= weapons), arma. 
 arouse, suscitare; {from sleep), 
 
 expergefacere. (+ Cic.) 
 arrive, advenire, pervenire. 
 art {of speaking) , ars. 
 as, adv., often omitted with appos- 
 itives ; rendered by final dat. ; 
 pro v)ith abl.; as rel. adv., ut. 
 
 as . . . as, tarn . . . quam. 
 
 as far as, quod, quantum. 
 
 as . , , if, sic . . . quasi. 
 
 as it were, quasi. 
 
 as follows, ille {pointing for- 
 tcai'd). 
 
 as possible, quam with super- 
 lative and required form of 
 posse. 
 
 as . . . so, ita . . . ut. 
 
 as soon as, simul atque (ac), 
 ut primum, ubi, cum, post- 
 quam. 
 
 as for, de with abl., quod . . . 
 attinet. 
 
 as well as, et . . . et. 
 as, conj., cum, quoniam. 
 Asia, Asia, 
 ask, rogare, interrogare, quaerere. 
 
 ask (for) , postulare. 
 asleep (be), dormire. 
 assail, adoriri, oppugnare. 
 assistance, auxilium, subsidium. 
 associated, coniunctus. 
 association, societas. 
 at, expressed by loc. ; in with abl.; 
 
 apud with ace; ad with ace; sub 
 
 with ace. {where at =just before 
 
 or after) . 
 
120 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Athenian, Atheniensis. 
 
 Athens, Athenae. 
 people of Athens, Athenienses. 
 
 athlete, athleta. (+ Cic.) 
 
 attack, n. {of a critic), obtrectatio. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 attack, v., adoriri, oppugnare. 
 
 attain, assequi, consequi, adipisci. 
 
 attempt, v., conari; implied in 
 pres. part. 
 
 attend, interesse, adesse, spectare 
 (the last as spectator) ; (to accom- 
 pany), comitari. 
 
 attention (give), operam dare. 
 
 Atticus, Atticus. 
 
 attitude, voluntas. 
 
 attract, allicere. 
 
 audience, consessus. 
 
 Augrust, Sextilis (sc. mensis). 
 
 austere, severus. 
 
 author, scriptor. 
 
 authority, potestas, auctoritas. 
 
 autumn, autumnus. 
 
 avail (one's self of), uti. 
 
 avoid, vitare, fugere. 
 
 await, manere. 
 
 away (far), procul. 
 
 awhile (for), parumper. 
 
 bad, malus. 
 badly, male. 
 
 be badly off, male esse {use 
 impersonally with the subj. in 
 the dat.). 
 bag-, saccus. (+ Cic). 
 bake-shop, pistrina. (+) 
 balance {of money), reliquum or 
 
 reliqua. 
 ball, pila. 
 
 ball game, pila trigonalis. (+) 
 
 play ball, pila ludere. 
 banker, argentarius. (+ Cic.) 
 banquet, epulae, convivium. 
 barber-shop, tonstrina. (+) 
 bare, nudus. 
 barely, vix. 
 
 battle, proelium, pugna. 
 B.C., ante Ghristum. 
 be, esse. 
 bear, ferre, pati. 
 
 beard (o/s^mm), arista. (+ Cic.) 
 beautiful, pulcher; amoenus {of 
 
 nature). 
 beauty, pulchritudo (+ Cic), 
 
 amoenitas. (+ Cic.) 
 because, quod, quia ; in negative 
 
 clauses, quo. 
 become, fieri. 
 
 become acquainted with, 
 cognoscere. 
 
 become discontented, render 
 by paenitere. 
 bed, lectulus. 
 before, adv., ante, antea. 
 before, prep., ante with ace.; 
 
 apud with ace. 
 before, conj., antequam, prius- 
 
 quam. (See Chap. XXXVI.) 
 begin, incipere ; coepisse. 
 beginning, initium. 
 
 in the beginning, in principio. 
 behave, gerere with reflexive. 
 belabor, render by verberare. 
 belief, opinio, fides, 
 believe, credere, 
 beloved, dilectus, carus. 
 beneath {of space), sub with the 
 
 abl. or {when mx)tion is implied) 
 
 the ace. 
 beneficial (be), prodesse, saluta- 
 
 ris (+ Cic.) esse. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 121 
 
 Berlin, Berolinum. 
 
 berry, baca. 
 
 beset, circumvenire. 
 
 besides, praeterea, aiitem. 
 
 best, optiinus ; (0/ effort), omnis. 
 
 besto^w, conferre, dai*e. 
 
 betake, conferre with reflexive. 
 
 betrayal, proditio. i 
 
 better, melior. 
 be better off, meliore condici- 
 one esse. 
 
 between, inter with ace. 
 
 beyond, adv., ultra. 
 
 bid, iubere. 
 
 bigr, magnus. 
 
 birth, natus. 
 
 birthday, natalis (sc. dies). 
 
 birthright, render by ius. 
 
 bitter, acerbus, tristis. 
 very bitter, peracerbus. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 blade, herba. 
 green growing blade, viridi- 
 tas herbescens. (+ Cic.) 
 
 blame, n., vituperatio, culpa. 
 
 blame, v., culpare, vituperare. 
 
 blessed, beatus. 
 
 blessing, bonum, commodum. 
 
 blind {the eyes), praestringere. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 block, v., obstruere. 
 
 blow, flare, adflare. 
 
 boast, v., gloriari. 
 
 boat, linter. 
 
 boatman, uauta. 
 
 bodily, render by gen. 0/ corpus. 
 
 body, corpus; {an assembly), 
 ordo. 
 
 book, liber; (= accounts), tab- 
 ulae. 
 
 born (be),nati. 
 
 borrow (of money), mutuari 
 (+ Cic.) ; sumere ; pecunias 
 mutuas sumere. 
 both, uterque ; ambo. 
 
 both . . . and, et . . . et. 
 bountiful, abundans. (+ Cic.) 
 boy, puer, adulescens. 
 boyhood, pueritia. 
 brave, fortis, ferox. 
 bravely, fortiter, ferociter. 
 bread, panis. (+ Cic.) 
 break, frangere. 
 break down {of an actor), cor- 
 
 ruere. 
 break out {of afire), prorum- 
 pere. 
 breakfast, ientaculum (+) ; pran- 
 dium (+ Cic.) (a late breakfast 
 or luncheon) ; use the latter. 
 at the breakfast table, ex- 
 pressed by participle of pran- 
 dere (+Cic.), apud prandentes, 
 in prandio. 
 autocrat at the breakfast 
 table, dominus apud pran- 
 dentes. 
 breathless, exanimatus. 
 breeze, ventus. 
 bright, clarus. 
 
 bring, adferre, portare ; (cause to 
 come), arcessere. 
 bring to trial, in indicium ad- 
 
 ducere. 
 bring up, educare. 
 bring back, reducers, 
 bring on stage, inducere. 
 broad, latus. 
 bronze, aes. 
 
 browned, coloratus. (+ Cic.) 
 Brundisium, Brundisium. 
 bud, gemma. 
 
122 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 build, aedificare. 
 building, aedificium. 
 
 building lot, area. (+ Cic.) 
 bulletin board, album, 
 burden, v., onerare. 
 burden, n., onus, 
 burdensome, gravis, 
 burn (be on fire), ardere. 
 burst (in on one), irrumpere in 
 
 aliquem. 
 bury, obruere. 
 business, negotium ; (= affairs), 
 
 res ; as function or duty, munus ; 
 
 expressed by poss. pron. and 
 
 pred. gen. 
 busy, operosus (+Cic.), aliquid 
 
 agens. 
 but, sed, autem, at, vero. 
 buy, emere. 
 
 buy cheaply, bene emere. 
 
 buy dearly, male emere. 
 by (denoting agency), a, ab with 
 abl. ; per with ace. 
 
 by chance, casu. 
 
 by no means, minime. 
 
 by the way, heus tu. 
 
 California, California. 
 
 of California, Califomicus, Cal- 
 iforniensis. 
 call (i.e. name or characterize), 
 appellare, nominare, vocare. 
 
 call for, postulare, poscere. 
 
 call on, convenire. 
 calling, quaestus. 
 Cambridge, Cantabrigia. 
 camp, castra. 
 campaign, bellum. 
 can, posse. 
 captain of ship, magister uavis. 
 
 card, tessera. (+ Cic.) 
 care, n., cura, diligentia. 
 
 care (for), v., curare, studere. 
 
 care a fig, fici (+ Cic.) facere. 
 
 care a straw, flocci (+ Cic.) 
 facere. 
 
 care little, parvi facere. 
 
 care that, huius facere. 
 career, cursus. 
 carefully planned {of discourse) y 
 
 compositus. 
 carriage, raeda. 
 
 carry, ferre, portare, susti- 
 nere. 
 
 carry on campaigns, bella 
 gerere. 
 
 carry on conversation, ser- 
 monem adhibere. 
 
 carry on studies, render by 
 studia exercere. 
 
 carry out, efferre. 
 
 carry out part, partes agere. 
 case {in court), causa; (=cir- 
 cumstances), res. 
 
 be the case, fieri, accidere, ita 
 esse, res ita se habere. 
 
 in case of, sometimes expressed 
 by dat. of ref. 
 
 plead cases, causas agere. 
 catch, deprehendere. 
 
 catch fire, ignem concipere. 
 
 catch hold of, amplecti. 
 Cato, Cato. 
 cattle, pecus. 
 cause, causa, 
 cease, desinere. 
 celebrate, celebrare. 
 celebrated, clarus ; expressed 
 
 also by ille. 
 cent, libella. (+ Cic.) 
 century, saeculum. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 123 
 
 Oephalus, Cephalus. 
 
 certain, quidam. 
 
 certainly (expressing assent) , 
 
 certo, omnino, maxime. 
 certainty (with) , pro certo. 
 chain, vinculum, 
 chance, v., render by forte and 
 
 the following verb. 
 chance (by), forte, 
 change, rautare. 
 chapter, caput. 
 character, ingenium, mores; (= 
 
 kind) , genus ; (on the stage) per- 
 
 characteristic, proprius ; ex- 
 pressed by pred. gen. 
 
 charm, lepor. (+ Cic.) 
 
 cheap, vilis (see under buy and 
 sell). 
 
 check (hold in), prohibere, cohi- 
 bere. 
 
 cheer {goo6), render by hilaritas. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 cheerful, laetus. 
 
 cheerfully, laete. 
 
 cheese, caseus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 chief, maximum. 
 
 children, pueri, liberi. 
 
 choose, eligere. 
 
 Cicero, Cicero. 
 
 circumstances, res. 
 
 citizen, civis. 
 
 city, urbs. 
 
 civilization, mores. 
 
 civilized, moratus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 class {of society), genus; (in 
 school), classis. 
 
 Clodius, Clodius. 
 
 clean, v., purgare. 
 
 clean, adj., purus. 
 
 clear {of the sky), serenus. 
 
 clearly, dilucide. (+ Cic.) 
 
 clerk, scriba, m. (+ Cic.) 
 
 clever, acutus. 
 
 close at hand (be), urgere. 
 
 clothing", vestitus. 
 
 cloud, nubes. 
 
 club, sodalitas {-\-Cic.); (=cud- 
 
 gel), fustis. (+ Cic.) 
 cluster, uva. (+ Cic.) 
 coast, litus, ora. 
 coin, nummi. 
 cold, frigus. 
 
 a bad cold, graved©. (+ Cic.) 
 college, adj., academicus. (+ Cic.) 
 college, academia. (+ Cic.) 
 
 college education, doctrina 
 academica. 
 
 college life, res academicae. 
 colonnade, portions. 
 come, venire, ad venire, pervenire, 
 proficisci, accedere ; in exhorta- 
 tions, age, agite, which may be 
 strengthened.by dum as enclitic. 
 
 come about, evenire, accidere, 
 fieri. 
 
 come away, venire de with abl. 
 
 come back, redire. 
 
 come close to, appropinquate. 
 
 come in contact with, contin- 
 gere. 
 
 come on {overtake), opprimere. 
 
 come out, evaders, evenire ; {of 
 a bud), exsistere. 
 
 come to manhood, pubescere. 
 
 come to maturity, adolescere. 
 
 come to the rescue,opem f erre. 
 comfortable, commodus. 
 comfortably, commode, 
 coming, futurus. 
 
 coming generations, posteri, 
 posteritas. 
 
124 
 
 VOCABULAKY 
 
 commit (to memory), memoriae 
 
 mandare. 
 common, communis, cotidianus. 
 commonwealth, respublica. 
 community, populus, vita civilis. 
 company, coetus, cohors. 
 compare, conferre. 
 comparison (in), prae with abl. 
 compel, cogere. 
 compensation (reward), prae- 
 
 mium, donum, munus. 
 complain, queri. 
 complaint, querela, 
 complete, conficere, perficere, 
 
 exigere. 
 compose, facere, scribere, com- 
 
 ponere. 
 composition, confectio. (4- Cic.) 
 
 Latin composition, Latine red- 
 denda. 
 
 literary composition, scriptio 
 (+ Cic.) et litterae. 
 compulsion, necessitas. 
 comrade, sodalis, socius. 
 concern, n., cura, sollicitudo. 
 concern, v., interesse, pertinere 
 
 with ad and ace. 
 conduct, mores, 
 confess (concede in argument), 
 
 concedere. 
 confidence, fides, fiducia. 
 confine, includere. 
 conflagration, incendium. 
 conflict, certamen, pugna, proe- 
 
 lium. 
 confusion, turba, tumultus. 
 
 be in confusion, perturbari. 
 congratulate, gratulari. 
 congratulation, gratulatio. 
 congregate, congregari. 
 conquer, vincere, superare. 
 
 consciousness, conscientia. 
 
 consent, voluntas. 
 
 consider (reflect upon) , cogitare, 
 
 agitare mente; (regard as), 
 
 habere, ducere; (take account 
 
 of), respicere, rationem habere, 
 considerable, aliquantus, satis 
 
 maguus. 
 consideration, causa, 
 consist (in), render by teneri with 
 
 abl. 
 consolation, consolatio. 
 console, consolari. 
 constant, assiduus. 
 constantly, assidue. 
 construct, construere (+ Cic.) , 
 
 exstruere, facere. 
 consul, consul, 
 consult, consulere. 
 consume, consumere, absumere. 
 contain, capere, habere, inesse 
 
 with in and abl. 
 content, contentus. 
 contest, v., certare. 
 contest, n., certamen. 
 continue, pergere. 
 contrary (on the), contra, sed, 
 
 autem. 
 contrary to, praeter with ace. 
 convenient, render by commodus. 
 conversation, sermo. 
 conviction, sententia. 
 convince, persuadere. 
 copy, n., exemplar. (+ Cic.) 
 
 copy out, exscribere. (+ Cic.) 
 corn, frumentum. 
 correct (be) (of counted money) , 
 
 convenire. 
 cost, pretium. 
 counsel, consilium, 
 count, enumerare. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 125 
 
 count as gain, in lucro ponere. 
 counted (valued), aestimatus. 
 country, rus, ager; (with respect 
 to inhabitants), gens. 
 
 native country, patria. 
 countryman, popularis. 
 couple (a), render by bini. 
 courage, virtus, 
 course (for races), stadium 
 (+ Cic), curriculum. (+ Cic.) 
 
 over the course, per stadium, 
 per curriculum. 
 court, iudicium, quaestio. 
 
 in court, apud indices. 
 
 to court, ad indices. 
 cover, operiri. 
 credible, credibilis. 
 creditor, creditor, is cui debeas. 
 creep, irrepere. 
 crime, scelns. 
 crops, fruges. 
 cross, transire. 
 crowd, vnlgus. 
 cruel, crndelis. 
 cry (call out), clamare; (weep), 
 
 flere. 
 cultivate, colere. 
 cultivation, cultura ; (of soil), ag- 
 
 ricnltura. 
 cup, pocnlnm. 
 cure, sanare. 
 curse, pestis. 
 
 daily, adj., cotidianus. 
 daily, adv., cotidie, in dies, 
 dainty, minntus. 
 damage, iniuria. 
 danger, periculum. 
 daughter, filia. 
 
 dauntless, fortis, timore (or 
 metu) carens. 
 
 day, dies, 
 day after to-morrow, peren- 
 
 die. 
 of to-day, hodiernus. 
 the day before, pridie. 
 the day before yesterday, 
 nudius tertius. 
 daylight, prima lux. 
 dead, mortuus. 
 
 deal (with a subject), esse with 
 de and abl. ; tractare. 
 a great deal, expressed by 
 magna vis, copia, aliquantum, 
 permnltnm. 
 have dealings with one, cum 
 aliquo negotium esse (with 
 subj. in dat.). 
 dear, earns. 
 
 dearly. iSee buy dearly, 
 death, mors. 
 
 debt, debitum, aes alienum. 
 deceive, decipere, fallere. 
 defend, defendere. 
 defendant, reus, 
 deficient (be) , deesse, deficere. 
 delay, n., mora, 
 delay, v., morari. 
 delight, n., delectatio, oblecta- 
 
 mentum. (+ Cic.) 
 delight, v., delectare, oblectare. 
 delightful, incundus, gratus. 
 deliver, tradere. 
 demand, postulare. 
 denarius, denarius. (+ Cic.) 
 departure, discessus, profectio. 
 take departure, decedere, 
 proficisci. 
 depend (on something), omnia in 
 
 aliquo esse. 
 deposit, deponere. 
 
 receive on deposit, in accep- 
 I tum referre. 
 
126 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 deprive, privare, eripere. 
 
 desert, solitudo. 
 
 deserve, dignus esse. 
 
 desirable, bonus, optabilis. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 desire, v., cupere (of eager desire) ; 
 optare (of what is unattainable 
 by the subject himself) ; desi- 
 derare (of something felt to be 
 lacking) ; velle (usually of what 
 the subject wills to attain) . 
 
 desire, n., cupiditas, desiderium. 
 heart's desire, desiderium. 
 
 despatch, v., mlttere. 
 
 desperately (of love) , misere. 
 
 destroy, delere, destruere, per- 
 dere. 
 
 destruction, exitium, interitus. 
 
 destructive, perniciosus, pesti- 
 fer. (+Cic.) 
 
 deter, deterrere, impedire. 
 
 determined (be), certum esse, 
 loith dat. of subj. 
 
 devote (one's self), dedere with 
 reflexive; studere; (one's ef- 
 forts), operam dare, id agere, 
 followed by ut-clau^e. 
 
 devotion, pietas. 
 
 die, mori. 
 
 different, alius, diversus. 
 
 difficult, diflacilis. 
 
 difficulty, negotium. 
 with difficulty, vix, aegre. 
 
 dignity, gravitas. 
 
 diligently, diligenter. 
 
 diminish, minuere. 
 
 dine, cenare. (+ Cic.) 
 
 dinner, cena. 
 at the dinner table, in con- 
 vivio, apud cenantes ; often ex- 
 pressed by participle alone. 
 dinner party, conyiviuiu. 
 
 direct, inhere, imperare, praeci- 
 
 pere. 
 direction, moderatio. 
 disag-reeable, molestus. 
 disappoint, praeter spem evenire. 
 
 be disappointed, spe falli. 
 disaster, calamitas. 
 discontent, render by molestiae. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 discontented (be) , paenitere. 
 discourse (= essay), render by 
 
 libellus or simply aliquid. 
 discuss, disputare. 
 disembark, e nave escendere. 
 dishevelled (of the hair) , passus. 
 dislike, nolle. 
 disorder, tumultus. 
 disreputable, flagitiosus, turpis. 
 dissatisfied (be), paenitere, tae- 
 
 dere. 
 distant longinquus. 
 
 be distant, abesse. 
 distasteful (be), taedere; odio- 
 
 sus (+ Cic.) esse, 
 distinction, laus. 
 distinguished, praestans. 
 distress, dolor. 
 
 in distress, sollicitus, miser, 
 ditching, fossio. (+ Cic.) 
 divorce, discidium (+ Cic), 
 
 divortium. (+ Cic.) 
 do, unexpressed as auxiliary; 
 agere, facere, gerere. 
 
 do a favor, gratissimum facere. 
 
 do a part, officio fungi. 
 
 do honor, honorare, houorem 
 conferre. 
 
 do work, laborare. 
 
 do wrong, peccare. 
 doctor (of medicine), medicus. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 dog, canis. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 127 
 
 dollar, render by centussis. (+) 
 domestic, intestinus. 
 donkey, asellus. (+ Cic.) 
 door, ianua. 
 doorway, porta, 
 doubt, v., dubitare. 
 doubtless, omnino. 
 dowerless, indotatus (+ Ctc), 
 
 sine dote. 
 dowry, dos. (+ Cic.) 
 drachma, drachma. (+ Cic.) 
 draw, trahere. 
 
 draw upon, tollere. 
 drawback, vitium. 
 dream, n., somnium. 
 dreamless, sine somniis. 
 drink, n., potio. (+ Cic.) 
 drink, v., bibere. 
 
 drink in, arripere. 
 due (be), deberi. 
 Duilius, Duilius. 
 dumb (be), obmutescere. 
 during, per. 
 duty, officiura, munus. 
 dwell, habitare. 
 
 E 
 each, quisque, {see Chap. V, 12) ; 
 
 singuli, {each, one by one). 
 eager, cupidus. 
 
 ear {of corn), spicum. (+ Cic.) 
 earlier, prior. 
 
 early, render by pres. part.ofmire. 
 earn merere. 
 
 earn pay, stipendium merere. 
 earth, terra. 
 
 earthquake, motus terrae. 
 easily, facile, 
 easy, facilis. 
 eat, edere. 
 education, doctrina. 
 
 effort, opera. 
 
 ^SS, ovum. 
 
 Egypt, Aegyptus. 
 
 eight, octo. 
 
 eighteen, duodeviginti. 
 
 eighteenth, duodevicesimus. 
 
 eighty, octoginta. 
 
 elapse, intercedere, interesse. 
 
 elders, maiores. 
 
 eloquence, eloquentia. 
 
 eloquent, disertus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 else, alius. 
 
 embarrassed (be), render by 
 
 pudere. 
 employ, adhibere, uti. 
 enable, facere ut. 
 encourage, hortari. 
 end, n., finis, terminus. 
 
 end of, extremus in agreement 
 with following substantive. 
 
 in the end, denique. 
 end, V. {bring to an end) , perficere. 
 endowed, praeditus. 
 endowment (natural), indoles. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 endurance, patientia. 
 endure, pati. 
 enduring, perennis. (+ Cic.) 
 
 much enduring, patiens. 
 enemy, inimicus, hostis. 
 energetic, acer. 
 engaged (be), versari, occupatus 
 
 esse. 
 England, Anglia. 
 English, Anglicus. 
 enjoy, gaudere; {make the most 
 of), frui ; {avail one's self of), 
 uti. 
 
 enjoy one's self, bene {or pul- 
 chre) esse with subj. in dat.; 
 oblectare with reflexive. 
 
128 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 enjoyable, iucundus, gratus. 
 Ennius, Ennius. 
 enough, satis, tantum. 
 enter, intrare. 
 
 enter on, ingredi. 
 enthusiasm, studium. 
 enthusiastic (be), render by max- 
 
 ime admirari. 
 equal, aequus, aequalis. 
 equally, aeque. 
 escape, effugere. 
 especially, praesertim, maxime. 
 
 not especially, non (haud) ita. 
 establish, condere, constituere. 
 
 be long established, inve- 
 terascere. 
 esteem, aestimare, facere, loith 
 
 gen. of indef. value. 
 Europe, Europa. 
 even, etiam, vel. 
 
 not . . . even, ne . . . quidem. 
 evening, vesper. 
 
 in the evening, vesperi. 
 evenness (of disposition), aequa- 
 
 litas. (+ Cic.) 
 event, res (= contest) certamen. 
 
 at all events, certe. 
 ever (in conditional clauses), 
 
 quando ; (after negatives and 
 
 comparatives), umquam. 
 every, omnis, nuUus non. 
 everybody, omnes, nemo non. 
 every one, omnes, nemo non. 
 everything, omnia, nihil non. 
 evil, adj., mains, 
 evil, n., malum. 
 
 exaggerate, mains vero facere. 
 
 examination, probatio. (+ Cic.) 
 
 exceedingly, expressed by super- 
 
 ■ lative ; admodum, maxime. (See 
 
 Chap. VI, 16.) 
 
 excellent, praestabilis (+Cic.), 
 egregius, bonus. 
 
 except, nisi, praetor with ace. 
 
 excess, nimium. 
 
 excessive, maior, nimius. 
 
 exclaim, render by inquam. 
 
 exempt (be), carere. 
 
 exercise, n., exercitatio. 
 
 exercise, v., exercere. 
 
 exist, esse, exsistere (come into 
 existence). 
 
 expect, exspectare; (with confi- 
 dence), confidere. 
 
 expectation, spes. 
 
 expense, sumptus. 
 
 experience, n., render by res. 
 
 experience, v., experiri. 
 
 explain, docere, explicare, ex- 
 planare (+ Cic), exponere. 
 
 express, dicere. 
 express surprise, mirari. 
 
 expression, vox ; dictum. 
 
 extent, maguitudo. 
 
 extinguish, exstinguere. 
 
 extremely, expressed by superla- 
 tive ; admodum. (See Chap. VI, 
 16.) 
 
 extricate, expedire. 
 
 eye, oculus. 
 
 P 
 
 face, n., facies, vultus (expression 
 
 of countenance). 
 face, v., adversari. 
 fact, factum, res. 
 
 in fact, etenim, quidem, vero, re 
 vera. 
 
 the fact that, id quod, 
 fail, deficere. 
 
 fair (of the landscape), amoenus. 
 fairly, mediocriter. 
 fall, concidere. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 129 
 
 fall asleep, dormire incipere. 
 
 fall ill, in morbum incidere. 
 
 fall in love, amare coepisse. 
 
 fall to one's lot, contingere. 
 fame, fama. 
 
 familiar with (be), scire, 
 family, familia, domus. 
 famous, clarus, celeber. 
 fancy, opinari. 
 
 far {of degree) , longe, multo ; {of 
 space), procul, longe. 
 
 far away (be), procul abesse. 
 farce, render by fabella. (+ Cic.) 
 fare, agere. 
 farewell, vale, 
 farm, fundus, 
 farmer, agricola. 
 farmhouse, villa, 
 fashion, mos. 
 fastened, aptus. 
 fatal (= destructive), pestifer 
 
 (+ Cic.) , calamitosus , perniciosus. 
 fate, fortuna. 
 father, pater, 
 faxilt (= defect), vitium ; culpa, 
 
 peccatum. (+ Cic.) 
 favor, gratia, beneficium. 
 favorite, adj., gratissimus. 
 fear, v., timere, metuere, vereri. 
 fear, n., timer, metus. 
 feast {the eyes), v., pascere. 
 feast, n., convivium, epulae. 
 February, Februarius (sc. men- 
 sis), 
 feel, sentire, putare, credere, 
 experiri. 
 
 feel need of, desiderare. 
 
 feel regret, paenitere. 
 
 feel well {of health), bene or 
 recte valere. 
 feeling, animus. 
 
 with feeling:, ex animo. 
 fertilize, stercorare. (+ Cic.) 
 festival, sacrificium. (+ Cic.) 
 festivity, sollemne. 
 fetters, vincula. 
 few (a), pauci. 
 fiber, fibra. 
 fifteen, quindecim. 
 fifth, quintus. 
 fifty, quinquaginta. 
 fig, ficus. (+ Cic.) 
 fight, pugnare. 
 filcher, extorter. (+) 
 filled (be), plenum esse, 
 final, postremus, ultimus. 
 finally, postremo, denique. 
 find, reperire, invenire, cognos- 
 cere ; {of lodgings) , conducere. 
 
 find fault with, culpare, vitio 
 habere. 
 
 find out , invenire, reperire, com- 
 perire. 
 fine, praeclarus; {of appearance) , 
 
 ornatus; {of weather), sudus. 
 
 {+Cic). 
 finish, conficere, transigere. 
 fire, ignis, incendium. 
 first, primum. 
 
 at first, prime. 
 
 from the first, lam inde a 
 principio. 
 fish, piscari. (+ Cic.) 
 fit, dignus. 
 fitting, idoneus. 
 
 be fitting, decere. 
 five, quinque. 
 fiagon, lagoena. (+ Cic.) 
 fiame, flamma. 
 fiash over one, percutere. 
 fiocks, render by oves. 
 fiog, verberare. 
 
130 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 floggingr, render by malum. 
 
 flourisli, florere, vigere. 
 
 flower, flos. 
 
 flute-player, fidicen. (+ Cic.) 
 
 follow, sequi, subsequi. 
 
 foUowingr (the), render by hie. 
 
 fond, amans with gen. 
 
 food, cibus. 
 
 foolishly, stulte. 
 
 foot, pes. 
 on foot, pedibus. 
 to the foot (of the table), ad 
 imum. 
 
 footstep, vestigium. 
 
 for, conj., nam, enim. 
 
 tor, prep., often expressed in dat., 
 ace. of extent, dbl. of price 
 or cause, represents ace. and 
 inf.; ad, in, per, with ace; de 
 with abl.; when concessive, ex- 
 press the phrase by clause with 
 quamvis. 
 for example, exempli gratia or 
 causa. 
 
 force, vis. 
 
 foreig-n, extemus. 
 
 forgret, oblivisci. 
 
 form (of a plan) , capere. 
 
 formally, rite. 
 
 former, ille, prior. 
 
 formerly, antea, ante. 
 
 fortify, munire. 
 
 fortunate, fortunatus. 
 
 fortune, fort una, res. 
 
 forum, forum. 
 
 foundation, fundamentum. 
 
 founder, conditor. (+ Cic.) 
 
 four, ijuattuor. 
 
 fourth, quartus. 
 
 fow^l, gallina. 
 
 Prance, Gallia. 
 
 frankly, aperte. 
 
 free, adj., liber. 
 
 free from (be), carere, liberari. 
 
 freedman, libertus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 freedom, libertas. 
 
 friend, amicus, familiaris. 
 
 friendship, amicitia. 
 
 from, expressed by dat. with cer- 
 tain verbs, and by abl. of separa- 
 tion ; a, ab, de, e, ex, with abl. 
 
 fruit, fructus. 
 
 full, plenus. 
 
 function, munus. 
 
 furnish, praebere. 
 
 further, longius. 
 
 future, futurus. 
 future grenerations, posteritas. 
 
 G 
 gain, n., lucrum. (+ Cic.) 
 gain, v., adipisci, assequi. 
 gain a hearing, audientiam 
 (+ Cic.) facere. 
 game, ludus. 
 garb, vestitus. 
 garden, hortus. 
 garrulous, loquax. (+ Cic.) 
 gather (0/ crops) , percipere. 
 Gaul, Gallia, 
 gazette, acta, 
 generally, plerumque, vulgo. 
 generation, aetas, saeculum. 
 coming (or future) genera- 
 tions, posteri, posteritas. 
 the younger generation, 
 iuvenes, adulescentes. 
 gentle, lenis. 
 
 gentlemen (of the jury), iudices. 
 Germany, Germania. 
 get (= receive), capere. 
 get into (0/ mischief), render 
 by facere. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 131 
 
 get on, agere ; (managre), rem 
 
 gerere. 
 get out (of a building), exire. 
 get together (of money) , con- 
 
 quirere, conficere. 
 get up, surgere. 
 gift, donum, munus. 
 girl, puella. 
 give, dare, praebere. 
 give attention, operam dare, 
 give judgment, iudicium red- 
 
 dere. 
 give lessons, docere. 
 give over to, tradere. 
 give up, desistere. 
 glad (be) , gaudere, often expressed 
 
 by libenter. 
 gloomy, tristis. 
 glorious, praeclarus, amplus. 
 glory, gloria, fama. 
 go, ire, proficisci, progredi, disce- 
 dere, petere. 
 go ahead, antecedere; {make 
 progress) , procedere ; (proceed 
 with something in hand) , per- 
 gere. 
 go down, descendere. 
 go on (farther), longius pro- 
 gredi. 
 go on their way, discedere. 
 go out, exire; (of a flame), ex- 
 
 stingui. 
 go straight for, petere^ 
 go through (= cross) , transire. 
 go to and from, citro ultroque 
 
 commeare. 
 go to pieces (of a ship), 
 
 frangi. 
 go to the wall, pessum ire. 
 goal, calx, 
 goddess, dea. 
 
 good, bonus. 
 
 good, n., bonum. 
 
 good-by, vale. 
 
 good heavens, pro deum fidem, 
 
 or pro di immortales. 
 good night, vale. 
 goods (this world's) , res familia- 
 
 rls. 
 government (popular), render 
 
 by respublica- 
 gradually, paulatim. 
 graft, v., JDserere. 
 grafting, insitio. (+ Cic.) 
 grain, frumeutum. 
 grateful (be), gratiam habere, 
 grateful, ac?/.,gratus. 
 gratification, voluptas. 
 gratifying (be), iucundum esse,- 
 
 iuvare (used impersonally). 
 graze, pasci. 
 great, magnus, praeclarus, sum- 
 
 mus. 
 greatly, valde, vehementer, etc. 
 
 (See Chap. VI, 16.) 
 Greece, Graecia. 
 greed, avaritia. 
 Greek, Graecus. 
 
 Greek (language), Graecaelifr- 
 terae. 
 green, viridis. 
 grief, dolor, 
 grind, molere. 
 ground, terra, locus, humus. 
 
 on the ground, humi. 
 group, circulus. 
 
 grow, crescere ; (=become), fieri, 
 guard, n., praesidium. 
 guard (be on), cavere. 
 guest, conviva. (+ Cic.) 
 guilty, render by nocens. 
 
 be guilty of, admittere in se. 
 
132 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 habit (be in), solere. 
 hair, capillus. (+ Cic.) 
 half, dimidium. 
 hand, manus. 
 be on hand, praesto esse. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 in hands of, penes. (+ Cic.) 
 hand down, tradere. 
 hang: over, impendere. 
 happen, accidere, evenire, fieri, 
 happily, feliciter. ^ 
 
 happiness, beata vita, felicitas. 
 happy, felix, beatus. 
 harbor, portus. 
 hard, difficilis, gravis, durus: 
 hardly, vix, aegre. 
 hardship, labor, incoramodum. 
 harrow, occare. (+) 
 haste (in), properans. 
 hastily, celeriter. 
 have, habere; (= receive), acci- 
 pere. 
 have bad cold, gravedine 
 
 (+ Cic.) affici. 
 have case in court, litigare. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 have experience, experiri. 
 have fear, timere, metuere. 
 have good time, bene esse 
 with dat. of subj., oblectare 
 with reflexive. 
 have irreat influence, pluri- 
 
 mum valere. 
 have need of, egere, requirere, 
 
 opus esse, 
 have on hand, ad manum lia- 
 
 bere. 
 have to do with, pertinere. 
 hay, faenum. (+) 
 
 he, usually unexpressed ; is, 11 le. 
 head, caput. 
 
 be at head of, praeesse. 
 
 from head of table, a summo. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 health, valet udo. 
 healthful, salubris. (+ Cic.) 
 hear, audire. 
 
 hearing-, audientia. (+ Cic.) 
 heart, animus, pectus. 
 
 heart's content, render by ani- 
 mum explore. 
 
 heart's desire, desiderium. 
 
 set the heart on, expetere. 
 hearth, focus, 
 hearty (of applause), multiplex. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 heavy, gravis. 
 
 help, n., subsidium, auxilium. 
 help, v., iuvare, auxiliari. 
 hence (in expression of time), 
 
 render by ad. 
 herd, pecus. 
 here, bic, hoc loco. 
 
 be here, adesse. 
 
 here it is, ecce. 
 hesitate, dubitare with inf. 
 high (o/pn*ce) , magnus ; (of office), 
 
 amplus. 
 higher (of classes), superior ; 
 
 (of studies) , liberalis. 
 highest (of praise), summus. 
 highly, render by indef. gen., 
 
 magni. 
 himself, as intensive, ipse ; as re- 
 flexive, se. 
 hindrance, impedimentum. 
 hire, conducere. 
 his, eius ; as reflexive, suus ; often 
 
 unexpressed. 
 historian, scriptor rerum. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 133 
 
 history, res gestae, historia. 
 
 (4- Cic.) 
 hither and thither, hue et illuc. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 hog", porcus. (+ Cic.) 
 hold, tenere. 
 
 hold back, coercere. 
 
 hold in high esteem, magni 
 aestimare. 
 
 hold upright (+ Cic), erigere. 
 holidays, feriae, dies feriatus. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 home, doinus. 
 
 at home, domi; {in a subject), 
 peritus. 
 homesickness, desiderium. 
 homeward (of a stretch in a 
 
 race-course) , supremus. 
 honey, mel. 
 honor, n., honor, 
 honor, v., colere, honorare, hono- 
 
 rem confer re. 
 honorable, honorabilis. (+ Cic.) 
 hope, n., spes. 
 hope, v., sperare. 
 Horace, Horatius. 
 horse, equus. 
 
 on horseback, equo. 
 host, hospes ; (= throng), multi- 
 
 tudo. 
 hour, hora. 
 house, domus, aedes, domicilum. 
 
 at our house, apud nos. 
 household, familia. 
 how, quam, ut, quo modo, quem ad 
 
 modum. 
 
 how do you do? quid agis? 
 
 how great or much, quantus. 
 
 how many, quot. 
 
 no matter how great, quan- 
 tum vis. 
 
 however, autem, sed, enim {the 
 
 last pointing hack to a suppressed 
 
 thought) . 
 huge, ingens. 
 human, human us. 
 
 human being, homo, 
 humor (good), render by 
 
 humanitas. 
 hundred, centum, 
 hunt, venari. 
 hunting, venatio. 
 
 for hunting, venaticus. {+Cic.) 
 hurry, properare. 
 husbandman, agricola. 
 Hymettus (from), Hymettius. 
 
 I 
 I, ego, nos. 
 
 idea {often untranslated), bms^icio. 
 idle, iners, piger. 
 idleness, inertia, 
 if, si. 
 
 if not, nisi, 
 ignorant, ignorare, inscius. 
 
 be ignorant of, ignorare. 
 ill (be), aegrotare. (+ Cic.) 
 
 fall ill, in morbum incidere. 
 ill-natured, malevolus. (+ Cic.) 
 illness, morbus, 
 illustrious, clarus, illustris. 
 imagine, fingere. 
 imitate, imitari. 
 imitator, imitans. 
 immediate, render by ipse, 
 immediately, statim. 
 immensely, mirifice. (-f- Cic.) 
 immortal, immortalis. 
 immortality, immortalitas. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 impatient (be), aegreferre. 
 impetuous, ferox. 
 
134 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 importance (be of great or lit- 
 tle), magni or parui esse. 
 
 important, magnus. 
 how important, quanti. 
 
 impose, imponere. 
 
 impression, opinio. 
 
 impressive, gravis. 
 
 improve, melius facere. 
 
 in, in with abl. or ace; apud with 
 ace. 
 
 incompetent, insipiens. (+ Cic.) 
 
 inconvenience, incommodum. 
 
 inconvenient, incommodus. 
 
 increase, augere. 
 
 indecision, inconstantia. (+ Cic.) 
 
 indifferent (be), neglegere. 
 
 indigestion, cruditas. (+ Cic.) 
 
 indispensable, necessarius. 
 
 individual, render by singuli. 
 
 indoors (shut), intus includere. 
 
 induce, persuadere. 
 
 industrious, diligens. 
 
 infirmity, vitium. 
 
 influence, auctoritas, potestas. 
 be under influence of, incitari 
 with abl. 
 
 informal (of discourse), TemisavLB. 
 
 informed (be), certior fieri. 
 
 inhabitant, incola. 
 
 injury, damnum, detrimentum. 
 
 inkstand, atramentarius. (+ Cic.) 
 
 inn, devorsorium. 
 
 innocent, innocens. 
 
 inquire, quaerere. 
 
 insomnia, insomnium. 
 
 instinct, render by desiderium. 
 
 institution, render by institutum. 
 
 instruct, instituere, praecipere. 
 
 instruction, disciplina. 
 
 intellectual (piirsuits), ingenia. 
 
 intensity, fervor. (+ Cic.) 
 
 interest, studium ; (= advan- 
 tage),commodum ; (o7imoney), 
 fenus (+ Cic.) ; at twelve per 
 cent a year, centesima i+Cic.) ; 
 at six per cent, semissibus. 
 be for one's interest, inter- 
 esse, referre. 
 interested (be), curare, studere, 
 
 delectari. 
 interesting, iucundus, gratus, 
 
 animum intendens. 
 intimate (most), summus. 
 into, in with ace. 
 introduce, introducere. 
 intrust, committere, credere, 
 invitation (send), per litteras 
 
 invitare. 
 invite, vocare, invitare. 
 involve, habere, 
 involved, impeditus. 
 it, usually unexpressed; id. 
 Italy, Italia. 
 
 its, when expressed, eius ; (reflex- 
 ive), suus. 
 itself, sni. 
 in itself, per se. 
 
 jar, vas. (+ Cic.) 
 
 jointed, geniculatus. 
 
 journey, iter. (+ Cic.) 
 
 joy, gaudium, laetitia. 
 
 judge (on the bench), praetor, 
 
 iudex quaestionis. 
 judgment, aestimatio. (+Cic.) 
 
 iudicium, sententia. 
 Julius Caesar, lulius Caesar, 
 jumping, saltus. (+ Cic.) 
 jump out, exsilire. 
 junior, iunior. 
 juror, iudex. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 135 
 
 jury, indices, 
 just, adj., iustus. 
 just, adv. (= precisely), ipse 
 (=only) modo ; {of time), com 
 inodum. 
 just as, sicut. 
 
 just now, nunc cum mazime. 
 justice, ius. 
 Juvenal, luvenalis. 
 
 K 
 Keep, tenere. 
 keep body and soul to- 
 gether, inopiam tolerare. 
 keep from, prohibere. 
 keep in mind, memoria tenere. 
 keep saying:, dictitare. 
 weU kept (of a garden), bene 
 cultus. 
 kill, interficere, occidere. 
 kin, genus. 
 
 next of kin, proximus genere. 
 kind, n., genus. 
 
 of what kind, qualis. 
 kind, adj., benignus. 
 
 be kind, benigne facere. 
 kindness, benignitas. 
 king:, rex. 
 
 kitchen grarden, hortus. (+ Cic.) 
 knife, culter; (of the pruner), 
 
 ferrum. 
 know, scire, cognoscere. 
 not to know, nescire. 
 knowledgre, notitia (+ Cic), 
 
 scientia, doctrina. 
 known, notus. 
 
 labor, labor, 
 laborer (one 
 day) , opera. 
 lack, inopia. 
 
 working by the 
 
 lacking: (be), deesse. 
 laden, oneratus. 
 lament, deplorare. 
 lamp, lumen, 
 land, terra, ager 
 a small piece of land, agel- 
 lum. (+Cic.) 
 langruagre, lingua, 
 lap (in a race), spatium. 
 larg-e, magnus. 
 
 last, adj. (of what immediately 
 prececZes), proximus; (last of all), 
 ultimus ; (last of a senes), 
 postremus; (= final), supremus. 
 last, adv., proximo, 
 late, sero. 
 later, posterius. 
 latest, recentissimus. 
 Latin, n., Latina, Latinae litterae. 
 Latin, adj., Latinus. 
 in Latin, Latine, in Latinum. 
 Latin composition, Latine 
 reddenda. 
 latter, hie. 
 law, lex, ius. 
 lawyer, iuris consultus. 
 lay aside, deponere. 
 lay out, discribere. 
 lazy, piger, iners. 
 lead, ducere; (of life), agere. 
 leadership (of bar), regnum 
 
 iudiciale. 
 learn, discere, comperire, cognos- 
 cere. 
 learn lesson, meditari. 
 learningr, doctrina, litterae. 
 man of learning-, homo (vir) 
 doctus. 
 least (at), quidem, saltem. 
 leave, relinquere. 
 take leave, discedere. 
 
186 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 lecture notes, commentarii. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 leisure, n., otium. 
 leisure, arf;., otiosus. (-\-Cic.) 
 length (of time), diuturnitas. 
 less, minor. 
 
 let (= allow), pati; expressed by 
 subjv. or imper. 
 
 let me know, facere ut sciam. 
 
 let out, eximere. 
 letter, epistula, litterae. 
 liberal (o/sfudies), bonus, liberalis. 
 liberality, benignitas. 
 library, bibliotheca. (+ Cic.) 
 lie, iacere. 
 life, vita. 
 
 ancient life or times, antiqultas. 
 
 active life, res agendae. 
 
 business of life, usus. 
 
 country life, res rusticae 
 ligrbt, adj., levis. 
 ligrht, 71., lux, lumen, 
 ligrhten, levare. 
 ligrbtly, temere. 
 like, adj., similis; often expressed 
 
 by sicut. 
 like, v., expressed by libenter; 
 laudare, probare, iuvare. 
 
 I should like, velim with inf. 
 or subjv. 
 likely, verisimile. (+ Cic.) 
 likew^ise, item, 
 liking: (according: to), ex sen- 
 
 teutia. 
 Lincoln, Lincolnios. 
 line, linea. (+ Cic.) 
 listen, audire. 
 listless, languidus. 
 literary (men), scriptores. 
 literature, litterae. 
 little, adj., parvui. 
 
 little, adv., paulum, aliquanto, 
 parum. 
 
 a little before, paulo ante, 
 live, vivere; (= dwell), habitare. 
 living (= livelihood), victus. 
 loaf, panis. (+ Cic.) 
 loan, n., mutuum. (+ Cic.) 
 
 make loan, pecuniam mutuam 
 (+ Cic.) dare, 
 long, adj . (of extension) , longus ; (of 
 
 time), longinquus, diuturnus. 
 long, adv., diu, longe. 
 
 as long as, dum. 
 
 long ago, pridem dudum. 
 
 long after, multo post. 
 
 long time (a), diu. 
 
 no longer, non iam. 
 long for, optare. 
 look (at), intueri. 
 
 look back on, respectare. 
 
 look down on, despicere. 
 
 look forward, exspectare. 
 
 look into, prospicere. 
 
 look on (consider) , habere with 
 final dat. 
 
 look upon, aspicere. 
 lose, amittere, perdere. 
 loss, detrimentum, damnum 
 
 (+ Cic.) ; (of human beings), 
 
 pernicies. 
 lost (be), perire, interire. 
 lot, fortuna. 
 love, n., amor. 
 love, v., amare, diligere. 
 lover, amans. 
 lower, inferior. 
 low lying, humilis. 
 loyalty, fides, 
 lucky, felix. 
 luggage, sarcinae. 
 lungs, latera. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 137 
 
 M 
 Maecenas, Maecenas, 
 maiden, virgo. 
 
 main, maximum, pulcherrimum. 
 make, facere, efi&cere. 
 
 make difference, interesse. 
 
 make escape, effugere. 
 
 make resistance, resistere. 
 
 make to totter, labefactare. 
 
 m.ake trial of, experiri. 
 
 make up mind, decemere, pla- 
 cere. 
 
 make way, petere. 
 man, homo, vir ; (= one), aliquis. 
 manage, rem gerere. 
 manhood, render by constans 
 
 aetas. 
 manifold, multiplex. 
 manner, modus. 
 
 manner of life, modus vitae; 
 (with reference to necessities), 
 victus. 
 mannerly, ut decet. 
 many, multi. 
 
 a g-ood many, permultl. 
 marry, in matrimonium ducere. 
 marsh, palus. 
 mass (of people), vulgus. 
 mast, mains. 
 
 master (with respect to inferiors), 
 ipse. 
 
 master of school, magister. 
 
 master of slaves, erus. 
 
 master of the feast, magister 
 bibendi. 
 matter, res. 
 
 as a matter of, expressed by 
 abl. 
 mature, maturus. 
 maturity, maturitas. 
 may, posse, licere. 
 
 meadow, pratum. 
 
 mean {in reference to something 
 
 which has been said), dicere; 
 
 wellewithdat. ; [indicating scope, 
 
 intent), significare; (= intend), 
 
 velle. 
 means (small), paupertas. 
 
 of small means, pauper, 
 meantime, interim, interea. 
 meet, obviam ire, convenire. 
 meeting-, coetus. 
 member, sodalis, socius. 
 memory, memoria. 
 mention, n., mentio. (+ Cic.) 
 mention, v., mentionem facere. 
 merchant, mercator. 
 mere, render by nihil nisi, 
 merely, tantum. 
 merrily, hilare. (+ Cic.) 
 messenger, nuntius. 
 method, modus, ratio, 
 middle age, media aetaa. 
 midst, medius. 
 mighty, potens. 
 milk, lac. 
 
 mill, pistrinum. (+ Cic.) 
 mina, mina. (+ Cic.) 
 mind, mens, animus, ingenium. 
 mine, meus. 
 minor, minor, 
 mirror, speculum. (+ Cic.) 
 mischief, malum, 
 misfortune, casus, malum, 
 misgiving (have), render by 
 
 timere or metuere. 
 miss, praetermittere. 
 missive, epistula. 
 moderation, moderatio. 
 modern, recens. 
 modest, modicus. (+ Cic.) 
 moisture, aqua. 
 
188 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 moment (for a), paulisper, pa- 
 
 rumper. (+ Cic.) 
 money, pecunia ; (coin or cash), 
 nummus. 
 
 travelling money, viaticum. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 month, mensis. 
 monument, monumentum. 
 more, adv., magis, plus, amplius. 
 
 a little more, plusculum. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 more, adj., maior. 
 moreover, sed, autem. 
 morning, maue. 
 
 early in the momingf, bene or 
 multo mane, 
 most, plerusque. 
 mother, mater, 
 mould, formare. (+ Cic.) 
 mountain, mons. 
 
 mountain high, instar mentis, 
 move, movere ; (= remove), 
 
 migrate ; {of the emotions), com- 
 
 movere. 
 much, adj., multus. 
 much, adv., multum. 
 
 much the same, idem fere, 
 mule, mulus. (+ Cic.) 
 murder, caedes. 
 muscle, lacertus. 
 muse, musa. 
 mute (be), obmutescere. 
 my, mens, 
 myself, mei. 
 
 N 
 name, nomen. 
 nation, gens, 
 natural (be), decere. 
 nature, natura. 
 nay, immo. 
 
 near, prope. 
 
 be near to, prope, abesse ab 
 with abl. 
 necessarily, necessario. 
 necessary, necessarius. 
 necessity, necessitas. 
 need, n., opus, 
 need, v., opus esse, 
 neglect, n.,neglegentia. (+Cic) 
 neglect, v., neglegere. 
 neighbor, vicinus. 
 neighborhood, vicinitas (+ Cic), 
 
 propinqua. 
 neither, pron. , neuter, 
 neither, conj., neque (nee). 
 
 neither . . . nor, neque . . . 
 neque. 
 never, numquam, nee umquam. 
 nevertheless, tamen. 
 new, novus, reeens. 
 newly (=recently),nuper,modo. 
 news, nuntium, novum, 
 newspaper, acta diurna. 
 next, posterus, proximus. 
 night, nox. 
 nineteenth, undevicesimus. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 no (m answers), minime. 
 no, adj., nuUus. 
 
 no one, nemo ; (with negatives), 
 quisquam. 
 noble, magnus. 
 noise, strepitus. 
 none, nemo, nullus. 
 nonsense (as exclamation), 
 
 fabulae. 
 nor, neque. 
 not, non; {with and), neque; {as 
 
 negative of single words), baud; 
 
 {see Chap. VI, 14). 
 notable, insignia. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 139 
 
 noted, nobilis, insignis. 
 nothing', nihil; {with negatives), 
 
 quicquam. 
 notice, animadvertere ; expressed 
 also by non fugere, non fallere. 
 
 I have noticed, me non fugit, 
 me non fefellit. 
 nourishing', almus. 
 no"W, nunc, iam. 
 
 just now, nunc cum maxime. 
 no"wadays, hoc tempore, 
 nowhere, nusquam. 
 number, numerus. 
 
 one of our number, unus (or 
 quidam) de nostris. 
 
 oar, remus. 
 
 object, res. 
 
 obhge (= require), cogere. 
 
 obhged (be) (i.e. indebted), gra- 
 
 tum esse ivith dat. 
 oblivious, obliviosus. (+ Cic.) 
 obol, obolus. (+) 
 observe, spectare, animadvertere. 
 obtain {with effort), adipisci ; 
 
 {through luck) , nancisci ; 
 
 (=hold, maintain, keep), ob- 
 
 tinere ; {through petition), im- 
 
 petrare; (= receive), accipere. 
 occasion, tempus ; {as incidental 
 
 cause), causa. 
 occasionally, aliquando, inter- 
 
 dum. 
 occupant, is qui tenet, 
 occupation, quaestus. 
 occupy, occupare, complere; {of 
 
 a house), tenere. 
 occur, in mentem venire, 
 ocean, oceanus. 
 o'clock, hora. 
 
 ode, carmen. 
 
 of {often unexpressed) ; (= at), 
 apud ; (= concerning), de; 
 {ivhen partitive), de, e, ex, 
 with abl. 
 
 of course, videlicet, 
 offence, peccatum. 
 offer (= give assurance of), 
 
 promittere. 
 oflace, magistratus. 
 officer, praefectus. 
 often, saepe. 
 oh, render by vero. 
 oh, no, minime vero. 
 oh, yes, maxime vero. 
 oil, oleum, 
 old, senex, vetus, grandis natn. 
 
 old age, senectus. 
 older, maior natu. 
 olive oil, oleum, 
 olive tree, oliva. 
 Olympia, Olympia. 
 on, in with abl. ; in with ace. ; 
 propter with ace. ; de with abl. 
 
 on the subject of, de. 
 once, olim, quondam. 
 
 at once, statim, ilico. (+ Cic.) 
 
 once (for all), semel. 
 one, unus, quidam, aliquis; very 
 often expressed by the indefi- 
 nite second person. 
 
 one , . . another, alius . . . alius. 
 
 one . . . the other, alter . . . 
 alter. 
 
 with one another, inter se. 
 only, adj., unions, solus. 
 only, adv., tantum, modo; solus 
 
 in agreement with numeral. 
 open (square), w., render by area. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 open, v., aperire, explicare. 
 
140 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 open a book, volumen expli- 
 care. 
 
 open a school, ludum aperire. 
 opinion, sententia, iudicium, aes- 
 
 timatio. 
 opportunity, occasio, potestas. 
 opposite, ex adverse. 
 or, aut, an, vel; or not (in direct 
 
 questions) , annon ; {in indirect) , 
 
 necne. 
 orator, orator, 
 order, iubere. 
 Orestes, Orestes, 
 origin, origo. 
 orphaned, orbatus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 orphaned maiden, orba. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 other, alius; (of two), alter, 
 others (the) ceteri, reliqui. 
 otherwise, aliter. 
 our, when emphatic, noster. 
 ourselves, nos, nos ipsi. 
 out (of dining), foris. 
 
 out of doors, foris, foras. 
 
 out of sorts, tristis. 
 outlook, prospectus, 
 outlying, remotus. 
 outside, extra. 
 over (of space), per with ace. 
 overcome, superare, vincere. 
 overdone, nimius. 
 overland, abl. of terra, 
 overnight, per noctem. 
 overtake, opprimere. 
 overthrow, evertere. 
 overvalue, nimis magni facere, 
 
 aestimare. 
 overwhelm (of grief), affligere. 
 owe, debere. 
 
 own, expressed by poss. pron.^ 
 personal or reflexive. 
 
 owner, dominus. 
 
 ox, bos. 
 
 Oxford, Oxonium. 
 
 pack up, coUigere. 
 
 painfully, aegre, operose. 
 
 (+Cic.) 
 painter, pictor. (+ Cic.) 
 parent, parens. 
 Paris, Lutetia, Parisii. 
 park, horti. (+ Cic.) 
 part, pars; (a role), partes, 
 persona. 
 
 for my part, meam partem, 
 vicem . 
 
 good parts, bona indoles, 
 pass, agere, degere; (= cross), 
 transire. 
 
 pass by, praeterire. 
 
 pass over, praemittere, omit- 
 tere. 
 passage (in a poem), locus, 
 passenger, vector. (+ Cic.) 
 past (of time) , render by hie. 
 patience, patientia. 
 patient, n., aeger, aegrotus. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 pay, persolvere. 
 
 pay one's way, symbolam (+) 
 dare. 
 
 to earn pay, stipendium eme- 
 rere. 
 peace, pax. 
 pear, pirum. (+ Cic.) 
 pear tree, pirns. (+ Cic.) 
 penny by penny, render by un- 
 
 ciatim. (+) 
 people, often unexpressed; popu- 
 
 lus, homines, plebs, cives. 
 perfectly, maxima. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 141 
 
 perform, facere, exsequi, per- 
 
 fungi. (+ Cic.) 
 performance {of a play) , perac- 
 
 tio. (+ Cic.) 
 Perg-amum, Pergamum. 
 perhaps, fortasse. 
 peril, periculum. 
 permit, pati. 
 
 perplexity, render by dubium. 
 person, omitted in translation. 
 persuade, suadere, persuadere. 
 perverter, contortor. (+) 
 
 perverter of the laws, legum 
 contortor. (+) 
 phases, vices. 
 philosopher, philosophus. 
 philosophy, philosophia. (+ Cic.) 
 Phormio, Phormio. 
 physical, render by gen. o/corpus, 
 physician, medicus. (+ Cic.) 
 piece (of land), ager. 
 pitch (of camp), ponere. 
 pitied (to be), miserandus, mise- 
 
 rabilis. 
 pity, n., misericordia. 
 pity, v., miserere, 
 place, locus; (--= town),oppiduin. 
 
 in the first place, primum. 
 
 place of safety, tutum. 
 place, v., ponere. 
 plan, consilium, 
 plant, serere, conserere. 
 Plato, Plato, 
 play, n., fabula. 
 play, V. ludere; {on the stage), 
 
 agere, peragere. 
 play part {perform duty), officio 
 
 fungi, 
 player, histrio. (+ Cic.) 
 plead, agere. 
 
 plead cases, causas agere. 
 
 plead one's own case, causam 
 
 dicere. 
 pleader, patronus. (+ Cic.) 
 pleasant, iucundus, suavis, 
 
 (+ Cic.) amoeuus. 
 please, placere, gratum esse. 
 
 if you please, sis, sodes. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 pleasure, voluptas. 
 plenty (of) , copia. 
 plough, arare. 
 plum, prunum. (+) 
 plung-e (headlong:) , praeceps 
 
 ferri. 
 pneumonia, dolor laterum. 
 poem, carmen, 
 poet, poeta. 
 
 point (in discourse), locus; (= 
 (consideration) res. 
 
 in point of, expressed by abl. 
 of specification. 
 
 point out, indicare. 
 policy, consilium, 
 politics, render by respublica. 
 Pompeii, Pompeii, 
 poor (in property) , pauper, egens; 
 
 (as term of pity) , miser, 
 population, multitudo homi- 
 
 num. 
 port, portus. 
 
 portray, depingere. {+Cic.) 
 position, dignitas. 
 possess, habere, 
 possessed of, praeditus. 
 possible (be), posse, 
 possibly, fortasse. 
 post (in public), proponere. 
 posterity, posteritas, poster!, 
 postman, tabellarius. (+ Cic.) 
 postpone, proferre. 
 poverty, egestas. 
 
142 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 power, potestas, potentia. 
 powerful, potens, validus. 
 practical (affairs), render by res 
 
 agendas, 
 praise, laus. 
 precept, praeceptum. 
 predict, praedicere. 
 prefer, malle. 
 prepare, parare ; (by instruction), 
 
 instruere. 
 presence, praesentia. 
 present, n., donum, munus. 
 present, adj., praesent, hie. 
 
 present day, render by hie. 
 present, v., donare. 
 present (be) , adesse ; {take part 
 
 in) , interesse. 
 preserve, conservare. 
 preside, praesidere. 
 president, praeses. (+ Cic.) 
 prevail, persuadere. 
 prevent, prohibere. 
 price, pretium. 
 prisoner (at the bar) , reus. 
 private, privatus; in private, 
 
 do mi. 
 proceed, pergere. 
 produce, n., fruetus. 
 produce, v., ereare, ferre; {of a 
 
 play), doeere; (0/ a witness), 
 
 produeere. 
 productive, fecundus. 
 products (0/ the soil), fruges. 
 professor, vir doetus; (= teach- 
 er), magister. 
 proficient (be), profieere. 
 profit, lucrum. (+ Cic.) 
 profitably, utiliter. (+ Cic.) 
 prologue, prologus. (+) 
 promisingr, bona spe praeditus. 
 promote, adiuvare. 
 
 prompt, promptus. 
 proof, argumentum. 
 prop, adminiculum. (+ Cic.) 
 property, res famillaris, bona. 
 proportion (in), after compara- 
 tives render by quam and pro 
 
 with abl. 
 prospect, spes. 
 prostrate, affligare. 
 protect, defenders. 
 protection, fides. 
 proverb, proverbium. (+ Cic.) 
 provided, dum modo. 
 prune, amputare. (+ Cic.) 
 pruning, n., amputatio. (+ Cic.) 
 public, adj., publicus. 
 public, n., populus. 
 
 in public, palam, in oculis 
 civium. 
 
 public spirited, bonus, 
 publish, edere. 
 punish, punire. 
 
 punishment, supplicium, poena, 
 pupil, discipuhis. (+ Cic.) 
 purchase, emere. 
 pure, purus. 
 purple (robe), purpura, 
 purpose, eonsilium. 
 purse, render by opes, 
 pursue, exercere. (+ Cic.) 
 pursuit, agitatio, studium. 
 put, ponere. 
 
 put down as grain, in luero 
 ponere. (+ Cic.) 
 
 put in chains, in vineula coni- 
 cere. 
 
 put in the mouth of, tribuere. 
 
 put on, constituere. 
 
 put out (0/ vine shoots), fun- 
 dere. 
 
 put stress on, probare. 
 
Of THf 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 VOCABULA] 
 
 Of 
 
 ^^LlFOK^Ji^ 
 
 143 
 
 put to death, interficere, occi- 
 dere. 
 Pythian, Pythius. 
 
 quadrangrle, render by area. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 quality, indoles, ars. (+ Cic.) 
 quantity {of water), agmen. 
 queen, regina. 
 
 question (be a), agi de with ahl. 
 quickly, celeriter. 
 quiet, quietus, tranquillus. 
 quincunx, quiucunx. (+ Cic.) 
 quite, satis. 
 
 race, genus; (a co w^esO, cursus. 
 rain, imber. 
 raise, tollere. 
 rampart, vallum, 
 rashness, temeritas. 
 rather, potius. 
 
 rather a, expressed by a com- 
 parative alone, or with paulo 
 or aliquanto. 
 reach, pervenire, advenire. 
 read, legere. 
 reader, legens, lector, 
 readily, facile, libenter. 
 readiness (be in), paratum esse, 
 realize, sen tire, intellegere, eflfi- 
 
 cere, impetrare. 
 really, vero. 
 reap, render by capere. 
 reason, ratio. 
 
 for the reason that, quod, quia. 
 
 for this reason, quam ob rem. 
 reasonable, prudens. 
 recall, revoeare. 
 receive, accipere. 
 
 receive a visit, conveniri. 
 
 receiver, render by accipiens or 
 
 relative clause. 
 recent, recens, hie. 
 recently, uuper. 
 recite, reel tare, 
 recognition (in), propter, 
 recognize, noscere. 
 red, rubens (+ Cic), ruber. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 refer, referre loith ad and ace. 
 reflect, cogitare. 
 reflection, cogitatio. 
 refresh, reficere. 
 refuse, recusare, nolle, 
 regard, haberi with final dat. and 
 
 pro loith abl^- 
 regret, paenitere. 
 reign, regnum. 
 
 rejoice,gaudere,laetari,delectare. 
 relate, narrare, dicere. 
 
 relate to, attinere ad with ace. 
 reUsh, titillatio. (+ Cic.) 
 remain, manere. 
 remark, render by inquam. 
 remarkable, insignis. 
 remember, meminisse. 
 remembrance, memoria. 
 remedy, remedium. (+ Cic.) 
 remind, admonere. 
 remove, interdicere. 
 removed (be far), longe abesse. 
 repay, referre. 
 reply, respoudere. 
 reprehensible, vitiosum. (+ Cic.) 
 represent, facere, inducere. 
 reproach, n., culpa, vituperatio. 
 reproach, v., culpare, vituperare. 
 republic, res publica. 
 reputation, fama. 
 require, postulare, cogere, iubere. 
 rest, quies. 
 
 the rest, ceteri, reliqui. 
 
144 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 reside, habitare. 
 resigrnation, aequus animus, 
 resist, resistere. 
 resolution (of the senate), con. 
 
 sultum. 
 resolve, velle, decernere, placere. 
 resonance, canorum. 
 resourcefulness, consilium, 
 resources, opes, 
 respect, res. 
 
 in what respect ? quid ? 
 respect, vereri. 
 responsible (be), stare. 
 
 I am responsible, per me ste- 
 tit ut. 
 responsibility, cura. 
 restore, restituere, reddere. 
 result (is) , quo factum est ut. 
 retentive, memor. 
 return, n., reditus; {from the 
 
 soil), fructus. 
 return, redire. 
 reveal, indicare. 
 reward, praemium. 
 rich, dives, 
 right, n., fas. 
 
 right (be all), bene hahere with 
 reflex, pron. 
 rigfhtly, bene, recte. 
 ripen, maturare, maturescere. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 rise,ad8urgere, surgere. 
 road, via, iter. 
 rob, eripere. 
 rock, saxum. 
 Roman, Romanos. 
 Rome, Roma, 
 row (in theatre), cavea; {of trees), 
 
 ordo. 
 rule (as a) , plerumque. 
 rumblingr (noise), murmur. 
 
 run, currere. 
 running, cursus. 
 S 
 Sabines (the), Sabini. 
 sack, saccus (+ Cic), sacculus. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 sacred, sacer. 
 sacrifice (= effort), opera, 
 sacrilege, religio. 
 sad, tristis. 
 sadness, tristitia. 
 safely, tuto. 
 safety, salus. 
 sail, navigare. 
 
 sake, gratia, causa, with gen. 
 sale, venditio. (+ Cic.) 
 
 for sale, venalis. 
 salute, salutare. 
 same, idem, 
 satisfy, explore, 
 save, servare ; (= put aside) re- 
 
 ponere, conservare. 
 saving (be very) , parce sumptum 
 
 facere. (+ Cic.) 
 savings, render by rel. claiise with 
 
 reponere or conservare. 
 say, dicere, loqui, inquam. 
 
 say good-by, dicere vale, 
 saying, dictum, 
 scanty, exiguus. 
 scarcely, vix. 
 scarcity, inopia. 
 scholar, vir doctus, eruditus. 
 school, ludus, schola. (+ Cic.) 
 school boy, discipulus. (+ Cic.) 
 sea, mare. 
 
 sea-deep, profundus, 
 season, tern pus. 
 
 in due season, tempore, 
 seat, sedes. 
 
 take seat, considere. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 145 
 
 second, secimdus, alter. 
 
 see, videre, intellegere, cernere, 
 
 conspicere. 
 seeing: that, quoniam. 
 seed, semen. 
 
 seek, petere, quaerere, expetere. 
 seeker, render by expetens. 
 seem, videri. 
 seldom, raro. 
 select, eligere, deligere. 
 self-control, temperantia, mode- 
 ratio, 
 self-possessed, aequus. 
 sell, vendere. 
 
 sell cheaply, bene vendere. 
 
 sell dearly, male vendere. 
 senate, senatus. 
 senate house, curia, 
 send, mittere. 
 
 send for, arcessere. 
 
 send forth {of plants), elicere. 
 
 send word, nuntiare. 
 senior, senior, 
 senses, render by corpus, 
 sensible, prudens. 
 sentence, sententia. 
 separation, discessus. 
 serious, gravis, 
 servant, servus. 
 service, meritum, munus, opera, 
 set out, proficisci. 
 seven, septem. 
 seventy, septuaginta. 
 several, aliquot, complures. 
 severe, gravis, 
 severity, severitas. 
 shade, umbra, 
 shake, concutere. 
 share, v., communicare. 
 share, n., symbola. (+ Cic.) 
 sheep, ovis. 
 
 ship, uavis. 
 
 shoot (of plants), sarmentum. 
 
 shop, taberna. 
 
 short, brevis. 
 
 in short, quid multa. 
 should, render by opertere, de- 
 
 bere, the gerundive. 
 shoulder, umerus. 
 show, ostendere, praestare, tri- 
 
 buere. 
 shut (up), includere, concludere. 
 Sicily, Sicilia. 
 sick, aegrotus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 be sick, aegrotare. (+ Cic.) 
 side, latus. 
 sight, aspectus, species, spectac- 
 
 ulura. 
 similar, similis. 
 since, cum. 
 
 since then, ex quo tempore, 
 sing, dicere. 
 sir (m address), render by viz 
 
 optime. 
 sister, soror. 
 sit together, considers. 
 
 sit down, adsidere. 
 six, sex. 
 
 at six per cent, semissibos. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 six hundred, sescenti. 
 size, magnitude, 
 skilful, sollers. i+Cic.) 
 skilfully, perite. 
 skill, sollertia, ars. (-|- Cic.) 
 skilled, peritus. 
 sky, caelum, 
 slave, servus. 
 slavery, servitus. 
 sleep, v., dormire. 
 sleep, n., somnus. 
 slight, levis, paululus. 
 
146 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 slowly, sensim (+(7tc.), leniter, 
 
 tarde. 
 sluggish, iners. 
 slumber, n., somnus. 
 small, parvus, paululus. 
 smile, ridere, 
 smoke, n., fumus. 
 smoke, w., fumare. 
 snake, serpens. 
 
 so, tarn, ita, sic; (= accord- 
 ingly), itaque. 
 
 so called, qui (quae, quod) 
 dicitur. 
 
 and so forth (on) , et cetera. 
 
 so far, adhuc. 
 
 so many, tot. 
 
 so much, tantus. 
 
 so much . . . as, tarn . . . 
 quam. 
 
 so so (= moderately), sic. 
 
 so that, ut. 
 society, societas, vita civilis. 
 Socrates, Socrates, 
 soil, n., terra, solum, 
 soiled, turpis 
 soldier, miles. 
 Solon, Solon. 
 
 some, nonnullus, aliquis, quidam, 
 nonnihil, sunt qui. 
 
 some one, aliquis. 
 
 some . . , others, alii . . . alii, 
 somehow, nescio quo modo. 
 something, aliquid. 
 sometimes, nonnumquam. 
 somewhat, aliquid, nonnihil; ex- 
 pressed by comparative. 
 son, filius. 
 soon, brevi tempore, propediem, 
 
 (+ Cic.) mox. 
 Sophocles, Sophocles, 
 sorry (be), dolore, paenitere. 
 
 soul, animus. 
 
 sound, a4j. (of advice), iustus. 
 sound, sonitus. 
 soundness (of body), siccitas. 
 south (= southern part), ren- 
 der by meridiana. 
 space, spatium. 
 spare, parcere. 
 sparing, parens, 
 speak, loqui, dicere. 
 spear, hasta, iaculum. 
 special, proprius. 
 speech, oratio. 
 speed, celeritas. 
 spend (of money), impendere ; (of 
 
 time), agere, degere; (of force), 
 
 consumere. 
 spirit, animus, 
 splendid, praeclarus. 
 spoil, praeda. 
 spring (time), ver. 
 squander, consumere, perdere. 
 square ( public) , area. (+ Cic.) 
 stable, firmus. 
 stage, scaena. 
 
 on the stage, in scaena, in 
 fabulis. 
 
 stage trappings, apparatus. 
 (+ etc.) 
 
 stage performance, Indus 
 scaenicus. 
 stalk, culmus. (+ Cic.) 
 stand, stare. 
 
 stand in front of, adversari. 
 standing, locus, 
 standpoint (from the), expressed 
 
 by abl. 
 star, sidus. 
 state, respublica. 
 steadied, constans. 
 steer for, render by occupare. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 147 
 
 Stem, stirps. 
 
 stern, severus. 
 
 still (concessive) , tamen ; (of time) , 
 
 adhuc ; (of degree) , etiam. 
 stop, subsistere. 
 
 stop overnight, manere. 
 story, fabula. 
 stout heart, bonus animus. 
 straight, rectus, 
 strange (of faces), ignotus. 
 stream, rivus, flumen. 
 stieet, via. 
 
 strength, robur, vires, 
 stretch (o/a race-cowrse) ,8patium. 
 
 homeward stretch, supre- 
 mum spatium. 
 strife, discordia, bellum. 
 stripped, nudus. 
 strive, niti. 
 strong, validus, bonus; (of winds), 
 
 vehemens. 
 strongly, valde, maxime. 
 student, studiosus. 
 study, n., studium, 
 study, V. (= be a student), 
 
 studere, litteris studere. 
 sturdy, validus. 
 subject, res, ars. 
 
 on the subject of, de. 
 substance (in), fere, 
 substantially, fere, 
 successful, bonus, 
 successfully, bene, feliciter. 
 such, talis, tantus, hie. 
 
 in such wise, tali modo, sic. 
 
 such as, talis . . . qualis, is . . . 
 qui. 
 suddenly, subito. 
 suffer, pati; (of loss), accipere. 
 sufficient, satis, 
 suggest, monere. 
 
 suitable, idoneus. 
 
 summer, aestas. 
 
 sunshine, sol. 
 
 supply, n., copia. 
 
 support, n. See prop. 
 
 support, v., alere; (=rest on), 
 
 niti. 
 suppose, putare, ducere. 
 sure, adj., certus. 
 
 sure (be), credere, confidere. 
 surely, certo, profecto. 
 surprised (be), mirari, admirari, 
 surprising, mirus. 
 surround, 
 survey, dimetiri. 
 survive, superstes esse. (+ Cic.) 
 suspect, suspicari. 
 svreat, sudor, 
 swift, velox. 
 sword, gladius. 
 symptom, signum. 
 
 table, mensa» 
 
 take, capere; (= fetch), ducere; 
 (= raise), sumere. 
 
 take care, curare. 
 
 take interest in, studere, cu- 
 rare. 
 
 take into account, rationem 
 ducere with gen. 
 
 take leave, discedere. 
 
 take note, animadvertere. 
 
 take on, sumere. 
 
 take place, fieri, accidere; (of 
 the seating of an audience), 
 considere. 
 
 take trouble, operam ponere 
 with in and ahl. 
 
 take up, suscipere, incipere. 
 
 take leave, discedere. 
 
148 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 talent, ingenium. 
 
 talk, v., loqui. 
 
 talk, sermo. 
 
 talkative, loquax. (+ Cic.) 
 
 tall, procerus, altus. 
 
 tarry, commorari. 
 
 task, opus, negotium, provincia, 
 onus. 
 
 taste, 71., gustatus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 taste, v., gustare. 
 
 teach, docere. 
 
 teacher, magister. 
 
 tear, lacrima. 
 be in tears, lacrimare. 
 
 tell, narrare, dicere, certior fieri, 
 tell me, die mihi or {old imper- 
 ative) cedo. (+ Cic.) 
 
 tempered, conditus. 
 
 ten, decern. 
 
 tendril, clavicula. (+ Cic.) 
 
 tenth, declmus. 
 
 Terence, Terentius. 
 
 term, verbum. 
 on ?ood terms.bene conveniens. 
 
 terrible, terribilis. 
 
 territory, ager, terra. 
 
 than, quam. 
 
 thank, gratias agere. 
 
 thankful, gratus. 
 
 that, dem. pron., ille, iste; often 
 untranslated when referring to 
 a previously expressed antece- 
 dent. 
 that of yours, iste. 
 
 that, rel., qui, quae, quod. 
 
 that, conj., unexpressed in ace. 
 and inf. construction; {with 
 causal significance) , quod, quia, 
 quo ; (in final clauses contain- 
 ing comparative), qno ; {in final 
 and result clauses), ut. 
 
 that not, ne; loith verbs of 
 fearing, ut, ne non. 
 the, as a rule untranslated; is, 
 ille. 
 
 the . . . the,eo . . quo; tan to 
 . . . quanto ; ut quisque . . . 
 ita. (See Chap. VII, 20.) 
 theatre, tlieatrum. 
 their, eorum; {reflexive), suus; 
 
 often unexpressed. 
 themselves {intensive), ipse; 
 
 {reflexive) , se. 
 then, turn, deinde. 
 fhere, often untranslated; ibi. 
 therefore, igitur, itaque. 
 they, usually implied in verb; 
 
 {reflexive), se. 
 thing", res. 
 
 good things, bona, commoda. 
 think, putare, existimare, indi- 
 care, sentire, credere. 
 
 think of, cogitare de with abl. 
 
 I am inclined to think, baud 
 scio {or nescio) an. 
 third, tertius. 
 thirst, sitis. 
 thirty, triginta. 
 this, liic, iste, is. 
 thither, illuc. 
 those, see that, 
 thou, tu. 
 
 though, quam quam, cum, etsi. 
 thought (= opinion), sententia. 
 thousand, mille, milia. 
 three, tres. 
 throng, v., stipare. 
 throng, n., multitudo, concursus. 
 through {of time), per with ace; 
 
 {by means of), abl. or 1^1 with ace. 
 throw, iacere. 
 
 throw on, inicere. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 149 
 
 thus, sic, ita. 
 
 thy, tuus. 
 
 ticket, tessera. (+ Cic) 
 
 tidings, nuntium. 
 
 tile, tegula. (+) 
 
 till, v., colere. 
 
 till, conj., dum, donee, quoad. 
 
 time, tempus, aevum. 
 
 at some time, aliquo tempore. 
 
 in time, tempore. 
 
 time of life, aetas. 
 tire (out), defatigare. 
 
 be tired, taedere. 
 Tiro, Tiro. 
 to, expressed by ace, of limit; ad, 
 
 in, with ace. 
 to-day, hodie. 
 
 of to-day, hodiernus. 
 together, una. 
 toil, n., labor. (+ Cic.) 
 toil, v., desudare, elaborate, 
 tongue, lingua. 
 too, etiam, quoque, nimis. 
 
 too little, parum. 
 
 too much, nimium. 
 topic, locus. 
 torch, funale. 
 toss, iactare. 
 tooth, dens. 
 
 touch (= concern), pertinere ad. 
 toward, in, erga, ad, sub, with ace. 
 town, oppidum. 
 
 a little town, oppidulum. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 track, curriculum, stadium. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 trader, mercator. 
 tragedy, tragoedia. (+ Cic.) 
 trail, trahere. 
 training, disciplina. 
 tranquillity, aequus animus. 
 
 translate, reddere, vertere. 
 
 travel, iter facere. 
 
 traveller, viator. 
 
 treasure, thesaurus. 
 
 treat, tractare, esse de with ahl.^ 
 
 affiere with ahl. 
 tree, arbor, 
 tremble, tremere. 
 trick, fallacia. 
 trifler, nugator. (+ Cic.) 
 trip, iter. 
 
 trouble, molestia. (+ Cic.) 
 troublesome, molestus. 
 true, adj., verus. 
 trust, n., fides, 
 trust, v., committere credere, 
 truth, Veritas, verum. 
 try, conari. 
 TuUia, TuUia. 
 turn, vertere. 
 
 turn attention to, operam dare, 
 studere. 
 
 turn to, convert! with ad and 
 ace. 
 
 turn back on, relinquere, dis- 
 cedere. 
 
 turn out, accidere, e venire. 
 
 turn steps to, toward, 
 petere. 
 turn, n., vicis. 
 twelfth, duodecimus. 
 tw^elve, duodecim. 
 twenty, viginti. 
 tw^ice, bis. 
 twist, contorquere. 
 
 U 
 
 ugly, turpis. 
 ultimate, ultimus. 
 unavaiUng (be), nihil prodesse. 
 uncertain, incertus. 
 
160 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 uncertainty, incertum. 
 
 uncharmed, non captus. 
 
 uncomfortable, molestus, in- 
 commodus. 
 
 under, in, sub with dbl. 
 
 understand, intellegere. 
 
 undertake, suscipere. 
 
 undertaking, res. 
 
 undiminished (be), non minui. 
 
 uneasy, inquietus. (+ Cic.) 
 
 unexpected, improvisus. 
 
 unexpectedly, de improviso. 
 
 unfortunate, infelix. 
 
 unfortunately, render by incom- 
 mode. 
 
 unhappy, infelix. 
 
 university, universitas. (+ Cic.) 
 
 unknown, ignotus. 
 
 unless, nisi. 
 
 unlike, dissimilis. 
 
 unpleasant, iniucundus. 
 
 unsatisfactory, non ex sententia. 
 
 unteachable, indocilis. (+ Cic.) 
 
 until, dum, donee, quoad. 
 
 unusual, insolitus. 
 
 unwelcome, ingratus. 
 
 unwholesome, impurus. 
 
 unwillingr(ly), nolens, invitus. 
 
 unworthy, indignus. 
 
 up and down, sursum deorsum. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
 uphold, sustentare. 
 
 upon, in with dbl. or ace. 
 
 urgre, suadere. 
 
 urge (on), hortari. 
 
 use, n., usus. 
 be of use, prodesse. 
 use, v., uti, adliibere. 
 
 used to, render by imperfect of 
 the verb. 
 
 useful, utilis. 
 
 usefully, utiliter. (+ Cic.) 
 usual, render by rel. clause, quae 
 
 Solent, 
 usually, plerumque. 
 utmost, render by plenissime. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 utter, verbum facere, dicere. 
 utterly, onmino. 
 
 vacation, feriae (+ Cic.)^ res 
 
 prolata. 
 vain (in), frustra. 
 valuable, pretiosus. (+ Cic.) 
 value, n., pretium. 
 value, v., aestimare, facere. 
 varied, varius. 
 variety, varietas. 
 vegetable, holus. (+) 
 Vergil, Vergilius. 
 verse, versus, carmen, 
 very, ipse ; admodum, valde, etc. 
 {See Chap. V, 14.) 
 
 not very, non ita. 
 vice, vitium. 
 vice versa, vice versa, 
 victor, victor, 
 victory, victoria, 
 villa, villa, 
 village, vicus. 
 villain, homo sceleratus. 
 vine, vitis. (+ Cic.) 
 violent, vehemens. 
 virtually, fere, 
 virtue, virtus, 
 voice, vox. 
 volume, liber. 
 
 W 
 
 wages, merces. 
 walk, ambulare. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 151 
 
 wall {of a house), paries ; 
 
 {of a city), moenia. 
 wane, consenescere. (+ Cic.) 
 want (=wish), velle; {feel need 
 
 of), desiderare. 
 war, bellum. 
 ward off, defendere. 
 warn, monere. 
 
 waste, abuti; (=) loose, perdere. 
 watch (through) , pervigilare. 
 
 (+ Cic.) 
 water, aqua. 
 
 W£-tering, irrigatio. (+ Cic.) 
 wave, fluctus. 
 waxen, cereus. (+ Cic.) 
 way, modus, ratio, mos. 
 
 on the way, petere. 
 
 in every way, omnino. 
 
 in way of, expressed by abl. 
 "we, nos. 
 weak, imbecillus (+ Cic), in- 
 
 lirmus. 
 wealth, divitiae, opes, 
 weapons, arma. 
 weather, tempestas, caelum, 
 weave, contexere. 
 wedding", nuptiae. 
 weep, flere. 
 weighty, gravis. 
 welcome, gratus, acceptus; {in 
 
 greetings), salvus. 
 well, adv., bene ; {introducing sen- 
 tence) , often untranslated ; 
 age, igitur. 
 
 well grounded, iustus. 
 
 well kept, bene cultus. 
 
 well known, notus. 
 
 w^ell, then, render by igitur. 
 western (shore), render by ul- 
 
 timae partes occidentis. 
 what, inter., quid. 
 
 what In the world, quid- 
 nam. 
 
 w^hat, rel., quod, id quod. 
 
 whatever, quidquid. 
 when, inter., quando. 
 when, rel., cum, ubi, postquam, 
 
 ut. 
 whenever, cum, ubi, etc. {See 
 
 Chap. XXXVIII, 80.) 
 where, ubi {of rest) ; quo {of 
 
 motion) . 
 whereas {adversative), cum. 
 wherein, quo, in quo. 
 wherever, ubicumque. 
 whether {in indirect questions), 
 num. 
 
 whether ... or, utrum ... an ; 
 -ne . . . an; an. 
 which, rel., qui, quae, quod, 
 while, dum, cum. 
 
 a little while, parumper, pau- 
 lisper. 
 who, inter., quis, quae, quid, 
 who, rel., qui, quae, quod, 
 whoever, quisquis. 
 whole, totus, cunctus, omnia, 
 whose, cuius. 
 why, cur, quare, quia, 
 why not, cur non, quin. 
 w^ife, uxor, 
 will (be), valere. 
 will (good), voluntas, 
 willing (be) , velle. 
 win, vincere, reportare. 
 wind, ventus. 
 window, fenestra, 
 wine, vinura. 
 winner, victor, 
 wisdom, sapientia, prudentia. 
 wise, sapiens. 
 wisely, sapienter. (+ Cic.) 
 
152 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 wish, see desire. 
 
 wish joy, gratulare. 
 
 wish well, cupere. 
 wished (for), optatus. 
 with, cum, apud. 
 withdraw, avocare. 
 within, expressed by abL; intra 
 
 with ace. 
 without, sine with abL; extra 
 with ace.; neqnewith a clause. 
 
 be without, carere, vacare. 
 witness, testis, 
 witty, facetus. (+ Cic.) 
 woe, render by malum, 
 woman, mulier. 
 
 of a woman, muliebris. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 wonder, mirari, admirari. 
 wonderful, mirabilis. 
 wont (be), consuescere, solere. 
 word, verbum. 
 work, n., labor, opus, 
 work, v., laborare. 
 
 work in, elaborare, with in and 
 abl. 
 world, sometimes omitted; orbis 
 terrarum, gentes, homines, 
 vita, res. 
 
 all in the world, omnino omnis. 
 
 all the world, omnes. 
 
 the whole world, cuncti. 
 worry, molestia. (+ Cic.) 
 worth, pretium. 
 
 worth while, operae pretium. 
 
 worth so much, tanti esse. 
 
 w^orthy, dignus. 
 wretched, miser, 
 write, scribere. 
 write exchange, permutare. 
 (+ Cic.) 
 writer, scribens, scriptor. 
 writing-, scriptum. 
 wrong (be) , nef as esse. 
 wrongdoing, peccatum, scelus. 
 
 year, annus. 
 
 year by year, quotanr.is. 
 yes, vero, ita, certe, maxume; 
 
 expressed also by repetition of 
 
 important word of the preceding 
 
 clause. 
 yesterday, heri (+ (7ic.), hestemo 
 
 die. 
 yet {of time) , adhuc ; {concessive) , 
 tamen. 
 
 and yet, atqui, at tamen. 
 
 not yet, nondum. 
 yield, reddere. 
 you, tu, vos. 
 yoTing, adj.f adulescens. (4- Cic.) 
 
 young man, iuvenis, adules- 
 cens. 
 
 young woman, virgo. 
 younger generation, iuvenes, 
 
 adulescentes. 
 youngest, minimus natu. 
 your, tuus, vester. 
 youth {in the abstract), adulescen- 
 
 tia; (=boy),puer. 
 
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